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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkers_of_Warrington
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Walkers of Warrington
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["1 History","2 Sources"]
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Walkers of Warrington was a brewery in Warrington, England.
History
The company was established by Peter Walker in 1846, when he acquired Pemberton's Brewery in Warrington and, having admitted his son Andrew to the business, started trading as Peter Walker & Son. The company became Walkers of Warrington in 1864. It merged with Cains Brewery to form Walker Cains in 1921, and then with Joshua Tetley & Son to form Tetley Walker in 1960.
Sources
^ "Cheshire: Defunct Brewery Livery". Brewery History Society. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
^ Richmond, Lesley; Turton, Alison (1990). The Brewing Industry: A Guide to Historical Records. Manchester University Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0719030321.
^ Gourvish, Terry; Wilson, Richard G. (1998). The Dynamics of the Modern Brewing Industry since 1800. Routledge. p. 127. ISBN 978-0415147057.
|
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Cheshire: Defunct Brewery Livery\". Brewery History Society. Retrieved 30 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.breweryhistory.com/Defunct/Cheshire.htm","url_text":"\"Cheshire: Defunct Brewery Livery\""}]},{"reference":"Richmond, Lesley; Turton, Alison (1990). The Brewing Industry: A Guide to Historical Records. Manchester University Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0719030321.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_8xRAQAAIAAJ&q=peter+walker+%26+son+warrington+%26+burton+ltd&pg=PA328","url_text":"The Brewing Industry: A Guide to Historical Records"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719030321","url_text":"978-0719030321"}]},{"reference":"Gourvish, Terry; Wilson, Richard G. (1998). The Dynamics of the Modern Brewing Industry since 1800. Routledge. p. 127. ISBN 978-0415147057.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415147057","url_text":"978-0415147057"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.breweryhistory.com/Defunct/Cheshire.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cheshire: Defunct Brewery Livery\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_8xRAQAAIAAJ&q=peter+walker+%26+son+warrington+%26+burton+ltd&pg=PA328","external_links_name":"The Brewing Industry: A Guide to Historical Records"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_critical_solution_temperature
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Lower critical solution temperature
|
["1 Polymer-solvent mixtures","2 Physical basis","3 Theory","4 Prediction of LCST (θ)","5 See also","6 References"]
|
Critical temperature below which components of a mixture are miscible for all compositions
Polymer science
Properties
Architecture
Tacticity
Morphology
Degradation
Phase behavior
Mark–Houwink theory
UCST
LCST
Flory–Huggins solution theory
Coil–globule transition
Synthesis
Chain-growth polymerization
Free-radical polymerization
Controlled radical polymerization
ATRP
RAFT
Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization
Step-growth polymerization
Condensation polymerization
Addition polymerization
Classification
Functional type
Polyolefin
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polyisobutylene
Polyurethane
Polyester
Polycarbonate
Vinyl polymers
PVC
PVA
PVAc
Polystyrene
Structure
Homopolymer
Copolymer
Gels
Hydrogels
Self-healing hydrogels
Characterization
GPC
FTIR
X-ray crystallography
DSC
NMR
TGA
DMA
Rheology
Rheometry
Viscometry
Scientists
Flory
Heeger
MacDiarmid
Shirakawa
Natta
Edwards
de Gennes
Ziegler
Staudinger
Goodyear
Baekeland
Hayward
Braconnot
Applications
Industrial production
Extrusion
Blow molding
Applied coatings
Protective Coatings
3D printing
Consumer products
Tires
Whitewalls
Cookware and bakeware
Bakelite
Food Container
Vinyl record
Kevlar
Plastic bottle
Plastic bag
vte
The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) or lower consolute temperature is the critical temperature below which the components of a mixture are miscible in all proportions. The word lower indicates that the LCST is a lower bound to a temperature interval of partial miscibility, or miscibility for certain compositions only.
The phase behavior of polymer solutions is an important property involved in the development and design of most polymer-related processes. Partially miscible polymer solutions often exhibit two solubility boundaries, the upper critical solution temperature (UCST) and the LCST, both of which depend on the molar mass and the pressure. At temperatures below LCST, the system is completely miscible in all proportions, whereas above LCST partial liquid miscibility occurs.
In the phase diagram of the mixture components, the LCST is the shared minimum of the concave up spinodal and binodal (or coexistence) curves. It is in general pressure dependent, increasing as a function of increased pressure.
For small molecules, the existence of an LCST is much less common than the existence of an upper critical solution temperature (UCST), but some cases do exist. For example, the system triethylamine-water has an LCST of 19 °C, so that these two substances are miscible in all proportions below 19 °C but not at higher temperatures. The nicotine-water system has an LCST of 61 °C, and also a UCST of 210 °C at pressures high enough for liquid water to exist at that temperature. The components are therefore miscible in all proportions below 61 °C and above 210 °C (at high pressure), and partially miscible in the interval from 61 to 210 °C.
Polymer-solvent mixtures
A plot of typical polymer binary solution phase behavior including both an LCST and a UCST.
Main article: Temperature-responsive polymer
Some polymer solutions have an LCST at temperatures higher than the UCST. As shown in the diagram, this means that there is a temperature interval of complete miscibility, with partial miscibility at both higher and lower temperatures.
In the case of polymer solutions, the LCST also depends on polymer degree of polymerization, polydispersity and branching as well as on the polymer's composition and architecture. One of the most studied polymers whose aqueous solutions exhibit LCST is poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). Although it is widely believed that this phase transition occurs at 32 °C (90 °F), the actual temperatures may differ 5 to 10 °C (or even more) depending on the polymer concentration, molar mass of polymer chains, polymer dispersity as well as terminal moieties. Furthermore, other molecules in the polymer solution, such as salts or proteins, can alter the cloud point temperature. Another monomer whose homo- and co-polymers exhibit LCST behavior in solution is 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate.
The LCST depends on the polymer preparation and in the case of copolymers, the monomer ratios, as well as the hydrophobic or hydrophilic nature of the polymer.
To date, over 70 examples of non-ionic polymers with an LCST in aqueous solution have been found.
Physical basis
A key physical factor which distinguishes the LCST from other mixture behavior is that the LCST phase separation is driven by unfavorable entropy of mixing. Since mixing of the two phases is spontaneous below the LCST and not above, the Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) for the mixing of these two phases is negative below the LCST and positive above, and the entropy change ΔS = – (dΔG/dT) is negative for this mixing process. This is in contrast to the more common and intuitive case in which entropies drive mixing due to the increased volume accessible to each component upon mixing.
In general, the unfavorable entropy of mixing responsible for the LCST has one of two physical origins. The first is associating interactions between the two components such as strong polar interactions or hydrogen bonds, which prevent random mixing. For example, in the triethylamine-water system, the amine molecules cannot form hydrogen bonds with each other but only with water molecules, so in solution they remain associated to water molecules with loss of entropy. The mixing which occurs below 19 °C is not due to entropy but due to the enthalpy of formation of the hydrogen bonds.
The second physical factor which can lead to an LCST is compressibility effects, especially in polymer-solvent systems. For nonpolar systems such as polystyrene in cyclohexane, phase separation has been observed in sealed tubes (at high pressure) at temperatures approaching the liquid-vapor critical point of the solvent. At such temperatures the solvent expands much more rapidly than the polymer, whose segments are covalently linked. Mixing therefore requires contraction of the solvent for compatibility of the polymer, resulting in a loss of entropy.
Theory
Within statistical mechanics, the LCST may be modeled theoretically via the lattice fluid model, an extension of Flory–Huggins solution theory, that incorporates vacancies, and thus accounts for variable density and compressibility effects.
Prediction of LCST (θ)
There are three groups of methods for correlating and predicting LCSTs. The first group proposes models that are based on a solid theoretical background using liquid–liquid or vapor–liquid experimental data. These methods require experimental data to adjust the unknown parameters, resulting in limited predictive ability . Another approach uses empirical equations that correlate θ (LCST) with physicochemical properties such as density, critical properties etc., but suffers from the disadvantage that these properties are not always available. A new approach proposed by Liu and Zhong develops linear models for the prediction of θ(LCST) using molecular connectivity indices, which depends only on the solvent and polymer structures. The latter approach has proven to be a very useful technique in quantitative structure–activity/property relationships (QSAR/QSPR) research for polymers and polymer solutions. QSAR/QSPR studies constitute an attempt to reduce the trial-and-error element in the design of compounds with desired activity/properties by establishing mathematical relationships between the activity/property of interest and measurable or computable parameters, such as topological, physicochemical, stereochemistry, or electronic indices. More recently QSPR models for the prediction of the θ (LCST) using molecular (electronic, physicochemical etc.) descriptors have been published. Using validated robust QSPR models, experimental time and effort can be reduced significantly as reliable estimates of θ (LCST) for polymer solutions can be obtained before they are actually synthesized in the laboratory.
See also
Upper critical solution temperature
Coil-globule transition
References
^ a b c P.W. Atkins and J. de Paula, "Atkins' Physical Chemistry" (8th edn, W.H. Freeman 2006) pp. 186-7
^ a b c M. A. White, Properties of Materials (Oxford University Press 1999) p. 175
^ Charlet G, Delmas G (1981) Polymer 22:1181–1189
^ Charlet G, Ducasse R, Delmas G (1981) Polymer 22:1190–1198
^ a b Cowie, J.M.G. "Polymers: Chemistry and Physics of Modern Materials" (2nd edn, Blackie 1991) p.174–177
^ S. Carter, B. Hunt, S. Rimmer, Macromolecules 38 4595 (2005);S. Rimmer, S. Carter, R. Rutkaite, J. W.Haycock, L. Swanson Soft Matter, 3 971 (2007)
^ M. A. Ward, T. K. Georgiou, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 48 775 (2010)
^ a b c Halperin A, Kröger M, Winnik FM (2015). "Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Phase Diagrams: Fifty Years of Research". Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 54 (51): 15342–67. doi:10.1002/anie.201506663. PMID 26612195.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Aseyev, Vladimir; Tenhu, Heikki; Winnik, Françoise M. (2010). "Non-ionic Thermoresponsive Polymers in Water". Advances in Polymer Science. Vol. 242. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 29–89. doi:10.1007/12_2010_57. ISBN 978-3-642-22296-2. ISSN 0065-3195.
^ Kolouchová, Kristýna; Lobaz, Volodymyr; Beneš, Hynek; de la Rosa, Victor R.; Babuka, David; Švec, Pavel; Černoch, Peter; Hrubý, Martin; Hoogenboom, Richard; Štěpánek, Petr; Groborz, Ondřej (2021). "Thermoresponsive properties of polyacrylamides in physiological solutions". Polymer Chemistry. 12 (35). Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC): 5077–5084. doi:10.1039/d1py00843a. hdl:1854/LU-8724379. ISSN 1759-9954. S2CID 238937814.
^ Zhang, Yanjie; Furyk, Steven; Sagle, Laura B.; Cho, Younhee; Bergbreiter, David E.; Cremer, Paul S. (2007). "Effects of Hofmeister Anions on the LCST of PNIPAM as a Function of Molecular Weight†". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 111 (25). American Chemical Society (ACS): 8916–8924. doi:10.1021/jp0690603. ISSN 1932-7447. PMC 2553222. PMID 18820735.
^ Ward, Mark A.; Georgiou, Theoni K. (2013-07-01). "Thermoresponsive gels based on ABA triblock copolymers: Does the asymmetry matter?". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 51 (13): 2850–2859. Bibcode:2013JPoSA..51.2850W. doi:10.1002/pola.26674. ISSN 1099-0518.
^ Ward, Mark A.; Georgiou, Theoni K. (2012-02-08). "Thermoresponsive triblock copolymers based on methacrylate monomers: effect of molecular weight and composition". Soft Matter. 8 (9): 2737–2745. Bibcode:2012SMat....8.2737W. doi:10.1039/c2sm06743a.
^ Ward, Mark A.; Georgiou, Theoni K. (2013-02-19). "Multicompartment thermoresponsive gels: does the length of the hydrophobic side group matter?". Polymer Chemistry. 4 (6): 1893–1902. doi:10.1039/c2py21032k.
^ Georgiou, Theoni K.; Vamvakaki, Maria; Patrickios, Costas S.; Yamasaki, Edna N.; Phylactou, Leonidas A. (2004-09-10). "Nanoscopic Cationic Methacrylate Star Homopolymers: Synthesis by Group Transfer Polymerization, Characterization and Evaluation as Transfection Reagents". Biomacromolecules. 5 (6): 2221–2229. doi:10.1021/bm049755e. PMID 15530036.
^ Ward, Mark A.; Georgiou, Theoni K. (2010-02-15). "Thermoresponsive terpolymers based on methacrylate monomers: Effect of architecture and composition". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 48 (4): 775–783. Bibcode:2010JPoSA..48..775W. doi:10.1002/pola.23825. ISSN 1099-0518.
^ Aseyev, Vladimir; Tenhu, Heikki; Winnik, Françoise M. (2010). Self Organized Nanostructures of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers II. Advances in Polymer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 29–89. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.466.1374. doi:10.1007/12_2010_57. ISBN 9783642222962.
^ a b c Sanchez, IC and Stone, MT, "Statistical Thermodynamics of Polymer Solutions and Blends" in Polymer Blends Volume 1: Formulation. Edited by D.R. Paul and C. B. Bucknall, 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
^ Chang BH, Bae CY (1998) Polymer 39:6449–6454
^ Wang, F; Saeki, S; Yamaguchi, T (1999). "Absolute prediction of upper and lower critical solution temperatures in polymer/solvent systems based on corresponding state theory". Polymer. 40 (10): 2779–2785. doi:10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00480-7.
^ Vetere, A (1998). "An Empirical Method To Predict the Liquid−Liquid Equilibria of Binary Polymer Systems". Ind Eng Chem Res. 37 (11): 4463–4469. doi:10.1021/ie980258m.
^ Liu, H; Zhong, C (2005). "Modeling of the θ (LCST) in polymer solutions using molecular connectivity indices". Eur Polym J. 41: 139–147. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.08.009.
^ Liu, H; Zhong, C (2005). "General Correlation for the Prediction of Theta (Lower Critical Solution Temperature) in Polymer Solutions". Ind Eng Chem Res. 44 (3): 634–638. doi:10.1021/ie049367t.
^ Melagraki, G.; Afantitis, A.; Sarimveis, H.; Koutentis, P.A.; Markopoulos, J.; Igglessi-Markopoulou, O. (2007). "A novel QSPR model for predicting θ (lower critical solution temperature) in polymer solutions using molecular descriptors". J Mol Model. 13 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1007/s00894-006-0125-z. PMID 16738871. S2CID 28218975.
|
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Partially miscible polymer solutions often exhibit two solubility boundaries, the upper critical solution temperature (UCST) and the LCST, both of which depend on the molar mass and the pressure. At temperatures below LCST, the system is completely miscible in all proportions, whereas above LCST partial liquid miscibility occurs.[3][4]In the phase diagram of the mixture components, the LCST is the shared minimum of the concave up spinodal and binodal (or coexistence) curves. It is in general pressure dependent, increasing as a function of increased pressure.For small molecules, the existence of an LCST is much less common than the existence of an upper critical solution temperature (UCST), but some cases do exist. For example, the system triethylamine-water has an LCST of 19 °C, so that these two substances are miscible in all proportions below 19 °C but not at higher temperatures.[1][2] The nicotine-water system has an LCST of 61 °C, and also a UCST of 210 °C at pressures high enough for liquid water to exist at that temperature. The components are therefore miscible in all proportions below 61 °C and above 210 °C (at high pressure), and partially miscible in the interval from 61 to 210 °C.[1][2]","title":"Lower critical solution temperature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LCST-UCST_plot.svg"},{"link_name":"polymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cowie-5"},{"link_name":"degree of polymerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_polymerization"},{"link_name":"polydispersity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydispersity_index"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)"},{"link_name":"phase transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halperin-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halperin-8"},{"link_name":"molar mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass"},{"link_name":"dispersity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersity"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halperin-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aseyev-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kolouchov%C3%A1_2021-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhang_Furyk_Sagle_Cho_2007_pp._8916%E2%80%938924-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"A plot of typical polymer binary solution phase behavior including both an LCST and a UCST.Some polymer solutions have an LCST at temperatures higher than the UCST. As shown in the diagram, this means that there is a temperature interval of complete miscibility, with partial miscibility at both higher and lower temperatures.[5]In the case of polymer solutions, the LCST also depends on polymer degree of polymerization, polydispersity and branching[6] as well as on the polymer's composition and architecture.[7] One of the most studied polymers whose aqueous solutions exhibit LCST is poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). Although it is widely believed that this phase transition occurs at 32 °C (90 °F),[8] the actual temperatures may differ 5 to 10 °C (or even more) depending on the polymer concentration,[8] molar mass of polymer chains, polymer dispersity as well as terminal moieties.[8][9] Furthermore, other molecules in the polymer solution, such as salts or proteins, can alter the cloud point temperature.[10][11] Another monomer whose homo- and co-polymers exhibit LCST behavior in solution is 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate.[12][13][14][15][16]The LCST depends on the polymer preparation and in the case of copolymers, the monomer ratios, as well as the hydrophobic or hydrophilic nature of the polymer.To date, over 70 examples of non-ionic polymers with an LCST in aqueous solution have been found.[17]","title":"Polymer-solvent mixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"entropy of mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_of_mixing"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyBlends-18"},{"link_name":"Gibbs free energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy"},{"link_name":"hydrogen bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyBlends-18"},{"link_name":"polystyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene"},{"link_name":"cyclohexane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclohexane"},{"link_name":"critical point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cowie-5"}],"text":"A key physical factor which distinguishes the LCST from other mixture behavior is that the LCST phase separation is driven by unfavorable entropy of mixing.[18] Since mixing of the two phases is spontaneous below the LCST and not above, the Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) for the mixing of these two phases is negative below the LCST and positive above, and the entropy change ΔS = – (dΔG/dT) is negative for this mixing process. This is in contrast to the more common and intuitive case in which entropies drive mixing due to the increased volume accessible to each component upon mixing.In general, the unfavorable entropy of mixing responsible for the LCST has one of two physical origins. The first is associating interactions between the two components such as strong polar interactions or hydrogen bonds, which prevent random mixing. For example, in the triethylamine-water system, the amine molecules cannot form hydrogen bonds with each other but only with water molecules, so in solution they remain associated to water molecules with loss of entropy. The mixing which occurs below 19 °C is not due to entropy but due to the enthalpy of formation of the hydrogen bonds.The second physical factor which can lead to an LCST is compressibility effects, especially in polymer-solvent systems.[18] For nonpolar systems such as polystyrene in cyclohexane, phase separation has been observed in sealed tubes (at high pressure) at temperatures approaching the liquid-vapor critical point of the solvent. At such temperatures the solvent expands much more rapidly than the polymer, whose segments are covalently linked. Mixing therefore requires contraction of the solvent for compatibility of the polymer, resulting in a loss of entropy.[5]","title":"Physical basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"statistical mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Flory–Huggins solution theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flory%E2%80%93Huggins_solution_theory"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyBlends-18"}],"text":"Within statistical mechanics, the LCST may be modeled theoretically via the lattice fluid model, an extension of Flory–Huggins solution theory, that incorporates vacancies, and thus accounts for variable density and compressibility effects.[18]","title":"Theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"QSAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QSAR"},{"link_name":"QSPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QSPR"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"There are three groups of methods for correlating and predicting LCSTs. The first group proposes models that are based on a solid theoretical background using liquid–liquid or vapor–liquid experimental data. These methods require experimental data to adjust the unknown parameters, resulting in limited predictive ability .[19] Another approach uses empirical equations that correlate θ (LCST) with physicochemical properties such as density, critical properties etc., but suffers from the disadvantage that these properties are not always available.[20][21] A new approach proposed by Liu and Zhong develops linear models for the prediction of θ(LCST) using molecular connectivity indices, which depends only on the solvent and polymer structures.[22][23] The latter approach has proven to be a very useful technique in quantitative structure–activity/property relationships (QSAR/QSPR) research for polymers and polymer solutions. QSAR/QSPR studies constitute an attempt to reduce the trial-and-error element in the design of compounds with desired activity/properties by establishing mathematical relationships between the activity/property of interest and measurable or computable parameters, such as topological, physicochemical, stereochemistry, or electronic indices. More recently QSPR models for the prediction of the θ (LCST) using molecular (electronic, physicochemical etc.) descriptors have been published.[24] Using validated robust QSPR models, experimental time and effort can be reduced significantly as reliable estimates of θ (LCST) for polymer solutions can be obtained before they are actually synthesized in the laboratory.","title":"Prediction of LCST (θ)"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Polyacetylene-3D-balls.png/200px-Polyacetylene-3D-balls.png"},{"image_text":"A plot of typical polymer binary solution phase behavior including both an LCST and a UCST.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/LCST-UCST_plot.svg/350px-LCST-UCST_plot.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Upper critical solution temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_critical_solution_temperature"},{"title":"Coil-globule transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coil-globule_transition"}]
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[{"reference":"Halperin A, Kröger M, Winnik FM (2015). \"Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Phase Diagrams: Fifty Years of Research\". Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 54 (51): 15342–67. doi:10.1002/anie.201506663. PMID 26612195.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201506663","url_text":"10.1002/anie.201506663"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26612195","url_text":"26612195"}]},{"reference":"Aseyev, Vladimir; Tenhu, Heikki; Winnik, Françoise M. (2010). \"Non-ionic Thermoresponsive Polymers in Water\". Advances in Polymer Science. Vol. 242. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 29–89. doi:10.1007/12_2010_57. ISBN 978-3-642-22296-2. ISSN 0065-3195.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F12_2010_57","url_text":"10.1007/12_2010_57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-22296-2","url_text":"978-3-642-22296-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0065-3195","url_text":"0065-3195"}]},{"reference":"Kolouchová, Kristýna; Lobaz, Volodymyr; Beneš, Hynek; de la Rosa, Victor R.; Babuka, David; Švec, Pavel; Černoch, Peter; Hrubý, Martin; Hoogenboom, Richard; Štěpánek, Petr; Groborz, Ondřej (2021). \"Thermoresponsive properties of polyacrylamides in physiological solutions\". Polymer Chemistry. 12 (35). Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC): 5077–5084. doi:10.1039/d1py00843a. hdl:1854/LU-8724379. ISSN 1759-9954. S2CID 238937814.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fd1py00843a","url_text":"\"Thermoresponsive properties of polyacrylamides in physiological solutions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fd1py00843a","url_text":"10.1039/d1py00843a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-8724379","url_text":"1854/LU-8724379"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1759-9954","url_text":"1759-9954"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238937814","url_text":"238937814"}]},{"reference":"Zhang, Yanjie; Furyk, Steven; Sagle, Laura B.; Cho, Younhee; Bergbreiter, David E.; Cremer, Paul S. (2007). \"Effects of Hofmeister Anions on the LCST of PNIPAM as a Function of Molecular Weight†\". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 111 (25). American Chemical Society (ACS): 8916–8924. doi:10.1021/jp0690603. ISSN 1932-7447. PMC 2553222. PMID 18820735.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2553222","url_text":"\"Effects of Hofmeister Anions on the LCST of PNIPAM as a Function of Molecular Weight†\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp0690603","url_text":"10.1021/jp0690603"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-7447","url_text":"1932-7447"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2553222","url_text":"2553222"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18820735","url_text":"18820735"}]},{"reference":"Ward, Mark A.; Georgiou, Theoni K. (2013-07-01). \"Thermoresponsive gels based on ABA triblock copolymers: Does the asymmetry matter?\". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 51 (13): 2850–2859. Bibcode:2013JPoSA..51.2850W. doi:10.1002/pola.26674. ISSN 1099-0518.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JPoSA..51.2850W","url_text":"2013JPoSA..51.2850W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpola.26674","url_text":"10.1002/pola.26674"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1099-0518","url_text":"1099-0518"}]},{"reference":"Ward, Mark A.; Georgiou, Theoni K. (2012-02-08). \"Thermoresponsive triblock copolymers based on methacrylate monomers: effect of molecular weight and composition\". Soft Matter. 8 (9): 2737–2745. Bibcode:2012SMat....8.2737W. doi:10.1039/c2sm06743a.","urls":[{"url":"http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2sm06743a","url_text":"\"Thermoresponsive triblock copolymers based on methacrylate monomers: effect of molecular weight and composition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SMat....8.2737W","url_text":"2012SMat....8.2737W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc2sm06743a","url_text":"10.1039/c2sm06743a"}]},{"reference":"Ward, Mark A.; Georgiou, Theoni K. (2013-02-19). \"Multicompartment thermoresponsive gels: does the length of the hydrophobic side group matter?\". Polymer Chemistry. 4 (6): 1893–1902. doi:10.1039/c2py21032k.","urls":[{"url":"http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2py21032k","url_text":"\"Multicompartment thermoresponsive gels: does the length of the hydrophobic side group matter?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc2py21032k","url_text":"10.1039/c2py21032k"}]},{"reference":"Georgiou, Theoni K.; Vamvakaki, Maria; Patrickios, Costas S.; Yamasaki, Edna N.; Phylactou, Leonidas A. (2004-09-10). \"Nanoscopic Cationic Methacrylate Star Homopolymers: Synthesis by Group Transfer Polymerization, Characterization and Evaluation as Transfection Reagents\". Biomacromolecules. 5 (6): 2221–2229. doi:10.1021/bm049755e. PMID 15530036.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbm049755e","url_text":"10.1021/bm049755e"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15530036","url_text":"15530036"}]},{"reference":"Ward, Mark A.; Georgiou, Theoni K. (2010-02-15). \"Thermoresponsive terpolymers based on methacrylate monomers: Effect of architecture and composition\". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 48 (4): 775–783. Bibcode:2010JPoSA..48..775W. doi:10.1002/pola.23825. ISSN 1099-0518.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JPoSA..48..775W","url_text":"2010JPoSA..48..775W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpola.23825","url_text":"10.1002/pola.23825"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1099-0518","url_text":"1099-0518"}]},{"reference":"Aseyev, Vladimir; Tenhu, Heikki; Winnik, Françoise M. (2010). Self Organized Nanostructures of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers II. Advances in Polymer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 29–89. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.466.1374. doi:10.1007/12_2010_57. ISBN 9783642222962.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.466.1374","url_text":"10.1.1.466.1374"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F12_2010_57","url_text":"10.1007/12_2010_57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642222962","url_text":"9783642222962"}]},{"reference":"Wang, F; Saeki, S; Yamaguchi, T (1999). \"Absolute prediction of upper and lower critical solution temperatures in polymer/solvent systems based on corresponding state theory\". Polymer. 40 (10): 2779–2785. doi:10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00480-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0032-3861%2898%2900480-7","url_text":"10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00480-7"}]},{"reference":"Vetere, A (1998). \"An Empirical Method To Predict the Liquid−Liquid Equilibria of Binary Polymer Systems\". Ind Eng Chem Res. 37 (11): 4463–4469. doi:10.1021/ie980258m.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fie980258m","url_text":"10.1021/ie980258m"}]},{"reference":"Liu, H; Zhong, C (2005). \"Modeling of the θ (LCST) in polymer solutions using molecular connectivity indices\". Eur Polym J. 41: 139–147. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.08.009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eurpolymj.2004.08.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.08.009"}]},{"reference":"Liu, H; Zhong, C (2005). \"General Correlation for the Prediction of Theta (Lower Critical Solution Temperature) in Polymer Solutions\". Ind Eng Chem Res. 44 (3): 634–638. doi:10.1021/ie049367t.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fie049367t","url_text":"10.1021/ie049367t"}]},{"reference":"Melagraki, G.; Afantitis, A.; Sarimveis, H.; Koutentis, P.A.; Markopoulos, J.; Igglessi-Markopoulou, O. (2007). \"A novel QSPR model for predicting θ (lower critical solution temperature) in polymer solutions using molecular descriptors\". J Mol Model. 13 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1007/s00894-006-0125-z. PMID 16738871. S2CID 28218975.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00894-006-0125-z","url_text":"10.1007/s00894-006-0125-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16738871","url_text":"16738871"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28218975","url_text":"28218975"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-1
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German submarine U-1
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[]
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For other uses of U-1, see U-1 (disambiguation).
U-1 may refer to one of the following German submarines:
SM U-1 (Germany) (1906), Germany's first U-boat, now preserved in the Deutsches Museum in Munich; served in the First World War as a German training submarine for the Kaiserliche Marine; now a museum ship
During the First World War, Germany also had these submarines with similar names:
SM UB-1, a Type UB I submarine launched in 1915; transferred to Austria-Hungary on 12 July 1915 and renamed U-10; sunk on 9 July 1918
SM UC-1, a Type UC I submarine launched in 1915 and sunk in July 1917
German submarine U-1 (1935), a Type IIA submarine that served in the Second World War and was sunk in April 1940
German submarine U-1 (1961), a Type 201 submarine of the Bundesmarine, launched in 1961 and scrapped in 1967
German submarine U-1 (1967), a Type 205 submarine of the Bundesmarine that was launched in 1967 and sold in 1991
U-1 or U-I may also refer to:
SM U-1 (Austria-Hungary), lead boat of the U-1 class submarines for the Austro-Hungarian Navy
List of ships with the same or similar names
This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U-1 (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-1_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarines"},{"link_name":"SM U-1 (Germany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-1_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"U-boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"Deutsches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Museum"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Kaiserliche Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserliche_Marine"},{"link_name":"SM UB-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-10_(Austria-Hungary)"},{"link_name":"Type UB I submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Type_UB_I_submarine"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"SM UC-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UC-1"},{"link_name":"Type UC I submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Type_UC_I_submarine"},{"link_name":"German submarine U-1 (1935)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-1_(1935)"},{"link_name":"Type IIA submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Type_IIA_submarine"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"German submarine U-1 (1961)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_201_submarine"},{"link_name":"Type 201 submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_201_submarine"},{"link_name":"Bundesmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesmarine"},{"link_name":"German submarine U-1 (1967)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_205_submarine"},{"link_name":"Type 205 submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_205_submarine"},{"link_name":"Bundesmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesmarine"},{"link_name":"SM U-1 (Austria-Hungary)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-1_(Austria-Hungary)"},{"link_name":"lead boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_boat"},{"link_name":"U-1 class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-1-class_submarine_(Austria-Hungary)"},{"link_name":"list of ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ships/Guidelines#Index_pages"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/German_submarine_U-1&namespace=0"}],"text":"For other uses of U-1, see U-1 (disambiguation).U-1 may refer to one of the following German submarines:SM U-1 (Germany) (1906), Germany's first U-boat, now preserved in the Deutsches Museum in Munich; served in the First World War as a German training submarine for the Kaiserliche Marine; now a museum ship\nDuring the First World War, Germany also had these submarines with similar names:\nSM UB-1, a Type UB I submarine launched in 1915; transferred to Austria-Hungary on 12 July 1915 and renamed U-10; sunk on 9 July 1918\nSM UC-1, a Type UC I submarine launched in 1915 and sunk in July 1917\nGerman submarine U-1 (1935), a Type IIA submarine that served in the Second World War and was sunk in April 1940\nGerman submarine U-1 (1961), a Type 201 submarine of the Bundesmarine, launched in 1961 and scrapped in 1967\nGerman submarine U-1 (1967), a Type 205 submarine of the Bundesmarine that was launched in 1967 and sold in 1991U-1 or U-I may also refer to:SM U-1 (Austria-Hungary), lead boat of the U-1 class submarines for the Austro-Hungarian NavyList of ships with the same or similar names\nThis article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.","title":"German submarine U-1"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/German_submarine_U-1&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bruno_pipeline_explosion
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San Bruno pipeline explosion
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["1 Explosion and fire","2 Response","2.1 San Bruno","2.2 Pacific Gas and Electric Company","2.3 California state government","2.4 Federal government","2.5 Use of technology","3 Investigation","4 Litigation","4.1 Private party","4.2 State of California","4.3 Federal","4.4 Shareholders","5 Media coverage","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 37°37′21″N 122°26′31″W / 37.62250°N 122.44194°W / 37.62250; -122.441942010 natural gas pipeline explosion which killed 8 people
San Bruno pipeline explosionRemains of a portion of the natural gas pipeline after the explosionDateSeptember 9, 2010 (2010-09-09)Time18:11 UTC-7LocationSan Bruno, CaliforniaUnited StatesCoordinates37°37′21″N 122°26′31″W / 37.62250°N 122.44194°W / 37.62250; -122.44194CasualtiesFatalities: 8Injured: 58
The San Bruno pipeline explosion occurred at 6:11 pm PDT on September 9, 2010, in San Bruno, California, when a 30-inch (76 cm) diameter steel natural gas pipeline owned by Pacific Gas & Electric exploded into flames in the Crestmoor residential neighborhood 2 miles (3.2 km) west of San Francisco International Airport near Skyline Boulevard and San Bruno Avenue.
The loud roar and shaking led some residents of the area, first responders, and news media to initially believe that it was an earthquake or that a large airplane had crashed. It took crews nearly an hour to determine it was a gas pipeline explosion.
As of September 29, 2010, the death toll was eight people. The United States Geological Survey registered the explosion and resulting shock wave as a magnitude 1.1 earthquake. Eyewitnesses reported the initial blast "shot a fireball more than 1,000 feet (300 m) in the air".
Explosion and fire
At 6:11 pm PDT on September 9, 2010, a huge explosion occurred in the Crestmoor residential neighborhood of San Bruno, near Skyline Boulevard and San Bruno Avenue. This caused a fire, which quickly engulfed nearby houses. Emergency responders from San Bruno and nearby cities soon arrived at the scene and evacuated surrounding neighborhoods. Strong winds fanned the flames, hampering fire fighting efforts. The blaze was fed by a ruptured gas pipe, and large clouds of smoke soared into the sky. It took 60 to 90 minutes to shut off the gas after the explosion, according to San Bruno Fire Chief Dennis Haag. The explosion and resulting fire leveled either 35 or 37 houses and damaged at least 8 more, according to conflicting sources. Three of the damaged houses, deemed uninhabitable, were torn down the following December. About 200 firefighters battled the eight alarm fire that resulted from the explosions. The explosion excavated an asymmetric crater 167 feet (51 m) long, 26 feet (7.9 m) wide and 40 feet (12 m) deep along the sidewalk of Glenview Drive in front of 1701 Earl Avenue (a corner house), but many of the destroyed homes were eastward in the 1600 block of Claremont Drive.
The neighborhood continued to burn into the night even after the exploding gas main had been shut off
The fire continued to burn for several hours after the initial explosion. The explosion compromised a water main and required firefighters to truck in water from outside sources. Firefighters were assisted by residents who dragged fire hoses nearly 4,000 feet (1,200 m) to working hydrants. Ordinary citizens drove injured people and burn victims to the hospital. Mutual aid responded from all over the Bay Area, including the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection who sent 25 fire engines, four airtankers, two air attack planes, and one helicopter.
The fire was only fifty percent contained by 10 pm PDT and continued to burn until about 11:40 am PDT the next day.
As of September 29, 2010, the death toll was eight people. Among the eight deaths was 20-year-old Jessica Morales, who was with her boyfriend, Joseph Ruigomez, at the epicenter of the fire (his home) on the corner of Earl Ave. Despite his proximity to the epicenter of the fire, Ruigomez survived but spent nearly five months recovering in the Saint Francis Memorial Hospital Burn Center. Two other people at the Claremont address close to the explosion were among those killed: Jacqueline Greig, 44, and her daughter Janessa Greig, 13. Greig worked for the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), in a small unit that advocates for consumer rights pertaining to natural gas regulations. She had spent part of the summer evaluating PG&E's expansion plans and investment proposals to replace out-of-date pipelines. Also killed in the blast were Lavonne Bullis, 82, Greg Bullis, 50, and Will Bullis, 17.
View of the fire on Sep. 9, 2010 at 11:31 pm PDT
Destruction after fire and explosion in San Bruno
Response
San Bruno
A Red Cross shelter was set up at the Veterans Memorial Recreation Center in San Bruno, and the Blood Centers of the Pacific issued an emergency appeal for blood donations. Some people were evacuated to Tanforan and Bayhill Shopping Centers. All elementary schools in the San Bruno Park Elementary School District, as well as Parkside Junior High, were closed on September 10. However, Capuchino High School remained open. Some residents who were evacuated from their homes were allowed to return to those undamaged on Sunday, September 12.
Pacific Gas and Electric Company
The Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) is the owner of the pipeline. On September 10, 2010, PG&E's president, Christopher Johns, said the company was not able to approach the source of the explosion to investigate the cause. An official press release issued by PG&E on September 10 reported the pipe was a 30-inch (76 cm) steel transmission line.
Shares of PG&E stock fell eight percent on the Friday after the explosion, reducing the company's market capitalization by $1.57 billion.
PG&E also reduced their operating pressures by 20 percent after investigations revealed the pipeline may have been improperly installed.
After the San Bruno pipeline failure, PG&E was required to re-evaluate how it determines the maximum operating pressure for some 1,800 miles of pipeline throughout its system. Specifically, the CPUC asked PG&E officials to show their lines had been tested or examined in a way that could prove the pipeline can withstand the current maximum operating pressure. At the March 15, 2011 deadline for this report, PG&E was unable to provide documentation for details of some of its gas transmission pipelines.
In response to the disaster and a subsequent decision (D.11-06-017) by the CPUC, PG&E unveiled a plan in August 2011 to modernize and enhance safety of its gas transmission operations over several years, including automation of over 200 valves, strength-testing over 700 miles (1,100 km) of pipe, replacing 185 miles (298 km), and upgrading another 200 miles (320 km) or so to allow in-line inspection. The plan was divided into two phases. The first phase, scheduled to end in 2014, targeted pipeline segments in urban areas, those not built to modern standards, and those that had not been strength-tested. Project funding of $769 million was the subject of a PG&E application (R.11-02-019) for a three-year increase in gas rates starting January 2012.
On November 6, 2011, an explosion occurred near Woodside, California during strength testing of PG&E pipelines. The explosion caused a mudslide in the area; however, no casualties were reported.
California state government
Lieutenant Governor Abel Maldonado made a state of emergency declaration and signed an executive order to provide aid to victims.
State regulators ordered PG&E to survey all natural gas lines the company controls in California. Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger visited the site several days later, after returning from a trade mission in Asia.
Federal government
U.S. Rep. Jackie Speier called the devastation "a very serious crisis" and was asking Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to declare it a national disaster area.
Use of technology
The San Bruno explosion was notable for the fact that local technology companies such as Cisco Systems and Google dispatched their emergency response teams to provide emergency communications and enhanced mapping information at the request of responders at the scene. Coordinated through the nonprofit InSTEDD (Innovative Support to Emergencies, Diseases, and Disasters), with support from the Carnegie Mellon University Disaster Management Initiative, a number of unaffiliated technology volunteers were requested to support many of the GIS (Geographic Information Systems) response efforts, coordinated through the Planning Section Chief.
Investigation
San Bruno Police declared the area a crime scene to determine if foul play was involved. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) began an investigation into the cause of the explosion. During the days prior to the explosion, some residents reported smelling natural gas in the area. A source within PG&E reported a break in natural gas line number 132 caused the explosion. At the time of the explosion, the pressure within that part of the pipeline was 386–386.4 psi (2.661–2.664 MPa). Although this was 11 psi (0.076 MPa) greater than PG&E's maximum rated operating pressure for that section of the pipeline, it was still 14 psi (0.097 MPa) below PG&E's specified maximum allowable rating of 400 psi (2.8 MPa). The gas line is a large 30-inch (76 cm) steel pipe. NTSB vice chairman Christopher Hart said at a briefing that the segment of pipe that blew out onto the street was 28 feet (8.5 m) long, the explosion sent that piece of pipe about 100 feet (30 m) and the blast created a crater 167 feet (51 m) long and 26 feet (7.9 m) wide, though the NTSB Pipeline Accident Report would later size the crater to be 72 feet (22 m) long and 26 feet (7.9 m) wide. He said that an inspection of the severed pipe chunk revealed that it was made of several smaller sections that had been welded together and that a seam ran its length. The presence of the welds did not necessarily indicate the pipe had been repaired, he said. Newer pipelines are usually manufactured into the shape needed for these applications, rather than having multiple weaker welded sections that could potentially leak or break.
In January 2011, federal investigators reported that they found numerous defective welds in the pipeline. The thickness of the pipe varied, and some welds did not penetrate the pipes completely. As PG&E increased the pressure in the pipes to meet growing energy demand, the defective welds were further weakened until their failure. As the pipeline was installed in 1956, modern testing methods such as X-rays were not available to detect the problem at that time.
The NTSB held a 3-day public hearing on March 1 through 3, 2011, to gather additional facts for the ongoing investigation of the pipeline rupture and explosion.
Parties to the public hearing included:
Pacific Gas & Electric
California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA)
The City of San Bruno
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 1245
The NTSB also published call logs from the Milpitas PG&E gas terminal to a gas control center. An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) replacement was started at the Milpitas terminal several hours before the San Bruno explosion.
It was revealed that PG&E had done pipeline replacement work on Line 132 along parts of the San Andreas Fault zone, near this area, to reduce the likelihood of the pipeline failing from an earthquake. However, the replacement was stopped short of the area that failed in 2010.
On January 13, 2012, an independent audit from the State of California issued a report stating that PG&E had illegally diverted over $100 million from a fund used for safety operations, and instead used it for executive compensation and bonuses.
Litigation
Private party
Through more than 20 law firms, over 100 plaintiffs have sued Pacific Gas and Electric and/or its parent, PG&E Corporation, in the Superior Courts of California in over 70 separate lawsuits. Virtually all were filed in the local state court, the Superior Court of California for the County of San Mateo. All the cases were consolidated and transferred to Judge Steven L. Dylina on March 4, 2011, and designated as Judicial Council Coordinated Proceeding (JCCP) No. 4648, PG&E "San Bruno Fire" Cases. On June 3, 2011, the plaintiffs filed a consolidated Master Complaint.
On July 5, 2011, PG&E's lawyers filed their Answer to the Master Complaint. A week later, the San Francisco Chronicle ran a front-page story attacking the defendants for invoking certain routine defenses in their answer, like state-of-the-art and comparative negligence.
In July 2012, the plaintiffs lodged a deposition in San Mateo County Superior Court claiming that PG&E management ignored employee concerns about GIS data inaccuracies that impeded inspection of the pipeline.
In September 2013, PG&E settled the claims of 347 victims. PG&E had previously settled with 152 victims; the additional settlements brought the total payment to $565 million for 499 victims. Two victims' lawsuits remained after the settlement, but newspapers later reported the $565 million figure as the final settlement for all victim claims. PG&E stated in its 2015 annual report that it had paid $558 million in third-party claims, and $92 million in legal costs, and received $515 million from insurance.
State of California
In October 2012, public hearings on the San Bruno pipeline blast at the CPUC were suspended for state regulators and PG&E to strike a deal about the fines. Rene Morales, mother of Jessica Morales who was burned alive and one of eight people that was killed in the fire requested that California Governor Jerry Brown appoint a new president of the California PUC. Also in October 2012, former Senator George J. Mitchell was chosen to lead talks in the settlement of fines in the explosion. In December 2012 the CPUC decided that 55% of the long term costs for PG&E pipeline inspection and safety upgrades of $229 million will be borne by electricity rate payers.
On September 16, 2014, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that Carol Brown, the chief of staff for the president of the CPUC, had communicated with PG&E executives to help move litigation to judges they expected would be friendly to PG&E's side. As of October 2014 the judge shopping scandal is under federal investigation. In 2018, the CPUC fined PG&E $92.5 million for improper communication with CPUC commissioners and staff.
On April 9, 2015, the Public Utilities Commission fined PG&E $1.6 billion.
Federal
On April 1, 2014, PG&E was indicted by a federal grand jury in United States District Court for the Northern District of California for multiple violations of the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 relating to its record keeping and pipeline "integrity management" practices. An additional indictment was issued by the grand jury on July 29, 2014, charging the company with obstruction of justice for lying to the NTSB regarding its pipeline testing policy, bringing the total number of counts in the indictment to 28. Under the new indictment, the company could be fined as much as $1.3 billion, based on profit associated with the alleged misconduct, in addition to $2.5 billion for state regulatory violations.
On January 21, 2017, PG&E was fined $3 million and ordered to perform 10,000 hours of community service for criminal actions of violating the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act and for obstruction of justice. In addition, it must institute a compliance and ethics monitoring program and spend up to $3 million to "publicize its criminal conduct". These actions were imposed after the company was found guilty by a federal jury in August 2016 of six of the twelve charges against the company in US District Court.
Shareholders
In 2017, PG&E settled a shareholder class action lawsuit alleging "gross mismanagement" by agreeing to have its insurance company pay PG&E $90 million, and to budget $32 million for safety and governance improvements.
Media coverage
Brigham McCown, the former head for the federal Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, called for the creation of a national commission to examine the problems surrounding high-pressure fuel pipelines that have been built in residential areas. McCown says it often takes an "incident like this one to force change." He also suggested installing a "no man's land" around some pipelines in hopes of preventing another disaster.
On September 9, 2012, a memorial to the victims was unveiled in the San Bruno City Park.
See also
San Francisco Bay Area portal
List of pipeline accidents
References
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2010 San Bruno explosion and fire.
San Bruno explosion map Interactive map from Los Angeles Times.
"Resources for San Bruno Residents" (KGO-TV)
Aerial photograph of the aftermath – Taken on November 9, 2010
Before and after comparison photos
Photo gallery and links to stories and information
Commercial pilots in the air realized it was not a plane crash – Video
Surveillance video of the explosion from a gas station one quarter mile away – Video
Surveillance video from inside a grocery store one quarter mile away – Video
National Pipeline Mapping System – Location of gas transport pipelines
Emails Produced by PG&E – 65,000 emails between PG&E and the CPUC
The NTSB Report on the San Bruno PG&E gas pipeline failure
vteSan Bruno, CaliforniaAreas
Lomita Park
Schools
San Bruno Park School District
San Mateo Union High School District
Capuchino High School
Landmarks
Golden Gate National Cemetery
The Shops at Tanforan
History
Flying Tiger Line Flight 282 (1964)
2010 San Bruno pipeline explosion
This list is incomplete.
|
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It took crews nearly an hour to determine it was a gas pipeline explosion.[6]\nAs of September 29, 2010, the death toll was eight people.[7] The United States Geological Survey registered the explosion and resulting shock wave as a magnitude 1.1 earthquake.[8][9] Eyewitnesses reported the initial blast \"shot a fireball more than 1,000 feet (300 m) in the air\".[10][11][12][13]","title":"San Bruno pipeline explosion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robert_J._Lopez-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercsearchends-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercsearchends-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercury_News-16"},{"link_name":"eight alarm fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-alarm_fire"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sf_chron-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercurynews-18"},{"link_name":"crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosion_crater"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercremainsfound-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercsearchends-15"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Forestry_and_Fire_Protection"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-californiafirescenemoonscape-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firefullycontained-23"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Death_toll_climbs_to_eight-7"},{"link_name":"Saint Francis Memorial Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Francis_Memorial_Hospital"},{"link_name":"California Public Utilities Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Public_Utilities_Commission"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SanBrunoFireNight.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Devastation_in_San_Bruno.jpg"}],"text":"At 6:11 pm PDT on September 9, 2010, a huge explosion occurred in the Crestmoor residential neighborhood of San Bruno, near Skyline Boulevard and San Bruno Avenue.[8] This caused a fire, which quickly engulfed nearby houses. Emergency responders from San Bruno and nearby cities soon arrived at the scene and evacuated surrounding neighborhoods. Strong winds fanned the flames, hampering fire fighting efforts.[14] The blaze was fed by a ruptured gas pipe, and large clouds of smoke soared into the sky. It took 60 to 90 minutes to shut off the gas after the explosion, according to San Bruno Fire Chief Dennis Haag.[15] The explosion and resulting fire leveled either 35 or 37 houses and damaged at least 8 more,[15] according to conflicting sources. Three of the damaged houses, deemed uninhabitable, were torn down the following December.[16] About 200 firefighters battled the eight alarm fire that resulted from the explosions.[17][18] The explosion excavated an asymmetric crater 167 feet (51 m) long, 26 feet (7.9 m) wide[19] and 40 feet (12 m) deep along the sidewalk of Glenview Drive in front of 1701 Earl Avenue (a corner house), but many of the destroyed homes were eastward in the 1600 block of Claremont Drive.[15]The neighborhood continued to burn into the night even after the exploding gas main had been shut offThe fire continued to burn for several hours after the initial explosion. The explosion compromised a water main and required firefighters to truck in water from outside sources. Firefighters were assisted by residents who dragged fire hoses nearly 4,000 feet (1,200 m) to working hydrants.[20] Ordinary citizens drove injured people and burn victims to the hospital. Mutual aid responded from all over the Bay Area, including the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection who sent 25 fire engines, four airtankers, two air attack planes, and one helicopter.[21]\nThe fire was only fifty percent contained by 10 pm PDT and continued to burn until about 11:40 am PDT the next day.[22][23]As of September 29, 2010, the death toll was eight people.[7] Among the eight deaths was 20-year-old Jessica Morales, who was with her boyfriend, Joseph Ruigomez, at the epicenter of the fire (his home) on the corner of Earl Ave. Despite his proximity to the epicenter of the fire, Ruigomez survived but spent nearly five months recovering in the Saint Francis Memorial Hospital Burn Center. Two other people at the Claremont address close to the explosion were among those killed: Jacqueline Greig, 44, and her daughter Janessa Greig, 13. Greig worked for the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), in a small unit that advocates for consumer rights pertaining to natural gas regulations. She had spent part of the summer evaluating PG&E's expansion plans and investment proposals to replace out-of-date pipelines.[24][25] Also killed in the blast were Lavonne Bullis, 82, Greg Bullis, 50, and Will Bullis, 17.[26]View of the fire on Sep. 9, 2010 at 11:31 pm PDT\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDestruction after fire and explosion in San Bruno","title":"Explosion and fire"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shelter-27"},{"link_name":"Blood Centers of the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Centers_of_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blood-28"},{"link_name":"Tanforan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shops_at_Tanforan"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtonexaminer909-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercpoliticansrace-30"},{"link_name":"San Bruno Park Elementary School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bruno_Park_Elementary_School_District"},{"link_name":"Capuchino High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capuchino_High_School"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-school-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sanbrunoallowedtoreturn-32"}],"sub_title":"San Bruno","text":"A Red Cross shelter was set up at the Veterans Memorial Recreation Center in San Bruno,[27] and the Blood Centers of the Pacific issued an emergency appeal for blood donations.[28] Some people were evacuated to Tanforan and Bayhill Shopping Centers.[29][30] All elementary schools in the San Bruno Park Elementary School District, as well as Parkside Junior High, were closed on September 10. However, Capuchino High School remained open.[31] Some residents who were evacuated from their homes were allowed to return to those undamaged on Sunday, September 12.[32]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific Gas and Electric Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Gas_and_Electric_Company"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_York_Times-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PG&E_press_release-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PG&Estock-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PG&Estock-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-dearan-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-milestoneplan-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filingnotice-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Pacific Gas and Electric Company","text":"The Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) is the owner of the pipeline. On September 10, 2010, PG&E's president, Christopher Johns, said the company was not able to approach the source of the explosion to investigate the cause.[33] An official press release issued by PG&E on September 10 reported the pipe was a 30-inch (76 cm) steel transmission line.[34]\nShares of PG&E stock fell eight percent on the Friday after the explosion,[35] reducing the company's market capitalization by $1.57 billion.[35]PG&E also reduced their operating pressures by 20 percent after investigations revealed the pipeline may have been improperly installed.[36]After the San Bruno pipeline failure, PG&E was required to re-evaluate how it determines the maximum operating pressure for some 1,800 miles of pipeline throughout its system. Specifically, the CPUC asked PG&E officials to show their lines had been tested or examined in a way that could prove the pipeline can withstand the current maximum operating pressure. At the March 15, 2011 deadline for this report, PG&E was unable to provide documentation for details of some of its gas transmission pipelines.[37]In response to the disaster and a subsequent decision (D.11-06-017) by the CPUC, PG&E unveiled a plan in August 2011 to modernize and enhance safety of its gas transmission operations over several years, including automation of over 200 valves, strength-testing over 700 miles (1,100 km) of pipe, replacing 185 miles (298 km), and upgrading another 200 miles (320 km) or so to allow in-line inspection.[38] The plan was divided into two phases. The first phase, scheduled to end in 2014, targeted pipeline segments in urban areas, those not built to modern standards, and those that had not been strength-tested. Project funding of $769 million was the subject of a PG&E application (R.11-02-019) for a three-year increase in gas rates starting January 2012.[39]On November 6, 2011, an explosion occurred near Woodside, California during strength testing of PG&E pipelines. The explosion caused a mudslide in the area; however, no casualties were reported.[40]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abel Maldonado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Maldonado"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercurynews-18"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schwarzenegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"California state government","text":"Lieutenant Governor Abel Maldonado made a state of emergency declaration and signed an executive order to provide aid to victims.[18]\nState regulators ordered PG&E to survey all natural gas lines the company controls in California.[41] Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger visited the site several days later, after returning from a trade mission in Asia.[42]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jackie Speier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Speier"},{"link_name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercurynews-18"}],"sub_title":"Federal government","text":"U.S. Rep. Jackie Speier called the devastation \"a very serious crisis\" and was asking Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to declare it a national disaster area.[18]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cisco Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco_Systems"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"InSTEDD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=InSTEDD&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"GIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIS"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carnegie-mellon-43"}],"sub_title":"Use of technology","text":"The San Bruno explosion was notable for the fact that local technology companies such as Cisco Systems and Google dispatched their emergency response teams to provide emergency communications and enhanced mapping information at the request of responders at the scene. Coordinated through the nonprofit InSTEDD (Innovative Support to Emergencies, Diseases, and Disasters), with support from the Carnegie Mellon University Disaster Management Initiative, a number of unaffiliated technology volunteers were requested to support many of the GIS (Geographic Information Systems) response efforts, coordinated through the Planning Section Chief.[43]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercurynews-18"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"National Transportation Safety Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SF_Chronicle-44"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_York_Times-33"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC7_News-45"},{"link_name":"psi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch"},{"link_name":"MPa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kevin_Fagan-5"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hillside_inferno-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-engulfs_homes-48"},{"link_name":"Christopher Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_A._Hart"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APinjury-3"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"X-rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rays"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-dearan-36"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Pacific Gas & Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Gas_%26_Electric"},{"link_name":"California Public Utilities Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Public_Utilities_Commission"},{"link_name":"Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_and_Hazardous_Materials_Safety_Administration"},{"link_name":"International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Electrical_Workers"},{"link_name":"uninterruptible power supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"San Bruno Police declared the area a crime scene to determine if foul play was involved.[18][needs update] The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) began an investigation into the cause of the explosion.[44] During the days prior to the explosion, some residents reported smelling natural gas in the area.[33][45] A source within PG&E reported a break in natural gas line number 132 caused the explosion. At the time of the explosion, the pressure within that part of the pipeline was 386–386.4 psi (2.661–2.664 MPa). Although this was 11 psi (0.076 MPa) greater than PG&E's maximum rated operating pressure for that section of the pipeline, it was still 14 psi (0.097 MPa) below PG&E's specified maximum allowable rating of 400 psi (2.8 MPa).[46] The gas line is a large 30-inch (76 cm) steel pipe.[5][47][48] NTSB vice chairman Christopher Hart said at a briefing that the segment of pipe that blew out onto the street was 28 feet (8.5 m) long, the explosion sent that piece of pipe about 100 feet (30 m) and the blast created a crater 167 feet (51 m) long and 26 feet (7.9 m) wide, though the NTSB Pipeline Accident Report would later size the crater to be 72 feet (22 m) long and 26 feet (7.9 m) wide. He said that an inspection of the severed pipe chunk revealed that it was made of several smaller sections that had been welded together and that a seam ran its length. The presence of the welds did not necessarily indicate the pipe had been repaired, he said.[3] Newer pipelines are usually manufactured into the shape needed for these applications, rather than having multiple weaker welded sections that could potentially leak or break.[49]In January 2011, federal investigators reported that they found numerous defective welds in the pipeline. The thickness of the pipe varied, and some welds did not penetrate the pipes completely. As PG&E increased the pressure in the pipes to meet growing energy demand, the defective welds were further weakened until their failure. As the pipeline was installed in 1956, modern testing methods such as X-rays were not available to detect the problem at that time.[36]The NTSB held a 3-day public hearing on March 1 through 3, 2011, to gather additional facts for the ongoing investigation of the pipeline rupture and explosion.[50]Parties to the public hearing included:Pacific Gas & Electric\nCalifornia Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)\nPipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA)\nThe City of San Bruno\nInternational Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 1245The NTSB also published call logs from the Milpitas PG&E gas terminal to a gas control center. An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) replacement was started at the Milpitas terminal several hours before the San Bruno explosion.[51]It was revealed that PG&E had done pipeline replacement work on Line 132 along parts of the San Andreas Fault zone, near this area, to reduce the likelihood of the pipeline failing from an earthquake. However, the replacement was stopped short of the area that failed in 2010.[52]On January 13, 2012, an independent audit from the State of California issued a report stating that PG&E had illegally diverted over $100 million from a fund used for safety operations, and instead used it for executive compensation and bonuses.[53]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Litigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Superior Courts of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_Courts_of_California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"comparative negligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_negligence"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"GIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Private party","text":"Through more than 20 law firms, over 100 plaintiffs have sued Pacific Gas and Electric and/or its parent, PG&E Corporation, in the Superior Courts of California in over 70 separate lawsuits. Virtually all were filed in the local state court, the Superior Court of California for the County of San Mateo. All the cases were consolidated and transferred to Judge Steven L. Dylina on March 4, 2011, and designated as Judicial Council Coordinated Proceeding (JCCP) No. 4648, PG&E \"San Bruno Fire\" Cases. On June 3, 2011, the plaintiffs filed a consolidated Master Complaint.On July 5, 2011, PG&E's lawyers filed their Answer to the Master Complaint. A week later, the San Francisco Chronicle ran a front-page story attacking the defendants for invoking certain routine defenses in their answer, like state-of-the-art and comparative negligence.[54]In July 2012, the plaintiffs lodged a deposition in San Mateo County Superior Court claiming that PG&E management ignored employee concerns about GIS data inaccuracies that impeded inspection of the pipeline.[55]In September 2013, PG&E settled the claims of 347 victims. PG&E had previously settled with 152 victims; the additional settlements brought the total payment to $565 million for 499 victims. Two victims' lawsuits remained after the settlement,[56] but newspapers later reported the $565 million figure as the final settlement for all victim claims.[57][58] PG&E stated in its 2015 annual report that it had paid $558 million in third-party claims, and $92 million in legal costs, and received $515 million from insurance.[59]","title":"Litigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"George J. Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_J._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfgate-2014-09-16-63"},{"link_name":"judge shopping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_shopping"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfgate-2014-10-06-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"State of California","text":"In October 2012, public hearings on the San Bruno pipeline blast at the CPUC were suspended for state regulators and PG&E to strike a deal about the fines. Rene Morales, mother of Jessica Morales who was burned alive and one of eight people that was killed in the fire requested that California Governor Jerry Brown appoint a new president of the California PUC.[60] Also in October 2012, former Senator George J. Mitchell was chosen to lead talks in the settlement of fines in the explosion.[61] In December 2012 the CPUC decided that 55% of the long term costs for PG&E pipeline inspection and safety upgrades of $229 million will be borne by electricity rate payers.[62]On September 16, 2014, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that Carol Brown, the chief of staff for the president of the CPUC, had communicated with PG&E executives to help move litigation to judges they expected would be friendly to PG&E's side.[63] As of October 2014 the judge shopping scandal is under federal investigation.[64] In 2018, the CPUC fined PG&E $92.5 million for improper communication with CPUC commissioners and staff.[65]On April 9, 2015, the Public Utilities Commission fined PG&E $1.6 billion.[66]","title":"Litigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Northern District of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California"},{"link_name":"Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_Gas_Pipeline_Safety_Act_of_1968&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOJ-67"},{"link_name":"obstruction of justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfgate-2014-07-29-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfgate-2014-07-29-68"},{"link_name":"community service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_service"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Federal","text":"On April 1, 2014, PG&E was indicted by a federal grand jury in United States District Court for the Northern District of California for multiple violations of the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 relating to its record keeping and pipeline \"integrity management\" practices.[67] An additional indictment was issued by the grand jury on July 29, 2014, charging the company with obstruction of justice for lying to the NTSB regarding its pipeline testing policy, bringing the total number of counts in the indictment to 28.[68] Under the new indictment, the company could be fined as much as $1.3 billion, based on profit associated with the alleged misconduct, in addition to $2.5 billion for state regulatory violations.[68]On January 21, 2017, PG&E was fined $3 million and ordered to perform 10,000 hours of community service for criminal actions of violating the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act and for obstruction of justice. In addition, it must institute a compliance and ethics monitoring program and spend up to $3 million to \"publicize its criminal conduct\". These actions were imposed after the company was found guilty by a federal jury in August 2016 of six of the twelve charges against the company in US District Court.[69]","title":"Litigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Shareholders","text":"In 2017, PG&E settled a shareholder class action lawsuit alleging \"gross mismanagement\" by agreeing to have its insurance company pay PG&E $90 million, and to budget $32 million for safety and governance improvements.[70]","title":"Litigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brigham McCown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_McCown"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"text":"Brigham McCown, the former head for the federal Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, called for the creation of a national commission to examine the problems surrounding high-pressure fuel pipelines that have been built in residential areas. McCown says it often takes an \"incident like this one to force change.\" He also suggested installing a \"no man's land\" around some pipelines in hopes of preventing another disaster.[71][72][73]On September 9, 2012, a memorial to the victims was unveiled in the San Bruno City Park.[74]","title":"Media coverage"}]
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[{"image_text":"The neighborhood continued to burn into the night even after the exploding gas main had been shut off"}]
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[{"title":"San Francisco Bay Area portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"title":"List of pipeline accidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pipeline_accidents"}]
|
[{"reference":"Berton, Justin (September 28, 2010). \"Eighth victim of PG&E blast dies\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/09/28/BAIQ1FKVE5.DTL&type=health","url_text":"\"Eighth victim of PG&E blast dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Hoeffel, John; Hennessy-Fiske, Molly; Goffard, Christopher (September 12, 2010). \"San Bruno explosion death toll climbs to seven; six are missing\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 12, 2010. 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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger_(The_Fall_Of_Troy_album)
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Doppelgänger (The Fall of Troy album)
|
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]
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2005 studio album by the Fall of TroyDoppelgängerStudio album by the Fall of TroyReleasedAugust 16, 2005Recorded2004–2005StudioSound House in Ballard, WAGenre
Emo
post-hardcore
progressive metal
math rock
Length44:33LabelEqual VisionProducerBarett JonesThe Fall of Troy chronology
The Fall of Troy(2003)
Doppelgänger(2005)
Manipulator(2007)
Singles from Doppelgänger
"F.C.P.R.E.M.I.X."Released: May 26, 2006
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic
Doppelgänger is the second studio album from American mathcore band the Fall of Troy, which followed up the band's bootlegged Ghostship Demos EP from 2004 as well as their self-titled LP from 2003. Four of the songs ("I Just Got This Symphony Goin'", "F.C.P.R.E.M.I.X.", "Mouths Like Sidewinder Missiles", "Whacko Jacko Steals the Elephant Man's Bones") were re-recorded versions of tracks from the self-titled album, hence the name Doppelgänger. "Macaulay McCulkin" was taken from the Ghostship Demos EP, and was put onto Doppelgänger for unknown reasons.
Track listing
No.TitleLength1."I Just Got This Symphony Goin'"4:092."Act One, Scene One"5:003."F.C.P.R.E.M.I.X."3:574.""You Got a Death Wish, Johnny Truant?""2:125."Mouths Like Sidewinder Missiles"3:446."The Hoy Tape..."4:517."Laces Out, Dan!"2:318."We Better Learn to Hotwire a Uterus"2:109."Whacko Jacko Steals the Elephant Man's Bones"4:5010."Tom Waits"3:0311."Macaulay McCulkin"8:06Total length:44:33
Personnel
Tim Ward – bass, vocals
Thomas Erak – guitar, vocals, keys
Andrew Forsman – drums, percussion (credited as "see through drums" in the liners on the original CD release)
Barett Jones – production, engineering, mixing
Ed Brooks – mastering
Heidi Alayne – artwork
Andy Myers – layout
Aya Sato – photography
References
^ a b c Kaufman, Drew (January 5, 2019). "Twenty Nine-Scene #1: THE FALL OF TROY - Doppelgänger (2005)". Metal Injection. Retrieved March 28, 2019. Doppelgänger was the perfect marriage of emo, post-hardcore, and progressive metal.
^ a b Sacher, Andrew (March 31, 2020). "15 albums that defined the 2000s post-hardcore boom". Brooklyn Vegan. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
^ Greg Prato. "The Fall of Troy - Doppelgänger : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards : AllMusic". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
vteThe Fall of Troy
Thomas Erak
Andrew Forsman
Jon-Henry Batts
Frank Ene
Tim Ward
Studio albums
The Fall of Troy
Doppelgänger
Manipulator
In the Unlikely Event
OK
Mukiltearth
Extended plays
Phantom on the Horizon
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philopappos
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Philopappos
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["1 Ancestry, family and early life","2 Life after Commagene","3 Philopappos Monument","4 Philopappos in popular culture","5 Notes","6 Sources","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
|
1st / 2nd century prince of Commagene and Roman and Athenian citizen
Bronze coin of Philopappos from Selinus (Cilicia) (ca. AD 72)
Mausoleum of Philopappos
Gaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappos or Philopappus (Greek: Γάϊος Ἰούλιος Ἀντίοχος Ἐπιφανής Φιλόπαππος; 65 – 116), was a Prince of the Kingdom of Commagene who lived in the Roman Empire during the 1st century and 2nd century. He was one of the most prominent Greeks in the Empire.
Ancestry, family and early life
Philopappos was a man of aristocratic and well-connected origins. He was the first-born son of the Greek prince of Commagene, Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes and an Egyptian Greek woman called Claudia Capitolina. His younger sister and only sibling was Julia Balbilla, the poet and personal friend to Emperor Hadrian and the Empress Vibia Sabina.
Philopappos’ parents were distantly related. The paternal grandmother of Claudia Capitolina was the Princess Aka II of Commagene, who was a great granddaughter of King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene, while his father was the first-born son of King Antiochus IV of Commagene and Queen Julia Iotapa of Commagene. Antiochus IV and Iotapa were direct descendants of Antiochus I Theos. Antiochus IV and Iotapa were husband, wife and full blooded-siblings. He was of Armenian, Greek and Median descent. Through his paternal grandparents, he could trace lineage to the Syrian Kingdom, the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
His maternal grandparents were Tiberius Claudius Balbilus and his unnamed wife. Balbilus was an astrologer and a learned scholar, who was later Prefect of Egypt. Balbilus and his father, an Egyptian Greek grammarian and astrologer called Thrasyllus of Mendes or Tiberius Claudius Thrasyllus, were friends to some of the first Roman Emperors, including Tiberius, Claudius, and Vespasian.
Philopappos was born in Samosata, the capital of the Kingdom of Commagene, in the court of the palace of Antiochus IV. Philopappos’ birth name was Gaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes. His nickname and the name he is known by now is Philopappos or Philopappus. Philopappos means Fond of Grandfather. He received this nickname because of his close relationship to Antiochus IV and possibly Tiberius Claudius Balbilus. Philopappos had a traditional Greek upper-class education.
In 72 AD, Lucius Caesennius Paetus, the Roman Governor of Syria, sent letters addressed to Vespasian accusing Antiochus IV, Philopappos's father Epiphanes, and his paternal uncle Callinicus of planning to revolt against Rome and of allying themselves with the King of Parthia. It is not known whether these accusations were true or false. After reading the letters Vespasian felt that he could longer trust the family of Antiochus IV to protect the strategic crossing at the Euphrates River at Samosata, and so he gave orders to Antiochus IV to terminate his rule in Commagene.
Paetus invaded the Kingdom of Commagene as head of the Legio VI Ferrata. The client Kings Aristobulus of Chalcis and Sohaemus of Emesa also supplied troops to Paetus, all of which arrived the night before the battle. As Epiphanes and Callinicus prepared themselves that night for war, Antiochus IV was preparing to flee to Cilicia.
On the morning of the day on which the battle was supposed to occur, out of fear of the Romans, Epiphanes, along with his family, and Callinicus fled to the King of Parthia while Antiochus IV fled to Cilicia. There is a possibility that Epiphanes and Callinicus had engaged in a short-lived attempt to resist invasion before they fled to Parthia.
The family of Antiochus IV had let their own army and the citizens of Commagene down. Antiochus IV and his family had never wanted to cause a war with Rome and they wanted to clear themselves of these accusations. Vespasian brought Epiphanes and his family and Callinicus peacefully back to Rome with an honor guard. Epiphanes and his family and Callinicus lived in Rome with Antiochus IV for the remainder of his life. Vespasian had given Antiochus IV and his family sufficient revenue to live on, and so they had a glamorous life and were treated with great respect.
Philopappos and his family never returned to Commagene. Commagene was reorganized as a part of the Roman Province of Syria and there the citizens of Commagene proved to be loyal subjects of the Roman Empire.
Life after Commagene
In 72, Philopappos's sister Julia Balbilla was born in Rome. After the deaths of both of his grandfathers, Philopappos and his family settled in Athens. His father died in 92 of unknown causes, after which, Claudia Capitolina returned to her birth city of Alexandria, where she married for the second time to Marcus Junius Rufus, a politician. Capitolina spent her remaining years in her birth city; for a period of time Balbilla was with her mother, but later returned to Philopappos in Athens.
Philopappos always considered himself as having the status of a monarch. He spent the remainder of his life in Athens and became a prominent and respected benefactor of the city. Philopappos assumed civic, political, and religious duties in Athens and Rome. He belonged to the Roman elite and became friends with the Emperor Trajan and Trajan's heir and second paternal cousin Hadrian. Through Trajan and Hadrian, Philopappos also met their families.
Philopappos had Roman and Athenian citizenship. He served as an Archon in Athens and had become friends with Greek philosophers, through whom he became acquainted with the Greek historian Plutarch. In his writings, Plutarch describes Philopappos as ‘very generous and magnificent in his rewards’ and describes his character as ‘good-humored and eager for instruction’.
Philopappos served as a Choregos (producer for a chorus) twice; as an Agonothetes (magistrate of games) once and was a member of the Deme Besa. Between 105 and 116, Philopappos was made a member of the Arval Brethren, an ancient group of Roman priests who offered annual sacrifices to the Lares and the gods to guarantee good harvests.
Trajan appointed him to the Praetorian Guard in Rome. Thereafter, Trajan and Hadrian promoted him to the Roman Senate, even though neither his father nor paternal grandfather was of senatorial rank. Philopappos rose further through the ranks and served as a suffect consul in 109.
There is a possibility that Philopappos married at some point, and may have had children and further descendants; however, there are no surviving records of this.
Philopappos Monument
Philopappos Monument
Further information: Philopappos Monument
Philopappos' death in 116 caused great sadness to his sister Julia Balbilla, the citizens of Athens, and possibly to the imperial family. To honor his memory, Balbilla, along with the citizens of Athens, erected a tomb structure on the Mouseion Hill, southwest of the Acropolis. His marble tomb is known as the “Philopappos Monument”, and from it, the hill became known as the “Philopappos Hill”.
Philopappos in popular culture
One of the adversaries of the title character of Digenis Akritas is a leader of brigands named Philopappas. According to Dension Bingham Hall, the name of this character was taken from the historical personage, adding that "many legends surround this name, some of which have been woven into the poem."
Notes
^ Hall, Digenis Akritas: The two-blood border lord (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1972), p. xliii
Sources
Athenaeus Deipnosophistae VIII.350c
Josephus Bellum Judaeum 238-243
Pausanias (geographer) I.25.8
Plutarch Quaestiones Convivales 628a & Quomodo ab adulatore discernatur amicus 48e & 66c
IG II² 1759, 3112, 3450, 3451, & 4511; IG V.2.524
Inscriptions du Colosse de Memnon nos. 28-31, & OGIS 408
Bibliography
Baslez, M. F. (1992). "La famille de Philopappos de Commagène, un prince entre deux mondes". Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. 18 (1): 89–101.
Kleiner, Diana E. E. (1983). The monument of Philopappos in Athens. Roma: G. Bretschneider. ISBN 9788885007680.
External links
Media related to Gaius Iulius Philopappus at Wikimedia Commons
Photographs of Philopappos Monument
Political offices
Preceded byLucius Annius Largus, and Publius Calvisius Tullus Rusoas consules suffecti
Suffect consul of the Roman Empire 109with Gnaeus Antonius Fuscus
Succeeded byGaius Aburnius Valens,and Gaius Julius Proculusas consules suffecti
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
2
WorldCat
National
United States
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AD 72)Mausoleum of PhilopapposGaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappos or Philopappus (Greek: Γάϊος Ἰούλιος Ἀντίοχος Ἐπιφανής Φιλόπαππος; 65 – 116), was a Prince of the Kingdom of Commagene who lived in the Roman Empire during the 1st century and 2nd century. He was one of the most prominent Greeks in the Empire.","title":"Philopappos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commagene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commagene"},{"link_name":"Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Archelaus_Antiochus_Epiphanes"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"Claudia Capitolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Capitolina"},{"link_name":"Julia Balbilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Balbilla"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"Vibia Sabina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibia_Sabina"},{"link_name":"Antiochus I Theos of Commagene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_I_Theos_of_Commagene"},{"link_name":"Antiochus IV of Commagene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_IV_of_Commagene"},{"link_name":"Julia Iotapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Iotapa_(daughter_of_Antiochus_III)"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"Median","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Seleucid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Tiberius Claudius Balbilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Balbilus"},{"link_name":"Prefect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Thrasyllus of Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrasyllus_of_Mendes"},{"link_name":"Roman Emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius"},{"link_name":"Vespasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespasian"},{"link_name":"Samosata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samosata"},{"link_name":"Lucius Caesennius Paetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Caesennius_Paetus"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"Callinicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callinicus_(Prince_of_Commagene)"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Parthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthia"},{"link_name":"Euphrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates"},{"link_name":"Legio VI Ferrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_VI_Ferrata"},{"link_name":"Aristobulus of Chalcis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristobulus_of_Chalcis"},{"link_name":"Sohaemus of Emesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohaemus_of_Emesa"},{"link_name":"Cilicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia"},{"link_name":"Parthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthia"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"}],"text":"Philopappos was a man of aristocratic and well-connected origins. He was the first-born son of the Greek prince of Commagene, Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes and an Egyptian Greek woman called Claudia Capitolina. His younger sister and only sibling was Julia Balbilla, the poet and personal friend to Emperor Hadrian and the Empress Vibia Sabina.Philopappos’ parents were distantly related. The paternal grandmother of Claudia Capitolina was the Princess Aka II of Commagene, who was a great granddaughter of King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene, while his father was the first-born son of King Antiochus IV of Commagene and Queen Julia Iotapa of Commagene. Antiochus IV and Iotapa were direct descendants of Antiochus I Theos. Antiochus IV and Iotapa were husband, wife and full blooded-siblings. He was of Armenian, Greek and Median descent. Through his paternal grandparents, he could trace lineage to the Syrian Kingdom, the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom.His maternal grandparents were Tiberius Claudius Balbilus and his unnamed wife. Balbilus was an astrologer and a learned scholar, who was later Prefect of Egypt. Balbilus and his father, an Egyptian Greek grammarian and astrologer called Thrasyllus of Mendes or Tiberius Claudius Thrasyllus, were friends to some of the first Roman Emperors, including Tiberius, Claudius, and Vespasian.Philopappos was born in Samosata, the capital of the Kingdom of Commagene, in the court of the palace of Antiochus IV. Philopappos’ birth name was Gaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes. His nickname and the name he is known by now is Philopappos or Philopappus. Philopappos means Fond of Grandfather. He received this nickname because of his close relationship to Antiochus IV and possibly Tiberius Claudius Balbilus. Philopappos had a traditional Greek upper-class education.In 72 AD, Lucius Caesennius Paetus, the Roman Governor of Syria, sent letters addressed to Vespasian accusing Antiochus IV, Philopappos's father Epiphanes, and his paternal uncle Callinicus of planning to revolt against Rome and of allying themselves with the King of Parthia. It is not known whether these accusations were true or false. After reading the letters Vespasian felt that he could longer trust the family of Antiochus IV to protect the strategic crossing at the Euphrates River at Samosata, and so he gave orders to Antiochus IV to terminate his rule in Commagene.Paetus invaded the Kingdom of Commagene as head of the Legio VI Ferrata. The client Kings Aristobulus of Chalcis and Sohaemus of Emesa also supplied troops to Paetus, all of which arrived the night before the battle. As Epiphanes and Callinicus prepared themselves that night for war, Antiochus IV was preparing to flee to Cilicia.On the morning of the day on which the battle was supposed to occur, out of fear of the Romans, Epiphanes, along with his family, and Callinicus fled to the King of Parthia while Antiochus IV fled to Cilicia. There is a possibility that Epiphanes and Callinicus had engaged in a short-lived attempt to resist invasion before they fled to Parthia.The family of Antiochus IV had let their own army and the citizens of Commagene down. Antiochus IV and his family had never wanted to cause a war with Rome and they wanted to clear themselves of these accusations. Vespasian brought Epiphanes and his family and Callinicus peacefully back to Rome with an honor guard. Epiphanes and his family and Callinicus lived in Rome with Antiochus IV for the remainder of his life. Vespasian had given Antiochus IV and his family sufficient revenue to live on, and so they had a glamorous life and were treated with great respect.Philopappos and his family never returned to Commagene. Commagene was reorganized as a part of the Roman Province of Syria and there the citizens of Commagene proved to be loyal subjects of the Roman Empire.","title":"Ancestry, family and early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julia Balbilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Balbilla"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Marcus Junius Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Rufus"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_citizenship"},{"link_name":"Archon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponymous_archon"},{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"Choregos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choregos"},{"link_name":"Agonothetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonothetes"},{"link_name":"Deme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deme"},{"link_name":"Arval Brethren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arval_Brethren"},{"link_name":"Lares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lares"},{"link_name":"Praetorian Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guard"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Roman Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate"},{"link_name":"suffect consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffect_consul"}],"text":"In 72, Philopappos's sister Julia Balbilla was born in Rome. After the deaths of both of his grandfathers, Philopappos and his family settled in Athens. His father died in 92 of unknown causes, after which, Claudia Capitolina returned to her birth city of Alexandria, where she married for the second time to Marcus Junius Rufus, a politician. Capitolina spent her remaining years in her birth city; for a period of time Balbilla was with her mother, but later returned to Philopappos in Athens.Philopappos always considered himself as having the status of a monarch. He spent the remainder of his life in Athens and became a prominent and respected benefactor of the city. Philopappos assumed civic, political, and religious duties in Athens and Rome. He belonged to the Roman elite and became friends with the Emperor Trajan and Trajan's heir and second paternal cousin Hadrian. Through Trajan and Hadrian, Philopappos also met their families.Philopappos had Roman and Athenian citizenship. He served as an Archon in Athens and had become friends with Greek philosophers, through whom he became acquainted with the Greek historian Plutarch. In his writings, Plutarch describes Philopappos as ‘very generous and magnificent in his rewards’ and describes his character as ‘good-humored and eager for instruction’.Philopappos served as a Choregos (producer for a chorus) twice; as an Agonothetes (magistrate of games) once and was a member of the Deme Besa. Between 105 and 116, Philopappos was made a member of the Arval Brethren, an ancient group of Roman priests who offered annual sacrifices to the Lares and the gods to guarantee good harvests.Trajan appointed him to the Praetorian Guard in Rome. Thereafter, Trajan and Hadrian promoted him to the Roman Senate, even though neither his father nor paternal grandfather was of senatorial rank. Philopappos rose further through the ranks and served as a suffect consul in 109.There is a possibility that Philopappos married at some point, and may have had children and further descendants; however, there are no surviving records of this.","title":"Life after Commagene"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Attica_06-13_Athens_53_Philopappos_Monument_front.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philopappos Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philopappos_Monument"},{"link_name":"Julia Balbilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Balbilla"},{"link_name":"Mouseion Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouseion_Hill"},{"link_name":"Acropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Philopappos Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philopappos_Monument"}],"text":"Philopappos MonumentFurther information: Philopappos MonumentPhilopappos' death in 116 caused great sadness to his sister Julia Balbilla, the citizens of Athens, and possibly to the imperial family. To honor his memory, Balbilla, along with the citizens of Athens, erected a tomb structure on the Mouseion Hill, southwest of the Acropolis. His marble tomb is known as the “Philopappos Monument”, and from it, the hill became known as the “Philopappos Hill”.","title":"Philopappos Monument"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Digenis Akritas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenis_Akritas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"One of the adversaries of the title character of Digenis Akritas is a leader of brigands named Philopappas. According to Dension Bingham Hall, the name of this character was taken from the historical personage, adding that \"many legends surround this name, some of which have been woven into the poem.\"[1]","title":"Philopappos in popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Hall, Digenis Akritas: The two-blood border lord (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1972), p. xliii","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josephus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus"},{"link_name":"Pausanias (geographer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"IG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscriptiones_Graecae"}],"text":"Athenaeus Deipnosophistae VIII.350c\nJosephus Bellum Judaeum 238-243\nPausanias (geographer) I.25.8\nPlutarch Quaestiones Convivales 628a & Quomodo ab adulatore discernatur amicus 48e & 66c\nIG II² 1759, 3112, 3450, 3451, & 4511; IG V.2.524\nInscriptions du Colosse de Memnon nos. 28-31, & OGIS 408","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baslez, M. F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Fran%C3%A7oise_Baslez"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788885007680","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788885007680"}],"text":"Baslez, M. F. (1992). \"La famille de Philopappos de Commagène, un prince entre deux mondes\". Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. 18 (1): 89–101.\nKleiner, Diana E. E. (1983). The monument of Philopappos in Athens. Roma: G. Bretschneider. ISBN 9788885007680.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Bronze coin of Philopappos from Selinus (Cilicia) (ca. AD 72)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Philopappos-_Bronzem%C3%BCnze_aus_Selinus_in_Kilikien-_14_mm.jpg/220px-Philopappos-_Bronzem%C3%BCnze_aus_Selinus_in_Kilikien-_14_mm.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mausoleum of Philopappos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/02_2020_Grecia_photo_Paolo_Villa_FO190122_bis_%28Acropoli_di_Atene%29_Mausoleo_o_Monumento_a_Gaio_Giulio_Antioco_Epifane_Filopappo-Arte_Romana-visto_dall%27Acropoli_-_olivi_%28Olea_europaea%29%2C_pini_aleppo_%28Pinus_halepensis%29%2C_cipressi_%28Cupressus%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Philopappos Monument","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Attica_06-13_Athens_53_Philopappos_Monument_front.jpg/200px-Attica_06-13_Athens_53_Philopappos_Monument_front.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Baslez, M. F. (1992). \"La famille de Philopappos de Commagène, un prince entre deux mondes\". Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. 18 (1): 89–101.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Fran%C3%A7oise_Baslez","url_text":"Baslez, M. F."}]},{"reference":"Kleiner, Diana E. E. (1983). The monument of Philopappos in Athens. Roma: G. Bretschneider. ISBN 9788885007680.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788885007680","url_text":"9788885007680"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.akropol.net/philopappos_hill/philopappos_hill_page1.htm","external_links_name":"Photographs of Philopappos Monument"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/170936/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000028542910","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/241150323642709970976","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/22162664358955001778","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwtpg8mRbvTmJkMgFmrv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85319384","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAERTS
|
Haerts
|
["1 History","2 Discography","2.1 Studio albums","2.2 Extended plays","2.3 Singles","3 References","4 External links"]
|
German indie pop music duo
HaertsBackground informationOriginBrooklyn, New York, U.S.Genres
Indie pop
alternative
Years active2011–presentLabelsColumbiaMembers
Nini Fabi
Ben Gebert
Websitewww.haertsmusic.com
Haerts (stylized as HAERTS) is a German indie pop music duo, formed in 2011 in New York. The band consists of Nini Fabi (vocals) and Ben Gebert (keyboards, guitars).
The group made their debut with the single Wings, which was called “as flawless as pop tunes come”, by KEXP. They released their first EP, Hemiplegia, in 2013, their self-titled debut album on Columbia Records in 2014, and the visual EP, POWERLAND, in 2016.
Since then they have released three further singles and toured with bands such as Rhye, Shout Out Louds, Michelle Branch, Washed Out, and London Grammar. Their music has been featured in film and television, in such films and shows as Carrie, Cake, Love, Simon, Pretty Little Liars and 13 Reasons Why.
History
Haerts was originally formed by singer/songwriter Nini Fabi and pianist/producer Benjamin Gebert. The longtime collaborators grew up in Munich, Germany, and had previously performed as the duo Nini&Ben. They moved to Brooklyn in 2010, where they became Haerts and were joined by band members Garrett Lenner (guitars) and Derek McWilliams (bass). They eventually signed with Columbia Records in 2012.
Haerts' 2012 debut single, "Wings", received regular airplay throughout the United States and was also featured as the song of the day by KEXP-FM. They followed up with the release of their second single, "All the Days", in 2013. The song was voted as the "Song of the Summer" by Elle magazine and featured in the 2013 film Carrie. The group's first EP, Hemiplegia, was released in October 2013. It was produced by St. Lucia and contains both of their original single releases. The band's eponymous debut album was released on October 27, 2014, and it features three of the songs from their first EP. Alongside the debut album's release, two singles have spawned from the album, "Giving Up" and a later release "Be the One".
Garrett Ienner and Derek McWilliams left the band in 2015.
In January, 2016 Haerts released the short film, "POWER/LAND", in collaboration with video artist Julian Klincewicz along with the soundtrack EP "POWER/LAND".
In 2017 they released three singles from their second studio album: "Your Love" on March 3, 2017, "No Love for the Wild" on May 19, 2017, and "The Way" on December 8, 2017.
In the Fall of 2018 they released their second studio album entitled New Compassion through Arts & Crafts Productions, Inc., and embarked on a tour supported by Vlad Holiday for the east coast and midwest North American dates.
On October 7, 2020, they released their new single "For the Sky" featuring Ed Droste, accompanied by an official music video.
Discography
Studio albums
Title
Album details
Haerts
Released: October 27, 2014
Label: Columbia
Formats: CD, LP, digital download
New Compassion
Release: October 5, 2018
Release*: September 21, 2018
Label: Arts & Crafts Productions
Formats: digital download, LP*
Dream Nation
Release: May 21, 2021
Label: Antifragile Music
Formats: digital download
Extended plays
Title
Album details
Hemiplegia
Released: October 8, 2013
Label: Columbia
Formats: 10", digital download
Singles
Year
Title
Album
2013
"Wings"
Hemiplegia
"All the Days"
2014
"Giving Up"
Haerts
"Be the One"
2015
"Everybody Here Wants You"
Non-album single
2016
"Power / Land"
2017
"Your Love"
New Compassion
"No Love for the Wild"
"The Way"
2018
"New Compassion"
2020
"For the Sky (feat. Ed Droste)"
Dream Nation
"It's Too Late"
2021
"Shivering"
"Why Only You"
"Days Go By"
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haerts.
References
^ "14 Artists to Watch in 2014". Billboard. 13 January 2014.
^ Thomas, Fred. "Haerts". AllMusic. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
^ Ricciardi, Tiney (August 24, 2013). "Concert review: Third annual Gorilla vs. Bear festival in Dallas hits hip-hop home run". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
^ Manning, Kara (May 13, 2013). "Haerts: TAS In Session". The Alternate Side. WFUV. Archived from the original on September 18, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
^ Koellner, Amanda (September 15, 2013). "Live Review: Washed Out at Chicago's Metro". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
^ Feenstra, Gerrit (January 31, 2013). "Song of the Day: HAERTS – Wings". KEXP-FM. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
^ Platiner, Seth (May 23, 2013). "Listen Up: Our Vote for Song of the Summer Goes to Brooklyn-based band, HAERTS". Elle. Hachette Filipacchi Médias. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
^ "listen: HAERTS – Hemiplegia EP". Gorilla v. Bear. October 1, 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
^ "Haerts to Release "Hemiplegia" on September 17". Artistdirect. August 19, 2013. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
^ Gossett, Eric (August 8, 2013). "HAERTS Announce Debut EP, Hemiplegia". CMJ. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
^ "Haerts Announce North American Tour Dates, Share New Single".
^ "Haerts - New Compassion".
External links
Official website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indie pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_pop"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"KEXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEXP-FM"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Rhye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhye"},{"link_name":"Shout Out Louds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout_Out_Louds"},{"link_name":"Michelle Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Branch"},{"link_name":"Washed Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washed_Out"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"London Grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Grammar"},{"link_name":"Carrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cake_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Love, Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love,_Simon"},{"link_name":"Pretty Little Liars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Little_Liars"},{"link_name":"13 Reasons Why","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_Reasons_Why"}],"text":"Haerts (stylized as HAERTS) is a German indie pop music duo, formed in 2011 in New York.[2] The band consists of Nini Fabi (vocals) and Ben Gebert (keyboards, guitars).[3][4]The group made their debut with the single Wings, which was called “as flawless as pop tunes come”, by KEXP. They released their first EP, Hemiplegia, in 2013, their self-titled debut album on Columbia Records in 2014, and the visual EP, POWERLAND, in 2016.Since then they have released three further singles and toured with bands such as Rhye, Shout Out Louds, Michelle Branch, Washed Out,[5] and London Grammar. Their music has been featured in film and television, in such films and shows as Carrie, Cake, Love, Simon, Pretty Little Liars and 13 Reasons Why.","title":"Haerts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KEXP-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEXP-FM"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Elle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Carrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"St. Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lucia_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"eponymous debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haerts_(album)"},{"link_name":"Vlad Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_Holiday"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Haerts was originally formed by singer/songwriter Nini Fabi and pianist/producer Benjamin Gebert. The longtime collaborators grew up in Munich, Germany, and had previously performed as the duo Nini&Ben. They moved to Brooklyn in 2010, where they became Haerts and were joined by band members Garrett Lenner (guitars) and Derek McWilliams (bass). They eventually signed with Columbia Records in 2012.Haerts' 2012 debut single, \"Wings\", received regular airplay throughout the United States and was also featured as the song of the day by KEXP-FM.[6] They followed up with the release of their second single, \"All the Days\", in 2013. The song was voted as the \"Song of the Summer\" by Elle magazine and featured in the 2013 film Carrie.[7] The group's first EP, Hemiplegia, was released in October 2013.[8][9] It was produced by St. Lucia and contains both of their original single releases.[10] The band's eponymous debut album was released on October 27, 2014, and it features three of the songs from their first EP. Alongside the debut album's release, two singles have spawned from the album, \"Giving Up\" and a later release \"Be the One\".Garrett Ienner and Derek McWilliams left the band in 2015.In January, 2016 Haerts released the short film, \"POWER/LAND\", in collaboration with video artist Julian Klincewicz along with the soundtrack EP \"POWER/LAND\".In 2017 they released three singles from their second studio album: \"Your Love\" on March 3, 2017, \"No Love for the Wild\" on May 19, 2017, and \"The Way\" on December 8, 2017.In the Fall of 2018 they released their second studio album entitled New Compassion through Arts & Crafts Productions, Inc., and embarked on a tour supported by Vlad Holiday for the east coast and midwest North American dates.[11]On October 7, 2020, they released their new single \"For the Sky\" featuring Ed Droste, accompanied by an official music video.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended plays","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Haerts"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haerts.","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"14 Artists to Watch in 2014\". Billboard. 13 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5869525/14-artists-to-watch-in-2014","url_text":"\"14 Artists to Watch in 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Fred. \"Haerts\". AllMusic. Retrieved November 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/haerts-mn0003107174","url_text":"\"Haerts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Ricciardi, Tiney (August 24, 2013). \"Concert review: Third annual Gorilla vs. Bear festival in Dallas hits hip-hop home run\". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved September 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dallasnews.com/entertainment/music/headlines/20130824-concert-review-third-annual-gorilla-vs.-bear-festival-in-dallas-hits-hip-hop-home-run.ece","url_text":"\"Concert review: Third annual Gorilla vs. Bear festival in Dallas hits hip-hop home run\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News","url_text":"The Dallas Morning News"}]},{"reference":"Manning, Kara (May 13, 2013). \"Haerts: TAS In Session\". The Alternate Side. WFUV. Archived from the original on September 18, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130918022020/http://www.thealternateside.org/130513/haerts-tas-session","url_text":"\"Haerts: TAS In Session\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFUV","url_text":"WFUV"},{"url":"http://www.thealternateside.org/130513/haerts-tas-session","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Koellner, Amanda (September 15, 2013). \"Live Review: Washed Out at Chicago's Metro\". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved September 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://consequenceofsound.net/2013/09/live-review-washed-out-at-chicagos-metro-913/","url_text":"\"Live Review: Washed Out at Chicago's Metro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound","url_text":"Consequence of Sound"}]},{"reference":"Feenstra, Gerrit (January 31, 2013). \"Song of the Day: HAERTS – Wings\". KEXP-FM. Retrieved September 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.kexp.org/2013/01/31/song-of-the-day-haerts-wings/","url_text":"\"Song of the Day: HAERTS – Wings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEXP-FM","url_text":"KEXP-FM"}]},{"reference":"Platiner, Seth (May 23, 2013). \"Listen Up: Our Vote for Song of the Summer Goes to Brooklyn-based band, HAERTS\". Elle. Hachette Filipacchi Médias. Retrieved September 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elle.com/news/culture/haerts-brooklyn-band","url_text":"\"Listen Up: Our Vote for Song of the Summer Goes to Brooklyn-based band, HAERTS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_(magazine)","url_text":"Elle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachette_Filipacchi_M%C3%A9dias","url_text":"Hachette Filipacchi Médias"}]},{"reference":"\"listen: HAERTS – Hemiplegia EP\". Gorilla v. Bear. October 1, 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gorillavsbear.net/2013/10/01/listen-haerts-hemiplegia-ep/","url_text":"\"listen: HAERTS – Hemiplegia EP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Haerts to Release \"Hemiplegia\" on September 17\". Artistdirect. August 19, 2013. Retrieved September 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/news/article/0,,10705198,00.html","url_text":"\"Haerts to Release \"Hemiplegia\" on September 17\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistdirect","url_text":"Artistdirect"}]},{"reference":"Gossett, Eric (August 8, 2013). \"HAERTS Announce Debut EP, Hemiplegia\". CMJ. Retrieved September 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmj.com/news/haerts-announce-debut-ep-hemiplegia/","url_text":"\"HAERTS Announce Debut EP, Hemiplegia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Haerts Announce North American Tour Dates, Share New Single\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.killbeatmusic.com/media-releases/2018/9/7/haerts-announce-north-american-tour-dates-share-new-single","url_text":"\"Haerts Announce North American Tour Dates, Share New Single\""}]},{"reference":"\"Haerts - New Compassion\".","urls":[{"url":"https://upcomingvinyl.com/record/haerts-new-compassion","url_text":"\"Haerts - New Compassion\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fredricks
|
Charles D. Fredricks
|
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
|
American photographer (1823–1894)
This article is about the photographer. For the actor, see Charles Fredericks. For other people, see Charles Frederick.
Charles D. FredricksBornCharles DeForest Fredricks(1823-12-11)December 11, 1823New York, New York, USDiedMay 25, 1894(1894-05-25) (aged 70)Newark, New Jersey, USOccupationPhotographerSignature
Fredricks' Photographic Temple of Art on Broadway, 1858
Charles DeForest Fredricks (December 11, 1823 – May 25, 1894) was an American photographer.
Biography
Charles D. Fredricks was born in New York City on December 11, 1823. He learned the art of the daguerreotype from Jeremiah Gurney in New York, while he worked as a casemaker for Edward Anthony. In 1843, at the suggestion of his brother, Fredricks sailed for Angostura, today Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela. His business took him to Pará, Rio Grande do Sul, Montevideo, Buenos Aires. He enjoyed great success in South America, remaining there until some time in the early 1850s.
Following a brief period in Charleston, South Carolina, Fredricks moved to Paris in 1853. Here he became the first photographer to create life-sized portraits, which artists (like Jules-Émile Saintin) were hired to color using pastel.
On his return to New York City, he rejoined Jeremiah Gurney, though it is not clear whether he was initially a partner or an employee. By 1854, he had developed an early process for enlarging photographs. His partnership with Gurney ended in 1855.
During the latter half of the decade he operated a studio in Havana. Here he received awards for his photographic oil colors and watercolors. During the 1860s he operated a studio on Broadway that was noted for its cartes de visites. In the early 1860s, Charles Fredricks personally photographed John Wilkes Booth (the assassin of President Lincoln) on several occasions at his studio.
He retired from photography in 1889 and died in Newark, New Jersey, five years later, on May 25, 1894.
References
^ a b The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Vol. II. James T. White & Company. 1921. pp. 398–399. Retrieved May 12, 2021 – via Google Books.
^ Lenzi, Teresa; Menestrino, Flávia (July 2011). "Pioneiros da fotografia em Rio Grande. Indícios de passagens e permanências. Relato de uma pesquisa histórica". Revista Memória em Rede, Pelotas (in Portuguese). 2 (5).
^ Saintin, Jules Emile (2013) Sur la piste des Indiens, Le Pythagore, ISBN 978-2-908456-83-7
^ "Charles DeForest Fredericks". New-York Tribune. May 28, 1894. p. 9. Retrieved May 12, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
José Antonio Navarrete. "La Habana de Charles D. Fredricks". En: José Antonio Navarrete. Escribiendo sobre fotografía en América Latina. Ensayos de crítica histórica (segunda edición revisada y ampliada). Montevideo: Centro de Fotografía, 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles Fredricks.
Charles D. Fredricks at Find a Grave
Charles DeForest Fredricks at Historic Camera
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Artists
Musée d'Orsay
National Gallery of Canada
Photographers' Identities
RKD Artists
ULAN
People
Uruguay
Other
SNAC
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Fredericks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fredericks"},{"link_name":"Charles Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frederick_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fredricks_Photographic_Temple_of_Art.jpg"},{"link_name":"photographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographer"}],"text":"This article is about the photographer. For the actor, see Charles Fredericks. For other people, see Charles Frederick.Fredricks' Photographic Temple of Art on Broadway, 1858Charles DeForest Fredricks (December 11, 1823 – May 25, 1894) was an American photographer.","title":"Charles D. Fredricks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyclopaedia-1"},{"link_name":"daguerreotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Bol%C3%ADvar"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Pará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lenzi-2"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Jules-Émile Saintin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules-%C3%89mile_Saintin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"pastel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"cartes de visites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_de_visite"},{"link_name":"Newark, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyclopaedia-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Charles D. Fredricks was born in New York City on December 11, 1823.[1] He learned the art of the daguerreotype from Jeremiah Gurney in New York, while he worked as a casemaker for Edward Anthony. In 1843, at the suggestion of his brother, Fredricks sailed for Angostura, today Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela. His business took him to Pará, Rio Grande do Sul,[2] Montevideo, Buenos Aires. He enjoyed great success in South America, remaining there until some time in the early 1850s.Following a brief period in Charleston, South Carolina, Fredricks moved to Paris in 1853. Here he became the first photographer to create life-sized portraits, which artists (like Jules-Émile Saintin[3]) were hired to color using pastel.On his return to New York City, he rejoined Jeremiah Gurney, though it is not clear whether he was initially a partner or an employee. By 1854, he had developed an early process for enlarging photographs. His partnership with Gurney ended in 1855.During the latter half of the decade he operated a studio in Havana. Here he received awards for his photographic oil colors and watercolors. During the 1860s he operated a studio on Broadway that was noted for its cartes de visites. In the early 1860s, Charles Fredricks personally photographed John Wilkes Booth (the assassin of President Lincoln) on several occasions at his studio.He retired from photography in 1889 and died in Newark, New Jersey, five years later, on May 25, 1894.[1][4]","title":"Biography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Fredricks' Photographic Temple of Art on Broadway, 1858","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Fredricks_Photographic_Temple_of_Art.jpg/220px-Fredricks_Photographic_Temple_of_Art.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Vol. II. James T. White & Company. 1921. pp. 398–399. Retrieved May 12, 2021 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U11DAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA398","url_text":"The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography"}]},{"reference":"Lenzi, Teresa; Menestrino, Flávia (July 2011). \"Pioneiros da fotografia em Rio Grande. Indícios de passagens e permanências. Relato de uma pesquisa histórica\". Revista Memória em Rede, Pelotas (in Portuguese). 2 (5).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ufpel.edu.br/ich/memoriaemrede/beta-02-01/index.php/memoriaemrede/article/view/21/21","url_text":"\"Pioneiros da fotografia em Rio Grande. Indícios de passagens e permanências. Relato de uma pesquisa histórica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles DeForest Fredericks\". New-York Tribune. May 28, 1894. p. 9. Retrieved May 12, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77580932/new-york-tribune/","url_text":"\"Charles DeForest Fredericks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-York_Tribune","url_text":"New-York Tribune"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit-13
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Exit-13
|
["1 Members","1.1 Last recording line-up","1.2 Other members","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Exit-13" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Exit-13OriginMillersville, PennsylvaniaGenresGrindcoreYears active1989–1997LabelsEconcentricThrashRelapseMembersBill Yurkiewicz (vocals)Bliss Blood (vocals)Steve O'Donnell (guitar)Dan Lilker (bass, piano, vocals)Richard Hoak (drums, piano, vocals)Past membersDave Witte (drums)Pat McCahan (drums)Bill SchaefferJoel DiPietro (bass)Scott Lewis (drums)
Exit-13 was an American grindcore band from Millersville, Pennsylvania. The band were formed in 1989 by Relapse Records founder and co-owner Bill Yurkiewicz (vocals), guitarist Steve O'Donnell and bassist Joel DiPietro. Their early recordings, including the Disembowelling Party, The Unrequited Love of Chicken Soup and Eat More Crust demos (all 1989), their debut full-length Green Is Good (1990) and the EPs The Unrequited Love of Chicken Soup (1990) and Spare the Wrench, Surrender the Earth (1991) featured a line-up of Yurkiewicz, O'Donnell and DiPietro, with drum duties being shared between Bill Schaeffer and Pat McCahan.
Exit-13 underwent a line-up change prior to 1994's Ethos Musick, and recruited the rhythm section of Dan Lilker, famous for his work with Anthrax, Nuclear Assault and Brutal Truth on bass guitar, and his Brutal Truth bandmate Scott Lewis on drums. Brutal Truth's vocalist Kevin Sharp also provided backing vocals. Future line-ups were to include Bliss Blood (of Pain Teens), Richard Hoak (of Brutal Truth) and Dave Witte (of Burnt by the Sun, Discordance Axis and Municipal Waste), amongst others.
The band's lyrics mainly focused on environmental issues (with support for groups like Earth First!), but also concentrate on social issues. The band also supported the decriminalization of marijuana.
Members
Last recording line-up
Bill Yurkiewicz (vocals)
Bliss Blood (vocals)
Dan Lilker (bass, piano, vocals)
Steve O'Donnell (guitars, vocals)
Richard Hoak (drums, piano, vocals)
Other members
Scott Lewis (drums)
Joel DiPietro (bass)
Pat McCahan (drums)
Bill Shaeffer (drums)
Dave Witte (drums)
Discography
1989: Disembowelling Party (demo)
1989: The Unrequited Love of Chicken Soup (demo)
1989: Eat More Crust (demo)
1990: Green Is Good (Ecocentric Records)
1990: The Unrequited Love of Chicken Soup EP (Thrash Records)
1991: Spare the Wrench, Surrender the Earth EP (Relapse)
1993: Don't Spare The Green Love compilation (Relapse)
1994: Ethos Musick (Relapse)
1995: Split 7-inch EP with Multiplex (HG Fact)
1995: ...Just A Few More Hits (Relapse)
1996: Split CD with Hemdale (Visceral Productions)
1996: Gout d'Belgium/Black Weakeners (Relapse)
1996: Smoking Songs (Relapse)
2004: Relapse Singles Series Vol. 4, split with Phobia, Goreaphobia and Amorphis (Relapse)
2007: High Life! compilation (Relapse)
References
^ a b c Colin Larkin, ed. (1995). The Guinness Who's Who of Heavy Metal (Second ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 125. ISBN 0-85112-656-1.
^ Official Exit-13 homepage Archived 2007-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Exit-13 biography at Rockdetector". Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
External links
Official Exit-13 website
Official Exit-13 Myspace page
Exit-13 biography @ Rockdetector
Exit-13 @ Relapse Records
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
Artists
MusicBrainz
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grindcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindcore"},{"link_name":"Millersville, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millersville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Relapse Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relapse_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinHM-1"},{"link_name":"Dan Lilker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Lilker"},{"link_name":"Anthrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Assault"},{"link_name":"Brutal Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutal_Truth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinHM-1"},{"link_name":"Kevin Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Sharp_(heavy_metal)"},{"link_name":"Bliss Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliss_Blood"},{"link_name":"Pain Teens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_Teens"},{"link_name":"Burnt by the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnt_by_the_Sun_(band)"},{"link_name":"Discordance Axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discordance_Axis"},{"link_name":"Municipal Waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Waste"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Earth First!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_First!"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinHM-1"},{"link_name":"marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Exit-13 was an American grindcore band from Millersville, Pennsylvania. The band were formed in 1989 by Relapse Records founder and co-owner Bill Yurkiewicz (vocals), guitarist Steve O'Donnell and bassist Joel DiPietro.[1] Their early recordings, including the Disembowelling Party, The Unrequited Love of Chicken Soup and Eat More Crust demos (all 1989), their debut full-length Green Is Good (1990) and the EPs The Unrequited Love of Chicken Soup (1990) and Spare the Wrench, Surrender the Earth (1991) featured a line-up of Yurkiewicz, O'Donnell and DiPietro, with drum duties being shared between Bill Schaeffer and Pat McCahan.Exit-13 underwent a line-up change prior to 1994's Ethos Musick, and recruited the rhythm section of Dan Lilker, famous for his work with Anthrax, Nuclear Assault and Brutal Truth on bass guitar, and his Brutal Truth bandmate Scott Lewis on drums.[1] Brutal Truth's vocalist Kevin Sharp also provided backing vocals. Future line-ups were to include Bliss Blood (of Pain Teens), Richard Hoak (of Brutal Truth) and Dave Witte (of Burnt by the Sun, Discordance Axis and Municipal Waste), amongst others.[2][3]The band's lyrics mainly focused on environmental issues (with support for groups like Earth First!), but also concentrate on social issues.[1] The band also supported the decriminalization of marijuana.[citation needed]","title":"Exit-13"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bliss Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliss_Blood"},{"link_name":"Dan Lilker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Lilker"},{"link_name":"Richard Hoak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hoak&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Last recording line-up","text":"Bill Yurkiewicz (vocals)\nBliss Blood (vocals)\nDan Lilker (bass, piano, vocals)\nSteve O'Donnell (guitars, vocals)\nRichard Hoak (drums, piano, vocals)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Witte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Witte"}],"sub_title":"Other members","text":"Scott Lewis (drums)\nJoel DiPietro (bass)\nPat McCahan (drums)\nBill Shaeffer (drums)\nDave Witte (drums)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Relapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relapse_Records"},{"link_name":"Phobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobia_(band)"},{"link_name":"Goreaphobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goreaphobia"},{"link_name":"Amorphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphis"}],"text":"1989: Disembowelling Party (demo)\n1989: The Unrequited Love of Chicken Soup (demo)\n1989: Eat More Crust (demo)\n1990: Green Is Good (Ecocentric Records)\n1990: The Unrequited Love of Chicken Soup EP (Thrash Records)\n1991: Spare the Wrench, Surrender the Earth EP (Relapse)\n1993: Don't Spare The Green Love compilation (Relapse)\n1994: Ethos Musick (Relapse)\n1995: Split 7-inch EP with Multiplex (HG Fact)\n1995: ...Just A Few More Hits (Relapse)\n1996: Split CD with Hemdale (Visceral Productions)\n1996: Gout d'Belgium/Black Weakeners (Relapse)\n1996: Smoking Songs (Relapse)\n2004: Relapse Singles Series Vol. 4, split with Phobia, Goreaphobia and Amorphis (Relapse)\n2007: High Life! compilation (Relapse)","title":"Discography"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1995). The Guinness Who's Who of Heavy Metal (Second ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 125. ISBN 0-85112-656-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Guinness Who's Who of Heavy Metal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Publishing","url_text":"Guinness Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-656-1","url_text":"0-85112-656-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Exit-13 biography at Rockdetector\". Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2008-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607045401/http://www.rockdetector.com/artist/usa/millersville/exit+13","url_text":"\"Exit-13 biography at Rockdetector\""},{"url":"http://www.rockdetector.com/artist/usa/millersville/exit+13","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_British_Touring_Car_Championship
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2004 British Touring Car Championship
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["1 Changes for 2004","1.1 Teams and drivers","1.2 Other changes","2 Teams and drivers","3 Season Calendar","4 Drivers Championship","4.1 Manufacturers Championship","4.2 Teams Championship","4.3 Independents Championship","5 External links"]
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Sports season
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "2004 British Touring Car Championship" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2004 British Touring Car Championship
Previous
2003
Next
2005
2004 ToCA Support series:2004 Formula BMW UK2004 Porsche Carrera Cup GB2004 Formula Renault UK2004 SEAT Cupra Championship2004 Renault Clio Cup UK
The 2004 Green Flag MSA British Touring Car Championship season was the 47th British Touring Car Championship (BTCC) season.
Changes for 2004
Teams and drivers
With the admittance of Super 2000-spec cars into the championship, the BTCC welcomed with it a new manufacturer, with SEAT Sport's UK division entering a pair of Toledos identical to those used in the European Touring Car Championship, run by RML. At the wheel were Jason Plato, returning to the championship for the first time since his title victory in 2001, and youngster Rob Huff, who earned his drive through winning the inaugural SEAT Cupra UK Championship, for which Plato had acted as a driver coach.
They were joined by reigning champions of the last three seasons Vauxhall, with Triple 8 Engineering again running a trio of Astra Coupes. 2003 champion Yvan Muller remained along with runner-up and 2002 title winner James Thompson, with Luke Hines replacing Paul O'Neill in the third car on the back of claiming the Production class title in his debut season the previous year.
Honda cut its Arena Motorsport-run Civic Type-R campaign down to a single car for the returning Tom Chilton. A three-car entry was registered on the official entry list with Alan Morrison intended as one of the other drivers but only Chilton's entry would appear all season.
(https://www.crash.net/btcc/news/7854/1/entry-list-btcc-2004)
The Civic challenge was augmented by a pair of cars entered by Team Dynamics for Matt Neal, returning to his family team from the works Honda set-up, and Dan Eaves, who brought with him Halfords sponsorship after the withdrawal of Vic Lee Racing. A possible 3rd entry for Gareth Howell was mentioned but didn't come to fruition.
Proton completed the line-up of works teams, its two Impians now driven by two newcomers to British motorsport; the experienced South African Shaun Watson-Smith and the young Malaysian Farique Hairuman.
Financial trouble forced MG Rover to pull its works backing from West Surrey Racing's MG ZS assault, but the team cut down from three to two cars and returned as an independent with young gun Colin Turkington and veteran Anthony Reid staying on board.
Ex-works Vauxhall Astra Coupes were a popular choice amongst the other independents, with Michael Bentwood stepping up from the Production ranks in a 'VXR Junior' team prepared by Tech-Speed Motorsport and 2003 Independents champion Rob Collard continuing to campaign an Astra for his self-run team.
GA Motorsport (now under the 'Team Sureterm' banner) continued to run a pair of Astra Coupes for the returning Paul Wallace and Renault Clio Cup graduate Charlie Butler-Henderson, while a Super 2000-spec Alfa Romeo 156 was also entered for Carl Breeze. Wallace was soon replaced by experienced former Ford and Volvo factory driver Kelvin Burt, then later Irishman Gavin Smith and Stefan Hodgetts (son of ex-BTCC champion Chris), the latter then stepping in to replace Butler-Henderson when his funds ran out. Hodgetts then swapped cars with Breeze, who himself was replaced by Gavin Pyper for the final round.
Synchro Motorsport again returned with an ex-works Honda Civic Type R for former works driver James Kaye. Jason Hughes stepped up from the Production class, racing an ex-WSR MG ZS for his Kartworld Racing team, and John Batchelor's 'Team Varta' also switched classes, running Richard Marsh from the second round onwards in first a Super 2000 Civic Type-R, then later an ex-Vic Lee Racing Peugeot 307. Marsh was replaced by Jay Wheals for the final round, for which the team returned to the Civic.
Mardi Gras Motorsport had an abortive campaign, entering a Super 2000 Civic and later an ex-works Peugeot 406 Coupe, both LPG-powered, for businessman John George, and Edenbridge Racing briefly entered a Super 2000 BMW 320i for Justin Keen.
Carly Motors intended to enter a pair of BMW 320is for ex-Alfa Romeo driver Tom Ferrier and ex-Volvo ETCC driver James Hanson but this entry never materialised.
Other changes
The number of total races was increased from 20 to 30 by holding three races at each meeting instead of two
The grid for the second race of each meeting was decided by the results of the first but with the top ten reversed; the grid for the third race was simply the finishing order of the second race
Cars built to Super 2000 specification were allowed, with an equivalency formula designed to ensure that they would have similar performance to their BTC Spec counterparts
Points penalties for engine changes now apply only to the team, not the driver
The "production class" and its associated championship was abolished
Teams and drivers
Team
Car
No.
Drivers
Rounds
Works BTC-T Entries
VX Racing
Vauxhall Astra Coupé
1
Yvan Muller
All
2
James Thompson
All
57
Luke Hines
All
Team Honda
Honda Civic Type-R
9
Tom Chilton
All
Petronas Syntium Proton
Proton Impian
15
Fariqe Hairuman
All
20
Shaun Watson-Smith
All
Works S2000 Entries
SEAT Sport UK
SEAT Toledo Cupra
11
Jason Plato
All
12
Rob Huff
All
Independent BTC-T Entries
Computeach Racing with Halfords
Honda Civic Type-R
3
Matt Neal
All
4
Dan Eaves
All
West Surrey Racing
MG ZS
6
Anthony Reid
All
8
Colin Turkington
All
Collard Racing
Vauxhall Astra Coupé
10
Rob Collard
All
VXR Junior
Vauxhall Astra Coupé
14
Michael Bentwood
1–6, 8–10
Synchro Motorsport
Honda Civic Type-R
16
James Kaye
All
Mardi Gras Motorsport
Peugeot 406 Coupé
17
John George
6–10
Team Sureterm
Vauxhall Astra Coupé
21
Paul Wallace
1–2
22
Charlie Butler-Henderson
1–4, 6
23
Carl Breeze
8–9
24
Kelvin Burt
3–4
25
Gavin Smith
5
26
Stefan Hodgetts
5–6
44
Gavin Pyper
10
Team Quest/Varta
Peugeot 307
40
Richard Marsh
8–9
Kartworld Racing
MG ZS
77
Jason Hughes
All
Independent S2000 Entries
Mardi Gras Motorsport
Honda Civic Type-R
17
John George
1–3
Team Sureterm
Alfa Romeo 156
23
Carl Breeze
1–7
26
Stefan Hodgetts
8–10
Team Quest/Varta
Honda Civic Type-R
40
Richard Marsh
2–7
41
Jay Wheals
10
Edenbridge Racing
BMW 320i
46
Justin Keen
2–4
Season Calendar
All races were held in the United Kingdom (excepting Mondello Park round that held in Ireland).
Round
Circuit
Date
Pole Position
Fastest Lap
Winning Driver
Winning Team
1
R1
Thruxton Circuit, Hampshire
11 April
James Thompson
James Thompson
James Thompson
VX Racing
R2
Jason Plato
Jason Plato
SEAT Sport UK
R3
Colin Turkington
Yvan Muller
VX Racing
2
R4
Brands Hatch (Indy), Kent
25 April
Colin Turkington
Anthony Reid
Matt Neal
Computeach Racing with Halfords
R5
Shaun Watson-Smith
Luke Hines
VX Racing
R6
Matt Neal
James Thompson
VX Racing
3
R7
Silverstone Circuit (International), Northamptonshire
9 May
Jason Plato
Yvan Muller
Matt Neal
Computeach Racing with Halfords
R8
Colin Turkington
James Thompson
VX Racing
R9
Anthony Reid
Tom Chilton
Team Honda
4
R10
Oulton Park (Island), Cheshire
23 May
James Thompson
James Thompson
Yvan Muller
VX Racing
R11
Dan Eaves
Dan Eaves
Computeach Racing with Halfords
R12
James Thompson
Yvan Muller
VX Racing
5
R13
Mondello Park
13 June
Yvan Muller
Colin Turkington
Yvan Muller
VX Racing
R14
Anthony Reid
Jason Plato
SEAT Sport UK
R15
Anthony Reid
Colin Turkington
West Surrey Racing
6
R16
Croft Circuit, Yorkshire
25 July
Anthony Reid
Anthony Reid
Anthony Reid
West Surrey Racing
R17
Anthony Reid
Jason Plato
SEAT Sport UK
R18
Anthony Reid
Jason Plato
SEAT Sport UK
7
R19
Knockhill Circuit, Fife
8 August
Anthony Reid
Colin Turkington
Anthony Reid
West Surrey Racing
R20
Dan Eaves
Jason Plato
SEAT Sport UK
R21
Anthony Reid
Anthony Reid
West Surrey Racing
8
R22
Brands Hatch (Indy), Kent
22 August
Matt Neal
Matt Neal
Matt Neal
Computeach Racing with Halfords
R23
Jason Plato
Jason Plato
SEAT Sport UK
R24
Robert Huff Shaun Watson-Smith
Robert Huff
SEAT Sport UK
9
R25
Snetterton Circuit, Norfolk
5 September
James Thompson
James Thompson
James Thompson
VX Racing
R26
Jason Plato
Luke Hines
VX Racing
R27
James Thompson
Robert Huff
SEAT Sport UK
10
R28
Donington Park (National), Leicestershire
26 September
Jason Plato
Jason Plato
Jason Plato
SEAT Sport UK
R29
Yvan Muller
Tom Chilton
Team Honda
R30
James Thompson
Yvan Muller
VX Racing
Drivers Championship
Points system
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Fastest Lap
Lead a lap
15
12
10
8
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
1
No driver may collect more than one "Lead a Lap" point per race no matter how many laps they lead.
Race 1 polesitter receives 1 point.
(key)
Pos
Driver
THR
BHI
SIL
OUL
MON
CRO
KNO
BHI
SNE
DON
Pts
1
James Thompson
1*
Ret
3
4
2
1*
4
1*
7*
2
5
3
5
2
4
4
4
4
3
Ret
4
3
4
12*
1*
7
3
2*
5
3
274
2
Yvan Muller
3
2
1*
5
3
3
2
2
Ret
1*
8
1*
1*
4
6
2
6
5
5
4
9
2
8
5
5
4
2
7
2
1*
273
3
Jason Plato
8
1*
4
Ret
DNS
Ret
3*
9
2
8
2
Ret*
9
1*
Ret*
9
1*
1*
10
1*
7*
9
1*
2*
11
3
10
1*
6
2
224
4
Anthony Reid
4
6
2
Ret
4
2
6
3
4*
10
3
Ret
2
5
9
1*
8
6
1*
7
1*
12
Ret
6
8
2
5
5
4
8
213
5
Matt Neal
2
Ret
9
1*
DNS
7
1*
8
8
3
4
2
4
10
Ret
3
5
Ret
9
2
8
1*
5
4
2
Ret
4
Ret
Ret
Ret
181
6
Colin Turkington
14
10
6
6
5
5
11
5
12
4
6
5
3
6
1*
6
7
3
4
Ret
3
10
2*
11*
4
5
7
3
7
6
173
7
Robert Huff
6
Ret
Ret
2*
11
4
10
7*
3
7
Ret
Ret
8
DSQ
Ret
5
2
2*
Ret
6
5
7
3
1*
12
8
1*
10
11
5
148
8
Dan Eaves
5
4*
12
8
8
8
5
6
6
9
1*
8
Ret
Ret
3
7
3
12
6
3
2*
Ret
9
Ret
6
11
6
8
3
4
148
9
Tom Chilton
10
Ret
10
3
6
6
18
10
1*
11
7
6
7
8
5
19
9
7
2
Ret
Ret
6
13
8
3
10
12
9
1*
12
116
10
Luke Hines
Ret
7
5
9
1*
10
8
14
11
Ret
9
11
6
3
2
8
14
8
15
5
6
5
10
7
10
1*
8
6
10
Ret
115
11
James Kaye
13
9
7
12
7
Ret
13
15
9
6
12
9
15
7
Ret
Ret
12
13
13
9
11
4
6
Ret
9
6
13
11
9
9
49
12
Rob Collard
11
5
8
10
15
15
Ret
13
DNS
5
Ret
4
13
11
Ret
15
Ret
9
8
11
Ret
15
Ret
9
7
9
11
13
8
7
44
13
Michael Bentwood
7
3
Ret
Ret
DNS
Ret
Ret
12
10
13
11
7
10
12
Ret
14
11
11
11
7
3
Ret
14
14
4
Ret
13
42
14
Shaun Watson-Smith
9
8
Ret
7
Ret
9
12
11
14
Ret
14
10
12
Ret
10
13
10
10
7
8
10
8
Ret
Ret
DSQ
12
15
14
12
Ret
28
15
Carl Breeze
Ret
Ret
11
Ret
DNS
DNS
7
16
5
Ret
13
Ret
11
Ret
8
11
13
14
Ret
Ret
DNS
13
12
10
14
Ret
Ret
14
16
Kelvin Burt
9
4*
Ret
12
Ret
Ret
11
17
Jason Hughes
Ret
12
Ret
14
12
12
Ret
19
17
15
16
12
14
13
7
12
Ret
Ret
11
10
12
14
11
Ret
13
13
16
Ret
13
11
5
18
Stefan Hodgetts
Ret
DNS
Ret
10
Ret
Ret
Ret
Ret
Ret
Ret
DNS
9
Ret
Ret
10
4
19
Justin Keen
13
9
Ret
14
18
16
Ret
15
Ret
2
20
Gavin Smith
Ret
9
Ret
2
21
Charlie Butler-Henderson
12
11
Ret
11
Ret
11
Ret
Ret
13
Ret
10
Ret
Ret
15
Ret
1
22
Paul Wallace
Ret
Ret
Ret
Ret
10
13
1
23
Fariqe Hairuman
Ret
DNS
Ret
Ret
13
14
15
17
15
14
17
13
16
Ret
11
16
Ret
Ret
Ret
12
Ret
17
14
Ret
Ret
15
Ret
NC
Ret
DNS
0
24
John George
15
13
Ret
Ret
DNS
DNS
17
20
Ret
17
Ret
15
12
13
13
Ret
Ret
Ret
15
16
17
Ret
DNS
DNS
0
25
Gavin Pyper
12
Ret
Ret
0
26
Richard Marsh
15
14
16
16
DNS
DNS
Ret
DNS
DNS
17
Ret
DNS
18
16
16
14
14
14
16
Ret
Ret
NC
17
18
0
27
Jay Wheals
15
14
DNS
0
Pos
Driver
THR
BHI
SIL
OUL
MON
CRO
KNO
BHI
SNE
DON
Pts
Note: bold signifies pole position (1 point given in first race only, driver who finishes 10th in first race gets pole for race 2 and race 3 pole is for race 2 winner), italics signifies fastest lap (1 point given all races) and * signifies at least one lap in the lead (1 point given all races).
Manufacturers Championship
Pos
Manufacturer
THR
BHI
SIL
OUL
MON
CRO
KNO
BHI
SNE
DON
Pts
1
Vauxhall / VX Racing
1
2
1
4
1
1
2
1
7
1
5
1
1
2
2
2
4
4
3
4
4
2
4
5
1
1
2
2
2
1
732
3
7
3
5
2
3
4
2
11
2
8
3
5
3
4
4
6
5
5
5
6
3
8
7
5
4
3
6
5
3
Ret
Ret
5
9
3
10
8
14
Ret
Ret
9
11
6
4
6
8
14
8
15
Ret
9
5
10
12
10
7
8
7
10
Ret
2
Honda / Honda Racing &Computeach Racing with Halfords
2
4
9
1
6
6
1
6
1
3
1
2
4
8
3
3
3
7
2
2
2
1
5
4
2
10
4
8
1
4
548
5
Ret
10
3
8
7
5
8
6
9
4
6
7
10
5
7
5
12
6
3
8
6
9
8
3
11
6
9
3
12
10
Ret
12
8
DNS
8
18
10
8
11
7
8
Ret
Ret
Ret
19
9
Ret
9
Ret
Ret
Ret
13
Ret
6
Ret
12
Ret
Ret
Ret
3
SEAT / SEAT Sport UK
6
1
4
2
11
4
3
7
2
7
2
Ret
8
1
Ret
5
1
1
10
1
5
7
1
1
11
3
1
1
6
2
421
8
Ret
Ret
Ret
DNS
Ret
10
9
3
8
Ret
Ret
9
DSQ
Ret
9
2
2
Ret
6
7
9
3
2
12
8
10
10
11
5
4
Proton / Petronas Syntium Proton
9
8
Ret
7
13
9
12
11
14
14
14
10
12
Ret
10
13
10
10
7
8
10
8
14
Ret
DSQ
12
15
14
12
Ret
96
Ret
DNS
Ret
Ret
Ret
14
15
17
15
Ret
17
13
16
Ret
11
16
Ret
Ret
Ret
12
Ret
17
Ret
Ret
Ret
15
Ret
NC
Ret
DNS
Pos
Manufacturer
THR
BHI
SIL
OUL
MON
CRO
KNO
BHI
SNE
DON
Pts
Teams Championship
Pos
Team
THR
BHI
SIL
OUL
MON
CRO
KNO
BHI
SNE
DON
Pts
1
VX Racing
1
2
1
4
1
1
2
1
7
1
5
1
1
2
2
2
4
4
3
4
4
2
4
5
1
1
2
2
2
1
536
3
7
3
5
2
3
4
2
11
2
8
3
5
3
4
4
6
5
5
5
6
3
8
7
5
4
3
6
5
3
2
SEAT Sport UK
6
1
4
2
11
4
3
7
2
7
2
Ret
8
1
Ret
5
1
1
10
1
5
7
1
1
11
3
1
1
6
2
360
8
Ret
Ret
Ret
DNS
Ret
10
9
3
8
Ret
Ret
9
DSQ
Ret
9
2
2
Ret
6
7
9
3
2
12
8
10
10
11
5
3
West Surrey Racing
4
6
2
6
4
2
6
3
4
4
3
5
2
5
1
1
7
3
1
7
1
10
2
6
4
2
5
3
4
6
325
14
10
6
Ret
5
5
11
5
12
10
6
Ret
3
6
9
6
8
6
4
Ret
3
12
Ret
11
8
5
7
5
7
8
4
Computeach Racing with Halfords
2
4
9
1
8
7
1
6
6
3
1
2
4
10
3
3
3
12
6
2
2
1
5
4
2
11
4
8
3
4
303
5
Ret
12
8
DNS
8
5
8
8
9
4
8
Ret
Ret
Ret
7
5
Ret
9
3
8
Ret
9
Ret
6
Ret
6
Ret
Ret
Ret
5
Team Honda
10
Ret
10
3
6
6
18
10
1
11
7
6
7
8
5
19
9
7
2
Ret
Ret
6
13
8
3
10
12
9
1
12
111
6
Synchro Motorsport
13
9
7
12
7
Ret
13
15
9
6
12
9
15
7
Ret
Ret
12
13
13
9
11
4
6
Ret
9
6
13
11
9
9
54
7
Collard Racing
11
5
8
10
15
15
Ret
13
DNS
5
Ret
4
13
11
Ret
15
Ret
9
8
11
Ret
15
Ret
9
7
9
11
13
8
7
50
8
Team Sureterm
12
11
11
11
10
11
7
4
5
12
10
Ret
11
9
8
10
13
14
Ret
Ret
DNS
13
12
10
14
Ret
9
12
Ret
10
44
Ret
Ret
Ret
Ret
Ret
13
9
16
13
Ret
13
Ret
Ret
Ret
Ret
11
15
Ret
Ret
Ret
Ret
Ret
DNS
Ret
Ret
Ret
Ret
9
VXR Junior
7
3
Ret
Ret
DNS
Ret
Ret
12
10
13
11
7
10
12
Ret
14
11
11
11
7
3
Ret
14
14
4
Ret
13
26
10
Petronas Syntium Proton
9
8
Ret
7
13
9
12
11
14
14
14
10
12
Ret
10
13
10
10
7
8
10
8
14
Ret
DSQ
12
15
14
12
Ret
11
Ret
DNS
Ret
Ret
Ret
14
15
17
15
Ret
17
13
16
Ret
11
16
Ret
Ret
Ret
12
Ret
17
Ret
Ret
Ret
15
Ret
NC
Ret
DNS
11
Edenbridge Racing
13
9
Ret
14
18
16
Ret
15
Ret
3
12
Mardi Gras Motorsport
15
13
Ret
Ret
DNS
DNS
17
20
Ret
17
Ret
15
12
13
13
Ret
Ret
Ret
15
16
17
Ret
DNS
DNS
0
13
Team Quest/Varta
15
14
16
16
DNS
DNS
Ret
DNS
DNS
17
Ret
DNS
18
16
16
14
14
14
16
Ret
Ret
NC
17
18
15
14
DNS
0
14
Kartworld Racing
Ret
12
Ret
14
12
12
Ret
19
17
15
16
12
14
13
7
12
Ret
Ret
11
10
12
14
11
Ret
13
13
16
Ret
13
11
-3
Pos
Team
THR
BHI
SIL
OUL
MON
CRO
KNO
BHI
SNE
DON
Pts
Independents Championship
Pos
Driver
THR
BHI
SIL
OUL
MON
CRO
KNO
BHI
SNE
DON
Pts
1
Anthony Reid
4
6
2
Ret
4
2
6
3
4
10
3
Ret
2
5
9
1
8
6
1
7
1
12
Ret
6
8
2
5
5
4
8
312
2
Colin Turkington
14
10
6
6
5
5
11
5
12
4
6
5
3
6
1
6
7
3
4
Ret
3
10
2
11
4
5
7
3
7
6
300
3
Dan Eaves
5
4
12
8
8
8
5
6
6
9
1
8
Ret
Ret
3
7
3
12
6
3
2
Ret
9
Ret
6
11
6
8
3
4
254
4
Matt Neal
2
Ret
9
1
DNS
7
1
8
8
3
4
2
4
10
Ret
3
5
Ret
9
2
8
1
5
4
2
Ret
4
Ret
Ret
Ret
253
5
James Kaye
13
9
7
12
7
Ret
13
15
9
6
12
9
15
7
Ret
Ret
12
13
13
9
11
4
6
Ret
9
6
13
11
9
9
164
6
Rob Collard
11
5
8
10
15
15
Ret
13
DNS
5
Ret
4
13
11
Ret
15
Ret
9
8
11
Ret
15
Ret
9
7
9
11
13
8
7
152
7
Michael Bentwood
7
3
Ret
Ret
DNS
Ret
Ret
12
10
13
11
7
10
12
Ret
14
11
11
11
7
3
Ret
14
14
4
Ret
13
131
8
Jason Hughes
Ret
12
Ret
14
12
12
Ret
19
17
15
16
12
14
13
7
12
Ret
Ret
11
10
12
14
11
Ret
14
13
16
Ret
13
11
89
9
Carl Breeze
Ret
Ret
11
Ret
DNS
DNS
7
16
5
Ret
13
Ret
11
Ret
8
11
13
14
Ret
Ret
DNS
13
12
10
15
Ret
Ret
75
10
Charlie Butler-Henderson
12
11
Ret
11
Ret
11
Ret
Ret
13
Ret
10
Ret
Ret
15
Ret
33
11
John George
15
13
Ret
Ret
DNS
DNS
17
20
Ret
17
Ret
15
12
13
13
Ret
Ret
Ret
16
16
17
Ret
DNS
DNS
27
12
Richard Marsh
15
14
16
16
DNS
DNS
Ret
DNS
DNS
17
Ret
DNS
18
16
16
14
14
14
16
Ret
Ret
NC
17
18
27
13
Kelvin Burt
9
4
Ret
12
Ret
Ret
22
14
Justin Keen
13
9
Ret
14
18
16
Ret
15
Ret
18
15
Stefan Hodgetts
Ret
DNS
Ret
10
Ret
Ret
Ret
Ret
Ret
Ret
DNS
9
Ret
Ret
10
17
16
Paul Wallace
Ret
Ret
Ret
Ret
10
13
9
17
Gavin Smith
Ret
9
Ret
8
18
Jay Wheals
15
14
DNS
7
19
Gavin Pyper
12
Ret
Ret
5
Pos.
Driver
THR
BHI
SIL
OUL
MON
CRO
KNO
BHI
SNE
DON
Pts
External links
vteBritish Saloon/Touring Car ChampionshipBSCC (1958–1986)
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
BTCC (1987–present)
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Champions
Records
Teams and Drivers
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_British_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_British_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"2004 Formula BMW UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Formula_BMW_UK_season"},{"link_name":"2004 Porsche Carrera Cup GB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Porsche_Carrera_Cup_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"2004 Formula Renault UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Formula_Renault_UK_season"},{"link_name":"2004 SEAT Cupra Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_SEAT_Cupra_Championship"},{"link_name":"2004 Renault Clio Cup UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Renault_Clio_Cup_United_Kingdom_season"},{"link_name":"British Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Touring_Car_Championship"}],"text":"2004 British Touring Car Championship\n\nPrevious\n2003\nNext\n2005\n2004 ToCA Support series:2004 Formula BMW UK2004 Porsche Carrera Cup GB2004 Formula Renault UK2004 SEAT Cupra Championship2004 Renault Clio Cup UKThe 2004 Green Flag MSA British Touring Car Championship season was the 47th British Touring Car Championship (BTCC) season.","title":"2004 British Touring Car Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Changes for 2004"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"James Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thompson_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"https://www.crash.net/btcc/news/7854/1/entry-list-btcc-2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crash.net/btcc/news/7854/1/entry-list-btcc-2004"},{"link_name":"Halfords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfords"},{"link_name":"MG Rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_Rover"},{"link_name":"Sureterm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sureterm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Varta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varta"},{"link_name":"LPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas"},{"link_name":"Carly Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Motors"}],"sub_title":"Teams and drivers","text":"With the admittance of Super 2000-spec cars into the championship, the BTCC welcomed with it a new manufacturer, with SEAT Sport's UK division entering a pair of Toledos identical to those used in the European Touring Car Championship, run by RML. At the wheel were Jason Plato, returning to the championship for the first time since his title victory in 2001, and youngster Rob Huff, who earned his drive through winning the inaugural SEAT Cupra UK Championship, for which Plato had acted as a driver coach.They were joined by reigning champions of the last three seasons Vauxhall, with Triple 8 Engineering again running a trio of Astra Coupes. 2003 champion Yvan Muller remained along with runner-up and 2002 title winner James Thompson, with Luke Hines replacing Paul O'Neill in the third car on the back of claiming the Production class title in his debut season the previous year.Honda cut its Arena Motorsport-run Civic Type-R campaign down to a single car for the returning Tom Chilton. A three-car entry was registered on the official entry list with Alan Morrison intended as one of the other drivers but only Chilton's entry would appear all season.\n(https://www.crash.net/btcc/news/7854/1/entry-list-btcc-2004)The Civic challenge was augmented by a pair of cars entered by Team Dynamics for Matt Neal, returning to his family team from the works Honda set-up, and Dan Eaves, who brought with him Halfords sponsorship after the withdrawal of Vic Lee Racing. A possible 3rd entry for Gareth Howell was mentioned but didn't come to fruition.Proton completed the line-up of works teams, its two Impians now driven by two newcomers to British motorsport; the experienced South African Shaun Watson-Smith and the young Malaysian Farique Hairuman.Financial trouble forced MG Rover to pull its works backing from West Surrey Racing's MG ZS assault, but the team cut down from three to two cars and returned as an independent with young gun Colin Turkington and veteran Anthony Reid staying on board.Ex-works Vauxhall Astra Coupes were a popular choice amongst the other independents, with Michael Bentwood stepping up from the Production ranks in a 'VXR Junior' team prepared by Tech-Speed Motorsport and 2003 Independents champion Rob Collard continuing to campaign an Astra for his self-run team.GA Motorsport (now under the 'Team Sureterm' banner) continued to run a pair of Astra Coupes for the returning Paul Wallace and Renault Clio Cup graduate Charlie Butler-Henderson, while a Super 2000-spec Alfa Romeo 156 was also entered for Carl Breeze. Wallace was soon replaced by experienced former Ford and Volvo factory driver Kelvin Burt, then later Irishman Gavin Smith and Stefan Hodgetts (son of ex-BTCC champion Chris), the latter then stepping in to replace Butler-Henderson when his funds ran out. Hodgetts then swapped cars with Breeze, who himself was replaced by Gavin Pyper for the final round.Synchro Motorsport again returned with an ex-works Honda Civic Type R for former works driver James Kaye. Jason Hughes stepped up from the Production class, racing an ex-WSR MG ZS for his Kartworld Racing team, and John Batchelor's 'Team Varta' also switched classes, running Richard Marsh from the second round onwards in first a Super 2000 Civic Type-R, then later an ex-Vic Lee Racing Peugeot 307. Marsh was replaced by Jay Wheals for the final round, for which the team returned to the Civic.Mardi Gras Motorsport had an abortive campaign, entering a Super 2000 Civic and later an ex-works Peugeot 406 Coupe, both LPG-powered, for businessman John George, and Edenbridge Racing briefly entered a Super 2000 BMW 320i for Justin Keen.Carly Motors intended to enter a pair of BMW 320is for ex-Alfa Romeo driver Tom Ferrier and ex-Volvo ETCC driver James Hanson but this entry never materialised.","title":"Changes for 2004"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other changes","text":"The number of total races was increased from 20 to 30 by holding three races at each meeting instead of two\nThe grid for the second race of each meeting was decided by the results of the first but with the top ten reversed; the grid for the third race was simply the finishing order of the second race\nCars built to Super 2000 specification were allowed, with an equivalency formula designed to ensure that they would have similar performance to their BTC Spec counterparts\nPoints penalties for engine changes now apply only to the team, not the driver\nThe \"production class\" and its associated championship was abolished","title":"Changes for 2004"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teams and drivers"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All races were held in the United Kingdom (excepting Mondello Park round that held in Ireland).","title":"Season Calendar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Motorsport_driver_results_legend"}],"text":"No driver may collect more than one \"Lead a Lap\" point per race no matter how many laps they lead.\nRace 1 polesitter receives 1 point.(key)Note: bold signifies pole position (1 point given in first race only, driver who finishes 10th in first race gets pole for race 2 and race 3 pole is for race 2 winner), italics signifies fastest lap (1 point given all races) and * signifies at least one lap in the lead (1 point given all races).","title":"Drivers Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Manufacturers Championship","title":"Drivers Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Teams Championship","title":"Drivers Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Independents Championship","title":"Drivers Championship"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%222004+British+Touring+Car+Championship%22","external_links_name":"\"2004 British Touring Car Championship\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%222004+British+Touring+Car+Championship%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%222004+British+Touring+Car+Championship%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%222004+British+Touring+Car+Championship%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%222004+British+Touring+Car+Championship%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%222004+British+Touring+Car+Championship%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.crash.net/btcc/news/7854/1/entry-list-btcc-2004","external_links_name":"https://www.crash.net/btcc/news/7854/1/entry-list-btcc-2004"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Salmon_River_(Egegik_River)
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King Salmon River (Egegik River tributary)
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 58°13′26″N 157°19′44″W / 58.22389°N 157.32889°W / 58.22389; -157.32889Several rivers bear the name King Salmon River in Alaska.
River in Alaska, United StatesKing Salmon RiverLocation of the mouth of the King Salmon River in AlaskaLocationCountryUnited StatesStateAlaskaBoroughLake and PeninsulaPhysical characteristicsSourceconfluence of Contact and Takayofo creeks • locationKatmai National Park and Preserve • coordinates58°09′46″N 156°00′23″W / 58.16278°N 156.00639°W / 58.16278; -156.00639 • elevation482 ft (147 m)
MouthEgegik River • location37 miles (60 km) southwest of Naknek, Alaska Peninsula • coordinates58°13′26″N 157°19′44″W / 58.22389°N 157.32889°W / 58.22389; -157.32889 • elevation0 ft (0 m)Length60 mi (97 km)
The King Salmon River is a 60-mile (97 km) tributary of the Egegik River on the western slope of the Alaska Peninsula in southwest Alaska. Formed by the confluence of Contact and Takayofo creeks along the southwest border of Katmai National Park and Preserve, it flows west-northwest to meet the larger river about 2 miles (3 km) east of the village of Egegik.
A relatively straight and braided river, it descends from an elevation of about 500 feet (152 m) to sea level. Being quite shallow, it is not navigable beyond its lower reaches. Although game fish on the river include king, chum, and silver salmon, the main species are rainbow trout, Arctic grayling, and char.
See also
List of Alaska rivers
References
^ a b c d e f "King Salmon River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. March 31, 1981. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
^ Derived by entering source coordinates in Google Earth.
^ a b Alaska Atlas & Gazetteer (7th ed.). Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. 2010. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-0-89933-289-5.
^ Limeres, Rene; Pedersen, Gunnar; et al. (2005). Alaska Fishing: The Ultimate Angler's Guide (3rd ed.). Roseville, California: Publishers Design Group. p. 234. ISBN 1-929170-11-4.
This article about a location in the Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a river in Alaska is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Salmon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Salmon_River_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Egegik River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egegik_River"},{"link_name":"Alaska Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"},{"link_name":"Katmai National Park and Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katmai_National_Park_and_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Egegik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egegik,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLorme-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLorme-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"},{"link_name":"game fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_fish"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_salmon"},{"link_name":"chum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chum_salmon"},{"link_name":"silver salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_salmon"},{"link_name":"rainbow trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_trout"},{"link_name":"Arctic grayling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_grayling"},{"link_name":"char","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvelinus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alaska_Fishing-4"}],"text":"Several rivers bear the name King Salmon River in Alaska.River in Alaska, United StatesThe King Salmon River is a 60-mile (97 km) tributary of the Egegik River on the western slope of the Alaska Peninsula in southwest Alaska.[1] Formed by the confluence of Contact and Takayofo creeks along the southwest border of Katmai National Park and Preserve, it flows west-northwest to meet the larger river about 2 miles (3 km) east of the village of Egegik.[3]A relatively straight and braided river,[3] it descends from an elevation of about 500 feet (152 m) to sea level.[1] Being quite shallow, it is not navigable beyond its lower reaches. Although game fish on the river include king, chum, and silver salmon, the main species are rainbow trout, Arctic grayling, and char.[4]","title":"King Salmon River (Egegik River tributary)"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of Alaska rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alaska_rivers"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"King Salmon River\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. March 31, 1981. Retrieved November 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1404744","url_text":"\"King Salmon River\""}]},{"reference":"Alaska Atlas & Gazetteer (7th ed.). Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. 2010. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-0-89933-289-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89933-289-5","url_text":"978-0-89933-289-5"}]},{"reference":"Limeres, Rene; Pedersen, Gunnar; et al. (2005). Alaska Fishing: The Ultimate Angler's Guide (3rd ed.). Roseville, California: Publishers Design Group. p. 234. ISBN 1-929170-11-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929170-11-4","url_text":"1-929170-11-4"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=King_Salmon_River_(Egegik_River_tributary)¶ms=58_13_26_N_157_19_44_W_type:river","external_links_name":"58°13′26″N 157°19′44″W / 58.22389°N 157.32889°W / 58.22389; -157.32889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=King_Salmon_River_(Egegik_River_tributary)¶ms=58_09_46_N_156_00_23_W_","external_links_name":"58°09′46″N 156°00′23″W / 58.16278°N 156.00639°W / 58.16278; -156.00639"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=King_Salmon_River_(Egegik_River_tributary)¶ms=58_13_26_N_157_19_44_W_type:river","external_links_name":"58°13′26″N 157°19′44″W / 58.22389°N 157.32889°W / 58.22389; -157.32889"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1404744","external_links_name":"\"King Salmon River\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Salmon_River_(Egegik_River_tributary)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Salmon_River_(Egegik_River_tributary)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyology_%26_Herpetology
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Ichthyology & Herpetology
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["1 History","1.1 Name change","2 References","3 External links"]
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Academic journalIchthyology & HerpetologyCover of the May 2021 issueDisciplineIchthyology and HerpetologyLanguageEnglishEdited byWilliam Leo SmithPublication detailsFormer name(s)CopeiaHistory1913–presentPublisherAmerican Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (United States)FrequencyQuarterlyImpact factor1.857 (2021)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Ichthyol. Herpetol.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusCODENCOPAARISSN0045-8511 (print)1938-5110 (web)LCCNa43003155JSTOR00458511OCLC no.01565060Links
Journal homepage
Online access
Online archive
Ichthyology & Herpetology supplemental material website
Ichthyology & Herpetology (formerly Copeia) is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in ichthyology and herpetology that was originally named after Edward Drinker Cope, a prominent American researcher in these fields. It is the official journal of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. According to the Journal Citation Reports, Copeia has a 2021 impact factor of 1.857, ranking it 65th out of 176 journals in the category "Zoology".
History
On December 27, 1913, John Treadwell Nichols published the first issue of Copeia. This issue consisted of a single piece of paper folded to form four pages of information with five articles. The cover of the pamphlet bore the inscription: "Published by the contributors to advance the science of coldblooded vertebrates." In 2020, the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists voted to rename the journal, Ichthyology & Herpetology.
Name change
The journal was named after Edward Drinker Cope, a renowned 19th century herpetologist, naturalist, and paleontologist, who identified thousands of vertebrate species. In 2020, members of the Society raised the issue that the name of the journal be changed because Edward Drinker Cope held views on race and women that are undeniably offensive. The editor of the journal, W. Leo Smith, formally recommended the change of the journal's name on 29 June 2020 to the Society's Board of Governors. The American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists' Executive Committee and Board of Governors voted to change the name of the journal on 2 July 2020. The journal was renamed Ichthyology & Herpetology in early 2021. On 19 March 2021, the first three articles of Ichthyology & Herpetology were published online. These three articles covered the history, context, and reasons for the name change, including an introduction from the journal's editor, an interview with the individuals voicing concerns about the name of the journal, and an essay (The Exact and Very Strange Truth) by the author, John Nichols, who is a grandson of the journal's founder, John Treadwell Nichols.
References
^ "Journals Ranked by Impact: Zoology". 2021 Journal Citation Reports. Thomson Reuters. 2011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ a b "Motion to Change the Name of the ASIH Journal". Copeia.
^ Cahan, Eli (July 2, 2020). "Amid protests against racism, scientists move to strip offensive names from journals, prizes, and more". Science. Scientific Community News. American Association for the Advancement of Science. doi:10.1126/science.abd6441. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
^ "2020 Editor Report to ASIH Board of Governors". Ichthyology and Herpetology.
^ "ASIH Journal Name Change". ASIH Website.
External links
Official website
Media related to Copeia at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to ISSN 0045-8511 at Wikispecies
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|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_pumpkin
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Candy pumpkin
|
["1 History","2 Impact","3 See also","4 References"]
|
Pumpkin-shaped creme confection
Candy PumpkinCandy corn and candy pumpkinsTypeConfectioneryPlace of originUnited StatesMain ingredientsCorn syrup, honey, carnauba wax, sugar Media: Candy Pumpkin
A candy pumpkin is a small, pumpkin-shaped, mellow crème confection primarily made from corn syrup, honey, carnauba wax, chocolate, and sugar. Traditionally colored with an orange base and topped with a green stem to make candy pumpkins largely identifiable with Halloween, a candy pumpkin is considered a mellow crème by confectioners since the candy has a marshmallow flavor. Sometimes called candy corn's first cousin, candy pumpkins are made through a starch casting process similar to that for candy corn. Brach's candy pumpkin, known by the trademarked name "Mellowcreme" Pumpkins, is the most popular candy pumpkin. Brach's Confections is now owned by Ferrara Candy Company.
History
Candy pumpkins are made using a similar process to make candy corn. The candy corn process and product were created by George Renninger of the Wunderlee Candy Co. in the 1880s and became popular as a treat in the 1920s. Candy pumpkins first were produced in mid 20th century using a process similar to that of candy corn. Corn syrup, food coloring, honey, and sugar are beaten and heated in large kettles to produce an ultra-sweet syrup. This syrupy mix generically is called "mellow crème" by confectioners, since the resulting candy has a mellow, creamy texture. The mellow crème slurry then was divided into two uneven amounts, with the large amount receiving orange food coloring and the smaller receiving green food coloring. A mogul machine brings the two colored mixtures together into a mold made of cornstarch, and the assembly is sent to a separate drying room to dry for 24 to 36 hours. Once dry, the candy is shaken violently to remove excess cornstarch and a final glaze is added to give the candy pumpkin a sheen. Candy pumpkins, acorns and other shapes that are derived from the mellow crème mixture are often sold with candy corn under the name "harvest mix."
Impact
Candy pumpkins are popular in part because of its "interesting texture." As of 1988, most big confectionery companies, including Mars Inc., did not market special Halloween candies. The one exception was Brach's Confections, which made candy pumpkins among other seasonal products. Their "Mellow crème Pumpkin" was made to look like an autumnal fruit; each pumpkin contained 25 calories and 5 grams sugar. In 1992, Brach's Confections expected to sell more than 30 million pounds of mellow crème candy during the fall season, which included its seasonal mellow crème pumpkins.
By the late 1990s, competitors of Brach's realized that the market for the special Halloween candy pumpkin was expanding. For example, in 1997, candy pumpkins and other mellow crème candies helped push annual spending on Halloween candy in the United States to an estimated $950 million a year. In response, Mars, Inc. came out with Snickers Crème Pumpkin in 1998. The milk chocolate-covered peanut and caramel candy was packaged in a 1.20 oz. size with a plastic wrapper featuring a jack-o-lantern on the package. At the time, the Snickers Crème Pumpkin retailed for 50 U.S. cents. Two years later, in 2000, Frankford Candy & Chocolate Company cross-licensed with ConAgra Foods to produce Peter Pan Peanut Butter Pumpkins. Peter Pan Peanut Butter Pumpkins included a "rich and creamy" Peter Pan peanut butter center pressed into a detailed pumpkin mold. At that time, the Peter Pan pumpkin candy was sold in 14 oz. bags. Also in 2000, Zachary Confections expanded its product line to include candy pumpkins.
In addition to helping characterize Halloween, candy pumpkins played a role in the current U.S. implementation of daylight saving time. Since the 1960s, candy makers had wanted to get the trick-or-treat period covered by Daylight Saving, reasoning that if children have an extra hour of daylight, they would collect more candy. During the 1985 U.S. Congressional hearings on Daylight Saving, the industry went so far as to put candy pumpkins on the seat of every senator, hoping to win a little favor. On July 8, 1986, President Ronald Reagan signed the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 into law; it contained a daylight saving rider which continued daylight saving time until the early morning of last Sunday in October; this did not include Halloween night. In 2005, daylight saving time was extended to the first Sunday in November—just long enough to include Halloween.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Candy pumpkins.
Food portal
Candy corn
References
^ Flanigan, Kathy (September 21, 2001). "Pieces of Autumn - Raking Up A Pile of Ideas for the Season". E Cue. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. p. 16. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
^ Sulon, Bill (August 13, 2000). "Area Retailers Start Early with Seasonal Candy Displays". The Patriot-News. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
^ a b c d Blachford, Stacey L. (20 October 2008). "Candy Corn." How Products are Made. Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
^ Wheaton, Ken (October 29, 2007). "Happy Halloween ... and watch out for the chickens!". Advertising Age. 78 (43): 57. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
^ "Pumpkins". Brach’s. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
^ a b "Brach's, Nation's Top Candy-Corn Maker, Scares Up Halloween Fun; Kids of All Ages to Consume 2 Billion 'Kernels' in 2004, Brach's 100th Birthday". PR Newswire Europe. October 13, 2004. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
^ Miller, Lynne (17 September 2007). "Halloween presents supermarkets with a challenge to boost their candy market share". Supermarket News. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
^ "Sugar Brands". ferrarausa.com. Ferrara Candy Company. Archived from the original on January 7, 2023. Retrieved January 6, 2023. Brach's
^ Saeger, Natalie (29 October 2007). "History of candy corn. With new colors and flavors, a treat for all seasons". Showcase. The Spectator. Archived from the original on 24 January 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
^ a b c d e f g h i Knauss, Christina Lee (October 29, 1997). "Stripped Candy Corn Now Symbolic of Fall". Food and Nutrition. Myrtle Beach Sun News. p. D1. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
^ a b Serlin, Bruce (October 23, 1988). "What's New in Halloween Marketing; Innovations in Fangs, Broomsticks and Candy Corn". 3. The New York Times. p. 315. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
^ Murphy, Candace (October 30, 2006). "Kids say what matters about Halloween candy". East Bay Times. Archived from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
^ Lollar, Michael (October 15, 1992). "The Trick to Halloween Treat Game". Appeal. The Commercial Appeal. p. C2.
^ a b c "Snickers Chocolate Candy - Pumpkin". Product Alert by Marketing Intelligence Service LTD. 28 (21). November 9, 1998.
^ a b c "Peter Pan Peanut Butter Pumpkins". Product Alert by Marketing Intelligence Service LTD. 30 (11). June 12, 2000.
^ Pacyniak, Bernard (May 1, 2006). "Staying fit". Candy Industry by Stagnito Publishing. 171 (5): 20. Archived from the original on 26 November 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
^ a b c Norris, Michele (March 8, 2007). "The Reasoning Behind Changing Daylight-Saving". All Things Considered. Retrieved 29 October 2008. BLOCK: This may be kind of an urban legend, but I thought I had heard that one of the backers behind extending Daylight Saving Time into the beginning of November was the candy industry, and it all had to do with Halloween. Mr. DOWNING: This is no kind of legend. This is the truth. For 25 years, candy-makers have wanted to get trick-or-treat covered by Daylight Saving, figuring that if children have an extra hour of daylight, they'll collect more candy. In fact, they went so far during the 1985 hearings on Daylight Saving as to put candy pumpkins on the seat of every senator, hoping to win a little favor.
^ Allen, Kent (November 5, 2007). "A Busy Time on the Shuttle; Sweet and Light for the Candy Lobby; Cool Home Prices Yield Hot Auction; A Masterpiece in the Muck and Mire". U.S. News & World Report. 143 (16): 26. Kids on the prowl for candy this Halloween will have a bit more daylight in which to do it. That's because of tinkering by Congress that extended daylight saving time. Of course, the candy lobby was strongly in favor. In 1985, candy makers gave out candy pumpkins to members of Congress, hoping to curry sweet favors. In 2005, they succeeded. This year DST is lasting eight months, one month longer than in past years and just long enough to include Halloween.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pumpkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin"},{"link_name":"confection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confectionery"},{"link_name":"corn syrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_syrup"},{"link_name":"honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey"},{"link_name":"carnauba wax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnauba_wax"},{"link_name":"chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate"},{"link_name":"sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"marshmallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshmallow"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Products-3"},{"link_name":"candy corn's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_corn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Products-3"},{"link_name":"Brach's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brach%27s"},{"link_name":"trademarked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_trademark_law"},{"link_name":"Mellowcreme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=78708759"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brachs/pumpkins-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Products-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brachs-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ferrara Candy Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara_Candy_Company"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"A candy pumpkin is a small, pumpkin-shaped, mellow crème confection primarily made from corn syrup, honey, carnauba wax, chocolate, and sugar. Traditionally colored with an orange base and topped with a green stem[1] to make candy pumpkins largely identifiable with Halloween,[2] a candy pumpkin is considered a mellow crème by confectioners since the candy has a marshmallow flavor.[3] Sometimes called candy corn's first cousin,[4] candy pumpkins are made through a starch casting process similar to that for candy corn.[3] Brach's candy pumpkin, known by the trademarked name \"Mellowcreme\" Pumpkins,[5] is the most popular candy pumpkin.[3][6][7] Brach's Confections is now owned by Ferrara Candy Company.[8]","title":"Candy pumpkin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"candy corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_corn"},{"link_name":"George Renninger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Renninger"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Products-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stripped-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stripped-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brachs-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stripped-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stripped-10"},{"link_name":"mogul machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogul_machine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stripped-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stripped-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stripped-10"}],"text":"Candy pumpkins are made using a similar process to make candy corn. The candy corn process and product were created by George Renninger of the Wunderlee Candy Co. in the 1880s[9] and became popular as a treat in the 1920s.[3][10] Candy pumpkins first were produced in mid 20th century using a process similar to that of candy corn. Corn syrup, food coloring, honey, and sugar are beaten and heated in large kettles to produce an ultra-sweet syrup.[10] This syrupy mix generically is called \"mellow crème\" by confectioners, since the resulting candy has a mellow, creamy texture.[6][10] The mellow crème slurry then was divided into two uneven amounts, with the large amount receiving orange food coloring and the smaller receiving green food coloring.[10] A mogul machine brings the two colored mixtures together into a mold made of cornstarch, and the assembly is sent to a separate drying room to dry for 24 to 36 hours.[10] Once dry, the candy is shaken violently to remove excess cornstarch and a final glaze is added to give the candy pumpkin a sheen.[10] Candy pumpkins, acorns and other shapes that are derived from the mellow crème mixture are often sold with candy corn under the name \"harvest mix.\"[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stripped-10"},{"link_name":"Mars Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars,_Incorporated"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broomsticks-11"},{"link_name":"Brach's Confections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brach%27s_Confections"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broomsticks-11"},{"link_name":"autumnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_food#Vegetable"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stripped-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snickers-14"},{"link_name":"milk chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_chocolate"},{"link_name":"peanut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut"},{"link_name":"caramel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramel"},{"link_name":"jack-o-lantern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack-o-lantern"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snickers-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snickers-14"},{"link_name":"Frankford Candy & Chocolate Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankford_Candy_%26_Chocolate_Company"},{"link_name":"ConAgra Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConAgra_Foods"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frankford-15"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(peanut_butter)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frankford-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frankford-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"daylight saving time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time"},{"link_name":"trick-or-treat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trick-or-treating"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-17"},{"link_name":"Daylight Saving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_time_in_the_United_States#History_of_DST_in_the_US"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-17"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Candy pumpkins are popular in part because of its \"interesting texture.\"[10] As of 1988, most big confectionery companies, including Mars Inc., did not market special Halloween candies.[11] The one exception was Brach's Confections, which made candy pumpkins among other seasonal products.[11] Their \"Mellow crème Pumpkin\" was made to look like an autumnal fruit; each pumpkin contained 25 calories and 5 grams sugar.[12] In 1992, Brach's Confections expected to sell more than 30 million pounds of mellow crème candy during the fall season, which included its seasonal mellow crème pumpkins.[13]By the late 1990s, competitors of Brach's realized that the market for the special Halloween candy pumpkin was expanding. For example, in 1997, candy pumpkins and other mellow crème candies helped push annual spending on Halloween candy in the United States to an estimated $950 million a year.[10] In response, Mars, Inc. came out with Snickers Crème Pumpkin in 1998.[14] The milk chocolate-covered peanut and caramel candy was packaged in a 1.20 oz. size with a plastic wrapper featuring a jack-o-lantern on the package.[14] At the time, the Snickers Crème Pumpkin retailed for 50 U.S. cents.[14] Two years later, in 2000, Frankford Candy & Chocolate Company cross-licensed with ConAgra Foods to produce Peter Pan Peanut Butter Pumpkins.[15] Peter Pan Peanut Butter Pumpkins included a \"rich and creamy\" Peter Pan peanut butter center pressed into a detailed pumpkin mold.[15] At that time, the Peter Pan pumpkin candy was sold in 14 oz. bags.[15] Also in 2000, Zachary Confections expanded its product line to include candy pumpkins.[16]In addition to helping characterize Halloween, candy pumpkins played a role in the current U.S. implementation of daylight saving time. Since the 1960s, candy makers had wanted to get the trick-or-treat period covered by Daylight Saving, reasoning that if children have an extra hour of daylight, they would collect more candy.[17] During the 1985 U.S. Congressional hearings on Daylight Saving, the industry went so far as to put candy pumpkins on the seat of every senator, hoping to win a little favor.[17] On July 8, 1986, President Ronald Reagan signed the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 into law; it contained a daylight saving rider which continued daylight saving time until the early morning of last Sunday in October;[17] this did not include Halloween night. In 2005, daylight saving time was extended to the first Sunday in November—just long enough to include Halloween.[18]","title":"Impact"}]
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Retrieved 29 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MWSB&p_theme=mwsb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EEB25977B00B0BD&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Pieces of Autumn - Raking Up A Pile of Ideas for the Season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel","url_text":"Milwaukee Journal Sentinel"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110609094311/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MWSB&p_theme=mwsb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EEB25977B00B0BD&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sulon, Bill (August 13, 2000). \"Area Retailers Start Early with Seasonal Candy Displays\". The Patriot-News. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-7211305_ITM","url_text":"\"Area Retailers Start Early with Seasonal Candy Displays\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Patriot-News","url_text":"The Patriot-News"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20120717201755/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-7211305_ITM","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Blachford, Stacey L. (20 October 2008). \"Candy Corn.\" How Products are Made. Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090924034928/http://www.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/candy-corn","url_text":"\"Candy Corn.\" How Products are Made"},{"url":"http://www.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/candy-corn","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wheaton, Ken (October 29, 2007). \"Happy Halloween ... and watch out for the chickens!\". Advertising Age. 78 (43): 57. Retrieved 29 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6398/is_/ai_n25582368","url_text":"\"Happy Halloween ... and watch out for the chickens!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_Age","url_text":"Advertising Age"}]},{"reference":"\"Pumpkins\". Brach’s. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230228064007/https://www.brachs.com/products/halloween/pumpkins","url_text":"\"Pumpkins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brach%E2%80%99s","url_text":"Brach’s"},{"url":"https://www.brachs.com/products/halloween/pumpkins","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Brach's, Nation's Top Candy-Corn Maker, Scares Up Halloween Fun; Kids of All Ages to Consume 2 Billion 'Kernels' in 2004, Brach's 100th Birthday\". PR Newswire Europe. October 13, 2004. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. 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Retrieved 29 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://supermarketnews.com/center_store/sweet_season_3/index1.html","url_text":"\"Halloween presents supermarkets with a challenge to boost their candy market share\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716164819/http://supermarketnews.com/center_store/sweet_season_3/index1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sugar Brands\". ferrarausa.com. Ferrara Candy Company. Archived from the original on January 7, 2023. Retrieved January 6, 2023. Brach's","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ferrarausa.com/brands","url_text":"\"Sugar Brands\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230107041452/https://www.ferrarausa.com/brands","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Saeger, Natalie (29 October 2007). \"History of candy corn. With new colors and flavors, a treat for all seasons\". Showcase. The Spectator. Archived from the original on 24 January 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090124231026/http://www.spectatornews.com/home/generalinformation/","url_text":"\"History of candy corn. With new colors and flavors, a treat for all seasons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Eau_Claire","url_text":"The Spectator"},{"url":"http://www.spectatornews.com/home/generalinformation/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Knauss, Christina Lee (October 29, 1997). \"Stripped Candy Corn Now Symbolic of Fall\". Food and Nutrition. Myrtle Beach Sun News. p. D1. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. 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Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/23/business/what-s-new-halloween-marketing-innovations-fangs-broomsticks-candy-corn.html","url_text":"\"What's New in Halloween Marketing; Innovations in Fangs, Broomsticks and Candy Corn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121111094719/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/23/business/what-s-new-halloween-marketing-innovations-fangs-broomsticks-candy-corn.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Candace (October 30, 2006). \"Kids say what matters about Halloween candy\". East Bay Times. Archived from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2006/10/30/kids-say-what-matters-about-halloween-candy/","url_text":"\"Kids say what matters about Halloween candy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_Times","url_text":"East Bay Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201212060028/https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2006/10/30/kids-say-what-matters-about-halloween-candy/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lollar, Michael (October 15, 1992). \"The Trick to Halloween Treat Game\". Appeal. The Commercial Appeal. p. C2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commercial_Appeal","url_text":"The Commercial Appeal"}]},{"reference":"\"Snickers Chocolate Candy - Pumpkin\". Product Alert by Marketing Intelligence Service LTD. 28 (21). November 9, 1998.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Peter Pan Peanut Butter Pumpkins\". Product Alert by Marketing Intelligence Service LTD. 30 (11). June 12, 2000.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pacyniak, Bernard (May 1, 2006). \"Staying fit\". Candy Industry by Stagnito Publishing. 171 (5): 20. Archived from the original on 26 November 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allbusiness.com/sector-42-wholesale-trade/merchantrs-nondurable/1175883-1.html","url_text":"\"Staying fit\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071126023942/http://www.allbusiness.com/sector-42-wholesale-trade/merchantrs-nondurable/1175883-1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Norris, Michele (March 8, 2007). \"The Reasoning Behind Changing Daylight-Saving\". All Things Considered. Retrieved 29 October 2008. BLOCK: This may be kind of an urban legend, but I thought I had heard that one of the backers behind extending Daylight Saving Time into the beginning of November was the candy industry, and it all had to do with Halloween. Mr. DOWNING: This is no kind of legend. This is the truth. For 25 years, candy-makers have wanted to get trick-or-treat covered by Daylight Saving, figuring that if children have an extra hour of daylight, they'll collect more candy. In fact, they went so far during the 1985 hearings on Daylight Saving as to put candy pumpkins on the seat of every senator, hoping to win a little favor.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7779869","url_text":"\"The Reasoning Behind Changing Daylight-Saving\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Things_Considered","url_text":"All Things Considered"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Kent (November 5, 2007). \"A Busy Time on the Shuttle; Sweet and Light for the Candy Lobby; Cool Home Prices Yield Hot Auction; A Masterpiece in the Muck and Mire\". U.S. News & World Report. 143 (16): 26. Kids on the prowl for candy this Halloween will have a bit more daylight in which to do it. That's because of tinkering by Congress that extended daylight saving time. Of course, the candy lobby was strongly in favor. In 1985, candy makers gave out candy pumpkins to members of Congress, hoping to curry sweet favors. In 2005, they succeeded. This year DST is lasting eight months, one month longer than in past years and just long enough to include Halloween.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report","url_text":"U.S. News & World Report"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_Illinois
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Equality Illinois
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["1 Structure","2 EQIL's Work","2.1 Equality Illinois Publications and Reports","2.2 Equality Illinois \"Know Your Rights\" Pamphlets","3 History and Past Achievements","3.1 Religious Freedom and Marriage Fairness Act","3.2 Illinois Religious Freedom Protection and Civil Union Act","3.3 Youth Mental Health Protection Act","3.4 Safe Schools Act","3.5 Human Rights Act","3.6 Vote Naked Illinois","3.7 Fair Illinois","3.8 Other Accomplishments","4 Illinois Unites for Marriage Coalition","5 Annual Gala","6 Freedom Award","7 Honors","8 2016 Logo","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
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Not to be confused with Equality, Illinois.
Equality IllinoisEquality Illinois logoU.S. State of IllinoisFounded1991LocationChicago, Illinois, United StatesKey peopleBrian C. Johnson, chief executive officerWebsiteequalityillinois.org
Equality Illinois (EI) was founded in 1991 to work towards building a better Illinois by advancing equal treatment and social justice through education, advocacy, and protection of the rights of the LGBT community.
Structure
The Equality Illinois Institute focuses on the educational and charitable aspects of the mission. EI's initiatives extend throughout every sector of Illinois life, reaching individuals and organizations both in the LGBTQ community and society at large, across the private, public and non-profit sectors.
The Equality Illinois Political Action Committee (PAC) promotes candidates for public office who will advocate for and support legislation that advances full equality for LGBTQ individuals and families.
The organization is a member of the Equality Federation.
EQIL's Work
Equality Illinois works with legislators in Washington, D.C., and in Springfield, as well as leaders at the local level to ensure that the LGBTQ community has a voice at the table when major decisions are made. Equality Illinois is a 501(c)(4) organization and has educational and political action affiliate organizations.
The Equality Illinois Institute, a 501(c)(3) educational organization affiliated with Equality Illinois, focuses on the educational and charitable aspects of EI's mission. Through the Equality Illinois Institute, Equality Illinois continues to educate the public about the need to secure the rights of all Illinois citizens, couples, and families. EI's work reaches individuals and organizations both in the LGBTQ community and the general public across the private, public, and nonprofit sectors.
Equality Illinois PAC, a non-partisan state political action committee affiliated with Equality Illinois, fights aggressively every election cycle to recruit, support, and elect candidates who will stand up for our rights in Springfield and beyond. Equality Illinois PAC supports candidates for state, county, and local office who believe that every citizen has a basic right to equal treatment under the law regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity.
Equality Illinois Publications and Reports
Marriage Rights in Illinois
Equality Illinois DOMA FAQs
Civil Union Report: Separate Not Proven to be Equal
Name and Gender Marker Changes Tool Kit
Raising the Bar 2016
The Law Firm Best Practices Manual
Equality Illinois 2015 Marriage Planning Guide
The Rauner Administration at Six Months
Season of Inclusion 2015 Brochure
Corporate Best Practices: A Guide to LGBTQ-Inclusive Workplaces in Illinois
Growing Your Family: A Guide for Prospective LGBTQ Parents
Tax Implications of Marriage Equality
LGBTQ Supportive Religious Officiant List 2014
Equality Illinois "Know Your Rights" Pamphlets
Safe Schools
Transgender Issues
Employment
Immigration
Marriage Recognition at the Federal Level
Health Services
Housing
History and Past Achievements
Equality Illinois was formerly called the Illinois Federation for Human Rights, and Lana Hostetler cofounded it.
Equality Illinois is now the Midwest's largest and most influential LGBTQ civil rights organizations. Among its accomplishments are:
Religious Freedom and Marriage Fairness Act
Promoted, lobbied for and won passage of the Religious Freedom and Marriage Fairness Act in 2013, which gave same-sex couples in Illinois the right to marry.
Illinois Religious Freedom Protection and Civil Union Act
Promoted, lobbied for and won passage of the Illinois Religious Freedom Protection and Civil Union Act (civil union law) in 2010, which promises the same benefits, obligations and responsibilities of marriage (under state law). The major benefits include hospital visitation, healthcare decision making, inheritance and probate rights;
Youth Mental Health Protection Act
Promoted, lobbied for and won passage of the Youth Mental Health Protection Act (conversion therapy ban) in 2015, banning the harmful practice of conversion therapy to be used on minors in the state of Illinois. The practice of gay conversion therapy was harshly criticized by Illinois mental health experts in March 2015 when a group of experts released a letter saying efforts to force LGBTQ youth to change are harmful and ineffective and urged state action to stop it.
Safe Schools Act
Worked in coalition with partner groups to advance and pass the Safe Schools Act, which was signed into law in June 2010;
Human Rights Act
Promoted, lobbied for and won passage of amendments to the Human Rights Act in 2005, prohibiting discrimination based upon sexual orientation and gender identity;
Vote Naked Illinois
Developed a ground breaking "Get Out the Vote" campaign, Vote Naked Illinois, which received extensive media coverage statewide and around the globe. The campaign led to over 75,000 mail-in votes in the 2010 election in Cook County/City of Chicago alone.
Registered thousands of new Illinois voters, and developed a strong network of over 17,000 human rights supporters throughout Illinois and beyond;
Educated and informed citizens of Illinois and members of the General Assembly, and worked to raise awareness of issues confronting LGBTQ individuals in the community and workplace;
Fair Illinois
Equality Illinois also joined with three other organizations to launch the Fair Illinois initiative dedicated to opposing an anti-gay marriage advisory referendum proposed for the November 2006 ballot. This massive undertaking involve the review of more than 345,000 individual petition signatures, a challenge met entirely by volunteers. After months of challenges, fairness finally won out in September 2006.
Other Accomplishments
Expanded statewide grassroots support for LGBTQ issues and initiatives, individually, as well as in partnership with religious institutions and other community organizations;
Targeted information and services to populations that have been disenfranchised, such as women, minorities and youth;
Assisted businesses in development of welcoming and inclusive workplace policies;
Conducted polls and surveys of public attitudes on civil rights issues;
Worked to educate the media and encourage public discussion about these issues.
Illinois Unites for Marriage Coalition
In 2012–2013, Equality Illinois played a significant role advocating for same-sex marriage in Illinois. The organization partnered with Lambda Legal and ACLU of Illinois to create the Illinois Unites for Marriage coalition to push for the bill. The same-sex marriage bill passed the legislature in 2013 and was signed into law by Gov. Pat Quinn on Nov. 20, 2013.
Annual Gala
The Equality Illinois Gala, annually the largest LGBTQ event of its kind in the Midwest, is held every winter to celebrate the previous year's achievements for the Illinois LGBTQ community. The 2019 event celebrated Equality Illinois’ 25th Anniversary Jubilee Year and was expected to draw more than 1,400 guests, including nearly 100 public officials and many community VIPs.
Freedom Award
The Equality Illinois Freedom Award is given annually at the Equality Illinois gala to celebrate exemplary allies of the Illinois LGBTQ community. House Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi will accept the recognition at the Equality Illinois 25th Anniversary Gala on February 6, 2016. Past Freedom Award winners include Illinois Senate President John Cullerton, state Rep. Greg Harris, the late state Comptroller Dawn Clark Netsch, the late state Rep. Mark Beaubien Jr., state Sen. Heather Steans, U.S. Sen. Mark Kirk, the Chicago Urban League, entertainer Lea DeLaria, the TransLife Center of Chicago House and filmmaker Lana Wachowski.
Honors
In 2005 Equality Illinois was inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame.
2016 Logo
Equality Illinois' new logo was unveiled on January 14, 2016. The modern, bright logo represents refreshed vigor for the work of the next quarter century. The new slogan–UNTIL WE'RE ALL EQUAL–summarizes the LGBTQ organization's mission to "build a better Illinois by advancing equal treatment and social justice through education, advocacy and protection of the rights of the LGBTQ community." In the wake of high-profile successes, the organization retooled their organization to build an Equality Illinois that is ready for the next phase of the movement.
See also
LGBT portalIllinois portal
LGBT rights in Illinois
LGBT history in Illinois
Same-sex marriage in Illinois
List of LGBT rights organizations
References
^ a b "Equality Illinois - Mission and Accomplishments". Equality Illinois. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
^ "Gay activists to lobby for state gay marriage law". WGN. 22 October 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
^ "Equality Illinois holds public forums to discuss new marriage laws". dot429. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
^ Duncan, Dustin (13 December 2013). "Same-sex marriage law discussed in Carbondale". The Southern Illinoisan.
^ "Equality Illinois Rolls Out 'Fight Back for Marriage' Campaign". Progress Illinois. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
^ Breslin, Meg Sherry (February 10, 1999). "CHILDREN'S ACTIVIST LANA HOSTETLER". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame announces 2021 inductees". Windy City Times. July 19, 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "Equality Illinois". Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
^ "Equality Illinois sets date for Civil Unions Lobby Day". chicagonow.com. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
^ "Conversion Therapy Ban « Equality Illinois". Retrieved 2019-05-31.
^ "Illinois General Assembly - Bill Status for HB0217". www.ilga.gov. Retrieved 2019-05-31.
^ "Illinois Bans Gay Conversion Therapy for Minors". Time. Retrieved 2019-05-31.
^ "Mental Health Experts Support Therapy Ban « Equality Illinois". Retrieved 2019-05-31.
^ "Gov. Pat Quinn Signs Safe Schools Act". You Tube. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
^ "Catherine Sikora". Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
^ "Illinois Votes Naked". Huff Post Chicago. 21 September 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
^ "Equality Illinois Lobby Day". The Vital Voice. Archived from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
^ "Illinois - Gay marriage referendum off the ballot!". Daily Kos. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
^ "Thirty-seven Illinois Law Firms Top Equality Illinois Corporate Responsibility Survey" (PDF). Equality Illinois. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
^ "Group Honors Law Firms That Promote Equality" (PDF). Chicago Daily Law Bulletin. July 30, 2010.
^ "Report: Many Difficulties For Couples In Civil Unions One Year Later". CBS Chicago. June 1, 2012.
^ Hinz, Greg (Jan 31, 2012). "Trib vet snags gay gig". Crain's Chicago Business.
^ "Equality Illinois PAC". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
^ "Equality Illinois". Retrieved 28 October 2013.
^ "Gay marriage supporters rejoice in Chicago". The Chicago Tribune. November 5, 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
^ "Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame". Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
^ "LGBT/Queer Studies and Services Institute". Illinois State University. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
^ "Equality Illinois PAC Endorses Gov. Pat Quinn". Chicago Now. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
^ "Illinois Unites for Marriage Coalition". Illinois Unites for Marriage Coalition. Archived from the original on 19 November 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
^ "Momentum for Same-Sex Marriage Brings Together New Illinois Coalition". American Civil Liberties Union of Illinois. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
^ "Illinois Unites for Marriage Coalition". Retrieved 9 January 2014.
^ "Marriage Equality Coalition to Kick Off Statewide Campaign Next Week". Progress Illinois. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
^ "Join the Illinois Unites for Marriage Coalition for a Phone Bank". Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on April 12, 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
^ "Illinois Unites issues plan for marriage equality". Chicago Pride. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
^ "Same-sex marriage group says 3,000 expected at Wednesday at UIC Forum bill signing". Chicago Sun Times. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
^ a b "Nancy Pelosi « Equality Illinois". Retrieved 2019-05-31.
^ "EQIL Honors Lea DeLaria with Freedom Award « Equality Illinois". Retrieved 2019-05-31.
^ "Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
^ "Mission & Accomplishments « Equality Illinois". Archived from the original on 2014-01-09. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
^ "New Look « Equality Illinois". Retrieved 2019-05-31.
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Equality, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Equality, Illinois.Equality Illinois (EI) was founded in 1991 to work towards building a better Illinois by advancing equal treatment and social justice through education, advocacy, and protection of the rights of the LGBT community.","title":"Equality Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"Political Action Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Action_Committee"},{"link_name":"PAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action_committee"},{"link_name":"Equality Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_Federation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eqil-mission-1"}],"text":"The Equality Illinois Institute focuses on the educational and charitable aspects of the mission. EI's initiatives extend throughout every sector of Illinois life, reaching individuals and organizations both in the LGBTQ community and society at large, across the private, public and non-profit sectors.The Equality Illinois Political Action Committee (PAC) promotes candidates for public office who will advocate for and support legislation that advances full equality for LGBTQ individuals and families.The organization is a member of the Equality Federation.[1]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Equality Illinois works with legislators in Washington, D.C., and in Springfield, as well as leaders at the local level to ensure that the LGBTQ community has a voice at the table when major decisions are made. Equality Illinois is a 501(c)(4) organization and has educational and political action affiliate organizations.[2]\nThe Equality Illinois Institute, a 501(c)(3) educational organization affiliated with Equality Illinois, focuses on the educational and charitable aspects of EI's mission. Through the Equality Illinois Institute, Equality Illinois continues to educate the public about the need to secure the rights of all Illinois citizens, couples, and families. EI's work reaches individuals and organizations both in the LGBTQ community and the general public across the private, public, and nonprofit sectors.[3][4]\nEquality Illinois PAC, a non-partisan state political action committee affiliated with Equality Illinois, fights aggressively every election cycle to recruit, support, and elect candidates who will stand up for our rights in Springfield and beyond. Equality Illinois PAC supports candidates for state, county, and local office who believe that every citizen has a basic right to equal treatment under the law regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity.[5]","title":"EQIL's Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marriage Rights in Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Marriage_Rights-5.pdf"},{"link_name":"Equality Illinois DOMA FAQs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Equality-Illinois-DOMA-FAQ-Sep13-Update.pdf"},{"link_name":"Civil Union Report: Separate Not Proven to be Equal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/2012CivilUnionsReport.pdf"},{"link_name":"Name and Gender Marker Changes Tool Kit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Equality-Illinois-Names-Change-Toolkit.pdf"},{"link_name":"Raising the Bar 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//issuu.com/eqil/docs/equality_illinois-raising_the_bar_2/1"},{"link_name":"The Law Firm Best Practices Manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//issuu.com/eqil/docs/law_firm_best_practices?e=2971291/2913204"},{"link_name":"Equality Illinois 2015 Marriage Planning Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//issuu.com/eqil/docs/mpg_2015.web"},{"link_name":"The Rauner Administration at Six Months","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.equalityillinois.us/Rauner6Months/"},{"link_name":"Season of Inclusion 2015 Brochure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Season-of-Inclusion-Brochure.pdf"},{"link_name":"Corporate Best Practices: A Guide to LGBTQ-Inclusive Workplaces in Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//issuu.com/eqil/docs/eqil_corporate_best_practices/1"},{"link_name":"Growing Your Family: A Guide for Prospective LGBTQ Parents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/EQIL-Adoption-Guide_01.15.pdf"},{"link_name":"Tax Implications of Marriage Equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Marriage_Equality-Tax-Flyer.pdf"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ Supportive Religious Officiant List 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/LGBTQ-Religious-Officiants-List-5.27.pdf"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"}],"sub_title":"Equality Illinois Publications and Reports","text":"Marriage Rights in Illinois\nEquality Illinois DOMA FAQs\nCivil Union Report: Separate Not Proven to be Equal\nName and Gender Marker Changes Tool Kit\nRaising the Bar 2016\nThe Law Firm Best Practices Manual\nEquality Illinois 2015 Marriage Planning Guide\nThe Rauner Administration at Six Months\nSeason of Inclusion 2015 Brochure\nCorporate Best Practices: A Guide to LGBTQ-Inclusive Workplaces in Illinois\nGrowing Your Family: A Guide for Prospective LGBTQ Parents\nTax Implications of Marriage Equality\nLGBTQ Supportive Religious Officiant List 2014[permanent dead link]","title":"EQIL's Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Safe Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/EI-Know-your-Rights-Safe-School-Brochure.pdf"},{"link_name":"Transgender Issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/EI-Know-your-Rights-Transgender-Brochure.pdf"},{"link_name":"Employment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/EI-Know-your-Rights-Employment-Brochure.pdf"},{"link_name":"Immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/EI-Know-your-Rights-Employment-Brochure.pdf"},{"link_name":"Marriage Recognition at the Federal Level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/EI-Know-your-Rights-Post-DOMA-QA.pdf"},{"link_name":"Health Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/EI-Know-your-Rights-Health.pdf"},{"link_name":"Housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/EI-Know-your-Rights-Housing-Brochure.pdf"}],"sub_title":"Equality Illinois \"Know Your Rights\" Pamphlets","text":"Safe Schools\nTransgender Issues\nEmployment\nImmigration\nMarriage Recognition at the Federal Level\nHealth Services\nHousing","title":"EQIL's Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meg-6"},{"link_name":"Lana Hostetler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Hostetler"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Windy-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Equality Illinois was formerly called the Illinois Federation for Human Rights,[6] and Lana Hostetler cofounded it.[7]Equality Illinois is now the Midwest's largest and most influential LGBTQ civil rights organizations.[8] Among its accomplishments are:","title":"History and Past Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eqil-mission-1"}],"sub_title":"Religious Freedom and Marriage Fairness Act","text":"Promoted, lobbied for and won passage of the Religious Freedom and Marriage Fairness Act in 2013, which gave same-sex couples in Illinois the right to marry.[1]","title":"History and Past Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Illinois Religious Freedom Protection and Civil Union Act","text":"Promoted, lobbied for and won passage of the Illinois Religious Freedom Protection and Civil Union Act (civil union law) in 2010, which promises the same benefits, obligations and responsibilities of marriage (under state law). The major benefits include hospital visitation, healthcare decision making, inheritance and probate rights;[9]","title":"History and Past Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conversion therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_therapy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Youth Mental Health Protection Act","text":"Promoted, lobbied for and won passage of the Youth Mental Health Protection Act (conversion therapy ban) in 2015, banning the harmful practice of conversion therapy to be used on minors in the state of Illinois. The practice of gay conversion therapy was harshly criticized by Illinois mental health experts in March 2015 when a group of experts released a letter saying efforts to force LGBTQ youth to change are harmful and ineffective and urged state action to stop it.[10][11][12][13]","title":"History and Past Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Safe Schools Act","text":"Worked in coalition with partner groups to advance and pass the Safe Schools Act, which was signed into law in June 2010;[14]","title":"History and Past Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Human Rights Act","text":"Promoted, lobbied for and won passage of amendments to the Human Rights Act in 2005, prohibiting discrimination based upon sexual orientation and gender identity;[15]","title":"History and Past Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Vote Naked Illinois","text":"Developed a ground breaking \"Get Out the Vote\" campaign, Vote Naked Illinois, which received extensive media coverage statewide and around the globe. The campaign led to over 75,000 mail-in votes in the 2010 election in Cook County/City of Chicago alone.[16]\nRegistered thousands of new Illinois voters, and developed a strong network of over 17,000 human rights supporters throughout Illinois and beyond;\nEducated and informed citizens of Illinois and members of the General Assembly, and worked to raise awareness of issues confronting LGBTQ individuals in the community and workplace;[17]","title":"History and Past Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Fair Illinois","text":"Equality Illinois also joined with three other organizations to launch the Fair Illinois initiative dedicated to opposing an anti-gay marriage advisory referendum proposed for the November 2006 ballot. This massive undertaking involve the review of more than 345,000 individual petition signatures, a challenge met entirely by volunteers. After months of challenges, fairness finally won out in September 2006.[18]","title":"History and Past Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Other Accomplishments","text":"Expanded statewide grassroots support for LGBTQ issues and initiatives, individually, as well as in partnership with religious institutions and other community organizations;\nTargeted information and services to populations that have been disenfranchised, such as women, minorities and youth;\nAssisted businesses in development of welcoming and inclusive workplace policies;[19][20]\nConducted polls and surveys of public attitudes on civil rights issues;[21]\nWorked to educate the media and encourage public discussion about these issues.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]","title":"History and Past Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"}],"text":"In 2012–2013, Equality Illinois played a significant role advocating for same-sex marriage in Illinois. The organization partnered with Lambda Legal and ACLU of Illinois to create the Illinois Unites for Marriage coalition to push for the bill. The same-sex marriage bill passed the legislature in 2013 and was signed into law by Gov. Pat Quinn on Nov. 20, 2013.","title":"Illinois Unites for Marriage Coalition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equalityillinois.us-36"}],"text":"The Equality Illinois Gala, annually the largest LGBTQ event of its kind in the Midwest, is held every winter to celebrate the previous year's achievements for the Illinois LGBTQ community. The 2019 event celebrated Equality Illinois’ 25th Anniversary Jubilee Year and was expected to draw more than 1,400 guests, including nearly 100 public officials and many community VIPs.[36]","title":"Annual Gala"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nancy Pelosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi"},{"link_name":"John Cullerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cullerton"},{"link_name":"Greg Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Harris_(Illinois_politician)"},{"link_name":"Mark Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kirk"},{"link_name":"Lea DeLaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_DeLaria"},{"link_name":"Lana Wachowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Wachowski"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equalityillinois.us-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"The Equality Illinois Freedom Award is given annually at the Equality Illinois gala to celebrate exemplary allies of the Illinois LGBTQ community. House Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi will accept the recognition at the Equality Illinois 25th Anniversary Gala on February 6, 2016. Past Freedom Award winners include Illinois Senate President John Cullerton, state Rep. Greg Harris, the late state Comptroller Dawn Clark Netsch, the late state Rep. Mark Beaubien Jr., state Sen. Heather Steans, U.S. Sen. Mark Kirk, the Chicago Urban League, entertainer Lea DeLaria, the TransLife Center of Chicago House and filmmaker Lana Wachowski.[36][37]","title":"Freedom Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Gay_and_Lesbian_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"In 2005 Equality Illinois was inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame.[38]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Equality Illinois' new logo was unveiled on January 14, 2016. The modern, bright logo represents refreshed vigor for the work of the next quarter century. The new slogan–UNTIL WE'RE ALL EQUAL–summarizes the LGBTQ organization's mission to \"build a better Illinois by advancing equal treatment and social justice through education, advocacy and protection of the rights of the LGBTQ community.\"[39] In the wake of high-profile successes, the organization retooled their organization to build an Equality Illinois that is ready for the next phase of the movement.[40]","title":"2016 Logo"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"LGBT portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:LGBT"},{"title":"Illinois portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Illinois"},{"title":"LGBT rights in Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Illinois"},{"title":"LGBT history in Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Illinois"},{"title":"Same-sex marriage in Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Illinois"},{"title":"List of LGBT rights organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT_rights_organizations"}]
|
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The Southern Illinoisan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Equality Illinois Rolls Out 'Fight Back for Marriage' Campaign\". Progress Illinois. Retrieved 16 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.progressillinois.com/news/content/2013/06/17/equality-illinois-rolls-out-fight-back-marriage-campaign","url_text":"\"Equality Illinois Rolls Out 'Fight Back for Marriage' Campaign\""}]},{"reference":"Breslin, Meg Sherry (February 10, 1999). \"CHILDREN'S ACTIVIST LANA HOSTETLER\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 30 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-02-10-9902100216-story.html","url_text":"\"CHILDREN'S ACTIVIST LANA HOSTETLER\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame announces 2021 inductees\". Windy City Times. July 19, 2021. 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Crain's Chicago Business.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20120131/BLOGS02/120139939/tif-group-wants-more-reform-trib-vet-snags-gay-gig-latino-builders-sign-up-rahm","url_text":"\"Trib vet snags gay gig\""}]},{"reference":"\"Equality Illinois PAC\". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved 18 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elections.il.gov/campaigndisclosure/CommitteeDetail.aspx?id=9792","url_text":"\"Equality Illinois PAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Equality Illinois\". Retrieved 28 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eqil.org/","url_text":"\"Equality Illinois\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gay marriage supporters rejoice in Chicago\". The Chicago Tribune. November 5, 2013. 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[{"Link":"http://equalityillinois.org/","external_links_name":"equalityillinois.org"},{"Link":"http://www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Marriage_Rights-5.pdf","external_links_name":"Marriage Rights in Illinois"},{"Link":"http://www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Equality-Illinois-DOMA-FAQ-Sep13-Update.pdf","external_links_name":"Equality Illinois DOMA FAQs"},{"Link":"http://www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/2012CivilUnionsReport.pdf","external_links_name":"Civil Union Report: Separate Not Proven to be Equal"},{"Link":"http://www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Equality-Illinois-Names-Change-Toolkit.pdf","external_links_name":"Name and Gender Marker Changes Tool Kit"},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/eqil/docs/equality_illinois-raising_the_bar_2/1","external_links_name":"Raising the Bar 2016"},{"Link":"http://issuu.com/eqil/docs/law_firm_best_practices?e=2971291/2913204","external_links_name":"The Law Firm Best Practices Manual"},{"Link":"http://issuu.com/eqil/docs/mpg_2015.web","external_links_name":"Equality Illinois 2015 Marriage Planning Guide"},{"Link":"http://www.equalityillinois.us/Rauner6Months/","external_links_name":"The Rauner Administration at Six Months"},{"Link":"http://www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Season-of-Inclusion-Brochure.pdf","external_links_name":"Season of Inclusion 2015 Brochure"},{"Link":"http://issuu.com/eqil/docs/eqil_corporate_best_practices/1","external_links_name":"Corporate Best Practices: A Guide to LGBTQ-Inclusive Workplaces in Illinois"},{"Link":"http://www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/EQIL-Adoption-Guide_01.15.pdf","external_links_name":"Growing Your Family: A Guide for Prospective LGBTQ Parents"},{"Link":"http://www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Marriage_Equality-Tax-Flyer.pdf","external_links_name":"Tax Implications of Marriage Equality"},{"Link":"http://www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/LGBTQ-Religious-Officiants-List-5.27.pdf","external_links_name":"LGBTQ Supportive Religious Officiant List 2014"},{"Link":"http://www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/EI-Know-your-Rights-Safe-School-Brochure.pdf","external_links_name":"Safe Schools"},{"Link":"http://www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/EI-Know-your-Rights-Transgender-Brochure.pdf","external_links_name":"Transgender Issues"},{"Link":"http://www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/EI-Know-your-Rights-Employment-Brochure.pdf","external_links_name":"Employment"},{"Link":"http://www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/EI-Know-your-Rights-Employment-Brochure.pdf","external_links_name":"Immigration"},{"Link":"http://www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/EI-Know-your-Rights-Post-DOMA-QA.pdf","external_links_name":"Marriage Recognition at the Federal Level"},{"Link":"http://www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/EI-Know-your-Rights-Health.pdf","external_links_name":"Health Services"},{"Link":"http://www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/EI-Know-your-Rights-Housing-Brochure.pdf","external_links_name":"Housing"},{"Link":"http://www.equalityillinois.us/our-work-2/accomplishments-mission/","external_links_name":"\"Equality Illinois - 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Bill Status for HB0217\""},{"Link":"http://time.com/4006675/illinois-bans-gay-conversion-therapy-on-minors/","external_links_name":"\"Illinois Bans Gay Conversion Therapy for Minors\""},{"Link":"https://www.equalityillinois.us/about-us/press-releases/letter-supports-therapy-ban/","external_links_name":"\"Mental Health Experts Support Therapy Ban « Equality Illinois\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YrBYAXg3XRE","external_links_name":"\"Gov. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evans_aldol
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Aldol reaction
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["1 Mechanisms","2 Crossed-aldol reactant control","3 Stereoselectivity","3.1 Zimmermann-Traxler model","3.1.1 On the enol","3.1.2 On the electrophile","3.1.3 On both","4 Oxazolidinone chiral auxiliaries","5 Variations","5.1 Crimmins thiazolidinethione aldol","5.2 \"Masked\" enols","5.3 \"Direct\" aldol additions","6 Applications","7 Biological aldol reactions","8 History","9 See also","10 Notes","10.1 References","10.2 Further reading"]
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Chemical reaction
Not to be confused with Aldol reactions.
Aldol Addition
Reaction type
Coupling reaction
Reaction
Ketone or Aldehyde
+ Ketone or Aldehyde
↓
β-hydroxy Aldehyde or β-hydroxy Ketone
Conditions
Temperature
-Δ, ~-70°C
Catalyst
-OH or H+
Identifiers
Organic Chemistry Portal
aldol-addition
RSC ontology ID
RXNO:0000016
The aldol reaction (aldol addition) is a reaction in organic chemistry that combines two carbonyl compounds (e.g. aldehydes or ketones) to form a new β-hydroxy carbonyl compound. Its simplest form might involve the nucleophilic addition of an enolized ketone to another:
These products are known as aldols, from the aldehyde + alcohol, a structural motif seen in many of the products. The use of aldehyde in the name comes from its history: aldehydes are more reactive than ketones, so that the reaction was discovered first with them.
The aldol reaction is paradigmatic in organic chemistry and perhaps the most common means of forming carbon–carbon bonds in organic chemistry. It lends its name to the family of aldol reactions and similar techniques analyze a whole family of carbonyl α-substitution reactions, as well as the diketone condensations. When the nucleophile and electrophile are different, the reaction is called a crossed aldol reaction; on the converse, when the nucleophile and electrophile are the same, the reaction is called an aldol dimerization.
Aldol structural units are found in many important molecules, whether naturally occurring or synthetic. The reaction is used in several industrial syntheses, notably of pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, the plasticizer 2-ethylhexanol, and the drug Lipitor (atorvastatin, calcium salt). For many of the commodity applications, the stereochemistry of the aldol reaction is unimportant, but the topic is of intense interest for the synthesis of many specialty chemicals.
A typical experimental setup for an aldol reaction in a research laboratory. The flask on the right is a solution of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The flask on the left is a solution of the lithium enolate of tert-butyl propionate (formed by addition of LDA to tert-butyl propionate). An aldehyde can then be added to the enolate flask to initiate an aldol addition reaction. Both flasks are submerged in a dry ice/acetone cooling bath (−78 °C) the temperature of which is being monitored by a thermocouple (the wire on the left).
Mechanisms
The aldol reaction has one underlying mechanism, but it appears in different forms depending on pH:
A generalized view of the aldol reactionIn the first step, a carbonyl compound must be converted to an enol, typically as an enol ether or a metal enolate. These species, nucleophilic at the α-carbon, can attack another reactive carbonyl.
If the catalyst is a moderate base such as hydroxide ion or an alkoxide, the aldol reaction occurs via nucleophilic attack by the resonance-stabilized enolate on the carbonyl group of another molecule. The product is the alkoxide salt of the aldol product. The aldol itself is then formed, and it may then undergo dehydration to give the unsaturated carbonyl compound. The scheme shows a simple mechanism for the base-catalyzed aldol reaction of an aldehyde with itself.Simple mechanism for base-catalyzed aldol reaction of an aldehyde with itself
Although only a catalytic amount of base is required in some cases, the more usual procedure is to use a stoichiometric amount of a strong base such as LDA or NaHMDS. In this case, enolate formation is irreversible, and the aldol product is not formed until the metal alkoxide of the aldol product is protonated in a separate workup step.
When an acid catalyst is used, the initial step in the reaction mechanism involves acid-catalyzed tautomerization of the carbonyl compound to the enol. The acid also serves to activate the carbonyl group of another molecule by protonation, rendering it highly electrophilic. The enol is nucleophilic at the α-carbon, allowing it to attack the protonated carbonyl compound, leading to the aldol after deprotonation. Some may also dehydrate past the intended product to give the unsaturated carbonyl compound through aldol condensation.Mechanism for acid-catalyzed aldol reaction of an aldehyde with itself
Crossed-aldol reactant control
Despite the attractiveness of the aldol manifold, there are several problems that need to be addressed to render the process effective. The first problem is a thermodynamic one: most aldol reactions are reversible. Furthermore, the equilibrium is also just barely on the side of the products in the case of simple aldehyde–ketone aldol reactions. If the conditions are particularly harsh (e.g.: NaOMe/MeOH/reflux), condensation may occur, but this can usually be avoided with mild reagents and low temperatures (e.g., LDA (a strong base), THF, −78 °C). Although the aldol addition usually proceeds to near completion under irreversible conditions, the isolated aldol adducts are sensitive to base-induced retro-aldol cleavage to return starting materials. In contrast, retro-aldol condensations are rare, but possible. This is the basis of the catalytic strategy of class I aldolases in nature, as well as numerous small-molecule amine catalysts.
When a mixture of unsymmetrical ketones are reacted, four crossed-aldol (addition) products can be anticipated: Crossed aldol (addition) reaction Thus, if one wishes to obtain only one of the cross-products, one must control which carbonyl becomes the nucleophilic enol/enolate and which remains in its electrophilic carbonyl form.
The simplest control is if only one of the reactants has acidic protons, and only this molecule forms the enolate. For example, the addition of diethyl malonate into benzaldehyde produces only one product: Acidic control of the aldol (addition) reaction
If one group is considerably more acidic than the other, the most acidic proton is abstracted by the base and an enolate is formed at that carbonyl while the less-acidic carbonyl remains electrophilic. This type of control works only if the difference in acidity is large enough and base is the limiting reactant. A typical substrate for this situation is when the deprotonatable position is activated by more than one carbonyl-like group. Common examples include a CH2 group flanked by two carbonyls or nitriles (see for example the Knoevenagel condensation and the first steps of the malonic ester synthesis and acetoacetic ester synthesis).
Otherwise, the most acidic carbonyls are typically also the most active electrophiles: first aldehydes, then ketones, then esters, and finally amides. Thus cross-aldehyde reactions are typically most challenging because they can polymerize easily or react unselectively to give a statistical mixture of products.
One common solution is to form the enolate of one partner first, and then add the other partner under kinetic control. Kinetic control means that the forward aldol addition reaction must be significantly faster than the reverse retro-aldol reaction. For this approach to succeed, two other conditions must also be satisfied; it must be possible to quantitatively form the enolate of one partner, and the forward aldol reaction must be significantly faster than the transfer of the enolate from one partner to another. Common kinetic control conditions involve the formation of the enolate of a ketone with LDA at −78 °C, followed by the slow addition of an aldehyde.
Stereoselectivity
The aldol reaction unites two relatively simple molecules into a more complex one. Increased complexity arises because each end of the new bond may become a stereocenter. Modern methodology has not only developed high-yielding aldol reactions, but also completely controls both the relative and absolute configuration of these new stereocenters.
To describe relative stereochemistry at the α- and β-carbon, older papers use saccharide chemistry's erythro/threo nomenclature; more modern papers use the following syn/anti convention. When propionate (or higher order) nucleophiles add to aldehydes, the reader visualizes the R group of the ketone and the R' group of the aldehyde aligned in a "zig zag" pattern on the paper (or screen). The disposition of the formed stereocenters is deemed syn or anti, depending if they are on the same or opposite sides of the main chain:
Syn and anti products from an aldol (addition) reaction
The principal factor determining an aldol reaction's stereoselectivity is the enolizing metal counterion. Shorter metal-oxygen bonds "tighten" the transition state and effects greater stereoselection. Boron is often used because its bond lengths are significantly shorter than other cheap metals (lithium, aluminium, or magnesium). The following reaction gives a syn:anti ratio of 80:20 using a lithium enolate compared to 97:3 using a bibutylboron enolate.
Where the counterion determines stereoinduction strength, the enolate isomer determines its direction. E isomers give anti products and Z give syn:
Anti-aldol formation through E-enolate
Syn-aldol formation through Z-enolate
Zimmermann-Traxler model
If the two reactants have carbonyls adjacent to a pre-existing stereocenter, then the new stereocenters may form at a fixed orientation relative to the old. This "substrate-based stereocontrol" has seen extensive study and examples pervade the literature. In many cases, a stylized transition state, called the Zimmerman–Traxler model, can predict the new orientation from the configuration of a 6-membered ring.
On the enol
If the enol has an adjacent stereocenter, then the two stereocenters flanking the carbonyl in the product are always syn:
However, the underlying mechanistic reason depends on the enol isomer. For an E enolate, the stereoinduction is necessary to avoid 1,3-allylic strain, while a Z enolate instead seeks to avoid 1,3-diaxial interactions:
For clarity, the stereocenter on the enolate has been epimerized; in reality, the opposite diastereoface of the aldehyde would have been attacked.
On the electrophile
E enolates exhibit Felkin diastereoface selection, while Z enolates exhibit anti-Felkin selectivity. The general model is presented below:
The general model of the aldol reaction with carbonyl-based stereocontrol
Since the transition state for Z enolates must contain either a destabilizing syn-pentane interaction or an anti-Felkin rotamer, Z-enolates are less diastereoselective: Examples of the aldol reaction with carbonyl-based stereocontrol
On both
If both the enolate and the aldehyde contain pre-existing chirality, then the outcome of the "double stereodifferentiating" aldol reaction may be predicted using a merged stereochemical model that takes into account all the effects discussed above. Several examples are as follows:
Oxazolidinone chiral auxiliaries
In the late 1970s and 1980s, David A. Evans and coworkers developed a technique for stereoselection in the aldol syntheses of aldehydes and carboxylic acids. The method works by temporarily appending a chiral oxazolidinone auxiliary to create a chiral enolate. The pre-existing chirality from the auxiliary is then transferred to the aldol adduct through Zimmermann-Traxler methods, and then the oxazolidinone cleaved away.
Aldol reaction creates stereoisomers
Four possible stereoisomers of the aldol reaction
Commercial oxazolidinones are relatively expensive, but derive in 2 synthetic steps from comparatively inexpensive amino acids. (Economical large-scale syntheses prepare the auxiliary in-house.) First, a borohydride reduces the acid moiety. Then the resulting amino alcohol dehydratively cyclises with a simple carbonate ester, such as diethylcarbonate.
The acylation of an oxazolidinone is informally referred to as "loading done".
Anti adducts, which require an E enolate, cannot be obtained reliably with the Evans method. However, Z enolates, leading to syn adducts, can be reliably formed using boron-mediated soft enolization:
Often, a single diastereomer may be obtained by one crystallization of the aldol adduct.
Many methods cleave the auxiliary:
Evans' chiral oxazolidinone cleavage
Variations
A common additional chiral auxiliary is a thioether group:
Crimmins thiazolidinethione aldol
In the Crimmins thiazolidinethione approach,
a thiazolidinethione is the chiral auxiliary and can produce the "Evans syn" or "non-Evans syn" adducts by simply varying the amount of (−)-sparteine. The reaction is believed to proceed via six-membered, titanium-bound transition states, analogous to the proposed transition states for the Evans auxiliary.
NOTE: the structure of sparteine is missing an N atom
"Masked" enols
A common modification of the aldol reaction uses other, similar functional groups as ersatz enols. In the Mukaiyama aldol reaction, silyl enol ethers add to carbonyls in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst, such as boron trifluoride (as boron trifluoride etherate) or titanium tetrachloride.
In the Stork enamine alkylation, secondary amines form enamines when exposed to ketones. These enamines then react (possibly enantioselectively) with suitable electrophiles. This strategy offers simple enantioselection without transition metals. In contrast to the preference for syn adducts typically observed in enolate-based aldol additions, these aldol additions are anti-selective.
In aqueous solution, the enamine can then be hydrolyzed from the product, making it a small organic molecule catalyst. In a seminal example, proline efficiently catalyzed the cyclization of a triketone:
This combination is the Hajos-Parrish reaction Under Hajos-Parrish conditions only a catalytic amount of proline is necessary (3 mol%). There is no danger of an achiral background reaction because the transient enamine intermediates are much more nucleophilic than their parent ketone enols.
A Stork-type strategy also allows the otherwise challenging cross-reactions between two aldehydes. In many cases, the conditions are mild enough to avoid polymerization: However, selectivity requires the slow syringe-pump controlled addition of the desired electrophilic partner because both reacting partners typically have enolizable protons. If one aldehyde has no enolizable protons or alpha- or beta-branching, additional control can be achieved.
"Direct" aldol additions
In the usual aldol addition, a carbonyl compound is deprotonated to form the enolate. The enolate is added to an aldehyde or ketone, which forms an alkoxide, which is then protonated on workup. A superior method, in principle, would avoid the requirement for a multistep sequence in favor of a "direct" reaction that could be done in a single process step.
If one coupling partner preferentially enolizes, then the general problem is that the addition generates an alkoxide, which is much more basic than the starting materials. This product binds tightly to the enolizing agent, preventing it from catalyzing additional reactants:
One approach, demonstrated by Evans, is to silylate the aldol adduct. A silicon reagent such as TMSCl is added in the reaction, which replaces the metal on the alkoxide, allowing turnover of the metal catalyst:
Applications
An elegant demonstration of the power of asymmetric organocatalytic aldol reactions was disclosed by MacMillan and coworkers in 2004 in their synthesis of differentially protected carbohydrates. While traditional synthetic methods accomplish the synthesis of hexoses using variations of iterative protection-deprotection strategies, requiring 8–14 steps, organocatalysis can access many of the same substrates using an efficient two-step protocol involving the proline-catalyzed dimerization of alpha-oxyaldehydes followed by tandem Mukaiyama aldol cyclization.
The aldol dimerization of alpha-oxyaldehydes requires that the aldol adduct, itself an aldehyde, be inert to further aldol reactions.
Earlier studies revealed that aldehydes bearing alpha-alkyloxy or alpha-silyloxy substituents were suitable for this reaction, while aldehydes bearing Electron-withdrawing groups such as acetoxy were unreactive. The protected erythrose product could then be converted to four possible sugars via Mukaiyama aldol addition followed by lactol formation. This requires appropriate diastereocontrol in the Mukaiyama aldol addition and the product silyloxycarbenium ion to preferentially cyclize, rather than undergo further aldol reaction. In the end, glucose, mannose, and allose were synthesized:
Biological aldol reactions
Examples of aldol reactions in biochemistry include the splitting of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the fourth stage of glycolysis, which is an example of a reverse ("retro") aldol reaction catalyzed by the enzyme aldolase A (also known as fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase).
In the glyoxylate cycle of plants and some prokaryotes, isocitrate lyase produces glyoxylate and succinate from isocitrate. Following deprotonation of the OH group, isocitrate lyase cleaves isocitrate into the four-carbon succinate and the two-carbon glyoxylate by an aldol cleavage reaction. This cleavage is similar mechanistically to the aldolase A reaction of glycolysis.
History
The aldol reaction was discovered independently by the Russian chemist (and Romantic composer) Alexander Borodin in 1869 and by the French chemist Charles-Adolphe Wurtz in 1872, which originally used aldehydes to perform the reaction.
Howard Zimmerman and Marjorie D. Traxler proposed their model for stereoinduction in a 1957 paper.
See also
Chemistry portal
Aldol–Tishchenko reaction
Baylis–Hillman reaction
Ivanov reaction
Reformatsky reaction
Claisen-Schmidt condensation
Notes
^ It is typically best to minimize heat for this reaction. As removal of water from excess heat risks shifting the equilibrium in favor of a dehydration reaction, leading to the aldol condensation product.By avoiding heat, it can help avoid dehydration so that the majority of product produced is the aldol addition product.
References
^ Klein, David R. (December 22, 2020). Organic chemistry (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 1014. ISBN 978-1-119-65959-4. OCLC 1201694230.
^ a b Wurtz, C. A. (1872). "Sur un aldéhyde-alcool" . Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris. 2nd series (in French). 17: 436–442.
^ a b Wurtz, C. A. (1872). "Ueber einen Aldehyd-Alkohol" . Journal für Praktische Chemie (in German). 5 (1): 457–464. doi:10.1002/prac.18720050148.
^ a b Wurtz, C. A. (1872). "Sur un aldéhyde-alcool" . Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences (in French). 74: 1361.
^ Wade, L. G. (2005). Organic Chemistry (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 1056–66. ISBN 978-0-13-236731-8.
^ a b Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2006). March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure. doi:10.1002/0470084960. ISBN 9780470084960.
^ Mahrwald, R. (2004). Modern Aldol Reactions, Volumes 1 and 2. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. pp. 1218–23. ISBN 978-3-527-30714-2.
^ Heathcock, C. H. (1991). "The Aldol Reaction: Acid and General Base Catalysis". In Trost, B. M.; Fleming, I. (eds.). Comprehensive Organic Synthesis. Vol. 2. Elsevier Science. pp. 133–179. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-052349-1.00027-5. ISBN 978-0-08-052349-1.
^ Paterson, I. (1988). "New Asymmetric Aldol Methodology Using Boron Enolates". Chem. Ind. 12: 390–394.
^ Mestres R. (2004). "A green look at the aldol reaction". Green Chemistry. 6 (12): 583–603. doi:10.1039/b409143b.
^ Jie Jack Li; et al. (2004). Contemporary Drug Synthesis. Wiley-Interscience. pp. 118–. ISBN 978-0-471-21480-9.
^ Grossmann, Robert B. (Jan 2002). The Art of Writing Reasonable Organic Reaction Mechanisms (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 133. ISBN 0-387-95468-6.
^ Molander, G. A., ed. (2011). Stereoselective Synthesis 2: Stereoselective Reactions of Carbonyl and Imino Groups (1 ed.). Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. doi:10.1055/sos-sd-202-00331. ISBN 978-3-13-154121-5.
^ Guthrie, J.P.; Cooper, K.J.; Cossar, J.; Dawson, B.A.; Taylor, K.F. (1984). "The retroaldol reaction of cinnamaldehyde". Can. J. Chem. 62 (8): 1441–1445. doi:10.1139/v84-243.
^ Molander, ed. (2011). Stereoselective Synthesis 2: Stereoselective Reactions of Carbonyl and Imino Groups (1 ed.). Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. doi:10.1055/sos-sd-202-00331. ISBN 978-3-13-154121-5.
^ Warren, Stuart; Wyatt, Paul (2008). Organic synthesis: the disconnection approach (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-71236-8.
^ Bal, B.; Buse, C. T.; Smith, K.; Heathcock, C. H., (2SR,3RS)-2,4-Dimethyl-3-Hydroxypentanoic Acid Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine, Org. Synth., Coll. Vol. 7, p.185 (1990); Vol. 63, p.89 (1985).
^ Evans, D. A.; Nelson J. V.; Vogel E.; Taber T. R. (1981). "Stereoselective aldol condensations via boron enolates". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 103 (11): 3099–3111. doi:10.1021/ja00401a031.
^ Cowden, C. J.; Paterson, I. Org. React. 1997, 51, 1.
^ Cowden, C. J.; Paterson, I. (2004). Asymmetric Aldol Reactions Using Boron Enolates. Organic Reactions. pp. 1–200. doi:10.1002/0471264180.or051.01. ISBN 978-0471264187.
^ Brown, H. C.; Dhar, R. K.; Bakshi, R. K.; Pandiarajan, P. K.; Singaram, B. (1989). "Major effect of the leaving group in dialkylboron chlorides and triflates in controlling the stereospecific conversion of ketones into either E- or Z-enol borinates". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 111 (9): 3441–3442. doi:10.1021/ja00191a058.
^ a b Zimmerman, H. E.; Traxler, M. D. (1957). "The Stereochemistry of the Ivanov and Reformatsky Reactions. I". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 79 (8): 1920–1923. doi:10.1021/ja01565a041.
^ Evans, D. A.; Rieger D. L.; Bilodeau M. T.; Urpi F. (1991). "Stereoselective aldol reactions of chlorotitanium enolates. An efficient method for the assemblage of polypropionate-related synthons". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 113 (3): 1047–1049. doi:10.1021/ja00003a051.
^ Heathcock, C. H.; Buse, C. T.; Kleschnick, W. A.; Pirrung, M. C.; Sohn, J. E.; Lampe, J. (1980). "Acyclic stereoselection. 7. Stereoselective synthesis of 2-alkyl-3-hydroxy carbonyl compounds by aldol condensation". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 45 (6): 1066–1081. doi:10.1021/jo01294a030.
^ Evans D. A. et al. Top. Stereochem. 1982, 13, 1–115. (Review)
^ Roush W. R. (1991). "Concerning the diastereofacial selectivity of the aldol reactions of .alpha.-methyl chiral aldehydes and lithium and boron propionate enolates". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 56 (13): 4151–4157. doi:10.1021/jo00013a015.
^ Masamune S.; Ellingboe J. W.; Choy W. (1982). "Aldol strategy: coordination of the lithium cation with an alkoxy substituent". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 104 (20): 1047–1049. doi:10.1021/ja00384a062.
^ a b Evans, D. A.; Dart M. J.; Duffy J. L.; Rieger D. L. (1995). "Double Stereodifferentiating Aldol Reactions. The Documentation of "Partially Matched" Aldol Bond Constructions in the Assemblage of Polypropionate Systems". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 117 (35): 9073–9074. doi:10.1021/ja00140a027.
^ Masamune S.; Choy W.; Petersen J. S.; Sita L. R. (1985). "Double Asymmetric Synthesis and a New Strategy for Stereochemical Control in Organic Synthesis". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 24: 1–30. doi:10.1002/anie.198500013.
^ Evans, D. A. (1982). "Studies in Asymmetric Synthesis: The Development of Practical Chiral Enolate Synthons" (PDF). Aldrichimica Acta. 15: 23.
^ Gage J. R.; Evans D. A., Diastereoselective Aldol Condensation Using A Chiral Oxazolidinone Auxiliary: (2S*,3S*)-3-Hydroxy-3-Phenyl-2-Methylpropanoic Acid Archived 2012-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 8, p.339 (1993); Vol. 68, p.83 (1990).
^ Evans, D. A.; Bartroli J.; Shih T. L. (1981). "Enantioselective aldol condensations. 2. Erythro-selective chiral aldol condensations via boron enolates". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 103 (8): 2127–2129. doi:10.1021/ja00398a058.
^ a b Evans, D. A.; Bender S. L.; Morris J. (1988). "The total synthesis of the polyether antibiotic X-206". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 110 (8): 2506–2526. doi:10.1021/ja00216a026.
^ In this reaction the nucleophile is a boron enolate derived from reaction with dibutylboron triflate (nBu2BOTf), the base is N,N-diisopropylethylamine. The thioether is removed in step 2 by Raney Nickel / hydrogen reduction
^ Crimmins M. T.; King B. W.; Tabet A. E. (1997). "Asymmetric Aldol Additions with Titanium Enolates of Acyloxazolidinethiones: Dependence of Selectivity on Amine Base and Lewis Acid Stoichiometry". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 119 (33): 7883–7884. doi:10.1021/ja9716721.
^ Crimmins M. T.; Chaudhary K. (2000). "Titanium enolates of thiazolidinethione chiral auxiliaries: Versatile tools for asymmetric aldol additions". Organic Letters. 2 (6): 775–777. doi:10.1021/ol9913901. PMID 10754681.
^ Crimmins, Michael T.; Shamszad, Mariam (2007). "Highly Selective Acetate Aldol Additions Using Mesityl-Substituted Chiral Auxiliaries". Org. Lett. 9 (1): 149–152. doi:10.1021/ol062688b. PMID 17192107.
^ S. B. Jennifer Kan; Kenneth K.-H. Ng; Ian Paterson (2013). "The Impact of the Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction in Total Synthesis". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 52 (35): 9097–9108. doi:10.1002/anie.201303914. PMID 23893491.
^ Teruaki Mukaiyama; Kazuo Banno; Koichi Narasaka (1974). "Reactions of silyl enol ethers with carbonyl compounds activated by titanium tetrachloride". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 96 (24): 7503–7509. doi:10.1021/ja00831a019.
^ 3-Hydroxy-3-Methyl-1-Phenyl-1-Butanone by Crossed Aldol Reaction Teruaki Mukaiyama and Koichi Narasaka Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 8, p.323 (1993); Vol. 65, p.6 (1987)
^ Carreira, E. M.; Fettes, A.; Martl, C. (2006). Catalytic Enantioselective Aldol Addition Reactions. Org. React. Vol. 67. pp. 1–216. doi:10.1002/0471264180.or067.01. ISBN 978-0471264187.
^ Z. G. Hajos, D. R. Parrish, German Patent DE 2102623 1971
^ Hajos, Zoltan G.; Parrish, David R. (1974). "Asymmetric synthesis of bicyclic intermediates of natural product chemistry". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 39 (12): 1615–1621. doi:10.1021/jo00925a003.
^ Eder, Ulrich; Sauer, Gerhard; Wiechert, Rudolf (1971). "New Type of Asymmetric Cyclization to Optically Active Steroid CD Partial Structures". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 10 (7): 1615–1621. doi:10.1002/anie.197104961.
^ Northrup, Alan B.; MacMillan David W. C. (2002). "The First Direct and Enantioselective Cross-Aldol Reaction of Aldehydes" (PDF). Journal of the American Chemical Society. 124 (24): 6798–6799. doi:10.1021/ja0262378. PMID 12059180.
^ Evans, D. A.; Tedrow, J. S.; Shaw, J. T.; Downey, C. W. (2002). "Diastereoselective Magnesium Halide-Catalyzed anti-Aldol Reactions of Chiral N-Acyloxazolidinones". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 124 (3): 392–393. doi:10.1021/ja0119548. PMID 11792206.
^ Evans, David A.; Downey, C. Wade; Shaw, Jared T.; Tedrow, Jason S. (2002). "Magnesium Halide-Catalyzed Anti-Aldol Reactions of Chiral N-Acylthiazolidinethiones". Organic Letters. 4 (7): 1127–1130. doi:10.1021/ol025553o. PMID 11922799.
^ Northrup A. B.; Mangion I. K.; Hettche F.; MacMillan D. W. C. (2004). "Enantioselective Organocatalytic Direct Aldol Reactions of -Oxyaldehydes: Step One in a Two-Step Synthesis of Carbohydrates". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 43 (16): 2152–2154. doi:10.1002/anie.200453716. PMID 15083470.
^ See:
Borodin reported on the condensation of pentanal (Valerianaldehyd) with heptanal (Oenanthaldehyd) in: von Richter, V. (1869) "V. von Richter, aus St. Petersburg am 17. October 1869" (V. von Richter from St. Petersburg on 17. October 1869), Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (in German), 2 : 552-553.
English version of Richter's report: (Staff) (December 10, 1869) "Chemical notices from foreign sources: Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, no. 16, 1869: Valerian aldehyde and Oenanth aldehyde – M. Borodin," The Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science, 20 : 286.
Garner, Susan Amy (2007) "Hydrogen-mediated carbon-carbon bond formations: Applied to reductive aldol and Mannich reactions," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas (Austin), pp. 4 and 51.
Borodin, A. (1873) "Ueber einen neuen Abkömmling des Valerals" (On a new derivative of valerian aldehyde), Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (in German), 6 : 982–985.
Further reading
Chem 206, 215 Lecture Notes (2003, 2006) by D. A. Evans, A. G. Myers, et al., Harvard University (pp. 345, 936)
vteTopics in organic reactions
Addition reaction
Elimination reaction
Polymerization
Reagents
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Redox reaction
Regioselectivity
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Substitution reaction
A value
Alpha effect
Annulene
Anomeric effect
Antiaromaticity
Aromatic ring current
Aromaticity
Baird's rule
Baker–Nathan effect
Baldwin's rules
Bema Hapothle
Beta-silicon effect
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Bürgi–Dunitz angle
Catalytic resonance theory
Charge remote fragmentation
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Conjugated system
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Curtin–Hammett principle
Dynamic binding (chemistry)
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Effective molarity
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Marcus theory
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More O'Ferrall–Jencks plot
Negative hyperconjugation
Neighbouring group participation
2-Norbornyl cation
Nucleophile
Kennedy J. P. Orton
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Σ-aromaticity
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Swain–Lupton equation
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Vinylogy
Walsh diagram
Woodward–Hoffmann rules
Woodward's rules
Y-aromaticity
Yukawa–Tsuno equation
Zaitsev's rule
Σ-bishomoaromaticity
List of organic reactionsCarbon-carbon bond forming reactions
Acetoacetic ester synthesis
Acyloin condensation
Aldol condensation
Aldol reaction
Alkane metathesis
Alkyne metathesis
Alkyne trimerisation
Alkynylation
Allan–Robinson reaction
Arndt–Eistert reaction
Auwers synthesis
Aza-Baylis–Hillman reaction
Barbier reaction
Barton–Kellogg reaction
Baylis–Hillman reaction
Benary reaction
Bergman cyclization
Biginelli reaction
Bingel reaction
Blaise ketone synthesis
Blaise reaction
Blanc chloromethylation
Bodroux–Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis
Bouveault aldehyde synthesis
Bucherer–Bergs reaction
Buchner ring expansion
Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling
Carbonyl allylation
Carbonyl olefin metathesis
Castro–Stephens coupling
Chan rearrangement
Chan–Lam coupling
Claisen condensation
Claisen rearrangement
Claisen-Schmidt condensation
Combes quinoline synthesis
Corey–Fuchs reaction
Corey–House synthesis
Coupling reaction
Cross-coupling reaction
Cross dehydrogenative coupling
Cross-coupling partner
Dakin–West reaction
Darzens reaction
Diels–Alder reaction
Doebner reaction
Wulff–Dötz reaction
Ene reaction
Enyne metathesis
Ethenolysis
Favorskii reaction
Ferrier carbocyclization
Friedel–Crafts reaction
Fujimoto–Belleau reaction
Fujiwara–Moritani reaction
Fukuyama coupling
Gabriel–Colman rearrangement
Gattermann reaction
Glaser coupling
Grignard reaction
Grignard reagent
Hammick reaction
Heck reaction
Henry reaction
Heterogeneous metal catalyzed cross-coupling
High dilution principle
Hiyama coupling
Homologation reaction
Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction
Hydrocyanation
Hydrovinylation
Hydroxymethylation
Ivanov reaction
Johnson–Corey–Chaykovsky reaction
Julia olefination
Julia–Kocienski olefination
Kauffmann olefination
Knoevenagel condensation
Knorr pyrrole synthesis
Kolbe–Schmitt reaction
Kowalski ester homologation
Kulinkovich reaction
Kumada coupling
Liebeskind–Srogl coupling
Malonic ester synthesis
Mannich reaction
McMurry reaction
Meerwein arylation
Methylenation
Michael reaction
Minisci reaction
Mizoroki-Heck vs. Reductive Heck
Nef isocyanide reaction
Nef synthesis
Negishi coupling
Nierenstein reaction
Nitro-Mannich reaction
Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction
Olefin conversion technology
Olefin metathesis
Palladium–NHC complex
Passerini reaction
Peterson olefination
Pfitzinger reaction
Piancatelli rearrangement
Pinacol coupling reaction
Prins reaction
Quelet reaction
Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction
Rauhut–Currier reaction
Reformatsky reaction
Reimer–Tiemann reaction
Rieche formylation
Ring-closing metathesis
Robinson annulation
Sakurai reaction
Seyferth–Gilbert homologation
Shapiro reaction
Sonogashira coupling
Stetter reaction
Stille reaction
Stollé synthesis
Stork enamine alkylation
Suzuki reaction
Takai olefination
Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons
Thorpe reaction
Ugi reaction
Ullmann reaction
Wagner-Jauregg reaction
Weinreb ketone synthesis
Wittig reaction
Wurtz reaction
Wurtz–Fittig reaction
Zincke–Suhl reaction
Homologation reactions
Arndt–Eistert reaction
Hooker reaction
Kiliani–Fischer synthesis
Kowalski ester homologation
Methoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane
Seyferth–Gilbert homologation
Wittig reaction
Olefination reactions
Bamford–Stevens reaction
Barton–Kellogg reaction
Boord olefin synthesis
Chugaev elimination
Cope reaction
Corey–Winter olefin synthesis
Dehydrohalogenation
Elimination reaction
Grieco elimination
Hofmann elimination
Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction
Hydrazone iodination
Julia olefination
Julia–Kocienski olefination
Kauffmann olefination
McMurry reaction
Peterson olefination
Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction
Shapiro reaction
Takai olefination
Wittig reaction
Carbon-heteroatom
bond forming reactions
Azo coupling
Bartoli indole synthesis
Boudouard reaction
Cadogan–Sundberg indole synthesis
Diazonium compound
Esterification
Grignard reagent
Haloform reaction
Hegedus indole synthesis
Hurd–Mori 1,2,3-thiadiazole synthesis
Kharasch–Sosnovsky reaction
Knorr pyrrole synthesis
Leimgruber–Batcho indole synthesis
Mukaiyama hydration
Nenitzescu indole synthesis
Oxymercuration reaction
Reed reaction
Schotten–Baumann reaction
Ullmann condensation
Williamson ether synthesis
Yamaguchi esterification
Degradation reactions
Barbier–Wieland degradation
Bergmann degradation
Edman degradation
Emde degradation
Gallagher–Hollander degradation
Hofmann rearrangement
Hooker reaction
Isosaccharinic acid
Marker degradation
Ruff degradation
Strecker degradation
Von Braun amide degradation
Weerman degradation
Wohl degradation
Organic redox reactions
Acyloin condensation
Adkins–Peterson reaction
Akabori amino-acid reaction
Alcohol oxidation
Algar–Flynn–Oyamada reaction
Amide reduction
Andrussow process
Angeli–Rimini reaction
Aromatization
Autoxidation
Baeyer–Villiger oxidation
Barton–McCombie deoxygenation
Bechamp reduction
Benkeser reaction
Bergmann degradation
Birch reduction
Bohn–Schmidt reaction
Bosch reaction
Bouveault–Blanc reduction
Boyland–Sims oxidation
Cannizzaro reaction
Carbonyl reduction
Clemmensen reduction
Collins oxidation
Corey–Itsuno reduction
Corey–Kim oxidation
Corey–Winter olefin synthesis
Criegee oxidation
Dakin oxidation
Davis oxidation
Deoxygenation
Dess–Martin oxidation
DNA oxidation
Elbs persulfate oxidation
Emde degradation
Eschweiler–Clarke reaction
Étard reaction
Fischer–Tropsch process
Fleming–Tamao oxidation
Fukuyama reduction
Ganem oxidation
Glycol cleavage
Griesbaum coozonolysis
Grundmann aldehyde synthesis
Haloform reaction
Hydrogenation
Hydrogenolysis
Hydroxylation
Jones oxidation
Kiliani–Fischer synthesis
Kolbe electrolysis
Kornblum oxidation
Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement
Leuckart reaction
Ley oxidation
Lindgren oxidation
Lipid peroxidation
Lombardo methylenation
Luche reduction
Markó–Lam deoxygenation
McFadyen–Stevens reaction
Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction
Methionine sulfoxide
Miyaura borylation
Mozingo reduction
Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation
Omega oxidation
Oppenauer oxidation
Oxygen rebound mechanism
Ozonolysis
Parikh–Doering oxidation
Pinnick oxidation
Prévost reaction
Reduction of nitro compounds
Reductive amination
Riley oxidation
Rosenmund reduction
Rubottom oxidation
Sabatier reaction
Sarett oxidation
Selenoxide elimination
Shapiro reaction
Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation
Epoxidation of allylic alcohols
Sharpless epoxidation
Sharpless oxyamination
Stahl oxidation
Staudinger reaction
Stephen aldehyde synthesis
Swern oxidation
Transfer hydrogenation
Wacker process
Wharton reaction
Whiting reaction
Wohl–Aue reaction
Wolff–Kishner reduction
Wolffenstein–Böters reaction
Zinin reaction
Rearrangement reactions
1,2-rearrangement
1,2-Wittig rearrangement
2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement
2,3-Wittig rearrangement
Achmatowicz reaction
Alkyne zipper reaction
Allen–Millar–Trippett rearrangement
Allylic rearrangement
Alpha-ketol rearrangement
Amadori rearrangement
Arndt–Eistert reaction
Aza-Cope rearrangement
Baker–Venkataraman rearrangement
Bamberger rearrangement
Banert cascade
Beckmann rearrangement
Benzilic acid rearrangement
Bergman cyclization
Bergmann degradation
Boekelheide reaction
Brook rearrangement
Buchner ring expansion
Carroll rearrangement
Chan rearrangement
Claisen rearrangement
Cope rearrangement
Corey–Fuchs reaction
Cornforth rearrangement
Criegee rearrangement
Curtius rearrangement
Demjanov rearrangement
Di-π-methane rearrangement
Dimroth rearrangement
Divinylcyclopropane-cycloheptadiene rearrangement
Dowd–Beckwith ring-expansion reaction
Electrocyclic reaction
Ene reaction
Enyne metathesis
Favorskii reaction
Favorskii rearrangement
Ferrier carbocyclization
Ferrier rearrangement
Fischer–Hepp rearrangement
Fries rearrangement
Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell rearrangement
Gabriel–Colman rearrangement
Group transfer reaction
Halogen dance rearrangement
Hayashi rearrangement
Hofmann rearrangement
Hofmann–Martius rearrangement
Ireland–Claisen rearrangement
Jacobsen rearrangement
Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement
Kowalski ester homologation
Lobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transformation
Lossen rearrangement
McFadyen–Stevens reaction
McLafferty rearrangement
Meyer–Schuster rearrangement
Mislow–Evans rearrangement
Mumm rearrangement
Myers allene synthesis
Nazarov cyclization reaction
Neber rearrangement
Newman–Kwart rearrangement
Overman rearrangement
Oxy-Cope rearrangement
Pericyclic reaction
Piancatelli rearrangement
Pinacol rearrangement
Pummerer rearrangement
Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction
Ring expansion and contraction
Ring-closing metathesis
Rupe reaction
Schmidt reaction
Semipinacol rearrangement
Seyferth–Gilbert homologation
Sigmatropic reaction
Skattebøl rearrangement
Smiles rearrangement
Sommelet–Hauser rearrangement
Stevens rearrangement
Stieglitz rearrangement
Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons
Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement
Vinylcyclopropane rearrangement
Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement
Wallach rearrangement
Weerman degradation
Westphalen–Lettré rearrangement
Willgerodt rearrangement
Wolff rearrangement
Ring forming reactions
1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition
Annulation
Azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition
Baeyer–Emmerling indole synthesis
Bartoli indole synthesis
Bergman cyclization
Biginelli reaction
Bischler–Möhlau indole synthesis
Bischler–Napieralski reaction
Blum–Ittah aziridine synthesis
Bobbitt reaction
Bohlmann–Rahtz pyridine synthesis
Borsche–Drechsel cyclization
Bucherer carbazole synthesis
Bucherer–Bergs reaction
Cadogan–Sundberg indole synthesis
Camps quinoline synthesis
Chichibabin pyridine synthesis
Cook–Heilbron thiazole synthesis
Cycloaddition
Darzens reaction
Davis–Beirut reaction
De Kimpe aziridine synthesis
Debus–Radziszewski imidazole synthesis
Dieckmann condensation
Diels–Alder reaction
Feist–Benary synthesis
Ferrario–Ackermann reaction
Fiesselmann thiophene synthesis
Fischer indole synthesis
Fischer oxazole synthesis
Friedländer synthesis
Gewald reaction
Graham reaction
Hantzsch pyridine synthesis
Hegedus indole synthesis
Hemetsberger indole synthesis
Hofmann–Löffler reaction
Hurd–Mori 1,2,3-thiadiazole synthesis
Iodolactonization
Isay reaction
Jacobsen epoxidation
Johnson–Corey–Chaykovsky reaction
Knorr pyrrole synthesis
Knorr quinoline synthesis
Kröhnke pyridine synthesis
Kulinkovich reaction
Larock indole synthesis
Madelung synthesis
Nazarov cyclization reaction
Nenitzescu indole synthesis
Niementowski quinazoline synthesis
Niementowski quinoline synthesis
Paal–Knorr synthesis
Paternò–Büchi reaction
Pechmann condensation
Petrenko-Kritschenko piperidone synthesis
Pictet–Spengler reaction
Pomeranz–Fritsch reaction
Prilezhaev reaction
Pschorr cyclization
Reissert indole synthesis
Ring-closing metathesis
Robinson annulation
Sharpless epoxidation
Simmons–Smith reaction
Skraup reaction
Urech hydantoin synthesis
Van Leusen reaction
Wenker synthesis
Cycloaddition
1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition
4+4 Photocycloaddition
(4+3) cycloaddition
6+4 Cycloaddition
Alkyne trimerisation
Aza-Diels–Alder reaction
Azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition
Bradsher cycloaddition
Cheletropic reaction
Conia-ene reaction
Cyclopropanation
Diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition
Diels–Alder reaction
Enone–alkene cycloadditions
Hexadehydro Diels–Alder reaction
Imine Diels–Alder reaction
Intramolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition
Inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction
Ketene cycloaddition
McCormack reaction
Metal-centered cycloaddition reactions
Nitrone-olefin (3+2) cycloaddition
Oxo-Diels–Alder reaction
Ozonolysis
Pauson–Khand reaction
Povarov reaction
Prato reaction
Retro-Diels–Alder reaction
Staudinger synthesis
Trimethylenemethane cycloaddition
Vinylcyclopropane (5+2) cycloaddition
Wagner-Jauregg reaction
Heterocycle forming reactions
Algar–Flynn–Oyamada reaction
Allan–Robinson reaction
Auwers synthesis
Bamberger triazine synthesis
Banert cascade
Barton–Zard reaction
Bernthsen acridine synthesis
Bischler–Napieralski reaction
Bobbitt reaction
Boger pyridine synthesis
Borsche–Drechsel cyclization
Bucherer carbazole synthesis
Bucherer–Bergs reaction
Chichibabin pyridine synthesis
Cook–Heilbron thiazole synthesis
Diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition
Einhorn–Brunner reaction
Erlenmeyer–Plöchl azlactone and amino-acid synthesis
Feist–Benary synthesis
Fischer oxazole synthesis
Gabriel–Colman rearrangement
Gewald reaction
Hantzsch ester
Hantzsch pyridine synthesis
Herz reaction
Knorr pyrrole synthesis
Kröhnke pyridine synthesis
Lectka enantioselective beta-lactam synthesis
Lehmstedt–Tanasescu reaction
Niementowski quinazoline synthesis
Nitrone-olefin (3+2) cycloaddition
Paal–Knorr synthesis
Pellizzari reaction
Pictet–Spengler reaction
Pomeranz–Fritsch reaction
Prilezhaev reaction
Robinson–Gabriel synthesis
Stollé synthesis
Urech hydantoin synthesis
Wenker synthesis
Wohl–Aue reaction
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aldol reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldol_reactions"},{"link_name":"reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction"},{"link_name":"organic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"carbonyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl_group"},{"link_name":"aldehydes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehyde"},{"link_name":"ketones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone"},{"link_name":"nucleophilic addition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilic_addition"},{"link_name":"enolized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enolate"},{"link_name":"ketone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aldol_Addition_reaction_equation.svg"},{"link_name":"aldols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wurtz1872-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wurtz1872b-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wurtz1872c-5"},{"link_name":"paradigmatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigmatic"},{"link_name":"carbon–carbon bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93carbon_bond"},{"link_name":"organic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wade-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-March-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mahrwald2004-8"},{"link_name":"aldol reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldol_reactions"},{"link_name":"carbonyl α-substitution reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl_%CE%B1-substitution_reactions"},{"link_name":"diketone condensations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claisen_condensation"},{"link_name":"dimerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimer_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heathcock1991-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paterson1988-10"},{"link_name":"pentaerythritol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentaerythritol"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mestres-11"},{"link_name":"trimethylolpropane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylolpropane"},{"link_name":"2-ethylhexanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Ethylhexanol"},{"link_name":"atorvastatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atorvastatin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackli2004-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aldolrxnpic.jpg"},{"link_name":"lithium diisopropylamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_diisopropylamide"},{"link_name":"tetrahydrofuran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrofuran"},{"link_name":"cooling bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_bath"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Aldol reactions.The aldol reaction (aldol addition) is a reaction in organic chemistry that combines two carbonyl compounds (e.g. aldehydes or ketones) to form a new β-hydroxy carbonyl compound. Its simplest form might involve the nucleophilic addition of an enolized ketone to another:These products are known as aldols, from the aldehyde + alcohol, a structural motif seen in many of the products. The use of aldehyde in the name comes from its history: aldehydes are more reactive than ketones, so that the reaction was discovered first with them.[2][3][4]The aldol reaction is paradigmatic in organic chemistry and perhaps the most common means of forming carbon–carbon bonds in organic chemistry.[5][6][7] It lends its name to the family of aldol reactions and similar techniques analyze a whole family of carbonyl α-substitution reactions, as well as the diketone condensations. When the nucleophile and electrophile are different, the reaction is called a crossed aldol reaction; on the converse, when the nucleophile and electrophile are the same, the reaction is called an aldol dimerization.Aldol structural units are found in many important molecules, whether naturally occurring or synthetic.[8][9] The reaction is used in several industrial syntheses, notably of pentaerythritol,[10] trimethylolpropane, the plasticizer 2-ethylhexanol, and the drug Lipitor (atorvastatin, calcium salt).[11] For many of the commodity applications, the stereochemistry of the aldol reaction is unimportant, but the topic is of intense interest for the synthesis of many specialty chemicals.A typical experimental setup for an aldol reaction in a research laboratory. The flask on the right is a solution of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The flask on the left is a solution of the lithium enolate of tert-butyl propionate (formed by addition of LDA to tert-butyl propionate). An aldehyde can then be added to the enolate flask to initiate an aldol addition reaction. Both flasks are submerged in a dry ice/acetone cooling bath (−78 °C) the temperature of which is being monitored by a thermocouple (the wire on the left).","title":"Aldol reaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simple_aldol_reaction.svg"},{"link_name":"enol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enol"},{"link_name":"enol ether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enol_ether"},{"link_name":"enolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enolate"},{"link_name":"α-carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-carbon"},{"link_name":"catalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst"},{"link_name":"hydroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxide"},{"link_name":"alkoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoxide"},{"link_name":"resonance-stabilized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"alkoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoxide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aldol_addition_base-catalyzed.svg"},{"link_name":"stoichiometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometric"},{"link_name":"LDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_diisopropylamide"},{"link_name":"NaHMDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hexamethyldisilazide"},{"link_name":"reaction mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_mechanism"},{"link_name":"tautomerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautomer"},{"link_name":"deprotonation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprotonation"},{"link_name":"aldol condensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldol_condensation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aldol_addition_acid-catalyzed.svg"}],"text":"The aldol reaction has one underlying mechanism, but it appears in different forms depending on pH:[12]A generalized view of the aldol reactionIn the first step, a carbonyl compound must be converted to an enol, typically as an enol ether or a metal enolate. These species, nucleophilic at the α-carbon, can attack another reactive carbonyl. \nIf the catalyst is a moderate base such as hydroxide ion or an alkoxide, the aldol reaction occurs via nucleophilic attack by the resonance-stabilized enolate on the carbonyl group of another molecule. The product is the alkoxide salt of the aldol product. The aldol itself is then formed, and it may then undergo dehydration to give the unsaturated carbonyl compound. The scheme shows a simple mechanism for the base-catalyzed aldol reaction of an aldehyde with itself.Simple mechanism for base-catalyzed aldol reaction of an aldehyde with itselfAlthough only a catalytic amount of base is required in some cases, the more usual procedure is to use a stoichiometric amount of a strong base such as LDA or NaHMDS. In this case, enolate formation is irreversible, and the aldol product is not formed until the metal alkoxide of the aldol product is protonated in a separate workup step.When an acid catalyst is used, the initial step in the reaction mechanism involves acid-catalyzed tautomerization of the carbonyl compound to the enol. The acid also serves to activate the carbonyl group of another molecule by protonation, rendering it highly electrophilic. The enol is nucleophilic at the α-carbon, allowing it to attack the protonated carbonyl compound, leading to the aldol after deprotonation. Some may also dehydrate past the intended product to give the unsaturated carbonyl compound through aldol condensation.Mechanism for acid-catalyzed aldol reaction of an aldehyde with itself","title":"Mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"reflux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflux"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guthrie1984-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"addition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition_reaction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aldol_control_2_update.svg"},{"link_name":"diethyl malonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_malonate"},{"link_name":"benzaldehyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzaldehyde"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aldol_control_3.svg"},{"link_name":"limiting reactant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limiting_reactant"},{"link_name":"Knoevenagel condensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoevenagel_condensation"},{"link_name":"malonic ester synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malonic_ester_synthesis"},{"link_name":"acetoacetic ester synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoacetic_ester_synthesis"},{"link_name":"aldehydes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehydes"},{"link_name":"ketones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketones"},{"link_name":"esters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esters"},{"link_name":"amides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amides"},{"link_name":"polymerize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerization"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"kinetic control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_reaction_control"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OS1985-18"},{"link_name":"LDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_diisopropylamide"}],"text":"Despite the attractiveness of the aldol manifold, there are several problems that need to be addressed to render the process effective. The first problem is a thermodynamic one: most aldol reactions are reversible. Furthermore, the equilibrium is also just barely on the side of the products in the case of simple aldehyde–ketone aldol reactions.[13] If the conditions are particularly harsh (e.g.: NaOMe/MeOH/reflux), condensation may occur, but this can usually be avoided with mild reagents and low temperatures (e.g., LDA (a strong base), THF, −78 °C). Although the aldol addition usually proceeds to near completion under irreversible conditions, the isolated aldol adducts are sensitive to base-induced retro-aldol cleavage to return starting materials. In contrast, retro-aldol condensations are rare, but possible.[14] This is the basis of the catalytic strategy of class I aldolases in nature, as well as numerous small-molecule amine catalysts.[15]When a mixture of unsymmetrical ketones are reacted, four crossed-aldol (addition) products can be anticipated:Crossed aldol (addition) reactionThus, if one wishes to obtain only one of the cross-products, one must control which carbonyl becomes the nucleophilic enol/enolate and which remains in its electrophilic carbonyl form. \nThe simplest control is if only one of the reactants has acidic protons, and only this molecule forms the enolate. For example, the addition of diethyl malonate into benzaldehyde produces only one product:Acidic control of the aldol (addition) reactionIf one group is considerably more acidic than the other, the most acidic proton is abstracted by the base and an enolate is formed at that carbonyl while the less-acidic carbonyl remains electrophilic. This type of control works only if the difference in acidity is large enough and base is the limiting reactant. A typical substrate for this situation is when the deprotonatable position is activated by more than one carbonyl-like group. Common examples include a CH2 group flanked by two carbonyls or nitriles (see for example the Knoevenagel condensation and the first steps of the malonic ester synthesis and acetoacetic ester synthesis).Otherwise, the most acidic carbonyls are typically also the most active electrophiles: first aldehydes, then ketones, then esters, and finally amides. Thus cross-aldehyde reactions are typically most challenging because they can polymerize easily or react unselectively to give a statistical mixture of products.[16]One common solution is to form the enolate of one partner first, and then add the other partner under kinetic control.[17] Kinetic control means that the forward aldol addition reaction must be significantly faster than the reverse retro-aldol reaction. For this approach to succeed, two other conditions must also be satisfied; it must be possible to quantitatively form the enolate of one partner, and the forward aldol reaction must be significantly faster than the transfer of the enolate from one partner to another. Common kinetic control conditions involve the formation of the enolate of a ketone with LDA at −78 °C, followed by the slow addition of an aldehyde.","title":"Crossed-aldol reactant control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"molecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecules"},{"link_name":"stereocenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereocenter"},{"link_name":"yielding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"absolute configuration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_configuration"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-March-7"},{"link_name":"erythro/threo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastereomer#Erythro_/_threo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aldol_syn-anti.svg"},{"link_name":"stereoselectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoselectivity"},{"link_name":"counterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterion"},{"link_name":"transition state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_state"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JACS1981_30992-19"},{"link_name":"Boron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"bond lengths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_length"},{"link_name":"lithium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"magnesium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enolate_metal_ion.svg"},{"link_name":"stereoinduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_induction"},{"link_name":"enolate isomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis%E2%80%93trans_isomerism"},{"link_name":"direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"E isomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%E2%80%93Z_notation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown19892-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stereoselective_E-enolate_formation_of_esters_in_aldol_addtion_reactions.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stereoselective_Z-enolate_formation_of_esters_in_aldol_addtion_reactions.svg"}],"text":"The aldol reaction unites two relatively simple molecules into a more complex one. Increased complexity arises because each end of the new bond may become a stereocenter. Modern methodology has not only developed high-yielding aldol reactions, but also completely controls both the relative and absolute configuration of these new stereocenters.[6]To describe relative stereochemistry at the α- and β-carbon, older papers use saccharide chemistry's erythro/threo nomenclature; more modern papers use the following syn/anti convention. When propionate (or higher order) nucleophiles add to aldehydes, the reader visualizes the R group of the ketone and the R' group of the aldehyde aligned in a \"zig zag\" pattern on the paper (or screen). The disposition of the formed stereocenters is deemed syn or anti, depending if they are on the same or opposite sides of the main chain:Syn and anti products from an aldol (addition) reactionThe principal factor determining an aldol reaction's stereoselectivity is the enolizing metal counterion. Shorter metal-oxygen bonds \"tighten\" the transition state and effects greater stereoselection.[18] Boron is often used[19][20] because its bond lengths are significantly shorter than other cheap metals (lithium, aluminium, or magnesium). The following reaction gives a syn:anti ratio of 80:20 using a lithium enolate compared to 97:3 using a bibutylboron enolate.Where the counterion determines stereoinduction strength, the enolate isomer determines its direction. E isomers give anti products and Z give syn:[21]Anti-aldol formation through E-enolateSyn-aldol formation through Z-enolate","title":"Stereoselectivity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"form at a fixed orientation relative to the old","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoinduction"},{"link_name":"transition state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_state"},{"link_name":"configuration of a 6-membered ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclohexane_conformation"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zimmerman1920-23"}],"sub_title":"Zimmermann-Traxler model","text":"If the two reactants have carbonyls adjacent to a pre-existing stereocenter, then the new stereocenters may form at a fixed orientation relative to the old. This \"substrate-based stereocontrol\" has seen extensive study and examples pervade the literature. In many cases, a stylized transition state, called the Zimmerman–Traxler model, can predict the new orientation from the configuration of a 6-membered ring.[22]","title":"Stereoselectivity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JACS1991_10472-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enolate_alpha_center_eg.svg"},{"link_name":"allylic strain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allylic_strain"},{"link_name":"diaxial interactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diaxial_strain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heathcock1980-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enolate_alpha_center_model.svg"},{"link_name":"epimerized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimer"}],"sub_title":"Zimmermann-Traxler model - On the enol","text":"If the enol has an adjacent stereocenter, then the two stereocenters flanking the carbonyl in the product are always syn:[23]However, the underlying mechanistic reason depends on the enol isomer. For an E enolate, the stereoinduction is necessary to avoid 1,3-allylic strain, while a Z enolate instead seeks to avoid 1,3-diaxial interactions:[24]For clarity, the stereocenter on the enolate has been epimerized; in reality, the opposite diastereoface of the aldehyde would have been attacked.","title":"Stereoselectivity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Felkin diastereoface selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felkin_model"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans1982TS-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roush1991-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aldehydealphamodel.png"},{"link_name":"transition state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_state"},{"link_name":"rotamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotamer"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JACS1982_5526-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JACS1995_9073-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aldehydealphaeg.png"}],"sub_title":"Zimmermann-Traxler model - On the electrophile","text":"E enolates exhibit Felkin diastereoface selection, while Z enolates exhibit anti-Felkin selectivity. The general model is presented below:[25][26]The general model of the aldol reaction with carbonyl-based stereocontrolSince the transition state for Z enolates must contain either a destabilizing syn-pentane interaction or an anti-Felkin rotamer, Z-enolates are less diastereoselective:[27][28]Examples of the aldol reaction with carbonyl-based stereocontrol","title":"Stereoselectivity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masamune1985-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JACS1995_9073-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mergedmodel.gif"}],"sub_title":"Zimmermann-Traxler model - On both","text":"If both the enolate and the aldehyde contain pre-existing chirality, then the outcome of the \"double stereodifferentiating\" aldol reaction may be predicted using a merged stereochemical model that takes into account all the effects discussed above.[29] Several examples are as follows:[28]","title":"Stereoselectivity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David A. Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Evans"},{"link_name":"carboxylic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans1982AldrichActa-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OS1990-32"},{"link_name":"oxazolidinone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxazolidinone"},{"link_name":"auxiliary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_auxiliary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evansaldol1.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evansaldol2.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evansaldol3.gif"},{"link_name":"moiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evansaldol4.gif"},{"link_name":"acylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acylation"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bartroli1981-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evansaldol5.gif"},{"link_name":"diastereomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastereomer"},{"link_name":"crystallization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JACS882506-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evansaldol6.gif"}],"text":"In the late 1970s and 1980s, David A. Evans and coworkers developed a technique for stereoselection in the aldol syntheses of aldehydes and carboxylic acids.[30][31] The method works by temporarily appending a chiral oxazolidinone auxiliary to create a chiral enolate. The pre-existing chirality from the auxiliary is then transferred to the aldol adduct through Zimmermann-Traxler methods, and then the oxazolidinone cleaved away.Aldol reaction creates stereoisomersFour possible stereoisomers of the aldol reactionCommercial oxazolidinones are relatively expensive, but derive in 2 synthetic steps from comparatively inexpensive amino acids. (Economical large-scale syntheses prepare the auxiliary in-house.) First, a borohydride reduces the acid moiety. Then the resulting amino alcohol dehydratively cyclises with a simple carbonate ester, such as diethylcarbonate.The acylation of an oxazolidinone is informally referred to as \"loading done\".Anti adducts, which require an E enolate, cannot be obtained reliably with the Evans method. However, Z enolates, leading to syn adducts, can be reliably formed using boron-mediated soft enolization:[32]Often, a single diastereomer may be obtained by one crystallization of the aldol adduct.Many methods cleave the auxiliary:[33]Evans' chiral oxazolidinone cleavage","title":"Oxazolidinone chiral auxiliaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thioether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioether"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JACS882506-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acetatealdol1.gif"}],"text":"A common additional chiral auxiliary is a thioether group:[33][34]","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crimmins1997-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crimmins2000-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"(−)-sparteine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparteine"},{"link_name":"transition states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_state"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crimminsaldol1.png"},{"link_name":"sparteine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparteine"}],"sub_title":"Crimmins thiazolidinethione aldol","text":"In the Crimmins thiazolidinethione approach,[35][36]\na thiazolidinethione is the chiral auxiliary[37] and can produce the \"Evans syn\" or \"non-Evans syn\" adducts by simply varying the amount of (−)-sparteine. The reaction is believed to proceed via six-membered, titanium-bound transition states, analogous to the proposed transition states for the Evans auxiliary.NOTE: the structure of sparteine is missing an N atom","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mukaiyama aldol reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukaiyama_aldol_reaction"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"silyl enol ethers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silyl_enol_ether"},{"link_name":"Lewis acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_acid"},{"link_name":"boron trifluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_trifluoride"},{"link_name":"boron trifluoride etherate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_trifluoride_etherate"},{"link_name":"titanium tetrachloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Stork enamine alkylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stork_enamine_alkylation"},{"link_name":"enamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamine"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"small organic molecule catalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organocatalysis"},{"link_name":"proline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proline"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Organocatalytic1.gif"},{"link_name":"Hajos-Parrish reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajos-Parrish_reaction"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Organocatalytic3.gif"}],"sub_title":"\"Masked\" enols","text":"A common modification of the aldol reaction uses other, similar functional groups as ersatz enols. In the Mukaiyama aldol reaction,[38] silyl enol ethers add to carbonyls in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst, such as boron trifluoride (as boron trifluoride etherate) or titanium tetrachloride.[39][40]In the Stork enamine alkylation, secondary amines form enamines when exposed to ketones. These enamines then react (possibly enantioselectively[41]) with suitable electrophiles. This strategy offers simple enantioselection without transition metals. In contrast to the preference for syn adducts typically observed in enolate-based aldol additions, these aldol additions are anti-selective.In aqueous solution, the enamine can then be hydrolyzed from the product, making it a small organic molecule catalyst. In a seminal example, proline efficiently catalyzed the cyclization of a triketone:This combination is the Hajos-Parrish reaction[42][43][44] Under Hajos-Parrish conditions only a catalytic amount of proline is necessary (3 mol%). There is no danger of an achiral background reaction because the transient enamine intermediates are much more nucleophilic than their parent ketone enols.A Stork-type strategy also allows the otherwise challenging cross-reactions between two aldehydes. In many cases, the conditions are mild enough to avoid polymerization:[45]However, selectivity requires the slow syringe-pump controlled addition of the desired electrophilic partner because both reacting partners typically have enolizable protons. If one aldehyde has no enolizable protons or alpha- or beta-branching, additional control can be achieved.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aldol_alkoxide_product.png"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"TMSCl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMSCl"},{"link_name":"turnover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnover_number"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Directaldol2.png"}],"sub_title":"\"Direct\" aldol additions","text":"In the usual aldol addition, a carbonyl compound is deprotonated to form the enolate. The enolate is added to an aldehyde or ketone, which forms an alkoxide, which is then protonated on workup. A superior method, in principle, would avoid the requirement for a multistep sequence in favor of a \"direct\" reaction that could be done in a single process step.If one coupling partner preferentially enolizes, then the general problem is that the addition generates an alkoxide, which is much more basic than the starting materials. This product binds tightly to the enolizing agent, preventing it from catalyzing additional reactants:One approach, demonstrated by Evans, is to silylate the aldol adduct.[46][47] A silicon reagent such as TMSCl is added in the reaction, which replaces the metal on the alkoxide, allowing turnover of the metal catalyst:","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carbohydrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate"},{"link_name":"hexoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexose"},{"link_name":"protection-deprotection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective_group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Organocatalytic4.gif"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"silyloxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silyloxy"},{"link_name":"substituents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituent"},{"link_name":"Electron-withdrawing groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-withdrawing_group"},{"link_name":"acetoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoxy"},{"link_name":"erythrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrose"},{"link_name":"lactol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactol"},{"link_name":"silyloxycarbenium ion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbenium_ion"},{"link_name":"glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose"},{"link_name":"mannose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannose"},{"link_name":"allose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allose"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Organocatalytic5.gif"}],"text":"An elegant demonstration of the power of asymmetric organocatalytic aldol reactions was disclosed by MacMillan and coworkers in 2004 in their synthesis of differentially protected carbohydrates. While traditional synthetic methods accomplish the synthesis of hexoses using variations of iterative protection-deprotection strategies, requiring 8–14 steps, organocatalysis can access many of the same substrates using an efficient two-step protocol involving the proline-catalyzed dimerization of alpha-oxyaldehydes followed by tandem Mukaiyama aldol cyclization.The aldol dimerization of alpha-oxyaldehydes requires that the aldol adduct, itself an aldehyde, be inert to further aldol reactions.[48]\nEarlier studies revealed that aldehydes bearing alpha-alkyloxy or alpha-silyloxy substituents were suitable for this reaction, while aldehydes bearing Electron-withdrawing groups such as acetoxy were unreactive. The protected erythrose product could then be converted to four possible sugars via Mukaiyama aldol addition followed by lactol formation. This requires appropriate diastereocontrol in the Mukaiyama aldol addition and the product silyloxycarbenium ion to preferentially cyclize, rather than undergo further aldol reaction. In the end, glucose, mannose, and allose were synthesized:","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fructose-1,6-bisphosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate"},{"link_name":"dihydroxyacetone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone"},{"link_name":"glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate"},{"link_name":"glycolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis"},{"link_name":"aldolase A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldolase_A"},{"link_name":"glyoxylate cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyoxylate_cycle"},{"link_name":"isocitrate lyase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocitrate_lyase"},{"link_name":"glyoxylate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyoxylate"},{"link_name":"succinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinate"},{"link_name":"isocitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocitrate"}],"text":"Examples of aldol reactions in biochemistry include the splitting of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the fourth stage of glycolysis, which is an example of a reverse (\"retro\") aldol reaction catalyzed by the enzyme aldolase A (also known as fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase).In the glyoxylate cycle of plants and some prokaryotes, isocitrate lyase produces glyoxylate and succinate from isocitrate. Following deprotonation of the OH group, isocitrate lyase cleaves isocitrate into the four-carbon succinate and the two-carbon glyoxylate by an aldol cleavage reaction. This cleavage is similar mechanistically to the aldolase A reaction of glycolysis.","title":"Biological aldol reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Borodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Borodin"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Charles-Adolphe Wurtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Adolphe_Wurtz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wurtz1872-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wurtz1872b-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wurtz1872c-5"},{"link_name":"Howard Zimmerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Zimmerman"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zimmerman1920-23"}],"text":"The aldol reaction was discovered independently by the Russian chemist (and Romantic composer) Alexander Borodin in 1869[49] and by the French chemist Charles-Adolphe Wurtz in 1872, which originally used aldehydes to perform the reaction.[2][3][4]Howard Zimmerman and Marjorie D. Traxler proposed their model for stereoinduction in a 1957 paper.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"^ It is typically best to minimize heat for this reaction. As removal of water from excess heat risks shifting the equilibrium in favor of a dehydration reaction, leading to the aldol condensation product.By avoiding heat, it can help avoid dehydration so that the majority of product produced is the aldol addition product.[1]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Organic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1201694230"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-119-65959-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-65959-4"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1201694230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1201694230"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wurtz1872_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wurtz1872_3-1"},{"link_name":"Wurtz, C. A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Adolphe_Wurtz"},{"link_name":"\"Sur un aldéhyde-alcool\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858003147356;view=1up;seq=446"},{"link_name":"Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_de_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Chimique_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wurtz1872b_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wurtz1872b_4-1"},{"link_name":"Wurtz, C. A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Adolphe_Wurtz"},{"link_name":"\"Ueber einen Aldehyd-Alkohol\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101076786381;view=1up;seq=471"},{"link_name":"Journal für Praktische Chemie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_f%C3%BCr_Praktische_Chemie"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/prac.18720050148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fprac.18720050148"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wurtz1872c_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wurtz1872c_5-1"},{"link_name":"Wurtz, C. A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Adolphe_Wurtz"},{"link_name":"\"Sur un aldéhyde-alcool\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3031q/f1361.table"},{"link_name":"Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptes_rendus_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wade_6-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-13-236731-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-236731-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-March_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-March_7-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/0470084960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2F0470084960"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780470084960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470084960"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mahrwald2004_8-0"},{"link_name":"Modern Aldol Reactions, Volumes 1 and 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/modernaldolreact00rain/page/1218"},{"link_name":"1218–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/modernaldolreact00rain/page/1218"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-527-30714-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30714-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Heathcock1991_9-0"},{"link_name":"Heathcock, C. 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A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Evans"},{"link_name":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/ja00003a051","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00003a051"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Heathcock1980_25-0"},{"link_name":"Heathcock, C. 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A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Evans"},{"link_name":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/ja0119548","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fja0119548"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11792206","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11792206"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"Evans, David A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Evans"},{"link_name":"Organic Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_Letters"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/ol025553o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fol025553o"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11922799","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11922799"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"\"Enantioselective Organocatalytic Direct Aldol Reactions of -Oxyaldehydes: Step One in a Two-Step Synthesis of Carbohydrates\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200453716"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/anie.200453716","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200453716"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15083470","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15083470"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"pentanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentanal"},{"link_name":"heptanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptanal"},{"link_name":"\"V. von Richter, aus St. Petersburg am 17. October 1869\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.cl1hyq;view=1up;seq=600"},{"link_name":"Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berichte_der_deutschen_chemischen_Gesellschaft"},{"link_name":"\"Chemical notices from foreign sources: Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, no. 16, 1869: Valerian aldehyde and Oenanth aldehyde – M. Borodin,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=e1dKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA286"},{"link_name":"The Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_News&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pp. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wc8dTz820AIC&pg=PA4"},{"link_name":"51.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wc8dTz820AIC&pg=PA51"},{"link_name":"\"Ueber einen neuen Abkömmling des Valerals\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3481752;view=1up;seq=116"},{"link_name":"Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berichte_der_deutschen_chemischen_Gesellschaft"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ Klein, David R. (December 22, 2020). Organic chemistry (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 1014. ISBN 978-1-119-65959-4. OCLC 1201694230.\n\n^ a b Wurtz, C. A. (1872). \"Sur un aldéhyde-alcool\" [On an aldehyde alcohol]. Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris. 2nd series (in French). 17: 436–442.\n\n^ a b Wurtz, C. A. (1872). \"Ueber einen Aldehyd-Alkohol\" [About an aldehyde alcohol]. Journal für Praktische Chemie (in German). 5 (1): 457–464. doi:10.1002/prac.18720050148.\n\n^ a b Wurtz, C. A. (1872). \"Sur un aldéhyde-alcool\" [On an aldehyde alcohol]. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences (in French). 74: 1361.\n\n^ Wade, L. G. (2005). Organic Chemistry (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 1056–66. ISBN 978-0-13-236731-8.\n\n^ a b Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2006). March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure. doi:10.1002/0470084960. ISBN 9780470084960.\n\n^ Mahrwald, R. (2004). Modern Aldol Reactions, Volumes 1 and 2. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. pp. 1218–23. ISBN 978-3-527-30714-2.\n\n^ Heathcock, C. H. 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ISBN 978-3-13-154121-5.\n\n^ Guthrie, J.P.; Cooper, K.J.; Cossar, J.; Dawson, B.A.; Taylor, K.F. (1984). \"The retroaldol reaction of cinnamaldehyde\". Can. J. Chem. 62 (8): 1441–1445. doi:10.1139/v84-243.\n\n^ Molander, ed. (2011). Stereoselective Synthesis 2: Stereoselective Reactions of Carbonyl and Imino Groups (1 ed.). Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. doi:10.1055/sos-sd-202-00331. ISBN 978-3-13-154121-5.\n\n^ Warren, Stuart; Wyatt, Paul (2008). Organic synthesis: the disconnection approach (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-71236-8.\n\n^ Bal, B.; Buse, C. T.; Smith, K.; Heathcock, C. H., (2SR,3RS)-2,4-Dimethyl-3-Hydroxypentanoic Acid Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine, Org. Synth., Coll. Vol. 7, p.185 (1990); Vol. 63, p.89 (1985).\n\n^ Evans, D. A.; Nelson J. V.; Vogel E.; Taber T. R. (1981). \"Stereoselective aldol condensations via boron enolates\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 103 (11): 3099–3111. doi:10.1021/ja00401a031.\n\n^ Cowden, C. J.; Paterson, I. Org. 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(1995). \"Double Stereodifferentiating Aldol Reactions. The Documentation of \"Partially Matched\" Aldol Bond Constructions in the Assemblage of Polypropionate Systems\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 117 (35): 9073–9074. doi:10.1021/ja00140a027.\n\n^ Masamune S.; Choy W.; Petersen J. S.; Sita L. R. (1985). \"Double Asymmetric Synthesis and a New Strategy for Stereochemical Control in Organic Synthesis\". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 24: 1–30. doi:10.1002/anie.198500013.\n\n^ Evans, D. A. (1982). \"Studies in Asymmetric Synthesis: The Development of Practical Chiral Enolate Synthons\" (PDF). Aldrichimica Acta. 15: 23.\n\n^ Gage J. R.; Evans D. A., Diastereoselective Aldol Condensation Using A Chiral Oxazolidinone Auxiliary: (2S*,3S*)-3-Hydroxy-3-Phenyl-2-Methylpropanoic Acid Archived 2012-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 8, p.339 (1993); Vol. 68, p.83 (1990).\n\n^ Evans, D. A.; Bartroli J.; Shih T. L. (1981). \"Enantioselective aldol condensations. 2. Erythro-selective chiral aldol condensations via boron enolates\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 103 (8): 2127–2129. doi:10.1021/ja00398a058.\n\n^ a b Evans, D. A.; Bender S. L.; Morris J. (1988). \"The total synthesis of the polyether antibiotic X-206\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 110 (8): 2506–2526. doi:10.1021/ja00216a026.\n\n^ In this reaction the nucleophile is a boron enolate derived from reaction with dibutylboron triflate (nBu2BOTf), the base is N,N-diisopropylethylamine. The thioether is removed in step 2 by Raney Nickel / hydrogen reduction\n\n^ Crimmins M. T.; King B. W.; Tabet A. E. (1997). \"Asymmetric Aldol Additions with Titanium Enolates of Acyloxazolidinethiones: Dependence of Selectivity on Amine Base and Lewis Acid Stoichiometry\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 119 (33): 7883–7884. doi:10.1021/ja9716721.\n\n^ Crimmins M. T.; Chaudhary K. (2000). \"Titanium enolates of thiazolidinethione chiral auxiliaries: Versatile tools for asymmetric aldol additions\". Organic Letters. 2 (6): 775–777. doi:10.1021/ol9913901. PMID 10754681.\n\n^ Crimmins, Michael T.; Shamszad, Mariam (2007). \"Highly Selective Acetate Aldol Additions Using Mesityl-Substituted Chiral Auxiliaries\". Org. Lett. 9 (1): 149–152. doi:10.1021/ol062688b. PMID 17192107.\n\n^ S. B. Jennifer Kan; Kenneth K.-H. Ng; Ian Paterson (2013). \"The Impact of the Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction in Total Synthesis\". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 52 (35): 9097–9108. doi:10.1002/anie.201303914. PMID 23893491.\n\n^ Teruaki Mukaiyama; Kazuo Banno; Koichi Narasaka (1974). \"Reactions of silyl enol ethers with carbonyl compounds activated by titanium tetrachloride\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 96 (24): 7503–7509. doi:10.1021/ja00831a019.\n\n^ 3-Hydroxy-3-Methyl-1-Phenyl-1-Butanone by Crossed Aldol Reaction Teruaki Mukaiyama and Koichi Narasaka Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 8, p.323 (1993); Vol. 65, p.6 (1987)\n\n^ Carreira, E. M.; Fettes, A.; Martl, C. (2006). Catalytic Enantioselective Aldol Addition Reactions. Org. React. Vol. 67. pp. 1–216. doi:10.1002/0471264180.or067.01. ISBN 978-0471264187.\n\n^ Z. G. Hajos, D. R. Parrish, German Patent DE 2102623 1971\n\n^ Hajos, Zoltan G.; Parrish, David R. (1974). \"Asymmetric synthesis of bicyclic intermediates of natural product chemistry\". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 39 (12): 1615–1621. doi:10.1021/jo00925a003.\n\n^ Eder, Ulrich; Sauer, Gerhard; Wiechert, Rudolf (1971). \"New Type of Asymmetric Cyclization to Optically Active Steroid CD Partial Structures\". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 10 (7): 1615–1621. doi:10.1002/anie.197104961.\n\n^ Northrup, Alan B.; MacMillan David W. C. (2002). \"The First Direct and Enantioselective Cross-Aldol Reaction of Aldehydes\" (PDF). Journal of the American Chemical Society. 124 (24): 6798–6799. doi:10.1021/ja0262378. PMID 12059180.\n\n^ Evans, D. A.; Tedrow, J. S.; Shaw, J. T.; Downey, C. W. (2002). \"Diastereoselective Magnesium Halide-Catalyzed anti-Aldol Reactions of Chiral N-Acyloxazolidinones\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 124 (3): 392–393. doi:10.1021/ja0119548. PMID 11792206.\n\n^ Evans, David A.; Downey, C. Wade; Shaw, Jared T.; Tedrow, Jason S. (2002). \"Magnesium Halide-Catalyzed Anti-Aldol Reactions of Chiral N-Acylthiazolidinethiones\". Organic Letters. 4 (7): 1127–1130. doi:10.1021/ol025553o. PMID 11922799.\n\n^ Northrup A. B.; Mangion I. K.; Hettche F.; MacMillan D. W. C. (2004). \"Enantioselective Organocatalytic Direct Aldol Reactions of -Oxyaldehydes: Step One in a Two-Step Synthesis of Carbohydrates\". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 43 (16): 2152–2154. doi:10.1002/anie.200453716. PMID 15083470.\n\n^ See:\n\nBorodin reported on the condensation of pentanal (Valerianaldehyd) with heptanal (Oenanthaldehyd) in: von Richter, V. (1869) \"V. von Richter, aus St. Petersburg am 17. October 1869\" (V. von Richter [reporting] from St. Petersburg on 17. October 1869), Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (in German), 2 : 552-553.\nEnglish version of Richter's report: (Staff) (December 10, 1869) \"Chemical notices from foreign sources: Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, no. 16, 1869: Valerian aldehyde and Oenanth aldehyde – M. Borodin,\" The Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science, 20 : 286.\nGarner, Susan Amy (2007) \"Hydrogen-mediated carbon-carbon bond formations: Applied to reductive aldol and Mannich reactions,\" Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas (Austin), pp. 4 and 51.\nBorodin, A. (1873) \"Ueber einen neuen Abkömmling des Valerals\" (On a new derivative of valerian aldehyde), Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (in German), 6 : 982–985.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chem 206, 215 Lecture Notes (2003, 2006)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/EvansD.A.HarvardsAdvancedOrganicChemistry2003"},{"link_name":"D. A. Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Evans"},{"link_name":"A. G. Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._G._Myers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Organic_reactions"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Organic_reactions"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organic_reactions"},{"link_name":"organic reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_reaction"},{"link_name":"Addition reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition_reaction"},{"link_name":"Elimination reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_reaction"},{"link_name":"Polymerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerization"},{"link_name":"Reagents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Reagents_for_organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Rearrangement reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rearrangement_reaction"},{"link_name":"Redox reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_redox_reaction"},{"link_name":"Regioselectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regioselectivity"},{"link_name":"Stereoselectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoselectivity"},{"link_name":"Stereospecificity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereospecificity"},{"link_name":"Substitution reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_reaction"},{"link_name":"A value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_value"},{"link_name":"Alpha effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_effect"},{"link_name":"Annulene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulene"},{"link_name":"Anomeric effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomeric_effect"},{"link_name":"Antiaromaticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiaromaticity"},{"link_name":"Aromatic ring current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_ring_current"},{"link_name":"Aromaticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromaticity"},{"link_name":"Baird's rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baird%27s_rule"},{"link_name":"Baker–Nathan effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker%E2%80%93Nathan_effect"},{"link_name":"Baldwin's rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin%27s_rules"},{"link_name":"Bema Hapothle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bema_Hapothle"},{"link_name":"Beta-silicon effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-silicon_effect"},{"link_name":"Bicycloaromaticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycloaromaticity"},{"link_name":"Bredt's rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bredt%27s_rule"},{"link_name":"Bürgi–Dunitz angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrgi%E2%80%93Dunitz_angle"},{"link_name":"Catalytic resonance theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_resonance_theory"},{"link_name":"Charge remote fragmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_remote_fragmentation"},{"link_name":"Charge-transfer complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-transfer_complex"},{"link_name":"Clar's rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clar%27s_rule"},{"link_name":"Conformational isomerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformational_isomerism"},{"link_name":"Conjugated system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugated_system"},{"link_name":"Conrotatory and disrotatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrotatory_and_disrotatory"},{"link_name":"Curtin–Hammett principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtin%E2%80%93Hammett_principle"},{"link_name":"Dynamic binding (chemistry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_binding_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"Edwards equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_equation"},{"link_name":"Effective molarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_molarity"},{"link_name":"Electromeric effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromeric_effect"},{"link_name":"Electron-rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-rich"},{"link_name":"Electron-withdrawing group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-withdrawing_group"},{"link_name":"Electronic effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_effect"},{"link_name":"Electrophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophile"},{"link_name":"Evelyn effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_effect"},{"link_name":"Flippin–Lodge angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flippin%E2%80%93Lodge_angle"},{"link_name":"Free-energy relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-energy_relationship"},{"link_name":"Grunwald–Winstein equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunwald%E2%80%93Winstein_equation"},{"link_name":"Hammett acidity function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammett_acidity_function"},{"link_name":"Hammett equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammett_equation"},{"link_name":"George S. Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Hammond"},{"link_name":"Hammond's postulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond%27s_postulate"},{"link_name":"Homoaromaticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoaromaticity"},{"link_name":"Hückel's rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCckel%27s_rule"},{"link_name":"Hyperconjugation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperconjugation"},{"link_name":"Inductive effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_effect"},{"link_name":"Kinetic isotope effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_isotope_effect"},{"link_name":"LFER solvent coefficients (data page)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFER_solvent_coefficients_(data_page)"},{"link_name":"Marcus theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_theory"},{"link_name":"Markovnikov's rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markovnikov%27s_rule"},{"link_name":"Möbius aromaticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_aromaticity"},{"link_name":"Möbius–Hückel concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius%E2%80%93H%C3%BCckel_concept"},{"link_name":"More O'Ferrall–Jencks plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_O%27Ferrall%E2%80%93Jencks_plot"},{"link_name":"Negative hyperconjugation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_hyperconjugation"},{"link_name":"Neighbouring group participation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbouring_group_participation"},{"link_name":"2-Norbornyl cation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Norbornyl_cation"},{"link_name":"Nucleophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophile"},{"link_name":"Kennedy J. P. Orton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_J._P._Orton"},{"link_name":"Passive binding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_binding"},{"link_name":"Phosphaethynolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphaethynolate"},{"link_name":"Polar effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_effect"},{"link_name":"Polyfluorene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfluorene"},{"link_name":"Ring strain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_strain"},{"link_name":"Σ-aromaticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3-aromaticity"},{"link_name":"Spherical aromaticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_aromaticity"},{"link_name":"Spiroaromaticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiroaromaticity"},{"link_name":"Steric effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steric_effects"},{"link_name":"Superaromaticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superaromaticity"},{"link_name":"Swain–Lupton equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swain%E2%80%93Lupton_equation"},{"link_name":"Taft equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft_equation"},{"link_name":"Thorpe–Ingold effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorpe%E2%80%93Ingold_effect"},{"link_name":"Vinylogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinylogy"},{"link_name":"Walsh diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsh_diagram"},{"link_name":"Woodward–Hoffmann rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodward%E2%80%93Hoffmann_rules"},{"link_name":"Woodward's rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodward%27s_rules"},{"link_name":"Y-aromaticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-aromaticity"},{"link_name":"Yukawa–Tsuno equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukawa%E2%80%93Tsuno_equation"},{"link_name":"Zaitsev's rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaitsev%27s_rule"},{"link_name":"Σ-bishomoaromaticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3-bishomoaromaticity"},{"link_name":"List of organic reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organic_reactions"},{"link_name":"Acetoacetic ester synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoacetic_ester_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Acyloin condensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyloin_condensation"},{"link_name":"Aldol condensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldol_condensation"},{"link_name":"Aldol reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Alkane metathesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkane_metathesis"},{"link_name":"Alkyne metathesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyne_metathesis"},{"link_name":"Alkyne trimerisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyne_trimerisation"},{"link_name":"Alkynylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkynylation"},{"link_name":"Allan–Robinson reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%E2%80%93Robinson_reaction"},{"link_name":"Arndt–Eistert reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arndt%E2%80%93Eistert_reaction"},{"link_name":"Auwers synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auwers_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Aza-Baylis–Hillman reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aza-Baylis%E2%80%93Hillman_reaction"},{"link_name":"Barbier reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbier_reaction"},{"link_name":"Barton–Kellogg reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton%E2%80%93Kellogg_reaction"},{"link_name":"Baylis–Hillman reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baylis%E2%80%93Hillman_reaction"},{"link_name":"Benary reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benary_reaction"},{"link_name":"Bergman cyclization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergman_cyclization"},{"link_name":"Biginelli reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biginelli_reaction"},{"link_name":"Bingel reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingel_reaction"},{"link_name":"Blaise ketone synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_ketone_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Blaise reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_reaction"},{"link_name":"Blanc chloromethylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanc_chloromethylation"},{"link_name":"Bodroux–Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodroux%E2%80%93Chichibabin_aldehyde_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Bouveault aldehyde synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouveault_aldehyde_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Bucherer–Bergs reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucherer%E2%80%93Bergs_reaction"},{"link_name":"Buchner ring expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchner_ring_expansion"},{"link_name":"Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadiot%E2%80%93Chodkiewicz_coupling"},{"link_name":"Carbonyl allylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl_allylation"},{"link_name":"Carbonyl olefin metathesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl_olefin_metathesis"},{"link_name":"Castro–Stephens coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro%E2%80%93Stephens_coupling"},{"link_name":"Chan rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Chan–Lam coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan%E2%80%93Lam_coupling"},{"link_name":"Claisen condensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claisen_condensation"},{"link_name":"Claisen rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claisen_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Claisen-Schmidt condensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claisen-Schmidt_condensation"},{"link_name":"Combes quinoline synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combes_quinoline_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Corey–Fuchs reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey%E2%80%93Fuchs_reaction"},{"link_name":"Corey–House synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey%E2%80%93House_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Coupling reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_reaction"},{"link_name":"Cross-coupling reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-coupling_reaction"},{"link_name":"Cross dehydrogenative coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_dehydrogenative_coupling"},{"link_name":"Cross-coupling partner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-coupling_partner"},{"link_name":"Dakin–West reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakin%E2%80%93West_reaction"},{"link_name":"Darzens reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darzens_reaction"},{"link_name":"Diels–Alder reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diels%E2%80%93Alder_reaction"},{"link_name":"Doebner reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doebner_reaction"},{"link_name":"Wulff–Dötz reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulff%E2%80%93D%C3%B6tz_reaction"},{"link_name":"Ene reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ene_reaction"},{"link_name":"Enyne metathesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enyne_metathesis"},{"link_name":"Ethenolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethenolysis"},{"link_name":"Favorskii reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favorskii_reaction"},{"link_name":"Ferrier carbocyclization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrier_carbocyclization"},{"link_name":"Friedel–Crafts reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedel%E2%80%93Crafts_reaction"},{"link_name":"Fujimoto–Belleau reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujimoto%E2%80%93Belleau_reaction"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara–Moritani reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara%E2%80%93Moritani_reaction"},{"link_name":"Fukuyama coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuyama_coupling"},{"link_name":"Gabriel–Colman rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%E2%80%93Colman_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Gattermann reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gattermann_reaction"},{"link_name":"Glaser coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaser_coupling"},{"link_name":"Grignard reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grignard_reaction"},{"link_name":"Grignard reagent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grignard_reagent"},{"link_name":"Hammick reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammick_reaction"},{"link_name":"Heck reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heck_reaction"},{"link_name":"Henry reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_reaction"},{"link_name":"Heterogeneous metal catalyzed cross-coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneous_metal_catalyzed_cross-coupling"},{"link_name":"High dilution principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_dilution_principle"},{"link_name":"Hiyama coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiyama_coupling"},{"link_name":"Homologation reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologation_reaction"},{"link_name":"Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horner%E2%80%93Wadsworth%E2%80%93Emmons_reaction"},{"link_name":"Hydrocyanation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocyanation"},{"link_name":"Hydrovinylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrovinylation"},{"link_name":"Hydroxymethylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxymethylation"},{"link_name":"Ivanov reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanov_reaction"},{"link_name":"Johnson–Corey–Chaykovsky reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson%E2%80%93Corey%E2%80%93Chaykovsky_reaction"},{"link_name":"Julia olefination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_olefination"},{"link_name":"Julia–Kocienski olefination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%E2%80%93Kocienski_olefination"},{"link_name":"Kauffmann olefination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauffmann_olefination"},{"link_name":"Knoevenagel condensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoevenagel_condensation"},{"link_name":"Knorr pyrrole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knorr_pyrrole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Kolbe–Schmitt reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolbe%E2%80%93Schmitt_reaction"},{"link_name":"Kowalski ester homologation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowalski_ester_homologation"},{"link_name":"Kulinkovich reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulinkovich_reaction"},{"link_name":"Kumada coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumada_coupling"},{"link_name":"Liebeskind–Srogl coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebeskind%E2%80%93Srogl_coupling"},{"link_name":"Malonic ester synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malonic_ester_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Mannich reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannich_reaction"},{"link_name":"McMurry reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMurry_reaction"},{"link_name":"Meerwein arylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerwein_arylation"},{"link_name":"Methylenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenation"},{"link_name":"Michael reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_reaction"},{"link_name":"Minisci reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minisci_reaction"},{"link_name":"Mizoroki-Heck vs. Reductive Heck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mizoroki-Heck_vs._Reductive_Heck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nef isocyanide reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nef_isocyanide_reaction"},{"link_name":"Nef synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nef_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Negishi coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negishi_coupling"},{"link_name":"Nierenstein reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nierenstein_reaction"},{"link_name":"Nitro-Mannich reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitro-Mannich_reaction"},{"link_name":"Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozaki%E2%80%93Hiyama%E2%80%93Kishi_reaction"},{"link_name":"Olefin conversion technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olefin_conversion_technology"},{"link_name":"Olefin metathesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olefin_metathesis"},{"link_name":"Palladium–NHC complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium%E2%80%93NHC_complex"},{"link_name":"Passerini reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerini_reaction"},{"link_name":"Peterson olefination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterson_olefination"},{"link_name":"Pfitzinger reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfitzinger_reaction"},{"link_name":"Piancatelli rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piancatelli_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Pinacol coupling reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinacol_coupling_reaction"},{"link_name":"Prins reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prins_reaction"},{"link_name":"Quelet reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quelet_reaction"},{"link_name":"Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramberg%E2%80%93B%C3%A4cklund_reaction"},{"link_name":"Rauhut–Currier reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauhut%E2%80%93Currier_reaction"},{"link_name":"Reformatsky reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformatsky_reaction"},{"link_name":"Reimer–Tiemann reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reimer%E2%80%93Tiemann_reaction"},{"link_name":"Rieche formylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieche_formylation"},{"link_name":"Ring-closing metathesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-closing_metathesis"},{"link_name":"Robinson annulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_annulation"},{"link_name":"Sakurai reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakurai_reaction"},{"link_name":"Seyferth–Gilbert homologation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyferth%E2%80%93Gilbert_homologation"},{"link_name":"Shapiro reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapiro_reaction"},{"link_name":"Sonogashira coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonogashira_coupling"},{"link_name":"Stetter reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetter_reaction"},{"link_name":"Stille reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stille_reaction"},{"link_name":"Stollé synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoll%C3%A9_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Stork enamine alkylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stork_enamine_alkylation"},{"link_name":"Suzuki reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_reaction"},{"link_name":"Takai olefination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takai_olefination"},{"link_name":"Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_rearrangement_of_aromatic_hydrocarbons"},{"link_name":"Thorpe reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorpe_reaction"},{"link_name":"Ugi reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugi_reaction"},{"link_name":"Ullmann reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullmann_reaction"},{"link_name":"Wagner-Jauregg reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner-Jauregg_reaction"},{"link_name":"Weinreb ketone synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinreb_ketone_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Wittig reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittig_reaction"},{"link_name":"Wurtz reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurtz_reaction"},{"link_name":"Wurtz–Fittig reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurtz%E2%80%93Fittig_reaction"},{"link_name":"Zincke–Suhl reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zincke%E2%80%93Suhl_reaction"},{"link_name":"Homologation reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologation_reactions"},{"link_name":"Arndt–Eistert reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arndt%E2%80%93Eistert_reaction"},{"link_name":"Hooker reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooker_reaction"},{"link_name":"Kiliani–Fischer synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiliani%E2%80%93Fischer_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Kowalski ester homologation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowalski_ester_homologation"},{"link_name":"Methoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane"},{"link_name":"Seyferth–Gilbert homologation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyferth%E2%80%93Gilbert_homologation"},{"link_name":"Wittig reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittig_reaction"},{"link_name":"Bamford–Stevens reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamford%E2%80%93Stevens_reaction"},{"link_name":"Barton–Kellogg reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton%E2%80%93Kellogg_reaction"},{"link_name":"Boord olefin synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boord_olefin_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Chugaev elimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chugaev_elimination"},{"link_name":"Cope reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cope_reaction"},{"link_name":"Corey–Winter olefin synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey%E2%80%93Winter_olefin_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Dehydrohalogenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrohalogenation"},{"link_name":"Elimination reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_reaction"},{"link_name":"Grieco elimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grieco_elimination"},{"link_name":"Hofmann elimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofmann_elimination"},{"link_name":"Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horner%E2%80%93Wadsworth%E2%80%93Emmons_reaction"},{"link_name":"Hydrazone iodination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazone_iodination"},{"link_name":"Julia olefination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_olefination"},{"link_name":"Julia–Kocienski olefination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%E2%80%93Kocienski_olefination"},{"link_name":"Kauffmann olefination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauffmann_olefination"},{"link_name":"McMurry reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMurry_reaction"},{"link_name":"Peterson olefination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterson_olefination"},{"link_name":"Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramberg%E2%80%93B%C3%A4cklund_reaction"},{"link_name":"Shapiro reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapiro_reaction"},{"link_name":"Takai olefination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takai_olefination"},{"link_name":"Wittig reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittig_reaction"},{"link_name":"Azo coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azo_coupling"},{"link_name":"Bartoli indole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartoli_indole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Boudouard reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudouard_reaction"},{"link_name":"Cadogan–Sundberg indole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadogan%E2%80%93Sundberg_indole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Diazonium compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazonium_compound"},{"link_name":"Esterification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterification"},{"link_name":"Grignard reagent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grignard_reagent"},{"link_name":"Haloform reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloform_reaction"},{"link_name":"Hegedus indole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegedus_indole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Hurd–Mori 1,2,3-thiadiazole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurd%E2%80%93Mori_1,2,3-thiadiazole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Kharasch–Sosnovsky reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharasch%E2%80%93Sosnovsky_reaction"},{"link_name":"Knorr pyrrole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knorr_pyrrole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Leimgruber–Batcho indole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leimgruber%E2%80%93Batcho_indole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Mukaiyama hydration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukaiyama_hydration"},{"link_name":"Nenitzescu indole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenitzescu_indole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Oxymercuration reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxymercuration_reaction"},{"link_name":"Reed reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_reaction"},{"link_name":"Schotten–Baumann reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schotten%E2%80%93Baumann_reaction"},{"link_name":"Ullmann condensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullmann_condensation"},{"link_name":"Williamson ether synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_ether_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Yamaguchi esterification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaguchi_esterification"},{"link_name":"Barbier–Wieland degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbier%E2%80%93Wieland_degradation"},{"link_name":"Bergmann degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergmann_degradation"},{"link_name":"Edman degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edman_degradation"},{"link_name":"Emde degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emde_degradation"},{"link_name":"Gallagher–Hollander degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher%E2%80%93Hollander_degradation"},{"link_name":"Hofmann rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofmann_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Hooker reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooker_reaction"},{"link_name":"Isosaccharinic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosaccharinic_acid"},{"link_name":"Marker degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marker_degradation"},{"link_name":"Ruff degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruff_degradation"},{"link_name":"Strecker degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strecker_degradation"},{"link_name":"Von Braun amide degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Braun_amide_degradation"},{"link_name":"Weerman degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weerman_degradation"},{"link_name":"Wohl degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wohl_degradation"},{"link_name":"Organic redox reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_redox_reaction"},{"link_name":"Acyloin condensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyloin_condensation"},{"link_name":"Adkins–Peterson reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adkins%E2%80%93Peterson_reaction"},{"link_name":"Akabori amino-acid reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akabori_amino-acid_reaction"},{"link_name":"Alcohol oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Algar–Flynn–Oyamada reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algar%E2%80%93Flynn%E2%80%93Oyamada_reaction"},{"link_name":"Amide reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amide_reduction"},{"link_name":"Andrussow process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrussow_process"},{"link_name":"Angeli–Rimini reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angeli%E2%80%93Rimini_reaction"},{"link_name":"Aromatization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatization"},{"link_name":"Autoxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoxidation"},{"link_name":"Baeyer–Villiger oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeyer%E2%80%93Villiger_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Barton–McCombie deoxygenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton%E2%80%93McCombie_deoxygenation"},{"link_name":"Bechamp reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechamp_reduction"},{"link_name":"Benkeser reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benkeser_reaction"},{"link_name":"Bergmann degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergmann_degradation"},{"link_name":"Birch reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_reduction"},{"link_name":"Bohn–Schmidt reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohn%E2%80%93Schmidt_reaction"},{"link_name":"Bosch reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosch_reaction"},{"link_name":"Bouveault–Blanc reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouveault%E2%80%93Blanc_reduction"},{"link_name":"Boyland–Sims oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyland%E2%80%93Sims_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Cannizzaro reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannizzaro_reaction"},{"link_name":"Carbonyl reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl_reduction"},{"link_name":"Clemmensen reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemmensen_reduction"},{"link_name":"Collins oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Corey–Itsuno reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey%E2%80%93Itsuno_reduction"},{"link_name":"Corey–Kim oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey%E2%80%93Kim_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Corey–Winter olefin synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey%E2%80%93Winter_olefin_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Criegee oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criegee_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Dakin oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakin_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Davis oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Deoxygenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxygenation"},{"link_name":"Dess–Martin oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dess%E2%80%93Martin_oxidation"},{"link_name":"DNA oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Elbs persulfate oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbs_persulfate_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Emde degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emde_degradation"},{"link_name":"Eschweiler–Clarke reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschweiler%E2%80%93Clarke_reaction"},{"link_name":"Étard reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tard_reaction"},{"link_name":"Fischer–Tropsch process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process"},{"link_name":"Fleming–Tamao oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleming%E2%80%93Tamao_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Fukuyama reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuyama_reduction"},{"link_name":"Ganem oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganem_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Glycol cleavage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycol_cleavage"},{"link_name":"Griesbaum coozonolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griesbaum_coozonolysis"},{"link_name":"Grundmann aldehyde synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundmann_aldehyde_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Haloform reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloform_reaction"},{"link_name":"Hydrogenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenation"},{"link_name":"Hydrogenolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenolysis"},{"link_name":"Hydroxylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylation"},{"link_name":"Jones oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Kiliani–Fischer synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiliani%E2%80%93Fischer_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Kolbe electrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolbe_electrolysis"},{"link_name":"Kornblum oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornblum_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornblum%E2%80%93DeLaMare_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Leuckart reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuckart_reaction"},{"link_name":"Ley oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Lindgren oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindgren_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Lipid peroxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_peroxidation"},{"link_name":"Lombardo methylenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardo_methylenation"},{"link_name":"Luche reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luche_reduction"},{"link_name":"Markó–Lam deoxygenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%C3%B3%E2%80%93Lam_deoxygenation"},{"link_name":"McFadyen–Stevens reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFadyen%E2%80%93Stevens_reaction"},{"link_name":"Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerwein%E2%80%93Ponndorf%E2%80%93Verley_reduction"},{"link_name":"Methionine sulfoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine_sulfoxide"},{"link_name":"Miyaura borylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyaura_borylation"},{"link_name":"Mozingo reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozingo_reduction"},{"link_name":"Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyori_asymmetric_hydrogenation"},{"link_name":"Omega oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Oppenauer oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppenauer_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Oxygen rebound mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_rebound_mechanism"},{"link_name":"Ozonolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonolysis"},{"link_name":"Parikh–Doering oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parikh%E2%80%93Doering_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Pinnick oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnick_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Prévost reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9vost_reaction"},{"link_name":"Reduction of nitro compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_of_nitro_compounds"},{"link_name":"Reductive amination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductive_amination"},{"link_name":"Riley oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Rosenmund reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenmund_reduction"},{"link_name":"Rubottom oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubottom_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Sabatier reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabatier_reaction"},{"link_name":"Sarett oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarett_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Selenoxide elimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenoxide_elimination"},{"link_name":"Shapiro reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapiro_reaction"},{"link_name":"Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpless_asymmetric_dihydroxylation"},{"link_name":"Epoxidation of allylic alcohols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxidation_of_allylic_alcohols"},{"link_name":"Sharpless epoxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpless_epoxidation"},{"link_name":"Sharpless oxyamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpless_oxyamination"},{"link_name":"Stahl oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stahl_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Staudinger reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staudinger_reaction"},{"link_name":"Stephen aldehyde synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_aldehyde_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Swern oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swern_oxidation"},{"link_name":"Transfer hydrogenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_hydrogenation"},{"link_name":"Wacker process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacker_process"},{"link_name":"Wharton reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_reaction"},{"link_name":"Whiting reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiting_reaction"},{"link_name":"Wohl–Aue reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wohl%E2%80%93Aue_reaction"},{"link_name":"Wolff–Kishner reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolff%E2%80%93Kishner_reduction"},{"link_name":"Wolffenstein–Böters reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolffenstein%E2%80%93B%C3%B6ters_reaction"},{"link_name":"Zinin reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinin_reaction"},{"link_name":"Rearrangement reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rearrangement_reaction"},{"link_name":"1,2-rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2-rearrangement"},{"link_name":"1,2-Wittig rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2-Wittig_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,3-sigmatropic_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"2,3-Wittig rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,3-Wittig_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Achmatowicz reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achmatowicz_reaction"},{"link_name":"Alkyne zipper reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyne_zipper_reaction"},{"link_name":"Allen–Millar–Trippett rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen%E2%80%93Millar%E2%80%93Trippett_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Allylic rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allylic_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Alpha-ketol rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-ketol_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Amadori rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadori_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Arndt–Eistert reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arndt%E2%80%93Eistert_reaction"},{"link_name":"Aza-Cope rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aza-Cope_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Baker–Venkataraman rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker%E2%80%93Venkataraman_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Bamberger rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberger_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Banert cascade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banert_cascade"},{"link_name":"Beckmann rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckmann_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Benzilic acid rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzilic_acid_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Bergman cyclization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergman_cyclization"},{"link_name":"Bergmann degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergmann_degradation"},{"link_name":"Boekelheide reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boekelheide_reaction"},{"link_name":"Brook rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Buchner ring expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchner_ring_expansion"},{"link_name":"Carroll rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Chan rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Claisen rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claisen_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Cope rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cope_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Corey–Fuchs reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey%E2%80%93Fuchs_reaction"},{"link_name":"Cornforth rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornforth_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Criegee rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criegee_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Curtius rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtius_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Demjanov rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demjanov_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Di-π-methane rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di-%CF%80-methane_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Dimroth rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimroth_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Divinylcyclopropane-cycloheptadiene rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinylcyclopropane-cycloheptadiene_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Dowd–Beckwith ring-expansion reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowd%E2%80%93Beckwith_ring-expansion_reaction"},{"link_name":"Electrocyclic reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocyclic_reaction"},{"link_name":"Ene reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ene_reaction"},{"link_name":"Enyne metathesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enyne_metathesis"},{"link_name":"Favorskii reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favorskii_reaction"},{"link_name":"Favorskii rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favorskii_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Ferrier carbocyclization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrier_carbocyclization"},{"link_name":"Ferrier rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrier_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Fischer–Hepp rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Hepp_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Fries rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fries_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritsch%E2%80%93Buttenberg%E2%80%93Wiechell_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Gabriel–Colman rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%E2%80%93Colman_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Group transfer reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_transfer_reaction"},{"link_name":"Halogen dance rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen_dance_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Hayashi rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Hofmann rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofmann_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Hofmann–Martius rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofmann%E2%80%93Martius_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Ireland–Claisen rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Claisen_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Jacobsen rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobsen_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornblum%E2%80%93DeLaMare_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Kowalski ester homologation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowalski_ester_homologation"},{"link_name":"Lobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobry_de_Bruyn%E2%80%93Van_Ekenstein_transformation"},{"link_name":"Lossen rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossen_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"McFadyen–Stevens reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFadyen%E2%80%93Stevens_reaction"},{"link_name":"McLafferty rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLafferty_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Meyer–Schuster rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer%E2%80%93Schuster_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Mislow–Evans rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mislow%E2%80%93Evans_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Mumm rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumm_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Myers allene synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers_allene_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Nazarov cyclization reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazarov_cyclization_reaction"},{"link_name":"Neber rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neber_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Newman–Kwart rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newman%E2%80%93Kwart_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Overman rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overman_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Oxy-Cope rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxy-Cope_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Pericyclic reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericyclic_reaction"},{"link_name":"Piancatelli rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piancatelli_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Pinacol rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinacol_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Pummerer rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pummerer_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramberg%E2%80%93B%C3%A4cklund_reaction"},{"link_name":"Ring expansion and contraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_expansion_and_contraction"},{"link_name":"Ring-closing metathesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-closing_metathesis"},{"link_name":"Rupe reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupe_reaction"},{"link_name":"Schmidt reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt_reaction"},{"link_name":"Semipinacol rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipinacol_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Seyferth–Gilbert homologation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyferth%E2%80%93Gilbert_homologation"},{"link_name":"Sigmatropic reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmatropic_reaction"},{"link_name":"Skattebøl rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skatteb%C3%B8l_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Smiles rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiles_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Sommelet–Hauser rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommelet%E2%80%93Hauser_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Stevens rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevens_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Stieglitz rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stieglitz_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_rearrangement_of_aromatic_hydrocarbons"},{"link_name":"Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffeneau%E2%80%93Demjanov_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Vinylcyclopropane rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinylcyclopropane_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner%E2%80%93Meerwein_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Wallach rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallach_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Weerman degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weerman_degradation"},{"link_name":"Westphalen–Lettré rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalen%E2%80%93Lettr%C3%A9_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Willgerodt rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willgerodt_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Wolff rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolff_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Ring forming reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_forming_reaction"},{"link_name":"1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,3-Dipolar_cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"Annulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulation"},{"link_name":"Azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azide-alkyne_Huisgen_cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"Baeyer–Emmerling indole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeyer%E2%80%93Emmerling_indole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Bartoli indole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartoli_indole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Bergman cyclization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergman_cyclization"},{"link_name":"Biginelli reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biginelli_reaction"},{"link_name":"Bischler–Möhlau indole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bischler%E2%80%93M%C3%B6hlau_indole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Bischler–Napieralski reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bischler%E2%80%93Napieralski_reaction"},{"link_name":"Blum–Ittah aziridine synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum%E2%80%93Ittah_aziridine_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Bobbitt reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbitt_reaction"},{"link_name":"Bohlmann–Rahtz pyridine synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohlmann%E2%80%93Rahtz_pyridine_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Borsche–Drechsel cyclization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsche%E2%80%93Drechsel_cyclization"},{"link_name":"Bucherer carbazole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucherer_carbazole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Bucherer–Bergs reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucherer%E2%80%93Bergs_reaction"},{"link_name":"Cadogan–Sundberg indole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadogan%E2%80%93Sundberg_indole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Camps quinoline synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camps_quinoline_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Chichibabin pyridine synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichibabin_pyridine_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Cook–Heilbron thiazole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%E2%80%93Heilbron_thiazole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"Darzens reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darzens_reaction"},{"link_name":"Davis–Beirut reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Beirut_reaction"},{"link_name":"De Kimpe aziridine synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Kimpe_aziridine_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Debus–Radziszewski imidazole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debus%E2%80%93Radziszewski_imidazole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Dieckmann condensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieckmann_condensation"},{"link_name":"Diels–Alder reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diels%E2%80%93Alder_reaction"},{"link_name":"Feist–Benary synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feist%E2%80%93Benary_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Ferrario–Ackermann reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrario%E2%80%93Ackermann_reaction"},{"link_name":"Fiesselmann thiophene synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiesselmann_thiophene_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Fischer indole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer_indole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Fischer oxazole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer_oxazole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Friedländer synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedl%C3%A4nder_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Gewald reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewald_reaction"},{"link_name":"Graham reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_reaction"},{"link_name":"Hantzsch pyridine synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantzsch_pyridine_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Hegedus indole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegedus_indole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Hemetsberger indole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemetsberger_indole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Hofmann–Löffler reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofmann%E2%80%93L%C3%B6ffler_reaction"},{"link_name":"Hurd–Mori 1,2,3-thiadiazole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurd%E2%80%93Mori_1,2,3-thiadiazole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Iodolactonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodolactonization"},{"link_name":"Isay reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isay_reaction"},{"link_name":"Jacobsen epoxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobsen_epoxidation"},{"link_name":"Johnson–Corey–Chaykovsky reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson%E2%80%93Corey%E2%80%93Chaykovsky_reaction"},{"link_name":"Knorr pyrrole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knorr_pyrrole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Knorr quinoline synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knorr_quinoline_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Kröhnke pyridine synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B6hnke_pyridine_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Kulinkovich reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulinkovich_reaction"},{"link_name":"Larock indole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larock_indole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Madelung synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelung_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Nazarov cyclization reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazarov_cyclization_reaction"},{"link_name":"Nenitzescu indole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenitzescu_indole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Niementowski quinazoline synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niementowski_quinazoline_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Niementowski quinoline synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niementowski_quinoline_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Paal–Knorr synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paal%E2%80%93Knorr_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Paternò–Büchi reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patern%C3%B2%E2%80%93B%C3%BCchi_reaction"},{"link_name":"Pechmann condensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechmann_condensation"},{"link_name":"Petrenko-Kritschenko piperidone synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrenko-Kritschenko_piperidone_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Pictet–Spengler reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictet%E2%80%93Spengler_reaction"},{"link_name":"Pomeranz–Fritsch reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranz%E2%80%93Fritsch_reaction"},{"link_name":"Prilezhaev reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prilezhaev_reaction"},{"link_name":"Pschorr cyclization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pschorr_cyclization"},{"link_name":"Reissert indole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reissert_indole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Ring-closing metathesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-closing_metathesis"},{"link_name":"Robinson annulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_annulation"},{"link_name":"Sharpless epoxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpless_epoxidation"},{"link_name":"Simmons–Smith reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons%E2%80%93Smith_reaction"},{"link_name":"Skraup reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skraup_reaction"},{"link_name":"Urech hydantoin synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urech_hydantoin_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Van Leusen reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Leusen_reaction"},{"link_name":"Wenker synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenker_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,3-Dipolar_cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"4+4 Photocycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%2B4_Photocycloaddition"},{"link_name":"(4+3) cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(4%2B3)_cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"6+4 Cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6%2B4_Cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"Alkyne trimerisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyne_trimerisation"},{"link_name":"Aza-Diels–Alder reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aza-Diels%E2%80%93Alder_reaction"},{"link_name":"Azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azide-alkyne_Huisgen_cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"Bradsher cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradsher_cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"Cheletropic reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheletropic_reaction"},{"link_name":"Conia-ene reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conia-ene_reaction"},{"link_name":"Cyclopropanation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopropanation"},{"link_name":"Diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazoalkane_1,3-dipolar_cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"Diels–Alder reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diels%E2%80%93Alder_reaction"},{"link_name":"Enone–alkene cycloadditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enone%E2%80%93alkene_cycloadditions"},{"link_name":"Hexadehydro Diels–Alder reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadehydro_Diels%E2%80%93Alder_reaction"},{"link_name":"Imine Diels–Alder reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imine_Diels%E2%80%93Alder_reaction"},{"link_name":"Intramolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramolecular_Diels%E2%80%93Alder_cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"Inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_electron-demand_Diels%E2%80%93Alder_reaction"},{"link_name":"Ketene cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketene_cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"McCormack reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCormack_reaction"},{"link_name":"Metal-centered cycloaddition reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-centered_cycloaddition_reactions"},{"link_name":"Nitrone-olefin (3+2) cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrone-olefin_(3%2B2)_cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"Oxo-Diels–Alder reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxo-Diels%E2%80%93Alder_reaction"},{"link_name":"Ozonolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonolysis"},{"link_name":"Pauson–Khand reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauson%E2%80%93Khand_reaction"},{"link_name":"Povarov reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povarov_reaction"},{"link_name":"Prato reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prato_reaction"},{"link_name":"Retro-Diels–Alder reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro-Diels%E2%80%93Alder_reaction"},{"link_name":"Staudinger synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staudinger_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Trimethylenemethane cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylenemethane_cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"Vinylcyclopropane (5+2) cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinylcyclopropane_(5%2B2)_cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"Wagner-Jauregg reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner-Jauregg_reaction"},{"link_name":"Algar–Flynn–Oyamada reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algar%E2%80%93Flynn%E2%80%93Oyamada_reaction"},{"link_name":"Allan–Robinson reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%E2%80%93Robinson_reaction"},{"link_name":"Auwers synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auwers_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Bamberger triazine synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberger_triazine_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Banert cascade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banert_cascade"},{"link_name":"Barton–Zard reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton%E2%80%93Zard_reaction"},{"link_name":"Bernthsen acridine synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernthsen_acridine_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Bischler–Napieralski reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bischler%E2%80%93Napieralski_reaction"},{"link_name":"Bobbitt reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbitt_reaction"},{"link_name":"Boger pyridine synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boger_pyridine_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Borsche–Drechsel cyclization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsche%E2%80%93Drechsel_cyclization"},{"link_name":"Bucherer carbazole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucherer_carbazole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Bucherer–Bergs reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucherer%E2%80%93Bergs_reaction"},{"link_name":"Chichibabin pyridine synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichibabin_pyridine_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Cook–Heilbron thiazole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%E2%80%93Heilbron_thiazole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazoalkane_1,3-dipolar_cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"Einhorn–Brunner reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhorn%E2%80%93Brunner_reaction"},{"link_name":"Erlenmeyer–Plöchl azlactone and amino-acid synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlenmeyer%E2%80%93Pl%C3%B6chl_azlactone_and_amino-acid_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Feist–Benary synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feist%E2%80%93Benary_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Fischer oxazole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer_oxazole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Gabriel–Colman rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%E2%80%93Colman_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"Gewald reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewald_reaction"},{"link_name":"Hantzsch ester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantzsch_ester"},{"link_name":"Hantzsch pyridine synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantzsch_pyridine_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Herz reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herz_reaction"},{"link_name":"Knorr pyrrole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knorr_pyrrole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Kröhnke pyridine synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B6hnke_pyridine_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Lectka enantioselective beta-lactam synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectka_enantioselective_beta-lactam_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Lehmstedt–Tanasescu reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmstedt%E2%80%93Tanasescu_reaction"},{"link_name":"Niementowski quinazoline synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niementowski_quinazoline_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Nitrone-olefin (3+2) cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrone-olefin_(3%2B2)_cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"Paal–Knorr synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paal%E2%80%93Knorr_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Pellizzari reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellizzari_reaction"},{"link_name":"Pictet–Spengler reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictet%E2%80%93Spengler_reaction"},{"link_name":"Pomeranz–Fritsch reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranz%E2%80%93Fritsch_reaction"},{"link_name":"Prilezhaev reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prilezhaev_reaction"},{"link_name":"Robinson–Gabriel synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson%E2%80%93Gabriel_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Stollé synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoll%C3%A9_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Urech hydantoin synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urech_hydantoin_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Wenker synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenker_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Wohl–Aue reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wohl%E2%80%93Aue_reaction"}],"sub_title":"Further reading","text":"Chem 206, 215 Lecture Notes (2003, 2006) by D. A. Evans, A. G. Myers, et al., Harvard University (pp. 345, 936)vteTopics in organic reactions\nAddition reaction\nElimination reaction\nPolymerization\nReagents\nRearrangement reaction\nRedox reaction\nRegioselectivity\nStereoselectivity\nStereospecificity\nSubstitution reaction\n\nA value\nAlpha effect\nAnnulene\nAnomeric effect\nAntiaromaticity\nAromatic ring current\nAromaticity\nBaird's rule\nBaker–Nathan effect\nBaldwin's rules\nBema Hapothle\nBeta-silicon effect\nBicycloaromaticity\nBredt's rule\nBürgi–Dunitz angle\nCatalytic resonance theory\nCharge remote fragmentation\nCharge-transfer complex\nClar's rule\nConformational isomerism\nConjugated system\nConrotatory and disrotatory\nCurtin–Hammett principle\nDynamic binding (chemistry)\nEdwards equation\nEffective molarity\nElectromeric effect\nElectron-rich\nElectron-withdrawing group\nElectronic effect\nElectrophile\nEvelyn effect\nFlippin–Lodge angle\nFree-energy relationship\nGrunwald–Winstein equation\nHammett acidity function\nHammett equation\nGeorge S. Hammond\nHammond's postulate\nHomoaromaticity\nHückel's rule\nHyperconjugation\nInductive effect\nKinetic isotope effect\nLFER solvent coefficients (data page)\nMarcus theory\nMarkovnikov's rule\nMöbius aromaticity\nMöbius–Hückel concept\nMore O'Ferrall–Jencks plot\nNegative hyperconjugation\nNeighbouring group participation\n2-Norbornyl cation\nNucleophile\nKennedy J. P. Orton\nPassive binding\nPhosphaethynolate\nPolar effect\nPolyfluorene\nRing strain\nΣ-aromaticity\nSpherical aromaticity\nSpiroaromaticity\nSteric effects\nSuperaromaticity\nSwain–Lupton equation\nTaft equation\nThorpe–Ingold effect\nVinylogy\nWalsh diagram\nWoodward–Hoffmann rules\nWoodward's rules\nY-aromaticity\nYukawa–Tsuno equation\nZaitsev's rule\nΣ-bishomoaromaticity\n List of organic reactionsCarbon-carbon bond forming reactions\nAcetoacetic ester synthesis\nAcyloin condensation\nAldol condensation\nAldol reaction\nAlkane metathesis\nAlkyne metathesis\nAlkyne trimerisation\nAlkynylation\nAllan–Robinson reaction\nArndt–Eistert reaction\nAuwers synthesis\nAza-Baylis–Hillman reaction\nBarbier reaction\nBarton–Kellogg reaction\nBaylis–Hillman reaction\nBenary reaction\nBergman cyclization\nBiginelli reaction\nBingel reaction\nBlaise ketone synthesis\nBlaise reaction\nBlanc chloromethylation\nBodroux–Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis\nBouveault aldehyde synthesis\nBucherer–Bergs reaction\nBuchner ring expansion\nCadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling\nCarbonyl allylation\nCarbonyl olefin metathesis\nCastro–Stephens coupling\nChan rearrangement\nChan–Lam coupling\nClaisen condensation\nClaisen rearrangement\nClaisen-Schmidt condensation\nCombes quinoline synthesis\nCorey–Fuchs reaction\nCorey–House synthesis\nCoupling reaction\nCross-coupling reaction\nCross dehydrogenative coupling\nCross-coupling partner\nDakin–West reaction\nDarzens reaction\nDiels–Alder reaction\nDoebner reaction\nWulff–Dötz reaction\nEne reaction\nEnyne metathesis\nEthenolysis\nFavorskii reaction\nFerrier carbocyclization\nFriedel–Crafts reaction\nFujimoto–Belleau reaction\nFujiwara–Moritani reaction\nFukuyama coupling\nGabriel–Colman rearrangement\nGattermann reaction\nGlaser coupling\nGrignard reaction\nGrignard reagent\nHammick reaction\nHeck reaction\nHenry reaction\nHeterogeneous metal catalyzed cross-coupling\nHigh dilution principle\nHiyama coupling\nHomologation reaction\nHorner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction\nHydrocyanation\nHydrovinylation\nHydroxymethylation\nIvanov reaction\nJohnson–Corey–Chaykovsky reaction\nJulia olefination\nJulia–Kocienski olefination\nKauffmann olefination\nKnoevenagel condensation\nKnorr pyrrole synthesis\nKolbe–Schmitt reaction\nKowalski ester homologation\nKulinkovich reaction\nKumada coupling\nLiebeskind–Srogl coupling\nMalonic ester synthesis\nMannich reaction\nMcMurry reaction\nMeerwein arylation\nMethylenation\nMichael reaction\nMinisci reaction\nMizoroki-Heck vs. Reductive Heck\nNef isocyanide reaction\nNef synthesis\nNegishi coupling\nNierenstein reaction\nNitro-Mannich reaction\nNozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction\nOlefin conversion technology\nOlefin metathesis\nPalladium–NHC complex\nPasserini reaction\nPeterson olefination\nPfitzinger reaction\nPiancatelli rearrangement\nPinacol coupling reaction\nPrins reaction\nQuelet reaction\nRamberg–Bäcklund reaction\nRauhut–Currier reaction\nReformatsky reaction\nReimer–Tiemann reaction\nRieche formylation\nRing-closing metathesis\nRobinson annulation\nSakurai reaction\nSeyferth–Gilbert homologation\nShapiro reaction\nSonogashira coupling\nStetter reaction\nStille reaction\nStollé synthesis\nStork enamine alkylation\nSuzuki reaction\nTakai olefination\nThermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons\nThorpe reaction\nUgi reaction\nUllmann reaction\nWagner-Jauregg reaction\nWeinreb ketone synthesis\nWittig reaction\nWurtz reaction\nWurtz–Fittig reaction\nZincke–Suhl reaction\n Homologation reactions\nArndt–Eistert reaction\nHooker reaction\nKiliani–Fischer synthesis\nKowalski ester homologation\nMethoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane\nSeyferth–Gilbert homologation\nWittig reaction\nOlefination reactions\nBamford–Stevens reaction\nBarton–Kellogg reaction\nBoord olefin synthesis\nChugaev elimination\nCope reaction\nCorey–Winter olefin synthesis\nDehydrohalogenation\nElimination reaction\nGrieco elimination\nHofmann elimination\nHorner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction\nHydrazone iodination\nJulia olefination\nJulia–Kocienski olefination\nKauffmann olefination\nMcMurry reaction\nPeterson olefination\nRamberg–Bäcklund reaction\nShapiro reaction\nTakai olefination\nWittig reaction\n\nCarbon-heteroatom \nbond forming reactions\nAzo coupling\nBartoli indole synthesis\nBoudouard reaction\nCadogan–Sundberg indole synthesis\nDiazonium compound\nEsterification\nGrignard reagent\nHaloform reaction\nHegedus indole synthesis\nHurd–Mori 1,2,3-thiadiazole synthesis\nKharasch–Sosnovsky reaction\nKnorr pyrrole synthesis\nLeimgruber–Batcho indole synthesis\nMukaiyama hydration\nNenitzescu indole synthesis\nOxymercuration reaction\nReed reaction\nSchotten–Baumann reaction\nUllmann condensation\nWilliamson ether synthesis\nYamaguchi esterification\nDegradation reactions\nBarbier–Wieland degradation\nBergmann degradation\nEdman degradation\nEmde degradation\nGallagher–Hollander degradation\nHofmann rearrangement\nHooker reaction\nIsosaccharinic acid\nMarker degradation\nRuff degradation\nStrecker degradation\nVon Braun amide degradation\nWeerman degradation\nWohl degradation\nOrganic redox reactions\nAcyloin condensation\nAdkins–Peterson reaction\nAkabori amino-acid reaction\nAlcohol oxidation\nAlgar–Flynn–Oyamada reaction\nAmide reduction\nAndrussow process\nAngeli–Rimini reaction\nAromatization\nAutoxidation\nBaeyer–Villiger oxidation\nBarton–McCombie deoxygenation\nBechamp reduction\nBenkeser reaction\nBergmann degradation\nBirch reduction\nBohn–Schmidt reaction\nBosch reaction\nBouveault–Blanc reduction\nBoyland–Sims oxidation\nCannizzaro reaction\nCarbonyl reduction\nClemmensen reduction\nCollins oxidation\nCorey–Itsuno reduction\nCorey–Kim oxidation\nCorey–Winter olefin synthesis\nCriegee oxidation\nDakin oxidation\nDavis oxidation\nDeoxygenation\nDess–Martin oxidation\nDNA oxidation\nElbs persulfate oxidation\nEmde degradation\nEschweiler–Clarke reaction\nÉtard reaction\nFischer–Tropsch process\nFleming–Tamao oxidation\nFukuyama reduction\nGanem oxidation\nGlycol cleavage\nGriesbaum coozonolysis\nGrundmann aldehyde synthesis\nHaloform reaction\nHydrogenation\nHydrogenolysis\nHydroxylation\nJones oxidation\nKiliani–Fischer synthesis\nKolbe electrolysis\nKornblum oxidation\nKornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement\nLeuckart reaction\nLey oxidation\nLindgren oxidation\nLipid peroxidation\nLombardo methylenation\nLuche reduction\nMarkó–Lam deoxygenation\nMcFadyen–Stevens reaction\nMeerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction\nMethionine sulfoxide\nMiyaura borylation\nMozingo reduction\nNoyori asymmetric hydrogenation\nOmega oxidation\nOppenauer oxidation\nOxygen rebound mechanism\nOzonolysis\nParikh–Doering oxidation\nPinnick oxidation\nPrévost reaction\nReduction of nitro compounds\nReductive amination\nRiley oxidation\nRosenmund reduction\nRubottom oxidation\nSabatier reaction\nSarett oxidation\nSelenoxide elimination\nShapiro reaction\nSharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation\nEpoxidation of allylic alcohols\nSharpless epoxidation\nSharpless oxyamination\nStahl oxidation\nStaudinger reaction\nStephen aldehyde synthesis\nSwern oxidation\nTransfer hydrogenation\nWacker process\nWharton reaction\nWhiting reaction\nWohl–Aue reaction\nWolff–Kishner reduction\nWolffenstein–Böters reaction\nZinin reaction\nRearrangement reactions\n1,2-rearrangement\n1,2-Wittig rearrangement\n2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement\n2,3-Wittig rearrangement\nAchmatowicz reaction\nAlkyne zipper reaction\nAllen–Millar–Trippett rearrangement\nAllylic rearrangement\nAlpha-ketol rearrangement\nAmadori rearrangement\nArndt–Eistert reaction\nAza-Cope rearrangement\nBaker–Venkataraman rearrangement\nBamberger rearrangement\nBanert cascade\nBeckmann rearrangement\nBenzilic acid rearrangement\nBergman cyclization\nBergmann degradation\nBoekelheide reaction\nBrook rearrangement\nBuchner ring expansion\nCarroll rearrangement\nChan rearrangement\nClaisen rearrangement\nCope rearrangement\nCorey–Fuchs reaction\nCornforth rearrangement\nCriegee rearrangement\nCurtius rearrangement\nDemjanov rearrangement\nDi-π-methane rearrangement\nDimroth rearrangement\nDivinylcyclopropane-cycloheptadiene rearrangement\nDowd–Beckwith ring-expansion reaction\nElectrocyclic reaction\nEne reaction\nEnyne metathesis\nFavorskii reaction\nFavorskii rearrangement\nFerrier carbocyclization\nFerrier rearrangement\nFischer–Hepp rearrangement\nFries rearrangement\nFritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell rearrangement\nGabriel–Colman rearrangement\nGroup transfer reaction\nHalogen dance rearrangement\nHayashi rearrangement\nHofmann rearrangement\nHofmann–Martius rearrangement\nIreland–Claisen rearrangement\nJacobsen rearrangement\nKornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement\nKowalski ester homologation\nLobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transformation\nLossen rearrangement\nMcFadyen–Stevens reaction\nMcLafferty rearrangement\nMeyer–Schuster rearrangement\nMislow–Evans rearrangement\nMumm rearrangement\nMyers allene synthesis\nNazarov cyclization reaction\nNeber rearrangement\nNewman–Kwart rearrangement\nOverman rearrangement\nOxy-Cope rearrangement\nPericyclic reaction\nPiancatelli rearrangement\nPinacol rearrangement\nPummerer rearrangement\nRamberg–Bäcklund reaction\nRing expansion and contraction\nRing-closing metathesis\nRupe reaction\nSchmidt reaction\nSemipinacol rearrangement\nSeyferth–Gilbert homologation\nSigmatropic reaction\nSkattebøl rearrangement\nSmiles rearrangement\nSommelet–Hauser rearrangement\nStevens rearrangement\nStieglitz rearrangement\nThermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons\nTiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement\nVinylcyclopropane rearrangement\nWagner–Meerwein rearrangement\nWallach rearrangement\nWeerman degradation\nWestphalen–Lettré rearrangement\nWillgerodt rearrangement\nWolff rearrangement\nRing forming reactions\n1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition\nAnnulation\nAzide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition\nBaeyer–Emmerling indole synthesis\nBartoli indole synthesis\nBergman cyclization\nBiginelli reaction\nBischler–Möhlau indole synthesis\nBischler–Napieralski reaction\nBlum–Ittah aziridine synthesis\nBobbitt reaction\nBohlmann–Rahtz pyridine synthesis\nBorsche–Drechsel cyclization\nBucherer carbazole synthesis\nBucherer–Bergs reaction\nCadogan–Sundberg indole synthesis\nCamps quinoline synthesis\nChichibabin pyridine synthesis\nCook–Heilbron thiazole synthesis\nCycloaddition\nDarzens reaction\nDavis–Beirut reaction\nDe Kimpe aziridine synthesis\nDebus–Radziszewski imidazole synthesis\nDieckmann condensation\nDiels–Alder reaction\nFeist–Benary synthesis\nFerrario–Ackermann reaction\nFiesselmann thiophene synthesis\nFischer indole synthesis\nFischer oxazole synthesis\nFriedländer synthesis\nGewald reaction\nGraham reaction\nHantzsch pyridine synthesis\nHegedus indole synthesis\nHemetsberger indole synthesis\nHofmann–Löffler reaction\nHurd–Mori 1,2,3-thiadiazole synthesis\nIodolactonization\nIsay reaction\nJacobsen epoxidation\nJohnson–Corey–Chaykovsky reaction\nKnorr pyrrole synthesis\nKnorr quinoline synthesis\nKröhnke pyridine synthesis\nKulinkovich reaction\nLarock indole synthesis\nMadelung synthesis\nNazarov cyclization reaction\nNenitzescu indole synthesis\nNiementowski quinazoline synthesis\nNiementowski quinoline synthesis\nPaal–Knorr synthesis\nPaternò–Büchi reaction\nPechmann condensation\nPetrenko-Kritschenko piperidone synthesis\nPictet–Spengler reaction\nPomeranz–Fritsch reaction\nPrilezhaev reaction\nPschorr cyclization\nReissert indole synthesis\nRing-closing metathesis\nRobinson annulation\nSharpless epoxidation\nSimmons–Smith reaction\nSkraup reaction\nUrech hydantoin synthesis\nVan Leusen reaction\nWenker synthesis\n Cycloaddition\n1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition\n4+4 Photocycloaddition\n(4+3) cycloaddition\n6+4 Cycloaddition\nAlkyne trimerisation\nAza-Diels–Alder reaction\nAzide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition\nBradsher cycloaddition\nCheletropic reaction\nConia-ene reaction\nCyclopropanation\nDiazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition\nDiels–Alder reaction\nEnone–alkene cycloadditions\nHexadehydro Diels–Alder reaction\nImine Diels–Alder reaction\nIntramolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition\nInverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction\nKetene cycloaddition\nMcCormack reaction\nMetal-centered cycloaddition reactions\nNitrone-olefin (3+2) cycloaddition\nOxo-Diels–Alder reaction\nOzonolysis\nPauson–Khand reaction\nPovarov reaction\nPrato reaction\nRetro-Diels–Alder reaction\nStaudinger synthesis\nTrimethylenemethane cycloaddition\nVinylcyclopropane (5+2) cycloaddition\nWagner-Jauregg reaction\nHeterocycle forming reactions\nAlgar–Flynn–Oyamada reaction\nAllan–Robinson reaction\nAuwers synthesis\nBamberger triazine synthesis\nBanert cascade\nBarton–Zard reaction\nBernthsen acridine synthesis\nBischler–Napieralski reaction\nBobbitt reaction\nBoger pyridine synthesis\nBorsche–Drechsel cyclization\nBucherer carbazole synthesis\nBucherer–Bergs reaction\nChichibabin pyridine synthesis\nCook–Heilbron thiazole synthesis\nDiazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition\nEinhorn–Brunner reaction\nErlenmeyer–Plöchl azlactone and amino-acid synthesis\nFeist–Benary synthesis\nFischer oxazole synthesis\nGabriel–Colman rearrangement\nGewald reaction\nHantzsch ester\nHantzsch pyridine synthesis\nHerz reaction\nKnorr pyrrole synthesis\nKröhnke pyridine synthesis\nLectka enantioselective beta-lactam synthesis\nLehmstedt–Tanasescu reaction\nNiementowski quinazoline synthesis\nNitrone-olefin (3+2) cycloaddition\nPaal–Knorr synthesis\nPellizzari reaction\nPictet–Spengler reaction\nPomeranz–Fritsch reaction\nPrilezhaev reaction\nRobinson–Gabriel synthesis\nStollé synthesis\nUrech hydantoin synthesis\nWenker synthesis\nWohl–Aue reaction","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Aldol_Addition_reaction_equation.svg/573px-Aldol_Addition_reaction_equation.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A typical experimental setup for an aldol reaction in a research laboratory. The flask on the right is a solution of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The flask on the left is a solution of the lithium enolate of tert-butyl propionate (formed by addition of LDA to tert-butyl propionate). An aldehyde can then be added to the enolate flask to initiate an aldol addition reaction. Both flasks are submerged in a dry ice/acetone cooling bath (−78 °C) the temperature of which is being monitored by a thermocouple (the wire on the left).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aldolrxnpic.jpg/300px-Aldolrxnpic.jpg"},{"image_text":"A generalized view of the aldol reaction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Simple_aldol_reaction.svg/750px-Simple_aldol_reaction.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Simple mechanism for base-catalyzed aldol reaction of an aldehyde with itself","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Aldol_addition_base-catalyzed.svg/795px-Aldol_addition_base-catalyzed.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Mechanism for acid-catalyzed aldol reaction of an aldehyde with itself","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Aldol_addition_acid-catalyzed.svg/880px-Aldol_addition_acid-catalyzed.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Crossed aldol (addition) reaction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aldol_control_2_update.svg/625px-Aldol_control_2_update.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Acidic control of the aldol (addition) reaction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aldol_control_3.svg/510px-Aldol_control_3.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Syn and anti products from an aldol (addition) reaction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aldol_syn-anti.svg/500px-Aldol_syn-anti.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Enolate_metal_ion.svg/510px-Enolate_metal_ion.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Anti-aldol formation through E-enolate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Stereoselective_E-enolate_formation_of_esters_in_aldol_addtion_reactions.svg/500px-Stereoselective_E-enolate_formation_of_esters_in_aldol_addtion_reactions.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Syn-aldol formation through Z-enolate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Stereoselective_Z-enolate_formation_of_esters_in_aldol_addtion_reactions.svg/700px-Stereoselective_Z-enolate_formation_of_esters_in_aldol_addtion_reactions.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Enolate_alpha_center_eg.svg/527px-Enolate_alpha_center_eg.svg.png"},{"image_text":"For clarity, the stereocenter on the enolate has been epimerized; in reality, the opposite diastereoface of the aldehyde would have been attacked.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Enolate_alpha_center_model.svg/625px-Enolate_alpha_center_model.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The general model of the aldol reaction with carbonyl-based stereocontrol","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Aldehydealphamodel.png"},{"image_text":"Examples of the aldol reaction with carbonyl-based stereocontrol","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Aldehydealphaeg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Mergedmodel.gif"},{"image_text":"Aldol reaction creates stereoisomers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Evansaldol1.gif"},{"image_text":"Four possible stereoisomers of the aldol reaction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Evansaldol2.gif"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Evansaldol3.gif"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Evansaldol4.gif"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Evansaldol5.gif"},{"image_text":"Evans' chiral oxazolidinone cleavage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Evansaldol6.gif"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Acetatealdol1.gif"},{"image_text":"NOTE: the structure of sparteine is missing an N atom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Crimminsaldol1.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Organocatalytic1.gif"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Organocatalytic3.gif"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aldol_alkoxide_product.png/360px-Aldol_alkoxide_product.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Directaldol2.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Organocatalytic4.gif"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Organocatalytic5.gif"}]
|
[{"title":"Chemistry portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Chemistry"},{"title":"Aldol–Tishchenko reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldol%E2%80%93Tishchenko_reaction"},{"title":"Baylis–Hillman reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baylis%E2%80%93Hillman_reaction"},{"title":"Ivanov reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanov_reaction"},{"title":"Reformatsky reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformatsky_reaction"},{"title":"Claisen-Schmidt condensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claisen-Schmidt_condensation"}]
|
[{"reference":"Klein, David R. (December 22, 2020). Organic chemistry (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 1014. ISBN 978-1-119-65959-4. OCLC 1201694230.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1201694230","url_text":"Organic chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-65959-4","url_text":"978-1-119-65959-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1201694230","url_text":"1201694230"}]},{"reference":"Wurtz, C. A. (1872). \"Sur un aldéhyde-alcool\" [On an aldehyde alcohol]. Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris. 2nd series (in French). 17: 436–442.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Adolphe_Wurtz","url_text":"Wurtz, C. A."},{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858003147356;view=1up;seq=446","url_text":"\"Sur un aldéhyde-alcool\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_de_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Chimique_de_Paris","url_text":"Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris"}]},{"reference":"Wurtz, C. A. (1872). \"Ueber einen Aldehyd-Alkohol\" [About an aldehyde alcohol]. Journal für Praktische Chemie (in German). 5 (1): 457–464. doi:10.1002/prac.18720050148.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Adolphe_Wurtz","url_text":"Wurtz, C. A."},{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101076786381;view=1up;seq=471","url_text":"\"Ueber einen Aldehyd-Alkohol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_f%C3%BCr_Praktische_Chemie","url_text":"Journal für Praktische Chemie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fprac.18720050148","url_text":"10.1002/prac.18720050148"}]},{"reference":"Wurtz, C. A. (1872). \"Sur un aldéhyde-alcool\" [On an aldehyde alcohol]. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences (in French). 74: 1361.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Adolphe_Wurtz","url_text":"Wurtz, C. A."},{"url":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3031q/f1361.table","url_text":"\"Sur un aldéhyde-alcool\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptes_rendus_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences","url_text":"Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences"}]},{"reference":"Wade, L. G. (2005). Organic Chemistry (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 1056–66. ISBN 978-0-13-236731-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-236731-8","url_text":"978-0-13-236731-8"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2006). March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure. doi:10.1002/0470084960. ISBN 9780470084960.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0470084960","url_text":"10.1002/0470084960"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470084960","url_text":"9780470084960"}]},{"reference":"Mahrwald, R. (2004). Modern Aldol Reactions, Volumes 1 and 2. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. pp. 1218–23. ISBN 978-3-527-30714-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/modernaldolreact00rain/page/1218","url_text":"Modern Aldol Reactions, Volumes 1 and 2"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/modernaldolreact00rain/page/1218","url_text":"1218–23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30714-2","url_text":"978-3-527-30714-2"}]},{"reference":"Heathcock, C. H. (1991). \"The Aldol Reaction: Acid and General Base Catalysis\". In Trost, B. M.; Fleming, I. (eds.). Comprehensive Organic Synthesis. Vol. 2. Elsevier Science. pp. 133–179. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-052349-1.00027-5. ISBN 978-0-08-052349-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Heathcock","url_text":"Heathcock, C. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Trost","url_text":"Trost, B. M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Fleming_(chemist)","url_text":"Fleming, I."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-052349-1.00027-5","url_text":"10.1016/B978-0-08-052349-1.00027-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-052349-1","url_text":"978-0-08-052349-1"}]},{"reference":"Paterson, I. (1988). \"New Asymmetric Aldol Methodology Using Boron Enolates\". Chem. Ind. 12: 390–394.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mestres R. (2004). \"A green look at the aldol reaction\". Green Chemistry. 6 (12): 583–603. doi:10.1039/b409143b.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb409143b","url_text":"10.1039/b409143b"}]},{"reference":"Jie Jack Li; et al. (2004). Contemporary Drug Synthesis. Wiley-Interscience. pp. 118–. ISBN 978-0-471-21480-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-21480-9","url_text":"978-0-471-21480-9"}]},{"reference":"Grossmann, Robert B. (Jan 2002). The Art of Writing Reasonable Organic Reaction Mechanisms (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 133. ISBN 0-387-95468-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-95468-6","url_text":"0-387-95468-6"}]},{"reference":"Molander, G. A., ed. (2011). Stereoselective Synthesis 2: Stereoselective Reactions of Carbonyl and Imino Groups (1 ed.). Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. doi:10.1055/sos-sd-202-00331. 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Chem."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fv84-243","url_text":"10.1139/v84-243"}]},{"reference":"Molander, ed. (2011). Stereoselective Synthesis 2: Stereoselective Reactions of Carbonyl and Imino Groups (1 ed.). Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. doi:10.1055/sos-sd-202-00331. ISBN 978-3-13-154121-5.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ebooks/book/10.1055/b-003-125712","url_text":"Stereoselective Synthesis 2: Stereoselective Reactions of Carbonyl and Imino Groups"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fsos-sd-202-00331","url_text":"10.1055/sos-sd-202-00331"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-13-154121-5","url_text":"978-3-13-154121-5"}]},{"reference":"Warren, Stuart; Wyatt, Paul (2008). 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Organic Reactions. pp. 1–200. doi:10.1002/0471264180.or051.01. ISBN 978-0471264187.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471264180.or051.01","url_text":"10.1002/0471264180.or051.01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471264187","url_text":"978-0471264187"}]},{"reference":"Brown, H. C.; Dhar, R. K.; Bakshi, R. K.; Pandiarajan, P. K.; Singaram, B. (1989). \"Major effect of the leaving group in dialkylboron chlorides and triflates in controlling the stereospecific conversion of ketones into either E- or Z-enol borinates\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 111 (9): 3441–3442. doi:10.1021/ja00191a058.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown","url_text":"Brown, H. 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An efficient method for the assemblage of polypropionate-related synthons\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 113 (3): 1047–1049. doi:10.1021/ja00003a051.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Evans","url_text":"Evans, D. A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society","url_text":"Journal of the American Chemical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00003a051","url_text":"10.1021/ja00003a051"}]},{"reference":"Heathcock, C. H.; Buse, C. T.; Kleschnick, W. A.; Pirrung, M. C.; Sohn, J. E.; Lampe, J. (1980). \"Acyclic stereoselection. 7. Stereoselective synthesis of 2-alkyl-3-hydroxy carbonyl compounds by aldol condensation\". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 45 (6): 1066–1081. doi:10.1021/jo01294a030.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Heathcock","url_text":"Heathcock, C. 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Journal of the American Chemical Society. 124 (3): 392–393. doi:10.1021/ja0119548. PMID 11792206.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Evans","url_text":"Evans, D. A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society","url_text":"Journal of the American Chemical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja0119548","url_text":"10.1021/ja0119548"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11792206","url_text":"11792206"}]},{"reference":"Evans, David A.; Downey, C. Wade; Shaw, Jared T.; Tedrow, Jason S. (2002). \"Magnesium Halide-Catalyzed Anti-Aldol Reactions of Chiral N-Acylthiazolidinethiones\". Organic Letters. 4 (7): 1127–1130. doi:10.1021/ol025553o. 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|
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aldéhyde-alcool\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0470084960","external_links_name":"10.1002/0470084960"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/modernaldolreact00rain/page/1218","external_links_name":"Modern Aldol Reactions, Volumes 1 and 2"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/modernaldolreact00rain/page/1218","external_links_name":"1218–23"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-052349-1.00027-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/B978-0-08-052349-1.00027-5"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb409143b","external_links_name":"10.1039/b409143b"},{"Link":"http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/b-003-125712","external_links_name":"Stereoselective Synthesis 2: Stereoselective Reactions of Carbonyl and Imino Groups"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fsos-sd-202-00331","external_links_name":"10.1055/sos-sd-202-00331"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fv84-243","external_links_name":"\"The retroaldol reaction of cinnamaldehyde\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fv84-243","external_links_name":"10.1139/v84-243"},{"Link":"http://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ebooks/book/10.1055/b-003-125712","external_links_name":"Stereoselective Synthesis 2: Stereoselective Reactions of Carbonyl and Imino Groups"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fsos-sd-202-00331","external_links_name":"10.1055/sos-sd-202-00331"},{"Link":"http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/prep.asp?prep=cv7p0185","external_links_name":"(2SR,3RS)-2,4-Dimethyl-3-Hydroxypentanoic Acid"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606033118/http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/prep.asp?prep=cv7p0185","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00401a031","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja00401a031"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471264180.or051.01","external_links_name":"10.1002/0471264180.or051.01"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00191a058","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja00191a058"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01565a041","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja01565a041"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00003a051","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja00003a051"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo01294a030","external_links_name":"10.1021/jo01294a030"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo00013a015","external_links_name":"10.1021/jo00013a015"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00384a062","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja00384a062"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00140a027","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja00140a027"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.198500013","external_links_name":"10.1002/anie.198500013"},{"Link":"https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/documents/296/074/acta-vol15.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Studies in Asymmetric Synthesis: The Development of Practical Chiral Enolate Synthons\""},{"Link":"http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/prep.asp?prep=cv8p0339","external_links_name":"Diastereoselective Aldol Condensation Using A Chiral Oxazolidinone Auxiliary: (2S*,3S*)-3-Hydroxy-3-Phenyl-2-Methylpropanoic Acid"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120929193419/http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/prep.asp?prep=cv8p0339","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00398a058","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja00398a058"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00216a026","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja00216a026"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja9716721","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja9716721"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fol9913901","external_links_name":"10.1021/ol9913901"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10754681","external_links_name":"10754681"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fol062688b","external_links_name":"10.1021/ol062688b"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17192107","external_links_name":"17192107"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201303914","external_links_name":"10.1002/anie.201303914"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23893491","external_links_name":"23893491"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00831a019","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja00831a019"},{"Link":"http://www.orgsynth.org/orgsyn/pdfs/CV8P0323.pdf","external_links_name":"3-Hydroxy-3-Methyl-1-Phenyl-1-Butanone by Crossed Aldol Reaction"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471264180.or067.01","external_links_name":"10.1002/0471264180.or067.01"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo00925a003","external_links_name":"10.1021/jo00925a003"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.197104961","external_links_name":"10.1002/anie.197104961"},{"Link":"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/76965/2/ja0262378_s.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The First Direct and Enantioselective Cross-Aldol Reaction of Aldehydes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja0262378","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja0262378"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12059180","external_links_name":"12059180"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja0119548","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja0119548"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11792206","external_links_name":"11792206"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fol025553o","external_links_name":"10.1021/ol025553o"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11922799","external_links_name":"11922799"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200453716","external_links_name":"\"Enantioselective Organocatalytic Direct Aldol Reactions of -Oxyaldehydes: Step One in a Two-Step Synthesis of Carbohydrates\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200453716","external_links_name":"10.1002/anie.200453716"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15083470","external_links_name":"15083470"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.cl1hyq;view=1up;seq=600","external_links_name":"\"V. von Richter, aus St. Petersburg am 17. October 1869\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e1dKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA286","external_links_name":"\"Chemical notices from foreign sources: Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, no. 16, 1869: Valerian aldehyde and Oenanth aldehyde – M. Borodin,\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wc8dTz820AIC&pg=PA4","external_links_name":"pp. 4"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wc8dTz820AIC&pg=PA51","external_links_name":"51."},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3481752;view=1up;seq=116","external_links_name":"\"Ueber einen neuen Abkömmling des Valerals\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.S._Jerusalem
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P.S. Jerusalem
|
["1 Festivals and awards","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Israeli filmP.S. JerusalemTheatrical Release PosterDirected byDanae ElonWritten bySophie Farkas BollaDanae ElonProduced byPaul CadieuxStarringPhilip TouitouTristan Touitou ElonAndrei Touitou ElonAmos Touitou ElonLuai Musa HatibCinematographyDanae ElonEdited bySophie Farkas BollaMusic byOlivier AlaryDistributed byFilmoption InternationalRunning time87 minutesCountriesIsraelCanadaLanguagesEnglish, Hebrew, Arabic
P.S. Jerusalem is a 2015 documentary film directed by Israeli filmmaker and cinematographer, Danae Elon. The film is a first person documentary journey about the director's return to Jerusalem, the city of her youth.
Festivals and awards
Festival
Category
Award
Ref.
Toronto International Film Festival
TIFF Docs
Berlin International Film Festival
Forum
DOC NYC
Rencontres internationales du documentaire de Montréal
Student Choice Award
Haifa International Film Festival
Cinema South International Film Festival
London Human Rights Watch Film Festival
Festival du Film et Forum International sur les Droits Humains
Melbourne International Film Festival
Zurich Human Rights Film Festival
Visioni Fuori Raccordo Film Festival
Biografilm Festival
Giffoni Film Festival
References
^ "Filmmaker Danae Elon captures her return home in 'P.S. Jerusalem'". CBC Radio. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
^ Dam, Freja. "TIFF 2015 Women Directors: Meet Danae Elon – 'P.S. Jerusalem' | IndieWire". www.indiewire.com. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
^ Barraclough, Leo (2016-01-19). "Berlin Film Festival: Forum Section Puts Spotlight on Arab Countries". Variety. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
^ "P.S. JERUSALEM". DOCNYC. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
^ "Student Jury". RIDM. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
^ Sucharov, Mira (2015-09-09). "When Making Aliyah Can Lead to More Questions Than Answers". Haaretz. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
^ "Sderot's film festival is a 'beit midrash' for movies". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
^ "'P.S. Jerusalem,' a love story about a family looking for a home in a troubled city". Public Radio International. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
^ "Festival du Film et Forum International sur les Droits Humains, Genève". www.fifdh.org (in French). Retrieved 2017-02-01.
^ "MIFF 2017 | Festival Archive 1952-2015". MIFF 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
^ "Houdini Kino/Bar > Kino > Archiv > P. S. Jerusalem - HRFF 2016". www.kinohoudini.ch (in Swiss High German). Retrieved 2017-02-01.
^ "Visioni Fuori Raccordo - Rome Documentary Fest". Visioni Fuori Raccordo - Rome Documentary Fest (in Italian). Retrieved 2017-02-01.
^ D-sign.it. "Il programma di Biografilm Festival - Biografilm Festival". www.biografilm.it. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
^ "P.S. JERUSALEM". www.giffonifilmfestival.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2017-02-01.
External links
Official Website
P.S. Jerusalem at the Internet Movie Database
P.S. Jerusalem at Rotten Tomatoes
P.S. Jerusalem at AllMovie
This article related to an Israeli film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Petersham
|
Municipality of Petersham
|
["1 Mayors","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 33°53′42″S 151°09′27″E / 33.8949°S 151.1574°E / -33.8949; 151.1574Former local government area in New South Wales, Australia
Municipality of PetershamNew South WalesPopulation29,451 (1947 census) • Density8,410/km2 (21,790/sq mi)Established14 December 1871Abolished31 December 1948Area3.5 km2 (1.4 sq mi)Council seatPetersham Town HallRegionInner WestParishPetersham
LGAs around Municipality of Petersham:
Leichhardt
Camperdown
Ashfield
Municipality of Petersham
Newtown
Canterbury
Marrickville
The Municipality of Petersham was a local government area of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The small municipality was proclaimed as a borough in 1871 and was centred on the suburbs of Lewisham, Petersham and Stanmore. It was bounded by Parramatta Road in the north, Cardigan and Liberty Streets in the east, Stanmore and New Canterbury Roads in the south, and Old Canterbury Road in the west. The municipality was divided into three wards: South Kingston, Annadale and Sydenham, all the names of early farms. The boundaries remained fairly stable, with only minor changes on the east and western sides. The borough became a municipality in 1906. In 1949 under the Local Government (Areas) Act 1948, Petersham council was merged with the larger neighbouring Marrickville Council which was located immediately to the south.
Petersham Town Hall, which replaced an earlier town hall built in 1882, was the seat of the council from 1938–1948.
Mayors
Mayors
Party
Term start
Term end
Notes
William Pigott
n/a
14 February 1872
10 February 1880
Michael McMahon
10 February 1880
10 February 1881
William Henry Paling
10 February 1881
15 February 1882
John Gelding
15 February 1882
15 February 1884
Henry Hughes
15 February 1884
11 February 1885
William Davis
11 February 1885
10 February 1886
John Wheeler
10 February 1886
11 February 1891
Llewellyn Jones
11 February 1891
13 February 1894
Alfred Rofe
13 February 1894
12 February 1897
Percy Hordern
12 February 1897
10 February 1899
Joseph Wetherill Cockbaine
10 February 1899
15 February 1901
Henry Davis
15 February 1901
9 February 1903
Percy Hordern
9 February 1903
16 February 1905
Frederick Lawrence Langdon
16 February 1905
February 1908
Percy Hordern
February 1908
February 1910
Tom Hoskins
February 1910
February 1912
Richard Barry
February 1912
17 September 1912
John Wheeler
20 September 1912
31 January 1914
Charles Henry Crammond
3 February 1914
2 February 1915
Tom Hoskins
2 February 1915
February 1916
John Henry Albert Weekley
February 1916
11 February 1918
Richard Gendle
11 February 1918
February 1920
Abraham Cropper
February 1920
December 1920
John Allworth Clark
December 1920
December 1921
William John Bastion
December 1921
7 December 1922
David Robert Cooper
7 December 1922
December 1923
Joseph Johnson
December 1923
December 1924
Walter Lawrence Maundrell
December 1924
December 1925
John Henry Albert Weekley
December 1925
December 1926
Gilbert Barry
December 1926
December 1927
Arthur Whiteley
December 1927
December 1928
Thomas Casserley
December 1928
December 1929
James Bain
December 1929
December 1930
Ernest Albert McKinley
December 1930
January 1932
Arthur Whiteley
January 1932
December 1932
Joseph Johnson
December 1932
December 1933
Jacob Lauder Raith
December 1933
December 1934
Walter Lawrence Maundrell
December 1934
December 1935
John Alexander Stewart
December 1935
December 1936
Robert John Hoskins
December 1936
December 1937
Joseph Johnson
December 1937
December 1938
Walter Lawrence Maundrell
December 1938
December 1939
Fred Cahill
Labor
December 1939
December 1940
Sydney Hastie Bain
December 1940
December 1941
John Friel Laxton
December 1941
December 1943
Hilton Gregory Clifford
December 1943
December 1944
John Friel Laxton
December 1944
31 December 1948
References
^ Spearritt, Peter (2000). Sydney's Century: A History. Sydney: UNSW Press. pp. 272–273. ISBN 9780868405131.
^ "Government Gazette Proclamations and Legislation". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 301. 14 December 1871. p. 2827. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ Gregory's Street Directory of Sydney and Suburbs. 1st Edition, 1934. The Australian Guide Book Co, Sydney.
^ "We, the undersigned aldermen, of the Borough of Petersham, assembled at a duly concerted meeting of the Aldermen". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 47. 16 February 1872. p. 434. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 37. 18 February 1873. p. 508. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 34. 13 February 1874. p. 466. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 42. 8 February 1876. p. 565. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 66. 16 February 1877. p. 737. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 49. 12 February 1878. p. 646. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 50. 14 February 1879. p. 699. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Death of Mr. W. H. Pigott". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 March 1909. p. 6. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 64. 17 February 1880. p. 796. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 62. 15 February 1881. p. 945. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 71. 17 February 1882. p. 947. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 69. 23 February 1883. p. 1036. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 79. 19 February 1884. p. 1271. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 61. 13 February 1885. p. 1132. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 89. 12 February 1886. p. 1064. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 91. 15 February 1887. p. 1120. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 117. 17 February 1888. p. 1325. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 104. 15 February 1889. p. 1291. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 97. 21 February 1890. p. 1584. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 106. 13 February 1891. p. 1279. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 97. 12 February 1892. p. 1230. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 103. 17 February 1893. p. 1375. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 98. 16 February 1894. p. 1078. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 132. 22 February 1895. p. 1292. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 124. 18 February 1896. p. 1189. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 128. 16 February 1897. p. 1112. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 123. 11 February 1898. p. 1120. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 142. 14 February 1899. p. 1351. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 143. 16 February 1900. p. 1351. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. No. 135. 19 February 1901. p. 1316. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. No. 141. 18 February 1902. p. 1402. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Election of Mayor at Petersham". The Sydney Morning Herald. 10 February 1903. p. 5. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. No. 93. 16 February 1904. p. 1394. Retrieved 8 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. No. 94. 21 February 1905. p. 1243. Retrieved 8 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Borough of Petersham". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. No. 90. 16 February 1906. p. 1177. Retrieved 8 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Personal". The Sydney Morning Herald. 26 February 1910. p. 12. Retrieved 8 August 2016 – via Trove.
^ "Men and women". The Star. 15 February 1910. p. 4. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "New Mayors". The Evening News. 16 February 1911. p. 9. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "New mayors". The Land. 23 February 1912. p. 9. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Men and women". The Sun. 18 September 1912. p. 6. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mr R A Barry". The Sydney Morning Herald. 7 July 1936. p. 7. Retrieved 22 May 2021 – via Trove.
^ "Mayor of Petersham". The Sydney Morning Herald. 26 September 1912. p. 10. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "New Mayors". The Evening News. 4 February 1914. p. 9. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mayor of Petersham". The Sun. 3 February 1915. p. 5. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mr. T. J. Hoskins". Nambucca and Bellinger News. 20 July 1934. p. 6. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Election of Mayors". The Sydney Morning Herald. 11 February 1916. p. 5. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Presentation to Petersham council". The Evening News. 12 February 1918. p. 4. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mayors and shire presidents". The Daily Telegraph. 6 February 1919. p. 6. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "New Mayors and Presidents". The Evening News. 16 December 1920. p. 6. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mayors and shire presidents". The Daily Telegraph. 17 December 1921. p. 17. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "New Mayors". The Evening News. 8 December 1922. p. 8. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mayoral elections". The Sydney Morning Herald. 22 December 1923. p. 16. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mayoral elections". The Sydney Morning Herald. 11 December 1924. p. 10. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Petersham". The Evening News. 11 December 1925. p. 5. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "New mayors". The Sun. 15 December 1926. p. 11. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ Also Mayor of Marrickville, 1948–1949.
^ "Mayoral elections". The Sydney Morning Herald. 22 December 1927. p. 10. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mayoral elections". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 December 1928. p. 12. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Alderman T Casserly". The Sydney Morning Herald. 31 July 1937. p. 23. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Men and women". The Sun. 16 December 1929. p. 13. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Death at 69". The Sun. 23 November 1934. p. 17. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Postponed". The Sydney Morning Herald. 3 December 1931. p. 9. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mayoral elections". The Sydney Morning Herald. 7 January 1932. p. 8. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Some of the recently elected suburban and country mayors and presidents of shires". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 December 1932. p. 12. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mayoral elections". The Sydney Morning Herald. 16 December 1933. p. 19. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mayoral elections". The Sydney Morning Herald. 6 December 1934. p. 8. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "New mayors of suburban municipalities". The Sydney Morning Herald. 25 December 1935. p. 10. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mayors for 1936". The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 December 1935. p. 12. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mayors elected in suburbs". The Sun. 10 December 1936. p. 27. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mayoral elections". The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 December 1937. p. 7. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mayoral elections". The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 December 1938. p. 19. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "First Labor mayor". Daily News. 14 December 1939. p. 3. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mayoral elections". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 December 1939. p. 16. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Obituary - Mr. F. J. Cahill". Catholic Weekly. 5 October 1944. p. 14. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mrs. L. Fowler beaten for chair". The Sun. 11 December 1940. p. 5. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mayors and shire presidents". The Sydney Morning Herald. 26 December 1941. p. 10. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mayors elected". The Sydney Morning Herald. 28 December 1943. p. 3. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mayors elected by councils". The Sun. 6 December 1944. p. 6. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Suburban mayors". The Sydney Morning Herald. 6 December 1945. p. 6. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ "Mayoral elections". The Sydney Morning Herald. 13 December 1946. p. 5. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.
^ Also Mayor of Marrickville, 1958–1959.
vteNSW Local government areas abolished or expanded by the NSW Local Government (Areas) Act 1948Councilsexpanded
Sydney
Parramatta
Penrith
Fairfield
Campbelltown
Camden
Auburn
Strathfield
Burwood
Marrickville
Rockdale
Leichhardt
Botany
Windsor
Ryde
Woollahra
Liverpool
Councilsabolished
Alexandria
Darlington
Erskineville
The Glebe
Newtown
Paddington
Redfern
Waterloo
Granville
Dundas
Ermington and Rydalmere
Castlereagh
St Marys
Nepean
Cabramatta and Canley Vale
Ingleburn
Lidcombe
Enfield
St Peters
Petersham
Bexley
Annandale
Balmain
Mascot
Richmond
Eastwood
Vaucluse
vteFormer local government areas in New South WalesCities andmunicipalities
Aberdeen
Alexandria
Annandale
Armidale (C)
Ashfield
Auburn (C)
Ballina
Balmain
Bankstown (C)
Barraba
Bathurst (C)
Bega
Berry
Bexley
Bingara
Blackheath
Blayney
Bombala
Botany Bay (C)
Bowral
Broughton's Vale
Cabramatta and Canley Vale
Carcoar
Camden
Camperdown
Canterbury (C)
Casino
Castlereagh
Cessnock
Concord
Condobolin
Cook
Cooma
Coonamble
Cootamundra
Coraki
Corowa
Cowra
Cudal
Cudgegong
Darlington
Deniliquin
Drummoyne
Dubbo (C)
Dundas
Dungog
East Orange
East St Leonards (B)
Eastwood
Enfield
Ermington and Rydalmere
Erskineville
Five Dock
Forbes
Gerringong
The Glebe
Glen Innes
Goulburn (C)
Grafton (C)
Granville
Greater Taree (C)
Grenfell
Gosford (C)
Gulgong
Gundagai
Gunnedah
Hay
Hill End
Hillgrove
Hillston
Holroyd (C)
Homebush
Hurstville (C)
Ingleburn
Inverell
Jamberoo
Jerilderie
Junee
Katoomba (C)
Kempsey
Kogarah (C)
Leichhardt
Lidcombe
Manilla
Manly
Marrickville
Maclean
Mascot
Moama
Molong
Moree
Morpeth
Moruya
Moss Vale
Mudgee
Mulgoa
Mullumbimby
Murrumburrah
Murrurundi
Murwillumbah
Muswellbrook
Narrabri
Narrandera
Narromine
Newtown
North Illawarra
Nowra
Nyngan
Paddington
Parkes
Peak Hill
Petersham
Picton
Pittwater
Port Macquarie
Queanbeyan (C)
Quirindi
Raymond Terrace
Redfern
Richmond
Rockdale (C)
Scone
Singleton
South Grafton
South Shoalhaven
South Sydney (C)
St Leonards (B)
St Marys
St Peters
Tamworth (C)
Temora
Taree
Tenterfield
Tumut
Ulladulla
Ulmurra
Uralla
Vaucluse
Victoria (B)
Walcha
Wallendbeen
Warialda
Warren
Waterloo
Wellington
West Maitland
West Narrabri
Windsor
Wingham
Wyalong
Yass
Young
Shires
Abercrombie
Adjungbilly
Amaroo
Armidale Dumaresq
Ashford
Bannockburn
Barraba
Bibbenluke
Bingara
Blaxland
Bombala
Boolooroo
Boomi
Boorowa
Boree
Bulli
Burrangong
Cambewarra
Canobolas
Central Illawarra
Clyde
Cobbora
Cockburn
Colo
Coolah
Cooma-Monaro
Coonabarabran
Cootamundra
Conargo
Copmanhurst
Coreen
Corowa
Crookwell
Cudgegong
Culcairn
Demondrille
Denman
Dorrigo
Dumaresq
Erina
Evans
Gadara
Gloucester
Goobang
Goodradigbee
Gostwyck
Great Lakes
Gulgong
Gundagai
Gundurimba
Gunning
Guyra
Gwydir Shire (1906–1943)
Harden
Harwood
Hastings
Holbrook
Hume
Illabo
Imlay
Jerilderie
Jemalong
Jindalee
Kearsley
Kyeamba
Liverpool Plains (1906–1980)
Lower Hunter
Lyndhurst
Macintyre
Maclean
Macleay
Macquarie
Mandowa
Manilla
Manning
Merriwa
Mitchell
Mittagong
Molong
Monaro
Mudgee
Mulwaree
Mumbulla
Murray
Murrumbidgee
Murrurundi
Namoi
Narraburra
Nepean
Nundle
Nymboida
Orara
Palerang
Parry
Patrick Plains
Peel
Pristine Waters
Quirindi
Richmond River
Rylstone
Scone
Severn
Snowy River
Talbragar
Tallaganda
Tamarang
Terania
Timbrebongie
Tintenbar
Tomki
Tumbarumba
Tumut
Turon
Ulmarra
Upper Hunter (1906–1957)
Urana
Wade
Wakool
Waradgery
Warringah
Waugoola
Wellington
Windouran
Woodburn
Woy Woy
Wunnamurra
Wyaldra
Wyong
Yallaroi
Yanko
Yarrowlumla
Yass
Young
33°53′42″S 151°09′27″E / 33.8949°S 151.1574°E / -33.8949; 151.1574
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Lewisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisham,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Petersham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersham,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Stanmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanmore,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Parramatta Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parramatta_Road"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Local Government (Areas) Act 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_(Areas)_Act_1948"},{"link_name":"Marrickville Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrickville_Council"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PetershamTH.JPG"}],"text":"Former local government area in New South Wales, AustraliaThe Municipality of Petersham was a local government area of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The small municipality was proclaimed as a borough in 1871 and was centred on the suburbs of Lewisham, Petersham and Stanmore.[2] It was bounded by Parramatta Road in the north, Cardigan and Liberty Streets in the east, Stanmore and New Canterbury Roads in the south, and Old Canterbury Road in the west.[3] The municipality was divided into three wards: South Kingston, Annadale and Sydenham, all the names of early farms. The boundaries remained fairly stable, with only minor changes on the east and western sides. The borough became a municipality in 1906. In 1949 under the Local Government (Areas) Act 1948, Petersham council was merged with the larger neighbouring Marrickville Council which was located immediately to the south.Petersham Town Hall, which replaced an earlier town hall built in 1882, was the seat of the council from 1938–1948.","title":"Municipality of Petersham"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mayors"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Petersham Town Hall, which replaced an earlier town hall built in 1882, was the seat of the council from 1938–1948.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/PetershamTH.JPG/300px-PetershamTH.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Spearritt, Peter (2000). Sydney's Century: A History. Sydney: UNSW Press. pp. 272–273. ISBN 9780868405131.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8Vt49nQqVkYC&pg=PA272","url_text":"Sydney's Century: A History"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8Vt49nQqVkYC&pg=PA272","url_text":"272"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780868405131","url_text":"9780868405131"}]},{"reference":"\"Government Gazette Proclamations and Legislation\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 301. 14 December 1871. p. 2827. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article223719972","url_text":"\"Government Gazette Proclamations and Legislation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"We, the undersigned aldermen, of the Borough of Petersham, assembled at a duly concerted meeting of the Aldermen\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 47. 16 February 1872. p. 434. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article223086356","url_text":"\"We, the undersigned aldermen, of the Borough of Petersham, assembled at a duly concerted meeting of the Aldermen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 37. 18 February 1873. p. 508. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230048189","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 34. 13 February 1874. p. 466. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article223692557","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 42. 8 February 1876. p. 565. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article223645564","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 66. 16 February 1877. p. 737. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article223128288","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 49. 12 February 1878. p. 646. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article224594299","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 50. 14 February 1879. p. 699. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article223658545","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Death of Mr. W. H. Pigott\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 March 1909. p. 6. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15043061","url_text":"\"Death of Mr. W. H. Pigott\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 64. 17 February 1880. p. 796. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article224188802","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 62. 15 February 1881. p. 945. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article223690233","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 71. 17 February 1882. p. 947. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article221703008","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 69. 23 February 1883. p. 1036. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article221661961","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 79. 19 February 1884. p. 1271. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article222088210","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 61. 13 February 1885. p. 1132. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article221624923","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 89. 12 February 1886. p. 1064. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article221652691","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 91. 15 February 1887. p. 1120. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article219935004","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 117. 17 February 1888. p. 1325. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article219939061","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 104. 15 February 1889. p. 1291. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article224314493","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 97. 21 February 1890. p. 1584. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article223597054","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 106. 13 February 1891. p. 1279. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article222106010","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 97. 12 February 1892. p. 1230. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article222976500","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 103. 17 February 1893. p. 1375. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article220967026","url_text":"\"Borough of Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Gazette","url_text":"New South Wales Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Borough of Petersham\". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 98. 16 February 1894. p. 1078. 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The Sydney Morning Herald. 11 December 1924. p. 10. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16206937","url_text":"\"Mayoral elections\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Petersham\". The Evening News. 11 December 1925. p. 5. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article126129679","url_text":"\"Petersham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evening_News_(Sydney)","url_text":"The Evening News"}]},{"reference":"\"New mayors\". The Sun. 15 December 1926. p. 11. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article224129051","url_text":"\"New mayors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(Sydney)","url_text":"The Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayoral elections\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 22 December 1927. p. 10. 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The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 December 1935. p. 12. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17209398","url_text":"\"Mayors for 1936\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayors elected in suburbs\". The Sun. 10 December 1936. p. 27. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230900097","url_text":"\"Mayors elected in suburbs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(Sydney)","url_text":"The Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayoral elections\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 December 1937. p. 7. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17440449","url_text":"\"Mayoral elections\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayoral elections\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 December 1938. p. 19. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17554901","url_text":"\"Mayoral elections\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"First Labor mayor\". Daily News. 14 December 1939. p. 3. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article236332708","url_text":"\"First Labor mayor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(Sydney)","url_text":"Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayoral elections\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 December 1939. p. 16. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17635570","url_text":"\"Mayoral elections\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary - Mr. F. J. Cahill\". Catholic Weekly. 5 October 1944. p. 14. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article146487448","url_text":"\"Obituary - Mr. F. J. Cahill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Weekly","url_text":"Catholic Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs. L. Fowler beaten for chair\". The Sun. 11 December 1940. p. 5. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article231150807","url_text":"\"Mrs. L. Fowler beaten for chair\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(Sydney)","url_text":"The Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayors and shire presidents\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 26 December 1941. p. 10. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17780559","url_text":"\"Mayors and shire presidents\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayors elected\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 28 December 1943. p. 3. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17879768","url_text":"\"Mayors elected\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayors elected by councils\". The Sun. 6 December 1944. p. 6. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article229269987","url_text":"\"Mayors elected by councils\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(Sydney)","url_text":"The Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Suburban mayors\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 6 December 1945. p. 6. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17961919","url_text":"\"Suburban mayors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayoral elections\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 13 December 1946. p. 5. Retrieved 30 September 2017 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18009068","url_text":"\"Mayoral elections\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]}]
|
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Hoskins\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15667542","external_links_name":"\"Election of Mayors\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article113955323","external_links_name":"\"Presentation to Petersham council\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article239583179","external_links_name":"\"Mayors and shire presidents\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article117307172","external_links_name":"\"New Mayors and Presidents\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article239712162","external_links_name":"\"Mayors and shire presidents\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article118806835","external_links_name":"\"New Mayors\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16117920","external_links_name":"\"Mayoral elections\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16206937","external_links_name":"\"Mayoral elections\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article126129679","external_links_name":"\"Petersham\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article224129051","external_links_name":"\"New mayors\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16428748","external_links_name":"\"Mayoral elections\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16517257","external_links_name":"\"Mayoral elections\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article27984758","external_links_name":"\"Alderman T Casserly\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article225147298","external_links_name":"\"Men and women\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230155448","external_links_name":"\"Death at 69\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28036221","external_links_name":"\"Postponed\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16832115","external_links_name":"\"Mayoral elections\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16938183","external_links_name":"\"Some of the recently elected suburban and country mayors and presidents of shires\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17033046","external_links_name":"\"Mayoral elections\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28021559","external_links_name":"\"Mayoral elections\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17236143","external_links_name":"\"New mayors of suburban municipalities\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17209398","external_links_name":"\"Mayors for 1936\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230900097","external_links_name":"\"Mayors elected in suburbs\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17440449","external_links_name":"\"Mayoral elections\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17554901","external_links_name":"\"Mayoral elections\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article236332708","external_links_name":"\"First Labor mayor\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17635570","external_links_name":"\"Mayoral elections\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article146487448","external_links_name":"\"Obituary - Mr. F. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Weinstock
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Jack Weinstock
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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American dramatist
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jack Weinstock" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Jack WeinstockDied(1969-05-23)May 23, 1969New York City, New York, USAOccupation(s)Author, playwrightAwardsTony Award for Best Author 1962 How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying
Jack Weinstock (died 23 May 1969 in New York City, New York) was an American author and playwright. Best known for writing the musical book for How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, he also co-authored the play Catch Me If You Can with Willie Gilbert and wrote the book for the musical Hot Spot.
References
^ "Biography of Jack Weinstock" Musical Theatre International. Retrieved 2015-8-9.
External links
Jack Weinstock at the Internet Broadway Database
Jack Weinstock at IMDb
vteTony Award for Best Author
Arthur Miller (1947)
Thomas Heggen and Joshua Logan (1948)
Arthur Miller / Bella and Samuel Spewack (1949)
Abe Burrows, Jack Weinstock, and Willie Gilbert (1962)
Burt Shevelove and Larry Gelbart (1963)
Michael Stewart (1964)
Neil Simon / Joseph Stein (1965)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
Belgium
United States
Netherlands
Other
SNAC
This article about an American playwright is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica
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Fagus sylvatica
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["1 Description","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Ecology","3.1 Diseases and Pathogens","4 Cultivation","4.1 Cultivars","5 Uses","5.1 Timber","6 Gallery","7 References","8 External links"]
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Species of deciduous tree
Fagus sylvatica
Alpine forest (Italy)
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Fagales
Family:
Fagaceae
Genus:
Fagus
Species:
F. sylvatica
Binomial name
Fagus sylvaticaL.
Distribution map Fagus sylvatica
Fagus orientalis (syn. F. sylvatica subsp. orientalis)
Synonyms
Castanea fagus Scop.
Fagus aspleniifolia (Dum.Cours.) Raf.
Fagus comptoniifolia Desf.
Fagus cuprea Hurter ex A.DC.
Fagus echinata Gilib.
Fagus incisa Dippel
Fagus laciniata A.DC.
Fagus purpurea (Aiton) Dum.Cours.
Fagus purpurea var. roseomarginata Cripps
Fagus purpurea tricolor (Simon-Louis ex K.Koch) Pynaert
Fagus sylvatica var. aenea Dum.Cours.
Fagus sylvatica var. albovariegata Weston
Fagus sylvatica f. albovariegata (Weston) Domin
Fagus sylvatica var. aspleniifolia Dum.Cours.
Fagus sylvatica f. aspleniifolia (Dum.Cours.) C.K.Schneid.
Fagus sylvatica var. atropunicea Weston
Fagus sylvatica f. atropunicea (Weston) Domin
Fagus sylvatica f. aureovariegata C.K.Schneid.
Fagus sylvatica f. bornyensis Simon-Louis ex Beissn.
Fagus sylvatica var. cochleata Dippel
Fagus sylvatica var. colorata A.DC.
Fagus sylvatica var. coriacea Wallr.
Fagus sylvatica var. cristata Dum.Cours.
Fagus sylvatica f. cristata (Dum.Cours.) Schelle
Fagus sylvatica f. fastigiata Simon-Louis ex K.Koch
Fagus sylvatica var. foliis-striatis Dippel
Fagus sylvatica var. grandidentata Dippel
Fagus sylvatica var. heterophylla Loudon
Fagus sylvatica var. laciniata Vignet
Fagus sylvatica f. laciniata (Vignet) Domin
Fagus sylvatica var. latifolia Loudon
Fagus sylvatica f. luteovariegata (Weston) Domin
Fagus sylvatica var. luteovariegata Weston
Fagus sylvatica var. miltonensis A.Henry
Fagus sylvatica pendula (Dum.Cours.) Lodd.
Fagus sylvatica var. pendula Dum.Cours.
Fagus sylvatica f. pendula (Dum.Cours.) Schelle
Fagus sylvatica pendula-purpurea Graebener
Fagus sylvatica var. purpurea Aiton in Hortus Kew. 3: 362 (1789)
Fagus sylvatica f. purpurea (Aiton) Schelle
Fagus sylvatica purpurea-latifolia Jacob-Makoy
Fagus sylvatica purpurea-pendula Van Geert
Fagus sylvatica var. purpureopendula H.Jaeger
Fagus sylvatica f. purpureopendula (H.Jaeger) Rehder
Fagus sylvatica var. pyramidalis Dippel
Fagus sylvatica f. quercifolia C.K.Schneid.
Fagus sylvatica var. quercifolia (C.K.Schneid.) Geerinck
Fagus sylvatica var. quercoides Pers.
Fagus sylvatica f. quercoides (Pers.) Aug.DC.
Fagus sylvatica var. remillyensis (Simon-Louis) A.Henry
Fagus sylvatica remillyensis Simon-Louis
Fagus sylvatica f. retroflexa Dippel
Fagus sylvatica rohanii Körb.
Fagus sylvatica f. rohanii (Körb.) C.K.Schneid.
Fagus sylvatica f. roseomarginata (Cripps) Domin
Fagus sylvatica f. roseomarginatis Dippel
Fagus sylvatica rotundifolia Jackman
Fagus sylvatica f. rotundifolia (Jackman) Rehder
Fagus sylvatica f. salicifolia Dippel
Fagus sylvatica var. sanguinea Amo
Fagus sylvatica subsp. Sanguinea (Amo) Arcang.
Fagus sylvatica var. suentelensis Schelle
Fagus sylvatica var. suntalensis Beissn.
Fagus sylvatica var. tortuosa Pépin
Fagus sylvatica proles tortuosa (Pépin) Rouy
Fagus sylvatica f. tortuosa (Pépin) Hegi
Fagus sylvatica f. tricolor Simon-Louis ex K.Koch
Fagus sylvatica var. variegata Dippel
Fagus sylvatica var. vulgaris Aiton
Fagus sylvatica var. zlatia Späth ex E.Goeze
Fagus sylvatica f. zlatia (Späth ex E.Goeze) Schelle
Fagus sylvestris Gaertn.
Fagus tortuosa (Dippel) F.Boden
Fagus sylvatica, the European beech or common beech is a large, graceful deciduous tree in the beech family with smooth silvery-gray bark, large leaf area, and a short trunk with low branches.
Description
Copper beech in autumn
Shoot with nut cupules
Fagus sylvatica is a large tree, capable of reaching heights of up to 50 metres (160 feet) tall and 3 m (10 ft) trunk diameter, though more typically 25–35 m (82–115 ft) tall and up to 1.5 m (5 ft) trunk diameter. A 10-year-old sapling will stand about 4 m (13 ft) tall. Undisturbed, the European beech has a lifespan of 300 years; one tree at the Valle Cervara site was more than 500 years old—the oldest known in the northern hemisphere. In cultivated forest stands trees are normally harvested at 80–120 years of age. 30 years are needed to attain full maturity (as compared to 40 for American beech). Like most trees, its form depends on the location: in forest areas, F. sylvatica grows to over 30 m (100 ft), with branches being high up on the trunk. In open locations, it will become much shorter (typically 15–24 m or 50–80 ft) and more massive.
The leaves are alternate, simple, and entire or with a slightly crenate margin, 5–10 centimetres (2–4 inches) long and 3–7 cm broad, with 6–7 veins on each side of the leaf (as opposed to 7–10 veins in F. orientalis). When crenate, there is one point at each vein tip, never any points between the veins. The buds are long and slender, 15–30 millimetres (5⁄8–1+1⁄8 in) long and 2–3 mm (3⁄32–1⁄8 in) thick, but thicker (to 4–5 mm) where the buds include flower buds.
The leaves of beech are often not abscissed (dropped) in the autumn and instead remain on the tree until the spring. This process is called marcescence. This particularly occurs when trees are saplings or when plants are clipped as a hedge (making beech hedges attractive screens, even in winter), but it also often continues to occur on the lower branches when the tree is mature.
Small quantities of seeds may be produced around 10 years of age, but not a heavy crop until the tree is at least 30 years old. F. sylvatica male flowers are borne in the small catkins which are a hallmark of the Fagales order (beeches, chestnuts, oaks, walnuts, hickories, birches, and hornbeams). The female flowers produce beechnuts, small triangular nuts 15–20 mm (5⁄8–3⁄4 in) long and 7–10 mm (1⁄4–3⁄8 in) wide at the base; there are two nuts in each cupule, maturing in the autumn 5–6 months after pollination. Flower and seed production is particularly abundant in years following a hot, sunny and dry summer, though rarely for two years in a row.
Distribution and habitat
See also: Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
Fagus sylvatica pliocenica – Museum of Toulouse
The European beech is the most abundant hardwood species in Austrian, German and Swiss forests. The native range extends from the north, in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Bulgaria, eastern parts of Russia, Romania, through Europe to France, southern England, Spain (on the Cantabrian, Iberian and Central mountain ranges), and east to northwest Turkey, where it exhibits an interspecific cline with the oriental beech (Fagus orientalis), which replaces it further east. In the Balkans, it shows some hybridisation with oriental beech; these hybrid trees are named Fagus × taurica Popl. . In the southern part of its range around the Mediterranean, and Sicily, it grows only in mountain forests, at 600–1,800 m (1,969–5,906 ft) altitude.
Although often regarded as native in southern England, recent evidence suggests that F. sylvatica did not arrive in England until about 4000 BC, or 2,000 years subsequent to the English Channel forming following the ice ages; it could have been an early introduction by Stone Age humans, who used the nuts for food. The beech is classified as a native in the south of England and as a non-native in the north where it is often removed from 'native' woods. Localised pollen records have been recorded in the North of England from the Iron Age by Sir Harry Godwin. Changing climatic conditions may put beech populations in southern England under increased stress and while it may not be possible to maintain the current levels of beech in some sites it is thought that conditions for beech in north-west England will remain favourable or even improve. It is often planted in Britain. Similarly, the nature of Norwegian beech populations is subject to debate. If native, they would represent the northern range of the species. However, molecular genetic analyses support the hypothesis that these populations represent intentional introduction from Denmark before and during the Viking Age. However, the beech in Vestfold and at Seim north of Bergen in Norway is now spreading naturally and regarded as native.
Though not demanding of its soil type, the European beech has several significant requirements: a humid atmosphere (precipitation well distributed throughout the year and frequent fogs) and well-drained soil (being intolerant of excessive stagnant water). It prefers moderately fertile ground, calcified or lightly acidic, therefore it is found more often on the side of a hill than at the bottom of clayey basin. It tolerates rigorous winter cold, but is sensitive to spring frost. In Norway's oceanic climate planted trees grow well north to Bodø, and produce seedlings and can spread naturally in Trondheim. In Sweden, beech trees do not grow as far north as in Norway.
A beech forest is very dark and few species of plant are able to survive there, where the sun barely reaches the ground. Young beeches prefer some shade and may grow poorly in full sunlight. In a clear-cut forest a European beech will germinate and then die of excessive dryness. Under oaks with sparse leaf cover it will quickly surpass them in height and, due to the beech's dense foliage, the oaks will die from lack of sunlight.
Ecology
The root system is shallow, even superficial, with large roots spreading out in all directions. European beech forms ectomycorrhizas with a range of fungi including many Russula species, as well as Laccaria amethystina, and with the species Ramaria flavosaponaria. Tomentella Pat. species and Cenococcum geophilum have been found in Danish and Spanish beech forests. These fungi are important in enhancing uptake of water and nutrients from the soil.
In the woodlands of southern Britain, beech is dominant over oak and elm south of a line from about north Suffolk across to Cardigan. Oak are the dominant forest trees north of this line. One of the most beautiful European beech forests called Sonian Forest (Forêt de Soignes/Zoniënwoud) is found in the southeast of Brussels, Belgium. Beech is a dominant tree species in France and constitutes about 10% of French forests. The largest virgin forests made of beech trees are Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh (8,800 hectares or 22,000 acres) in Ukraine and Izvoarele Nerei (5,012 ha or 12,380 acres in one forest body) in Semenic-Cheile Carașului National Park, Romania. These habitats are the home of Europe's largest predators, (the brown bear, the grey wolf and the lynx). Many trees are older than 350 years in Izvoarele Nerei and even 500 years in Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh.
Spring leaf budding by the European beech is triggered by a combination of day length and temperature. Bud break each year is from the middle of April to the beginning of May, often with remarkable precision (within a few days). It is more precise in the north of its range than the south, and at 600 m (2,000 ft) than at sea level.
The European beech invests significantly in summer and autumn for the following spring. Conditions in summer, particularly good rainfall, determine the number of leaves included in the buds. In autumn, the tree builds the reserves that will sustain it into spring. Given good conditions, a bud can produce a shoot with ten or more leaves. The terminal bud emits a hormonal substance in the spring that halts the development of additional buds. This tendency, though very strong at the beginning of their existence, becomes weaker in older trees.
It is only after the budding that root growth of the year begins. The first roots to appear are very thin (with a diameter of less than 0.5 mm). Later, after a wave of above ground growth, thicker roots grow in a steady fashion.
Diseases and Pathogens
Fagus sylvatica and other beeches are prone to false heartwood ('red heart') a condition where drought, nutrient deficient soil, branch breakage, pathogen infestation or other stressor induces formation of protection wood. False heartwood often manifests in the areas of the trunk associated with symplastless branches. As branch symplast dies, the trunk wood becomes depleted of nitrogen-containing molecules essential for life; this increases risk of catastrophic trunk failure.
As the European Beech exhibits deterministic leaf and shoot development and has a larger leaf area than other European hardwood trees, it is relatively more sensitive to drought and may respond to a dry summer with pre-senescent leafdrop.
Detail of the tarcrust's structure
Biscogniauxia nummularia (beech tarcrust) is an ascomycete primary pathogen of beech trees, causing strip-canker and wood rot. It can be found at all times of year and is not edible.
Cultivation
A look down a steep gorge with European beech leading down to the ocean at Møns Klint, Denmark
European beech is a very popular ornamental tree in parks and large gardens in temperate regions of the world. In North America, they are preferred for this purpose over the native F. grandifolia, which despite its tolerance of warmer climates, is slower growing, taking an average of 10 years longer to attain maturity. The town of Brookline, Massachusetts has one of the largest, if not the largest, grove of European beech trees in the United States. The 2.5-acre (1 ha) public park, called 'The Longwood Mall', was planted sometime before 1850 qualifying it as the oldest stand of European beeches in the United States.
It is frequently kept clipped to make attractive hedges.
Since the early 19th century there have been numerous cultivars of European beech made by horticultural selection, often repeatedly; they include:
copper beech or purple beech (Fagus sylvatica purpurea) – a mutation of the European beech which was first noted in 1690 in the "Possenwald" forest near the town of Sondershausen in Thuringia, Germany. It is assumed that about 99% of all copper beeches in the world are descendants of this copper beech. Its leaves are purple, in many selections turning deep spinach green by mid-summer. In the United States Charles Sprague Sargent noted the earliest appearance in a nurseryman's catalogue in 1820, but in 1859 "the finest copper beech in America... more than fifty feet high" was noted in the grounds of Thomas Ash, Esq., Throggs Neck, New York; it must have been more than forty years old at the time.
fern-leaf beech (Fagus sylvatica Heterophylla Group) – leaves deeply serrated to thread-like
dwarf beech (Fagus sylvatica Tortuosa Group) – distinctive twisted trunk and branches
weeping beech (Fagus sylvatica Pendula Group) – branches pendulous
Dawyck beech (Fagus sylvatica 'Dawyck') – fastigiate (columnar) growth – occurs in green, gold and purple forms; named after Dawyck Botanic Garden in the Scottish Borders
golden beech (Fagus sylvatica 'Zlatia') – leaves golden in spring
Cultivars
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-
F. sylvatica
'Dawyck'
'Dawyck Gold'
'Dawyck Purple'
'Pendula' (weeping beech)
'Riversii'
F. sylvatica var. heterophylla 'Aspleniifolia'
Uses
The nuts are eaten by humans and animals. Slightly toxic to humans if eaten in large quantities due to the tannins and alkaloids they contain, the nuts were nonetheless pressed to obtain an oil in 19th-century England that was used for cooking and in lamps. They were also ground to make flour, which could be eaten after the tannins were leached out by soaking.
Primary Product AM 01, a smoke flavouring, is produced from Fagus sylvatica.
Timber
The wood of the European beech is used in the manufacture of numerous objects and implements. Its fine and short grain makes it an easy wood to work with, easy to soak, dye, varnish and glue. Steaming makes the wood even easier to machine. It has an excellent finish and is resistant to compression and splitting and it is stiff when flexed. Milling is sometimes difficult due to cracking. The density of the wood is 720 kilograms (1,590 pounds) per cubic meter. It is particularly well suited for minor carpentry, particularly furniture. From chairs to parquetry (flooring) and staircases, the European beech can do almost anything other than heavy structural support, so long as it is not left outdoors. Its hardness make it ideal for making wooden mallets and workbench tops. The wood rots easily if it is not protected by a tar based on a distillate of its own bark (as used in railway sleepers). It is better for paper pulp than many other broadleaved trees though is only sometimes used for this, the high cellulose content can also be spun into modal, which is used as a textile akin to cotton. The code for its use in Europe is fasy (from FAgus SYlvatica). Common beech is also considered one of the best firewoods for fireplaces.
Gallery
The famous Upside-down Tree, Hyde Park, London, an example of F. sylvatica 'pendula'
Leaves of a weeping cultivar of European beech
Beech planted on a march dyke (boundary hedge) in Scotland
Leaves of var. heterophylla 'Aspleniifolia', Belfast Botanic Garden
Old stand of beech prepared for regeneration (note the young undergrowth) in the Sonian Forest
European Beech Bark
Fagus sylvatica wood – MHNT
Fagus sylvatica – MHNT
Purple cultivar of Fagus sylvatica with developing beech-nuts
Seedlings
Copper beech (spring)
A dark purple example of a copper beech in Mystic, CT.
Fagus sylvatica
Swollen leaf bud
Inflorescence
References
^ Barstow, M.; Beech, E. (2018). "Fagus sylvatica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T62004722A62004725. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T62004722A62004725.en. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
^ a b "Fagus sylvatica L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
^ "European beech". The Morton Arboretum. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
^ "Tall Trees". Bomeninfo.nl. Archived from the original on 2014-07-17. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
^ Packham, John R.; Hobson, Peter R.; Norris, Catherine (June 2013). "Common beech Fagus sylvatica L; survival and longevity in changing times". Arboricultural Journal. 35 (2): 64–73. doi:10.1080/03071375.2013.767078.
^ Wühlisch, G. (2008). "European beech – Fagus sylvatica" (PDF). EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
^ Pramreiter, Maximilian; Grabner, Michael (11 July 2023). "The Utilization of European Beech Wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Europe". Forests. 14 (7): 1419. doi:10.3390/f14071419.
^ "Fagus sylvatica" (PDF). Flora Iberica. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
^ Brullo, S.; Guarino, R.; Minissale, P.; Siracusa, G.; Spampinato, G. (1999). "Syntaxonomical analysis of the beech forests from Sicily". Annali di Botanica. 57: 121–132. ISSN 2239-3129. Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
^ Harris, E. (2002) Goodbye to Beech? Farewell to Fagus? Quarterly Journal of Forestry 96 (2):97.
^ International foresters study Lake District's 'greener, friendlier forests' Archived 2010-01-28 at the Wayback Machine forestry.gov.uk
^ Myking, T.; Yakovlev, I.; Ersland, G. A. (2011). "Nuclear genetic markers indicate Danish origin of the Norwegian beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) populations established in 500–1,000 AD". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 7 (3): 587–596. doi:10.1007/s11295-010-0358-y. S2CID 27550587.
^ Bøk – en kulturvekst? Archived 2017-03-12 at the Wayback Machine (in Norwegian)
^ Eli Fremstad. "Lade i Trondheim: naturtyper, flora og grunnlag for skjøtselsplan". Ntnu.no (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2022-04-02.
^ Laurie, James; Balbi, Adriano (1842-01-01). System of Universal Geography: Founded on the Works of Malte-Brun and Balbi: Embracing a Historical Sketch of the Progress of Geographical Discovery …. A. and C. Black.
^ a b Packham, John R.; Thomas, Peter A.; Atkinson, Mark D.; Degen, Thomas (19 October 2012). "Biological Flora of the British Isles: Fagus sylvatica". Journal of Ecology. 100 (6): 1557–1608. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.02017.x. S2CID 85095298.
^ Agerer, Reinhard, ed. (1987–2012). "Tables of identified ectomycorrhizae". Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae. Schwäbisch Gmünd: Einhorn-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-921703-77-9. OCLC 263940450. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2018. Ramaria flavo-saponaria + Fagus selvatica (Raidl, Scattolin)
^ a b Commarmot, Brigitte; Brändli, Urs-Beat; Hamor, Fedir; Lavnyy, Vasyl (2013). Inventory of the Largest Primeval Beech Forest in Europe (PDF). Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-14.
^ Romania & Moldova. Lonely Planet. 1998-01-01. ISBN 978-0-86442-329-0.
^ Romanescu, Gheorghe; Stoleriu, Cristian Constantin; Enea, Andrei (2013-05-23). Limnology of the Red Lake, Romania: An Interdisciplinary Study. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789400767577.
^ Apollonio, Marco; Andersen, Reidar; Putman, Rory (2010-02-04). European Ungulates and Their Management in the 21st Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76061-4. Archived from the original on 2023-09-02. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
^ "Zone de conservare – Parcul National Semenic Cheile-Carasului". Pnscc.ro. Archived from the original on 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
^ Efe, Recep (2014-03-17). Environment and Ecology in the Mediterranean Region II. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-5773-4.
^ Dzurenda, Ladislav; Dudiak, Michal; Kučerová, Viera (29 May 2023). "Differences in Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Beechwood with False Heartwood, Mature Wood and Sapwood". Forests. 14 (6): 1123. doi:10.3390/f14061123.
^ Hörnfeldt, Roland; Drouin, Myriam; Woxblom, Lotta (2010). "False heartwood in beech Fagus sylvatica, birch Betula pendula, B. papyrifera and ash Fraxinus excelsior - an overview". Ecological Bulletins (53): 61–76. JSTOR 41442020.
^ Leuschner, Christoph (December 2020). "Drought response of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)—A review". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 47: 125576. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2020.125576.
^ Blanchette, Robert; Biggs, Alan (2013-11-11). Defense Mechanisms of Woody Plants Against Fungi. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-662-01642-8. Archived from the original on 2023-09-02. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
^ "Longwood Mall". Brookline, MA. Archived from the original on 2019-12-20. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
^ "Copper Beech". Tree-Guide.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
^ Andrew Jackson Downing and Henry Winthrop Sargent, A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America 1859:150.
^ "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
^ "Fagus sylvatica AGM". Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^ "Fagus sylvatica 'Dawyck' AGM". Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^ "Fagus sylvatica 'Dawyck Gold' AGM". Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^ "Fagus sylvatica 'Dawyck Purple' AGM". Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^ "Fagus sylvatica 'Pendula' AGM". Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^ "Fagus sylvatica (Atropurpurea Group) 'Riversii' AGM". Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^ "Fagus sylvatica var heterophylla 'Aslpeniifolia' AGM". Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^ Little, Elbert L. (1994) . The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 390. ISBN 0394507614.
^ Fergus, Charles; Hansen, Amelia (2005-01-01). Trees of New England: A Natural History. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-3795-6.
^ Fergus, Charles (2002-01-01). Trees of Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-2092-2. Archived from the original on 2023-09-02. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
^ Lyle, Susanna (2006-03-20). Fruit & nuts: a comprehensive guide to the cultivation, uses and health benefits of over 300 food-producing plants. Timber Press. ISBN 9780881927597.
^ European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Scientific Opinion on Safety of smoke flavour – Primary Product – AM 01 Archived 2018-05-04 at the Wayback Machine 8 January 2010
^ Steamed Beech Archived 2010-11-11 at the Wayback Machine. Niche Timbers. Accessed 20-08-2009.
^ Association, American Wood-Preservers' (1939-01-01). Railroad Tie Decay: Comprising The Decay of Ties in Storage, by C. J. Humphrey ... Defects in Cross Ties, Caused by Fungi, by C. Audrey Richards. American wood-preservers' association.
^ Goltra, William Francis (1912-01-01). Some Facts about Treating Railroad Ties. Press of The J.B. Savage Company.
^ "The burning properties of wood" (PDF). Scoutbase (Scout Information Centre). Scout Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fagus sylvatica.
Beech Tree Collection – Photographs by Louis K. Meisel, NY
Images, location details, and measurements of remarkable beeches. Archived 2012-06-05 at the Wayback Machine.
Fagus sylvatica (Archived 2016-10-20 at the Wayback Machine) – distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN).
vteNutsTrue, or botanical nuts
Acorn
Beech
American beech
European beech
Breadnut
Candlenut
Chestnut
Sweet chestnut
Hazelnut
American hazel
Beaked hazel
European hazel
Filbert
Asian hazel
Kola nut
Kurrajong
Malabar chestnut
Palm nut
Red bopple nut
Yellow walnut
Drupes
Almond
Australian cashew nut
Betel nut
Borneo tallow nut
Breadfruit
Cashew
Chilean hazel
Coconut
Durian
Gabon nut
Hickory
Mockernut hickory
Pecan
Shagbark hickory
Shellbark hickory
Johnstone River almond
Irvingia gabonensis
Jack nut
Karuka
Planted karuka
Wild karuka
Mongongo
Panda oleosa
Pekea nut
Pili nut
Pistachio
Walnut
Black walnut
Butternut
English walnut
Heartnut
Gymnosperms
Cycad
Burrawang nut
Ginkgo nut
Araucaria spp.
Bunya nut
Monkey-puzzle nut
Pine nut
Chilgoza pine
Colorado pinyon
Korean pine
Mexican pinyon
Single-leaf pinyon
Stone pine
Angiosperms
Brazil nut
Macadamia
Macadamia nut
Queensland macadamia nut
Paradise nut
Peanut
Peanut tree
Soybean
Taxon identifiersFagus sylvatica
Wikidata: Q146149
Wikispecies: Fagus sylvatica
ARKive: fagus-sylvatica
BioLib: 3452
CoL: 3DSK5
Ecocrop: 49181
EoL: 1143547
EPPO: FAUSY
EUNIS: 172485
GBIF: 2882316
GRIN: 16557
IFPNI: CB51DF8A-B3CA-3EF7-66FE-49F04D578576
iNaturalist: 54227
IPNI: 305836-2
IRMNG: 10701866
ITIS: 502590
IUCN: 62004722
MoBotPF: 280764
NatureServe: 2.155879
NBN: NBNSYS0000003840
NCBI: 28930
NZOR: eb2e74d3-9e00-4539-af19-ce0e56d77679
NZPCN: 4639
Observation.org: 6776
Open Tree of Life: 774712
PalDat: Fagus_sylvatica
PfaF: Fagus sylvatica
Plant List: kew-83891
PLANTS: FASY
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:305836-2
RHS: 7127
Tropicos: 13100405
uBio: 473477
VASCAN: 5958
WFO: wfo-0000966507
Authority control databases: National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
|
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A 10-year-old sapling will stand about 4 m (13 ft) tall. Undisturbed, the European beech has a lifespan of 300 years; one tree at the Valle Cervara site was more than 500 years old—the oldest known in the northern hemisphere.[5] In cultivated forest stands trees are normally harvested at 80–120 years of age.[6] 30 years are needed to attain full maturity (as compared to 40 for American beech). Like most trees, its form depends on the location: in forest areas, F. sylvatica grows to over 30 m (100 ft), with branches being high up on the trunk. In open locations, it will become much shorter (typically 15–24 m or 50–80 ft) and more massive.The leaves are alternate, simple, and entire or with a slightly crenate margin, 5–10 centimetres (2–4 inches) long and 3–7 cm broad, with 6–7 veins on each side of the leaf (as opposed to 7–10 veins in F. orientalis). When crenate, there is one point at each vein tip, never any points between the veins. The buds are long and slender, 15–30 millimetres (5⁄8–1+1⁄8 in) long and 2–3 mm (3⁄32–1⁄8 in) thick, but thicker (to 4–5 mm) where the buds include flower buds.The leaves of beech are often not abscissed (dropped) in the autumn and instead remain on the tree until the spring. This process is called marcescence. This particularly occurs when trees are saplings or when plants are clipped as a hedge (making beech hedges attractive screens, even in winter), but it also often continues to occur on the lower branches when the tree is mature.Small quantities of seeds may be produced around 10 years of age, but not a heavy crop until the tree is at least 30 years old. F. sylvatica male flowers are borne in the small catkins which are a hallmark of the Fagales order (beeches, chestnuts, oaks, walnuts, hickories, birches, and hornbeams). The female flowers produce beechnuts, small triangular nuts 15–20 mm (5⁄8–3⁄4 in) long and 7–10 mm (1⁄4–3⁄8 in) wide at the base; there are two nuts in each cupule, maturing in the autumn 5–6 months after pollination. Flower and seed production is particularly abundant in years following a hot, sunny and dry summer, though rarely for two years in a row.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fagus_sylvatica_pliocenica_MHNT.PAL.VEG.2002.31.jpg"},{"link_name":"Museum of Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/mus%C3%A9um_de_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Cantabrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Iberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Ib%C3%A9rico"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Central"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powo-2"},{"link_name":"cline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cline_(biology)"},{"link_name":"hybridisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Stone Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age"},{"link_name":"nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Harry Godwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Godwin"},{"link_name":"Viking Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_plant"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Bodø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bod%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"}],"text":"See also: Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of EuropeFagus sylvatica pliocenica – Museum of ToulouseThe European beech is the most abundant hardwood species in Austrian, German and Swiss forests.[7] The native range extends from the north, in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Bulgaria, eastern parts of Russia, Romania, through Europe to France, southern England, Spain (on the Cantabrian, Iberian and Central mountain ranges),[8] and east to northwest Turkey,[2] where it exhibits an interspecific cline with the oriental beech (Fagus orientalis), which replaces it further east. In the Balkans, it shows some hybridisation with oriental beech; these hybrid trees are named Fagus × taurica Popl. [Fagus moesiaca (Domin, Maly) Czecz.]. In the southern part of its range around the Mediterranean, and Sicily,[9] it grows only in mountain forests, at 600–1,800 m (1,969–5,906 ft) altitude.Although often regarded as native in southern England, recent evidence suggests that F. sylvatica did not arrive in England until about 4000 BC, or 2,000 years subsequent to the English Channel forming following the ice ages; it could have been an early introduction by Stone Age humans, who used the nuts for food.[10] The beech is classified as a native in the south of England and as a non-native in the north where it is often removed from 'native' woods.[11] Localised pollen records have been recorded in the North of England from the Iron Age by Sir Harry Godwin. Changing climatic conditions may put beech populations in southern England under increased stress and while it may not be possible to maintain the current levels of beech in some sites it is thought that conditions for beech in north-west England will remain favourable or even improve. It is often planted in Britain. Similarly, the nature of Norwegian beech populations is subject to debate. If native, they would represent the northern range of the species. However, molecular genetic analyses support the hypothesis that these populations represent intentional introduction from Denmark before and during the Viking Age.[12] However, the beech in Vestfold and at Seim north of Bergen in Norway is now spreading naturally and regarded as native.[13]Though not demanding of its soil type, the European beech has several significant requirements: a humid atmosphere (precipitation well distributed throughout the year and frequent fogs) and well-drained soil (being intolerant of excessive stagnant water). It prefers moderately fertile ground, calcified or lightly acidic, therefore it is found more often on the side of a hill than at the bottom of clayey basin. It tolerates rigorous winter cold, but is sensitive to spring frost. In Norway's oceanic climate planted trees grow well north to Bodø, and produce seedlings and can spread naturally in Trondheim.[14] In Sweden, beech trees do not grow as far north as in Norway.[15]A beech forest is very dark and few species of plant are able to survive there, where the sun barely reaches the ground. Young beeches prefer some shade and may grow poorly in full sunlight. In a clear-cut forest a European beech will germinate and then die of excessive dryness. Under oaks with sparse leaf cover it will quickly surpass them in height and, due to the beech's dense foliage, the oaks will die from lack of sunlight.","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ectomycorrhizas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectomycorrhiza"},{"link_name":"Russula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russula"},{"link_name":"Laccaria amethystina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laccaria_amethystina"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Packham-16"},{"link_name":"Ramaria flavosaponaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramaria_flavosaponaria"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agerer-17"},{"link_name":"Tomentella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomentella"},{"link_name":"Cenococcum geophilum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenococcum_geophilum"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Packham-16"},{"link_name":"Sonian Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonian_Forest"},{"link_name":"virgin forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_forest"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commarmot-18"},{"link_name":"Semenic-Cheile Carașului National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenic-Cheile_Cara%C8%99ului_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commarmot-18"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The root system is shallow, even superficial, with large roots spreading out in all directions. European beech forms ectomycorrhizas with a range of fungi including many Russula species, as well as Laccaria amethystina,[16] and with the species Ramaria flavosaponaria.[17] Tomentella Pat. species and Cenococcum geophilum have been found in Danish and Spanish beech forests. These fungi are important in enhancing uptake of water and nutrients from the soil.[16]In the woodlands of southern Britain, beech is dominant over oak and elm south of a line from about north Suffolk across to Cardigan. Oak are the dominant forest trees north of this line. One of the most beautiful European beech forests called Sonian Forest (Forêt de Soignes/Zoniënwoud) is found in the southeast of Brussels, Belgium. Beech is a dominant tree species in France and constitutes about 10% of French forests. The largest virgin forests made of beech trees are Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh (8,800 hectares or 22,000 acres) in Ukraine[18] and Izvoarele Nerei (5,012 ha or 12,380 acres in one forest body) in Semenic-Cheile Carașului National Park, Romania. These habitats are the home of Europe's largest predators, (the brown bear, the grey wolf and the lynx).[19][20][21] Many trees are older than 350 years in Izvoarele Nerei[22] and even 500 years in Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh.[18]Spring leaf budding by the European beech is triggered by a combination of day length and temperature. Bud break each year is from the middle of April to the beginning of May, often with remarkable precision (within a few days). It is more precise in the north of its range than the south, and at 600 m (2,000 ft) than at sea level.[23]The European beech invests significantly in summer and autumn for the following spring. Conditions in summer, particularly good rainfall, determine the number of leaves included in the buds. In autumn, the tree builds the reserves that will sustain it into spring. Given good conditions, a bud can produce a shoot with ten or more leaves. The terminal bud emits a hormonal substance in the spring that halts the development of additional buds. This tendency, though very strong at the beginning of their existence, becomes weaker in older trees.It is only after the budding that root growth of the year begins. The first roots to appear are very thin (with a diameter of less than 0.5 mm). Later, after a wave of above ground growth, thicker roots grow in a steady fashion.","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"symplastless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplast"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"leafdrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscission"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_of_Biscogniauxia_nummularia.JPG"},{"link_name":"Biscogniauxia nummularia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscogniauxia_nummularia"},{"link_name":"ascomycete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascomycota"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Diseases and Pathogens","text":"Fagus sylvatica and other beeches are prone to false heartwood ('red heart') a condition where drought, nutrient deficient soil, branch breakage, pathogen infestation or other stressor induces formation of protection wood.[24] False heartwood often manifests in the areas of the trunk associated with symplastless branches. As branch symplast dies, the trunk wood becomes depleted of nitrogen-containing molecules essential for life; this increases risk of catastrophic trunk failure.[25]As the European Beech exhibits deterministic leaf and shoot development and has a larger leaf area than other European hardwood trees, it is relatively more sensitive to drought and may respond to a dry summer with pre-senescent leafdrop.[26]Detail of the tarcrust's structureBiscogniauxia nummularia (beech tarcrust) is an ascomycete primary pathogen of beech trees, causing strip-canker and wood rot. It can be found at all times of year and is not edible.[27]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%B8ns_Klint_beech_trees_in_gorge_2015-04-01-4864.jpg"},{"link_name":"Møns Klint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8ns_Klint"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperateness"},{"link_name":"F. grandifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_grandifolia"},{"link_name":"Brookline, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"cultivars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Sondershausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondershausen"},{"link_name":"Throggs Neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throggs_Neck"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"dwarf beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_beech"},{"link_name":"weeping beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeping_beech"},{"link_name":"Dawyck Botanic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawyck_Botanic_Garden"}],"text":"A look down a steep gorge with European beech leading down to the ocean at Møns Klint, DenmarkEuropean beech is a very popular ornamental tree in parks and large gardens in temperate regions of the world. In North America, they are preferred for this purpose over the native F. grandifolia, which despite its tolerance of warmer climates, is slower growing, taking an average of 10 years longer to attain maturity. The town of Brookline, Massachusetts has one of the largest, if not the largest, grove of European beech trees in the United States. The 2.5-acre (1 ha) public park, called 'The Longwood Mall', was planted sometime before 1850 qualifying it as the oldest stand of European beeches in the United States.[28]It is frequently kept clipped to make attractive hedges.Since the early 19th century there have been numerous cultivars of European beech made by horticultural selection, often repeatedly; they include:copper beech or purple beech (Fagus sylvatica purpurea)[29] – a mutation of the European beech which was first noted in 1690 in the \"Possenwald\" forest near the town of Sondershausen in Thuringia, Germany. It is assumed that about 99% of all copper beeches in the world are descendants of this copper beech. Its leaves are purple, in many selections turning deep spinach green by mid-summer. In the United States Charles Sprague Sargent noted the earliest appearance in a nurseryman's catalogue in 1820, but in 1859 \"the finest copper beech in America... more than fifty feet high\" was noted in the grounds of Thomas Ash, Esq., Throggs Neck, New York;[30] it must have been more than forty years old at the time.\nfern-leaf beech (Fagus sylvatica Heterophylla Group) – leaves deeply serrated to thread-like\ndwarf beech (Fagus sylvatica Tortuosa Group) – distinctive twisted trunk and branches\nweeping beech (Fagus sylvatica Pendula Group) – branches pendulous\nDawyck beech (Fagus sylvatica 'Dawyck') – fastigiate (columnar) growth – occurs in green, gold and purple forms; named after Dawyck Botanic Garden in the Scottish Borders\ngolden beech (Fagus sylvatica 'Zlatia') – leaves golden in spring","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cultivars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivars"},{"link_name":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"Award of Garden Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"var.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var."},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Cultivars","text":"The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-[31]F. sylvatica[32]\n'Dawyck'[33]\n'Dawyck Gold'[34]\n'Dawyck Purple'[35]\n'Pendula' (weeping beech)[36]\n'Riversii'[37]\nF. sylvatica var. heterophylla 'Aspleniifolia'[38]","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"tannins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin"},{"link_name":"alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"The nuts are eaten by humans and animals.[39] Slightly toxic to humans if eaten in large quantities due to the tannins and alkaloids they contain, the nuts were nonetheless pressed to obtain an oil in 19th-century England that was used for cooking and in lamps. They were also ground to make flour, which could be eaten after the tannins were leached out by soaking.[40][41][42]Primary Product AM 01, a smoke flavouring, is produced from Fagus sylvatica.[43]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"parquetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parquetry"},{"link_name":"mallets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallet"},{"link_name":"workbench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workbench"},{"link_name":"railway sleepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_tie"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"paper pulp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)"},{"link_name":"modal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_(textile)"},{"link_name":"firewoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewood"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Timber","text":"The wood of the European beech is used in the manufacture of numerous objects and implements. Its fine and short grain makes it an easy wood to work with, easy to soak, dye, varnish and glue. Steaming makes the wood even easier to machine. It has an excellent finish and is resistant to compression and splitting and it is stiff when flexed. Milling is sometimes difficult due to cracking. The density of the wood is 720 kilograms (1,590 pounds) per cubic meter.[44] It is particularly well suited for minor carpentry, particularly furniture. From chairs to parquetry (flooring) and staircases, the European beech can do almost anything other than heavy structural support, so long as it is not left outdoors. Its hardness make it ideal for making wooden mallets and workbench tops. The wood rots easily if it is not protected by a tar based on a distillate of its own bark (as used in railway sleepers).[45][46] It is better for paper pulp than many other broadleaved trees though is only sometimes used for this, the high cellulose content can also be spun into modal, which is used as a textile akin to cotton. The code for its use in Europe is fasy (from FAgus SYlvatica). Common beech is also considered one of the best firewoods for fireplaces.[47]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyde_park_tree.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weeping-beech-leaves.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March_dyke_sourlie.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaves_of_a_%22Fagus_sylvatica_Asplenifolia%22_tree_in_summer_-_Belfast_(Botanic_Gardens)_2015-08-21.JPG"},{"link_name":"Belfast Botanic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanic_Gardens_(Belfast)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brussels_Zonienwoud.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sonian Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonian_Forest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FagusSylvaticaBark.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fagus_sylvatica_MHNT.BOT.2010.6.81.jpg"},{"link_name":"MHNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHNT"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fagus_sylvatica_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.312.jpg"},{"link_name":"MHNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHNT"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Purple-Fagus-sylvatica-leaves.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entzia_-_Brotes_de_haya_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%B8lleparken_(maj_02).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Copperbeechmystic.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BoisDeMadame.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beuk_(Fagus_sylvatica),_zwellende_bladknop._24-04-2022_(d.j.b.).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fagus_sylvatica_1_(cropped).JPG"}],"text":"The famous Upside-down Tree, Hyde Park, London, an example of F. sylvatica 'pendula'\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeaves of a weeping cultivar of European beech\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBeech planted on a march dyke (boundary hedge) in Scotland\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeaves of var. heterophylla 'Aspleniifolia', Belfast Botanic Garden\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld stand of beech prepared for regeneration (note the young undergrowth) in the Sonian Forest\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEuropean Beech Bark\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFagus sylvatica wood – MHNT\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFagus sylvatica – MHNT\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPurple cultivar of Fagus sylvatica with developing beech-nuts\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSeedlings\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCopper beech (spring)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA dark purple example of a copper beech in Mystic, CT.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFagus sylvatica\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSwollen leaf bud\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInflorescence","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Copper beech in autumn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fagus_sylvatica_Purpurea_JPG4a.jpg/220px-Fagus_sylvatica_Purpurea_JPG4a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shoot with nut cupules","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/European_Beech.jpg/220px-European_Beech.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fagus sylvatica pliocenica – Museum of Toulouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fagus_sylvatica_pliocenica_MHNT.PAL.VEG.2002.31.jpg/220px-Fagus_sylvatica_pliocenica_MHNT.PAL.VEG.2002.31.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail of the tarcrust's structure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Detail_of_Biscogniauxia_nummularia.JPG/170px-Detail_of_Biscogniauxia_nummularia.JPG"},{"image_text":"A look down a steep gorge with European beech leading down to the ocean at Møns Klint, Denmark","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/M%C3%B8ns_Klint_beech_trees_in_gorge_2015-04-01-4864.jpg/220px-M%C3%B8ns_Klint_beech_trees_in_gorge_2015-04-01-4864.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Barstow, M.; Beech, E. (2018). \"Fagus sylvatica\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T62004722A62004725. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T62004722A62004725.en. Retrieved 21 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62004722/62004725","url_text":"\"Fagus sylvatica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T62004722A62004725.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T62004722A62004725.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Fagus sylvatica L.\" Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:305836-2","url_text":"\"Fagus sylvatica L.\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230415161807/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:305836-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"European beech\". The Morton Arboretum. Retrieved 20 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mortonarb.org/plant-and-protect/trees-and-plants/european-beech/","url_text":"\"European beech\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tall Trees\". Bomeninfo.nl. Archived from the original on 2014-07-17. Retrieved 2010-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://bomeninfo.nl/tall%20trees.htm","url_text":"\"Tall Trees\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140717004538/http://bomeninfo.nl/tall%20trees.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Packham, John R.; Hobson, Peter R.; Norris, Catherine (June 2013). \"Common beech Fagus sylvatica L; survival and longevity in changing times\". Arboricultural Journal. 35 (2): 64–73. doi:10.1080/03071375.2013.767078.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071375.2013.767078","url_text":"10.1080/03071375.2013.767078"}]},{"reference":"Wühlisch, G. (2008). \"European beech – Fagus sylvatica\" (PDF). EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2016-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190819110558/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin/templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1322_European_beech__Fagus_sylvatica_.pdf","url_text":"\"European beech – Fagus sylvatica\""},{"url":"http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1322_European_beech__Fagus_sylvatica_.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pramreiter, Maximilian; Grabner, Michael (11 July 2023). \"The Utilization of European Beech Wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Europe\". Forests. 14 (7): 1419. doi:10.3390/f14071419.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ff14071419","url_text":"\"The Utilization of European Beech Wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ff14071419","url_text":"10.3390/f14071419"}]},{"reference":"\"Fagus sylvatica\" (PDF). Flora Iberica. Retrieved 19 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.floraiberica.es/floraiberica/texto/pdfs/02_041_01_Fagus.pdf","url_text":"\"Fagus sylvatica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Iberica","url_text":"Flora Iberica"}]},{"reference":"Brullo, S.; Guarino, R.; Minissale, P.; Siracusa, G.; Spampinato, G. (1999). \"Syntaxonomical analysis of the beech forests from Sicily\". Annali di Botanica. 57: 121–132. ISSN 2239-3129. Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 5 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131213185119/http://annalidibotanica.uniroma1.it/index.php/Annalidibotanica/article/view/9052/8992","url_text":"\"Syntaxonomical analysis of the beech forests from Sicily\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2239-3129","url_text":"2239-3129"},{"url":"http://annalidibotanica.uniroma1.it/index.php/Annalidibotanica/article/view/9052/8992","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Myking, T.; Yakovlev, I.; Ersland, G. A. (2011). \"Nuclear genetic markers indicate Danish origin of the Norwegian beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) populations established in 500–1,000 AD\". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 7 (3): 587–596. doi:10.1007/s11295-010-0358-y. 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System of Universal Geography: Founded on the Works of Malte-Brun and Balbi: Embracing a Historical Sketch of the Progress of Geographical Discovery …. A. and C. Black.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QusRAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"System of Universal Geography: Founded on the Works of Malte-Brun and Balbi: Embracing a Historical Sketch of the Progress of Geographical Discovery …"}]},{"reference":"Packham, John R.; Thomas, Peter A.; Atkinson, Mark D.; Degen, Thomas (19 October 2012). \"Biological Flora of the British Isles: Fagus sylvatica\". Journal of Ecology. 100 (6): 1557–1608. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.02017.x. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosseusiella
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Hosseusiella
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["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Species","4 References"]
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Genus of lichens
Hosseusiella
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Lecanoromycetes
Order:
Teloschistales
Family:
Teloschistaceae
Genus:
HosseusiellaS.Y.Kondr., L.Lőkös, Kärnefelt & A.Thell (2018)
Type species
Hosseusiella chilensis(Kärnefelt, S.Y.Kondr., Frödén & Arup) S.Y.Kondr., L.Lőkös, Kärnefelt & A.Thell (2018)
Species
H. chilensis
H. gallowayana
H. pergracilis
Hosseusiella is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has three species of crustose to foliose (leafy) lichens, some of which grow on bark, while others grow on rock. All three occur in the southern part of the South American continent, where they are fairly common.
Taxonomy
The genus was circumscribed in 2018 by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, Laszlo Lőkös, Ingvar Kärnefelt, and Arne Thell, with H. chilensis assigned as the type species. This species was previously classified in the large genus Caloplaca, which several molecular phylogenetics studies had previously shown to be polyphyletic. The genus name Hosseusiella honours the German botanist Carl Curt Hosseus, who worked on the flora of South America.
Description
The thallus of genus Hosseusiella typically presents as small, crust-like to leaf-like structures that can form distinct rosette shapes with pronounced lobes around the edges. In some cases, they take on a more tufted, cushion-like appearance in their centres. Their colour ranges from yellowish-red or brownish-orange to dark reddish-orange or orange-yellow, often becoming paler towards the end of their lobes or isidia tips. The surface can be either glossy or matte. The isidia sometimes appear in abundance to form raised clusters. In one species, the centre is marked by apothecia or small wart-like protuberances stemming from them. The lobes of these lichens spread out in a consistent pattern and can be closely attached (appressed) to the surface they grow on or might rise a bit, taking on a cylindrical shape. These lobes might or might not have isidia and can be anchored to their substrate by internal fungal threads originating from the medulla. The lower cortex of the lichen might be missing in areas where the lobes are detached from the surface. The disc-like apothecia structures can vary in frequency, have a stalk, and come in various types and colours, from orange to reddish or brownish-orange. The asci usually contain eight spores, which are clear and ellipsoid in shape. Additionally, they produce spore-like structures called conidia that are narrow and rod-shaped. Both the thallus and apothecia of Hosseusiella have lichen products like parietin, teloschistin, fallacinal, parietinic acid, and emodin.
Species
As of October 2023, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept three species of Hosseusiella:
Hosseusiella chilensis (Kärnefelt, S.Y.Kondr., Frödén & Arup) S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös, Kärnefelt & A.Thell (2018)
Hosseusiella gallowayana S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös, Hur, Kärnefelt & A.Thell (2018)
Hosseusiella pergracilis (Zahlbr.) S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & A.Thell (2018)
References
^ a b "Hosseusiella". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
^ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453 . doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:10481/76378.
^ a b Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Persson, P.-E.; Hansson, M.; Lőkös, L.; Liu, D.; Hur, J.-S.; Kärnefelt, I.; Thell, A. (2018). "Hosseusiella and Rehmanniella, two new genera in the Teloschistaceae" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 60 (1–2): 89–113. doi:10.1556/034.60.2018.1-2.7.
Taxon identifiersHosseusiella
Wikidata: Q55311080
Wikispecies: Hosseusiella
CoL: 4YX9
Fungorum: 824004
GBIF: 10854458
MycoBank: 824004
NCBI: 2305662
Open Tree of Life: 7516370
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All three occur in the southern part of the South American continent, where they are fairly common.","title":"Hosseusiella"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"circumscribed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumscription_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"Sergey Kondratyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Kondratyuk"},{"link_name":"Ingvar Kärnefelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingvar_K%C3%A4rnefelt"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"Caloplaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloplaca"},{"link_name":"molecular phylogenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics"},{"link_name":"polyphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyletic"},{"link_name":"Carl Curt Hosseus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Curt_Hosseus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kondratyuk_et_al._2018-3"}],"text":"The genus was circumscribed in 2018 by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, Laszlo Lőkös, Ingvar Kärnefelt, and Arne Thell, with H. chilensis assigned as the type species. This species was previously classified in the large genus Caloplaca, which several molecular phylogenetics studies had previously shown to be polyphyletic. 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The disc-like apothecia structures can vary in frequency, have a stalk, and come in various types and colours, from orange to reddish or brownish-orange. The asci usually contain eight spores, which are clear and ellipsoid in shape. Additionally, they produce spore-like structures called conidia that are narrow and rod-shaped. Both the thallus and apothecia of Hosseusiella have lichen products like parietin, teloschistin, fallacinal, parietinic acid, and emodin.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hosseusiella&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Species Fungorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Fungorum"},{"link_name":"Catalogue of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoL-1"},{"link_name":"Hosseusiella chilensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hosseusiella_chilensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hosseusiella gallowayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hosseusiella_gallowayana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hosseusiella pergracilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hosseusiella_pergracilis&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"As of October 2023[update], Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept three species of Hosseusiella:[1]Hosseusiella chilensis (Kärnefelt, S.Y.Kondr., Frödén & Arup) S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös, Kärnefelt & A.Thell (2018)\nHosseusiella gallowayana S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös, Hur, Kärnefelt & A.Thell (2018)\nHosseusiella pergracilis (Zahlbr.) S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & A.Thell (2018)","title":"Species"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Hosseusiella\". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 29 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4YX9","url_text":"\"Hosseusiella\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life","url_text":"Catalogue of Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_2000","url_text":"Species 2000"}]},{"reference":"Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). \"Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021\". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453 [157]. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:10481/76378.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358798332","url_text":"\"Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5943%2Fmycosphere%2F13%2F1%2F2","url_text":"10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10481%2F76378","url_text":"10481/76378"}]},{"reference":"Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Persson, P.-E.; Hansson, M.; Lőkös, L.; Liu, D.; Hur, J.-S.; Kärnefelt, I.; Thell, A. (2018). \"Hosseusiella and Rehmanniella, two new genera in the Teloschistaceae\" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 60 (1–2): 89–113. doi:10.1556/034.60.2018.1-2.7.","urls":[{"url":"http://real.mtak.hu/79024/1/034.60.2018.1-2.7.pdf","url_text":"\"Hosseusiella and Rehmanniella, two new genera in the Teloschistaceae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1556%2F034.60.2018.1-2.7","url_text":"10.1556/034.60.2018.1-2.7"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hosseusiella&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4YX9","external_links_name":"\"Hosseusiella\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358798332","external_links_name":"\"Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5943%2Fmycosphere%2F13%2F1%2F2","external_links_name":"10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10481%2F76378","external_links_name":"10481/76378"},{"Link":"http://real.mtak.hu/79024/1/034.60.2018.1-2.7.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Hosseusiella and Rehmanniella, two new genera in the Teloschistaceae\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1556%2F034.60.2018.1-2.7","external_links_name":"10.1556/034.60.2018.1-2.7"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4YX9","external_links_name":"4YX9"},{"Link":"http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=824004","external_links_name":"824004"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/10854458","external_links_name":"10854458"},{"Link":"https://www.mycobank.org/MB/824004","external_links_name":"824004"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2305662","external_links_name":"2305662"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=7516370","external_links_name":"7516370"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Western_Hemisphere_Affairs
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Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
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["1 Organization","2 References","3 External links"]
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U.S. State Department division
Bureau of Western Hemisphere AffairsSeal of the United States Department of StateBureau overviewJurisdictionExecutive branch of the United StatesHeadquartersHarry S. Truman Building, Washington, D.C., United StatesEmployees9,530 (As of 2009)Annual budget$254 million (FY 2009)Bureau executiveBrian A. Nichols, Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere AffairsParent departmentU.S. Department of StateWebsiteOfficial website
In the United States government, the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs (WHA) is a part of the U.S. Department of State, charged with implementing U.S. foreign policy and promoting U.S. interests in the Western Hemisphere, as well as advising the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs. It is headed by the Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs, who is currently Brian A. Nichols.
Organization
The offices of the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs direct, coordinate, and supervise U.S. government activities within the region, including political, economic, consular, public diplomacy, and administrative management issues.
Organizational chart of the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs as of 2015
Office of Andean Affairs – Coordinates policy on Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela
Office of Brazilian and Southern Cone Affairs – Coordinates policy on Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay
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Office of Caribbean Affairs – Coordinates policy on Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago
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Executive Office – Responsible for human resources and management support services for the bureau's overseas missions
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Office of Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs – Oversees public diplomacy activities at WHA's overseas posts
Office of Haitian Affairs - Oversees Haiti–United States relations
Office of Policy Planning and Coordination – Responsible for the bureau's strategic planning and evaluation
The Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs also oversees the United States Mission to the Organization of American States.
References
^ a b "Report of Inspection of the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs" (PDF). Office of the Inspector General of the Department of State. January 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 11, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
^ a b "State Department Student Internship Brochure" (PDF). U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Human Resources. September 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
^ a b "1 FAM 150 Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs (WHA)". Foreign Affairs Manual. U.S. Department of State. July 7, 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
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vte Canada–United States relations Diplomatic posts
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vte Mexico–United States relations Diplomatic posts
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vte Nicaragua–United States relations Diplomatic posts
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"Western Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Political_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Western_Hemisphere_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Brian A. Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_A._Nichols"}],"text":"In the United States government, the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs (WHA) is a part of the U.S. Department of State, charged with implementing U.S. foreign policy and promoting U.S. interests in the Western Hemisphere, as well as advising the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs. It is headed by the Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs, who is currently Brian A. Nichols.","title":"Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"consular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consular_assistance"},{"link_name":"public diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_diplomacy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brochure-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAM-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WHA_chart.png"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Canada–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"the Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Cuba–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Summits of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summits_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"human resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resources"},{"link_name":"overseas missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Mexico–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"link_name":"Haiti–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"link_name":"Organization of American States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brochure-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAM-3"}],"text":"The offices of the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs direct, coordinate, and supervise U.S. government activities within the region, including political, economic, consular, public diplomacy, and administrative management issues.[2][3]Organizational chart of the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs as of 2015Office of Andean Affairs – Coordinates policy on Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela\nOffice of Brazilian and Southern Cone Affairs – Coordinates policy on Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay\nOffice of Canadian Affairs – Oversees Canada–United States relations\nOffice of Caribbean Affairs – Coordinates policy on Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago\nOffice of the Coordinator for Cuban Affairs – Oversees Cuba–United States relations\nOffice of Central American Affairs – Coordinates policy on Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama\nOffice of Economic Policy and Summit Coordination – Oversees policy related to trade, energy, finance, and the Summits of the Americas\nExecutive Office – Responsible for human resources and management support services for the bureau's overseas missions\nOffice of Mexican Affairs – Oversees Mexico–United States relations\nOffice of Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs – Oversees public diplomacy activities at WHA's overseas posts\nOffice of Haitian Affairs - Oversees Haiti–United States relations\nOffice of Policy Planning and Coordination – Responsible for the bureau's strategic planning and evaluationThe Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs also oversees the United States Mission to the Organization of American States.[2][3]","title":"Organization"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Organizational chart of the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs as of 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/WHA_chart.png/250px-WHA_chart.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Report of Inspection of the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs\" (PDF). Office of the Inspector General of the Department of State. January 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 11, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151211022901/https://oig.state.gov/system/files/137078.pdf","url_text":"\"Report of Inspection of the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Inspector_General_of_the_Department_of_State","url_text":"Office of the Inspector General of the Department of State"},{"url":"https://oig.state.gov/system/files/137078.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"State Department Student Internship Brochure\" (PDF). U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Human Resources. September 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://careers.state.gov/uploads/dd/ed/dded53753df70409565b519d425f992c/Student-Internship-Brochure-Sept-2014.pdf","url_text":"\"State Department Student Internship Brochure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Human_Resources","url_text":"Bureau of Human Resources"}]},{"reference":"\"1 FAM 150 Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs (WHA)\". Foreign Affairs Manual. U.S. Department of State. July 7, 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://fam.state.gov/FAM/01FAM/01FAM0150.html","url_text":"\"1 FAM 150 Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs (WHA)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Manual","url_text":"Foreign Affairs Manual"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Western_Hemisphere_Affairs&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.state.gov/bureaus-offices/under-secretary-for-political-affairs/bureau-of-western-hemisphere-affairs/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151211022901/https://oig.state.gov/system/files/137078.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Report of Inspection of the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs\""},{"Link":"https://oig.state.gov/system/files/137078.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://careers.state.gov/uploads/dd/ed/dded53753df70409565b519d425f992c/Student-Internship-Brochure-Sept-2014.pdf","external_links_name":"\"State Department Student Internship Brochure\""},{"Link":"https://fam.state.gov/FAM/01FAM/01FAM0150.html","external_links_name":"\"1 FAM 150 Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs (WHA)\""},{"Link":"https://www.state.gov/bureaus-offices/under-secretary-for-political-affairs/bureau-of-western-hemisphere-affairs/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshi_Motman
|
Roshanak Motman
|
["1 Education","2 Career","3 Awards and recognition","4 References"]
|
CEO of Tigo Ghana
Roshi Motman is a Swedish entrepreneur and Chief Executive Officer in telecom, media and music. She was the first woman to become the CEO of Tigo, Ghana in 2014. In her current role as the CEO of Amuse, she was recognized as one of Billboard's 2024 International Power players.
Education
She studied Electrical Engineering and Business Development at Chalmers University in Goteborg, Sweden.
Career
Roshi Motman has about ten years experience working with various companies in the Kinnevik Group, a key investor in Millicom. She occupied the roles of Product management, Sales and Customer Operations at Tele2 in Sweden. At Tele2, she was also responsible for development of mobile entertainment at Modern Times Group, parent company of TV channel Viasat. She served as the Chief Executive Officer of Tigo, Ghana till June 2018 to pursue new opportunities
Motman was appointed CEO of Amuse in 2022, a global music company offering digital music distribution, artist-related services, financing and licensing agreements to independent and DIY artists. She was also one of the company's first angel investors back in 2016. Under Motman's leadership, Amuse's turnover and income have increased significantly, with reduced losses, and grown into one of the top 5 largest DIY distributors globally by market share (2023). She was recognized as one of Billboard’s 2024 International Power Players for her work to support a new generation of independent stars.
Awards and recognition
Roshi won the 2015 COM World Series AfricanCom Awards for CEO of the year in 2015.
She was recognized as a trailblazer at the 5th Ghana Telcom Awards in May 2015.
She claimed the second spot on Ledarnas list of influential female leaders in 2015.
She was ranked among 2016’s Top 50 Corporate Women Leaders in Ghana.
She was recognized as one of Billboard’s 2024 International Power Players.
References
^ "Poised for greater heights – Roshi Motman, AfricaCom CEO of the Year Winner". Archived from the original on 2015-12-19. Retrieved 2016-08-27.
^ Duffy, Thom (2024-04-29). "Billboard's 2024 International Power Players Revealed". Billboard. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
^ "Roshi Motman is new Tigo boss - Business World Ghana". www.businessworldghana.com. Retrieved 2016-08-27.
^ "chief_executive_officer | Tigo Ghana". www.tigo.com.gh. Retrieved 2016-08-27.
^ "Roshi Motman is new Tigo boss - Business World Ghana". www.businessworldghana.com. Retrieved 2016-08-27.
^ "AirtelTigo CEO resigns | IT News Africa – Africa's Technology News Leader". www.itnewsafrica.com. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
^ "AirtelTigo CEO Roshi Motman resigns - Starr Fm". Starr Fm. 2018-06-19. Archived from the original on 2018-06-23. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
^ "Women influencing tech in Ghana". www.myjoyonline.com. 2017-09-03. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
^ "Roshi Motman appointed CEO of Amuse, as co-founder Diego Farias exits". Music Business Worldwide. 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
^ Nylin, Lars (2023-12-19). "4 Snabba: Roshi Motman, VD Amuse". Musikindustrin (in Swedish). Retrieved 2024-05-10.
^ Duffy, Thom (2024-04-29). "Billboard's 2024 International Power Players Revealed". Billboard. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
^ "Poised for greater heights – Roshi Motman, AfricaCom CEO of the Year Winner". Retrieved 2016-08-27.
^ Nygårds, Olle (2015-05-13). "Här är framtidens kvinnliga ledare". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). ISSN 1101-2412. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
^ "Google Ghana CEO, Estelle Akofio-Sowah receives WomanRising Top Corporate Women Leaders Award". www.ghanaweb.com. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
^ Duffy, Thom (2024-04-29). "Billboard's 2024 International Power Players Revealed". Billboard. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millicom"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Amuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuse_(music_company)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Roshi Motman is a Swedish entrepreneur and Chief Executive Officer in telecom, media and music. She was the first woman to become the CEO of Tigo, Ghana in 2014.[1] In her current role as the CEO of Amuse, she was recognized as one of Billboard's 2024 International Power players.[2]","title":"Roshanak Motman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chalmers University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalmers_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Goteborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"She studied Electrical Engineering and Business Development at Chalmers University in Goteborg, Sweden.[3][4]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kinnevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnevik"},{"link_name":"Millicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millicom"},{"link_name":"Tele2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tele2"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Tele2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tele2"},{"link_name":"Modern Times Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Times_Group"},{"link_name":"Viasat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viasat_(Nordic_television_service)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Amuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuse_(music_company)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Roshi Motman has about ten years experience working with various companies in the Kinnevik Group, a key investor in Millicom. She occupied the roles of Product management, Sales and Customer Operations at Tele2 in Sweden. At Tele2, she was also responsible for development of mobile entertainment at Modern Times Group, parent company of TV channel Viasat.[5] She served as the Chief Executive Officer of Tigo, Ghana till June 2018[6][7] to pursue new opportunities[8]Motman was appointed CEO of Amuse in 2022, a global music company offering digital music distribution, artist-related services, financing and licensing agreements to independent and DIY artists. She was also one of the company's first angel investors back in 2016.[9] Under Motman's leadership, Amuse's turnover and income have increased significantly, with reduced losses, and grown into one of the top 5 largest DIY distributors globally by market share (2023).[10] She was recognized as one of Billboard’s 2024 International Power Players for her work to support a new generation of independent stars. [11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Roshi won the 2015 COM World Series AfricanCom Awards for CEO of the year in 2015.\nShe was recognized as a trailblazer at the 5th Ghana Telcom Awards in May 2015.[12]\nShe claimed the second spot on Ledarnas list of influential female leaders in 2015. [13]\nShe was ranked among 2016’s Top 50 Corporate Women Leaders in Ghana.[14]\nShe was recognized as one of Billboard’s 2024 International Power Players. [15]","title":"Awards and recognition"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Poised for greater heights – Roshi Motman, AfricaCom CEO of the Year Winner\". Archived from the original on 2015-12-19. Retrieved 2016-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151219004654/http://www.biztechafrica.com/article/poised-greater-heights-roshi-motman-africacom-ceo-/10906/#.V8G11JOLSAy","url_text":"\"Poised for greater heights – Roshi Motman, AfricaCom CEO of the Year Winner\""},{"url":"http://www.biztechafrica.com/article/poised-greater-heights-roshi-motman-africacom-ceo-/10906/#.V8G11JOLSAy","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Duffy, Thom (2024-04-29). \"Billboard's 2024 International Power Players Revealed\". Billboard. Retrieved 2024-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/business/business-news/billboard-international-power-players-2024-list-1235666471/","url_text":"\"Billboard's 2024 International Power Players Revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roshi Motman is new Tigo boss - Business World Ghana\". www.businessworldghana.com. Retrieved 2016-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessworldghana.com/roshi-motman-is-new-tigo-boss/","url_text":"\"Roshi Motman is new Tigo boss - Business World Ghana\""}]},{"reference":"\"chief_executive_officer | Tigo Ghana\". www.tigo.com.gh. Retrieved 2016-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tigo.com.gh/team/roshi-motman-ceo","url_text":"\"chief_executive_officer | Tigo Ghana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roshi Motman is new Tigo boss - Business World Ghana\". www.businessworldghana.com. Retrieved 2016-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessworldghana.com/roshi-motman-is-new-tigo-boss/","url_text":"\"Roshi Motman is new Tigo boss - Business World Ghana\""}]},{"reference":"\"AirtelTigo CEO resigns | IT News Africa – Africa's Technology News Leader\". www.itnewsafrica.com. Retrieved 2018-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itnewsafrica.com/2018/06/airteltigo-ceo-resigns/","url_text":"\"AirtelTigo CEO resigns | IT News Africa – Africa's Technology News Leader\""}]},{"reference":"\"AirtelTigo CEO Roshi Motman resigns - Starr Fm\". Starr Fm. 2018-06-19. Archived from the original on 2018-06-23. Retrieved 2018-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180623053748/https://starrfmonline.com/2018/06/19/airteltigo-ceo-roshi-motman-resigns/","url_text":"\"AirtelTigo CEO Roshi Motman resigns - Starr Fm\""},{"url":"https://starrfmonline.com/2018/06/19/airteltigo-ceo-roshi-motman-resigns/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Women influencing tech in Ghana\". www.myjoyonline.com. 2017-09-03. Retrieved 2020-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myjoyonline.com/technology/2017/september-3rd/women-influencing-tech-in-ghana.php","url_text":"\"Women influencing tech in Ghana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roshi Motman appointed CEO of Amuse, as co-founder Diego Farias exits\". Music Business Worldwide. 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2024-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/roshi-motman-appointed-ceo-of-amuse-as-co-founder-diego-farias-exits111/","url_text":"\"Roshi Motman appointed CEO of Amuse, as co-founder Diego Farias exits\""}]},{"reference":"Nylin, Lars (2023-12-19). \"4 Snabba: Roshi Motman, VD Amuse\". Musikindustrin (in Swedish). Retrieved 2024-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musikindustrin.se/2023/12/19/4-snabba-roshi-motman-vd-amuse/","url_text":"\"4 Snabba: Roshi Motman, VD Amuse\""}]},{"reference":"Duffy, Thom (2024-04-29). \"Billboard's 2024 International Power Players Revealed\". Billboard. Retrieved 2024-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/business/business-news/billboard-international-power-players-2024-list-1235666471/","url_text":"\"Billboard's 2024 International Power Players Revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poised for greater heights – Roshi Motman, AfricaCom CEO of the Year Winner\". Retrieved 2016-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biztechafrica.com/article/poised-greater-heights-roshi-motman-africacom-ceo-/10906/#.V8G11JOLSAy","url_text":"\"Poised for greater heights – Roshi Motman, AfricaCom CEO of the Year Winner\""}]},{"reference":"Nygårds, Olle (2015-05-13). \"Här är framtidens kvinnliga ledare\". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). ISSN 1101-2412. Retrieved 2024-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svd.se/a/a46c650b-6644-376c-a566-a01c1699bda8/har-ar-framtidens-kvinnliga-ledare","url_text":"\"Här är framtidens kvinnliga ledare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1101-2412","url_text":"1101-2412"}]},{"reference":"\"Google Ghana CEO, Estelle Akofio-Sowah receives WomanRising Top Corporate Women Leaders Award\". www.ghanaweb.com. Retrieved 2018-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Google-Ghana-CEO-Estelle-Akofio-Sowah-receives-WomanRising-Top-Corporate-Women-Leaders-Award-590609","url_text":"\"Google Ghana CEO, Estelle Akofio-Sowah receives WomanRising Top Corporate Women Leaders Award\""}]},{"reference":"Duffy, Thom (2024-04-29). \"Billboard's 2024 International Power Players Revealed\". Billboard. Retrieved 2024-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/business/business-news/billboard-international-power-players-2024-list-1235666471/","url_text":"\"Billboard's 2024 International Power Players Revealed\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151219004654/http://www.biztechafrica.com/article/poised-greater-heights-roshi-motman-africacom-ceo-/10906/#.V8G11JOLSAy","external_links_name":"\"Poised for greater heights – Roshi Motman, AfricaCom CEO of the Year Winner\""},{"Link":"http://www.biztechafrica.com/article/poised-greater-heights-roshi-motman-africacom-ceo-/10906/#.V8G11JOLSAy","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/business/business-news/billboard-international-power-players-2024-list-1235666471/","external_links_name":"\"Billboard's 2024 International Power Players Revealed\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessworldghana.com/roshi-motman-is-new-tigo-boss/","external_links_name":"\"Roshi Motman is new Tigo boss - Business World Ghana\""},{"Link":"https://www.tigo.com.gh/team/roshi-motman-ceo","external_links_name":"\"chief_executive_officer | Tigo Ghana\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessworldghana.com/roshi-motman-is-new-tigo-boss/","external_links_name":"\"Roshi Motman is new Tigo boss - Business World Ghana\""},{"Link":"http://www.itnewsafrica.com/2018/06/airteltigo-ceo-resigns/","external_links_name":"\"AirtelTigo CEO resigns | IT News Africa – Africa's Technology News Leader\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180623053748/https://starrfmonline.com/2018/06/19/airteltigo-ceo-roshi-motman-resigns/","external_links_name":"\"AirtelTigo CEO Roshi Motman resigns - Starr Fm\""},{"Link":"https://starrfmonline.com/2018/06/19/airteltigo-ceo-roshi-motman-resigns/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.myjoyonline.com/technology/2017/september-3rd/women-influencing-tech-in-ghana.php","external_links_name":"\"Women influencing tech in Ghana\""},{"Link":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/roshi-motman-appointed-ceo-of-amuse-as-co-founder-diego-farias-exits111/","external_links_name":"\"Roshi Motman appointed CEO of Amuse, as co-founder Diego Farias exits\""},{"Link":"https://www.musikindustrin.se/2023/12/19/4-snabba-roshi-motman-vd-amuse/","external_links_name":"\"4 Snabba: Roshi Motman, VD Amuse\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/business/business-news/billboard-international-power-players-2024-list-1235666471/","external_links_name":"\"Billboard's 2024 International Power Players Revealed\""},{"Link":"http://www.biztechafrica.com/article/poised-greater-heights-roshi-motman-africacom-ceo-/10906/#.V8G11JOLSAy","external_links_name":"\"Poised for greater heights – Roshi Motman, AfricaCom CEO of the Year Winner\""},{"Link":"https://www.svd.se/a/a46c650b-6644-376c-a566-a01c1699bda8/har-ar-framtidens-kvinnliga-ledare","external_links_name":"\"Här är framtidens kvinnliga ledare\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1101-2412","external_links_name":"1101-2412"},{"Link":"https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Google-Ghana-CEO-Estelle-Akofio-Sowah-receives-WomanRising-Top-Corporate-Women-Leaders-Award-590609","external_links_name":"\"Google Ghana CEO, Estelle Akofio-Sowah receives WomanRising Top Corporate Women Leaders Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/business/business-news/billboard-international-power-players-2024-list-1235666471/","external_links_name":"\"Billboard's 2024 International Power Players Revealed\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_Kuwaiti_Premier_League
|
1995–96 Kuwaiti Premier League
|
["1 Overview","2 League standings","3 Championship playoff","4 References"]
|
Football league season1995–96 Kuwaiti Premier LeagueSeason1995–96ChampionsKazmaMatches played121Goals scored325 (2.69 per match)← 1994–95 1996–97 →
Statistics of Kuwaiti Premier League for the 1995–96 season.
Overview
It was contested by 14 teams, and Kazma Sporting Club won the championship.
League standings
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
1
Kazma Sporting Club
13
9
3
1
37
5
+32
30
2
Al Qadisiya Kuwait
13
8
3
2
22
16
+6
27
3
Khaitan
13
7
4
2
16
9
+7
25
4
Al Arabi Kuwait
13
7
3
3
16
9
+7
24
5
Al Naser Sporting Club
13
6
4
3
19
12
+7
22
6
Al Salmiya Club
13
6
3
4
22
16
+6
21
7
Al Yarmouk
13
5
4
4
22
13
+9
19
8
Tadamon
13
5
2
6
21
22
−1
17
9
Sahel
13
5
2
6
14
18
−4
17
10
Al Kuwait Kaifan
13
4
4
5
15
18
−3
16
11
Al Jahra
13
4
3
6
18
16
+2
15
12
Fahaheel
13
4
1
8
9
22
−13
13
13
Al-Shabab
13
1
1
11
5
29
−24
4
14
Sulaibikhat
13
1
1
11
8
39
−31
4
Source: rsssf.com
Championship playoff
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
BP
Pts
1
Kazma Sporting Club
10
6
3
1
15
5
+10
3
24
2
Al Salmiya Club
10
6
4
0
19
8
+11
0
22
3
Al Qadisiya Kuwait
10
3
4
3
15
16
−1
2
15
4
Al Arabi Kuwait
10
2
4
4
13
16
−3
0
10
5
Khaitan
10
1
5
4
9
19
−10
1
9
6
Al Naser Sporting Club
10
0
4
6
10
17
−7
0
4
Source: rsssf.com
References
Kuwait - List of final tables (RSSSF)
vteKuwaiti Premier League seasons
Kuwait portal
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kuwaiti Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_Premier_League"}],"text":"Statistics of Kuwaiti Premier League for the 1995–96 season.","title":"1995–96 Kuwaiti Premier League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazma Sporting Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazma_Sporting_Club"}],"text":"It was contested by 14 teams, and Kazma Sporting Club won the championship.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rsssf.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesk/kuwchamp.html"}],"text":"Source: rsssf.com","title":"League standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rsssf.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesk/kuwchamp.html"}],"text":"Source: rsssf.com","title":"Championship playoff"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesk/kuwchamp.html","external_links_name":"rsssf.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesk/kuwchamp.html","external_links_name":"rsssf.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesk/kuwchamp.html","external_links_name":"Kuwait - List of final tables (RSSSF)"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westin_Hotels
|
Westin Hotels & Resorts
|
["1 History","1.1 Western Hotels","1.2 Western International Hotels","1.3 Westin Hotels","2 Amenities","3 Accommodations","4 Notable hotels","5 References"]
|
American upscale hotel chain owned by Marriott International
"Westin" redirects here. For the surname, see Westin (surname).
Westin Hotels & ResortsCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryHospitalityFounded1930; 94 years ago (1930)FounderSevert W. Thurston, Frank DuparHeadquartersBethesda, Maryland, United StatesNumber of locations242 (September 2020)Area servedWorldwideProductsHotelsParentMarriott InternationalSubsidiariesElement by WestinWebsitewestin.marriott.com
Westin Hotels & Resorts is an American upscale hotel chain owned by Marriott International. As of June 30, 2020, the Westin Brand has 226 properties with 82,608 rooms in multiple countries in addition to 58 hotels with 15,741 rooms in the pipeline.
History
The New Washington Hotel in Seattle
The Olympic Hotel in Seattle
Western Hotels
In 1930, Severt W. Thurston and Frank Dupar of Seattle, Washington met unexpectedly during breakfast at the coffee shop of the Commercial Hotel in Yakima, Washington. The competing hotel owners decided to form a management company to handle all their properties, and help deal with the crippling effects of the ongoing Great Depression. The men invited Peter and Adolph Schmidt, who operated five hotels in the Puget Sound area, to join them, and together they established Western Hotels. The chain consisted of 17 properties – 16 in Washington and one in Boise, Idaho.
Western Hotels expanded to Vancouver, British Columbia and Portland, Oregon in 1931, to Alaska in 1939, and then to California in 1941, assuming management of the Sir Francis Drake Hotel the day after Pearl Harbor was bombed. Western added properties in Utah in 1949 and Montana in 1950.
Western Hotels executive Edward Carlson convinced Victor "Trader Vic" Bergeron to open his first franchised Trader Vic's location in the chain's Benjamin Franklin Hotel in Seattle in 1949. Originally a small bar named The Outrigger, it was expanded into a full restaurant in 1954 and renamed Trader Vic's in 1960. Due to the restaurant's success, Bergeron worked with Western Hotels to open Trader Vic's locations in a number of its hotels.
In 1955, Western Hotels assumed management of the landmark Olympic Hotel in Seattle. It became the chain's new flagship, and the headquarters and executive offices were moved from the New Washington Hotel to a newly-decorated suite of offices on the 12th floor of the Olympic, in celebration of the chain's 25th anniversary. Western Hotels expanded to Hawaii in 1956, assuming management of the Hawaiian Village Hotel, built by Henry J. Kaiser.
Early management developed each property individually. After more than two decades of rapid growth, many of its properties were merged into a single corporate structure in 1958, focusing on bringing the hotels together under a common chain identity. Also in 1958, Western Hotels assumed management of three hotels in Guatemala, its first properties outside the US and Canada. Western opened its first hotel in Mexico in 1961. In March of that same year, they opened the first hotel to be both constructed and owned by the chain, The Bayshore Inn in Vancouver.
Edward Carlson became President of the chain in 1960 and is credited with bringing the Century 21 Exposition to Seattle in 1962. Carlson's own napkin sketch of a tower with a revolving restaurant on top, inspired by his visit to the Stuttgart TV Tower, was the origin of the Space Needle. The chain managed the restaurant atop the Space Needle from its opening until 1982. Western Hotels also managed a floating hotel aboard the ocean liner QSMV Dominion Monarch, docked in Seattle harbor during the fair.
Western International Hotels
The company was renamed Western International Hotels in January 1963, to reflect its growth outside the US. In the mid-1960s, the company became publicly-held, trading its shares on the American Stock Exchange.
From November 1, 1965, to 1970, Western International had an agreement with Hotel Corporation of America (today known as Sonesta), under which all 72 hotels of the two chains were jointly marketed as HCA and Western Hotels. From 1968 to 1973, Western International had a similar joint marketing agreement with UK-based Trust House Hotels. In 1970, Western International was acquired by UAL Corporation, with Edward Carlson becoming president and CEO of UAL, Inc and United Airlines.
Western International bought New York's iconic Plaza Hotel in 1975 for $25 million.
Westin Hotels
The Westin San Francisco Airport in South San Francisco, CA
On January 5, 1981, the company changed its name again to Westin Hotels (a contraction of the words Western International). The chain's flagship Washington Plaza Hotel in Seattle was the first property to be rebranded, becoming The Westin Hotel on September 1, 1981. That same year, Westin opened a new corporate headquarters directly across the street in the Westin Building, which shared a parking garage with the hotel.
In 1987, UAL chairman Richard Ferris announced a plan to reorganize UAL as Allegis Corporation, a travel conglomerate based around United Airlines, Hertz Rent a Car, Hilton International Hotels, and Westin and linked by Apollo. This strategy failed, however, and Allegis sold Westin in 1988 to the Japanese Aoki Corporation for $1.35 billion. Aoki immediately sold the Plaza Hotel to Donald Trump for $390 million.
In 1994, Aoki agreed to sell Westin to real estate investment firm Starwood Capital Group (parent of Starwood) and Goldman Sachs at an enormous loss, for $561 million, but by the time the sale closed in May 1995, the buyers had negotiated the price down to $537 million. In 1998, Starwood assumed full ownership of the company.
In 2016, Marriott International acquired Starwood, becoming the world's largest hotel company.
Amenities
Westin was the first hotel chain to introduce guest credit cards (in 1946), 24-hour room service (1969), and personal voice mail in each room (1991). In 1999, Westin began selling the Heavenly Bed mattresses featured in Westin properties, and manufactured by Simmons Bedding Company, to the general public. In 2005, Westin partnered with Nordstrom, which carried the mattresses and bedding in its stores. In 2011, Westin began selling the Heavenly mattresses and bedding at Pottery Barn stores.
Accommodations
NorthAmerica
Europe
Middle E.& Africa
0Asia &0Pacific
CaribbeanLatin Am.
Total
2016
Properties
125
19
09
051
013
217
Rooms
051,705
06,241
02,934
016,299
4,070
081,249
2017
Properties
128
19
09
053
012
221
Rooms
052,722
06,183
02,934
016,704
3,645
082,188
2018
Properties
129
19
07
056
012
223
Rooms
052,955
06,125
01,839
017,595
3,639
082,153
2019
Properties
130
18
07
058
012
225
Rooms
053,097
06,024
01,839
017,872
3,640
082,472
2020
Properties
130
17
07
058
013
225
Rooms
052,705
05,686
01,839
017,751
3,819
081,800
2021
Properties
133
18
07
061
013
232
Rooms
054,009
05,973
01,838
018,478
3,813
084,111
2022
Properties
132
18
08
063
014
235
Rooms
053,756
05,968
02,030
019,450
3,955
085,159
2023
Properties
134
17
08
069
015
243
Rooms
054,820
05,787
02,030
021,173
4,347
088,157
Notable hotels
The Westin Seattle opened in 1969 as the Washington Plaza Hotel and was the first property to be branded Westin.
The Westin Dhaka
The Westin Seattle
The Westin Charlotte
The Westin Bonaventure Hotel & Suites Los Angeles
Moana Surfrider, A Westin Resort & Spa
The Westin Peachtree Plaza Atlanta
The Westin Book Cadillac Detroit
The Westin Nova Scotian – Halifax, Nova Scotia
The Westin St. Francis – San Francisco hotel on Union Square
The Westin Excelsior, Rome – The Villa La Cupola Suite, billed at US$30,000 per night, is listed at number 8 on World's 15 most expensive hotel suites compiled by CNN Go in 2012.
The Westin Palace Madrid
The Westin San Jose – Formerly the Saint Claire and Hyatt Saint Claire.
Walt Disney World Swan
The W Philadelphia and Element Philadelphia - First two-hotels-in-one building
References
^ "Westin Hotel Locations". Marriott.com.
^ "Westin". Marriott Hotels Development. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h "Westin Hotels and Resorts, The J. Wm. Keithan Archives, 1905–2004". Washington State University Libraries. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
^ Flood, Chuck (September 18, 2017). Lost Restaurants of Seattle. ISBN 978-1439662625.
^ "New Offices on 25th Anniversary" (PDF). Western Hotels, Inc. Front!. November–December 1955. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
^ "Westin Hotels and Resorts Worldwide". Reference for Business.com. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
^ Becker, Paula (January 5, 2005). "Carlson, Edward "Eddie" E. (1911–1990)". HistoryLink. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
^ Stein, Alan J.; Becker, Paula (October 15, 2011). "They wrote the book on Seattle's World's Fair". The Seattle Times. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
^ "World's Fair". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane. March 19, 1962. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
^ "Guide to the Westin Hotels & Resorts, J. William Keithan Archives 1905-2004".
^ "Hotel Marketing Firms Meeting Here". Chicago Tribune. March 22, 1966. p. 56 – via Newspapers.com. Hotel Corporation of America and….Western International Hotels…. each have a 50 per cent interest in the newly formed marketing subsidiary named HCA and Western Hotels.
^ "Western Hotels Co. Buying the Plaza For $25‐Million". The New York Times. November 13, 1974.
^ "Western International Hotels, one of America's leading hotel management..." United Press International. January 5, 1981. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
^ Stein, Alan J. (November 6, 2012). "Washington Plaza Hotel opens in Seattle on June 29, 1969". HistoryLink.
^ "Western International Hotels Company, Washington Plaza Hotel, Downtown, Seattle, WA (1967–1969)". Pacific Coast Architecture Database. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
^ Cuff, Daniel F. (March 23, 1989). "BUSINESS PEOPLE; Westin Hotels Names Chairman's Wife Chief". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^ Cole, Robert J. (March 27, 1988). "Plaza Hotel Is Sold To Donald Trump For $390 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^ "Aoki Closes Westin Hotels Sale At Loss". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane. Associated Press. May 16, 1995. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^ Mayerowitz, Scott (September 23, 2016). "Marriott Buys Starwood Hotels for $13 Billion". Inc. Associated Press. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
^ "Westin History". Funding Universe.
^ "Westin signs Pottery Barn as new 'Heavenly' shop | Reuters". Reuters. December 20, 2011.
^ "2016 Annual Report". Marriott International. p. 7.
^ "2017 Annual Report". Marriott International. p. 7.
^ "2018 Annual Report". Marriott International. p. 6.
^ "2019 Annual Report". Marriott International. p. 6.
^ "2020 Annual Report". Marriott International. p. 13.
^ "2021 Annual Report". Marriott International. p. 6.
^ "2022 Annual Report". Marriott International. p. 6.
^ "2023 Annual Report". Marriott International. p. 6.
^ Arnold, Helen (March 25, 2012). "World's 15 most expensive hotel suites". CNN Travel. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
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Oetker Collection
Omni
OYO Rooms
Pan Pacific
Paradores
The Peninsula
Penta Hotels
Pestana
Pousadas de Portugal
Preferred
Premier Inn
Prime Plaza
Prince
QT
Red Planet
Red Roof Inn / Red Roof Plus / The Red Collection / HomeTowne Studios
Relais & Châteaux
RIU
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Royal Orchid
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Sahid
Sandals
Beaches
Sandman
Santika Indonesia
Scandic
Seda
Serena
Sonder
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Standard
Starhotels
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Swiss-Belhotel
Thistle
Thon
Toyoko Inn
Travelodge UK
Trump
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Virgin
Warwick
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Defunct
Adam's Mark
Alamo Plaza Hotel Courts
Allegro Resorts
AmeriHost Inn
AmeriSuites
Capital Bars
Crest
Cross Country Inn
Denizen
Esso Motor Hotel
Exel Inn
Forte
Four Pillars
Fred Harvey
Friendship Inn
Gran Dorado
Great Southern
Hiway House
The Hotel Collection
Imperial 400
Jack Tar
Jurys Inn
Nickelodeon Resorts by Marriott
Parliament House Motor Inn
Patio
Promus
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Shoney's Inn
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United Hotels Company of America
Vantage Hospitality
Wilson World
Category
Authority control databases International
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United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westin (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westin_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Marriott International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriott_International"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westin_Hotels_%26_Resorts&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"American upscale hotel chain owned by Marriott International\"Westin\" redirects here. For the surname, see Westin (surname).Westin Hotels & Resorts is an American upscale hotel chain owned by Marriott International. As of June 30, 2020[update], the Westin Brand has 226 properties with 82,608 rooms in multiple countries in addition to 58 hotels with 15,741 rooms in the pipeline.[2]","title":"Westin Hotels & Resorts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Washington_Hotel,_Seattle,_ca_1910_(MOHAI_2461).jpg"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympic_Hotel,_circa_1925.jpg"}],"text":"The New Washington Hotel in SeattleThe Olympic Hotel in Seattle","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Yakima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakima"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WestinRecords-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WestinRecords-3"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Boise, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WestinRecords-3"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis Drake Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimpton_Sir_Francis_Drake_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WestinRecords-3"},{"link_name":"Edward Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Carlson"},{"link_name":"Trader Vic's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trader_Vic%27s"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Olympic Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmont_Olympic_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Front1955-5"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Village Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Hawaiian_Village"},{"link_name":"Henry J. Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_J._Kaiser"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WestinRecords-3"},{"link_name":"The Bayshore Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Westin_Bayshore"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Century 21 Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_21_Exposition"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart TV Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernsehturm_Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Space Needle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Needle"},{"link_name":"QSMV Dominion Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QSMV_Dominion_Monarch"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SpokesmanR-9"}],"sub_title":"Western Hotels","text":"In 1930, Severt W. Thurston and Frank Dupar of Seattle, Washington met unexpectedly during breakfast at the coffee shop of the Commercial Hotel in Yakima, Washington. The competing hotel owners decided to form a management company to handle all their properties, and help deal with the crippling effects of the ongoing Great Depression.[3] The men invited Peter and Adolph Schmidt, who operated five hotels in the Puget Sound area, to join them, and together they established Western Hotels.[3] The chain consisted of 17 properties – 16 in Washington and one in Boise, Idaho.[3]Western Hotels expanded to Vancouver, British Columbia and Portland, Oregon in 1931, to Alaska in 1939, and then to California in 1941, assuming management of the Sir Francis Drake Hotel the day after Pearl Harbor was bombed. Western added properties in Utah in 1949 and Montana in 1950.[3]Western Hotels executive Edward Carlson convinced Victor \"Trader Vic\" Bergeron to open his first franchised Trader Vic's location in the chain's Benjamin Franklin Hotel in Seattle in 1949. Originally a small bar named The Outrigger, it was expanded into a full restaurant in 1954 and renamed Trader Vic's in 1960.[4] Due to the restaurant's success, Bergeron worked with Western Hotels to open Trader Vic's locations in a number of its hotels.In 1955, Western Hotels assumed management of the landmark Olympic Hotel in Seattle. It became the chain's new flagship, and the headquarters and executive offices were moved from the New Washington Hotel to a newly-decorated suite of offices on the 12th floor of the Olympic, in celebration of the chain's 25th anniversary.[5] Western Hotels expanded to Hawaii in 1956, assuming management of the Hawaiian Village Hotel, built by Henry J. Kaiser.Early management developed each property individually. After more than two decades of rapid growth, many of its properties were merged into a single corporate structure in 1958, focusing on bringing the hotels together under a common chain identity.[3] Also in 1958, Western Hotels assumed management of three hotels in Guatemala, its first properties outside the US and Canada. Western opened its first hotel in Mexico in 1961. In March of that same year, they opened the first hotel to be both constructed and owned by the chain, The Bayshore Inn in Vancouver.[6]Edward Carlson became President of the chain in 1960 and is credited with bringing the Century 21 Exposition to Seattle in 1962.[7] Carlson's own napkin sketch of a tower with a revolving restaurant on top, inspired by his visit to the Stuttgart TV Tower, was the origin of the Space Needle.[8] The chain managed the restaurant atop the Space Needle from its opening until 1982. Western Hotels also managed a floating hotel aboard the ocean liner QSMV Dominion Monarch, docked in Seattle harbor during the fair.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WestinRecords-3"},{"link_name":"American Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WestinRecords-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Trust House Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forte_Group"},{"link_name":"UAL Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAL_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Plaza Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Western International Hotels","text":"The company was renamed Western International Hotels in January 1963, to reflect its growth outside the US.[3] In the mid-1960s, the company became publicly-held, trading its shares on the American Stock Exchange.[10]From November 1, 1965, to 1970, Western International had an agreement with Hotel Corporation of America (today known as Sonesta), under which all 72 hotels of the two chains were jointly marketed as HCA and Western Hotels.[3][11] From 1968 to 1973, Western International had a similar joint marketing agreement with UK-based Trust House Hotels. In 1970, Western International was acquired by UAL Corporation, with Edward Carlson becoming president and CEO of UAL, Inc and United Airlines.Western International bought New York's iconic Plaza Hotel in 1975 for $25 million.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Westin_San_Francisco_Airport_in_South_San_Francisco,_CA.jpg"},{"link_name":"South San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Westin Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westin_Seattle"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Westin Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westin_Building"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"conglomerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)"},{"link_name":"United Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Hertz Rent a Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hertz_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Hilton International Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_CRS"},{"link_name":"Aoki Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoki_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Starwood Capital Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starwood_Capital_Group"},{"link_name":"Starwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starwood_Hotels_and_Resorts"},{"link_name":"Goldman Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WestinRecords-3"},{"link_name":"Marriott International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriott_International"},{"link_name":"Starwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starwood_Hotels_and_Resorts"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Westin Hotels","text":"The Westin San Francisco Airport in South San Francisco, CAOn January 5, 1981, the company changed its name again to Westin Hotels (a contraction of the words Western International).[13] The chain's flagship Washington Plaza Hotel in Seattle was the first property to be rebranded, becoming The Westin Hotel on September 1, 1981.[14] That same year, Westin opened a new corporate headquarters directly across the street in the Westin Building, which shared a parking garage with the hotel.[15]In 1987, UAL chairman Richard Ferris announced a plan to reorganize UAL as Allegis Corporation, a travel conglomerate based around United Airlines, Hertz Rent a Car, Hilton International Hotels, and Westin and linked by Apollo. This strategy failed, however, and Allegis sold Westin in 1988 to the Japanese Aoki Corporation for $1.35 billion.[16] Aoki immediately sold the Plaza Hotel to Donald Trump for $390 million.[17]In 1994, Aoki agreed to sell Westin to real estate investment firm Starwood Capital Group (parent of Starwood) and Goldman Sachs at an enormous loss, for $561 million, but by the time the sale closed in May 1995, the buyers had negotiated the price down to $537 million.[18] In 1998, Starwood assumed full ownership of the company.[3]In 2016, Marriott International acquired Starwood, becoming the world's largest hotel company.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Simmons Bedding Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons_Bedding_Company"},{"link_name":"Nordstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordstrom"},{"link_name":"Pottery Barn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery_Barn"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Westin was the first hotel chain to introduce guest credit cards (in 1946), 24-hour room service (1969), and personal voice mail in each room (1991).[20] In 1999, Westin began selling the Heavenly Bed mattresses featured in Westin properties, and manufactured by Simmons Bedding Company, to the general public. In 2005, Westin partnered with Nordstrom, which carried the mattresses and bedding in its stores. In 2011, Westin began selling the Heavenly mattresses and bedding at Pottery Barn stores.[21]","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accommodations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westin_Seattle_from_Olive_8.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Westin Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Westin_Seattle"},{"link_name":"The Westin Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Westin_Dhaka"},{"link_name":"The Westin Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Westin_Seattle"},{"link_name":"The Westin Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westin_Charlotte"},{"link_name":"The Westin Bonaventure Hotel & Suites Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westin_Bonaventure_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Moana Surfrider, A Westin Resort & Spa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moana_Hotel"},{"link_name":"The Westin Peachtree Plaza Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westin_Peachtree_Plaza_Hotel"},{"link_name":"The Westin Book Cadillac Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westin_Book_Cadillac_Hotel"},{"link_name":"The Westin Nova Scotian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Westin_Nova_Scotian"},{"link_name":"Halifax, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"The Westin St. Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westin_St._Francis"},{"link_name":"The Westin Excelsior, Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Westin_Excelsior,_Rome"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"The Westin Palace Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Westin_Palace_Madrid"},{"link_name":"The Westin San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Westin_San_Jose"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Swan"},{"link_name":"The W Philadelphia and Element Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_W_Philadelphia_and_Element_Philadelphia"}],"text":"The Westin Seattle opened in 1969 as the Washington Plaza Hotel and was the first property to be branded Westin.The Westin Dhaka\nThe Westin Seattle\nThe Westin Charlotte\nThe Westin Bonaventure Hotel & Suites Los Angeles\nMoana Surfrider, A Westin Resort & Spa\nThe Westin Peachtree Plaza Atlanta\nThe Westin Book Cadillac Detroit\nThe Westin Nova Scotian – Halifax, Nova Scotia\nThe Westin St. Francis – San Francisco hotel on Union Square\nThe Westin Excelsior, Rome – The Villa La Cupola Suite, billed at US$30,000 per night, is listed at number 8 on World's 15 most expensive hotel suites compiled by CNN Go in 2012.[30]\nThe Westin Palace Madrid\nThe Westin San Jose – Formerly the Saint Claire and Hyatt Saint Claire.\nWalt Disney World Swan\nThe W Philadelphia and Element Philadelphia - First two-hotels-in-one building","title":"Notable hotels"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The New Washington Hotel in Seattle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/New_Washington_Hotel%2C_Seattle%2C_ca_1910_%28MOHAI_2461%29.jpg/220px-New_Washington_Hotel%2C_Seattle%2C_ca_1910_%28MOHAI_2461%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Olympic Hotel in Seattle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Olympic_Hotel%2C_circa_1925.jpg/220px-Olympic_Hotel%2C_circa_1925.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Westin San Francisco Airport in South San Francisco, CA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/The_Westin_San_Francisco_Airport_in_South_San_Francisco%2C_CA.jpg/220px-The_Westin_San_Francisco_Airport_in_South_San_Francisco%2C_CA.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Westin Seattle opened in 1969 as the Washington Plaza Hotel and was the first property to be branded Westin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Westin_Seattle_from_Olive_8.jpg/220px-Westin_Seattle_from_Olive_8.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Westin Hotel Locations\". Marriott.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://westin.marriott.com/hotel-locations","url_text":"\"Westin Hotel Locations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Westin\". Marriott Hotels Development. Retrieved August 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hotel-development.marriott.com/brands/westin/","url_text":"\"Westin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Westin Hotels and Resorts, The J. Wm. Keithan Archives, 1905–2004\". Washington State University Libraries. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ntserver1.wsulibs.wsu.edu/masc/westin/front.htm","url_text":"\"Westin Hotels and Resorts, The J. Wm. Keithan Archives, 1905–2004\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_University","url_text":"Washington State University"}]},{"reference":"Flood, Chuck (September 18, 2017). Lost Restaurants of Seattle. ISBN 978-1439662625.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zTovDwAAQBAJ&q=outrigger+seattle+1949&pg=PA250","url_text":"Lost Restaurants of Seattle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439662625","url_text":"978-1439662625"}]},{"reference":"\"New Offices on 25th Anniversary\" (PDF). Western Hotels, Inc. Front!. November–December 1955. Retrieved December 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://d2y1pz2y630308.cloudfront.net/2894/documents/2018/12/WesternHotelsFront_NovDec1955.pdf","url_text":"\"New Offices on 25th Anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Westin Hotels and Resorts Worldwide\". Reference for Business.com. Retrieved January 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/42/Westin-Hotels-and-Resorts-Worldwide.html","url_text":"\"Westin Hotels and Resorts Worldwide\""}]},{"reference":"Becker, Paula (January 5, 2005). \"Carlson, Edward \"Eddie\" E. (1911–1990)\". HistoryLink. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historylink.org/File/7202","url_text":"\"Carlson, Edward \"Eddie\" E. (1911–1990)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HistoryLink","url_text":"HistoryLink"}]},{"reference":"Stein, Alan J.; Becker, Paula (October 15, 2011). \"They wrote the book on Seattle's World's Fair\". The Seattle Times. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattletimes.com/pacific-nw-magazine/they-wrote-the-book-on-seattles-worlds-fair/","url_text":"\"They wrote the book on Seattle's World's Fair\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times","url_text":"The Seattle Times"}]},{"reference":"\"World's Fair\". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane. March 19, 1962. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19620319&id=GaFWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6107,1143252&hl=en","url_text":"\"World's Fair\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spokesman-Review","url_text":"The Spokesman-Review"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to the Westin Hotels & Resorts, J. William Keithan Archives 1905-2004\".","urls":[{"url":"http://ntserver1.wsulibs.wsu.edu/masc/finders/cg656.htm","url_text":"\"Guide to the Westin Hotels & Resorts, J. William Keithan Archives 1905-2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hotel Marketing Firms Meeting Here\". Chicago Tribune. March 22, 1966. p. 56 – via Newspapers.com. Hotel Corporation of America and….Western International Hotels…. each have a 50 per cent interest in the newly formed marketing subsidiary named HCA and Western Hotels.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=%22two+firms+each%22&ymd=1966-03-22&t=4351","url_text":"\"Hotel Marketing Firms Meeting Here\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Western Hotels Co. Buying the Plaza For $25‐Million\". The New York Times. November 13, 1974.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/13/archives/western-hotels-co-buying-the-plaza-for-25million.html","url_text":"\"Western Hotels Co. Buying the Plaza For $25‐Million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Western International Hotels, one of America's leading hotel management...\" United Press International. January 5, 1981. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/01/05/Western-International-Hotels-one-of-Americas-leading-hotel-management/3912347518800/","url_text":"\"Western International Hotels, one of America's leading hotel management...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International","url_text":"United Press International"}]},{"reference":"Stein, Alan J. (November 6, 2012). \"Washington Plaza Hotel opens in Seattle on June 29, 1969\". HistoryLink.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/File/1247","url_text":"\"Washington Plaza Hotel opens in Seattle on June 29, 1969\""}]},{"reference":"\"Western International Hotels Company, Washington Plaza Hotel, Downtown, Seattle, WA (1967–1969)\". Pacific Coast Architecture Database. Retrieved January 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://pcad.lib.washington.edu/building/3222/","url_text":"\"Western International Hotels Company, Washington Plaza Hotel, Downtown, Seattle, WA (1967–1969)\""}]},{"reference":"Cuff, Daniel F. (March 23, 1989). \"BUSINESS PEOPLE; Westin Hotels Names Chairman's Wife Chief\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/23/business/business-people-westin-hotels-names-chairman-s-wife-chief.html","url_text":"\"BUSINESS PEOPLE; Westin Hotels Names Chairman's Wife Chief\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Cole, Robert J. (March 27, 1988). \"Plaza Hotel Is Sold To Donald Trump For $390 Million\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/27/nyregion/plaza-hotel-is-sold-to-donald-trump-for-390-million.html","url_text":"\"Plaza Hotel Is Sold To Donald Trump For $390 Million\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aoki Closes Westin Hotels Sale At Loss\". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane. Associated Press. May 16, 1995. Retrieved January 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/may/16/aoki-closes-westin-hotels-sale-at-loss/","url_text":"\"Aoki Closes Westin Hotels Sale At Loss\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Mayerowitz, Scott (September 23, 2016). \"Marriott Buys Starwood Hotels for $13 Billion\". Inc. Associated Press. Retrieved January 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inc.com/associated-press/marriott-buys-starwood-13-billion-worlds-largest-hotel-chain.html","url_text":"\"Marriott Buys Starwood Hotels for $13 Billion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inc._(magazine)","url_text":"Inc."}]},{"reference":"\"Westin History\". Funding Universe.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/westin-hotels-and-resorts-worldwide-history/","url_text":"\"Westin History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Westin signs Pottery Barn as new 'Heavenly' shop | Reuters\". Reuters. December 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-westin-bed/westin-signs-pottery-barn-as-new-heavenly-shop-idUSLNE7BJ02020111220","url_text":"\"Westin signs Pottery Barn as new 'Heavenly' shop | Reuters\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Annual Report\". Marriott International. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://marriott.gcs-web.com/static-files/ff009de0-7abe-4813-9342-f4d8e33b87d2","url_text":"\"2016 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 Annual Report\". Marriott International. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://marriott.gcs-web.com/static-files/057a8e1a-a5c5-4c20-a51c-0b20bf8a0bc1","url_text":"\"2017 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Annual Report\". Marriott International. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://marriott.gcs-web.com/static-files/8799734e-b9e0-4e53-b194-7bd24a381118","url_text":"\"2018 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Annual Report\". Marriott International. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://marriott.gcs-web.com/static-files/178683c9-c9d9-47b0-b115-726588f43130","url_text":"\"2019 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Annual Report\". Marriott International. p. 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://marriott.gcs-web.com/static-files/c5e1faef-f1e5-40e3-bd70-5efbbb929a7f","url_text":"\"2020 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Annual Report\". Marriott International. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://marriott.gcs-web.com/static-files/33ba0a19-8a68-4f3f-9f73-fef2c458c22e","url_text":"\"2021 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 Annual Report\". Marriott International. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://marriott.gcs-web.com/static-files/c0fb865c-15b1-4166-9846-49b548da1ce4","url_text":"\"2022 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"2023 Annual Report\". Marriott International. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://marriott.gcs-web.com/static-files/b82978a6-9d28-4e38-9855-fc4ae2cebe11","url_text":"\"2023 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"Arnold, Helen (March 25, 2012). \"World's 15 most expensive hotel suites\". CNN Travel. Retrieved April 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/escape/worlds-15-most-expensive-hotel-suites-747256","url_text":"\"World's 15 most expensive hotel suites\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]}]
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Buying the Plaza For $25‐Million\""},{"Link":"http://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/01/05/Western-International-Hotels-one-of-Americas-leading-hotel-management/3912347518800/","external_links_name":"\"Western International Hotels, one of America's leading hotel management...\""},{"Link":"http://www.historylink.org/File/1247","external_links_name":"\"Washington Plaza Hotel opens in Seattle on June 29, 1969\""},{"Link":"http://pcad.lib.washington.edu/building/3222/","external_links_name":"\"Western International Hotels Company, Washington Plaza Hotel, Downtown, Seattle, WA (1967–1969)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/23/business/business-people-westin-hotels-names-chairman-s-wife-chief.html","external_links_name":"\"BUSINESS PEOPLE; Westin Hotels Names Chairman's Wife Chief\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/27/nyregion/plaza-hotel-is-sold-to-donald-trump-for-390-million.html","external_links_name":"\"Plaza Hotel Is Sold To Donald Trump For $390 Million\""},{"Link":"https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/may/16/aoki-closes-westin-hotels-sale-at-loss/","external_links_name":"\"Aoki Closes Westin Hotels Sale At Loss\""},{"Link":"https://www.inc.com/associated-press/marriott-buys-starwood-13-billion-worlds-largest-hotel-chain.html","external_links_name":"\"Marriott Buys Starwood Hotels for $13 Billion\""},{"Link":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/westin-hotels-and-resorts-worldwide-history/","external_links_name":"\"Westin History\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-westin-bed/westin-signs-pottery-barn-as-new-heavenly-shop-idUSLNE7BJ02020111220","external_links_name":"\"Westin signs Pottery Barn as new 'Heavenly' shop | Reuters\""},{"Link":"https://marriott.gcs-web.com/static-files/ff009de0-7abe-4813-9342-f4d8e33b87d2","external_links_name":"\"2016 Annual Report\""},{"Link":"https://marriott.gcs-web.com/static-files/057a8e1a-a5c5-4c20-a51c-0b20bf8a0bc1","external_links_name":"\"2017 Annual Report\""},{"Link":"https://marriott.gcs-web.com/static-files/8799734e-b9e0-4e53-b194-7bd24a381118","external_links_name":"\"2018 Annual Report\""},{"Link":"https://marriott.gcs-web.com/static-files/178683c9-c9d9-47b0-b115-726588f43130","external_links_name":"\"2019 Annual Report\""},{"Link":"https://marriott.gcs-web.com/static-files/c5e1faef-f1e5-40e3-bd70-5efbbb929a7f","external_links_name":"\"2020 Annual Report\""},{"Link":"https://marriott.gcs-web.com/static-files/33ba0a19-8a68-4f3f-9f73-fef2c458c22e","external_links_name":"\"2021 Annual Report\""},{"Link":"https://marriott.gcs-web.com/static-files/c0fb865c-15b1-4166-9846-49b548da1ce4","external_links_name":"\"2022 Annual Report\""},{"Link":"https://marriott.gcs-web.com/static-files/b82978a6-9d28-4e38-9855-fc4ae2cebe11","external_links_name":"\"2023 Annual Report\""},{"Link":"http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/escape/worlds-15-most-expensive-hotel-suites-747256","external_links_name":"\"World's 15 most expensive hotel suites\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/143521774","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr96019771","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Concerto_(Bach)
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Italian Concerto (Bach)
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["1 Context","1.1 Related works","2 Movements","3 Discography","3.1 Harpsichord","3.2 Piano","4 References","5 External links"]
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"Italian concerto" redirects here. Not to be confused with Italian symphony.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Italian Concerto" Bach – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Italian Concerto, BWV 971, originally titled Concerto nach Italiænischen Gusto (Concerto in the Italian taste), is a three-movement concerto for two-manual harpsichord solo composed by Johann Sebastian Bach and published in 1735 as the first half of Clavier-Übung II (the second half being the French Overture). The Italian Concerto has become popular among Bach's keyboard works, and has been widely recorded both on the harpsichord and piano.
Context
An Italian concerto relies upon the contrasting roles of different groups of instruments in an ensemble; Bach imitates this effect by creating contrasts using the forte and piano manuals of a two-manual harpsichord throughout the piece.
Related works
Along with the French Overture and some of the Goldberg Variations, this is one of the few works by Bach which specifically require a 2-manual harpsichord. However, it is not unusual in being a solo keyboard work based on Italian concertos. Long before the publication of the Italian Concerto, Bach produced a number of concerto transcriptions while working at Weimar. These are of music by Vivaldi and others, reflecting the court's interest in Italian music. They are for harpsichord (BWV 972–987), and for organ or pedal harpsichord (BWV 592–596).
Movements
Italian Concerto, 1st movement
Performed by Martha Goldstein (harpsichord)
Italian Concerto, 2nd movement
Performed by Martha Goldstein (harpsichord)
Italian Concerto, 3rd movement
Performed by Martha Goldstein (harpsichord)
Problems playing these files? See media help.
Italian Concerto, 1st movement
Performed by Radek Materka (piano)
Italian Concerto, 2nd movement
Performed by Radek Materka (piano)
Italian Concerto, 3rd movement
Performed by Radek Materka (piano)
Problems playing these files? See media help.
The Italian Concerto consists of three movements:
Allegro
Andante
Presto
The two lively F major outer movements, in ritornello style, frame a florid arioso-style movement in D minor, the relative minor.
Discography
Harpsichord
Wanda Landowska recorded the first movement in 1908.
George Malcolm recorded the work twice in the 1950s.
Piano
Alfred Brendel included the work in a Bach album he recorded for Decca.
Andras Schiff has also recorded the work for Decca.
References
^ "George Malcolm: Bach's instrumental works". Bach Cantatas Website. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
^ "100 classical music recordings you must own". classicfm. Retrieved 2021-05-05.
^ "Andras Schiff".
External links
Italian Concerto, BWV 971: performance by the Netherlands Bach Society (video and background information)
Italian Concerto, BWV 971: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
vteCompositions for organ, keyboard and lute by Johann Sebastian BachOrgan
Fugue in G minor, BWV 131a (doubtful)
Sonatas, BWV 525–530
Prelude and Fugue in C major, BWV 531
Prelude and Fugue in D major, BWV 532
Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 537
Toccata and Fugue in D minor ("Dorian"), BWV 538
Toccata and Fugue in F major, BWV 540
Fantasia and Fugue in G minor ("Great"), BWV 542
Prelude and Fugue in A minor, BWV 543
Prelude and Fugue in B minor, BWV 544
Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 546
Prelude and Fugue in E minor ("Wedge"), BWV 548
Eight Short Preludes and Fugues, BWV 553–560 (doubtful)
Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 562
Toccata, Adagio and Fugue in C major, BWV 564
Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565 (doubtful)
Prelude (Toccata) and Fugue in E major, BWV 566
Fantasia ("Pièce d'Orgue") in G major, BWV 572
Fugue in G minor ("Little"), BWV 578
Passacaglia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 582
Concertos, BWV 592–597
Orgelbüchlein, BWV 599–644
Schübler Chorales, BWV 645–650
Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes, BWV 651–668
Chorale partita Sei gegrüßet, Jesu gütig, BWV 768
Canonic Variations on "Vom Himmel hoch da komm' ich her", BWV 769
Neumeister chorales, BWV 1090–1120
Chorale fantasia Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält, BWV 1128
Keyboard
Inventions and Sinfonias, BWV 772–801
English Suites, BWV 806–811
French Suites, BWV 812–817
Partitas, BWV 825–830
No. 2
No. 4
No. 6
Overture in the French style, BWV 831
Well-Tempered Clavier, BWV 846–893
Book 1
No. 1 in C major
No. 2 in C minor
No. 3 in C♯ major
No. 4 in C♯ minor
No. 7 in E♭ major
No. 10 in E minor
No. 16 in G minor
No. 21 in B♭ major
No. 22 in B♭ minor
Book 2
No. 1 in C major
No. 2 in C minor
No. 3 in C♯ major
No. 4 in C♯ minor
No. 5 in D major
No. 6 in D minor
No. 12 in F minor
No. 13 in F♯ major
No. 18 in G♯ minor
No. 22 in B♭ minor
No. 24 in B minor
Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue
Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 906
Toccatas, BWV 910–916
Six Little Preludes, BWV 933–938
Italian Concerto
Harpsichord solo concertos
Goldberg Variations
discography
Gould recording
Aria variata alla maniera italiana
Capriccio on the departure of a beloved brother
Lute
Suite in G minor, BWV 995
Suite in E minor, BWV 996
Bourrée
Suite in C minor, BWV 997
Prelude, Fugue and Allegro in E♭ major, BWV 998
Prelude in C minor, BWV 999
Fugue in G minor, BWV 1000
Mixedcollections
Clavier-Übung III: Prelude and Fugue in E♭ major ("St. Anne"), BWV 552, Chorale preludes, BWV 669–689, Duets, BWV 802–805
Concerto transcriptions, BWV 592–596 and 972–987
Klavierbüchlein W. F. Bach
Notebook A. M. Bach
Twelve Little Preludes
List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach
List of fugal works by Johann Sebastian Bach
List of concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
United States
Other
MusicBrainz work
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Not to be confused with Italian symphony.The Italian Concerto, BWV 971, originally titled Concerto nach Italiænischen Gusto (Concerto in the Italian taste), is a three-movement concerto for two-manual harpsichord solo composed by Johann Sebastian Bach and published in 1735 as the first half of Clavier-Übung II (the second half being the French Overture). 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See media help.Italian Concerto, 1st movement\n\nPerformed by Radek Materka (piano)\nItalian Concerto, 2nd movement\n\nPerformed by Radek Materka (piano)\nItalian Concerto, 3rd movement\n\nPerformed by Radek Materka (piano)\nProblems playing these files? See media help.The Italian Concerto consists of three movements:Allegro\nAndante\nPrestoThe two lively F major outer movements, in ritornello style, frame a florid arioso-style movement in D minor, the relative minor.","title":"Movements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wanda Landowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanda_Landowska"},{"link_name":"George Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Malcolm_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BC-1"}],"sub_title":"Harpsichord","text":"Wanda Landowska recorded the first movement in 1908.\nGeorge Malcolm recorded the work twice in the 1950s.[1]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred Brendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Brendel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Andras Schiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Schiff"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Piano","text":"Alfred Brendel included the work in a Bach album he recorded for Decca.[2]\nAndras Schiff has also recorded the work for Decca.[3]","title":"Discography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Bacchelli
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Riccardo Bacchelli
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["1 Career","2 Il mulino del Po","3 Honour","4 References","5 External links"]
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Italian writer (1891–1985)
Riccardo BacchelliBacchelli c. 1955Born(1891-04-19)19 April 1891Bologna, ItalyDied8 October 1985(1985-10-08) (aged 94)Monza, ItalyOccupationnovelist, playwright, essayistNationalityItalianGenreNovel, play, essayNotable worksIl mulino del Po
Riccardo Bacchelli (Italian pronunciation: ; 19 April 1891 – 8 October 1985) was an Italian writer. In 1927 he was one of the founders of the review La Ronda and Bagutta Prize for literature. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature eight times.
Career
Bacchelli contributed to the Bologna-based magazine La Raccolta from 1918 to 1919. He was a member of the editorial board of the Rome-based magazine La Ronda between 1919 and 1922. His first novel was Il filo meraviglioso di Lodovico Clo (The wonderful thread of Lodovico Clo). Next was Lo sa il tonno (1923). Other works include Il Diavolo al Pontelungo (1927) and La città degli amanti (The City of Lovers, 1929).
His most popular work remains Il mulino del Po (The Mill on the Po) (1938–1940), which covered a century in the life of a rural family. A film adapted from the novel was released in 1949. Later novels, published from 1945 to 1978, include: Il pianto del figlio di Lais, Non ti chiamerò più padre, La cometa, Il rapporto segreto (The secret relationship), Afrodite: un romanzo d'amore (Aphrodite: a love novel), Il progresso è un razzo (Progress is a rocket) and Il sommergibile (The submarine).
Riccardo Bacchelli was elected as a member of the Royal Academy of Italy. He was awarded the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 1971.
Il mulino del Po
Bacchelli (center) with Nino Rota and Bruno Maderna in 1963
The novel narrates in more than 2000 pages the lives, adventures and problems of Lazzaro Scacerni and his family. It opens in the early 19th century as Scacerni returns to Italy from Russia, where he had served as a soldier in Napoleon's invasion, and follows him and his family through a full century until the First World War. Scacerni owns a mill in a rural area on the river Po (hence the title). He and his descendants conduct their lives amid political turmoil, wars, economic hardship, and class conflicts.
The historical, geographical and social background was painstakingly researched by Bacchelli, who created a large and comprehensive portrait of life in rural Italy in the 19th century. The language and style of this novel show that Bacchelli held Alessandro Manzoni as his model. At the same time, he created a structure that showed his attention to contemporary European novels.
Honour
Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (19 April 1971)
References
^ "Nomination Database". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
^ Simona Storchi (2001). Notions of tradition and modernity in Italian critical debates of the 1920s (Ph.D. thesis). University of London. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-1-339-48161-6. ProQuest 1778448531.
^ "La Ronda" (in Italian). University of Trento. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
^ Presidenza della Repubblica – Le Onorificenze: Riccardo Bacchelli.
^ Giulio Ferroni (1992) Profilo storico della letteratura italiana, Einaudi scuola, Milano 1992, p. 956: "strutture narrative spesso acute e sottili, che mostrano una notevole attenzione alle forme del contemporaneo romanzo europeo."
^ "Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana". www.quirinale.it. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Riccardo Bacchelli.
Works by or about Riccardo Bacchelli at Internet Archive
Manifesto
Riccardo Bacchelli website
vteRecipients of the Viareggio Prize1930s
Anselmo Bucci – Lorenzo Viani (1930)
Corrado Tumiati (1931)
Antonino Foschini (1932)
Achille Campanile (1933)
Raffaele Calzini (1934)
Mario Massa – Stefano Pirandello (1935)
Riccardo Bacchelli (1936)
Guelfo Civinini (1937)
Vittorio Giovanni Rossi – Enrico Pea (1938)
Arnaldo Frateili – Orio Vergani – Maria Bellonci (1939)
1940sSilvio Micheli – Umberto Saba (1946) • Antonio Gramsci (1947) • Aldo Palazzeschi – Elsa Morante – Sibilla Aleramo (1948) • Arturo Carlo Jemolo – Renata Viganò (1949)1950sFrancesco Jovine – Carlo Bernari (1950) • Domenico Rea (1951) • Tommaso Fiore (1952) • Carlo Emilio Gadda (1953) • Rocco Scotellaro (1954) • Vasco Pratolini (1955) • Carlo Levi – Gianna Manzini (1956) • Italo Calvino – Pier Paolo Pasolini (1957) • Ernesto de Martino (1958) • Marino Moretti (1959)1960sGiovanni Battista Angioletti (1960) • Alberto Moravia (1961) • Giorgio Bassani (1962) • Antonio Delfini – Sergio Solmi (1963) • Giuseppe Berto (1964) • Goffredo Parise - Angelo Maria Ripellino (1965) • Ottiero Ottieri – Alfonso Gatto (1966) • Raffaello Brignetti (1967) • Libero Bigiaretti (1968) • Fulvio Tomizza (1969)1970sNello Saito (1970) • Ugo Attardi (1971) • Romano Bilenchi (1972) • Achille Campanile (1973) • Clotilde Marghieri (1974) • Paolo Volponi (1975) • Mario Tobino – Dario Bellezza – Sergio Solmi (1976) • Davide Lajolo (1977) • Antonio Altomonte – Mario Luzi (1978) • Giorgio Manganelli (1979)1980sStefano Terra (1980) • Enzo Siciliano (1981) • Primo Levi (1982) • Giuliana Morandini (1983) • Gina Lagorio – Bruno Gentili (1984) • Manlio Cancogni (1985) • Marisa Volpi (1986) • Mario Spinella (1987) • Rosetta Loy (1988) • Salvatore Mannuzzu (1989)1990sLuisa Adorno – Cesare Viviani – Maurizio Calvesi (1990) • Antonio Debenedetti (1991) • Luigi Malerba (1992) • Alessandro Baricco (1993) • Antonio Tabucchi (1994) • Maurizio Maggiani – Elio Pagliarani (1995) • Ermanno Rea – Alda Merini (1996) • Claudio Piersanti – Franca Grisoni – Corrado Stajano (1997) • Giorgio Pressburger – Michele Sovente – Carlo Ginzburg (1998) • Ernesto Franco (1999)2000sGiorgio van Straten – Sandro Veronesi (2000) • Niccolò Ammaniti – Michele Ranchetti – Giorgio Pestelli (2001) • Fleur Jaeggy – Jolanda Insana – Alfonso Berardinelli (2002) • Giuseppe Montesano (2003) • Edoardo Albinati – Andrea Tagliapietra – Livia Livi (2004) • Raffaele La Capria – Alberto Arbasino – Milo de Angelis (2005) • Gianni Celati – Giovanni Agosti – Giuseppe Conte – Roberto Saviano (2006) • Filippo Tuena – Paolo Mauri – Silvia Bre – Simona Baldanzi – Paolo Colagrande – Paolo Fallai (2007) • Francesca Sanvitale – Miguel Gotor – Eugenio De Signoribus (2008) • Edith Bruck – Adriano Prosperi – Ennio Cavalli (2009)2010sNicola Lagioia – Michele Emmer – Pierluigi Cappello (2010) • Alessandro Mari – Mario Lavagetto – Gian Mario Villalta (2011) • Nicola Gardini – Franco Lo Piparo – Antonella Anedda (2012) • Paolo Di Stefano – Giulio Guidorizzi – Enrico Testa (2013) • Francesco Pecoraro – Alessandro Fo – Luciano Mecacci (2014) • Antonio Scurati – Massimo Bucciantini – Franco Buffoni (2015) • Franco Cordelli – Bruno Pischedda – Sonia Gentili (2016) • Gianfranco Calligarich – Giuseppe Montesano – Stefano Carrai (2017) • Fabio Genovesi – Giuseppe Lupo (2018) • Emanuele Trevi – Renato Minore – Saverio Ricci (2019)2020sPaolo Di Paolo – Luciano Cecchinel – Giulio Ferroni (2020) • Edith Bruck - Flavio Santi - Walter Siti (2021) • Silvia Sciorilli Borrelli – Pietro Castellitto – Claudio Damiani – Wlodek Goldkorn – Agnese Pini – Veronica Raimo – Silvia Ronchey (2022)
Authority control databases International
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National
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Z._Spearing
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James Z. Spearing
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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American politician
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "James Z. Spearing" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
James Z. SpearingFrom the May 28, 1924 edition of the Vilas County News (Eagle River, Wisconsin)Member of theUnited States House of Representatives from Louisiana's 2nd districtIn officeApril 22, 1924 – March 3, 1931Preceded byHenry Garland DupréSucceeded byPaul H. MaloneyMember of the Orleans Parish School BoardIn office1908–1912In office1916–1920Member of the Louisiana State Board of EducationIn office1912–1916
Personal detailsBorn(1864-04-23)April 23, 1864Alto, Texas, C.S.DiedNovember 2, 1942(1942-11-02) (aged 78)New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.Resting placeMetairie CemeteryNew Orleans, LouisianaPolitical partyDemocraticResidence(s)New Orleans, LouisianaAlma materTulane University Law SchoolOccupationLawyer
James Zacharie Spearing (April 23, 1864 – November 2, 1942) was an attorney and politician from New Orleans. Usually known as J. Zach Spearing, he served as a U.S. Representative from Louisiana's 2nd congressional district from 1924 to 1931.
Born in Alto in Cherokee County, Texas, Spearing moved with his parents in 1866 to New Orleans, where he attended public schools. He left school and went to work in 1877. In 1886, he obtained a degree from Tulane University School of Law in New Orleans. That same year, he was admitted to the bar and began his legal practice in New Orleans.
He served as member of the Orleans Parish School Board from 1908 to 1912 and again from 1916 to 1920 and as president in 1919 and 1920. Between the parish school board terms, he was a member of the Louisiana State Board of Education from 1912 to 1916. He was an alternate delegate to the 1912 Democratic National Convention, which nominated the Wilson-Marshall ticket, which handily won the electoral votes of Louisiana.
Spearing was elected to the Sixty-eighth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of H. Garland Dupré. He was reelected to the Sixty-ninth, Seventieth, and Seventy-first Congresses and served from April 22, 1924, to March 3, 1931. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1930. Thereafter, he resumed the practice of law in New Orleans, where he died and is interred at Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans.
Portals: Texas United States Law Politics Schools
References
United States Congress. "James Z. Spearing (id: S000708)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byH. Garland Dupré
U.S. Representative for Louisiana's 2nd congressional district
James Zacharie Spearing 1924–1931
Succeeded byPaul H. Maloney
External links
James Z. Spearing at Find a Grave
vteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Louisiana1st district
E. Livingston
White
H. Johnson
White
Slidell
La Sére
St. Martin
Dunbar
Eustis
Bouligny
Sypher
Lawrence
Gibson
Hunt
St. Martin
Wilkinson
Meyer
Estopinal
O'Connor
Fernández
Hébert
Tonry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-headed_albatross
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Grey-headed albatross
|
["1 Taxonomy","2 Etymology","3 Description","4 Range and habitat","5 Behaviour","5.1 Feeding","5.2 Reproduction","6 Conservation","7 Footnotes","8 References","9 External links"]
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Species of bird
Grey-headed albatross
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Procellariiformes
Family:
Diomedeidae
Genus:
Thalassarche
Species:
T. chrysostoma
Binomial name
Thalassarche chrysostoma(Forster, 1785)
Synonyms
Diomedea chrysostoma
The grey-headed albatross (Thalassarche chrysostoma) also known as the gray-headed mollymawk, is a large seabird from the albatross family. It has a circumpolar distribution, nesting on isolated islands in the Southern Ocean and feeding at high latitudes, further south than any of the other mollymawks. Its name derives from its ashy-gray head, throat and upper neck.
Taxonomy
Mollymawks are a type of albatross that belong to the family Diomedeidae from the order Procellariiformes, along with shearwaters, fulmars, storm petrels, and diving petrels. They share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns, although the nostrils of an albatross are on the sides of the bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates. Finally, they produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators as well as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights. They also have a salt gland situated above the nasal passage that helps desalinate their bodies, to compensate for the ocean water they imbibe. It excretes a concentrated brine from the nostrils.
Etymology
The name chrysostoma is derived from two Greek words. Khrusos means "gold" and stoma means "the mouth", in reference to its golden bill.
Description
The grey-headed albatross averages 81 cm (32 in) in length and 2.2 m (7.2 ft) in wingspan. Weight can range from 2.8 to 4.4 kg (6.2 to 9.7 lb), with a mean mass of 3.65 kg (8.0 lb). It has a dark ashy-grey head, throat, and upper neck, and its upper wings, mantle, and tail, are almost black. It has a white rump, underparts, and a white crescent behind its eyes. Its bill is black, with bright yellow upper and lower ridges, that shades to pink-orange at the tip. Its underwings are white with a lot of black on the leading edge and less on the trailing edge. Juveniles have a black bill and head and a darker nape. Its eye crescent is indistinct and its underwing is almost completely dark.
Range and habitat
Breeding population and trends
Location
Population
Date
Trend
South Georgia Island
48,000 pairs
2006
Declining
Marion Island
6,200 pairs
2003
Stable
Prince Edward Islands
3,000 pairs
2003
Campbell Island
7,800 pair
2004
Declining
Macquarie Island
84 pairs
1998
Crozet Islands
5,940 pairs
1998
Kerguelen Islands
7,905 pairs
1998
Islas Diego Ramirez
16,408 pairs
2002
Total
250,000
2004
Decreasing
Grey-headed albatrosses nest in colonies on several islands in the Southern Ocean, with large colonies on South Georgia in the South Atlantic, and smaller colonies on Islas Diego Ramírez, Kerguelen Islands, Crozet Islands, Marion Island, and Prince Edward Islands in the Indian Ocean, Campbell Island and Macquarie Island south of New Zealand, and Chile. While breeding, they will forage for food within or south of the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone. Birds that roost in the Marion Island area forage for food in the sub-tropical zone. Juveniles or non-breeding adults fly freely throughout all the southern oceans, north to 35°S.
Behaviour
Chick at nest
Feeding
At sea the grey-headed albatross is highly pelagic, more so than other mollymawks, feeding in the open oceans rather than over the continental shelves. They feed predominantly on squid, taking also some fish, crustacea, carrion, cephalopods, and lampreys. Krill is less important as a food source for this species, reflecting their more pelagic feeding range. They are capable of diving as deep as 7 m (23 ft) to chase prey, but do not do so frequently.
Reproduction
A single egg is laid in a large nest, typically built on steep slopes or cliffs with tussock grass, and incubated for 72 days. Studies at South Georgia's Bird Island have shown that the growing chick is fed 616 g (21.7 oz) of food every 1.2 days, with the chick increasing in weight to around 4,900 g (170 oz). Chicks then tend to lose weight before fledging, which happens after 141 days. Chick will generally not return to the colony for 6–7 years after fledging, and will not breed for the first time until several years after that. If a pair has managed to successfully raise a chick it will not breed in the following year, taking the year off. During this time spent away from the colony they can cover great distances, often circling the globe several times.
Conservation
Flying in Drake's Passage, Southern Ocean
The IUCN classifies this bird as endangered due to rapidly declining numbers in South Georgia which holds around half the world's population. It has an occurrence range of 79,000,000 km2 (31,000,000 sq mi) and a breeding range of 1,800 km2 (690 sq mi), with a population, estimated in 2004, of 250,000. Estimates place 48,000 pairs at South Georgia Island, 6,200 on Marion Island, 3,000 pairs on Prince Edward Islands, 7,800 pairs on Campbell Island, 16,408 pairs in Chile, 84 pairs on Macquarie Island, 5,940 on Crozet Island, and 7,905 on Kerguelen Islands
Populations have been shrinking based on different studies. Bird Island numbers have been reduced 20% to 30% in the last 30 years. Marion Island registered 1.75% reduction per year until 1992 and now appears to be stable. Campbell Island has seen reduction of 79% to 87% since the 1940s. Overall, the trends looks like a 30-40% reduction over 90 years (3 generations). Illegal or unregulated fishing in the Indian Ocean for the Patagonian toothfish, Dissostichus eleginoides resulted in 10–20,000 dead albatrosses, mainly this species, in 1997 and 1998. Longline fishing is responsible for other deaths.
To assist this species, studies are being undertaken at most of the islands. Also, Prince Edward Islands is a special nature preserve, and Campbell Island and Macquarie Island are World Heritage Sites.
Footnotes
^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Thalassarche chrysostoma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22698398A132644834. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698398A132644834.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Brands, S. (2008)
^ Double, M. C. (2003)
^ Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988)
^ Gotch, A. F. (1995)
^ Brooke, Michael, Albatrosses and Petrels across the World (Bird Families of the World). Oxford University Press (2004), ISBN 978-0-19-850125-1
^ a b c d e f g BirdLife International (2008)
^ Prince, et al. (1998)
^ Phillips, et al. (2004)
^ Nel, et al. (2001)
^ Clements, James (2007)
^ Prince (1980)
^ Cherel, et al. (2002)
^ Xavier, et al. (2003)
^ Arata, et al. (2004)
^ Croxall & Gales (1998)
^ Brooke, (2004)
^ Poncet, et al. (2006)
^ Crawford, et al. (2003)
^ Ryan, et al. (2003)
^ Moore (2004)
^ Arata & Morena (2002)
^ a b Gales (1998)
^ Croxall et al. (1998)
^ Nel et al. (2002)
^ Taylor, (2000)
^ CCAMLR (1997)
^ CCAMLR (1998)
^ Nel et al. (2002a)
^ Clay et al. (2019)
^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Macquarie Island". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
References
Arata, J.; Moreno, C. A. (2002). "Progress report of Chilean research on albatross ecology and conservation". Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Working Group on Fish Stock Assessment.
Arata, J.; Robertson, G.; Valencia, J.; Xavier, J. C.; Moreno, C. A. (2004). "Diet of Grey-headed Albatrosses at Diego Ramirez Islands, Chile: ecological implications" (PDF). Antarctic Science. 16 (3): 263–275. Bibcode:2004AntSc..16..263A. doi:10.1017/s095410200400207x. S2CID 51991611.
BirdLife International (2008). "Grey-headed Albatross - BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. Retrieved 22 Feb 2009.
Brands, Sheila (14 Aug 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification - Diomedea subg. Thalassogeron -". Project: The Taxonomicon. Retrieved 22 Feb 2009.
Brooke, M. (2004). "Procellariidae". Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850125-1.
CCAMLR (1998). Report of the XVII Meeting of the Scientific Committee. Hobart. Hobart, Australia: Committee for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
CCAMLR (1997). Report of the XVI Meeting of the Scientific Committee. Hobart. Hobart, Australia: Committee for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Cherel, Y.; Weimerskirch, H.; Trouve, C. (2002). "Dietary evidence for spatial foraging segregation in sympatric albatrosses (Diomedea spp.) rearing chicks at Iles Nuageuses, Kerguelen". Marine Biology. 141 (6): 1117–1129. Bibcode:2002MarBi.141.1117Y. doi:10.1007/s00227-002-0907-5. S2CID 83653436.
Clay, T.A.; Small, C.; Tuck, G.N.; Pardo, D; Carneiro, A.P.B.; Wood, A.G.; Croxall, J.P.; Crossin, G.T.; Phillips, R.A. (2019). "A comprehensive large-scale assessment of fisheries bycatch risk to threatened seabird populations". Journal of Applied Ecology. 141 (6): 1117–1129. Bibcode:2019JApEc..56.1882C. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13407.
Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6th ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
Crawford, R. J. M.; Cooper, J.; Dyer, B. M.; Greyling, M.; Klages, N. T. W.; Ryan, P. G.; Petersen, S.; Underhill, L. G.; Upfold, L.; et al. (2003). "Populations of surface nesting seabirds at Marion Island, 1994/95-2002/03". African Journal of Marine Science. 25 (1): 427–440. Bibcode:2003AfJMS..25..427C. doi:10.2989/18142320309504032. S2CID 83807556.
Croxall, J. P.; Gales, R. (1998). "Assessment of the conservation status of albatrosses". In Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (eds.). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons.
Croxall, J. P.; Prince, P. A.; Rothery, P.; Wood, A. G. (1998). "Population changes in albatrosses at South Georgia". In Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (eds.). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. pp. 69–83.
Croxall, J. P.; Silk, J.R.D.; Phillips, R.A.; Afanasyev, V.; Briggs, D.R. (2005). "Global Circumnavigations: Tracking year-round ranges of nonbreeding Albatrosses". Science. 307 (5707): 249–250. Bibcode:2005Sci...307..249C. doi:10.1126/science.1106042. PMID 15653503. S2CID 28990783.
del Hoyo, Josep, Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (1992). Handbook of Birds of the World Vol 1. Barcelona:Lynx Edicions, ISBN 84-87334-10-5
Double, M. C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8. Vol. Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 107–111. ISBN 978-0-7876-5784-0.
Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birders Handbook (First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 29–31. ISBN 978-0-671-65989-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Gales, R. (1998). "Albatross populations: status and threats". In Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (eds.). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons.
Gotch, A. F. (1995) . "Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels". Latin Names Explained A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-8160-3377-5.
Moore, P. J. (2004). "Abundance and population trends of mollymawks on Campbell Island". Science for Conservation. 242. Wellington, NZ: Department of Conservation.
Nel, D. C.; Lutjeharms, J. R. E.; Pakhomov, E. A.; Ansorge, I. J.; Ryan, P. G.; Klages, N. T. W. (2001). "Exploitation of mesoscale oceanographic features by Grey-headed Albatross Thalassarche chrysostoma in the southern Indian Ocean". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 217: 15–26. Bibcode:2001MEPS..217...15N. doi:10.3354/meps217015.
Nel, D. C.; Ryan, P. G.; Crawford, R. J. M.; Cooper, J.; Huyser, O. (2002). "Population trends of albatrosses and petrels at sub-Antarctic Marion Island". Polar Biology. 25 (2): 81–89. Bibcode:2002PoBio..25...81N. doi:10.1007/s003000100315. S2CID 11970816.
Nel, D. C.; Ryan, P. G.; Watkins, B. P. (2002a). "Seabird mortality in the Patagonian Toothfish longline fishery around the Prince Edward Islands". Antarctic Science. 14 (2): 151–161. Bibcode:2002AntSc..14..151N. doi:10.1017/s0954102002000718. S2CID 83997049.
Phillips, R. A.; Silk, J. R. D.; Phalan, B.; Catry, P.; Croxall, J. P. (2004). "Seasonal sexual segregation of two Thalassarche albatross species: competitive exclusion, reproductive role specialization or foraging niche divergence?". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 271 (1545): 1283–1291. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2718. PMC 1691717. PMID 15306353.
Poncet, S.; Robertson, G.; Phillips, R. A.; Lawton, K.; Phalan, B.; Trathan, P. N.; Croxall, J. P. (2006). "Status and distribution of wandering Black-browed and Grey-headed Albatrosses breeding at South Georgia". Polar Biology. 29 (9): 772–781. Bibcode:2006PoBio..29..772P. doi:10.1007/s00300-006-0114-9. S2CID 21411990.
Prince, P. A. (1980). "The food and feeding ecology of Grey-headed Albatross Diomedea chrysostoma and Black-rowed Albatross D. melanophris". Ibis. 122 (4): 476–488. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1980.tb00902.x.
Prince, P. A.; Croxall, J. P.; Trathan, P. N.; Wood, A. G. (1998). "The pelagic distribution of South Georgia albatrosses and their relationships with fisheries". In Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (eds.). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons.
Ryan, P. G.; Cooper, J.; Dyer, B. M.; Underhill, L. G.; Crawford, R. J. M.; Bester, M. N. (2003). "Counts of surface-nesting seabirds breeding at Prince Edward Islands, Summer 2001/02". African Journal of Marine Science. 25 (1): 441–451. Bibcode:2003AfJMS..25..441R. doi:10.2989/18142320309504033. S2CID 84355648.
Taylor, G. A. (2000). "Action plan for seabird conservation in New Zealand. Wellington: Department of Conservation". Threatened Species Occasional Publication. 16.
Xavier, J. C.; Croxall, J. P.; Trathan, P. N.; Wood, A. G. (2003). "Feeding strategies and diets of breeding grey-headed and wandering albatrosses at South Georgia". Marine Biology. 143 (2): 221–232. Bibcode:2003MarBi.143..221X. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1049-0. S2CID 85569322.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thalassarche chrysostoma.
Wikispecies has information related to Thalassarche chrysostoma.
Species factsheet - BirdLife International
Photos and fact file - ARKive
Photos - Christopher Taylor Nature Photography
Taxon identifiersThalassarche chrysostoma
Wikidata: Q786350
Wikispecies: Thalassarche chrysostoma
ADW: Thalassarche_chrysostoma
AFD: Thalassarche_chrysostoma
ARKive: thalassarche-chrysostoma
Avibase: 0E4475F65B2A8060
BirdLife: 22698398
BOW: gyhalb
CoL: 55ZCB
CMS: thalassarche-chrysostoma
eBird: gyhalb
EoL: 45511494
GBIF: 2481408
iNaturalist: 4090
IRMNG: 10837617
ISC: 119278
ITIS: 563381
IUCN: 22698398
NBN: NHMSYS0000533951
NCBI: 54025
Neotropical: gyhalb
NZBO: grey-headed-mollymawk
NZOR: 3262d895-df41-49ba-a2e3-917558ddae20
Observation.org: 73656
OBIS: 225760
Open Tree of Life: 320280
Paleobiology Database: 372417
SeaLifeBase: 83053
SPRAT: 66491
uBio: 5987164
WoRMS: 225760
Xeno-canto: Thalassarche-chrysostoma
Diomedea chrysostoma
Wikidata: Q109563262
CoL: 36B3K
GBIF: 5229312
ITIS: 174523
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seabird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabird"},{"link_name":"albatross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatross"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"circumpolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current"},{"link_name":"Southern Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean"},{"link_name":"mollymawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollymawk"}],"text":"The grey-headed albatross (Thalassarche chrysostoma) also known as the gray-headed mollymawk, is a large seabird from the albatross family. It has a circumpolar distribution, nesting on isolated islands in the Southern Ocean and feeding at high latitudes, further south than any of the other mollymawks. Its name derives from its ashy-gray head, throat and upper neck.","title":"Grey-headed albatross"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diomedeidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diomedeidae"},{"link_name":"Procellariiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procellariiformes"},{"link_name":"shearwaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearwater"},{"link_name":"fulmars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulmar"},{"link_name":"storm petrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_petrel"},{"link_name":"diving petrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_petrel"},{"link_name":"naricorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naricorns"},{"link_name":"stomach oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_oil"},{"link_name":"wax esters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_ester"},{"link_name":"triglycerides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglycerides"},{"link_name":"proventriculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proventriculus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"salt gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_gland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Mollymawks are a type of albatross that belong to the family Diomedeidae from the order Procellariiformes, along with shearwaters, fulmars, storm petrels, and diving petrels. They share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns, although the nostrils of an albatross are on the sides of the bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates. Finally, they produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators as well as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.[3] They also have a salt gland situated above the nasal passage that helps desalinate their bodies, to compensate for the ocean water they imbibe. It excretes a concentrated brine from the nostrils.[4]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_(language)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The name chrysostoma is derived from two Greek words. Khrusos means \"gold\" and stoma means \"the mouth\", in reference to its golden bill.[5]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLI-7"}],"text":"The grey-headed albatross averages 81 cm (32 in) in length and 2.2 m (7.2 ft) in wingspan. Weight can range from 2.8 to 4.4 kg (6.2 to 9.7 lb), with a mean mass of 3.65 kg (8.0 lb).[6] It has a dark ashy-grey head, throat, and upper neck, and its upper wings, mantle, and tail, are almost black. It has a white rump, underparts, and a white crescent behind its eyes. Its bill is black, with bright yellow upper and lower ridges, that shades to pink-orange at the tip. Its underwings are white with a lot of black on the leading edge and less on the trailing edge. Juveniles have a black bill and head and a darker nape. Its eye crescent is indistinct and its underwing is almost completely dark.[7]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabird_colony"},{"link_name":"South Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_Island"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Islas Diego Ramírez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_Diego_Ram%C3%ADrez"},{"link_name":"Kerguelen Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands"},{"link_name":"Crozet Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crozet_Islands"},{"link_name":"Marion Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Island"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Campbell Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Island,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Macquarie Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Island"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Polar_Frontal_Zone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prince1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phillips-9"},{"link_name":"Marion Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Island"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nel-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLI-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Grey-headed albatrosses nest in colonies on several islands in the Southern Ocean, with large colonies on South Georgia in the South Atlantic, and smaller colonies on Islas Diego Ramírez, Kerguelen Islands, Crozet Islands, Marion Island, and Prince Edward Islands in the Indian Ocean, Campbell Island and Macquarie Island south of New Zealand, and Chile. While breeding, they will forage for food within or south of the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone.[8][9] Birds that roost in the Marion Island area forage for food in the sub-tropical zone.[10] Juveniles or non-breeding adults fly freely throughout all the southern oceans,[7] north to 35°S.[11]","title":"Range and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grey-headed_albatross_chick.jpg"}],"text":"Chick at nest","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pelagic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic"},{"link_name":"continental shelves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelf"},{"link_name":"squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid"},{"link_name":"crustacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacea"},{"link_name":"carrion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrion"},{"link_name":"cephalopods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod"},{"link_name":"lampreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamprey"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prince-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cherel-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Xavier-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arata-15"},{"link_name":"Krill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krill"}],"sub_title":"Feeding","text":"At sea the grey-headed albatross is highly pelagic, more so than other mollymawks, feeding in the open oceans rather than over the continental shelves. They feed predominantly on squid, taking also some fish, crustacea, carrion, cephalopods, and lampreys.[12][13][14][15] Krill is less important as a food source for this species, reflecting their more pelagic feeding range. They are capable of diving as deep as 7 m (23 ft) to chase prey, but do not do so frequently.","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tussock grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tussock_grass"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLI-7"},{"link_name":"Bird Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_Island,_South_Georgia"},{"link_name":"fledging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fledge"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLI-7"}],"sub_title":"Reproduction","text":"A single egg is laid in a large nest, typically built on steep slopes or cliffs with tussock grass,[7] and incubated for 72 days. Studies at South Georgia's Bird Island have shown that the growing chick is fed 616 g (21.7 oz) of food every 1.2 days, with the chick increasing in weight to around 4,900 g (170 oz). Chicks then tend to lose weight before fledging, which happens after 141 days. Chick will generally not return to the colony for 6–7 years after fledging, and will not breed for the first time until several years after that.[citation needed] If a pair has managed to successfully raise a chick it will not breed in the following year, taking the year off.[7] During this time spent away from the colony they can cover great distances, often circling the globe several times.","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thalassarche_chrysostoma_-Southern_Ocean,_Drakes_Passage_-flying-8.jpg"},{"link_name":"Drake's Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake%27s_Passage"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLI-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Croxall-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooke-17"},{"link_name":"South Georgia Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_Island"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poncet-18"},{"link_name":"Marion Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Island"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford-19"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryan-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moore-21"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morena-22"},{"link_name":"Macquarie Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Island"},{"link_name":"Crozet Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crozet_Island"},{"link_name":"Kerguelen Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gales-23"},{"link_name":"Bird Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_Island,_South_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Croxall1-24"},{"link_name":"Marion Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Island"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nel1-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor-26"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLI-7"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Patagonian toothfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonian_toothfish"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCAMLR-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCAMLR1-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nel2-29"},{"link_name":"Longline fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longline_fishing"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gales-23"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clay-30"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Macquarie Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Island"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"}],"text":"Flying in Drake's Passage, Southern OceanThe IUCN classifies this bird as endangered due to rapidly declining numbers in South Georgia which holds around half the world's population.[1] It has an occurrence range of 79,000,000 km2 (31,000,000 sq mi) and a breeding range of 1,800 km2 (690 sq mi),[7] with a population, estimated in 2004, of 250,000.[16][17] Estimates place 48,000 pairs at South Georgia Island,[18] 6,200 on Marion Island,[19] 3,000 pairs on Prince Edward Islands,[20] 7,800 pairs on Campbell Island,[21] 16,408 pairs in Chile,[22] 84 pairs on Macquarie Island, 5,940 on Crozet Island, and 7,905 on Kerguelen Islands[23]Populations have been shrinking based on different studies. Bird Island numbers have been reduced 20% to 30% in the last 30 years.[24] Marion Island registered 1.75% reduction per year until 1992 and now appears to be stable.[25] Campbell Island has seen reduction of 79% to 87% since the 1940s.[26] Overall, the trends looks like a 30-40% reduction over 90 years (3 generations).[7] Illegal or unregulated fishing in the Indian Ocean for the Patagonian toothfish, Dissostichus eleginoides resulted in 10–20,000 dead albatrosses, mainly this species, in 1997 and 1998.[27][28][29] Longline fishing is responsible for other deaths.[23][30]To assist this species, studies are being undertaken at most of the islands. Also, Prince Edward Islands is a special nature preserve, and Campbell Island[31] and Macquarie Island[32] are World Heritage Sites.","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Thalassarche chrysostoma\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iucnredlist.org/species/22698398/132644834"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698398A132644834.en","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698398A132644834.en"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-850125-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850125-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BLI_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BLI_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BLI_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BLI_7-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BLI_7-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BLI_7-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BLI_7-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Prince1_8-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Phillips_9-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nel_10-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Prince_12-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cherel_13-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Xavier_14-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Arata_15-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Croxall_16-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brooke_17-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Poncet_18-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Crawford_19-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ryan_20-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Moore_21-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Morena_22-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gales_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gales_23-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Croxall1_24-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nel1_25-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Taylor_26-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CCAMLR_27-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CCAMLR1_28-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nel2_29-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clay_30-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//whc.unesco.org/en/list/877"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"Macquarie Island\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//whc.unesco.org/en/list/629"}],"text":"^ a b BirdLife International (2018). \"Thalassarche chrysostoma\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22698398A132644834. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698398A132644834.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.\n\n^ Brands, S. (2008)\n\n^ Double, M. C. (2003)\n\n^ Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988)\n\n^ Gotch, A. F. (1995)\n\n^ Brooke, Michael, Albatrosses and Petrels across the World (Bird Families of the World). Oxford University Press (2004), ISBN 978-0-19-850125-1\n\n^ a b c d e f g BirdLife International (2008)\n\n^ Prince, et al. (1998)\n\n^ Phillips, et al. (2004)\n\n^ Nel, et al. (2001)\n\n^ Clements, James (2007)\n\n^ Prince (1980)\n\n^ Cherel, et al. (2002)\n\n^ Xavier, et al. (2003)\n\n^ Arata, et al. (2004)\n\n^ Croxall & Gales (1998)\n\n^ Brooke, (2004)\n\n^ Poncet, et al. (2006)\n\n^ Crawford, et al. (2003)\n\n^ Ryan, et al. (2003)\n\n^ Moore (2004)\n\n^ Arata & Morena (2002)\n\n^ a b Gales (1998)\n\n^ Croxall et al. (1998)\n\n^ Nel et al. (2002)\n\n^ Taylor, (2000)\n\n^ CCAMLR (1997)\n\n^ CCAMLR (1998)\n\n^ Nel et al. (2002a)\n\n^ Clay et al. (2019)\n\n^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. \"New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands\". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-02-06.\n\n^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. \"Macquarie Island\". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-02-06.","title":"Footnotes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Chick at nest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Grey-headed_albatross_chick.jpg/220px-Grey-headed_albatross_chick.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flying in Drake's Passage, Southern Ocean","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Thalassarche_chrysostoma_-Southern_Ocean%2C_Drakes_Passage_-flying-8.jpg/220px-Thalassarche_chrysostoma_-Southern_Ocean%2C_Drakes_Passage_-flying-8.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2018). \"Thalassarche chrysostoma\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22698398A132644834. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698398A132644834.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22698398/132644834","url_text":"\"Thalassarche chrysostoma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698398A132644834.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698398A132644834.en"}]},{"reference":"Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. \"New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands\". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/877","url_text":"\"New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands\""}]},{"reference":"Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. \"Macquarie Island\". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/629","url_text":"\"Macquarie Island\""}]},{"reference":"Arata, J.; Moreno, C. A. (2002). \"Progress report of Chilean research on albatross ecology and conservation\". Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Working Group on Fish Stock Assessment.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Arata, J.; Robertson, G.; Valencia, J.; Xavier, J. C.; Moreno, C. A. (2004). \"Diet of Grey-headed Albatrosses at Diego Ramirez Islands, Chile: ecological implications\" (PDF). Antarctic Science. 16 (3): 263–275. Bibcode:2004AntSc..16..263A. doi:10.1017/s095410200400207x. S2CID 51991611.","urls":[{"url":"http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/12095/1/download.pdf","url_text":"\"Diet of Grey-headed Albatrosses at Diego Ramirez Islands, Chile: ecological implications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AntSc..16..263A","url_text":"2004AntSc..16..263A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs095410200400207x","url_text":"10.1017/s095410200400207x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51991611","url_text":"51991611"}]},{"reference":"BirdLife International (2008). \"Grey-headed Albatross - BirdLife Species Factsheet\". Data Zone. Retrieved 22 Feb 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3964&m=0","url_text":"\"Grey-headed Albatross - BirdLife Species Factsheet\""}]},{"reference":"Brands, Sheila (14 Aug 2008). \"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification - Diomedea subg. Thalassogeron -\". Project: The Taxonomicon. Retrieved 22 Feb 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/101907.htm","url_text":"\"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification - Diomedea subg. Thalassogeron -\""}]},{"reference":"Brooke, M. (2004). \"Procellariidae\". Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850125-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850125-1","url_text":"978-0-19-850125-1"}]},{"reference":"CCAMLR (1998). Report of the XVII Meeting of the Scientific Committee. Hobart. Hobart, Australia: Committee for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources.","urls":[]},{"reference":"CCAMLR (1997). Report of the XVI Meeting of the Scientific Committee. Hobart. Hobart, Australia: Committee for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cherel, Y.; Weimerskirch, H.; Trouve, C. (2002). \"Dietary evidence for spatial foraging segregation in sympatric albatrosses (Diomedea spp.) rearing chicks at Iles Nuageuses, Kerguelen\". Marine Biology. 141 (6): 1117–1129. Bibcode:2002MarBi.141.1117Y. doi:10.1007/s00227-002-0907-5. 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(1998). \"Population changes in albatrosses at South Georgia\". In Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (eds.). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. pp. 69–83.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Croxall, J. P.; Silk, J.R.D.; Phillips, R.A.; Afanasyev, V.; Briggs, D.R. (2005). \"Global Circumnavigations: Tracking year-round ranges of nonbreeding Albatrosses\". Science. 307 (5707): 249–250. Bibcode:2005Sci...307..249C. doi:10.1126/science.1106042. PMID 15653503. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Meis
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Dan Meis
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["1 Awards","2 Education","3 Project designs","3.1 Sport projects","3.2 Commercial projects","4 References","5 External links"]
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American architect
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Dan MeisBorn1961 (age 62–63)Windsor, ColoradoNationalityAmericanAlma mater
University of Colorado Boulder
University of Illinois at Chicago
OccupationArchitectAwardsAmerican Institute of Architects fellowshipPracticeMEIS ArchitectsProjects
proposed Los Angeles NFL Stadium
Safeco Field (Seattle, Washington)
Manchester Arena (Manchester, England)
Saitama Super Arena (Saitama, Japan)
Stadio della Roma (Rome, Italy)
Everton Stadium (Liverpool, England
Dan Meis, FAIA, RIBA (born 1961) is an American architect best known for designing sports and entertainment facilities including Staples Center, Safeco Field, Paycor Stadium, Saitama Super Arena, Stadio Della Roma, and Everton FC's new Everton Stadium. He began his career in Chicago under the mentorship of architect Helmut Jahn and later co-founded the sports and entertainment practice of NBBJ. Meis currently operates his own independent studio, MEIS Architects, established in 2007, with offices in New York City and Los Angeles, California.
His firm has recently formed a partnership with Maria Sharapova to build tennis, fitness, and wellness centers. MEIS is also working with entertainment giant Live Nation to design venue upgrades across a portfolio of outdoor amphitheaters.
His design for AS Roma's Stadio Della Roma includes football's tightly organized seating bowls. The stadium is wrapped in a floating stone "scrim", which is intended to evoke the Colosseum. Currently under construction, the new MEIS designed MLS stadium for FC Cincinnati, located in Cincinnati's West End neighborhood, will have an estimated seating capacity of 26,000 to 26,500.
While at Ellerbe Becket in the 1990s, Meis designed the indoor arena Nynex Arena (now Manchester Arena) in Manchester, England, and led the design competition that won the $750 million Saitama Super Arena in Japan. Meis then left Ellerbe Becket to join NBBJ, establishing NBBJ's sports division with Michael Hallmark and Ron Turner. Meis designed the Staples Center in Los Angeles, the Dodge Theater (now Comerica Theatre) in Phoenix, Miller Park in Milwaukee, Safeco Field in Seattle, Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, and Paul Brown Stadium in Cincinnati, which was the first NFL facility to win an AIA design award.
Awards
Meis's design for Los Angeles's Staples Center has been stated as the "greatest arena ever built", and in 2001, he appeared in Time magazine as one of their "100 Innovators in the World of Sports". Meis's work has twice been awarded the Business Week/Architectural Record Award, and he is the only architect twice recognized as one of Sports Business Journal's "40 under 40 Most Influential Sports Executives".
In 2007, Meis was elevated to the College of the Fellows of the American Institute of Architects.
Education
Meis studied environmental design and engineering at the University of Colorado in Boulder, and later received a Bachelor of Architecture from the University of Illinois at Chicago.
Since 2011, Meis has served as an adjunct professor for stadium design at the University of Southern California.
Project designs
Sport projects
Everton FC's Bramley-Moore Dock Stadium
FC Cincinnati Stadium
Stadio Della Roma
Staples Center Suite Upgrades
Paul Brown Stadium Enhancements
StubHub Center Enhancements
Clippers Courtside Club
proposed Los Angeles NFL Stadium
Sports City Stadium
Staples Center
Santa Anita Park
USTA National Tennis Center
Miller Park
Paul Brown Stadium
Safeco Field
Saitama Super Arena
Lincoln Financial Field
Mazda Stadium
Dodger Stadium Renovation
LA Coliseum Renovation
Sacramento Entertainment & Sports Center
Madison Square Garden Renovations
Columbus Crew Stadium
Qwest Convention Center and Arena
The Dodge Theater
RFK Stadium Renovation
Washington DC NFL Stadium
The Meadowlands Renovation
Dalian Soccer Stadium
@Bahrain Master Plan and Auto Club
Thunderbay Motor Speedway
Qualcomm Stadium Renovation
Beijing Olympic Master Plan
Asia World Exhibition Center
LG Twins Seoul Dome
Guangdong Olympic Stadium
Dalian Sports Center
Cintas Center at Xavier University
Al McGuire Center at Marquette University
University of Nevada-Las Vegas Thomas & Mack Center
Commercial projects
LA Clippers Corporate Headquarters
Kun Ming Towers
China Air Headquarters
Peterson Automotive Museum
DTS World Headquarters
Herald Square
One Chase Manhattan
Doha Towers
Santa Clara HERO Site
Shenbei Live! Entertainment District
Doha Al Jassim Hotel
Pelican Lakes
Pizzeria Mozza
The Garage
References
^ "AIArchitect, February 24, 2006 - AIA Elevates 82 to Fellow; 13 to Honorary Fellow". info.aia.org. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
^ "Home | Stadio della Roma". stadiodellaroma.com. Archived from the original on 2019-11-01. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
^ "Sports, Entertainment and Experience Architecture". MEIS Architects. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
^ Giacobbe, Alyssa (2018-11-27). "Maria Sharapova Built a Business Empire Thanks to Her Winning Team". Entrepreneur. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
^ "Summer Refreshments: Live Nation Starts Rolling Out Renovations at Amphitheaters". VenuesNow. 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
^ "Stadio della Roma". www.asroma.com. Archived from the original on 2019-02-22. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
^ "Stadium of Rome by Meis Architect". aasarchitecture. 2015-06-21. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
^ "FC Cincinnati Unveils Designs For New Soccer-Specific Stadium". www.sportsbusinessdaily.com. October 10, 2018. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
^ "Saitama Super Arena". www.spaziomondo.com. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
^ "Dan Meis to Head Woods Bagot Sport". Architect Magazine. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
^ "AIArchitect, Sept. 3, 2001 - AIACC Recognizes Design Excellence". info.aia.org. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
^ Los Angeles Magazine. Emmis Communications. 2000-10-01.
^ "Leading Sports and Entertainment Architect Dan Meis to Head Woods Bagot Sport". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved 2016-01-18.
^ "Past Forty Under 40 Winners". www.sportsbusinessdaily.com. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
^ "AIArchitect, February 24, 2006 - AIA Elevates 82 to Fellow; 13 to Honorary Fellow". info.aia.org. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
^ "Dan Meis | UIC News Center". news.uic.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
^ Dan Meis - Dynamic Architecture: designing buildings that move, 2011-09-26, retrieved 2016-01-15
Leibowitz, Edward (Spring 2012). "The Man with the Tatlin's Tower Tattoo". UIC Alumni Magazine. (referencing Tatlin's Tower)
External links
MEIS Architects and Dan Meis, FAIA official web site
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
ULAN
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He began his career in Chicago under the mentorship of architect Helmut Jahn and later co-founded the sports and entertainment practice of NBBJ. Meis currently operates his own independent studio, MEIS Architects, established in 2007,[3] with offices in New York City and Los Angeles, California.His firm has recently formed a partnership with Maria Sharapova to build tennis, fitness, and wellness centers.[4] MEIS is also working with entertainment giant Live Nation to design venue upgrades across a portfolio of outdoor amphitheaters.[5]His design for AS Roma's Stadio Della Roma includes football's tightly organized seating bowls.[6] The stadium is wrapped in a floating stone \"scrim\", which is intended to evoke the Colosseum.[7] Currently under construction, the new MEIS designed MLS stadium for FC Cincinnati, located in Cincinnati's West End neighborhood, will have an estimated seating capacity of 26,000 to 26,500.[8]While at Ellerbe Becket in the 1990s, Meis designed the indoor arena Nynex Arena (now Manchester Arena) in Manchester, England, and led the design competition that won the $750 million Saitama Super Arena in Japan.[9] Meis then left Ellerbe Becket to join NBBJ, establishing NBBJ's sports division with Michael Hallmark and Ron Turner.[10] Meis designed the Staples Center in Los Angeles, the Dodge Theater (now Comerica Theatre) in Phoenix, Miller Park in Milwaukee, Safeco Field in Seattle, Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, and Paul Brown Stadium in Cincinnati, which was the first NFL facility to win an AIA design award.[11]","title":"Dan Meis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Business Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek"},{"link_name":"Architectural Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_Record"},{"link_name":"Sports Business Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Advance_subsidiaries"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"American Institute of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Meis's design for Los Angeles's Staples Center has been stated as the \"greatest arena ever built\",[12] and in 2001, he appeared in Time magazine as one of their \"100 Innovators in the World of Sports\".[13] Meis's work has twice been awarded the Business Week/Architectural Record Award, and he is the only architect twice recognized as one of Sports Business Journal's \"40 under 40 Most Influential Sports Executives\".[14]In 2007, Meis was elevated to the College of the Fellows of the American Institute of Architects.[15]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Colorado in Boulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois at Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Meis studied environmental design and engineering at the University of Colorado in Boulder, and later received a Bachelor of Architecture from the University of Illinois at Chicago.[16]Since 2011, Meis has served as an adjunct professor for stadium design at the University of Southern California.[17]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Project designs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Everton FC's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bramley-Moore Dock Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramley-Moore_Dock_Stadium"},{"link_name":"FC Cincinnati Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Stadio Della Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_della_Roma"},{"link_name":"Staples Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples_Center"},{"link_name":"Paul Brown Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Brown_Stadium"},{"link_name":"StubHub Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StubHub_Center"},{"link_name":"proposed Los Angeles NFL Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Stadium_(Industry)"},{"link_name":"Sports City Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_City_Stadium_(Doha)"},{"link_name":"Staples Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples_Center"},{"link_name":"Santa Anita Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Anita_Park"},{"link_name":"USTA National Tennis Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USTA_National_Tennis_Center"},{"link_name":"Miller Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Park_(Milwaukee)"},{"link_name":"Paul Brown Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Brown_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Safeco Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safeco_Field"},{"link_name":"Saitama Super Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitama_Super_Arena"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Financial Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Financial_Field"},{"link_name":"Mazda Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dodger Stadium Renovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodger_Stadium"},{"link_name":"LA Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Memorial_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"Columbus Crew Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Crew_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Qwest Convention Center and Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qwest_Center_Omaha"},{"link_name":"The Dodge Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_Theater"},{"link_name":"Asia World Exhibition Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_World_Expo"},{"link_name":"Cintas Center at Xavier University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintas_Center"},{"link_name":"Al McGuire Center at Marquette University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_McGuire_Center"}],"sub_title":"Sport projects","text":"Everton FC's Bramley-Moore Dock Stadium\nFC Cincinnati Stadium\nStadio Della Roma\nStaples Center Suite Upgrades\nPaul Brown Stadium Enhancements\nStubHub Center Enhancements\nClippers Courtside Club\nproposed Los Angeles NFL Stadium\nSports City Stadium\nStaples Center\nSanta Anita Park\nUSTA National Tennis Center\nMiller Park\nPaul Brown Stadium\nSafeco Field\nSaitama Super Arena\nLincoln Financial Field\nMazda Stadium\nDodger Stadium Renovation\nLA Coliseum Renovation\nSacramento Entertainment & Sports Center\nMadison Square Garden Renovations\nColumbus Crew Stadium\nQwest Convention Center and Arena\nThe Dodge Theater\nRFK Stadium Renovation\nWashington DC NFL Stadium\nThe Meadowlands Renovation\nDalian Soccer Stadium\n@Bahrain Master Plan and Auto Club\nThunderbay Motor Speedway\nQualcomm Stadium Renovation\nBeijing Olympic Master Plan\nAsia World Exhibition Center\nLG Twins Seoul Dome\nGuangdong Olympic Stadium\nDalian Sports Center\nCintas Center at Xavier University\nAl McGuire Center at Marquette University\nUniversity of Nevada-Las Vegas Thomas & Mack Center","title":"Project designs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Commercial projects","text":"LA Clippers Corporate Headquarters\nKun Ming Towers\nChina Air Headquarters\nPeterson Automotive Museum\nDTS World Headquarters\nHerald Square\nOne Chase Manhattan\nDoha Towers\nSanta Clara HERO Site\nShenbei Live! Entertainment District\nDoha Al Jassim Hotel\nPelican Lakes\nPizzeria Mozza\nThe Garage","title":"Project designs"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"AIArchitect, February 24, 2006 - AIA Elevates 82 to Fellow; 13 to Honorary Fellow\". info.aia.org. Retrieved 2019-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://info.aia.org/aiarchitect/thisweek06/0224/0224fellows.htm","url_text":"\"AIArchitect, February 24, 2006 - AIA Elevates 82 to Fellow; 13 to Honorary Fellow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home | Stadio della Roma\". stadiodellaroma.com. Archived from the original on 2019-11-01. Retrieved 2016-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191101051903/http://www.stadiodellaroma.com/","url_text":"\"Home | Stadio della Roma\""},{"url":"http://stadiodellaroma.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sports, Entertainment and Experience Architecture\". MEIS Architects. Retrieved 2016-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.meisstudio.com/","url_text":"\"Sports, Entertainment and Experience Architecture\""}]},{"reference":"Giacobbe, Alyssa (2018-11-27). \"Maria Sharapova Built a Business Empire Thanks to Her Winning Team\". Entrepreneur. Retrieved 2019-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/322978","url_text":"\"Maria Sharapova Built a Business Empire Thanks to Her Winning Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Summer Refreshments: Live Nation Starts Rolling Out Renovations at Amphitheaters\". VenuesNow. 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2019-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.venuesnow.com/summer-refreshments-live-nation-starts-rolling-out-renovations-at-amphitheaters/","url_text":"\"Summer Refreshments: Live Nation Starts Rolling Out Renovations at Amphitheaters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stadio della Roma\". www.asroma.com. Archived from the original on 2019-02-22. Retrieved 2019-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190222042025/https://www.asroma.com/en/club/stadio-della-roma","url_text":"\"Stadio della Roma\""},{"url":"https://www.asroma.com/en/club/stadio-della-roma","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stadium of Rome by Meis Architect\". aasarchitecture. 2015-06-21. Retrieved 2019-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://aasarchitecture.com/2015/06/stadium-of-rome-by-meis-architect.html","url_text":"\"Stadium of Rome by Meis Architect\""}]},{"reference":"\"FC Cincinnati Unveils Designs For New Soccer-Specific Stadium\". www.sportsbusinessdaily.com. October 10, 2018. Retrieved 2019-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/en/Daily/Issues/2018/10/10/Facilities/FC%20Cincy.aspx","url_text":"\"FC Cincinnati Unveils Designs For New Soccer-Specific Stadium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saitama Super Arena\". www.spaziomondo.com. Retrieved 2016-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spaziomondo.com/project_Saitama_Super_Arena.cfm","url_text":"\"Saitama Super Arena\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Meis to Head Woods Bagot Sport\". Architect Magazine. Retrieved 2016-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.architectmagazine.com/design/dan-meis-to-head-woods-bagot-sport_o","url_text":"\"Dan Meis to Head Woods Bagot Sport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect_Magazine","url_text":"Architect Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"AIArchitect, Sept. 3, 2001 - AIACC Recognizes Design Excellence\". info.aia.org. Retrieved 2016-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://info.aia.org/aiarchitect/thisweek/tw0831/0831tw1caawards.htm","url_text":"\"AIArchitect, Sept. 3, 2001 - AIACC Recognizes Design Excellence\""}]},{"reference":"Los Angeles Magazine. Emmis Communications. 2000-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VF8EAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"Los Angeles Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Leading Sports and Entertainment Architect Dan Meis to Head Woods Bagot Sport\". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved 2016-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/leading-sports-and-entertainment-architect-dan-meis-to-head-woods-bagot-sport-166902976.html","url_text":"\"Leading Sports and Entertainment Architect Dan Meis to Head Woods Bagot Sport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past Forty Under 40 Winners\". www.sportsbusinessdaily.com. Retrieved 2016-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2007/03/20070312/Forty-Under-40/Past-Forty-Under-40-Winners.aspx","url_text":"\"Past Forty Under 40 Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"AIArchitect, February 24, 2006 - AIA Elevates 82 to Fellow; 13 to Honorary Fellow\". info.aia.org. Retrieved 2016-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://info.aia.org/aiarchitect/thisweek06/0224/0224fellows.htm","url_text":"\"AIArchitect, February 24, 2006 - AIA Elevates 82 to Fellow; 13 to Honorary Fellow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Meis | UIC News Center\". news.uic.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.uic.edu/the-man-with-the-tatlins-tower-tattoo/m_populousopenspread_small","url_text":"\"Dan Meis | UIC News Center\""}]},{"reference":"Dan Meis - Dynamic Architecture: designing buildings that move, 2011-09-26, retrieved 2016-01-15","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKRo46_x94w","url_text":"Dan Meis - Dynamic Architecture: designing buildings that move"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Bangkok
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Bangkok Metropolitan Administration
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["1 Departments","1.1 Department of Law Enforcement","1.2 Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation","1.3 Department of Medical Services","1.4 Department of Planning and Urban Development","1.5 Navamindradhiraj University","1.6 Krungthep Thanakom","2 Budget","3 Governor of Bangkok","3.1 Powers and roles","3.2 History","4 List of governors","5 Bangkok Metropolitan Council","5.1 Committees","5.2 Secretariat of the council","6 Criticism","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Local government in Thailand
Bangkok Metropolitan Administration กรุงเทพมหานครSeal of the Bangkok Metropolitan AdministrationFlag of BangkokTypeTypeSpecial local authority organisation of BangkokTerm limitsGovernor limited to 2 consecutive terms, third term must be 4 years after second termHistoryFounded13 December 1972Preceded byBangkok MunicipalityLeadership
ExecutiveGovernor of BangkokChadchart Sittipunt, IndependentSince 22 May 2022Deputy Governors of BangkokChakkapan PhewngamWisanu SubsomponTavida KamolvejSanon WangsrangboonSince 1 June 2022Permanent Secretary for BMAWantanee Wattana, M.D.LegislativeChairWirat Minchaiyanan, Pheu ThaiSince 6 June 2022First Deputy ChairChayada Wiphatphumiprathet, Pheu ThaiSince 6 June 2022Second Deputy ChairAmnat Panphueak, Move ForwardSince 6 June 2022
StructureSeats1 Governor and 50 CouncillorsLength of termFour yearsElectionsGovernor of Bangkok voting systemFirst past the post, whole of BangkokBangkok Metropolitan Council voting systemFirst past the post, each districtLast Governor of Bangkok electionMay 2022Last Bangkok Metropolitan Council electionMay 2022Next Governor of Bangkok electionNo later than 2026Next Bangkok Metropolitan Council electionNo later than 2026Meeting placeAirawat Patthana BuildingSecond Bangkok City HallDin Daeng, BangkokWebsitewww.bangkok.go.th
The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (Thai: กรุงเทพมหานคร; RTGS: Krung Thep Maha Nakhon) (BMA) is the local government of Bangkok (also called Krung Thep Maha Nakhon in Thai), which includes the capital of the Kingdom of Thailand. The government is composed of two branches: the executive (or the Governor of Bangkok) and the legislative (or Bangkok Metropolitan Council). The administration's roles are to formulate and implement policies to manage Bangkok. Its purview includes transport services, urban planning, waste management, housing, roads and highways, security services, and the environment.
According to the Thailand Future Foundation, Bangkok employs a workforce of 97,000, including 3,200 municipal officers in Bangkok city, 200 in the city Law Enforcement Department, and 3,000 in district offices.
Departments
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First Bangkok City Hall on Dinso Road
BMA has 65 departments in total, 50 of which are departments respective to the 50 districts of Bangkok. The rest consist of: Strategy and Planning Department, Finance Department, Bureau of the Budget, Public Works Department, Drainage and Sewerage Department, Department of Social Development, Department of Environment, Culture, Sports and Tourism Department, Health Department, Bangkok Educational Office, Traffic and Transport Department, Department of Planning and Urban Development, Office of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation and the Medical Services Department.
Department of Law Enforcement
City Law Enforcement Department is the primary unit for overseeing security and orderliness of Bangkok with more than 3,000 quality personnel. Which has 5 important tasks which are to organize the city, Security, Traffic supervision, Tourism Administration and other special missions. Responsible for overseeing, investigating, arresting, prosecuting and enforcing Bangkok Metropolis regulations and other laws within the jurisdiction of Bangkok including operations beyond the authority of the district office or in the case of serious danger to most people.
Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
The Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation operates the city's fire and rescue services. The Bangkok City Council reported in February 2018 that, of Bangkok's 874 fire trucks, only 88 were in "good" condition. Another 340 were rated "only just usable", 232 were "dilapidated", and 225 were parked permanently. Firefighting boats were found to be in roughly the same shape: three of 31 vessels were ranked in "good" condition and 21 were out of service and permanently docked. The BMA's firefighting unit has not been allocated a vehicle maintenance budget for nearly 10 years. The BMA employs 1,800 firefighters as of 2018.
Department of Medical Services
The Department of Medical Services operates 11 hospitals and is headquartered at BMA General Hospital (Klang Hospital) in Pom Prap Sattru Phai District. Other hospitals include Taksin Hospital, Charoenkrung Pracharak Hospital, Sirindhorn Hospital, Lat Krabang Hospital, Luang Pho Taweesak Hospital, Wetchakarunrasm Hospital, Ratchaphiphat Hospital, Khlong Sam Wa Hospital, Bang Na Hospital and the Bang Khun Thian Geriatric Hospital. The department also operates the Erawan Medical Centre for emergency medical services.
Department of Planning and Urban Development
The Department of Planning and Urban Development are divided to Secretarial Office, Town Planning Office, Urban Development and Renewal Office, Geo-Informatics Office, Town Planning Control Division, Policy and Planning Division. The department has a duty to planning of the city including planning for the development of specific areas, planning for conservation Rehabilitation and planning for urban development and also an agency for controlling, promoting and inspecting the use of land and buildings.
Navamindradhiraj University
Main article: Navamindradhiraj University
BMA autonomously manages Navamindradhiraj University, of which the Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital and Kuakarun Faculty of Nursing are part.
Krungthep Thanakom
Krungthep Thanakom Company Limited is the BMA's holding company for public investment projects such as the concession for the BTS Skytrain and a 20 billion baht underground cable project.
Budget
Bangkok's FY2024 budget totals ฿90,570,138,630. Most of the budget goes to civil construction and maintenance projects.
Governor of Bangkok
Governor of Bangkokผู้ว่าราชการกรุงเทพมหานครSeal of the Bangkok Metropolitan AdministrationIncumbentChadchart Sittipuntsince 22 May 2022Member ofBangkok Metropolitan AdministrationReports toMinister of InteriorResidenceBangkok City HallAppointerDirect electionTerm lengthFour years,renewable once consecutivelyInaugural holderChamnan YaovabunFormation1 January 1973DeputyDeputy GovernorSalary฿113,560 per monthWebsitehttp://www.bangkok.go.th/
The Governor of Bangkok (Thai: ผู้ว่าราชการกรุงเทพมหานคร, RTGS: phu wa ratchakan krung thep maha nakhon) is the head of the local government of Bangkok. The governor is also the chief executive of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA). The governor is elected to a renewable term of four years, currently it is one of the two directly elected executive offices in the kingdom. The office is comparable to that of a city mayor.
From 2016 to 2022 Pol Gen Aswin Kwanmuang acted as Governor of Bangkok. He was appointed by Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha using Section 44 of the interim charter to replace Sukhumbhand Paribatra. The reason given for his ouster was "...because he was involved in many legal cases."
The current incumbent is Chadchart Sittipunt. He was elected in a landslide victory in the 2022 Bangkok gubernatorial election, receiving 52.65 % (1.38 Million) of all votes cast, marking a new record-high, and winning in all 50 districts of Bangkok.
Powers and roles
The powers and role of the office of Governor of Bangkok in accordance with the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Act, BE 2528 (1985) (Thai: พระราชบัญญัติระเบียบบริหารราชการกรุงเทพมหานคร พ.ศ. 2528 are as follows:
Formulate and implement policies for the Bangkok Metropolitan Area.
Head the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration.
Appoint and remove deputy governors, advisors, board members, city officials, and public servants.
Coordinate and carry out the orders of the Cabinet of Thailand, the Prime Minister of Thailand, and the Ministry of Interior.
Oversee the smooth running of the various agencies and services of the city.
The governor is also invested with the same powers as any other governor of a province of Thailand and any other mayor.
The power to draw up legislation and bills for the city, to be considered in the Bangkok Metropolitan Council.
History
Since 1973, the city was administered by a single executive appointed by the cabinet from city civil servants. However soon, it was determined that the executive office should a popularly elected office instead. The passage of the Bangkok Metropolis Administrative Organisation Act, BE 2518 (1975) (Thai: พระราชบัญญัติระเบียบบริหารราชการกรุงเทพมหานคร พ.ศ. 2518), created the Bangkok Metropolis to replace Bangkok Province and created an elected governor with a four-year term.
The first election for the office was held on the 10 August 1975. Thammanoon Thien-ngern was elected as the first Governor of Bangkok. Conflicts between the governor and the Bangkok Metropolitan Council, however, became so fierce that Thanin Kraivichien, the Prime Minister of Thailand removed him and reinstated the appointment system. Elections resumed with the passing of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Act, BE 2528 (1985). Elections were held on 14 November 1985.
List of governors
No.
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Election
Party
Took office
Left office
1
Chamnan Yaovabunชำนาญ ยุวบูรณ์(1914–2015)
1 January1973
22 October1973
—
Independent
2
At Visutyothaphibanอรรถ วิสูตรโยธาภิบาล(1915–2004)
1 November1973
4 June1974
—
Independent
3
Siri Santabutraศิริ สันติบุตร(1912–2001)
5 June1974
9 March1975
—
Independent
4
Sai Hutacharoenสาย หุตะเจริญ
5 May1975
9 August1975
—
Independent
5
Thammanoon Thien-ngernธรรมนูญ เทียนเงิน(1913–1989)
10 August1975
29 April1977
1975
Democrat
6
Chalor Thammasiriชลอ ธรรมศิริ(1927–2021)
29 April1977
14 May1979
—
Independent
7
Chaowat Sudlapaเชาวน์วัศ สุดลาภา(1933–2001)
4 July1979
16 April1981
—
Independent
8
Thiem Mokaranontเทียม มกรานนท์
28 April1981
1 November1984
—
Independent
9
Asa Meksavanอาษา เมฆสวรรค์(born 1924)
6 November1984
13 November1985
—
Independent
10
Chamlong Srimuangจำลอง ศรีเมือง(born 1935)
14 November1985
14 November1989
1985
Independent(until 1988)
Palang Dharma(from 1988)
7 January1990
22 January1992
1990
11
Krisda Arunvongse na Ayudhyaกฤษฎา อรุณวงษ์ ณ อยุธยา(1932–2010)
19 April1992
18 April1996
1992
Palang Dharma
12
Bhichit Rattakulพิจิตต รัตตกุล(born 1946)
2 June1996
1 June2000
1996
Independent
13
Samak Sundaravejสมัคร สุนทรเวช(1935–2009)
23 July2000
22 July2004
2000
Thai Citizen(until 2001)
Independent(from 2001)
14
Apirak Kosayodhinอภิรักษ์ โกษะโยธิน(born 1961)
29 August2004
28 August2008
2004
Democrat
5 October2008
19 November2008
2008
15
Mom RajawongseSukhumbhand Paribatra หม่อมราชวงศ์สุขุมพันธุ์ บริพัตร(born 1952)
11 January2009
9 January2013
2009
Democrat
3 March2013
18 October2016
2013
16
Aswin Kwanmuangอัศวิน ขวัญเมือง(born 1951)
18 October2016
24 March2022
—
Independent
17
Chadchart Sittipuntชัชชาติ สิทธิพันธุ์(born 1966)
22 May2022
Incumbent
2022
Independent
Unless otherwise indicated, they were elected.
Bangkok Metropolitan Council
Main article: Bangkok Metropolitan Council
Bangkok Metropolitan Council สภากรุงเทพมหานครSapha Krung Thep Maha NakhonTypeTypeCity Council LeadershipChairman of the CouncilWirat Minachainan, Pheu Thai since 6 June 2022 Seats50 membersElectionsLast election22 May 2022Meeting placeBangkok City HallWebsitehttp://www.bangkok.go.th/sbmc
The Bangkok Metropolitan Council or BMC (Thai: สภากรุงเทพมหานคร) is the legislative branch of the administration. It is vested with primary legislative powers as well as the power to scrutinize and advise the governor. The council is headed by the Chairman of the Bangkok Metropolitan Council (Thai: ประธานสภากรุงเทพมหานคร). The current chairman, since 2013, is Captain Kriangsak Lohachala.
The number of members depends on the size of Bangkok's population. One member represents one hundred thousand people. From 2010 to 2014 there were 61 members, elected from 57 constituencies (some constituencies elect more than one member) in Bangkok. Each is elected to a four-year term. The last election was held on 22 May 2022. Currently there are 50 members, with Pheu Thai making up 20 seats, Move Forward 14 seats, the Democrat Party 9 seats, Rak Krungthep 3 seats, Phalang Pracharat 2 seats and Thai Srang Thai another 2 seats.
Committees
The council is divided into 11 general committees with five to nine members appointed by the councillors themselves:
Committee of Cleanliness and Environment
Committee for Checking the Minutes of Sittings and for Considering Closure of the Minutes of the Secret Sittings
Committee for the Affairs of the Bangkok Metropolitan Council
Committee for the Public Works and Utilities
Committee for Education and Culture
Committee for Health
Committee for Community Development and Social Welfare
Committee for Local Administration and Orderliness
Committee for Economics, Finance, and Follow-up of Budget Utilization
Committee for Tourism and Sports
Committee for Traffic, Transportation, and Drainage
Secretariat of the council
The Secretariat of the Bangkok Metropolitan Council (Thai: สำนักงานเลขานุการสภากรุงเทพมหานคร) is the executive agency of the council. The secretariat helps the council in all its roles including drafting of legislation, organisation of sessions, minutes and procedures of the council. The secretariat also helps members of the council by providing research and legal counsel. The secretariat is headed by the Secretary of the Bangkok Metropolitan Council (Thai: เลขานุการสภากรุงเทพมหานคร) The current secretary is Manit Tej-Apichok. The secretariat itself is divided into nine sections:
General Administration Section
Council and Committee Meetings Section
Working Committees Section
Legislation Section
Legal Section
Foreign Affairs Section
Council Service Section
Academic Section
Secretary Section
Criticism
The Bangkok Post has made the point that, although the city suffers from the "worst traffic congestion in the world after Mexico City", 37 disparate agencies are responsible for traffic management, planning, and infrastructure. It maintains that the city government panders to personal automobile use. As evidence, it points to the city's plans to construct four new bridges across the Chao Phraya River, its runaway air pollution, its lack of green space—less than that of any other Asian capital—and its "...obsession with felling trees along Bangkok streets."
See also
Provinces of Thailand
Districts of Bangkok
History of Bangkok
References
^ "General Responsibilities of BMA". Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
^ Sankam, Visarut (2015-10-31). "Research reveals ugly side to Bangkok life". The Nation. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
^ "งานแถลงผลการศึกษาเรื่อง"10 ข้อเท็จจริงชีวิตคนกรุงเทพ"". Thailand Future Foundation. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
^ "34 ปี วันสถาปนาเทศกิจ กรุงเทพมหานคร จริงจัง จริงใจ รับใช้ประชาชน". Archived from the original on 2019-12-14. Retrieved 2019-12-14.
^ Wancharoen, Supoj (15 February 2018). "Study reveals woeful state of fire dept". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
^ Wancharoen, Supoj (5 May 2018). "Battling through the blazes". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
^ ให้เปลี่ยนชื่อสำนักผังเมือง ชื่อใหม่สำนักการวางผังและพัฒนาเมือง-แถมปรับโครงสร้าง
^ Wancharoen, Supoj (30 July 2019). "Resignations dim trust in Aswin". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ "Telecoms bosses lobby PM over Bangkok cables". The Nation. 27 June 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ Mokkhasen, Sasiwan (30 October 2016). "MEET BANGKOK'S NEW GOVERNOR: ASWIN KWANMUANG". Khaosod English. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
^ "Sukhumbhand says goodbye to Bangkokians". Bangkok Post. 19 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
^ "Chadchart receives EC's endorsement". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
^ "เช็คผลเลือกตั้งผู้ว่าฯกทม. 22 พ.ค. "ชัชชาติ" ที่ 1 ตรวจคะแนนทุกเบอร์ ที่นี่!". bangkokbiznews (in Thai). 2022-05-23. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
^ "ด่วน! ใช้ม.44 ให้สุขุมพันธุ์และทีมรองฯพ้นจากตำแหน่ง ตั้งอัศวิน ขวัญเมือง เป็นผู้ว่าฯกทม". matichon. 2016-10-18. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
^ "Bangkok Metropolitan Council". Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA). Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
^ "สภากรุงเทพมหานคร". BMC (in Thai). Retrieved 2022-06-11.
^ "Big Problems in the City" (Editorial). Bangkok Post. 21 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
External links
Bangkok Metropolitan Administration
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2022
vteDistricts (khet) of BangkokPhra Nakhon side(Bangkok core side)
Bang Kapi
Bang Khen
Bang Kho Laem
Bang Na
Bang Rak
Bang Sue
Bueng Kum
Chatuchak
Din Daeng
Don Mueang
Dusit
Huai Khwang
Khan Na Yao
Khlong Sam Wa
Khlong Toei
Lak Si
Lat Krabang
Lat Phrao
Min Buri
Nong Chok
Pathum Wan
Phaya Thai
Phra Khanong
Phra Nakhon
Pom Prap Sattru Phai
Prawet
Ratchathewi
Samphanthawong
Sai Mai
Saphan Sung
Sathon
Suan Luang
Wang Thonglang
Watthana
Yan Nawa
Thon Buri side
Bang Bon
Bang Khae
Bang Khun Thian
Bangkok Noi
Bangkok Yai
Bang Phlat
Chom Thong
Khlong San
Nong Khaem
Phasi Charoen
Rat Burana
Taling Chan
Thawi Watthana
Thon Buri
Thung Khru
Authority control databases
ISNI
VIAF
2
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"RTGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (Thai: กรุงเทพมหานคร; RTGS: Krung Thep Maha Nakhon) (BMA) is the local government of Bangkok (also called Krung Thep Maha Nakhon in Thai), which includes the capital of the Kingdom of Thailand. The government is composed of two branches: the executive (or the Governor of Bangkok) and the legislative (or Bangkok Metropolitan Council). The administration's roles are to formulate and implement policies to manage Bangkok. Its purview includes transport services, urban planning, waste management, housing, roads and highways, security services, and the environment.[1]According to the Thailand Future Foundation, Bangkok employs a workforce of 97,000, including 3,200 municipal officers in Bangkok city, 200 in the city Law Enforcement Department, and 3,000 in district offices.[2][3]","title":"Bangkok Metropolitan Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bangkok_City_Hall_in_December_2019.jpg"}],"text":"First Bangkok City Hall on Dinso RoadBMA has 65 departments in total, 50 of which are departments respective to the 50 districts of Bangkok. The rest consist of: Strategy and Planning Department, Finance Department, Bureau of the Budget, Public Works Department, Drainage and Sewerage Department, Department of Social Development, Department of Environment, Culture, Sports and Tourism Department, Health Department, Bangkok Educational Office, Traffic and Transport Department, Department of Planning and Urban Development, Office of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation and the Medical Services Department.","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Department of Law Enforcement","text":"City Law Enforcement Department is the primary unit for overseeing security and orderliness of Bangkok with more than 3,000 quality personnel.[4] Which has 5 important tasks which are to organize the city, Security, Traffic supervision, Tourism Administration and other special missions. Responsible for overseeing, investigating, arresting, prosecuting and enforcing Bangkok Metropolis regulations and other laws within the jurisdiction of Bangkok including operations beyond the authority of the district office or in the case of serious danger to most people.","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangkok_Metropolitan_Administration&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation","text":"The Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation operates the city's fire and rescue services. The Bangkok City Council reported in February 2018 that, of Bangkok's 874 fire trucks, only 88 were in \"good\" condition. Another 340 were rated \"only just usable\", 232 were \"dilapidated\", and 225 were parked permanently. Firefighting boats were found to be in roughly the same shape: three of 31 vessels were ranked in \"good\" condition and 21 were out of service and permanently docked. The BMA's firefighting unit has not been allocated a vehicle maintenance budget for nearly 10 years.[5] The BMA employs 1,800 firefighters as of 2018[update].[6]","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BMA General Hospital (Klang Hospital)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Administration_General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Pom Prap Sattru Phai District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pom_Prap_Sattru_Phai_District"},{"link_name":"Taksin Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksin_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Charoenkrung Pracharak Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charoenkrung_Pracharak_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Sirindhorn Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.srdhhospital.com/about_hos/history_hos.php"}],"sub_title":"Department of Medical Services","text":"The Department of Medical Services operates 11 hospitals and is headquartered at BMA General Hospital (Klang Hospital) in Pom Prap Sattru Phai District. Other hospitals include Taksin Hospital, Charoenkrung Pracharak Hospital, Sirindhorn Hospital, Lat Krabang Hospital, Luang Pho Taweesak Hospital, Wetchakarunrasm Hospital, Ratchaphiphat Hospital, Khlong Sam Wa Hospital, Bang Na Hospital and the Bang Khun Thian Geriatric Hospital. The department also operates the Erawan Medical Centre for emergency medical services.","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Department of Planning and Urban Development","text":"The Department of Planning and Urban Development are divided to Secretarial Office, Town Planning Office, Urban Development and Renewal Office, Geo-Informatics Office, Town Planning Control Division, Policy and Planning Division. The department has a duty to planning of the city including planning for the development of specific areas, planning for conservation Rehabilitation and planning for urban development and also an agency for controlling, promoting and inspecting the use of land and buildings.[7]","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Medicine_Vajira_Hospital,_Navamindradhiraj_University"},{"link_name":"Kuakarun Faculty of Nursing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuakarun_Faculty_of_Nursing,_Navamindradhiraj_University"}],"sub_title":"Navamindradhiraj University","text":"BMA autonomously manages Navamindradhiraj University, of which the Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital and Kuakarun Faculty of Nursing are part.","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BTS Skytrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTS_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Krungthep Thanakom","text":"Krungthep Thanakom Company Limited is the BMA's holding company for public investment projects such as the concession for the BTS Skytrain and a 20 billion baht underground cable project.[8][9]","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"฿","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_baht"}],"text":"Bangkok's FY2024 budget totals ฿90,570,138,630. Most of the budget goes to civil construction and maintenance projects.","title":"Budget"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"RTGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription"},{"link_name":"local government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"executive offices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_officer"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"Aswin Kwanmuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswin_Kwanmuang"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Prayut Chan-o-cha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayut_Chan-o-cha"},{"link_name":"Section 44 of the interim charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_interim_constitution_of_Thailand#Executive_branch"},{"link_name":"Sukhumbhand Paribatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhumbhand_Paribatra"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Chadchart Sittipunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadchart_Sittipunt"},{"link_name":"2022 Bangkok gubernatorial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Bangkok_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Governor of Bangkok (Thai: ผู้ว่าราชการกรุงเทพมหานคร, RTGS: phu wa ratchakan krung thep maha nakhon) is the head of the local government of Bangkok. The governor is also the chief executive of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA). The governor is elected to a renewable term of four years, currently it is one of the two directly elected executive offices in the kingdom. The office is comparable to that of a city mayor.From 2016 to 2022 Pol Gen Aswin Kwanmuang acted as Governor of Bangkok.[10] He was appointed by Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha using Section 44 of the interim charter to replace Sukhumbhand Paribatra. The reason given for his ouster was \"...because he was involved in many legal cases.\"[11]The current incumbent is Chadchart Sittipunt. He was elected in a landslide victory in the 2022 Bangkok gubernatorial election, receiving 52.65 % (1.38 Million) of all votes cast, marking a new record-high, and winning in all 50 districts of Bangkok.[12][13]","title":"Governor of Bangkok"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Thailand)"},{"link_name":"province of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"}],"sub_title":"Powers and roles","text":"The powers and role of the office of Governor of Bangkok in accordance with the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Act, BE 2528 (1985) (Thai: พระราชบัญญัติระเบียบบริหารราชการกรุงเทพมหานคร พ.ศ. 2528 are as follows:Formulate and implement policies for the Bangkok Metropolitan Area.\nHead the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration.\nAppoint and remove deputy governors, advisors, board members, city officials, and public servants.\nCoordinate and carry out the orders of the Cabinet of Thailand, the Prime Minister of Thailand, and the Ministry of Interior.\nOversee the smooth running of the various agencies and services of the city.\nThe governor is also invested with the same powers as any other governor of a province of Thailand and any other mayor.\nThe power to draw up legislation and bills for the city, to be considered in the Bangkok Metropolitan Council.","title":"Governor of Bangkok"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"civil servants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_servant"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"Thammanoon Thien-ngern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thammanoon_Thien-ngern"},{"link_name":"Thanin Kraivichien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanin_Kraivichien"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Since 1973, the city was administered by a single executive appointed by the cabinet from city civil servants. However soon, it was determined that the executive office should a popularly elected office instead. The passage of the Bangkok Metropolis Administrative Organisation Act, BE 2518 (1975) (Thai: พระราชบัญญัติระเบียบบริหารราชการกรุงเทพมหานคร พ.ศ. 2518), created the Bangkok Metropolis to replace Bangkok Province and created an elected governor with a four-year term.The first election for the office was held on the 10 August 1975. Thammanoon Thien-ngern was elected as the first Governor of Bangkok. Conflicts between the governor and the Bangkok Metropolitan Council, however, became so fierce that Thanin Kraivichien, the Prime Minister of Thailand removed him and reinstated the appointment system. Elections resumed with the passing of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Act, BE 2528 (1985). Elections were held on 14 November 1985.","title":"Governor of Bangkok"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Unless otherwise indicated, they were elected.","title":"List of governors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The last election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Council_election"},{"link_name":"Pheu Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheu_Thai_Party"},{"link_name":"Move Forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Move_Forward_Party"},{"link_name":"Democrat Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Thailand)"},{"link_name":"Phalang Pracharat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palang_Pracharath_Party"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The Bangkok Metropolitan Council or BMC (Thai: สภากรุงเทพมหานคร) is the legislative branch of the administration. It is vested with primary legislative powers as well as the power to scrutinize and advise the governor. The council is headed by the Chairman of the Bangkok Metropolitan Council (Thai: ประธานสภากรุงเทพมหานคร). The current chairman, since 2013, is Captain Kriangsak Lohachala.The number of members depends on the size of Bangkok's population. One member represents one hundred thousand people. From 2010 to 2014 there were 61 members,[15] elected from 57 constituencies (some constituencies elect more than one member) in Bangkok. Each is elected to a four-year term. The last election was held on 22 May 2022. Currently there are 50 members, with Pheu Thai making up 20 seats, Move Forward 14 seats, the Democrat Party 9 seats, Rak Krungthep 3 seats, Phalang Pracharat 2 seats and Thai Srang Thai another 2 seats.[16]","title":"Bangkok Metropolitan Council"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Committees","text":"The council is divided into 11 general committees with five to nine members appointed by the councillors themselves:Committee of Cleanliness and Environment\nCommittee for Checking the Minutes of Sittings and for Considering Closure of the Minutes of the Secret Sittings\nCommittee for the Affairs of the Bangkok Metropolitan Council\nCommittee for the Public Works and Utilities\nCommittee for Education and Culture\nCommittee for Health\nCommittee for Community Development and Social Welfare\nCommittee for Local Administration and Orderliness\nCommittee for Economics, Finance, and Follow-up of Budget Utilization\nCommittee for Tourism and Sports\nCommittee for Traffic, Transportation, and Drainage","title":"Bangkok Metropolitan Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"Manit Tej-Apichok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manit_Tej-Apichok&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Secretariat of the council","text":"The Secretariat of the Bangkok Metropolitan Council (Thai: สำนักงานเลขานุการสภากรุงเทพมหานคร) is the executive agency of the council. The secretariat helps the council in all its roles including drafting of legislation, organisation of sessions, minutes and procedures of the council. The secretariat also helps members of the council by providing research and legal counsel. The secretariat is headed by the Secretary of the Bangkok Metropolitan Council (Thai: เลขานุการสภากรุงเทพมหานคร) The current secretary is Manit Tej-Apichok. The secretariat itself is divided into nine sections:General Administration Section\nCouncil and Committee Meetings Section\nWorking Committees Section\nLegislation Section\nLegal Section\nForeign Affairs Section\nCouncil Service Section\nAcademic Section\nSecretary Section","title":"Bangkok Metropolitan Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangkok Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Post"},{"link_name":"traffic congestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestion"},{"link_name":"Chao Phraya River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River"},{"link_name":"air pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BP-20180421-17"}],"text":"The Bangkok Post has made the point that, although the city suffers from the \"worst traffic congestion in the world after Mexico City\", 37 disparate agencies are responsible for traffic management, planning, and infrastructure. It maintains that the city government panders to personal automobile use. As evidence, it points to the city's plans to construct four new bridges across the Chao Phraya River, its runaway air pollution, its lack of green space—less than that of any other Asian capital—and its \"...obsession with felling trees along Bangkok streets.\"[17]","title":"Criticism"}]
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[{"image_text":"First Bangkok City Hall on Dinso Road","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bangkok_City_Hall_in_December_2019.jpg/220px-Bangkok_City_Hall_in_December_2019.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Provinces of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand"},{"title":"Districts of Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Bangkok"},{"title":"History of Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bangkok"}]
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[{"reference":"\"General Responsibilities of BMA\". Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923182044/http://www.bangkok.go.th/main/page.php?329","url_text":"\"General Responsibilities of BMA\""},{"url":"http://www.bangkok.go.th/main/page.php?329","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sankam, Visarut (2015-10-31). \"Research reveals ugly side to Bangkok life\". The Nation. Retrieved 31 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Research-reveals-ugly-side-to-Bangkok-life-30271979.html","url_text":"\"Research reveals ugly side to Bangkok life\""}]},{"reference":"\"งานแถลงผลการศึกษาเรื่อง\"10 ข้อเท็จจริงชีวิตคนกรุงเทพ\"\". Thailand Future Foundation. Retrieved 31 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thailandfuturefoundation.org/th/events/detail.php?ID=353","url_text":"\"งานแถลงผลการศึกษาเรื่อง\"10 ข้อเท็จจริงชีวิตคนกรุงเทพ\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"34 ปี วันสถาปนาเทศกิจ กรุงเทพมหานคร จริงจัง จริงใจ รับใช้ประชาชน\". Archived from the original on 2019-12-14. Retrieved 2019-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191214004415/http://www.prbangkok.com/th/board/view/MDY1cDBzNnM0NHIyb3Ezc3E2NnEyNDk0cDRyOTQzcjQ4NjcyMQ%3D%3D","url_text":"\"34 ปี วันสถาปนาเทศกิจ กรุงเทพมหานคร จริงจัง จริงใจ รับใช้ประชาชน\""},{"url":"http://www.prbangkok.com/th/board/view/MDY1cDBzNnM0NHIyb3Ezc3E2NnEyNDk0cDRyOTQzcjQ4NjcyMQ==","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wancharoen, Supoj (15 February 2018). \"Study reveals woeful state of fire dept\". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 15 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1412283/study-reveals-woeful-state-of-fire-dept","url_text":"\"Study reveals woeful state of fire dept\""}]},{"reference":"Wancharoen, Supoj (5 May 2018). \"Battling through the blazes\". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 5 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/special-reports/1458694/battling-through-the-blazes","url_text":"\"Battling through the blazes\""}]},{"reference":"Wancharoen, Supoj (30 July 2019). \"Resignations dim trust in Aswin\". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1721223/resignations-dim-trust-in-aswin","url_text":"\"Resignations dim trust in Aswin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Telecoms bosses lobby PM over Bangkok cables\". The Nation. 27 June 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationthailand.com/national/30371883","url_text":"\"Telecoms bosses lobby PM over Bangkok cables\""}]},{"reference":"Mokkhasen, Sasiwan (30 October 2016). \"MEET BANGKOK'S NEW GOVERNOR: ASWIN KWANMUANG\". Khaosod English. Retrieved 30 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2016/10/30/meet-bangkoks-new-governor-aswin-kwanmuang/","url_text":"\"MEET BANGKOK'S NEW GOVERNOR: ASWIN KWANMUANG\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sukhumbhand says goodbye to Bangkokians\". Bangkok Post. 19 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/politics/1114124/sukhumbhand-says-goodbye-to-bangkokians","url_text":"\"Sukhumbhand says goodbye to Bangkokians\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chadchart receives EC's endorsement\". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2022-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/2318898/chadchart-receives-ecs-endorsement","url_text":"\"Chadchart receives EC's endorsement\""}]},{"reference":"\"เช็คผลเลือกตั้งผู้ว่าฯกทม. 22 พ.ค. \"ชัชชาติ\" ที่ 1 ตรวจคะแนนทุกเบอร์ ที่นี่!\". bangkokbiznews (in Thai). 2022-05-23. Retrieved 2022-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bangkokbiznews.com/politics/1005835","url_text":"\"เช็คผลเลือกตั้งผู้ว่าฯกทม. 22 พ.ค. \"ชัชชาติ\" ที่ 1 ตรวจคะแนนทุกเบอร์ ที่นี่!\""}]},{"reference":"\"ด่วน! ใช้ม.44 ให้สุขุมพันธุ์และทีมรองฯพ้นจากตำแหน่ง ตั้งอัศวิน ขวัญเมือง เป็นผู้ว่าฯกทม\". matichon. 2016-10-18. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161021155221/http://www.matichon.co.th/news/326122","url_text":"\"ด่วน! ใช้ม.44 ให้สุขุมพันธุ์และทีมรองฯพ้นจากตำแหน่ง ตั้งอัศวิน ขวัญเมือง เป็นผู้ว่าฯกทม\""},{"url":"http://www.matichon.co.th/news/326122","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bangkok Metropolitan Council\". Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA). Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923182042/http://www.bangkok.go.th/main/page.php?328","url_text":"\"Bangkok Metropolitan Council\""},{"url":"http://www.bangkok.go.th/main/page.php?328","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"สภากรุงเทพมหานคร\". BMC (in Thai). Retrieved 2022-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://bmc.go.th/","url_text":"\"สภากรุงเทพมหานคร\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big Problems in the City\" (Editorial). Bangkok Post. 21 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1449610/big-problems-in-the-city","url_text":"\"Big Problems in the City\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bixley
|
Bixley
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°36′12″N 1°19′45″E / 52.60336°N 1.329174°E / 52.60336; 1.329174This article is about the parish in Norfolk. For the place in Suffolk, see Bixley Ward, Ipswich.
Human settlement in EnglandBixleySt Wandregesilius, BixleyBixleyLocation within NorfolkArea5.42 km2 (2.09 sq mi)Population144 (2011)• Density27/km2 (70/sq mi)OS grid referenceTG254059Civil parishCaistor St Edmund and BixleyDistrictSouth NorfolkShire countyNorfolkRegionEastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townNORWICHPostcode districtNR14PoliceNorfolkFireNorfolkAmbulanceEast of England
List of places
UK
England
Norfolk
52°36′12″N 1°19′45″E / 52.60336°N 1.329174°E / 52.60336; 1.329174
Bixley is a former civil parish now in the parish of Caistor St Edmund and Bixley, in the South Norfolk district of Norfolk, England. According to the 2001 census and 2011 census it contained 60 households and a population of 144. It covered an area south of Norwich including the village of Arminghall. On 1 April 2019 the parish was merged with Caistor St Edmund to form Caistor St Edmund and Bixley.
The origin the name of Bixley has been studied in a paper by Keith Briggs; it means 'clearing in bushy land'. The name of Bixley near Ipswich has the same origin.
The parish church of St Wandregesilius dates from 1272. Wandregesilius is a Latinised form of Wandrille and it is the only church in England dedicated to this 7th-century Frankish abbot. In May 2004 it was set on fire by arsonists and gutted. The church had no electricity and used gas cylinders for heating which it is believed were used by vandals to start the fire. Near the church is Bixley medieval settlement, the site of a deserted medieval village.
Sir Timothy Colman lived in Bixley Manor in the grounds of which is the seven-storey stump of Bixley Tower Mill, dating from 1838. At eleven storeys this was once the tallest windmill in Norfolk and possibly the tallest in Britain. It was reduced to its current height in 1872.
References
^ Bixley parish information Archived 2012-08-05 at archive.today
^ "South Norfolk District Council (Reorganisation of Community Governance) Order 2018" (PDF). Local Government Boundary Commission for England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
^ Keith Briggs: Bixley, Journal of the English Place-name Society, volume 43 (2011), 43-54
^ Church Insurance UK Claims Archived June 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ Bixley
^ Bixley Deserted medieval village Norfolk Retrieved 2018-03-05.
^ BBC Online – Norfolk – News – Trowse 1
^ Norfolk Mills – Bixley towermill
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bixley.
The Bixley Report on St Wandregesilius fire, written by J.R.A. Noyes of Cambridge University
St Wandregesilius on Norfolk Churches website
More photos from Flickr
Bixley Tower Mill
Bixley on Genuki
vteCivil parishes of South Norfolk
Alburgh
Aldeby
Alpington
Ashby St Mary
Ashwellthorpe and Fundenhall
Aslacton
Barford
Barnham Broom
Bawburgh
Bedingham
Bergh Apton
Bracon Ash
Bramerton
Brandon Parva, Coston, Runhall and Welborne
Bressingham
Brockdish
Brooke
Broome
Bunwell
Burgh St Peter
Burston and Shimpling
Caistor St Edmund and Bixley
Carleton Rode
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Chedgrave
Claxton
Colney
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Winfarthing
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Wortwell
Wramplingham
Wreningham
Wymondham
Yelverton
This Norfolk location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Fessler
|
Daniel Fessler
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Daniel Fessler" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Daniel Fessler is a professor of biological anthropology at the University of California, Los Angeles, working in the fields of evolutionary psychology, evolutionary anthropology, and evolutionary medicine. He was an editor-in-chief of journal of Evolution and Human Behavior.
References
^ "Nobody's watching? Subtle cues affect generosity an anonymous economic game" Haley, K.J. , Fessler, D.M.T. Evolution and Human Behavior Volume 26, Issue 3, May 2005, Pages 245-256
^ Fessler, D.M.T., Pillsworth, E.G., and Flamson, T.J. Angry men and disgusted women: An evolutionary approach to the influence of emotions on risk taking. "Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes" 2004, Volume 95, Issue 1, Pages 107-123.
^ Fessler, Daniel MT. Shame in two cultures: Implications for evolutionary approaches. "Journal of Cognition and Culture", 2004, Volume 4, Issue 2, Pages 207-262
^ Gneezy, A. and Fessler, D.M.T. Conflict, sticks, and carrots: War increases prosocial punishments and rewards. "Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences", 2011, Volume 279, Issue 1727, Pages 219-223
^ Fessler, D.M.T. and Holbrook, C. Friends shrink foes: The presence of comrades decreases the envisioned physical formidability of an opponent. "Psychological Science", 2013, Volume 24, Issue 5, Pages 797-802
^ Fessler, D.M.T., Tiokhin, L.B., Holbrook, C., Gervais, M.M., and Snyder, J.K. Foundations of the Crazy Bastard Hypothesis: Nonviolent physical risk-taking enhances conceptualized formidability. "Evolution & Human Behavior", 2014, Volume 35, Issue 1, Pages 26–33
^ Editorial board, Evolution and Human Behavior, retrieved 2010-05-17.
External links
Personal website
vteEvolutionary psychologistsEvolutionary psychologyBiologists /neuroscientists
Bernard Crespi
John Crook
Charles Darwin
Richard Dawkins
Jared Diamond
W. D. Hamilton
Alfred Kinsey
Peter Kropotkin
Gordon Orians
Jaak Panksepp
Margie Profet
Peter Richerson
Giacomo Rizzolatti
Randy Thornhill
Robert Trivers
Carel van Schaik
Claus Wedekind
Mary Jane West-Eberhard
Wolfgang Wickler
George C. Williams
David Sloan Wilson
E. O. Wilson
Richard Wrangham
Anthropologists
Jerome H. Barkow
Christopher Boehm
Robert Boyd
Donald E. Brown
Napoleon Chagnon
Robin Dunbar
Daniel Fessler
Mark Flinn
John D. Hawks
Joseph Henrich
Ruth Mace
Daniel Nettle
Stephen Shennan
Donald Symons
John Tooby
Pierre van den Berghe
Psychologists /cognitive scientists
Mary Ainsworth
Simon Baron-Cohen
Justin L. Barrett
Jay Belsky
Jesse Bering
David F. Bjorklund
Paul Bloom
John Bowlby
Pascal Boyer
Joseph Bulbulia
David Buss
Josep Call
Anne Campbell
Donald T. Campbell
Peter Carruthers
Noam Chomsky
Leda Cosmides
Martin Daly
Paul Ekman
Bruce J. Ellis
Anne Fernald
Aurelio José Figueredo
Diana Fleischman
Uta Frith
Gordon G. Gallup
David C. Geary
Gerd Gigerenzer
Peter Gray
Jonathan Haidt
Harry Harlow
Judith Rich Harris
Martie Haselton
Stephen Kaplan
Douglas T. Kenrick
Simon M. Kirby
Robert Kurzban
Brian MacWhinney
Michael T. McGuire
Geoffrey Miller
Darcia Narvaez
Katherine Nelson
Randolph M. Nesse
Steven Neuberg
David Perrett
Henry Plotkin
Steven Pinker
Paul Rozin
Mark Schaller
David P. Schmitt
Nancy Segal
Todd K. Shackelford
Roger Shepard
Irwin Silverman
Peter K. Smith
Dan Sperber
Anthony Stevens
Frank Sulloway
Michael Tomasello
Joshua Tybur
Mark van Vugt
Andrew Whiten
Glenn Wilson
Margo Wilson
Othersocial scientists
Christopher Badcock
Samuel Bowles
Ernst Fehr
Herbert Gintis
Dominic D. P. Johnson
Gad Saad
Literary theorists /philosophers
Edmund Burke
Joseph Carroll
Daniel Dennett
Denis Dutton
Thomas Hobbes
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Research centers/organizations
Center for Evolutionary Psychology
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New England Complex Systems Institute
Publications
The Adapted Mind
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Evolutionary psychology
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Authority control databases International
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This biography of an American academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_R._Jones
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Francis R. Jones
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["1 Background","2 Qualifications","3 Research","3.1 Research interests","3.2 Other expertise","3.3 Current work","3.4 Recognition","4 Book-length poetry translations","5 Awards and honours","6 Selected academic publications","7 Translation samples","8 References","9 External links"]
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English academic (born 1955)
Francis R. Jones, 2013
Dr Francis R. Jones (born 1955 in Wakefield, UK) is a poetry translator and Reader in Translation Studies at Newcastle University. He is currently Head of the Translating and Interpreting Section of the School of Modern Languages at Newcastle. He works largely from Dutch and Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian, though also from German, Hungarian, Russian, and Caribbean creoles.
Background
He read German and Serbo-Croat at St John's College, Cambridge, and then spent a year researching poetry at the University of Sarajevo. After working as a Dutch-English in-house translator, he combined freelance translating with teaching English in the Netherlands and Greece. He joined Exeter University in 1988 and Newcastle University in 1990, working initially on foreign-language learning. However, his research and teaching work now focuses on translation studies. His numerous translations include works by Ivan V. Lalić, Vasko Popa and the Dutch poet Hans Faverey. He has twice been awarded the Poetry Society’s European Poetry Translation Prize for his translations of books by Ivan V. Lalić. Both his poetry translations and prose editing (e.g. of works by Rusmir Mahmutćehajić) as well as his academic writing show a strong commitment for a non-ethicized view of South Slav culture, and aim to foster parallels and dialogue within the South Slav/post-Yugoslav cultural space.
Qualifications
PhD, Newcastle University, 1996
MA, Applied Linguistics, Reading University, 1988.
BA, Modern and Medieval Languages, St John's College, Cambridge University, 1977
Research
Research interests
Francis Jones' research is largely inspired by his work as a poetry translator from Dutch and Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian. It mainly falls into two overlapping areas:
Poetry translation - especially how poetry translators translate, how they work with others, creativity and style, and the social/ethical role of the poetry translator.
South Slav (ex-Yugoslav) area studies, especially in the fields of modern poetry, culture and identity, with a specific interest in Bosnia and Serbia.
Other expertise
Foreign/second language learning, especially in the field of self-instruction. This was the topic of his PhD thesis (Going it Alone: Self-Instruction in Adult Foreign Language Learning, Newcastle University, 1996). Though he is no longer actively researching in this area, it still interests him.
Current work
He is now working on how ideology is expressed in published poetry translations - via the context of translation, and/or via the translator's decisions while actually translating. He is also interested in exploring poets' processes when they translate other poets.
Recognition
To date, Francis Jones has given over 30 conference plenary papers, guest lectures, seminars and workshops on literary translation, and over 25 readings of his own poetry translations.
Honorary Board Member, International Forum Bosnia (academic network)
Steering Committee Member, Mak Dizdar Foundation, Bosnia
Panel member, Bosnian Book of the Year (2000-2005)
Assessor for the Translators’ List, Foundation for Production and Translation of Dutch Literature
Jury member, Corneliu Popescu Prize for the Translation of European Poetry (2007)
Committee Member, Translators' Association(2005-2007)
Jury member, Vondel Prize for the Translation of Dutch Literature (1996-2003)
Studio 99, Sarajevo: TV programme 'Engagement and aesthetics: dilemmas of the literary translator': presenter of introductory lecture and panel discussant (2001)
Studio 99, Sarajevo: TV programme devoted to his translation of Mak Dizdar’s Stone Sleeper (1999)
Chair, biennial Nobel Seminar, Swedish Academy, Stockholm, 1998 (theme: translating of poetry and poetic prose)
Book-length poetry translations
Dizdar, Mak (1999) Kameni spavač / Stone Sleeper. From Bosnian, ed. Rusmir Mahmutćehajić, graphics Dževad Hozo. Sarajevo: Kuća bosanska.
Dizdar, Mak (2009) Stone Sleeper. Revised edn. From Bosnian, ed. Rusmir Mahmutćehajić. London: Anvil.
Faverey, Hans (1994) Against the Forgetting. From Dutch. London: Anvil.
Faverey, Hans (2004) Against the Forgetting. Revised and expanded edn. New York: New Directions.
Faverey, Hans (2011) Chrysanthemums, Rowers. From Dutch, co-tr. Lela Faverey. Providence, Rhode Island: Leon Works.
Jansma, Esther (2008) What It Is: Selected Poems. From Dutch. Tarset: Bloodaxe.
Kulenović, Skender (2007) Soneti / Sonnets. From Serbo-Croat, ed. Rusmir Mahmutćehajić, graphics Mersad Berber. Special Gala Edition of Forum Bosnae, 41/07.
Kupriyanov, Vyacheslav (1992) In Anyone's Tongue. From Russian. London: Forest.
Lalić, Ivan V. (1981) The Works of Love. From Serbo-Croat. London: Anvil.
Lalić, Ivan V. (1985) Last Quarter: Poems from The Passionate Measure. From Serbo-Croat. London: Anvil / Turret.
Lalić, Ivan V. (1989) The Passionate Measure. From Serbo-Croat. London / Dublin: Anvil / Dedalus.
Lalić, Ivan V. (1996) A Rusty Needle. From Serbo-Croat. London: Anvil.
Lalić, Ivan V. (1997) Fading Contact. From Serbo-Croat. London: Anvil.
Popa, Vasko (2011) Complete Poems. From Serbo-Croat, ed. Francis R. Jones, co-tr. Anne Pennington, introduction Ted Hughes. London: Anvil.
Radnóti Miklós (2000) Camp Notebook. From Hungarian. Todmorden: Arc.
Skenderija, Saša (2008) Why The Dwarf Had To Be Shot. From Bosnian, co-tr. Wayles Browne and Aaron Tate. Austin, TX: Black Buzzard.
Van Bastelaere, Dirk (2005) The Last To Leave: Selected Poems. From Dutch, co-tr. Willem Groenewegen and John Irons. Exeter: Shearsman.
Awards and honours
2013: First Prize, John Dryden Translation Competition
2010: Winner, David Reid Poetry Translation Prize
2008: Runner-up, Vondel Prize for Translation of Dutch literature
2008: Runner-up, David Reid Poetry Translation Prize
2008: Publication of the Year Shield, XX Sarajevo International Book Fair, for Skender Kulenović, Soneti / Sonnets (2007).
2007: Winner, David Reid Poetry Translation Prize
2005: Inaugural Winner, James Brockway Prize for the Translation of Dutch Poetry
2000: Best Translation, Association of Publishers and Booksellers in Bosnia and Herzegovina (for Mak Dizdar's Stone Sleeper).
1999: Winner, Sarajevo April 6 Prize (for Mak Dizdar's Stone Sleeper).
1997: Joint Winner, European Poetry Translation Prize (for Ivan V. Lalić's A Rusty Needle)
1996/7: Commendation, British Comparative Literature Association Translation Competition (for poems by Mak Dizdar)
1994/5: Second Prize, British Comparative Literature Association Translation Competition (for poems by Ivan V. Lalić and Drago Štambuk)
1991: Winner, European Poetry Translation Prize (for Ivan V. Lalić's The Passionate Measure).
1988: Honorable Mention, James S. Holmes Translation Awards, Columbia University (for Hans Faverey's Against the Forgetting).
Selected academic publications
Source:
Jones FR. Poetry Translating as Expert Action: Processes, Priorities and Networks. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2011.
Jones FR. Passing on the Hasanaginica: translator's afterword. Forum Bosnae 2010, 51, 278-288.
Jones FR. Poetry translation, nationalism and the wars of the Yugoslav transition. The Translator 2010, 16(2), 223-253.
Jones FR. (trans). The sad ballad of the noble lady Hasan Aginica. Forum Bosnae 2010, 51, 270-275.
Jones FR. Review of Shakespeare and the language of translation. Modern Language Review 2006, 101(3), 821-822.
Jones FR. Stroking hands over the heart: ten translators and the verse of Gerrit Kouwenaar. Modern Poetry in Translation 2006, 3(6), 158-167.
Jones FR. Ethics, aesthetics and décision: Literary translating in the wars of the Yugoslav succession. Meta 2004, 49(4), 711-728.
Jones FR. Etika, estetika i décision: književno prevođenje u ratovima za jugoslovensko nasljedstvo (Ethics, aesthetics and décision: literary translation in the wars of the Yugolslav succession). Sarajevske sveske 2003, 3, 101-123.
Jones FR. Self-instructed foreign language learning: an annotated bibliography. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2003.
Jones FR. Seeking the sleepers. Stolac, 2001.
Jones FR. The poet and the ambassador: communicating Mak Dizdar's Stone Sleeper. Translation and Literature 2000, 9(1), 65-87.
Jones FR. Review of The Iron-Blue Vault: Selected Poems, by Attila József, and Eternal Monday: New and Selected Poems, by György Petri. In Other Words 1999, 17.
Jones FR. A leak in the silence: The poetry of Hans Faverey. Callaloo 1998, 21(3), 458-465.
Jones FR. Gender and second-language self-instruction. Lancaster, UK: Lancaster University, 1998. Centre for Research in Language Education Special Report.
Jones FR. Povratak (Return). Forum Bosnae 1998, 1-2, 195-207.
Jones FR. Ivan V. Lalic: a fusion of cultures. The Guardian 1996, (2 August), 14.
Jones FR. Prevoditeljevo slovo (Translator's word). Oslobodjenje 1996, (25 March).
Jones FR. Teach yourself languages: the lone language learner. Independence 1996, 18, 16-19.
Jones FR. Learner, teach thyself! Self-directed language learning. Greta 1995, 3(2), 19-23.
Jones FR. Learning an alien lexicon: a single-subject case study. Second Language Research 1995, 11(2), 95-111.
Jones FR. A visszatérés (Return). Ex Symposion 1994, 8-9, 66-72.
Jones FR. Poems by Ivan V. Lalić and Drago Štambuk. Contemporary Criticism 1994, (16), 105-125.
Jones FR. Beyond the fringe: a framework for assessing teach-yourself materials for ab initio English-speaking learners. System 1993, 21(4), 453-469.
Jones FR. The stargazer's legacy: Vasko Popa. North Dakota Quarterly 1993, 61, 83-88.
Jones FR. A language-teaching machine: input, uptake and output in the communicative classroom. System 1992, 20(2), 133-150.
Jones FR. Classroom riot: design features, language output and topic in simulations and other communicative free-stage activities. System 1991, 19(3), 151-169.
Jones FR. Mickey-mouse and state-of-the-art: program sophistication and classroom methodology in communicative CALL. System 1991, 19(1-2), 1-13.
Jones FR. On aboriginal sufferance: a process model of poetic translating. Target 1989, 1(2), 183-199.
Jones FR. The rose whose scent is time: the poetry of Ivan V. Lalić. Tracks 1982, 2, 31-34.
Translation samples
Francis Jones reads Cathedrals by Ivan V. Lalić on YouTube
References
^ http://www.pnreview.co.uk/cgi-bin/scribe?item_id=8543 Interview with Francis Jones taken from PN Review 205, Volume 38 Number 5, May - June 2012.
^ Personal Newcastle University Homepage.
^ http://makdizdar.ba Mak Dizdar Foundation, Bosnia.
^ http://www.rae.ac.uk/2001/submissions/Textform.asp?route=2&HESAInst=H-0154&UoA=48&Msub=Z&Form=RA6a Research Assessment Exercise 2008.
^ Foundation for Production and Translation of Dutch Literature.
^ http://www.poetrysociety.org.uk/content/competitions/popescu The Corneliu Popescu Prize
^ http://www.societyofauthors.org/profiles/translators/francis-jones Francis Jones' profile on the Translators' Association website.
^ http://www.societyofauthors.net/vondel-prize The Vondel Prize
^ http://www.bcla.org/tcresult.htm Archived 2013-07-31 at the Wayback Machine First Prize, John Dryden Translation Competition, 2013.
^ "David Reid Poetry Translation Prize :: Boutade".
^ "News - School of Modern Languages - Newcastle University". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
^ http://www.nlpvf.nl/news/first_brockway_prize_awarded_t.php Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine James Brockway Prize, 2005
^ http://www.uik.ba/ Archived 2013-07-19 at the Wayback Machine Association of Publishers and Booksellers of Bosnia Herzegovina
^ http://www.bcla.org/ British Comparative Literature Association
^ http://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/author_pubs.aspx?author_id=62815 Publications by Francis Jones at Newcastle University Library
External links
Personal Newcastle University Homepage
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Sweden
Netherlands
Poland
Other
SNAC
IdRef
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He is currently Head of the Translating and Interpreting Section of the School of Modern Languages at Newcastle. He works largely from Dutch and Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian, though also from German, Hungarian, Russian, and Caribbean creoles.[2]","title":"Francis R. Jones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Exeter University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_University"},{"link_name":"Newcastle University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_University"},{"link_name":"translation studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_studies"},{"link_name":"Ivan V. Lalić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_V._Lali%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vasko Popa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasko_Popa"},{"link_name":"Hans Faverey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Faverey"},{"link_name":"European Poetry Translation Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Awards_and_honours"},{"link_name":"Ivan V. Lalić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_V._Lali%C4%87"},{"link_name":"South Slav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slav"},{"link_name":"South Slav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slav"}],"text":"He read German and Serbo-Croat at St John's College, Cambridge, and then spent a year researching poetry at the University of Sarajevo. After working as a Dutch-English in-house translator, he combined freelance translating with teaching English in the Netherlands and Greece. He joined Exeter University in 1988 and Newcastle University in 1990, working initially on foreign-language learning. However, his research and teaching work now focuses on translation studies. His numerous translations include works by Ivan V. Lalić, Vasko Popa and the Dutch poet Hans Faverey. He has twice been awarded the Poetry Society’s European Poetry Translation Prize for his translations of books by Ivan V. Lalić. Both his poetry translations and prose editing (e.g. of works by Rusmir Mahmutćehajić) as well as his academic writing show a strong commitment for a non-ethicized view of South Slav culture, and aim to foster parallels and dialogue within the South Slav/post-Yugoslav cultural space.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newcastle University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_University"},{"link_name":"Reading University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_University"},{"link_name":"St John's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University"}],"text":"PhD, Newcastle University, 1996\nMA, Applied Linguistics, Reading University, 1988.\nBA, Modern and Medieval Languages, St John's College, Cambridge University, 1977","title":"Qualifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"}],"sub_title":"Research interests","text":"Francis Jones' research is largely inspired by his work as a poetry translator from Dutch and Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian. It mainly falls into two overlapping areas:Poetry translation - especially how poetry translators translate, how they work with others, creativity and style, and the social/ethical role of the poetry translator.\nSouth Slav (ex-Yugoslav) area studies, especially in the fields of modern poetry, culture and identity, with a specific interest in Bosnia and Serbia.","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newcastle University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_University"}],"sub_title":"Other expertise","text":"Foreign/second language learning, especially in the field of self-instruction. This was the topic of his PhD thesis (Going it Alone: Self-Instruction in Adult Foreign Language Learning, Newcastle University, 1996). Though he is no longer actively researching in this area, it still interests him.","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current work","text":"He is now working on how ideology is expressed in published poetry translations - via the context of translation, and/or via the translator's decisions while actually translating. 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From Bosnian, ed. Rusmir Mahmutćehajić, graphics Dževad Hozo. Sarajevo: Kuća bosanska.\nDizdar, Mak (2009) Stone Sleeper. Revised edn. From Bosnian, ed. Rusmir Mahmutćehajić. London: Anvil.\nFaverey, Hans (1994) Against the Forgetting. From Dutch. London: Anvil.\nFaverey, Hans (2004) Against the Forgetting. Revised and expanded edn. New York: New Directions.\nFaverey, Hans (2011) Chrysanthemums, Rowers. From Dutch, co-tr. Lela Faverey. Providence, Rhode Island: Leon Works.\nJansma, Esther (2008) What It Is: Selected Poems. From Dutch. Tarset: Bloodaxe.\nKulenović, Skender (2007) Soneti / Sonnets. From Serbo-Croat, ed. Rusmir Mahmutćehajić, graphics Mersad Berber. Special Gala Edition of Forum Bosnae, 41/07.\nKupriyanov, Vyacheslav (1992) In Anyone's Tongue. From Russian. London: Forest.\nLalić, Ivan V. (1981) The Works of Love. From Serbo-Croat. London: Anvil.\nLalić, Ivan V. (1985) Last Quarter: Poems from The Passionate Measure. From Serbo-Croat. London: Anvil / Turret.\nLalić, Ivan V. (1989) The Passionate Measure. From Serbo-Croat. London / Dublin: Anvil / Dedalus.\nLalić, Ivan V. (1996) A Rusty Needle. From Serbo-Croat. London: Anvil.\nLalić, Ivan V. (1997) Fading Contact. From Serbo-Croat. London: Anvil.\nPopa, Vasko (2011) Complete Poems. From Serbo-Croat, ed. Francis R. Jones, co-tr. Anne Pennington, introduction Ted Hughes. London: Anvil.\nRadnóti Miklós (2000) Camp Notebook. From Hungarian. Todmorden: Arc.\nSkenderija, Saša (2008) Why The Dwarf Had To Be Shot. From Bosnian, co-tr. Wayles Browne and Aaron Tate. Austin, TX: Black Buzzard.\nVan Bastelaere, Dirk (2005) The Last To Leave: Selected Poems. From Dutch, co-tr. Willem Groenewegen and John Irons. Exeter: Shearsman.","title":"Book-length poetry translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Dryden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dryden"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"James Brockway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brockway"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Mak Dizdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak_Dizdar"},{"link_name":"Mak Dizdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak_Dizdar"},{"link_name":"European Poetry Translation Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Poetry_Translation_Prize"},{"link_name":"Ivan V. Lalić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_V._Lali%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mak Dizdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak_Dizdar"},{"link_name":"Ivan V. Lalić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_V._Lali%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Drago Štambuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drago_%C5%A0tambuk"},{"link_name":"European Poetry Translation Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Poetry_Translation_Prize"},{"link_name":"Ivan V. Lalić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_V._Lali%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Hans Faverey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Faverey"}],"text":"2013: First Prize, John Dryden Translation Competition[9]\n2010: Winner, David Reid Poetry Translation Prize[10][11]\n2008: Runner-up, Vondel Prize for Translation of Dutch literature\n2008: Runner-up, David Reid Poetry Translation Prize\n2008: Publication of the Year Shield, XX Sarajevo International Book Fair, for Skender Kulenović, Soneti / Sonnets (2007).\n2007: Winner, David Reid Poetry Translation Prize\n2005: Inaugural Winner, James Brockway Prize for the Translation of Dutch Poetry[12]\n2000: Best Translation, Association of Publishers and Booksellers in Bosnia and Herzegovina[13] (for Mak Dizdar's Stone Sleeper).\n1999: Winner, Sarajevo April 6 Prize (for Mak Dizdar's Stone Sleeper).\n1997: Joint Winner, European Poetry Translation Prize (for Ivan V. Lalić's A Rusty Needle)\n1996/7: Commendation, British Comparative Literature Association[14] Translation Competition (for poems by Mak Dizdar)\n1994/5: Second Prize, British Comparative Literature Association Translation Competition (for poems by Ivan V. Lalić and Drago Štambuk)\n1991: Winner, European Poetry Translation Prize (for Ivan V. Lalić's The Passionate Measure).\n1988: Honorable Mention, James S. Holmes Translation Awards, Columbia University (for Hans Faverey's Against the Forgetting).","title":"Awards and honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Poetry Translating as Expert Action: Processes, Priorities and Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150414091105/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/171016"},{"link_name":"Passing on the Hasanaginica: translator's afterword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150414084857/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/168348"},{"link_name":"Poetry translation, nationalism and the wars of the Yugoslav transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151017073957/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/162248"},{"link_name":"The sad ballad of the noble lady Hasan Aginica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150414093546/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/168349"},{"link_name":"Review of Shakespeare and the language of translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150414082505/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/87355"},{"link_name":"Stroking hands over the heart: ten translators and the verse of Gerrit Kouwenaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151017085211/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/36471"},{"link_name":"Ethics, aesthetics and décision: Literary translating in the wars of the Yugoslav succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151017072353/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/162854"},{"link_name":"Etika, estetika i décision: književno prevođenje u ratovima za jugoslovensko nasljedstvo (Ethics, aesthetics and décision: literary translation in the wars of the Yugolslav succession)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150414083232/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/27707"},{"link_name":"Self-instructed foreign language learning: an annotated bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/f.r.jones/Bibliog.htm"},{"link_name":"Seeking the sleepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//stolac.info/2002/08/seeking-the-sleepers/"},{"link_name":"The poet and the ambassador: communicating Mak Dizdar's Stone Sleeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/tal.2000.9.1.65"},{"link_name":"Review of The Iron-Blue Vault: Selected Poems, by Attila József, and Eternal Monday: New and Selected Poems, by György Petri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160303222841/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/27595"},{"link_name":"A leak in the silence: The poetry of Hans Faverey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150418091549/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/79405"},{"link_name":"Gender and second-language self-instruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150414085606/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/3319"},{"link_name":"Povratak (Return)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150418095316/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/27791"},{"link_name":"Ivan V. Lalic: a fusion of cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150414075808/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/28575"},{"link_name":"Prevoditeljevo slovo (Translator's word)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150418094632/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/28687"},{"link_name":"Teach yourself languages: the lone language learner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150414094557/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/28659"},{"link_name":"Learner, teach thyself! Self-directed language learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150414094508/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/27987"},{"link_name":"Learning an alien lexicon: a single-subject case study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//slr.sagepub.com/content/11/2/95"},{"link_name":"A visszatérés (Return)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150414094218/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/27959"},{"link_name":"Poems by Ivan V. Lalić and Drago Štambuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150414081552/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/25243"},{"link_name":"Beyond the fringe: a framework for assessing teach-yourself materials for ab initio English-speaking learners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0346251X9390057N"},{"link_name":"The stargazer's legacy: Vasko Popa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150414092814/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/27931"},{"link_name":"A language-teaching machine: input, uptake and output in the communicative classroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0346251X92900204"},{"link_name":"Classroom riot: design features, language output and topic in simulations and other communicative free-stage activities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0346251X9190040V"},{"link_name":"Mickey-mouse and state-of-the-art: program sophistication and classroom methodology in communicative CALL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150418093726/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/28071"},{"link_name":"On aboriginal sufferance: a process model of poetic translating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ingentaconnect.com/content/jbp/targ/1989/00000001/00000002/art00003?token=004810545c5f3b3b4746474877256f702e6e6d42314f582a2f433e402c3568263c2b03c2"},{"link_name":"The rose whose scent is time: the poetry of Ivan V. Lalić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151017072413/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/research/publication/27875"}],"text":"Source:[15]Jones FR. Poetry Translating as Expert Action: Processes, Priorities and Networks. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2011.\nJones FR. Passing on the Hasanaginica: translator's afterword. Forum Bosnae 2010, 51, 278-288.\nJones FR. Poetry translation, nationalism and the wars of the Yugoslav transition. The Translator 2010, 16(2), 223-253.\nJones FR. (trans). The sad ballad of the noble lady Hasan Aginica. Forum Bosnae 2010, 51, 270-275.\nJones FR. Review of Shakespeare and the language of translation. Modern Language Review 2006, 101(3), 821-822.\nJones FR. Stroking hands over the heart: ten translators and the verse of Gerrit Kouwenaar. Modern Poetry in Translation 2006, 3(6), 158-167.\nJones FR. Ethics, aesthetics and décision: Literary translating in the wars of the Yugoslav succession. Meta 2004, 49(4), 711-728.\nJones FR. Etika, estetika i décision: književno prevođenje u ratovima za jugoslovensko nasljedstvo (Ethics, aesthetics and décision: literary translation in the wars of the Yugolslav succession). Sarajevske sveske 2003, 3, 101-123.\nJones FR. Self-instructed foreign language learning: an annotated bibliography. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2003.\nJones FR. Seeking the sleepers. Stolac, 2001.\nJones FR. The poet and the ambassador: communicating Mak Dizdar's Stone Sleeper. Translation and Literature 2000, 9(1), 65-87.\nJones FR. Review of The Iron-Blue Vault: Selected Poems, by Attila József, and Eternal Monday: New and Selected Poems, by György Petri. In Other Words 1999, 17.\nJones FR. A leak in the silence: The poetry of Hans Faverey. Callaloo 1998, 21(3), 458-465.\nJones FR. Gender and second-language self-instruction. Lancaster, UK: Lancaster University, 1998. Centre for Research in Language Education Special Report.\nJones FR. Povratak (Return). Forum Bosnae 1998, 1-2, 195-207.\nJones FR. Ivan V. Lalic: a fusion of cultures. The Guardian 1996, (2 August), 14.\nJones FR. Prevoditeljevo slovo (Translator's word). Oslobodjenje 1996, (25 March).\nJones FR. Teach yourself languages: the lone language learner. Independence 1996, 18, 16-19.\nJones FR. Learner, teach thyself! Self-directed language learning. Greta 1995, 3(2), 19-23.\nJones FR. Learning an alien lexicon: a single-subject case study. Second Language Research 1995, 11(2), 95-111.\nJones FR. A visszatérés (Return). Ex Symposion 1994, 8-9, 66-72.\nJones FR. Poems by Ivan V. Lalić and Drago Štambuk. Contemporary Criticism 1994, (16), 105-125.\nJones FR. Beyond the fringe: a framework for assessing teach-yourself materials for ab initio English-speaking learners. System 1993, 21(4), 453-469.\nJones FR. The stargazer's legacy: Vasko Popa. North Dakota Quarterly 1993, 61, 83-88.\nJones FR. A language-teaching machine: input, uptake and output in the communicative classroom. System 1992, 20(2), 133-150.\nJones FR. Classroom riot: design features, language output and topic in simulations and other communicative free-stage activities. System 1991, 19(3), 151-169.\nJones FR. Mickey-mouse and state-of-the-art: program sophistication and classroom methodology in communicative CALL. System 1991, 19(1-2), 1-13.\nJones FR. On aboriginal sufferance: a process model of poetic translating. Target 1989, 1(2), 183-199.\nJones FR. The rose whose scent is time: the poetry of Ivan V. Lalić. Tracks 1982, 2, 31-34.","title":"Selected academic publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cathedrals by Ivan V. Lalić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KYx-s55Oq4"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)"}],"text":"Francis Jones reads Cathedrals by Ivan V. Lalić on YouTube","title":"Translation samples"}]
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[{"image_text":"Francis R. Jones, 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Francis_Jones.JPG/220px-Francis_Jones.JPG"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanyon_Sturtze
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Tanyon Sturtze
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["1 Early life and education","2 MLB career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
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American baseball player
Baseball player
Tanyon SturtzePitcherBorn: (1970-10-12) October 12, 1970 (age 53)Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutMay 3, 1995, for the Chicago CubsLast MLB appearanceAugust 25, 2008, for the Los Angeles DodgersMLB statisticsWin–loss record40–44Earned run average5.19Strikeouts480
Teams
Chicago Cubs (1995–1996)
Texas Rangers (1997)
Chicago White Sox (1999–2000)
Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2000–2002)
Toronto Blue Jays (2003)
New York Yankees (2004–2006)
Los Angeles Dodgers (2008)
Tanyon James Sturtze (born October 12, 1970) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher.
Early life and education
He attended Saint Peter-Marian High School then Quinsigamond Community College and was drafted by the Oakland Athletics in the 1990 Major League Baseball Draft.
MLB career
In 1994, he was selected by the Chicago Cubs in the minor league portion of the Rule 5 draft. He pitched two innings, allowing two runs, with the major league team that year. He spent the next two seasons alternating between the Triple-A Iowa Cubs and the Chicago Cubs, and in 1997, he signed with the Texas Rangers, again alternating between the major and minor league squads. In 1998, he did not play major league ball, and in 1999, he became a member of the Chicago White Sox, becoming a permanent major league reliever. He was dealt to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in exchange for Tony Graffanino in the 2000 season, and became a key starter for the perennially last-place Devil Rays. However, the 2002 season was a dismal one for Sturtze, as he recorded the lowest winning percentage among all qualified starters (.182) and led the majors in losses (18), earned runs allowed (129), hits allowed (271), walks allowed (89) and batters faced (1008). Although he was the team’s workhorse, ranking seventh in innings pitched (224.0), which was then a Devil Rays record, games started (33), and third in home runs allowed (33). The 2002 Devil Rays had the worst pitching staff in the major leagues (5.29 ERA), and surrendered the most runs (918).
In 2003, he joined the Toronto Blue Jays. In April 2004, Sturtze signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers and on May 15, 2004, he was traded to the New York Yankees for Brian Myrow. With the Yankees he became a consistent reliever, helping the Yankees to win the AL East in 2004. On July 24, 2004, he was involved in a brawl with the Boston Red Sox. After a fight broke out between Jason Varitek and Alex Rodriguez, Sturtze tangled with Gabe Kapler, David Ortiz, and Trot Nixon, and he emerged from the fight with a cut below his ear and blood smeared on his jersey. He missed most of the 2006 season after having season-ending surgery to repair a slight tear in his right rotator cuff.
On December 3, 2006, Sturtze signed a one-year $750,000 contract with the Atlanta Braves. The contract paid him an additional $350,000 if he spent one day on the active 25 man roster. However,
in March 2007, Sturtze was placed on the 15-day DL, he was transferred to the 60-day DL in May 2007 and given his unconditional release on August 21.
Sturtze was signed to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training by the Los Angeles Dodgers on December 12, 2007. He was assigned to the Dodgers Double-A affiliate, the Jacksonville Suns and was later promoted to the Triple-A Las Vegas 51s. He was called up to the majors on August 14, 2008, but was designated for assignment on August 28, and was sent outright to the minors a few days later. Sturtze requested to stay with the team in some capacity, so he was made a bullpen catcher for the remainder of the season and into the playoffs.
In January 2009, Sturtze re-signed with the Dodgers to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training. He did not make the Major League roster and was assigned to the AAA Albuquerque Isotopes. The Dodgers released Sturtze on May 1.
Personal life
Tanyon is the Advisory Board Chairman for
The Pinstripes Sports Dreams Foundation.
The foundation gives youth travel baseball players that cannot afford professional coaching, equipment and team fees the opportunity to play elite travel baseball.
PinstripesSportsDreamsFoundation.Org
After retiring, Sturtze began a second career as an insurance salesman with the Hotaling Group in New York.
References
^ Tyler Kepner (2004-07-25). "Fighting Gives Way to Red Sox' Dramatic Knockout Blow in 9th Inning". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
^ Sturtze headed to surgery
^ Dodgers.com Mailbag 9/8/08
^ "Dodgers sign reliever Tanyon Sturtze". espn.com. Associated Press. 2009-01-27. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
^ Sussman, Jeffrey. "From Yankees Pinstripes to Corporate Pinstripes". Retrieved 2012-08-19.
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
Tanyon Sturtze on X
Preceded byAlbie Lopez
Tampa Bay Devil Rays Opening Day Starting pitcher 2002
Succeeded byJoe Kennedy
vteTampa Bay Rays Opening Day starting pitchers
Wilson Álvarez
Chris Archer
Dewon Brazelton
Zach Eflin
Tyler Glasnow
Scott Kazmir
Joe Kennedy
Albie Lopez
Shane McClanahan
Charlie Morton
David Price
James Shields
Blake Snell
Tanyon Sturtze
Steve Trachsel
Víctor Zambrano
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"}],"text":"Baseball playerTanyon James Sturtze (born October 12, 1970) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher.","title":"Tanyon Sturtze"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Peter-Marian High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter-Marian_High_School"},{"link_name":"Quinsigamond Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinsigamond_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"1990 Major League Baseball Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"}],"text":"He attended Saint Peter-Marian High School then Quinsigamond Community College and was drafted by the Oakland Athletics in the 1990 Major League Baseball Draft.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Rule 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_5"},{"link_name":"Iowa Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Cubs"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Devil Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Devil_Rays"},{"link_name":"Tony Graffanino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Graffanino"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"innings pitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innings_pitched"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Toronto Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Brian Myrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Myrow"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Jason Varitek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Varitek"},{"link_name":"Alex Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"Gabe Kapler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabe_Kapler"},{"link_name":"David Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"Trot Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trot_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"spring training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_training"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Suns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Suns"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas 51s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_51s"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque Isotopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque_Isotopes"}],"text":"In 1994, he was selected by the Chicago Cubs in the minor league portion of the Rule 5 draft. He pitched two innings, allowing two runs, with the major league team that year. He spent the next two seasons alternating between the Triple-A Iowa Cubs and the Chicago Cubs, and in 1997, he signed with the Texas Rangers, again alternating between the major and minor league squads. In 1998, he did not play major league ball, and in 1999, he became a member of the Chicago White Sox, becoming a permanent major league reliever. He was dealt to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in exchange for Tony Graffanino in the 2000 season, and became a key starter for the perennially last-place Devil Rays. However, the 2002 season was a dismal one for Sturtze, as he recorded the lowest winning percentage among all qualified starters (.182) and led the majors in losses (18), earned runs allowed (129), hits allowed (271), walks allowed (89) and batters faced (1008). Although he was the team’s workhorse, ranking seventh in innings pitched (224.0), which was then a Devil Rays record, games started (33), and third in home runs allowed (33). The 2002 Devil Rays had the worst pitching staff in the major leagues (5.29 ERA), and surrendered the most runs (918).In 2003, he joined the Toronto Blue Jays. In April 2004, Sturtze signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers and on May 15, 2004, he was traded to the New York Yankees for Brian Myrow. With the Yankees he became a consistent reliever, helping the Yankees to win the AL East in 2004. On July 24, 2004, he was involved in a brawl with the Boston Red Sox. After a fight broke out between Jason Varitek and Alex Rodriguez, Sturtze tangled with Gabe Kapler, David Ortiz, and Trot Nixon, and he emerged from the fight with a cut below his ear and blood smeared on his jersey.[1] He missed most of the 2006 season after having season-ending surgery to repair a slight tear in his right rotator cuff.[2]On December 3, 2006, Sturtze signed a one-year $750,000 contract with the Atlanta Braves. The contract paid him an additional $350,000 if he spent one day on the active 25 man roster. However, \nin March 2007, Sturtze was placed on the 15-day DL, he was transferred to the 60-day DL in May 2007 and given his unconditional release on August 21.Sturtze was signed to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training by the Los Angeles Dodgers on December 12, 2007. He was assigned to the Dodgers Double-A affiliate, the Jacksonville Suns and was later promoted to the Triple-A Las Vegas 51s. He was called up to the majors on August 14, 2008, but was designated for assignment on August 28, and was sent outright to the minors a few days later. Sturtze requested to stay with the team in some capacity, so he was made a bullpen catcher for the remainder of the season and into the playoffs.[3]In January 2009, Sturtze re-signed with the Dodgers to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training.[4] He did not make the Major League roster and was assigned to the AAA Albuquerque Isotopes. The Dodgers released Sturtze on May 1.","title":"MLB career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Tanyon is the Advisory Board Chairman for \nThe Pinstripes Sports Dreams Foundation.\nThe foundation gives youth travel baseball players that cannot afford professional coaching, equipment and team fees the opportunity to play elite travel baseball. \nPinstripesSportsDreamsFoundation.OrgAfter retiring, Sturtze began a second career as an insurance salesman with the Hotaling Group in New York.[5]","title":"Personal life"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120710065547/http://health.nytimes.com/2004/07/25/sports/baseball/25yanks.html?ex=1235106000&en=4fbbedffafbfc693&ei=5070","external_links_name":"\"Fighting Gives Way to Red Sox' Dramatic Knockout Blow in 9th Inning\""},{"Link":"http://health.nytimes.com/2004/07/25/sports/baseball/25yanks.html?ex=1235106000&en=4fbbedffafbfc693&ei=5070","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://newyork.yankees.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060518&content_id=1460070&vkey=news_nyy&fext=.jsp&c_id=nyy","external_links_name":"Sturtze headed to surgery"},{"Link":"http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080908&content_id=3437978&vkey=news_la&fext=.jsp&c_id=la","external_links_name":"Dodgers.com Mailbag 9/8/08"},{"Link":"http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=mlb&id=3865055","external_links_name":"\"Dodgers sign reliever Tanyon Sturtze\""},{"Link":"http://your-story.org/from-yankee-pinstripes-to-corporate-pinstripes-229301/","external_links_name":"\"From Yankees Pinstripes to Corporate Pinstripes\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/player/122915","external_links_name":"MLB"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/stats/_/id/3181","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/s/sturtta01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=1230","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=sturtz001tan","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://x.com/sturtze56","external_links_name":"Tanyon Sturtze"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Ninety-Four_(album)
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Nineteen Ninety-Four (album)
|
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]
|
1994 studio album by Alvin LeeNineteen Ninety-FourStudio album by Alvin LeeReleased1994GenreRock 'n' RollLabelRepertoireAlvin Lee chronology
Zoom(1992)
Nineteen Ninety-Four(1994)
In Tennessee(2004)
Nineteen Ninety-Four (Viceroy VIC 8012-2, Reissue: Repertoire REP5191) is a 1994 album by Alvin Lee released in the United States as I Hear You Rockin'.
Track listing
All tracks composed by Alvin Lee; except where noted.
"Keep On Rockin'" - 5:09
"Long Legs" - 6:16
"I Hear You Knockin'" (Dave Bartholomew, Pearl King) - 3:40
"Ain't Nobody's Business" (Alvin Lee, Steve Grant) - 4:11
"The Bluest Blues" - 7:27
"Boogie All Day" - 3:52
"My Baby's Come Back to Me" - 4:58
"Take It Easy" - 6:24
"Play It Like It Used to Be" (Alvin Lee, Tim Hinkley) - 4:01
"Give Me Your Love" (Alvin Lee, Steve Gould) - 5:58
"I Don't Give a Damn" - 5:46
"I Want You (She's So Heavy)" (Lennon–McCartney) - 9:52
Personnel
Alvin Lee - guitar, vocals
Steve Gould - bass
Alan Young - drums
Steve Grant - keyboards
Special Guests
George Harrison - slide guitar on "The Bluest Blues" and "I Want You (She's So Heavy)"
Joe Brown - vocals and plectrum banjo on "I Hear You Knockin'" and "Boogie All Day"
Sam Brown and Deena Payne - vocals on "Long Legs" and "Give Me Your Love"
Tim Hinkley - Hammond organ on "The Bluest Blues" and "I Don't Give a Damn"; piano on "Play It Like It Used to Be"
References
^ "Alvin Lee Discography". Retrieved 11 January 2014.
^ "Nineteen Ninety Four - Alvin Lee – Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards – AllMusic". Retrieved 11 January 2014.
^ "Steve Gould | Credits | AllMusic". allmusic.com. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
^ "Alan Young – Credits – AllMusic". Retrieved 11 January 2014.
^ "Steve Grant | Credits | AllMusic". allmusic.com. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alvin Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Lee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alvinlee-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-2"}],"text":"1994 studio album by Alvin LeeNineteen Ninety-Four (Viceroy VIC 8012-2, Reissue: Repertoire REP5191) is a 1994 album by Alvin Lee released in the United States as I Hear You Rockin'.[1][2]","title":"Nineteen Ninety-Four (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I Hear You Knockin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Hear_You_Knocking"},{"link_name":"Dave Bartholomew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Bartholomew"},{"link_name":"Tim Hinkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hinkley"},{"link_name":"Steve Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gould_(musician)"},{"link_name":"I Want You (She's So Heavy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Want_You_(She%27s_So_Heavy)"},{"link_name":"Lennon–McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennon%E2%80%93McCartney"}],"text":"All tracks composed by Alvin Lee; except where noted.\"Keep On Rockin'\" - 5:09\n\"Long Legs\" - 6:16\n\"I Hear You Knockin'\" (Dave Bartholomew, Pearl King) - 3:40\n\"Ain't Nobody's Business\" (Alvin Lee, Steve Grant) - 4:11\n\"The Bluest Blues\" - 7:27\n\"Boogie All Day\" - 3:52\n\"My Baby's Come Back to Me\" - 4:58\n\"Take It Easy\" - 6:24\n\"Play It Like It Used to Be\" (Alvin Lee, Tim Hinkley) - 4:01\n\"Give Me Your Love\" (Alvin Lee, Steve Gould) - 5:58\n\"I Don't Give a Damn\" - 5:46\n\"I Want You (She's So Heavy)\" (Lennon–McCartney) - 9:52","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gould_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic3-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic4-5"},{"link_name":"George Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Joe Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Brown_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Sam Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Brown_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Deena Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deena_Payne"},{"link_name":"Tim Hinkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hinkley"}],"text":"Alvin Lee - guitar, vocals\nSteve Gould - bass[3]\nAlan Young - drums[4]\nSteve Grant - keyboards[5]Special GuestsGeorge Harrison - slide guitar on \"The Bluest Blues\" and \"I Want You (She's So Heavy)\"\nJoe Brown - vocals and plectrum banjo on \"I Hear You Knockin'\" and \"Boogie All Day\"\nSam Brown and Deena Payne - vocals on \"Long Legs\" and \"Give Me Your Love\"\nTim Hinkley - Hammond organ on \"The Bluest Blues\" and \"I Don't Give a Damn\"; piano on \"Play It Like It Used to Be\"","title":"Personnel"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Alvin Lee Discography\". Retrieved 11 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://alvinlee.com/discography.html","url_text":"\"Alvin Lee Discography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nineteen Ninety Four - Alvin Lee – Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards – AllMusic\". Retrieved 11 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/nineteen-ninety-four-mw0000112579","url_text":"\"Nineteen Ninety Four - Alvin Lee – Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards – AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Gould | Credits | AllMusic\". allmusic.com. Retrieved 17 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/steve-gould-mn0001214119/credits","url_text":"\"Steve Gould | Credits | AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Young – Credits – AllMusic\". Retrieved 11 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/alan-young-mn0000728379/credits","url_text":"\"Alan Young – Credits – AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Grant | Credits | AllMusic\". allmusic.com. Retrieved 17 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/steve-grant-mn0001757712/credits","url_text":"\"Steve Grant | Credits | AllMusic\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://alvinlee.com/discography.html","external_links_name":"\"Alvin Lee Discography\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/nineteen-ninety-four-mw0000112579","external_links_name":"\"Nineteen Ninety Four - Alvin Lee – Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards – AllMusic\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/steve-gould-mn0001214119/credits","external_links_name":"\"Steve Gould | Credits | AllMusic\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/alan-young-mn0000728379/credits","external_links_name":"\"Alan Young – Credits – AllMusic\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/steve-grant-mn0001757712/credits","external_links_name":"\"Steve Grant | Credits | AllMusic\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/e46adc57-30b9-324c-82d3-fd1b8b80fda9","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Capitol
|
Oklahoma State Capitol
|
["1 History","1.1 Early capital of Guthrie (1889–1900)","1.2 Move to Oklahoma City and construction (1910–1917)","1.3 Earthquake damage","1.4 Expansion and change (1998–present)","1.5 Ten Commandments Monument controversy","2 Exterior and Capitol complex","3 Interior","3.1 Art","3.2 The \"Ring of Honor\"","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 35°29′32″N 97°30′11″W / 35.49222°N 97.50306°W / 35.49222; -97.50306State capitol building of the U.S. state of Oklahoma
United States historic placeOklahoma State CapitolU.S. National Register of Historic Places
Front of the capitolShow map of OklahomaShow map of the United StatesLocation22nd St. and Lincoln Boulevard, Oklahoma City, OklahomaCoordinates35°29′32″N 97°30′11″W / 35.49222°N 97.50306°W / 35.49222; -97.50306Area5 acres (2.0 ha)Built1917 (1917)ArchitectSolomon Andrew LaytonArchitectural styleRenaissance Revival, NeoclassicalNRHP reference No.76001572Added to NRHPOctober 8, 1976
The Oklahoma State Capitol is the house of government of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is the building that houses the Oklahoma Legislature and executive branch offices. It is located along Lincoln Boulevard in Oklahoma City and contains 452,508 square feet of floor area. The present structure includes a dome completed in 2002.
Oklahoma's first capital was Guthrie, Oklahoma, but it moved to Oklahoma City in 1910. Construction began on the Oklahoma State Capitol in 1914 and was completed in 1917. Originally, it housed the judicial branch of Oklahoma, but the state's high courts moved most of their operations to the Oklahoma Judicial Center in 2011, leaving only the Supreme Court Hearing Chamber in the capitol building.
The state capitol complex is the only state capitol grounds in the United States with active oil rigs.
History
Early capital of Guthrie (1889–1900)
Oklahoma's territorial capital and first state capital was located in the city of Guthrie. The settlement of the first state capital began at noon on April 22, 1889, when cannons sounded the start of the Oklahoma land run. The town was designated as the territorial capital in 1890.
Entrance to Oklahoma State Capitol (1972 photograph)
Move to Oklahoma City and construction (1910–1917)
State government officials let voters decide on whether or not to move the capital to Oklahoma City. On June 11, 1910, the state seal was taken from Guthrie and moved south to Oklahoma City, where the Oklahoma State Capitol is located today. Lee Cruce, the second Governor of Oklahoma, commissioned the architectural construction of the present day structure. Prior to its construction, state government offices were housed in the Huckins Hotel in downtown Oklahoma City.
Construction on the Oklahoma State Capitol began after a groundbreaking ceremony on July 20, 1914. Architects Soloman Andrew Layton and S. Wemyss-Smith were paid $75,000 to develop the architectural plans, while James Stewart & Company received the construction contract.
The building's exterior is constructed mainly of Indiana limestone, with a base of local Oklahoma pink granite, and Oklahoma black granite for the grand staircase. The interior prominently features marble as well as fixtures from a variety of sources. While original plans called for a dome, it was omitted due to cost overruns discovered in 1915 when the original $1.5 million appropriated by the Oklahoma Legislature proved insufficient. The building was, however, designed to support a dome.
The building was completed on June 30, 1917.
Earthquake damage
In 1952, a 5.5-magnitude earthquake near El Reno caused several cracks to materialize in walls and ceilings of the Capitol, including one crack measuring about 50 feet in length.
Expansion and change (1998–present)
The Guardian atop the Capitol Dome
In 1998, state legislators and the governor enacted legislation to create the Oklahoma Centennial Act, which formed the Oklahoma Capitol Complex and Centennial Commemoration Commission. The commission worked to fund a dome, which was in the initial plans in 1914, for the Oklahoma State Capitol and construction of the dome began in 2001 and was completed in 2002. It included a 22 feet (6.7 m) bronze sculpture called The Guardian. During exterior restoration work in 2014, engineers discovered significant cracks in the precast panels that comprise the dome, but not in any of the supports. The building was designed and built to support the dome. When the Layton and Smith firm (the firm selected to design the building) presented its preliminary drawings to the commission in 1914, the plans did not include a dome. However, the building was designed to allow for a weighty dome to adorn the central square rotunda. The original commission was split on the desirability of the dome due to the high cost, and as completed, the capitol was not domed
In 2006, plans were made to move the judicial branch into the old Oklahoma Historical Society building, as the agency was moving into the Oklahoma History Center. The court offices moved to the new Oklahoma Judicial Center in 2011.
Ten Commandments Monument controversy
Main article: Ten Commandments Monument (Oklahoma City)
Exterior and Capitol complex
See also: Oklahoma History Center
The north façade of the Capitol building.
The Oklahoma State Capitol, located at 2300 North Lincoln Boulevard, Oklahoma City is composed primarily of white limestone and Oklahoma pink granite. However, the building's dome is made of steel-reinforced concrete and reinforced plaster casts.
The state capitol complex is famous for its oil wells and remains the only state capitol grounds in the United States with active oil rigs. The capitol building is directly atop the Oklahoma City Oil Field.
The state capitol building and the surrounding government buildings, non-government agencies, museums, libraries, and tree lined streets and boulevards form the Oklahoma State Capitol Complex or Capitol Campus. The complex includes the State Capitol Park, the Oklahoma History Center, the Oklahoma Judicial Center, and the Oklahoma Governor's Mansion. The 14,000-square-foot (1,300 m2) mansion has a limestone exterior to complement the Oklahoma State Capitol's exterior. The surrounding neighborhood is home to numerous restaurants and bars.
The Oklahoma History Center opened in 2005 and is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society. It preserves the history of Oklahoma from prehistoric Native American tribes to the present day.
Interior
The west wing of the Capitol houses the Oklahoma House of Representatives chamber and offices. The east wing houses
the Oklahoma Senate chamber and offices. The ceremonial office of the governor is located on the second floor. Elected state officials such as the state auditor and inspector, state treasurer, and state attorney general have offices on the first floor. The building also contains a museum, a cafeteria, and a barber shop.
Art
Rotunda with Flight of Spirit mural (center) and Ring of Honor (above)
Chickasaw artist Mike Larsen's mural Flight of Spirit, honoring the Five Moons, notable 20th-century Native American ballerinas from Oklahoma is on display in the Capitol rotunda. Several large paintings by Wayne Cooper are on display in the building. Many of them depict the early heritage and oil history of the state. Seminole artist Enoch Kelly Haney's painting The Earth and I are One is on display on the first floor of the building.
The Senate lobby includes a 6 by 10 feet (1.8 m × 3.0 m) oil-on-canvas painting of the Ceremonial Transfer of the Louisiana Purchase in New Orleans - 1803 by Mike Wimmer. The Senate Lounge displays a watercolor painting entitled Community of Boling Springs by Sonya Terpening.
The "Ring of Honor"
The base of the Capitol dome is decorated, in six-inch gold letters, with the names of donors who contributed at least $1 million to the dome's construction, referred to as "the ring of honor", a concept usually limited to the most prominent players on professional football teams. Donors so named include Halliburton, Hobby Lobby Stores, "the People of Oklahoma", and General Motors. This design decision attracted some criticism at the time, and in 2011 state representative Eric Proctor attempted to pass legislation replacing the names with those of Oklahomans who had received the Congressional Medal of Honor.
Gallery
Oklahoma State Capitol Facade
Oil Rig at Oklahoma Capitol
Oklahoma Capitol West Facade
Meeting Place Monument/Flag Plaza at Oklahoma Capitol
Supreme Court chamber
View from the north side of the Capitol
Oil rig on south side of the Capitol
See also
External videos Oklahoma Capitol Building (15:23), C-SPAN
As Long as the Waters Flow
List of state and territorial capitols in the United States
List of National Historic Landmarks in Oklahoma
List of tallest buildings in Oklahoma City
History of Oklahoma
History of Oklahoma City
Government of Oklahoma
Cherokee Capitol Building
Chickasaw Capitol Building
Choctaw Capitol Building
Creek Capitol Building
References
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ "Oklahoma State Capitol Exterior Renovation – ADG". www.adgokc.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-10.
^ a b Wilson, Linda D. Guthrie. Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved 2015-03-13. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Hoig, Stan. Land Run of 1889. Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved 2015-03-13. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ "Our History". Guthrie Oklahoma Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 2012-09-26. Retrieved 2015-03-13.
^ a b c d e Savage, Cynthia. Oklahoma Capitol. Retrieved 2015-03-13. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ "Oklahoma State Capitol | OHS".
^ Luza, Kenneth V. (2009). "Earthquakes". Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
^ Allen, Sally (February 25, 2004). "Oklahoma shakedown: The 1952 earthquake". NewsOK. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
^ Green, Rick (23 December 2014). "Oklahoma's 12-year-old Capitol Dome is significantly cracked". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 2015-03-13.
^ Hoberock, Barbara (31 July 2011). "Oklahoma high courts move out of Capitol into Judicial Center". Tulsa World. Retrieved 2015-03-13.
^ "Oklahoma State Capitol Art Collection". Oklahoma Arts Council. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
^ "Introduction". Oklahoma State Capitol Dome. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
^ "State Capitol Archived December 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine," Oklahoma County Website. (accessed May 3, 2010)
^ "Oklahoma State Capitol Complex Maps". Oklahoma Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2015-03-13.
^ "Senate Artwork". Oklahoma Senate. Retrieved 2015-03-13.
^ The Associated Press (2002-09-30). "Donors' names inscribed on base of new capitol dome". Amarillo Globe-news. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
^ Michael McNutt (2011-02-11). "Lawmaker wants donors name removed from Oklahoma Capitol dome". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
^ "Oklahoma Capitol Building". C-SPAN. April 12, 2012. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oklahoma State Capitol.
Oklahoma State website
Voices of Oklahoma interview with Charles Ford. First person interview conducted on August 3, 2010 with Charles Ford talking about the historical significance of the Senate Collection at the Oklahoma State Capitol. Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project.
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VIAF
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Guthrie, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrie,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Judicial Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Judicial_Center"}],"text":"State capitol building of the U.S. state of OklahomaUnited States historic placeThe Oklahoma State Capitol is the house of government of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is the building that houses the Oklahoma Legislature and executive branch offices. It is located along Lincoln Boulevard in Oklahoma City and contains 452,508 square feet of floor area.[2] The present structure includes a dome completed in 2002.Oklahoma's first capital was Guthrie, Oklahoma, but it moved to Oklahoma City in 1910. Construction began on the Oklahoma State Capitol in 1914 and was completed in 1917. Originally, it housed the judicial branch of Oklahoma, but the state's high courts moved most of their operations to the Oklahoma Judicial Center in 2011, leaving only the Supreme Court Hearing Chamber in the capitol building.The state capitol complex is the only state capitol grounds in the United States with active oil rigs.","title":"Oklahoma State Capitol"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guthrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrie,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilsonguthrie-3"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma land run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rush_of_1889"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoig-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilsonguthrie-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entrance_to_OK_State_Capitol_(1972).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Early capital of Guthrie (1889–1900)","text":"Oklahoma's territorial capital and first state capital was located in the city of Guthrie.[3] The settlement of the first state capital began at noon on April 22, 1889, when cannons sounded the start of the Oklahoma land run.[4] The town was designated as the territorial capital in 1890.[3]Entrance to Oklahoma State Capitol (1972 photograph)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"Lee Cruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Cruce"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guthrie-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savagecapitol-6"},{"link_name":"Soloman Andrew Layton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Andrew_Layton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savagecapitol-6"}],"sub_title":"Move to Oklahoma City and construction (1910–1917)","text":"State government officials let voters decide on whether or not to move the capital to Oklahoma City. On June 11, 1910, the state seal was taken from Guthrie and moved south to Oklahoma City, where the Oklahoma State Capitol is located today. Lee Cruce, the second Governor of Oklahoma, commissioned the architectural construction of the present day structure. Prior to its construction, state government offices were housed in the Huckins Hotel in downtown Oklahoma City.[5]Construction on the Oklahoma State Capitol began after a groundbreaking ceremony on July 20, 1914.[6] Architects Soloman Andrew Layton and S. Wemyss-Smith were paid $75,000 to develop the architectural plans, while James Stewart & Company received the construction contract.The building's exterior is constructed mainly of Indiana limestone, with a base of local Oklahoma pink granite, and Oklahoma black granite for the grand staircase. The interior prominently features marble as well as fixtures from a variety of sources. While original plans called for a dome, it was omitted due to cost overruns discovered in 1915 when the original $1.5 million appropriated by the Oklahoma Legislature proved insufficient. The building was, however, designed to support a dome.[7]The building was completed on June 30, 1917.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Reno,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Earthquake damage","text":"In 1952, a 5.5-magnitude earthquake near El Reno caused several cracks to materialize in walls and ceilings of the Capitol, including one crack measuring about 50 feet in length.[8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oklahoma_State_Capitol_-_Dome_(2522081703).jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savagecapitol-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savagecapitol-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green-10"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma History Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_History_Center"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savagecapitol-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Expansion and change (1998–present)","text":"The Guardian atop the Capitol DomeIn 1998, state legislators and the governor enacted legislation to create the Oklahoma Centennial Act, which formed the Oklahoma Capitol Complex and Centennial Commemoration Commission.[6] The commission worked to fund a dome, which was in the initial plans in 1914, for the Oklahoma State Capitol and construction of the dome began in 2001 and was completed in 2002. It included a 22 feet (6.7 m) bronze sculpture called The Guardian.[6] During exterior restoration work in 2014, engineers discovered significant cracks in the precast panels that comprise the dome, but not in any of the supports. The building was designed and built to support the dome. When the Layton and Smith firm (the firm selected to design the building) presented its preliminary drawings to the commission in 1914, the plans did not include a dome. However, the building was designed to allow for a weighty dome to adorn the central square rotunda. The original commission was split on the desirability of the dome due to the high cost, and as completed, the capitol was not domed[10]In 2006, plans were made to move the judicial branch into the old Oklahoma Historical Society building, as the agency was moving into the Oklahoma History Center.[6] The court offices moved to the new Oklahoma Judicial Center in 2011.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ten Commandments Monument controversy","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oklahoma History Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_History_Center"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oklahoma_State_Capitol_April_3,_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-okdome-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-okcounty-14"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City Oil Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Oil_Field"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-15"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"}],"text":"See also: Oklahoma History CenterThe north façade of the Capitol building.The Oklahoma State Capitol, located at 2300 North Lincoln Boulevard, Oklahoma City is composed primarily of white limestone and Oklahoma pink granite.[12] However, the building's dome is made of steel-reinforced concrete and reinforced plaster casts.[13]The state capitol complex is famous for its oil wells and remains the only state capitol grounds in the United States with active oil rigs.[14] The capitol building is directly atop the Oklahoma City Oil Field.The state capitol building and the surrounding government buildings, non-government agencies, museums, libraries, and tree lined streets and boulevards form the Oklahoma State Capitol Complex[15] or Capitol Campus. The complex includes the State Capitol Park, the Oklahoma History Center, the Oklahoma Judicial Center, and the Oklahoma Governor's Mansion. The 14,000-square-foot (1,300 m2) mansion has a limestone exterior to complement the Oklahoma State Capitol's exterior. The surrounding neighborhood is home to numerous restaurants and bars.The Oklahoma History Center opened in 2005 and is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society. It preserves the history of Oklahoma from prehistoric Native American tribes to the present day.","title":"Exterior and Capitol complex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oklahoma House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Senate"}],"text":"The west wing of the Capitol houses the Oklahoma House of Representatives chamber and offices. The east wing houses \nthe Oklahoma Senate chamber and offices. The ceremonial office of the governor is located on the second floor. Elected state officials such as the state auditor and inspector, state treasurer, and state attorney general have offices on the first floor. The building also contains a museum, a cafeteria, and a barber shop.","title":"Interior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rotunda_of_the_Oklahoma_State_Capitol.jpg"},{"link_name":"Five Moons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Moons"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Wayne Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Cooper_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Enoch Kelly Haney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Kelly_Haney"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Art","text":"Rotunda with Flight of Spirit mural (center) and Ring of Honor (above)Chickasaw artist Mike Larsen's mural Flight of Spirit, honoring the Five Moons, notable 20th-century Native American ballerinas from Oklahoma is on display in the Capitol rotunda. Several large paintings by Wayne Cooper are on display in the building. Many of them depict the early heritage and oil history of the state. Seminole artist Enoch Kelly Haney's painting The Earth and I are One is on display on the first floor of the building.The Senate lobby includes a 6 by 10 feet (1.8 m × 3.0 m) oil-on-canvas painting of the Ceremonial Transfer of the Louisiana Purchase in New Orleans - 1803 by Mike Wimmer. The Senate Lounge displays a watercolor painting entitled Community of Boling Springs by Sonya Terpening.[16]","title":"Interior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ring of honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Honor_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Halliburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliburton"},{"link_name":"Hobby Lobby Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobby_Lobby"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Eric Proctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Proctor"},{"link_name":"Congressional Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"The \"Ring of Honor\"","text":"The base of the Capitol dome is decorated, in six-inch gold letters, with the names of donors who contributed at least $1 million to the dome's construction, referred to as \"the ring of honor\", a concept usually limited to the most prominent players on professional football teams.[17] Donors so named include Halliburton, Hobby Lobby Stores, \"the People of Oklahoma\", and General Motors. This design decision attracted some criticism at the time, and in 2011 state representative Eric Proctor attempted to pass legislation replacing the names with those of Oklahomans who had received the Congressional Medal of Honor.[18]","title":"Interior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oklahoma_State_Capitol_Facade.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_Rig_at_the_Oklahoma_State_Capitol.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oklahoma_State_Capitol_west_facade.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meeting_Place_Monument.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_Chamber_in_the_Oklahoma_State_Capitol.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_from_the_north_side_of_the_Oklahoma_State_Capitol.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_rig_on_south_side_of_the_Oklahoma_State_Capitol.jpg"}],"text":"Oklahoma State Capitol Facade\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOil Rig at Oklahoma Capitol\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOklahoma Capitol West Facade\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMeeting Place Monument/Flag Plaza at Oklahoma Capitol\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSupreme Court chamber\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView from the north side of the Capitol\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOil rig on south side of the Capitol","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"Entrance to Oklahoma State Capitol (1972 photograph)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Entrance_to_OK_State_Capitol_%281972%29.jpg/200px-Entrance_to_OK_State_Capitol_%281972%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Guardian atop the Capitol Dome","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Oklahoma_State_Capitol_-_Dome_%282522081703%29.jpg/180px-Oklahoma_State_Capitol_-_Dome_%282522081703%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The north façade of the Capitol building.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Oklahoma_State_Capitol_April_3%2C_2007.jpg/220px-Oklahoma_State_Capitol_April_3%2C_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rotunda with Flight of Spirit mural (center) and Ring of Honor (above)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rotunda_of_the_Oklahoma_State_Capitol.jpg/220px-Rotunda_of_the_Oklahoma_State_Capitol.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"As Long as the Waters Flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Long_as_the_Waters_Flow"},{"title":"List of state and territorial capitols in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_and_territorial_capitols_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of National Historic Landmarks in Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Oklahoma"},{"title":"List of tallest buildings in Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Oklahoma_City"},{"title":"History of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma"},{"title":"History of Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma_City"},{"title":"Government of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Oklahoma"},{"title":"Cherokee Capitol Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_National_Capitol"},{"title":"Chickasaw Capitol Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw_Capitol_Building"},{"title":"Choctaw Capitol Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctaw_Capitol_Building"},{"title":"Creek Capitol Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek_National_Capitol"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Oklahoma State Capitol Exterior Renovation – ADG\". www.adgokc.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180910131412/http://www.adgokc.com/portfolio/oklahoma-state-capitol-exterior-renovation/","url_text":"\"Oklahoma State Capitol Exterior Renovation – ADG\""},{"url":"http://www.adgokc.com/portfolio/oklahoma-state-capitol-exterior-renovation/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Linda D. Guthrie. Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved 2015-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=GU003","url_text":"Guthrie"}]},{"reference":"Hoig, Stan. Land Run of 1889. Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved 2015-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=LA014","url_text":"Land Run of 1889"}]},{"reference":"\"Our History\". Guthrie Oklahoma Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 2012-09-26. Retrieved 2015-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120926120217/http://guthrieok.com/HISTORY.html","url_text":"\"Our History\""},{"url":"http://www.guthrieok.com/HISTORY.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Savage, Cynthia. Oklahoma Capitol. Retrieved 2015-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=OK080","url_text":"Oklahoma Capitol"}]},{"reference":"\"Oklahoma State Capitol | OHS\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.okhistory.org/research/capitol100","url_text":"\"Oklahoma State Capitol | OHS\""}]},{"reference":"Luza, Kenneth V. (2009). \"Earthquakes\". Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved September 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=OK052","url_text":"\"Earthquakes\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Sally (February 25, 2004). \"Oklahoma shakedown: The 1952 earthquake\". NewsOK. Retrieved September 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsok.com/article/1184414","url_text":"\"Oklahoma shakedown: The 1952 earthquake\""}]},{"reference":"Green, Rick (23 December 2014). \"Oklahoma's 12-year-old Capitol Dome is significantly cracked\". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 2015-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsok.com/oklahomas-12-year-old-capitol-dome-is-significantly-cracked/article/5378736","url_text":"\"Oklahoma's 12-year-old Capitol Dome is significantly cracked\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oklahoman","url_text":"The Oklahoman"}]},{"reference":"Hoberock, Barbara (31 July 2011). \"Oklahoma high courts move out of Capitol into Judicial Center\". Tulsa World. Retrieved 2015-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tulsaworld.com/news/government/oklahoma-high-courts-move-out-of-capitol-into-judicial-center/article_9c0d8713-ca7b-5e16-b52a-b766898bcf81.html","url_text":"\"Oklahoma high courts move out of Capitol into Judicial Center\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_World","url_text":"Tulsa World"}]},{"reference":"\"Oklahoma State Capitol Art Collection\". Oklahoma Arts Council. Retrieved 2013-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arts.ok.gov/Art_at_the_Capitol/Capitol_Collection.php","url_text":"\"Oklahoma State Capitol Art Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction\". Oklahoma State Capitol Dome. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved May 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100114221345/http://www.oklahomadome.com/introduction.htm","url_text":"\"Introduction\""},{"url":"http://www.oklahomadome.com/introduction.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oklahoma State Capitol Complex Maps\". Oklahoma Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2015-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/cmplxmap/index.htm","url_text":"\"Oklahoma State Capitol Complex Maps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senate Artwork\". Oklahoma Senate. Retrieved 2015-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oksenate.gov/senate_artwork/artwork_index_full.aspx","url_text":"\"Senate Artwork\""}]},{"reference":"The Associated Press (2002-09-30). \"Donors' names inscribed on base of new capitol dome\". Amarillo Globe-news. Retrieved 2018-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://amarillo.com/stories/093002/usn_newcapitol.shtml","url_text":"\"Donors' names inscribed on base of new capitol dome\""}]},{"reference":"Michael McNutt (2011-02-11). \"Lawmaker wants donors name removed from Oklahoma Capitol dome\". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 2018-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsok.com/article/3533745","url_text":"\"Lawmaker wants donors name removed from Oklahoma Capitol dome\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oklahoma Capitol Building\". C-SPAN. April 12, 2012. Retrieved March 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305768-1","url_text":"\"Oklahoma Capitol Building\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN","url_text":"C-SPAN"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities_in_Croatia
|
List of universities and colleges in Croatia
|
["1 Public universities","2 Public polytechnics","3 Public colleges","4 Private universities","5 Private polytechnics","6 Private colleges","7 Other institutions","8 See also","9 References"]
|
This is a list of universities and colleges in Croatia.
Public universities
Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek
Juraj Dobrila University of Pula
University of Dubrovnik
University North
University of Rijeka
University of Slavonski Brod
University of Split
University of Zadar
University of Zagreb
Public polytechnics
Polytechnic of Šibenik
Međimurje Polytechnic in Čakovec
Polytechnic in Karlovac
Polytechnic in Požega
Polytechnic in Rijeka
Polytechnic in Varaždin
"Lavoslav Ružička" Polytechnic in Vukovar
Polytechnic "Marko Marulić" in Knin
Polytechnic "Nikola Tesla" in Gospić
Polytechnic of Zagreb
Polytechnic School for Social Sciences at Zagreb
Professional Health School of Higher Education in Zagreb
Public colleges
College of Agriculture in Križevci
College of Computer Science Management in Virovitica
Police College (Croatia)
Private universities
Catholic University of Croatia
Libertas University
VERN' University
Algebra University College
Private polytechnics
Polytechnic "Baltazar Adam Krčelić", Zaprešić
Polytechnic "Hrvatsko zagorje" Krapina
Polytechnic Velika Gorica
Private colleges
RIT Croatia
Business College for Management in Tourism and Hospitality
Business College "Minerva"
Business School PAR
Business College with Public Rights, Višnjan
Business School "Zagreb"
College for Inspection and Human Resource Management in Maritime Sciences
College for Safety at Workplace
College of AGORA
College of Applied Computing
College of Economics, Entrepreneurship and Management "Zrinski"
College of Information Technology Zagreb
College of International Relations and Diplomacy
College of Management and Design "Aspira"
Effectus - College for Finances and Law
International Graduate Business School Zagreb
Kairos College for Public Relations and Media Studies
Professional Business School of Higher Education LIBERTAS
Professional School of Higher Education for Business Administration Studies
Professional School of Higher Education for Technology in Pula
RRiF College of Financial Management
Technical College in Bjelovar
TV Academy - College of Multimedia and Communication in Split
Zagreb College of Journalism
Zagreb Polytechnic College
Zagreb School of Economics and Management
Other institutions
Vinkovci Technical College of Adult Education
See also
Education in Croatia
List of schools in Croatia
References
^ "Algegbra University College". algebra.hr. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
http://www.studyincroatia.hr/studying-in-croatia/institutions-and-programmes/institution
vteUniversities in Croatia
Catholic
Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik International
North
Osijek
Pula
Rijeka
Slavonski Brod
Split
Zadar
Zagreb
vteList of universities in Europe Sovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Vatican City
States with limitedrecognition
Abkhazia
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria
Dependencies andother entities
Åland
Faroe Islands
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Svalbard
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of universities and colleges in Croatia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Juraj_Strossmayer_University_of_Osijek"},{"link_name":"Juraj Dobrila University of Pula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juraj_Dobrila_University_of_Pula"},{"link_name":"University of Dubrovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"University North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_North"},{"link_name":"University of Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rijeka"},{"link_name":"University of Slavonski Brod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Slavonski_Brod"},{"link_name":"University of Split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Split"},{"link_name":"University of Zadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zadar"},{"link_name":"University of Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zagreb"}],"text":"Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek\nJuraj Dobrila University of Pula\nUniversity of Dubrovnik\nUniversity North\nUniversity of Rijeka\nUniversity of Slavonski Brod\nUniversity of Split\nUniversity of Zadar\nUniversity of Zagreb","title":"Public universities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polytechnic of Šibenik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polytechnic_of_%C5%A0ibenik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Međimurje Polytechnic in Čakovec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Me%C4%91imurje_Polytechnic_in_%C4%8Cakovec&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic in Karlovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polytechnic_in_Karlovac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic in Požega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polytechnic_in_Po%C5%BEega&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic in Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polytechnic_in_Rijeka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic in Varaždin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polytechnic_in_Vara%C5%BEdin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"\"Lavoslav Ružička\" Polytechnic in Vukovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavoslav_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka_Polytechnic_Vukovar"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic \"Marko Marulić\" in Knin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polytechnic_%22Marko_Maruli%C4%87%22_in_Knin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic \"Nikola Tesla\" in Gospić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polytechnic_%22Nikola_Tesla%22_in_Gospi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic of Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polytechnic_of_Zagreb&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic School for Social Sciences at Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polytechnic_School_for_Social_Sciences_at_Zagreb&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Professional Health School of Higher Education in Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional_Health_School_of_Higher_Education_in_Zagreb&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Polytechnic of Šibenik\nMeđimurje Polytechnic in Čakovec\nPolytechnic in Karlovac\nPolytechnic in Požega\nPolytechnic in Rijeka\nPolytechnic in Varaždin\n\"Lavoslav Ružička\" Polytechnic in Vukovar\nPolytechnic \"Marko Marulić\" in Knin\nPolytechnic \"Nikola Tesla\" in Gospić\nPolytechnic of Zagreb\nPolytechnic School for Social Sciences at Zagreb\nProfessional Health School of Higher Education in Zagreb","title":"Public polytechnics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"College of Agriculture in Križevci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_of_Agriculture_in_Kri%C5%BEevci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"College of Computer Science Management in Virovitica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_of_Computer_Science_Management_in_Virovitica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Police College (Croatia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police_College_(Croatia)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"College of Agriculture in Križevci\nCollege of Computer Science Management in Virovitica\nPolice College (Croatia)","title":"Public colleges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic University of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Libertas University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik_International_University"},{"link_name":"VERN' University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VERN%27_University&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Algebra University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algebra_University_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Catholic University of Croatia\nLibertas University\nVERN' University\nAlgebra University College[1]","title":"Private universities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polytechnic \"Baltazar Adam Krčelić\", Zaprešić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polytechnic_%22Baltazar_Adam_Kr%C4%8Deli%C4%87%22,_Zapre%C5%A1i%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic \"Hrvatsko zagorje\" Krapina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polytechnic_%22Hrvatsko_zagorje%22_Krapina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic Velika Gorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polytechnic_Velika_Gorica&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Polytechnic \"Baltazar Adam Krčelić\", Zaprešić\nPolytechnic \"Hrvatsko zagorje\" Krapina\nPolytechnic Velika Gorica","title":"Private polytechnics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RIT Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Business College for Management in Tourism and Hospitality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_College_for_Management_in_Tourism_and_Hospitality&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Business College \"Minerva\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_College_%22Minerva%22&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Business School PAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_School_PAR"},{"link_name":"Business College with Public Rights, Višnjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_College_with_Public_Rights,_Vi%C5%A1njan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Business School \"Zagreb\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_School_%22Zagreb%22&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"College for Inspection and Human Resource Management in Maritime Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_for_Inspection_and_Human_Resource_Management_in_Maritime_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"College for Safety at Workplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_for_Safety_at_Workplace&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"College of AGORA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_AGORA"},{"link_name":"College of Applied Computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_of_Applied_Computing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"College of Economics, Entrepreneurship and Management \"Zrinski\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Economics,_Entrepreneurship_and_Management_%22Zrinski%22"},{"link_name":"College of Information Technology Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_of_Information_Technology_Zagreb&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"College of International Relations and Diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_of_International_Relations_and_Diplomacy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"College of Management and Design \"Aspira\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_of_Management_and_Design_%22Aspira%22&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Effectus - College for Finances and Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effectus_-_College_for_Finances_and_Law&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"International Graduate Business School Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Graduate_Business_School_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Kairos College for Public Relations and Media Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kairos_College_for_Public_Relations_and_Media_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Professional Business School of Higher Education LIBERTAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Business_School_of_Higher_Education_LIBERTAS"},{"link_name":"Professional School of Higher Education for Business Administration Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional_School_of_Higher_Education_for_Business_Administration_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Professional School of Higher Education for Technology in Pula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional_School_of_Higher_Education_for_Technology_in_Pula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RRiF College of Financial Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RRiF_College_of_Financial_Management&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Technical College in Bjelovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technical_College_in_Bjelovar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TV Academy - College of Multimedia and Communication in Split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TV_Academy_-_College_of_Multimedia_and_Communication_in_Split&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zagreb College of Journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zagreb_College_of_Journalism&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zagreb Polytechnic College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zagreb_Polytechnic_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zagreb School of Economics and Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb_School_of_Economics_and_Management"}],"text":"RIT Croatia\nBusiness College for Management in Tourism and Hospitality\nBusiness College \"Minerva\"\nBusiness School PAR\nBusiness College with Public Rights, Višnjan\nBusiness School \"Zagreb\"\nCollege for Inspection and Human Resource Management in Maritime Sciences\nCollege for Safety at Workplace\nCollege of AGORA\nCollege of Applied Computing\nCollege of Economics, Entrepreneurship and Management \"Zrinski\"\nCollege of Information Technology Zagreb\nCollege of International Relations and Diplomacy\nCollege of Management and Design \"Aspira\"\nEffectus - College for Finances and Law\nInternational Graduate Business School Zagreb\nKairos College for Public Relations and Media Studies\nProfessional Business School of Higher Education LIBERTAS\nProfessional School of Higher Education for Business Administration Studies\nProfessional School of Higher Education for Technology in Pula\nRRiF College of Financial Management\nTechnical College in Bjelovar\nTV Academy - College of Multimedia and Communication in Split\nZagreb College of Journalism\nZagreb Polytechnic College\nZagreb School of Economics and Management","title":"Private colleges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vinkovci Technical College of Adult Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinkovci_Technical_College_of_Adult_Education"}],"text":"Vinkovci Technical College of Adult Education","title":"Other institutions"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Education in Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Croatia"},{"title":"List of schools in Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Croatia"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Algegbra University College\". algebra.hr. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.algebra.hr/en/","url_text":"\"Algegbra University College\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.algebra.hr/en/","external_links_name":"\"Algegbra University College\""},{"Link":"http://www.studyincroatia.hr/studying-in-croatia/institutions-and-programmes/institution","external_links_name":"http://www.studyincroatia.hr/studying-in-croatia/institutions-and-programmes/institution"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Weinberg
|
Mike Weinberg
|
["1 Life and career","2 Filmography","2.1 Movies","2.2 Television","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American former actor
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Mike Weinberg" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Mike WeinbergBornMichael Andrew Weinberg (1993-02-16) February 16, 1993 (age 31)Los Angeles, California, USAlma materUniversity of MichiganOccupation(s)Actor, businessmanYears active1999–2006RelativesMatt Weinberg (brother)
External image Weinberg at an event for Life as a House in 2001
Michael Andrew Weinberg (born February 16, 1993) is an American former child actor who is best known for his role as Kevin McCallister in Home Alone 4.
Life and career
Weinberg is the younger brother of actor Matt Weinberg. Weinberg played Adam Kimball in Irwin Winkler's Life as a House in 2001. Filming wrapped up on his 9th birthday. He is best known for his role of Kevin McCallister (replacing Macaulay Culkin) in Home Alone 4 in 2002.
Filmography
Movies
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001
Life as a House
Adam Kimball
2002
Home Alone 4
Kevin McCallister
TV movie
Stolen Summer
Danny Jacobsen
Spooky House
Max
uncredited
2003
The Lone Ranger
Harmon Jr.
TV movie
Touch 'Em All McCall
Sammy
TV movie
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1999
Oh Baby
Young Ernie
Episode: "Sitting on Babies"
Chicken Soup for the Soul
Nicholas
Episode: "Security Blanket"
ER
Tommy
Episode: "How the Finch Stole Christmas"
2000
Judging Amy
Ted Lawler
Episode: "Zero to Sixty"
Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place
Young Boy in Firehouse
Episode: "Feast or Fireman"
Family Law
Scott Crowley
Episode: "Are You My Father?"
Dark Angel
Jude Thatcher
Episode: "Prodigy"
2001
Arli$$
extra
Episode: "Of Cabbages and Kings"
2001–2002
7th Heaven
Wilson 'Billy' West Jr.
Recurring role
2003–2004
Line of Fire
Hunter Sampson
Recurring role
2004
Scrubs
Tyler
Episode: "My Best Moment"
2006
The Suite Life of Zack & Cody
Theo Cavenaugh
Episode: "Kept Man"
Personal life
Weinberg began attending the University of Michigan In the fall of 2010. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 2015.
On April 12, 2021, Weinberg revealed he had founded an entertainment venue and event space called Nightscape which is located in The Gulch neighborhood of Nashville, Tennessee. On April 1, 2022, Nightscape opened for VIP members and press only. On April 7, 2022, Nightscape opened to the public.
As of January 31, 2023, Nightscape along with its official Instagram page and website have been shut down and closed for unknown reasons. The former location is currently being re-opened as a restaurant.
References
^ Mike Weinberg Rotten Tomatoes
^ "Michael Andrew Weinberg was born on February 16, 1993 in Los Angeles County, California". www.californiabirthindex.com.
^ "Surprise! Last minute trip to support my brother @mattyweinberg and all the hard work he's putting in as the Executive Chef of Angelini Ristorante in the Palisades. The ambiance and service is only outdone by the incredible food, and the experience doesn't get much better so that's saying something. Bravo to all involved bringing it to life! Couldn't be more proud of you, Matt". instagram.com.
^ "23 things we learned from watching Home Alone 4". dailyedge.ie.
^ Ebert, Roger. "Stolen Summer movie review & film summary (2002) | Roger Ebert". rogerebert.com.
^ "A New Musical Anthem For UM -- Who Could Possibly Object, Right?". Deadlinedetroit.com.
^ "UM 'pump-up' song snafu a lesson in misconception-fueled social media". crainsdetroit.com. 27 March 2015.
^ "Break the Mold with Mike Weinberg of Nightscape, a Multi-Sensory Immersive Experience BY JOSEPH LUPARELLO". chilledmagazine.com. 26 October 2022.
^ "Mike Weinberg Founder and CEO at Nightscape". linkedin.com.
^ "Nightscape is Now Open in Nashville". nashvillelifestyles.com. 7 April 2022.
^ "NIGHTSCAPE ANNOUNCES VENUE GRAND OPENING IN NASHVILLE". www.visitmusiccity.com. 21 March 2022.
^ "Local startup Nightscape is mixing video game development with real estate. Here's how". bizjournals.com.
^ "Inside Nashville's New Immersive Event Venue: Q&A With Nightscape CEO Mike Weinberg". livedesignonline.com.
^ "Nightscape venue opens using tech to transport visitors around the world". newschannel5.com. 29 March 2022.
^ "Gulch's Nightscape venue closes after April opening. Here's what's next". bizjournals.com. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
^ "ExploreNightscape". explorenightscape.com.
^ "Ex-12th & Porter building slated for restaurant Night We Met will operate in North Gulch space last home to Nightscape". www.nashvillepost.com.
External links
Mike Weinberg at IMDb
Nightscape
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
This article about an American actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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Last minute trip to support my brother @mattyweinberg and all the hard work he's putting in as the Executive Chef of Angelini Ristorante in the Palisades. The ambiance and service is only outdone by the incredible food, and the experience doesn't get much better so that's saying something. Bravo to all involved bringing it to life! 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Deadlinedetroit.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deadlinedetroit.com/articles/11897/a_new_musical_anthem_for_um_--_who_could_possibly_object_right","url_text":"\"A New Musical Anthem For UM -- Who Could Possibly Object, Right?\""}]},{"reference":"\"UM 'pump-up' song snafu a lesson in misconception-fueled social media\". crainsdetroit.com. 27 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20150329/NEWS/303299980/um-pump-up-song-snafu-a-lesson-in-misconception-fueled-social-media","url_text":"\"UM 'pump-up' song snafu a lesson in misconception-fueled social media\""}]},{"reference":"\"Break the Mold with Mike Weinberg of Nightscape, a Multi-Sensory Immersive Experience BY JOSEPH LUPARELLO\". chilledmagazine.com. 26 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://chilledmagazine.com/break-the-mold-with-mike-weinberg-of-nightscape-a-multi-sensory-immersive-experience/","url_text":"\"Break the Mold with Mike Weinberg of Nightscape, a Multi-Sensory Immersive Experience BY JOSEPH LUPARELLO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mike Weinberg Founder and CEO at Nightscape\". linkedin.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/mikeaweinberg","url_text":"\"Mike Weinberg Founder and CEO at Nightscape\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nightscape is Now Open in Nashville\". nashvillelifestyles.com. 7 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nashvillelifestyles.com/nashville-calendar/things-to-do/nightscape-is-now-open-in-nashville/?fbclid=IwAR3Zw49Jd26WW6DLksQpIgwf1R7pEJzoNH4Hgx84BvM9y7O6Sej9tag4yMo","url_text":"\"Nightscape is Now Open in Nashville\""}]},{"reference":"\"NIGHTSCAPE ANNOUNCES VENUE GRAND OPENING IN NASHVILLE\". www.visitmusiccity.com. 21 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visitmusiccity.com/media/press-release/2022/nightscape-announces-venue-grand-opening-nashville","url_text":"\"NIGHTSCAPE ANNOUNCES VENUE GRAND OPENING IN NASHVILLE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local startup Nightscape is mixing video game development with real estate. Here's how\". bizjournals.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/nashville/inno/stories/inno-insights/2022/10/24/inno-nightscape.html","url_text":"\"Local startup Nightscape is mixing video game development with real estate. Here's how\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inside Nashville's New Immersive Event Venue: Q&A With Nightscape CEO Mike Weinberg\". livedesignonline.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livedesignonline.com/experiential/inside-nashvilles-new-immersive-event-venue-qa-nightscape-ceo-mike-weinberg","url_text":"\"Inside Nashville's New Immersive Event Venue: Q&A With Nightscape CEO Mike Weinberg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nightscape venue opens using tech to transport visitors around the world\". newschannel5.com. 29 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newschannel5.com/news/nightscape-venue-opens-using-tech-to-transport-visitors-around-the-world","url_text":"\"Nightscape venue opens using tech to transport visitors around the world\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gulch's Nightscape venue closes after April opening. Here's what's next\". bizjournals.com. Retrieved 31 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/nashville/news/2023/01/31/nightscape-closes-doors-immersive-content-creation.html","url_text":"\"Gulch's Nightscape venue closes after April opening. Here's what's next\""}]},{"reference":"\"ExploreNightscape\". explorenightscape.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.explorenightscape.com///","url_text":"\"ExploreNightscape\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-12th & Porter building slated for restaurant Night We Met will operate in North Gulch space last home to Nightscape\". www.nashvillepost.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nashvillepost.com/business/development/ex-12th-porter-building-slated-for-restaurant/article_8bd9f078-46a0-11ee-ace2-636a081bb2d8.html","url_text":"\"Ex-12th & Porter building slated for restaurant Night We Met will operate in North Gulch space last home to Nightscape\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibered_manifold
|
Fibered manifold
|
["1 History","2 Formal definition","3 Examples","4 Properties","5 Fibered coordinates","6 Local trivialization and fiber bundles","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","9.1 Historical","10 External links"]
|
Concept in differential geometry
In differential geometry, in the category of differentiable manifolds, a fibered manifold is a surjective submersion
π
:
E
→
B
{\displaystyle \pi :E\to B\,}
that is, a surjective differentiable mapping such that at each point
y
∈
U
{\displaystyle y\in U}
the tangent mapping
T
y
π
:
T
y
E
→
T
π
(
y
)
B
{\displaystyle T_{y}\pi :T_{y}E\to T_{\pi (y)}B}
is surjective, or, equivalently, its rank equals
dim
B
.
{\displaystyle \dim B.}
History
In topology, the words fiber (Faser in German) and fiber space (gefaserter Raum) appeared for the first time in a paper by Herbert Seifert in 1932, but his definitions are limited to a very special case. The main difference from the present day conception of a fiber space, however, was that for Seifert what is now called the base space (topological space) of a fiber (topological) space
E
{\displaystyle E}
was not part of the structure, but derived from it as a quotient space of
E
.
{\displaystyle E.}
The first definition of fiber space is given by Hassler Whitney in 1935 under the name sphere space, but in 1940 Whitney changed the name to sphere bundle.
The theory of fibered spaces, of which vector bundles, principal bundles, topological fibrations and fibered manifolds are a special case, is attributed to Seifert, Hopf, Feldbau, Whitney, Steenrod, Ehresmann, Serre, and others.
Formal definition
A triple
(
E
,
π
,
B
)
{\displaystyle (E,\pi ,B)}
where
E
{\displaystyle E}
and
B
{\displaystyle B}
are differentiable manifolds and
π
:
E
→
B
{\displaystyle \pi :E\to B}
is a surjective submersion, is called a fibered manifold.
E
{\displaystyle E}
is called the total space,
B
{\displaystyle B}
is called the base.
Examples
Every differentiable fiber bundle is a fibered manifold.
Every differentiable covering space is a fibered manifold with discrete fiber.
In general, a fibered manifold need not be a fiber bundle: different fibers may have different topologies. An example of this phenomenon may be constructed by taking the trivial bundle
(
S
1
×
R
,
π
1
,
S
1
)
{\displaystyle \left(S^{1}\times \mathbb {R} ,\pi _{1},S^{1}\right)}
and deleting two points in two different fibers over the base manifold
S
1
.
{\displaystyle S^{1}.}
The result is a new fibered manifold where all the fibers except two are connected.
Properties
Any surjective submersion
π
:
E
→
B
{\displaystyle \pi :E\to B}
is open: for each open
V
⊆
E
,
{\displaystyle V\subseteq E,}
the set
π
(
V
)
⊆
B
{\displaystyle \pi (V)\subseteq B}
is open in
B
.
{\displaystyle B.}
Each fiber
π
−
1
(
b
)
⊆
E
,
b
∈
B
{\displaystyle \pi ^{-1}(b)\subseteq E,b\in B}
is a closed embedded submanifold of
E
{\displaystyle E}
of dimension
dim
E
−
dim
B
.
{\displaystyle \dim E-\dim B.}
A fibered manifold admits local sections: For each
y
∈
E
{\displaystyle y\in E}
there is an open neighborhood
U
{\displaystyle U}
of
π
(
y
)
{\displaystyle \pi (y)}
in
B
{\displaystyle B}
and a smooth mapping
s
:
U
→
E
{\displaystyle s:U\to E}
with
π
∘
s
=
Id
U
{\displaystyle \pi \circ s=\operatorname {Id} _{U}}
and
s
(
π
(
y
)
)
=
y
.
{\displaystyle s(\pi (y))=y.}
A surjection
π
:
E
→
B
{\displaystyle \pi :E\to B}
is a fibered manifold if and only if there exists a local section
s
:
B
→
E
{\displaystyle s:B\to E}
of
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
(with
π
∘
s
=
Id
B
{\displaystyle \pi \circ s=\operatorname {Id} _{B}}
) passing through each
y
∈
E
.
{\displaystyle y\in E.}
Fibered coordinates
Let
B
{\displaystyle B}
(resp.
E
{\displaystyle E}
) be an
n
{\displaystyle n}
-dimensional (resp.
p
{\displaystyle p}
-dimensional) manifold. A fibered manifold
(
E
,
π
,
B
)
{\displaystyle (E,\pi ,B)}
admits fiber charts. We say that a chart
(
V
,
ψ
)
{\displaystyle (V,\psi )}
on
E
{\displaystyle E}
is a fiber chart, or is adapted to the surjective submersion
π
:
E
→
B
{\displaystyle \pi :E\to B}
if there exists a chart
(
U
,
φ
)
{\displaystyle (U,\varphi )}
on
B
{\displaystyle B}
such that
U
=
π
(
V
)
{\displaystyle U=\pi (V)}
and
u
1
=
x
1
∘
π
,
u
2
=
x
2
∘
π
,
…
,
u
n
=
x
n
∘
π
,
{\displaystyle u^{1}=x^{1}\circ \pi ,\,u^{2}=x^{2}\circ \pi ,\,\dots ,\,u^{n}=x^{n}\circ \pi \,,}
where
ψ
=
(
u
1
,
…
,
u
n
,
y
1
,
…
,
y
p
−
n
)
.
y
0
∈
V
,
φ
=
(
x
1
,
…
,
x
n
)
,
π
(
y
0
)
∈
U
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\psi &=\left(u^{1},\dots ,u^{n},y^{1},\dots ,y^{p-n}\right).\quad y_{0}\in V,\\\varphi &=\left(x^{1},\dots ,x^{n}\right),\quad \pi \left(y_{0}\right)\in U.\end{aligned}}}
The above fiber chart condition may be equivalently expressed by
φ
∘
π
=
p
r
1
∘
ψ
,
{\displaystyle \varphi \circ \pi =\mathrm {pr} _{1}\circ \psi ,}
where
p
r
1
:
R
n
×
R
p
−
n
→
R
n
{\displaystyle {\mathrm {pr} _{1}}:{\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\times {\mathbb {R} ^{p-n}}\to {\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\,}
is the projection onto the first
n
{\displaystyle n}
coordinates. The chart
(
U
,
φ
)
{\displaystyle (U,\varphi )}
is then obviously unique. In view of the above property, the fibered coordinates of a fiber chart
(
V
,
ψ
)
{\displaystyle (V,\psi )}
are usually denoted by
ψ
=
(
x
i
,
y
σ
)
{\displaystyle \psi =\left(x^{i},y^{\sigma }\right)}
where
i
∈
{
1
,
…
,
n
}
,
{\displaystyle i\in \{1,\ldots ,n\},}
σ
∈
{
1
,
…
,
m
}
,
{\displaystyle \sigma \in \{1,\ldots ,m\},}
m
=
p
−
n
{\displaystyle m=p-n}
the coordinates of the corresponding chart
(
U
,
φ
)
{\displaystyle (U,\varphi )}
on
B
{\displaystyle B}
are then denoted, with the obvious convention, by
φ
=
(
x
i
)
{\displaystyle \varphi =\left(x_{i}\right)}
where
i
∈
{
1
,
…
,
n
}
.
{\displaystyle i\in \{1,\ldots ,n\}.}
Conversely, if a surjection
π
:
E
→
B
{\displaystyle \pi :E\to B}
admits a fibered atlas, then
π
:
E
→
B
{\displaystyle \pi :E\to B}
is a fibered manifold.
Local trivialization and fiber bundles
Let
E
→
B
{\displaystyle E\to B}
be a fibered manifold and
V
{\displaystyle V}
any manifold. Then an open covering
{
U
α
}
{\displaystyle \left\{U_{\alpha }\right\}}
of
B
{\displaystyle B}
together with maps
ψ
:
π
−
1
(
U
α
)
→
U
α
×
V
,
{\displaystyle \psi :\pi ^{-1}\left(U_{\alpha }\right)\to U_{\alpha }\times V,}
called trivialization maps, such that
p
r
1
∘
ψ
α
=
π
,
for all
α
{\displaystyle \mathrm {pr} _{1}\circ \psi _{\alpha }=\pi ,{\text{ for all }}\alpha }
is a local trivialization with respect to
V
.
{\displaystyle V.}
A fibered manifold together with a manifold
V
{\displaystyle V}
is a fiber bundle with typical fiber (or just fiber)
V
{\displaystyle V}
if it admits a local trivialization with respect to
V
.
{\displaystyle V.}
The atlas
Ψ
=
{
(
U
α
,
ψ
α
)
}
{\displaystyle \Psi =\left\{\left(U_{\alpha },\psi _{\alpha }\right)\right\}}
is then called a bundle atlas.
See also
Algebraic fiber space
Connection (fibred manifold) – Operation on fibered manifolds
Covering space – Type of continuous map in topology
Fiber bundle – Continuous surjection satisfying a local triviality condition
Fibration – Concept in algebraic topology
Natural bundle
Quasi-fibration – Concept from mathematics
Seifert fiber space – Topological space
Notes
^ Kolář, Michor & Slovák 1993, p. 11
^ Seifert 1932
^ Whitney 1935
^ Whitney 1940
^ Feldbau 1939
^ Ehresmann 1947a
^ Ehresmann 1947b
^ Ehresmann 1955
^ Serre 1951
^ Krupka & Janyška 1990, p. 47
^ Giachetta, Mangiarotti & Sardanashvily 1997, p. 11
^ Giachetta, Mangiarotti & Sardanashvily 1997, p. 15
^ Giachetta, Mangiarotti & Sardanashvily 1997, p. 13
References
Kolář, Ivan; Michor, Peter; Slovák, Jan (1993), Natural operators in differential geometry (PDF), Springer-Verlag, archived from the original (PDF) on March 30, 2017, retrieved June 15, 2011
Krupka, Demeter; Janyška, Josef (1990), Lectures on differential invariants, Univerzita J. E. Purkyně V Brně, ISBN 80-210-0165-8
Saunders, D.J. (1989), The geometry of jet bundles, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-36948-7
Giachetta, G.; Mangiarotti, L.; Sardanashvily, G. (1997). New Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Methods in Field Theory. World Scientific. ISBN 981-02-1587-8.
Historical
Ehresmann, C. (1947a). "Sur la théorie des espaces fibrés". Coll. Top. Alg. Paris (in French). C.N.R.S.: 3–15.
Ehresmann, C. (1947b). "Sur les espaces fibrés différentiables". C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris (in French). 224: 1611–1612.
Ehresmann, C. (1955). "Les prolongements d'un espace fibré différentiable". C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris (in French). 240: 1755–1757.
Feldbau, J. (1939). "Sur la classification des espaces fibrés". C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris (in French). 208: 1621–1623.
Seifert, H. (1932). "Topologie dreidimensionaler geschlossener Räume". Acta Math. (in French). 60: 147–238. doi:10.1007/bf02398271.
Serre, J.-P. (1951). "Homologie singulière des espaces fibrés. Applications". Ann. of Math. (in French). 54: 425–505. doi:10.2307/1969485. JSTOR 1969485.
Whitney, H. (1935). "Sphere spaces". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 21 (7): 464–468. Bibcode:1935PNAS...21..464W. doi:10.1073/pnas.21.7.464. PMC 1076627. PMID 16588001.
Whitney, H. (1940). "On the theory of sphere bundles". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 26 (2): 148–153. Bibcode:1940PNAS...26..148W. doi:10.1073/pnas.26.2.148. MR 0001338. PMC 1078023. PMID 16588328.
External links
McCleary, J. "A History of Manifolds and Fibre Spaces: Tortoises and Hares" (PDF).
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"differential geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry"},{"link_name":"differentiable manifolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable_manifold"},{"link_name":"surjective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surjective_function"},{"link_name":"submersion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersion_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In differential geometry, in the category of differentiable manifolds, a fibered manifold is a surjective submersionπ\n :\n E\n →\n B\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi :E\\to B\\,}y\n ∈\n U\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y\\in U}T\n \n y\n \n \n π\n :\n \n T\n \n y\n \n \n E\n →\n \n T\n \n π\n (\n y\n )\n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{y}\\pi :T_{y}E\\to T_{\\pi (y)}B}dim\n \n B\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\dim B.}[1]","title":"Fibered manifold"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"Herbert Seifert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Seifert"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hassler Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassler_Whitney"},{"link_name":"1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935"},{"link_name":"1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"vector bundles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_bundle"},{"link_name":"principal bundles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_bundle"},{"link_name":"fibrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibration"},{"link_name":"Seifert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Seifert"},{"link_name":"Hopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Hopf"},{"link_name":"Feldbau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Feldbau"},{"link_name":"Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassler_Whitney"},{"link_name":"Steenrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Steenrod"},{"link_name":"Ehresmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ehresmann"},{"link_name":"Serre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Serre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In topology, the words fiber (Faser in German) and fiber space (gefaserter Raum) appeared for the first time in a paper by Herbert Seifert in 1932, but his definitions are limited to a very special case.[2] The main difference from the present day conception of a fiber space, however, was that for Seifert what is now called the base space (topological space) of a fiber (topological) space \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n was not part of the structure, but derived from it as a quotient space of \n \n \n \n E\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E.}\n \n The first definition of fiber space is given by Hassler Whitney in 1935 under the name sphere space, but in 1940 Whitney changed the name to sphere bundle.[3][4]The theory of fibered spaces, of which vector bundles, principal bundles, topological fibrations and fibered manifolds are a special case, is attributed to Seifert, Hopf, Feldbau, Whitney, Steenrod, Ehresmann, Serre, and others.[5][6][7][8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A triple \n \n \n \n (\n E\n ,\n π\n ,\n B\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (E,\\pi ,B)}\n \n where \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n and \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n are differentiable manifolds and \n \n \n \n π\n :\n E\n →\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi :E\\to B}\n \n is a surjective submersion, is called a fibered manifold.[10] \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n is called the total space, \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n is called the base.","title":"Formal definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fiber bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_bundle"},{"link_name":"covering space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covering_space"}],"text":"Every differentiable fiber bundle is a fibered manifold.\nEvery differentiable covering space is a fibered manifold with discrete fiber.\nIn general, a fibered manifold need not be a fiber bundle: different fibers may have different topologies. An example of this phenomenon may be constructed by taking the trivial bundle \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n S\n \n 1\n \n \n ×\n \n R\n \n ,\n \n π\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n S\n \n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(S^{1}\\times \\mathbb {R} ,\\pi _{1},S^{1}\\right)}\n \n and deleting two points in two different fibers over the base manifold \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n 1\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S^{1}.}\n \n The result is a new fibered manifold where all the fibers except two are connected.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Any surjective submersion \n \n \n \n π\n :\n E\n →\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi :E\\to B}\n \n is open: for each open \n \n \n \n V\n ⊆\n E\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V\\subseteq E,}\n \n the set \n \n \n \n π\n (\n V\n )\n ⊆\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi (V)\\subseteq B}\n \n is open in \n \n \n \n B\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B.}\n \n\nEach fiber \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n b\n )\n ⊆\n E\n ,\n b\n ∈\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi ^{-1}(b)\\subseteq E,b\\in B}\n \n is a closed embedded submanifold of \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n of dimension \n \n \n \n dim\n \n E\n −\n dim\n \n B\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\dim E-\\dim B.}\n \n[11]\nA fibered manifold admits local sections: For each \n \n \n \n y\n ∈\n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y\\in E}\n \n there is an open neighborhood \n \n \n \n U\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U}\n \n of \n \n \n \n π\n (\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi (y)}\n \n in \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n and a smooth mapping \n \n \n \n s\n :\n U\n →\n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s:U\\to E}\n \n with \n \n \n \n π\n ∘\n s\n =\n \n Id\n \n U\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi \\circ s=\\operatorname {Id} _{U}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n s\n (\n π\n (\n y\n )\n )\n =\n y\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s(\\pi (y))=y.}\n \n\nA surjection \n \n \n \n π\n :\n E\n →\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi :E\\to B}\n \n is a fibered manifold if and only if there exists a local section \n \n \n \n s\n :\n B\n →\n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s:B\\to E}\n \n of \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n (with \n \n \n \n π\n ∘\n s\n =\n \n Id\n \n B\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi \\circ s=\\operatorname {Id} _{B}}\n \n) passing through each \n \n \n \n y\n ∈\n E\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y\\in E.}\n \n[12]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart"},{"link_name":"atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(topology)"}],"text":"Let \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n (resp. \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n) be an \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n-dimensional (resp. \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n-dimensional) manifold. A fibered manifold \n \n \n \n (\n E\n ,\n π\n ,\n B\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (E,\\pi ,B)}\n \n admits fiber charts. We say that a chart \n \n \n \n (\n V\n ,\n ψ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (V,\\psi )}\n \n on \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n is a fiber chart, or is adapted to the surjective submersion \n \n \n \n π\n :\n E\n →\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi :E\\to B}\n \n if there exists a chart \n \n \n \n (\n U\n ,\n φ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (U,\\varphi )}\n \n on \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n U\n =\n π\n (\n V\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U=\\pi (V)}\n \n andu\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ∘\n π\n ,\n \n \n u\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ∘\n π\n ,\n \n …\n ,\n \n \n u\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n ∘\n π\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u^{1}=x^{1}\\circ \\pi ,\\,u^{2}=x^{2}\\circ \\pi ,\\,\\dots ,\\,u^{n}=x^{n}\\circ \\pi \\,,}ψ\n \n \n \n =\n \n (\n \n \n u\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n u\n \n n\n \n \n ,\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n y\n \n p\n −\n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n y\n \n 0\n \n \n ∈\n V\n ,\n \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n \n =\n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n π\n \n (\n \n y\n \n 0\n \n \n )\n \n ∈\n U\n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\psi &=\\left(u^{1},\\dots ,u^{n},y^{1},\\dots ,y^{p-n}\\right).\\quad y_{0}\\in V,\\\\\\varphi &=\\left(x^{1},\\dots ,x^{n}\\right),\\quad \\pi \\left(y_{0}\\right)\\in U.\\end{aligned}}}The above fiber chart condition may be equivalently expressed byφ\n ∘\n π\n =\n \n \n p\n r\n \n \n 1\n \n \n ∘\n ψ\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi \\circ \\pi =\\mathrm {pr} _{1}\\circ \\psi ,}p\n r\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n :\n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n ×\n \n \n \n R\n \n \n p\n −\n n\n \n \n \n →\n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathrm {pr} _{1}}:{\\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\\times {\\mathbb {R} ^{p-n}}\\to {\\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\\,}n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}(\n U\n ,\n φ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (U,\\varphi )}fibered coordinates(\n V\n ,\n ψ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (V,\\psi )}ψ\n =\n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n y\n \n σ\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi =\\left(x^{i},y^{\\sigma }\\right)}i\n ∈\n {\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n }\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i\\in \\{1,\\ldots ,n\\},}σ\n ∈\n {\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n m\n }\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma \\in \\{1,\\ldots ,m\\},}m\n =\n p\n −\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m=p-n}(\n U\n ,\n φ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (U,\\varphi )}B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}φ\n =\n \n (\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi =\\left(x_{i}\\right)}i\n ∈\n {\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n }\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i\\in \\{1,\\ldots ,n\\}.}Conversely, if a surjection \n \n \n \n π\n :\n E\n →\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi :E\\to B}\n \n admits a fibered atlas, then \n \n \n \n π\n :\n E\n →\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi :E\\to B}\n \n is a fibered manifold.","title":"Fibered coordinates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"fiber bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_bundle"}],"text":"Let \n \n \n \n E\n →\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E\\to B}\n \n be a fibered manifold and \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n any manifold. Then an open covering \n \n \n \n \n {\n \n U\n \n α\n \n \n }\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{U_{\\alpha }\\right\\}}\n \n of \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n together with mapsψ\n :\n \n π\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n (\n \n U\n \n α\n \n \n )\n \n →\n \n U\n \n α\n \n \n ×\n V\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi :\\pi ^{-1}\\left(U_{\\alpha }\\right)\\to U_{\\alpha }\\times V,}trivialization mapsp\n r\n \n \n 1\n \n \n ∘\n \n ψ\n \n α\n \n \n =\n π\n ,\n \n for all \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {pr} _{1}\\circ \\psi _{\\alpha }=\\pi ,{\\text{ for all }}\\alpha }local trivializationV\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V.}[13]A fibered manifold together with a manifold \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n is a fiber bundle with typical fiber (or just fiber) \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n if it admits a local trivialization with respect to \n \n \n \n V\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V.}\n \n The atlas \n \n \n \n Ψ\n =\n \n {\n \n (\n \n \n U\n \n α\n \n \n ,\n \n ψ\n \n α\n \n \n \n )\n \n }\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Psi =\\left\\{\\left(U_{\\alpha },\\psi _{\\alpha }\\right)\\right\\}}\n \n is then called a bundle atlas.","title":"Local trivialization and fiber bundles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Kolář, Michor & Slovák 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKol%C3%A1%C5%99MichorSlov%C3%A1k1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Seifert 1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSeifert1932"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Whitney 1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWhitney1935"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Whitney 1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWhitney1940"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Feldbau 1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFeldbau1939"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Ehresmann 1947a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEhresmann1947a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Ehresmann 1947b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEhresmann1947b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Ehresmann 1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEhresmann1955"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Serre 1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSerre1951"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Krupka & Janyška 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKrupkaJany%C5%A1ka1990"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Giachetta, Mangiarotti & Sardanashvily 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGiachettaMangiarottiSardanashvily1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Giachetta, Mangiarotti & Sardanashvily 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGiachettaMangiarottiSardanashvily1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Giachetta, Mangiarotti & Sardanashvily 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGiachettaMangiarottiSardanashvily1997"}],"text":"^ Kolář, Michor & Slovák 1993, p. 11\n\n^ Seifert 1932\n\n^ Whitney 1935\n\n^ Whitney 1940\n\n^ Feldbau 1939\n\n^ Ehresmann 1947a\n\n^ Ehresmann 1947b\n\n^ Ehresmann 1955\n\n^ Serre 1951\n\n^ Krupka & Janyška 1990, p. 47\n\n^ Giachetta, Mangiarotti & Sardanashvily 1997, p. 11\n\n^ Giachetta, Mangiarotti & Sardanashvily 1997, p. 15\n\n^ Giachetta, Mangiarotti & Sardanashvily 1997, p. 13","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Algebraic fiber space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_fiber_space"},{"title":"Connection (fibred manifold)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection_(fibred_manifold)"},{"title":"Covering space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covering_space"},{"title":"Fiber bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_bundle"},{"title":"Fibration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibration"},{"title":"Natural bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_bundle"},{"title":"Quasi-fibration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-fibration"},{"title":"Seifert fiber space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seifert_fiber_space"}]
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[{"reference":"Kolář, Ivan; Michor, Peter; Slovák, Jan (1993), Natural operators in differential geometry (PDF), Springer-Verlag, archived from the original (PDF) on March 30, 2017, retrieved June 15, 2011","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330154524/http://www.emis.de/monographs/KSM/kmsbookh.pdf","url_text":"Natural operators in differential geometry"},{"url":"http://www.emis.de/monographs/KSM/kmsbookh.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Krupka, Demeter; Janyška, Josef (1990), Lectures on differential invariants, Univerzita J. E. Purkyně V Brně, ISBN 80-210-0165-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-210-0165-8","url_text":"80-210-0165-8"}]},{"reference":"Saunders, D.J. (1989), The geometry of jet bundles, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-36948-7","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/geometryofjetbun0000saun","url_text":"The geometry of jet bundles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36948-7","url_text":"0-521-36948-7"}]},{"reference":"Giachetta, G.; Mangiarotti, L.; Sardanashvily, G. (1997). New Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Methods in Field Theory. World Scientific. ISBN 981-02-1587-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennadi_Sardanashvily","url_text":"Sardanashvily, G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientific","url_text":"World Scientific"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-02-1587-8","url_text":"981-02-1587-8"}]},{"reference":"Ehresmann, C. (1947a). \"Sur la théorie des espaces fibrés\". Coll. Top. Alg. Paris (in French). C.N.R.S.: 3–15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ehresmann","url_text":"Ehresmann, C."}]},{"reference":"Ehresmann, C. (1947b). \"Sur les espaces fibrés différentiables\". C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris (in French). 224: 1611–1612.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ehresmann, C. (1955). \"Les prolongements d'un espace fibré différentiable\". C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris (in French). 240: 1755–1757.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Feldbau, J. (1939). \"Sur la classification des espaces fibrés\". C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris (in French). 208: 1621–1623.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Feldbau","url_text":"Feldbau, J."}]},{"reference":"Seifert, H. (1932). \"Topologie dreidimensionaler geschlossener Räume\". Acta Math. (in French). 60: 147–238. doi:10.1007/bf02398271.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Seifert","url_text":"Seifert, H."},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02398271","url_text":"\"Topologie dreidimensionaler geschlossener Räume\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02398271","url_text":"10.1007/bf02398271"}]},{"reference":"Serre, J.-P. (1951). \"Homologie singulière des espaces fibrés. Applications\". Ann. of Math. (in French). 54: 425–505. doi:10.2307/1969485. JSTOR 1969485.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Serre","url_text":"Serre, J.-P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1969485","url_text":"10.2307/1969485"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1969485","url_text":"1969485"}]},{"reference":"Whitney, H. (1935). \"Sphere spaces\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 21 (7): 464–468. Bibcode:1935PNAS...21..464W. doi:10.1073/pnas.21.7.464. PMC 1076627. PMID 16588001.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassler_Whitney","url_text":"Whitney, H."},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1076627","url_text":"\"Sphere spaces\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935PNAS...21..464W","url_text":"1935PNAS...21..464W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.21.7.464","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.21.7.464"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1076627","url_text":"1076627"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16588001","url_text":"16588001"}]},{"reference":"Whitney, H. (1940). \"On the theory of sphere bundles\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 26 (2): 148–153. Bibcode:1940PNAS...26..148W. doi:10.1073/pnas.26.2.148. MR 0001338. PMC 1078023. PMID 16588328.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1078023","url_text":"\"On the theory of sphere bundles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1940PNAS...26..148W","url_text":"1940PNAS...26..148W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.26.2.148","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.26.2.148"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0001338","url_text":"0001338"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1078023","url_text":"1078023"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16588328","url_text":"16588328"}]},{"reference":"McCleary, J. \"A History of Manifolds and Fibre Spaces: Tortoises and Hares\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://pages.vassar.edu/mccleary/files/2011/04/history.fibre_.spaces.pdf","url_text":"\"A History of Manifolds and Fibre Spaces: Tortoises and Hares\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratan_sulfate
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Keratan sulfate
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["1 Structure","1.1 KS classes","1.2 Corneal KSI","1.3 Non-corneal KSI","1.4 KSII","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Class of chemical compounds
Not to be confused with Keratin.
Chemical structure of keratan sulfate
Keratan sulfate (KS), also called keratosulfate, is any of several sulfated glycosaminoglycans (structural carbohydrates) that have been found especially in the cornea, cartilage, and bone. It is also synthesized in the central nervous system where it participates both in development and in the glial scar formation following an injury. Keratan sulfates are large, highly hydrated molecules which in joints can act as a cushion to absorb mechanical shock.
Structure
Like other glycosaminoglycans keratan sulfate is a linear polymer that consists of a repeating disaccharide unit. Keratan sulfate occurs as a proteoglycan (PG) in which KS chains are attached to cell-surface or extracellular matrix proteins, termed core proteins. KS core proteins include lumican, keratocan, mimecan, fibromodulin, PRELP, osteoadherin, and aggrecan.
The basic repeating disaccharide unit within keratan sulfate is -3Galβ1-4GlcNAc6Sβ1-. This can be sulfated at carbon position 6 (C6) of either or both the Gal or GlcNAc monosaccharides. However, the detailed primary structure of specific KS types are best considered to be composed of three regions:
A linkage region, at one end of which the KS chain is linked to the core protein.
A repeat region, composed of the -3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1- repeating disaccharide unit and
A chain capping region, occurring at the opposite end of the KS chain to the protein linkage region.
The monosaccharide mannose is found within the linkage region of keratan sulfate type I (KSI). Disaccharides within the repeating region of KSII may be fucosylated and N-Acetylneuraminic acid caps the end of all keratan sulfate type II (KSII) chains and up to 70% of KSI type chains.
KS classes
The designations KSI and KSII were originally assigned on the basis of the tissue type from which the keratan sulfate was isolated. KSI was isolated from corneal tissue and KSII from skeletal tissue. Minor monosaccharide compositional differences exist between KS extracted from both sources and even KS extracted from the same source. However, major differences occur in the way each KS type is joined to its core protein. The designations KSI and KSII are now based upon these protein linkage differences. KSI is N-linked to specific asparagine amino acids via N-acetylglucosamine and KSII is O-linked to specific serine or threonine amino acids via N-acetylgalactosamine. The tissue based classification of KS no longer exists as KS types have been shown to be non tissue specific. A third type of KS (KSIII) has also been isolated from brain tissue that is O-linked to specific serine or threonine amino acids via mannose.
Corneal KSI
The amount of KS found in the cornea is 10 fold higher than it is in cartilage and 2-4 times higher than it is in other tissues. It is produced by corneal keratocytes and is thought to play a role of a dynamic buffer of corneal hydration. In a rare progressive disorder called macular corneal dystrophy (MCDC), the synthesis of keratan sulfate is either absent (MCDC type I) or abnormal (MCDC type II).
Non-corneal KSI
Osteoadherin, fibromodulin, and PRELP are core proteins found in bone and cartilage, that are modified by N-linked KS chains. Osteoadherin and Fibromodulin linked KS chains are shorter than those found in the cornea, typically 8-9 disaccharide units in length. Whereas corneal KSI is composed of a number of domains showing variable degrees of sulphation the longest of which may be 8-32 disaccharide units in length. The non-reducing terminal of Fibromodulin KS is more similar in structure to the non-reducing terminal of a KSII type keratan sulphate rather than to corneal KSI. KS structure is therefore believed to be determined by the tissue specific availability of glycosyltransferases rather than linkage type to the core protein.
KSII
Cartilage KSII is almost entirely sulphated, consisting of disulphated monomers interrupted occasionally by a single monosulphated lactosamine monomer. Fucosylation is also common with alpha-linked fucose present at the carbon 3 position of sulphated GlcNAc, except in the case of tracheal KSII where this feature is absent.
See also
N-Acetylglucosamine
Galactose
Lumican
Morquio syndrome is marked by the accumulation of KS
Proteoglycan 4
References
^ Miller B, Sheppard AM, Pearlman AL (April 1997). "Developmental expression of keratan sulfate-like immunoreactivity distinguishes thalamic nuclei and cortical domains". J. Comp. Neurol. 380 (4): 533–52. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970421)380:4<533::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-2. PMID 9087531.
^ Zhang H, Uchimura K, Kadomatsu K (November 2006). "Brain keratan sulfate and glial scar formation". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1086 (1): 81–90. Bibcode:2006NYASA1086...81Z. doi:10.1196/annals.1377.014. PMID 17185507.
^ Tai GH, Huckerby TN, Nieduszynski IA (1996). "Multiple non-reducing chain termini isolated from bovine corneal keratan sulfates". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (38): 23535–23546. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.38.23535. PMID 8798563.
^ a b c Funderburgh JL. (2000). "Keratan sulfate: structure, biosynthesis, and function". Glycobiology. 10 (10): 951–958. doi:10.1093/glycob/10.10.951. PMID 11030741.
^ Meyer K, Linker A, et al. (1 December 1953). "The mucopolysaccharides of bovine cornea". J. Biol. Chem. 205 (2): 611–616. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)49203-4. PMID 13129238.
^ Meyer K; Hoffman P.; Linker A. (1958). "Mucopolysaccharides of Costal Cartilage". Science. 128 (3329): 896. Bibcode:1958Sci...128..896M. doi:10.1126/science.128.3329.896. PMID 13592269.
^ Seno N, Meyer K, et al. (1 March 1965). "Variations in Keratosulfates". J. Biol. Chem. 240 (3): 1005–1019. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)97528-9. PMID 14284693.
^ a b Nieduszynski IA, Huckerby TN, et al. (1990). "There are two major types of skeletal keratan sulphates". Biochem. J. 271 (1): 243–245. doi:10.1042/bj2710243. PMC 1149539. PMID 2222415.
^ Krusius T, Finne J, et al. (25 June 1986). "Identification of an O-glycosidic mannose-linked sialylated tetrasaccharide and keratan sulfate oligosaccharides in the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan of brain". J. Biol. Chem. 261 (18): 8237–8242. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)83901-7. PMID 2941416.
^ Funderburgh JL; Caterson B.; Conrad GW. (1987). "Distribution of proteoglycans antigenically related to corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan". J. Biol. Chem. 262 (24): 11634–11640. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)60856-7. PMID 2957372.
^ Funderburgh JL, Mann MM, Funderburgh ML (November 2003). "Keratocyte phenotype mediates proteoglycan structure: a role for fibroblasts in corneal fibrosis". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (46): 45629–37. doi:10.1074/jbc.M303292200. PMC 2877919. PMID 12933807.
^ Macular dystrophy, corneal, 1 - OMIM
^ Lauder RM, Huckerby TN, Nieduszynski IA (1997). "The structure of the keratan sulphate chains attached to fibromodulin from human articular cartilage". Glycoconj. J. 14 (5): 651–660. doi:10.1023/A:1018552913584. PMID 9298700.
External links
Chondroitin and keratin sulfate at the Duke University Health System's Orthopedics program
Keratan+sulfate at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
vtePolysaccharides: glycosaminoglycansUnsulfated, extracellular
Hyaluronan
Sodium hyaluronate
Sulfated, extracellular
Chondroitin
Chondroitin sulfate
Dermatan sulfate
Heparan sulfate
Keratan sulfate
Sulfated, intracellular
Heparin
Synthetic
Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keratin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keratan_sulfate.svg"},{"link_name":"sulfated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid"},{"link_name":"glycosaminoglycans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosaminoglycans"},{"link_name":"cornea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornea"},{"link_name":"cartilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage"},{"link_name":"bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone"},{"link_name":"central nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_development"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9087531-1"},{"link_name":"glial scar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_scar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17185507-2"},{"link_name":"mechanical shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(mechanics)"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Keratin.Chemical structure of keratan sulfateKeratan sulfate (KS), also called keratosulfate, is any of several sulfated glycosaminoglycans (structural carbohydrates) that have been found especially in the cornea, cartilage, and bone. It is also synthesized in the central nervous system where it participates both in development[1] and in the glial scar formation following an injury.[2] Keratan sulfates are large, highly hydrated molecules which in joints can act as a cushion to absorb mechanical shock.","title":"Keratan sulfate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glycosaminoglycans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan"},{"link_name":"polymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer"},{"link_name":"disaccharide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaccharide"},{"link_name":"proteoglycan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteoglycan"},{"link_name":"cell-surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-surface"},{"link_name":"extracellular matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrix"},{"link_name":"lumican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumican"},{"link_name":"keratocan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratocan"},{"link_name":"mimecan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimecan"},{"link_name":"fibromodulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibromodulin"},{"link_name":"PRELP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRELP"},{"link_name":"osteoadherin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoadherin"},{"link_name":"aggrecan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggrecan"},{"link_name":"Gal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose"},{"link_name":"GlcNAc6S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Acetylglucosamine"},{"link_name":"monosaccharides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosaccharide"},{"link_name":"primary structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_structure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tai-3"},{"link_name":"Gal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose"},{"link_name":"GlcNAc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Acetylglucosamine"},{"link_name":"mannose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannose"},{"link_name":"fucosylated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucose"},{"link_name":"N-Acetylneuraminic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Acetylneuraminic_acid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funderburgh-4"}],"text":"Like other glycosaminoglycans keratan sulfate is a linear polymer that consists of a repeating disaccharide unit. Keratan sulfate occurs as a proteoglycan (PG) in which KS chains are attached to cell-surface or extracellular matrix proteins, termed core proteins. KS core proteins include lumican, keratocan, mimecan, fibromodulin, PRELP, osteoadherin, and aggrecan.The basic repeating disaccharide unit within keratan sulfate is -3Galβ1-4GlcNAc6Sβ1-. This can be sulfated at carbon position 6 (C6) of either or both the Gal or GlcNAc monosaccharides. However, the detailed primary structure of specific KS types are best considered to be composed of three regions:[3]A linkage region, at one end of which the KS chain is linked to the core protein.\nA repeat region, composed of the -3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1- repeating disaccharide unit and\nA chain capping region, occurring at the opposite end of the KS chain to the protein linkage region.The monosaccharide mannose is found within the linkage region of keratan sulfate type I (KSI). Disaccharides within the repeating region of KSII may be fucosylated and N-Acetylneuraminic acid caps the end of all keratan sulfate type II (KSII) chains and up to 70% of KSI type chains.[4]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corneal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneal"},{"link_name":"skeletal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"N-linked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycans#N-Linked_glycans"},{"link_name":"asparagine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagine"},{"link_name":"amino acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"},{"link_name":"N-acetylglucosamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Acetylglucosamine"},{"link_name":"O-linked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycans#O-Linked_glycans"},{"link_name":"serine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine"},{"link_name":"threonine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine"},{"link_name":"N-acetylgalactosamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylgalactosamine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nieduszynski-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funderburgh-4"},{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"},{"link_name":"mannose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannose"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"KS classes","text":"The designations KSI and KSII were originally assigned on the basis of the tissue type from which the keratan sulfate was isolated. KSI was isolated from corneal tissue and KSII from skeletal tissue.[5][6] Minor monosaccharide compositional differences exist between KS extracted from both sources and even KS extracted from the same source. However, major differences occur in the way each KS type is joined to its core protein.[7] The designations KSI and KSII are now based upon these protein linkage differences. KSI is N-linked to specific asparagine amino acids via N-acetylglucosamine and KSII is O-linked to specific serine or threonine amino acids via N-acetylgalactosamine.[8] The tissue based classification of KS no longer exists as KS types have been shown to be non tissue specific.[4] A third type of KS (KSIII) has also been isolated from brain tissue that is O-linked to specific serine or threonine amino acids via mannose.[9]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"corneal keratocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneal_keratocyte"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12933807-11"},{"link_name":"macular corneal dystrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macular_corneal_dystrophy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMIM_MCDC-12"}],"sub_title":"Corneal KSI","text":"The amount of KS found in the cornea is 10 fold higher than it is in cartilage and 2-4 times higher than it is in other tissues.[10] It is produced by corneal keratocytes[11] and is thought to play a role of a dynamic buffer of corneal hydration. In a rare progressive disorder called macular corneal dystrophy (MCDC), the synthesis of keratan sulfate is either absent (MCDC type I) or abnormal (MCDC type II).[12]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osteoadherin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoadherin"},{"link_name":"fibromodulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibromodulin"},{"link_name":"PRELP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRELP"},{"link_name":"bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"glycosyltransferases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funderburgh-4"}],"sub_title":"Non-corneal KSI","text":"Osteoadherin, fibromodulin, and PRELP are core proteins found in bone and cartilage, that are modified by N-linked KS chains. Osteoadherin and Fibromodulin linked KS chains are shorter than those found in the cornea, typically 8-9 disaccharide units in length.[13] Whereas corneal KSI is composed of a number of domains showing variable degrees of sulphation the longest of which may be 8-32 disaccharide units in length. The non-reducing terminal of Fibromodulin KS is more similar in structure to the non-reducing terminal of a KSII type keratan sulphate rather than to corneal KSI. KS structure is therefore believed to be determined by the tissue specific availability of glycosyltransferases rather than linkage type to the core protein.[4]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cartilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage"},{"link_name":"monomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomer"},{"link_name":"lactosamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetyl_glucosamine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nieduszynski-8"},{"link_name":"Fucosylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucosylation"},{"link_name":"fucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucose"},{"link_name":"GlcNAc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetyl_glucosamine"},{"link_name":"tracheal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracheal"}],"sub_title":"KSII","text":"Cartilage KSII is almost entirely sulphated, consisting of disulphated monomers interrupted occasionally by a single monosulphated lactosamine monomer.[8] Fucosylation is also common with alpha-linked fucose present at the carbon 3 position of sulphated GlcNAc, except in the case of tracheal KSII where this feature is absent.","title":"Structure"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Chemical structure of keratan sulfate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Keratan_sulfate.svg/220px-Keratan_sulfate.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"N-Acetylglucosamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Acetylglucosamine"},{"title":"Galactose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose"},{"title":"Lumican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumican"},{"title":"Morquio syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morquio_syndrome"},{"title":"Proteoglycan 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteoglycan_4"}]
|
[{"reference":"Miller B, Sheppard AM, Pearlman AL (April 1997). \"Developmental expression of keratan sulfate-like immunoreactivity distinguishes thalamic nuclei and cortical domains\". J. Comp. Neurol. 380 (4): 533–52. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970421)380:4<533::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-2. PMID 9087531.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Comp._Neurol.","url_text":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-9861%2819970421%29380%3A4%3C533%3A%3AAID-CNE9%3E3.0.CO%3B2-2","url_text":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970421)380:4<533::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9087531","url_text":"9087531"}]},{"reference":"Zhang H, Uchimura K, Kadomatsu K (November 2006). \"Brain keratan sulfate and glial scar formation\". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1086 (1): 81–90. Bibcode:2006NYASA1086...81Z. doi:10.1196/annals.1377.014. PMID 17185507.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann._N._Y._Acad._Sci.","url_text":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006NYASA1086...81Z","url_text":"2006NYASA1086...81Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1196%2Fannals.1377.014","url_text":"10.1196/annals.1377.014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17185507","url_text":"17185507"}]},{"reference":"Tai GH, Huckerby TN, Nieduszynski IA (1996). \"Multiple non-reducing chain termini isolated from bovine corneal keratan sulfates\". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (38): 23535–23546. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.38.23535. PMID 8798563.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.38.23535","url_text":"\"Multiple non-reducing chain termini isolated from bovine corneal keratan sulfates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.38.23535","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.271.38.23535"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8798563","url_text":"8798563"}]},{"reference":"Funderburgh JL. (2000). \"Keratan sulfate: structure, biosynthesis, and function\". Glycobiology. 10 (10): 951–958. doi:10.1093/glycob/10.10.951. 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PMID 13129238.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2949203-4","url_text":"\"The mucopolysaccharides of bovine cornea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2949203-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)49203-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13129238","url_text":"13129238"}]},{"reference":"Meyer K; Hoffman P.; Linker A. (1958). \"Mucopolysaccharides of Costal Cartilage\". Science. 128 (3329): 896. Bibcode:1958Sci...128..896M. doi:10.1126/science.128.3329.896. PMID 13592269.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958Sci...128..896M","url_text":"1958Sci...128..896M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.128.3329.896","url_text":"10.1126/science.128.3329.896"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13592269","url_text":"13592269"}]},{"reference":"Seno N, Meyer K, et al. (1 March 1965). \"Variations in Keratosulfates\". J. Biol. Chem. 240 (3): 1005–1019. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)97528-9. PMID 14284693.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2997528-9","url_text":"\"Variations in Keratosulfates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2997528-9","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)97528-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14284693","url_text":"14284693"}]},{"reference":"Nieduszynski IA, Huckerby TN, et al. (1990). \"There are two major types of skeletal keratan sulphates\". Biochem. J. 271 (1): 243–245. doi:10.1042/bj2710243. PMC 1149539. PMID 2222415.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1149539","url_text":"\"There are two major types of skeletal keratan sulphates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj2710243","url_text":"10.1042/bj2710243"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1149539","url_text":"1149539"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2222415","url_text":"2222415"}]},{"reference":"Krusius T, Finne J, et al. (25 June 1986). \"Identification of an O-glycosidic mannose-linked sialylated tetrasaccharide and keratan sulfate oligosaccharides in the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan of brain\". J. Biol. Chem. 261 (18): 8237–8242. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)83901-7. PMID 2941416.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2983901-7","url_text":"\"Identification of an O-glycosidic mannose-linked sialylated tetrasaccharide and keratan sulfate oligosaccharides in the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan of brain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2983901-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(19)83901-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2941416","url_text":"2941416"}]},{"reference":"Funderburgh JL; Caterson B.; Conrad GW. (1987). \"Distribution of proteoglycans antigenically related to corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan\". J. Biol. Chem. 262 (24): 11634–11640. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)60856-7. PMID 2957372.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2960856-7","url_text":"\"Distribution of proteoglycans antigenically related to corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2960856-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)60856-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2957372","url_text":"2957372"}]},{"reference":"Funderburgh JL, Mann MM, Funderburgh ML (November 2003). \"Keratocyte phenotype mediates proteoglycan structure: a role for fibroblasts in corneal fibrosis\". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (46): 45629–37. doi:10.1074/jbc.M303292200. PMC 2877919. PMID 12933807.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2877919","url_text":"\"Keratocyte phenotype mediates proteoglycan structure: a role for fibroblasts in corneal fibrosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Biol._Chem.","url_text":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M303292200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M303292200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2877919","url_text":"2877919"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12933807","url_text":"12933807"}]},{"reference":"Lauder RM, Huckerby TN, Nieduszynski IA (1997). \"The structure of the keratan sulphate chains attached to fibromodulin from human articular cartilage\". Glycoconj. J. 14 (5): 651–660. doi:10.1023/A:1018552913584. PMID 9298700.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1018552913584","url_text":"10.1023/A:1018552913584"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9298700","url_text":"9298700"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_original_United_States_frigates
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Original six frigates of the United States Navy
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["1 Purpose","2 Design and preparations","3 Construction","4 Armament","5 Frigates","5.1 United States","5.2 Constellation","5.3 Constitution","5.4 Chesapeake","5.5 Congress","5.6 President","6 Notes","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
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First six ships of the US Navy
USS Constitution, the last of the original six frigates of the United States Navy still in commission
Class overview
OperatorsUnited States Navy
Built1794–1800
In service1794–1881
In commission1797–present
Planned6
Completed6
Active1
Lost2
Retired3
General characteristics (Constitution, President, United States)
Class and type44-gun frigate
Tonnage1,576
Displacement2,200 tons
Length
204 ft (62 m) (length overall);
175 ft (53 m) at waterline
Beam43 ft 6 in (13.26 m)
Draft
21 ft (6.4 m) forward
23 ft (7.0 m) aft
Depth of hold14 ft 3 in (4.34 m)
Complement450 officers and enlisted, including 55 Marines and 30 boys
General characteristics (Congress and Constellation)
Class and type38-gun frigate
Tonnage1,265 tons
Length164 ft (50 m) between perpendiculars
Beam41.0 ft (12.5 m)
Complement340 officers and enlisted
General characteristics (Chesapeake)
Class and type38-gun frigate
Tonnage1,244
Length152.8 ft (46.6 m) between perpendiculars
Beam41.3 ft (12.6 m)
Draft20 ft (6.1 m)
Depth of hold13.9 ft (4.2 m)
Complement340 officers and enlisted
The United States Congress authorized the original six frigates of the United States Navy with the Naval Act of 1794 on March 27, 1794, at a total cost of $688,888.82 (equivalent to $19,833,259.52 in 2024). These ships were built during the formative years of the United States Navy, on the recommendation of designer Joshua Humphreys for a fleet of frigates powerful enough to engage any frigates of the French or British navies, yet fast enough to evade any ship of the line.
Purpose
See also: History of the United States Navy
After the Revolutionary War, a heavily indebted United States disbanded the Continental Navy, and in August 1785, lacking funds for ship repairs, sold its last remaining warship, the Alliance. But almost simultaneously troubles began in the Mediterranean when Algiers seized two American merchant ships and held their crews for ransom. Minister to France Thomas Jefferson suggested an American naval force to protect American shipping in the Mediterranean, but his recommendations were initially met with indifference, as were the recommendations of John Jay, who proposed building five 40-gun warships. Shortly afterward, Portugal began blockading Algerian ships from entering the Atlantic Ocean, thus providing temporary protection for American merchant ships.
Piracy against American merchant shipping had not been a problem when under the protection of the British Empire prior to the Revolution, but after the Revolutionary War the "Barbary States" of Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis felt they could harass American merchant ships without penalty. Additionally, once the French Revolution started, Britain and France each began interdicting American merchant ships suspected of trading with the other. Lacking a proper navy, the American government could do little to prevent such seizures.
The formation of a naval force had been a topic of debate in the new American republic for years. Opponents argued that building a navy would only lead to calls for a navy department, and the staff to operate it. This would further lead to more appropriations of funds, which would eventually spiral out of control, giving birth to a "self-feeding entity". Those opposed to a navy felt that payment of tribute to the Barbary States and economic sanctions against Britain were a better alternative.
In 1793, Portugal reached a peace agreement with Algeria, ending its blockade of the Mediterranean, thus allowing Algerian ships back into the Atlantic Ocean. By late in the year, eleven American merchant ships had been captured. This, combined with the actions of Britain, finally led President Washington to request Congress to authorize a navy.
On January 2, 1794, by a narrow margin of 46–44, the House of Representatives voted to authorize building a navy and formed a committee to determine the size, cost, and type of ships to be built. Secretary of War Henry Knox submitted proposals to the committee outlining the design and cost of warships. To appease the strong opposition to the upcoming bill, the Federalist Party inserted a clause into the bill that would bring an abrupt halt to the construction of the ships should the United States reach a peace agreement with Algiers.
The bill was presented to the House on March 10 and passed as the Naval Act of 1794 by a margin of 50–39, and without division in the Senate on March 19. President Washington signed the Act on March 27. It provided for acquisition, by purchase or otherwise, of four ships to carry forty-four guns each, and two ships to carry thirty-six guns each. It also provided pay and sustenance for naval officers, sailors and marines, and outlined how each ship should be manned in order to operate them. The Act appropriated $688,888.82 (equivalent to $14,148,000 in 2023) to finance the work.
Design and preparations
Diagonal riders for hull stiffness are depicted here from the 1992 restoration of Constitution.
With the formation of a Department of the Navy still several years away, responsibility for design and construction fell to the Department of War, headed by Secretary Henry Knox. As early as 1790 Knox had consulted various authorities regarding ship design. Discussions of the designs were carried out in person at meetings in Philadelphia. Little is known about these discussions due to a lack of written correspondence, making determination of the actual designers involved difficult to assemble. Secretary Knox reached out to ship architects and builders in Philadelphia, which was the largest seaport in North America at the time and possibly the largest freshwater port in the world. This meant that many discussions of ship design took place in Knox's office, resulting in few if any records of these discussions being available to historians. Joshua Humphreys is generally credited as the designer of the six frigates, but Revolutionary War ship captains John Foster Williams and John Barry and shipbuilders Josiah Fox and James Hackett also were consulted.
The final design plans submitted to President Washington for approval called for building new frigates rather than purchasing merchant ships and converting them into warships, an option under the Naval Act. The designers realized that the fledgling United States could not match the European states in the number of ships afloat. Nevertheless, this gave the Americans the distinct advantage in that their ship design was not constrained by access to timber nor limited crew. This allowed the designers to plan for enormous ships given their role. They had the ability to overpower other frigates, but were capable of a speed to escape from a ship of the line. The design was unusual for the time, being deep, long on keel and narrow of beam (width); mounting very heavy guns; incorporating a diagonal scantling (rib) scheme aimed at limiting hogging; while giving the ships extremely heavy planking. This gave the hull greater strength than the hulls of other navies' frigates. Knox advised President Washington that the cost of new construction would likely exceed the appropriations of the Naval Act. Despite this, Washington accepted and approved the plans the same day they were submitted, April 15, 1794.
Joshua Humphreys was appointed Master Constructor of the ships. An experienced draftsman, Josiah Fox, was hired into the War Department to put plans to paper. However, Fox disagreed with the large dimensions of the design and, according to Humphreys, attempted to downsize the measurements while producing his drafts. This incensed Humphreys enough that Fox was soon assigned to the mold loft with William Doughty.
After or simultaneously with the creation of the drawings, a builder's half model was assembled from which measurements were taken to create molds of the timbers. In a process known as "molding", the dimensions of the framing pieces were chalked onto the floor of a mold loft where a template was formed using strips of light wood. Once the molds were transported to the timber crews, the templates were used to select the part of a tree that closely matched the template. From there the timber was felled and roughed out close to the required dimensions, then numbered for identification and loaded onto a ship for transport. An additional set of more detailed molds was required for each frigate for the construction crews to follow.
Construction
Secretary Knox suggested to President Washington that six different construction sites be used, one for each ship, rather than building at one particular shipyard. Separate locations enabled the allotted funds to stimulate each local economy, and Washington approved the sites on April 15, 1794. At each site, a civilian naval constructor was hired to direct the work. Navy captains were appointed as superintendents, one for each of the six frigates as follows:
Ship
Site
Guns
Naval constructor
Superintendent
Reference
Chesapeake
Gosport, Virginia
38
Josiah Fox
Richard Dale
Constitution
Boston, Massachusetts
44
George Claghorn
Samuel Nicholson
President
New York, New York
44
Christian Bergh
Silas Talbot
United States
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
44
Joshua Humphreys
John Barry
Congress
Kittery, Maine
38
James Hackett
James Sever
Constellation
Baltimore, Maryland
38
David Stodder
Thomas Truxtun
Humphreys wished to use the most durable materials available for construction, primarily white pine, longleaf pine, white oak, and, most importantly, southern live oak. Live oak was used for framing as it was a strong, dense, and long-lasting wood weighing up to 75 lb per cubic foot (1,200 kg/m3) when freshly cut. The live oak tree grows primarily in coastal areas of the United States from Virginia to Texas, with the most suitable timber found in the coastal areas of Georgia near St. Simons. This desire for live oak was the primary cause of delays in the frigates' construction. Appropriated funds from the Naval Act were not available until June 1794. Shipbuilder John T. Morgan was hired by the War Department to procure the live oak and supervise the cutting and crews. Morgan wrote to Humphreys in August reporting that it had hardly ceased raining since his arrival and "the whole country is almost under water". Captain John Barry was sent to check up on progress in early October; he found Morgan and several persons sick with malaria. Timber cutting finally began when the crews arrived on the 22nd. The earliest delivery of timber occurred in Philadelphia on December 18, but another load of live oak destined for New York was lost when its cargo ship sank. Delays continued to plague the timber cutting and delivery operations throughout 1795. By December of that year all six keels had been laid down, though the frigates were still unframed and far from finished.
Construction of the frigates slowly continued until the 1796 announcement of the Treaty of Tripoli, which was witnessed by Algiers. In accordance with the clause in the Naval Act, construction of the frigates was to be discontinued. However, President Washington instead requested instructions from Congress on how to proceed. Several proposals circulated before a final decision was reached allowing Washington to complete two of the 44-gun and one of the 36-gun frigates. The three frigates nearest to completion, United States, Constellation and Constitution, were chosen. Construction of Chesapeake, Congress, and President was halted, and some of their construction materials were sold or placed in storage.
The launching of USS Constitution
The earlier predictions of Henry Knox regarding costs of the frigates came to a head in early 1797. Of the original appropriation of $688,888.82, only about $24,000 remained. Secretary of War James McHenry requested of Congress an additional $200,000, but only $172,000 was appropriated. The additional funds were enough to finish the three frigates' construction, but did not allow them to be manned and put to sea. United States launched on May 10, Constellation on September 7, and Constitution on October 21. Meanwhile, interference with American shipping by France because of their disagreement over the Jay Treaty prompted Congress to debate authorizing completion and manning of the three frigates. Secretary McHenry reported that an additional $200,000 would be required for this stage of construction, touching off grumbling in Congress over the escalating costs. Nevertheless, on July 1, Congress approved the completion and appropriated the requested funds.
When the next session of Congress convened in November, Secretary McHenry again requested funds to complete the three frigates. Though upset over the escalating costs, Congress approved an additional $115,833, but simultaneously launched an investigation into possible waste or fraud in the frigate program. On March 22, 1798, McHenry turned over a report outlining several main reasons for cost escalations: problems procuring the live oak; the logistics of supplying six separate shipyards; and fires, yellow fever, and bad weather. Additional inquiries prior to McHenry's report revealed that the War Department used substandard bookkeeping practices, and that the authorized funds had to be released by the Treasury Department, resulting in delays, causing waste. These problems led to the formation of the Department of the Navy on April 30.
Simultaneously, relations with France soured even further when President John Adams informed Congress of the XYZ Affair. In response, on May 28, Congress authorized vessels of the United States to capture any armed French vessels lying off the coast of the United States. As Constellation, Constitution and United States were still fitting out, the first U.S. Navy vessel to put to sea for this undeclared Quasi-War was the sloop Ganges with Richard Dale in command. Finally, on July 16, Congress appropriated $600,000 for completion of the remaining three frigates; Congress launched on August 15, 1799, Chesapeake on December 2, and President on April 10, 1800.
Armament
Carronade on the spar deck of Constitution
See also: Naval artillery in the Age of Sail
The 44-gun ships sometimes carried over 50 guns, and Constitution was known to carry 24-pounder guns in her main battery instead of the normal 18-pounders most frigates carried.
The Naval Act of 1794 had specified 36-gun frigates in addition to the 44s, but at some point the 36s were re-rated as 38s. Their "ratings" by number of guns were meant only as an approximation.
Ships of this era usually had no permanent battery of guns, as modern navy ships carry. The guns and cannons were designed to be completely portable, and often were exchanged between ships or shore as situations warranted. Each commanding officer generally outfitted armaments to his liking, taking into consideration factors such as the overall tonnage of cargo, complement of personnel on board, and planned routes to be sailed. Consequently, the armaments on ships would change many times during their careers, and records of the changes were not generally kept.
Commonly, twelve men and a powder-boy were required to operate each gun. If needed, some men were designated to take stations as boarders, to man the bilge pumps, or to fight fires. Guns were normally manned on the engaged side only; if a ship engaged two opponents, gun crews had to be divided. All of the guns were capable of using several different kinds of projectiles: round shot, chain or bar shot, grape shot, and heated shot. Each gun was mounted on a wooden gun carriage controlled by an arrangement of rope and tackle. The captain ordered the gun crews to either open fire together in a single broadside, or allowed each crew to fire at will as the target came close alongside. The gun captain pulled the lanyard to trip the flintlock which sent a spark into the pan. The ignited powder in the pan sent a flame through the priming tube to set off the powder charge in the gun and hurl its projectile at the enemy.
The marine detachment on board provided the naval infantry that manned the fighting tops, armed with muskets to fire down onto the decks of the enemy ship.
Frigates
Painting of the October 30, 1812 Engagement between the United States and the Macedonian –Oil on canvas by Thomas Birch, 1813
The frigates were originally designated by the letters A through F until March 1795, when Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, prepared a list of ten suggested names for the ships (in addition to those later used, the list also included Defender, Fortitude, Perseverance, Protector, and Liberty). President Washington was responsible for selecting five of the names: Constitution, United States, President, and Congress, each of which represented a principle of the United States Constitution, together with Constellation which derived from the blazon of the Arms of the United States, "13 stars, forming a constellation." The sixth frigate, Chesapeake, remained nameless until 1799, when Secretary of the Navy, Benjamin Stoddert, designated her a namesake of the Chesapeake Bay, ignoring the previous Constitutional naming protocol.
United States
Main article: USS United States (1797)
United States was built in Philadelphia, launched on May 10, 1797, and commissioned on July 11, 1797. On October 25, 1812, United States fought and captured the frigate HMS Macedonian. United States was decommissioned on February 24, 1849, and put in reserve at Norfolk, Virginia. In 1861, while still in reserve at Norfolk, the ship was seized and commissioned into the Confederate States Navy, which later scuttled the ship. In 1862, Union forces raised the scuttled ship and retained control until she was broken up in 1865.
Constellation
Main article: USS Constellation (1797)
Detail of USS Constellation (from Capture of the French Frigate, L'Insurgente –Watercolor by Admiral John W. Schmidt, 1981)
Constellation was built in Baltimore and launched on September 7, 1797. On February 9, 1799, she fought and captured the French frigate Insurgente. This was the first major victory by an American-designed and -built warship. In February 1800, Constellation fought the French frigate Vengeance. Although Vengeance was not captured or sunk, she was so badly damaged that her captain intentionally grounded the ship to prevent her from sinking. Constellation was struck in 1853 and broken up. During construction of a new Constellation in 1854, it was claimed that it was a "repair" of the original ship (a common dodge of the time for political reasons) leading to uncertainty over which ship was preserved in Baltimore until it was proven in 1999 to be the second Constellation.
Constitution
Main article: USS Constitution
Constitution, rated at 44 guns, launched from Edmund Hartt's shipyard in Boston on October 21, 1797, by naval constructor George Claghorn and Captain Samuel Nicholson. During the Quasi-War she captured the French merchant ship Niger, and was later involved in battling the Barbary pirates in the First Barbary War.
USS Constitution under sail for the first time in 116 years on July 21, 1997
She is most well known for her actions during the War of 1812 against Britain, when she captured numerous merchant ships and defeated four British warships: HMS Guerriere, HMS Java, HMS Cyane, and HMS Levant. The battle with the Guerriere earned her the nickname of "Old Ironsides" and public adoration that has repeatedly saved her from scrapping. She continued to actively serve the nation as flagship in the Mediterranean and African squadrons and made a circumnavigation of the world in the 1840s. During the American Civil War she served as a training ship for the United States Naval Academy and carried artwork and industrial displays to the Paris Exposition of 1878. Retired from active service in 1881, she served as a receiving ship until designated a museum ship in 1907. In 1931 she made a three-year, 90-port tour of the nation, and in 1997 after a comprehensive restoration to her 1812 configuration she finally sailed again under her own power for her 200th birthday.
The oldest commissioned warship afloat in the world, Constitution is berthed at the Charlestown Navy Yard in Massachusetts and is used to promote understanding of the Navy's role in war and peace through educational outreach, historic demonstration, and active participation in public events. Constitution is open to visitors year-round, providing tours, with the USS Constitution Museum nearby.
Chesapeake
Main article: USS Chesapeake (1799)
USS Chesapeake
Chesapeake Mill
Chesapeake was built at the Gosport Navy Yard, Virginia, and was launched on December 2, 1799. The Chesapeake was the only one of the six frigates to be disowned by Humphreys due to liberties taken by her Master Constructor Josiah Fox during construction relating to overall dimensions. The frigate that became Chesapeake was originally planned as a 44-gun ship, but when her construction began in 1798 Josiah Fox altered the original design plan, resulting in the ship's re-rating to 36 guns. Fox's reason for making the alteration is not clear, but may be attributed to construction materials that were diverted to complete Constellation. Additionally, Fox and Humphreys had earlier disagreed over the design of the six frigates, and Fox may have taken opportunities during construction to make alterations to his own liking. Regardless, the plan for the redesigned frigate was approved by Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Stoddert.
When construction finished on Chesapeake, she had the smallest dimensions of all six frigates. A length of 152.8 ft (46.6 m) between perpendiculars and 41.3 ft (12.6 m) of beam contrasted with the other two 36-gun frigates, Congress and Constellation, which were built to 164 ft (50 m) in length and 41 ft (12 m) of beam.
On June 22, 1807, what has become known as the Chesapeake–Leopard affair occurred when the Chesapeake was fired upon by HMS Leopard for refusing to comply with a demand to permit a search for deserters from the Royal Navy. After several quick broadsides from Leopard, to which the Chesapeake replied with only one gun, the Chesapeake struck her colors. HMS Leopard refused the surrender, searched the Chesapeake, captured four alleged deserters, and sailed to Halifax, Nova Scotia. Chesapeake was captured on June 1, 1813, by HMS Shannon shortly after sailing from Boston, Massachusetts. Taken into Royal Navy service, she was later sold, and broken up at Portsmouth, England, in 1820 (with a good deal of her timbers being made into a watermill).
Congress
Main article: USS Congress (1799)
Sail plan of Congress
Congress—rated at 38 guns—was launched on August 15, 1799, from Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, under the command of Captain James Sever. Beginning her maiden voyage on January 6, 1800, she headed for the East Indies, but soon after her masts were destroyed in a gale, forcing her return to port; repairs took six months. She sailed again on July 26 for the West Indies and made uneventful patrols through April 1801.
Under the command of John Rodgers, Congress sailed for the Mediterranean in June 1804 and performed services during the First Barbary War. She assumed blockade duties off Tripoli and participated in the capture of a xebec in October. In July 1805, she helped to blockade Tunisia, and in September of that year carried the Tunisian ambassador back to Washington, D.C. Afterward, she served as a classroom for midshipman training through 1807.
Under the command of Captain John Smith during the War of 1812, she made three extended cruises in company with President and briefly with United States. She was part of a pursuit of a fleet of British merchant ships and assisted President in the attempted capture of HMS Belvidera. On the return voyage, Congress and President captured seven merchant ships. Congress' second cruise began in October 1812, and she pursued HMS Galatea and captured the merchant ship Argo. Arriving back in Boston on December 31, she assisted in capturing eight additional merchant ships. After repairs, she sailed in company with President on April 30, 1813, and pursued HMS Curlew, which escaped. Setting off on her own, she made a lengthy voyage off the Cape Verde Islands and the coast of Brazil. During this long cruise she captured only four small merchant ships, returning home in late 1813. Because of a lack of materials to repair her, she was placed in reserve for the remainder of the war.
In 1815 she returned to active service for the Second Barbary War under Captain Charles Morris, and in August Congress joined a squadron and began patrol duties, subsequently making appearances off Tripoli and Tunis. Returning to Boston, she decommissioned in December. She patrolled against piracy in the Gulf of Mexico from December 1816 to July 1817 and made a voyage to South America in 1818. Early in 1819 she made a voyage to China, becoming the first U.S. warship to visit that country. In 1822 she served as the flagship of James Biddle, combating piracy in the West Indies. Under Biddle she made a voyage to Spain and Argentina. She began serving as a receiving ship in 1824 and remained on that duty until ordered broken up in 1834.
President
Main article: USS President (1800)
U.S.S. President at Anchor in Heavy Swell –Watercolor by John Russell, 1904
Minor alterations were made to President based on experience gained in constructing the 44-gun ships Constitution and United States. Humphreys instructed President's naval contractor to raise the gun deck by 2 in (5.1 cm) and move the mainmast 2 ft (61 cm) farther aft. In the case of President, construction was begun at New York in the shipyard of Foreman Cheesman and work on her was discontinued in 1796. Construction resumed in 1798, under Christian Bergh and naval constructor William Doughty.
Rated at 44 guns, President was the last frigate to be completed, launching from New York City on April 10, 1800, with Captain Thomas Truxtun in command. She departed for patrols during the Quasi-War on August 5 and recaptured several American merchant ships. After the peace treaty, she returned to the United States in March 1801.
In May 1801 she sailed under the command of Richard Dale for service in the First Barbary War. She made appearances off Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, capturing a Greek vessel with Tripolitan soldiers aboard and participating in a prisoner exchange. She returned to the United States on April 14, 1802, then left for a second patrol on the Barbary coast in 1804 under the command of Samuel Barron. In company with Congress, Constellation, and Constitution, President experienced a mostly uneventful tour, assisting in the capture of three vessels, performing blockade duties, and undergoing two changes of commanding officers. She sailed for home on July 13, 1805, carrying with her many sailors released from captivity in Tripoli.
On May 16, 1811, in what became known as the Little Belt affair, President, under the command of Captain John Rodgers, mistakenly identified HMS Little Belt as the frigate HMS Guerriere while searching for impressed American sailors taken by the Royal Navy. Though the sequence of events is disputed on both sides, both ships discharged cannon for several minutes before Rodgers determined that Little Belt was a much smaller ship than Guerriere. Little Belt suffered serious damage and thirty-one killed or wounded in the exchange. Rodgers offered assistance to Little Belt's Captain Arthur Bingham, but he declined and sailed off for Halifax, Nova Scotia. The U.S. and Royal Navy investigations each determined the other ship to be responsible for the attack, increasing tensions leading up to the War of 1812.
Still under the command of John Rodgers, President made three extended cruises during the War of 1812 in company with Congress and briefly with United States. President encountered HMS Belvidera and engaged in a fight from which Belvidera eventually escaped. Pursuing a fleet of merchant ships, President sailed to within a day's journey of the English Channel before returning to Boston, capturing seven merchant ships en route. Her second cruise began with a pursuit of HMS Nymphe and HMS Galatea, but she failed to overtake either of them. Later prizes were the packet ship Swallow, carrying a large amount of currency, and eight other merchant ships. President returned on December 31. Her third cruise of the war began April 30, 1813, with her pursuit of HMS Curlew, but she once again lost a race to overtake an enemy ship. President spent five months at sea, capturing several merchant ships, but the only highlight was the capture of HMS Highflyer in late September.
After the ship spent a year blockaded in port, Stephen Decatur assumed command of President. On the evening of January 14, 1815, President headed out of New York harbor but ran aground, suffering some damage to the copper. Unable to return to port, she was forced to head out to sea. Later the next afternoon she fought a battle with HMS Endymion. Decatur attempted to capture Endymion to replace President, but this plan failed because Endymion was smaller and more maneuverable. Decatur surrendered his ship to Endymion only to sail away under the cover of night. Subsequently, HMS Pomone and HMS Tenedos overtook President, and Decatur surrendered the ship once again to Endymion. President was taken into the Royal Navy as HMS President, but served only a few years before being broken up in 1818.
Notes
^ Chesapeake's altered construction led to her re-rating as a 36-gun ship. Because of their larger dimensions over Chesapeake, Congress and Constellation were re-rated to 38s.
^ HMS Victory is the oldest commissioned vessel by three decades; however, Victory has been in permanent dry dock since 1922.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
References
^ a b c Hollis (1900), p. 39.
^ a b c d e "US Navy Fact File – Constitution". United States Navy. July 7, 2009. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
^ a b "Constitution". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command.
^ a b c d e f g "Constellation". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command.
^ a b c d e f g h "Chesapeake". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command.
^ Chapelle (1949), p. 535.
^ Daughan (2008), p. 240.
^ Fowler (1984), p. 8.
^ a b Daughan (2008), p. 242.
^ Fowler (1984), pp. 6–7.
^ Fowler (1984), pp. 8–9.
^ a b Allen (1905), p. 15.
^ Fowler (1984), p. 9.
^ Smelser (1959), p. 8.
^ Allen (1905), p. 13.
^ Daughan (2008), pp. 276–277.
^ Smelser (1959), pp. 48–51.
^ Smelser (1959), pp. 5–20.
^ Allen (1909), p. 42.
^ Daughan (2008), pp. 278–279.
^ Fowler (1984), pp. 16–17.
^ Daughan (2008), p. 279.
^ Fowler (1984), p. 18.
^ a b Daughan (2008), pp. 279–281.
^ a b Smelser (1959), p. 57.
^ Daughan (2008), p. 281.
^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^ An Act to provide a Naval Armament. 1 Stat. 350 (1794). Library of Congress. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
^ Allen (1905), p. 49.
^ a b Fowler (1984), p. 20.
^ Toll, Ian W. (2006). Six Frigates. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-393-05847-5.
^ a b c Smelser (1959), pp. 72–73.
^ Fowler (1984), p. 21.
^ Toll (2006), pp. 49–53.
^ Beach (1986), pp. 29–30, 33.
^ Allen (1909), pp. 42–45.
^ Gardiner, Robert (2000). Frigates of the Napoleonic Wars. London: Chatham. p. 56. ISBN 186176135X. OCLC 43456786.
^ Humphreys (1916), p. 401.
^ Wood (1981), pp. 88–90.
^ Fowler (1984), p. 24.
^ Beach (1986), p. 32.
^ a b c d e "Navy History: Federal/Quasi War". Naval History & Heritage Command. Archived from the original on February 6, 1997. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
^ a b Canney, Donald (2001), Sailing Warships of the US Navy, p. 38.
^ a b c Hollis (1900), p. 48.
^ Wood (1981), p. 4.
^ Wood (1981), p. 3.
^ Smelser (1959), p. 74.
^ Wood (1981), pp. 25–28.
^ Wood (1981), pp. 29–31.
^ Smelser (1959), pp. 76–77.
^ Smelser (1959), pp. 77–78.
^ Daughan (2008), p. 294.
^ Smelser (1959), p. 77.
^ Smelser (1959), pp. 90–91, 99.
^ "United States". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command.
^ Smelser (1959), pp. 102, 110, 116–118.
^ Smelser (1959), pp. 127, 131–132.
^ Smelser (1959), pp. 150–156.
^ Smelser (1959), pp. 160–166.
^ "Ganges". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command.
^ a b "Congress". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command.
^ "President". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command.
^ Daughan (2008), p. 315.
^ Smelser (1959), p. 193.
^ Chapelle (1949), p. 128.
^ Roosevelt (1882), chapter V.
^ Jennings (1966), pp. 17–19.
^ a b Reilly Jr., John C. (February 4, 2008). "The Constitution Gun Deck". Naval History & Heritage Command. Archived from the original on April 21, 2009. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
^ Jennings (1966), p. 224.
^ a b Beach (1986), p. 31.
^ Toll (2006), p. 61.
^ Wegner, Dana M. (September 1991). "Fouled Anchors: The Constellation Question Answered" (PDF). David Taylor Research Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
^ Jennings (1966), p. 44.
^ Brown, Eric (October 21, 2009). "Hundreds Join Old Ironsides' Return to Sea for 212th Birthday". Navy News Service. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012.
^ "HMS Victory Service Life". HMS Victory website. Archived from the original on September 24, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
^ W., Toll, Ian (March 17, 2008). Six frigates : the epic history of the founding of the U.S. Navy. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 416. ISBN 978-0-393-06664-7. OCLC 916039503.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Allen (1909), p. 56.
^ Toll (2006), p. 289.
^ Fowler (1984), pp. 21–22.
^ Toll (2006), p. 136.
^ Morris (1880), pp. 120–122.
^ Allen (1909), p. 221.
^ Toll (2006), pp. 224–227, 252, 282.
^ Allen (1905), pp. 199, 219–220, 268–269.
^ Cooper (1856), pp. 221–222.
^ Roosevelt (1883), pp. 72–74, 76–78, 106–107, 174–175.
^ Maclay and Smith (1898), Volume 1, pp. 322, 325, 521.
^ Toll (2006), pp. 419–420.
^ Allen (1905), pp. 292–294.
^ Raymond, William (1851). Biographical Sketches of the Distinguished Men of Columbia County. Albany: Weed, Parsons. p. 47. OCLC 3720201. Retrieved November 17, 2015.
^ Morris (1880), pp. 181–184, 190–191.
^ Maclay and Smith (1898), Volume 2, pp. 20, 28.
^ Toll (2006), p. 474.
^ Toll (2006), p. 107.
^ Allen (1909), pp. 217, 221.
^ Allen (1905), pp. 92, 94–95, 98–100.
^ Maclay and Smith (1898), Volume 1, pp. 228, 231–233.
^ Cooper (1856), p. 153.
^ Allen (1905), pp. 198–199, 218–223, 270.
^ Toll (2006), pp. 224–227, 250–251.
^ Cooper (1856), pp. 235–238.
^ Toll (2006), pp. 321–323.
^ Beach (1986), pp. 69–70.
^ Roosevelt (1883), pp. 73–76.
^ Cooper (1856), pp. 244–247.
^ Roosevelt (1883), p. 77.
^ Maclay and Smith (1898), Volume 1, pp. 325–326.
^ Roosevelt (1883), pp. 106–107.
^ Maclay and Smith (1898), Volume 1, pp. 426–427.
^ Roosevelt (1883), pp. 174–177.
^ Maclay and Smith (1898), Volume 1, pp. 521–522.
^ The Naval Chronicle: Volume 33, January–July 1815: "When Pomone's boats boarded President, Decatur insisted on having his sword sent to the captain of the black ship (Endymion) which he had engaged, as he had struck to her alone––and when he ceased firing, he hoisted his light higher to indicate that he had struck. Notwithstanding this, in his official dispatch, he makes assertions of a contrary nature."
^ Andrew Lambert, The Challenge: Britain Against America in the Naval War of 1812, Faber and Faber (2012).
^ Winfield (2008), p. 124.
Bibliography
Allen, Gardner Weld (1905). Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs. Boston, New York and Chicago: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 2618279.
—— (1909). Our Naval War With France. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 1202325.
Beach, Edward L. (1986). The United States Navy 200 Years. New York: H. Holt. ISBN 978-0-03-044711-2. OCLC 12104038.
Canney, Donald L. (2001). Sailing warships of the US Navy. Naval Institute Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-55750-990-1.
Chapelle, Howard I. (1949). The History of the American Sailing Navy; the Ships and Their Development. New York: Norton. OCLC 1471717.
Cooper, James Fenimore (1856). History of the Navy of the United States of America. New York: Stringer & Townsend. OCLC 197401914.
Daughan, George C. (2008). If By Sea: The Forging of the American Navy – From the American Revolution to the War of 1812. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01607-5. OCLC 190876973.
Fowler, William M. (1984). Jack Tars and Commodores: The American Navy, 1783–1815. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-35314-9. OCLC 10277756.
Hollis, Ira N. (1900). The Frigate Constitution; The Central Figure of the Navy Under Sail. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 2350400.
Humphreys, Henry H. (1916). "Who Built the First United States Navy?". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. XL, no. 4. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania. pp. 385–411. ISSN 0031-4587. OCLC 1762062.
Jennings, John (1966). Tattered Ensign The Story of America's Most Famous Fighting Frigate, U.S.S. Constitution. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. OCLC 1291484.
Maclay, Edgar Stanton; Smith, Roy Campbell (1898) . A History of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1898. Vol. 1 (New ed.). New York: D. Appleton. OCLC 609036.
—— (1898) . A History of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1898. Vol. 2 (New ed.). New York: D. Appleton. ISBN 9780722275009. OCLC 609036.
Martin, Tyrone G. (2003) . A Most Fortunate Ship: A Narrative History of "Old Ironsides" (Revised ed.). Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-513-9. OCLC 51022876.
Morris, Charles (1880). Soley, J. R. (ed.). "The Autobiography of Commodore Charles Morris U.S.N." Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute. VI (12). Annapolis: United States Naval Institute: 111–219. ISSN 0041-798X. OCLC 2496995.
Roosevelt, Theodore (1883) . The Naval War of 1812 (3rd ed.). New York: G.P. Putnam's sons. OCLC 133902576.
Smelser, Marshall (1959). The Congress Founds the Navy, 1787–1798. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. OCLC 422274.
Toll, Ian W (2006). Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the US Navy. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-05847-5. OCLC 70291925.
Wood, Virginia Steele (1981). Live Oaking: Southern Timber for Tall Ships. Boston: Northeastern University Press. ISBN 978-0930350208. OCLC 7795440.
Further reading
Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2000). Old Ironsides (Large Print). Thorndike: G.K. Hall. ISBN 0-7838-9151-2. OCLC 44468774.
Humphreys, Assheton Y. (2000). Tyrone G. Martin (ed.). The USS Constitution's Finest Fight: The Journal of Acting Chaplain Assheton Humphreys, US Navy. Mount Pleasant: Nautical & Aviation Publishing. ISBN 1-877853-60-7. OCLC 44632941.
Poolman, Kenneth (1962). Guns Off Cape Ann; The Story of the Shannon and the Chesapeake. Chicago: Rand McNally. OCLC 1384754.
Wachtel, Roger (2003). Old Ironsides (Elementary and Junior High School). New York: Children's Press. ISBN 0-516-24207-5. OCLC 50035427.
External links
USS Constitution Museum
USS Constitution official homepage
vteOriginal six frigates of the United States Navy
United States
Constellation
Constitution
Congress
Chesapeake
President
Sailing frigates of the U.S. Navy
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Alliance.[7][8] But almost simultaneously troubles began in the Mediterranean when Algiers seized two American merchant ships and held their crews for ransom.[9][10] Minister to France Thomas Jefferson suggested an American naval force to protect American shipping in the Mediterranean, but his recommendations were initially met with indifference, as were the recommendations of John Jay, who proposed building five 40-gun warships.[9][11] Shortly afterward, Portugal began blockading Algerian ships from entering the Atlantic Ocean, thus providing temporary protection for American merchant ships.[12][13]Piracy against American merchant shipping had not been a problem when under the protection of the British Empire prior to the Revolution, but after the Revolutionary War the \"Barbary States\" of Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis felt they could harass American merchant ships without penalty.[14][15] Additionally, once the French Revolution started, Britain and France each began interdicting American merchant ships suspected of trading with the other. Lacking a proper navy, the American government could do little to prevent such seizures.[16][17]The formation of a naval force had been a topic of debate in the new American republic for years. Opponents argued that building a navy would only lead to calls for a navy department, and the staff to operate it. This would further lead to more appropriations of funds, which would eventually spiral out of control, giving birth to a \"self-feeding entity\". Those opposed to a navy felt that payment of tribute to the Barbary States and economic sanctions against Britain were a better alternative.[18][19]In 1793, Portugal reached a peace agreement with Algeria, ending its blockade of the Mediterranean, thus allowing Algerian ships back into the Atlantic Ocean. By late in the year, eleven American merchant ships had been captured.[12] This, combined with the actions of Britain, finally led President Washington to request Congress to authorize a navy.[20][21]On January 2, 1794, by a narrow margin of 46–44, the House of Representatives voted to authorize building a navy and formed a committee to determine the size, cost, and type of ships to be built. Secretary of War Henry Knox submitted proposals to the committee outlining the design and cost of warships.[22][23] To appease the strong opposition to the upcoming bill, the Federalist Party inserted a clause into the bill that would bring an abrupt halt to the construction of the ships should the United States reach a peace agreement with Algiers.[24][25]The bill was presented to the House on March 10 and passed as the Naval Act of 1794 by a margin of 50–39, and without division in the Senate on March 19.[24][25] President Washington signed the Act on March 27. It provided for acquisition, by purchase or otherwise, of four ships to carry forty-four guns each, and two ships to carry thirty-six guns each.[26] It also provided pay and sustenance for naval officers, sailors and marines, and outlined how each ship should be manned in order to operate them. The Act appropriated $688,888.82 (equivalent to $14,148,000 in 2023[27]) to finance the work.[28][29]","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constitutiondiagonalriders.gif"},{"link_name":"Department of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Department of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fowler20-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"John Foster Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foster_Williams"},{"link_name":"John Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)"},{"link_name":"Josiah Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Fox"},{"link_name":"James Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hackett_(shipbuilder)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smelser7273-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fowler20-30"},{"link_name":"ship of the line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"scantling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scantling"},{"link_name":"hogging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogging_and_sagging"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smelser7273-32"},{"link_name":"draftsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drafter"},{"link_name":"Josiah Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Fox"},{"link_name":"mold loft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofting"},{"link_name":"William Doughty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Doughty_(naval_architect)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"half model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_hull_model_ship"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Diagonal riders for hull stiffness are depicted here from the 1992 restoration of Constitution.With the formation of a Department of the Navy still several years away, responsibility for design and construction fell to the Department of War, headed by Secretary Henry Knox. As early as 1790 Knox had consulted various authorities regarding ship design.[30] Discussions of the designs were carried out in person at meetings in Philadelphia. Little is known about these discussions due to a lack of written correspondence, making determination of the actual designers involved difficult to assemble.[31] Secretary Knox reached out to ship architects and builders in Philadelphia, which was the largest seaport in North America at the time and possibly the largest freshwater port in the world. This meant that many discussions of ship design took place in Knox's office, resulting in few if any records of these discussions being available to historians. Joshua Humphreys is generally credited as the designer of the six frigates, but Revolutionary War ship captains John Foster Williams and John Barry and shipbuilders Josiah Fox and James Hackett also were consulted.[32][33]The final design plans submitted to President Washington for approval called for building new frigates rather than purchasing merchant ships and converting them into warships, an option under the Naval Act.[30] The designers realized that the fledgling United States could not match the European states in the number of ships afloat. Nevertheless, this gave the Americans the distinct advantage in that their ship design was not constrained by access to timber nor limited crew. This allowed the designers to plan for enormous ships given their role. They had the ability to overpower other frigates, but were capable of a speed to escape from a ship of the line.[34][35][36] The design was unusual for the time, being deep,[37] long on keel and narrow of beam (width); mounting very heavy guns; incorporating a diagonal scantling (rib) scheme aimed at limiting hogging; while giving the ships extremely heavy planking. This gave the hull greater strength than the hulls of other navies' frigates. Knox advised President Washington that the cost of new construction would likely exceed the appropriations of the Naval Act. Despite this, Washington accepted and approved the plans the same day they were submitted, April 15, 1794.[32]Joshua Humphreys was appointed Master Constructor of the ships. An experienced draftsman, Josiah Fox, was hired into the War Department to put plans to paper. However, Fox disagreed with the large dimensions of the design and, according to Humphreys, attempted to downsize the measurements while producing his drafts. This incensed Humphreys enough that Fox was soon assigned to the mold loft with William Doughty.[38]After or simultaneously with the creation of the drawings, a builder's half model was assembled from which measurements were taken to create molds of the timbers. In a process known as \"molding\", the dimensions of the framing pieces were chalked onto the floor of a mold loft where a template was formed using strips of light wood.[39] Once the molds were transported to the timber crews, the templates were used to select the part of a tree that closely matched the template. From there the timber was felled and roughed out close to the required dimensions, then numbered for identification and loaded onto a ship for transport.[citation needed] An additional set of more detailed molds was required for each frigate for the construction crews to follow.","title":"Design and preparations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smelser7273-32"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"white pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_White_Pine#Uses_and_symbolism"},{"link_name":"longleaf pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longleaf_Pine#Uses"},{"link_name":"white oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_oak#Uses"},{"link_name":"southern live oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_virginiana"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hollis48-45"},{"link_name":"framing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"St. Simons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Simons,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hollis48-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Launching_USS_Constitution.png"},{"link_name":"James McHenry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McHenry"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-United_States-56"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constellation-I-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constitution-3"},{"link_name":"Jay Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams"},{"link_name":"XYZ Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XYZ_Affair"},{"link_name":"Quasi-War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-War"},{"link_name":"Ganges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ganges"},{"link_name":"Richard Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dale"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congress-62"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chesapeake-5"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-President-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"text":"Secretary Knox suggested to President Washington that six different construction sites be used, one for each ship, rather than building at one particular shipyard. Separate locations enabled the allotted funds to stimulate each local economy, and Washington approved the sites on April 15, 1794. At each site, a civilian naval constructor was hired to direct the work. Navy captains were appointed as superintendents, one for each of the six frigates as follows:[32][40]Humphreys wished to use the most durable materials available for construction, primarily white pine, longleaf pine, white oak, and, most importantly, southern live oak.[44] Live oak was used for framing as it was a strong, dense, and long-lasting wood weighing up to 75 lb per cubic foot (1,200 kg/m3) when freshly cut.[45] The live oak tree grows primarily in coastal areas of the United States from Virginia to Texas, with the most suitable timber found in the coastal areas of Georgia near St. Simons.[44][46] This desire for live oak was the primary cause of delays in the frigates' construction. Appropriated funds from the Naval Act were not available until June 1794.[47] Shipbuilder John T. Morgan was hired by the War Department to procure the live oak and supervise the cutting and crews. Morgan wrote to Humphreys in August reporting that it had hardly ceased raining since his arrival and \"the whole country is almost under water\". Captain John Barry was sent to check up on progress in early October; he found Morgan and several persons sick with malaria. Timber cutting finally began when the crews arrived on the 22nd.[48] The earliest delivery of timber occurred in Philadelphia on December 18, but another load of live oak destined for New York was lost when its cargo ship sank. Delays continued to plague the timber cutting and delivery operations throughout 1795. By December of that year all six keels had been laid down, though the frigates were still unframed and far from finished.[49][50]Construction of the frigates slowly continued until the 1796 announcement of the Treaty of Tripoli, which was witnessed by Algiers. In accordance with the clause in the Naval Act, construction of the frigates was to be discontinued. However, President Washington instead requested instructions from Congress on how to proceed. Several proposals circulated before a final decision was reached allowing Washington to complete two of the 44-gun and one of the 36-gun frigates.[51] The three frigates nearest to completion, United States, Constellation and Constitution, were chosen.[52] Construction of Chesapeake, Congress, and President was halted, and some of their construction materials were sold or placed in storage.[53]The launching of USS ConstitutionThe earlier predictions of Henry Knox regarding costs of the frigates came to a head in early 1797. Of the original appropriation of $688,888.82, only about $24,000 remained. Secretary of War James McHenry requested of Congress an additional $200,000, but only $172,000 was appropriated. The additional funds were enough to finish the three frigates' construction, but did not allow them to be manned and put to sea.[54] United States launched on May 10,[55] Constellation on September 7,[4] and Constitution on October 21.[3] Meanwhile, interference with American shipping by France because of their disagreement over the Jay Treaty prompted Congress to debate authorizing completion and manning of the three frigates. Secretary McHenry reported that an additional $200,000 would be required for this stage of construction, touching off grumbling in Congress over the escalating costs. Nevertheless, on July 1, Congress approved the completion and appropriated the requested funds.[56]When the next session of Congress convened in November, Secretary McHenry again requested funds to complete the three frigates. Though upset over the escalating costs, Congress approved an additional $115,833, but simultaneously launched an investigation into possible waste or fraud in the frigate program. On March 22, 1798, McHenry turned over a report outlining several main reasons for cost escalations: problems procuring the live oak; the logistics of supplying six separate shipyards; and fires, yellow fever, and bad weather.[57] Additional inquiries prior to McHenry's report revealed that the War Department used substandard bookkeeping practices, and that the authorized funds had to be released by the Treasury Department, resulting in delays, causing waste. These problems led to the formation of the Department of the Navy on April 30.[58]Simultaneously, relations with France soured even further when President John Adams informed Congress of the XYZ Affair. In response, on May 28, Congress authorized vessels of the United States to capture any armed French vessels lying off the coast of the United States. As Constellation, Constitution and United States were still fitting out, the first U.S. Navy vessel to put to sea for this undeclared Quasi-War was the sloop Ganges with Richard Dale in command.[59][60] Finally, on July 16, Congress appropriated $600,000 for completion of the remaining three frigates; Congress launched on August 15, 1799,[61] Chesapeake on December 2,[5] and President on April 10, 1800.[62][63][64]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006Boston088.jpg"},{"link_name":"Naval artillery in the Age of Sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_artillery_in_the_Age_of_Sail"},{"link_name":"main battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USNFF-2"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"powder-boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder-boy"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gundeck-69"},{"link_name":"boarders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_(attack)"},{"link_name":"round shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_shot"},{"link_name":"chain or bar shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain-shot"},{"link_name":"grape shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapeshot"},{"link_name":"heated shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heated_shot"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_and_tackle"},{"link_name":"broadside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside_(naval)"},{"link_name":"lanyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanyard"},{"link_name":"flintlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flintlock"},{"link_name":"naval infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(military)"},{"link_name":"fighting tops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_(sailing_ship)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gundeck-69"}],"text":"Carronade on the spar deck of ConstitutionSee also: Naval artillery in the Age of SailThe 44-gun ships sometimes carried over 50 guns, and Constitution was known to carry 24-pounder guns in her main battery instead of the normal 18-pounders most frigates carried.[2]The Naval Act of 1794 had specified 36-gun frigates in addition to the 44s, but at some point the 36s were re-rated as 38s.[65] Their \"ratings\" by number of guns were meant only as an approximation.[66]Ships of this era usually had no permanent battery of guns, as modern navy ships carry. The guns and cannons were designed to be completely portable, and often were exchanged between ships or shore as situations warranted. Each commanding officer generally outfitted armaments to his liking, taking into consideration factors such as the overall tonnage of cargo, complement of personnel on board, and planned routes to be sailed. Consequently, the armaments on ships would change many times during their careers, and records of the changes were not generally kept.[67]Commonly, twelve men and a powder-boy were required to operate each gun.[68] If needed, some men were designated to take stations as boarders, to man the bilge pumps, or to fight fires. Guns were normally manned on the engaged side only; if a ship engaged two opponents, gun crews had to be divided. All of the guns were capable of using several different kinds of projectiles: round shot, chain or bar shot, grape shot, and heated shot.[69] Each gun was mounted on a wooden gun carriage controlled by an arrangement of rope and tackle. The captain ordered the gun crews to either open fire together in a single broadside, or allowed each crew to fire at will as the target came close alongside. The gun captain pulled the lanyard to trip the flintlock which sent a spark into the pan. The ignited powder in the pan sent a flame through the priming tube to set off the powder charge in the gun and hurl its projectile at the enemy.The marine detachment on board provided the naval infantry that manned the fighting tops, armed with muskets to fire down onto the decks of the enemy ship.[68]","title":"Armament"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BirchBattleBetweenTheUnitedStatesAndTheMacedonian.jpg"},{"link_name":"Engagement between the United States and the Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engagement_between_the_United_States_and_the_Macedonian"},{"link_name":"Oil on canvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_on_canvas"},{"link_name":"Thomas Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Birch_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Timothy Pickering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Pickering"},{"link_name":"Arms of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Stoddert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Stoddert"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chesapeake-5"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beach31-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"text":"Painting of the October 30, 1812 Engagement between the United States and the Macedonian –Oil on canvas by Thomas Birch, 1813The frigates were originally designated by the letters A through F until March 1795, when Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, prepared a list of ten suggested names for the ships (in addition to those later used, the list also included Defender, Fortitude, Perseverance, Protector, and Liberty). President Washington was responsible for selecting five of the names: Constitution, United States, President, and Congress, each of which represented a principle of the United States Constitution, together with Constellation which derived from the blazon of the Arms of the United States, \"13 stars, forming a constellation.\" The sixth frigate, Chesapeake, remained nameless until 1799, when Secretary of the Navy, Benjamin Stoddert, designated her a namesake of the Chesapeake Bay, ignoring the previous Constitutional naming protocol.[5][70][71]","title":"Frigates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_United_States_(1797)"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"HMS Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Macedonian"},{"link_name":"put in reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_fleet"},{"link_name":"Confederate States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"United States was built in Philadelphia, launched on May 10, 1797, and commissioned on July 11, 1797. On October 25, 1812, United States fought and captured the frigate HMS Macedonian. United States was decommissioned on February 24, 1849, and put in reserve at Norfolk, Virginia. In 1861, while still in reserve at Norfolk, the ship was seized and commissioned into the Confederate States Navy, which later scuttled the ship. In 1862, Union forces raised the scuttled ship and retained control until she was broken up in 1865.","title":"Frigates"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Constellation.jpg"},{"link_name":"Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Constellation_(1797)"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Insurgente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Insurgent_(1799)"},{"link_name":"Vengeance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_frigate_Vengeance_(1795)"},{"link_name":"Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Constellation_(1854)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"Constellation","text":"Detail of USS Constellation (from Capture of the French Frigate, L'Insurgente –Watercolor by Admiral John W. Schmidt, 1981)Constellation was built in Baltimore and launched on September 7, 1797. On February 9, 1799, she fought and captured the French frigate Insurgente. This was the first major victory by an American-designed and -built warship. In February 1800, Constellation fought the French frigate Vengeance. Although Vengeance was not captured or sunk, she was so badly damaged that her captain intentionally grounded the ship to prevent her from sinking. Constellation was struck in 1853 and broken up. During construction of a new Constellation in 1854, it was claimed that it was a \"repair\" of the original ship (a common dodge of the time for political reasons) leading to uncertainty over which ship was preserved in Baltimore until it was proven in 1999 to be the second Constellation.[72]","title":"Frigates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Edmund Hartt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hartt"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"George Claghorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Claghorn"},{"link_name":"Samuel Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hollis48-45"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Barbary pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_pirates"},{"link_name":"First Barbary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Barbary_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Constitution_1997.jpg"},{"link_name":"warships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warship"},{"link_name":"HMS Guerriere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Guerriere_(1806)"},{"link_name":"HMS Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Java_(1811)"},{"link_name":"HMS Cyane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cyane_(1806)"},{"link_name":"HMS Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Levant_(1813)"},{"link_name":"scrapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrap"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Squadron_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Squadron"},{"link_name":"squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(naval)"},{"link_name":"circumnavigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumnavigation"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"training ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_ship"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"Paris Exposition of 1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1878)"},{"link_name":"receiving ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiving_ship"},{"link_name":"museum ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_ship"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Victory-77"},{"link_name":"Charlestown Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"USS Constitution Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Constitution_Museum"}],"sub_title":"Constitution","text":"Constitution, rated at 44 guns, launched from Edmund Hartt's shipyard in Boston on October 21, 1797, by naval constructor George Claghorn and Captain Samuel Nicholson.[44] During the Quasi-War she captured the French merchant ship Niger,[73] and was later involved in battling the Barbary pirates in the First Barbary War.USS Constitution under sail for the first time in 116 years on July 21, 1997She is most well known for her actions during the War of 1812 against Britain, when she captured numerous merchant ships and defeated four British warships: HMS Guerriere, HMS Java, HMS Cyane, and HMS Levant. The battle with the Guerriere earned her the nickname of \"Old Ironsides\" and public adoration that has repeatedly saved her from scrapping. She continued to actively serve the nation as flagship in the Mediterranean and African squadrons and made a circumnavigation of the world in the 1840s. During the American Civil War she served as a training ship for the United States Naval Academy and carried artwork and industrial displays to the Paris Exposition of 1878. Retired from active service in 1881, she served as a receiving ship until designated a museum ship in 1907. In 1931 she made a three-year, 90-port tour of the nation, and in 1997 after a comprehensive restoration to her 1812 configuration she finally sailed again under her own power for her 200th birthday.The oldest commissioned warship afloat in the world,[74][b] Constitution is berthed at the Charlestown Navy Yard in Massachusetts and is used to promote understanding of the Navy's role in war and peace through educational outreach, historic demonstration, and active participation in public events. Constitution is open to visitors year-round, providing tours, with the USS Constitution Museum nearby.","title":"Frigates"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chesapeake.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chesapeake_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_178198.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chesapeake_(1799)"},{"link_name":"Gosport Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosport_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Josiah Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Fox"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chesapeake_(1799)"},{"link_name":"Josiah Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Fox"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Constellation_(1797)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Stoddert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Stoddert"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beach31-71"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"between perpendiculars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_between_perpendiculars"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Congress_(1799)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constellation-I-4"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congress-62"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake–Leopard affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair"},{"link_name":"HMS Leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Leopard_(1790)"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"struck her colors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struck_her_colors"},{"link_name":"Halifax, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"HMS Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Shannon_(1806)"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"a watermill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Mill"}],"sub_title":"Chesapeake","text":"USS ChesapeakeChesapeake MillChesapeake was built at the Gosport Navy Yard, Virginia, and was launched on December 2, 1799. The Chesapeake was the only one of the six frigates to be disowned by Humphreys due to liberties taken by her Master Constructor Josiah Fox during construction relating to overall dimensions.[76] The frigate that became Chesapeake was originally planned as a 44-gun ship, but when her construction began in 1798 Josiah Fox altered the original design plan, resulting in the ship's re-rating to 36 guns.[77] Fox's reason for making the alteration is not clear, but may be attributed to construction materials that were diverted to complete Constellation. Additionally, Fox and Humphreys had earlier disagreed over the design of the six frigates, and Fox may have taken opportunities during construction to make alterations to his own liking. Regardless, the plan for the redesigned frigate was approved by Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Stoddert.[70]When construction finished on Chesapeake, she had the smallest dimensions of all six frigates.[78] A length of 152.8 ft (46.6 m) between perpendiculars and 41.3 ft (12.6 m) of beam contrasted with the other two 36-gun frigates, Congress and Constellation, which were built to 164 ft (50 m) in length and 41 ft (12 m) of beam.[4][61][79]On June 22, 1807, what has become known as the Chesapeake–Leopard affair occurred when the Chesapeake was fired upon by HMS Leopard for refusing to comply with a demand to permit a search for deserters from the Royal Navy. After several quick broadsides from Leopard, to which the Chesapeake replied with only one gun, the Chesapeake struck her colors. HMS Leopard refused the surrender, searched the Chesapeake, captured four alleged deserters, and sailed to Halifax, Nova Scotia. Chesapeake was captured on June 1, 1813, by HMS Shannon shortly after sailing from Boston, Massachusetts. Taken into Royal Navy service, she was later sold, and broken up at Portsmouth, England, in 1820 (with a good deal of her timbers being made into a watermill).","title":"Frigates"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USSCongress.png"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Congress_(1799)"},{"link_name":"East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"John Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rodgers_(naval_officer,_War_of_1812)"},{"link_name":"First Barbary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Barbary_War"},{"link_name":"xebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xebec"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"HMS Belvidera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Belvidera_(1809)"},{"link_name":"HMS Galatea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Galatea_(1810)"},{"link_name":"HMS Curlew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Curlew_(1812)"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islands"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Second Barbary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Barbary_War"},{"link_name":"Charles Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Morris_(naval_officer)"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"James Biddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Biddle_(commodore)"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"sub_title":"Congress","text":"Sail plan of CongressCongress—rated at 38 guns—was launched on August 15, 1799, from Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, under the command of Captain James Sever. Beginning her maiden voyage on January 6, 1800, she headed for the East Indies,[80] but soon after her masts were destroyed in a gale, forcing her return to port; repairs took six months. She sailed again on July 26 for the West Indies and made uneventful patrols through April 1801.[81][82]Under the command of John Rodgers, Congress sailed for the Mediterranean in June 1804 and performed services during the First Barbary War. She assumed blockade duties off Tripoli and participated in the capture of a xebec in October. In July 1805, she helped to blockade Tunisia, and in September of that year carried the Tunisian ambassador back to Washington, D.C. Afterward, she served as a classroom for midshipman training through 1807.[83][84][85]Under the command of Captain John Smith during the War of 1812, she made three extended cruises in company with President and briefly with United States. She was part of a pursuit of a fleet of British merchant ships and assisted President in the attempted capture of HMS Belvidera. On the return voyage, Congress and President captured seven merchant ships. Congress' second cruise began in October 1812, and she pursued HMS Galatea and captured the merchant ship Argo. Arriving back in Boston on December 31, she assisted in capturing eight additional merchant ships. After repairs, she sailed in company with President on April 30, 1813, and pursued HMS Curlew, which escaped. Setting off on her own, she made a lengthy voyage off the Cape Verde Islands and the coast of Brazil. During this long cruise she captured only four small merchant ships, returning home in late 1813. Because of a lack of materials to repair her, she was placed in reserve for the remainder of the war.[86][87][88]In 1815 she returned to active service for the Second Barbary War under Captain Charles Morris, and in August Congress joined a squadron and began patrol duties, subsequently making appearances off Tripoli and Tunis. Returning to Boston, she decommissioned in December.[89] She patrolled against piracy in the Gulf of Mexico from December 1816 to July 1817 and made a voyage to South America in 1818. Early in 1819 she made a voyage to China, becoming the first U.S. warship to visit that country.[90] In 1822 she served as the flagship of James Biddle, combating piracy in the West Indies. Under Biddle she made a voyage to Spain and Argentina. She began serving as a receiving ship in 1824 and remained on that duty until ordered broken up in 1834.[91][92][93]","title":"Frigates"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usspresidentatanchor.jpg"},{"link_name":"gun deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_deck"},{"link_name":"mainmast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main-mast"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canney-44"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_President_(1800)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Truxtun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Truxtun"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Richard Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dale"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Samuel Barron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Barron_(1765%E2%80%931810)"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Little Belt affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Belt_affair"},{"link_name":"HMS Little Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Little_Belt_(1807)"},{"link_name":"HMS Guerriere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Guerriere_(1806)"},{"link_name":"impressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressment"},{"link_name":"Arthur Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Bingham"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"HMS Belvidera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Belvidera_(1809)"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"day's journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day%27s_journey"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"HMS Nymphe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Nymphe_(1812)"},{"link_name":"HMS Galatea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Galatea_(1810)"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"HMS Curlew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Curlew_(1812)"},{"link_name":"HMS Highflyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Highflyer_(1813)"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Stephen Decatur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Decatur"},{"link_name":"HMS Endymion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Endymion_(1797)"},{"link_name":"HMS Pomone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_frigate_Astr%C3%A9e_(1809)"},{"link_name":"HMS Tenedos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Tenedos_(1812)"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"HMS President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_President_(1800)#As_HMS_President"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"}],"sub_title":"President","text":"U.S.S. President at Anchor in Heavy Swell –Watercolor by John Russell, 1904Minor alterations were made to President based on experience gained in constructing the 44-gun ships Constitution and United States. Humphreys instructed President's naval contractor to raise the gun deck by 2 in (5.1 cm) and move the mainmast 2 ft (61 cm) farther aft.[94] In the case of President, construction was begun at New York in the shipyard of Foreman Cheesman and work on her was discontinued in 1796. Construction resumed in 1798, under Christian Bergh and naval constructor William Doughty.[43]Rated at 44 guns, President was the last frigate to be completed, launching from New York City on April 10, 1800, with Captain Thomas Truxtun in command. She departed for patrols during the Quasi-War on August 5 and recaptured several American merchant ships. After the peace treaty, she returned to the United States in March 1801.[95]In May 1801 she sailed under the command of Richard Dale for service in the First Barbary War. She made appearances off Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, capturing a Greek vessel with Tripolitan soldiers aboard and participating in a prisoner exchange. She returned to the United States on April 14, 1802,[96][97][98] then left for a second patrol on the Barbary coast in 1804 under the command of Samuel Barron. In company with Congress, Constellation, and Constitution, President experienced a mostly uneventful tour, assisting in the capture of three vessels, performing blockade duties, and undergoing two changes of commanding officers. She sailed for home on July 13, 1805, carrying with her many sailors released from captivity in Tripoli.[99][100]On May 16, 1811, in what became known as the Little Belt affair, President, under the command of Captain John Rodgers, mistakenly identified HMS Little Belt as the frigate HMS Guerriere while searching for impressed American sailors taken by the Royal Navy. Though the sequence of events is disputed on both sides, both ships discharged cannon for several minutes before Rodgers determined that Little Belt was a much smaller ship than Guerriere. Little Belt suffered serious damage and thirty-one killed or wounded in the exchange. Rodgers offered assistance to Little Belt's Captain Arthur Bingham, but he declined and sailed off for Halifax, Nova Scotia. The U.S. and Royal Navy investigations each determined the other ship to be responsible for the attack, increasing tensions leading up to the War of 1812.[101][102][103]Still under the command of John Rodgers, President made three extended cruises during the War of 1812 in company with Congress and briefly with United States. President encountered HMS Belvidera and engaged in a fight from which Belvidera eventually escaped.[104][105] Pursuing a fleet of merchant ships, President sailed to within a day's journey of the English Channel before returning to Boston, capturing seven merchant ships en route.[106][107] Her second cruise began with a pursuit of HMS Nymphe and HMS Galatea, but she failed to overtake either of them. Later prizes were the packet ship Swallow, carrying a large amount of currency, and eight other merchant ships. President returned on December 31.[108][109] Her third cruise of the war began April 30, 1813, with her pursuit of HMS Curlew, but she once again lost a race to overtake an enemy ship. President spent five months at sea, capturing several merchant ships, but the only highlight was the capture of HMS Highflyer in late September.[110][111]After the ship spent a year blockaded in port, Stephen Decatur assumed command of President. On the evening of January 14, 1815, President headed out of New York harbor but ran aground, suffering some damage to the copper. Unable to return to port, she was forced to head out to sea. Later the next afternoon she fought a battle with HMS Endymion. Decatur attempted to capture Endymion to replace President, but this plan failed because Endymion was smaller and more maneuverable. Decatur surrendered his ship to Endymion only to sail away under the cover of night. Subsequently, HMS Pomone and HMS Tenedos overtook President, and Decatur surrendered the ship once again to Endymion.[112][113] President was taken into the Royal Navy as HMS President, but served only a few years before being broken up in 1818.[114]","title":"Frigates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Victory_77-0"},{"link_name":"HMS Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Victory"},{"link_name":"dry dock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_dock"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships"}],"text":"^ Chesapeake's altered construction led to her re-rating as a 36-gun ship. Because of their larger dimensions over Chesapeake, Congress and Constellation were re-rated to 38s.[41]\n\n^ HMS Victory is the oldest commissioned vessel by three decades; however, Victory has been in permanent dry dock since 1922.[75]This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ournavyandbarba01allegoog"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2618279","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2618279"},{"link_name":"Our Naval War With France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_n2kSAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1202325","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1202325"},{"link_name":"Beach, Edward L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_L._Beach_Jr."},{"link_name":"The United States Navy 200 Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/unitedstatesnavy00beac"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-03-044711-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-044711-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12104038","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/12104038"},{"link_name":"Sailing warships of the US Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JEkV5RyAIKMC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55750-990-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-990-1"},{"link_name":"Chapelle, Howard I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_I._Chapelle"},{"link_name":"The History of the American Sailing Navy; the Ships and Their Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofamerica0000chap"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1471717","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1471717"},{"link_name":"Cooper, James Fenimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"197401914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/197401914"},{"link_name":"If By Sea: The Forging of the American Navy – From the American Revolution to the War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ifbyseaforgingof0000daug"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-465-01607-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01607-5"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"190876973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/190876973"},{"link_name":"Fowler, William M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Fowler"},{"link_name":"Jack Tars and Commodores: The American Navy, 1783–1815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/jacktarscommodor00fowl"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-395-35314-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-35314-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10277756","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/10277756"},{"link_name":"The Frigate Constitution; 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Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs. Boston, New York and Chicago: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 2618279.\n—— (1909). Our Naval War With France. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 1202325.\nBeach, Edward L. (1986). The United States Navy 200 Years. New York: H. Holt. ISBN 978-0-03-044711-2. OCLC 12104038.\nCanney, Donald L. (2001). Sailing warships of the US Navy. Naval Institute Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-55750-990-1.\nChapelle, Howard I. (1949). The History of the American Sailing Navy; the Ships and Their Development. New York: Norton. OCLC 1471717.\nCooper, James Fenimore (1856). History of the Navy of the United States of America. New York: Stringer & Townsend. OCLC 197401914.\nDaughan, George C. (2008). If By Sea: The Forging of the American Navy – From the American Revolution to the War of 1812. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01607-5. OCLC 190876973.\nFowler, William M. (1984). Jack Tars and Commodores: The American Navy, 1783–1815. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-35314-9. OCLC 10277756.\nHollis, Ira N. (1900). The Frigate Constitution; The Central Figure of the Navy Under Sail. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 2350400.\nHumphreys, Henry H. (1916). \"Who Built the First United States Navy?\". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. XL, no. 4. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania. pp. 385–411. ISSN 0031-4587. OCLC 1762062.\nJennings, John (1966). Tattered Ensign The Story of America's Most Famous Fighting Frigate, U.S.S. Constitution. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. OCLC 1291484.\nMaclay, Edgar Stanton; Smith, Roy Campbell (1898) [1893]. A History of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1898. Vol. 1 (New ed.). New York: D. Appleton. OCLC 609036.\n—— (1898) [1893]. A History of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1898. Vol. 2 (New ed.). New York: D. Appleton. ISBN 9780722275009. OCLC 609036.\nMartin, Tyrone G. (2003) [1997]. A Most Fortunate Ship: A Narrative History of \"Old Ironsides\" (Revised ed.). Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-513-9. OCLC 51022876.\nMorris, Charles (1880). Soley, J. R. (ed.). \"The Autobiography of Commodore Charles Morris U.S.N.\" Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute. VI (12). Annapolis: United States Naval Institute: 111–219. ISSN 0041-798X. OCLC 2496995.\nRoosevelt, Theodore (1883) [1882]. The Naval War of 1812 (3rd ed.). New York: G.P. Putnam's sons. OCLC 133902576.\nSmelser, Marshall (1959). The Congress Founds the Navy, 1787–1798. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. OCLC 422274.\nToll, Ian W (2006). Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the US Navy. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-05847-5. OCLC 70291925.\nWood, Virginia Steele (1981). Live Oaking: Southern Timber for Tall Ships. Boston: Northeastern University Press. ISBN 978-0930350208. OCLC 7795440.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hoyt, Edwin Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Palmer_Hoyt"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7838-9151-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7838-9151-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"44468774","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/44468774"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-877853-60-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-877853-60-7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"44632941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/44632941"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1384754","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1384754"},{"link_name":"Old Ironsides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/oldironsides0000wach"},{"link_name":"Children's Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-516-24207-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-516-24207-5"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"50035427","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50035427"}],"text":"Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2000). Old Ironsides (Large Print). Thorndike: G.K. Hall. ISBN 0-7838-9151-2. OCLC 44468774.\nHumphreys, Assheton Y. (2000). Tyrone G. Martin (ed.). The USS Constitution's Finest Fight: The Journal of Acting Chaplain Assheton Humphreys, US Navy. Mount Pleasant: Nautical & Aviation Publishing. ISBN 1-877853-60-7. OCLC 44632941.\nPoolman, Kenneth (1962). Guns Off Cape Ann; The Story of the Shannon and the Chesapeake. Chicago: Rand McNally. OCLC 1384754.\nWachtel, Roger (2003). Old Ironsides (Elementary and Junior High School). New York: Children's Press. ISBN 0-516-24207-5. OCLC 50035427.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Diagonal riders for hull stiffness are depicted here from the 1992 restoration of Constitution.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Constitutiondiagonalriders.gif/240px-Constitutiondiagonalriders.gif"},{"image_text":"The launching of USS Constitution","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Launching_USS_Constitution.png/170px-Launching_USS_Constitution.png"},{"image_text":"Carronade on the spar deck of Constitution","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2006Boston088.jpg/170px-2006Boston088.jpg"},{"image_text":"Painting of the October 30, 1812 Engagement between the United States and the Macedonian –Oil on canvas by Thomas Birch, 1813","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BirchBattleBetweenTheUnitedStatesAndTheMacedonian.jpg/170px-BirchBattleBetweenTheUnitedStatesAndTheMacedonian.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail of USS Constellation (from Capture of the French Frigate, L'Insurgente –Watercolor by Admiral John W. Schmidt, 1981)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/USS_Constellation.jpg/170px-USS_Constellation.jpg"},{"image_text":"USS Constitution under sail for the first time in 116 years on July 21, 1997","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/USS_Constitution_1997.jpg/180px-USS_Constitution_1997.jpg"},{"image_text":"USS Chesapeake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chesapeake.jpg/170px-Chesapeake.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chesapeake Mill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Chesapeake_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_178198.jpg/220px-Chesapeake_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_178198.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sail plan of Congress","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/USSCongress.png/170px-USSCongress.png"},{"image_text":"U.S.S. President at Anchor in Heavy Swell –Watercolor by John Russell, 1904","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Usspresidentatanchor.jpg/170px-Usspresidentatanchor.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"US Navy Fact File – Constitution\". United States Navy. July 7, 2009. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170701203833/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=4200&tid=100&ct=4","url_text":"\"US Navy Fact File – Constitution\""},{"url":"http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=4200&tid=100&ct=4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Constitution\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/constitution.html","url_text":"\"Constitution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships","url_text":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy","url_text":"Navy Department"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command","url_text":"Naval History and Heritage Command"}]},{"reference":"\"Constellation\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/constellation-i.html","url_text":"\"Constellation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chesapeake\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/chesapeake-i.html","url_text":"\"Chesapeake\""}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. \"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\". Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-","url_text":"\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\""}]},{"reference":"Toll, Ian W. (2006). Six Frigates. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. p. 45. 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Naval History & Heritage Command. Archived from the original on February 6, 1997. Retrieved September 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19970206095004/http://www.history.navy.mil/biblio/biblio4/biblio4a.htm","url_text":"\"Navy History: Federal/Quasi War\""},{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/biblio/biblio4/biblio4a.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"United States\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/u/united-states-frigate.html","url_text":"\"United States\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ganges\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/g/ganges.html","url_text":"\"Ganges\""}]},{"reference":"\"Congress\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/congress-iii.html","url_text":"\"Congress\""}]},{"reference":"\"President\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/president-i.html","url_text":"\"President\""}]},{"reference":"Reilly Jr., John C. (February 4, 2008). \"The Constitution Gun Deck\". Naval History & Heritage Command. Archived from the original on April 21, 2009. Retrieved April 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/consitutiongundeck.htm","url_text":"\"The Constitution Gun Deck\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090421061055/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/consitutiongundeck.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wegner, Dana M. (September 1991). \"Fouled Anchors: The Constellation Question Answered\" (PDF). David Taylor Research Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Documents/NSWC_Carderock/fouled_anchors-1.pdf","url_text":"\"Fouled Anchors: The Constellation Question Answered\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Taylor_Research_Center","url_text":"David Taylor Research Center"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161011005244/http://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Documents/NSWC_Carderock/fouled_anchors-1.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Eric (October 21, 2009). \"Hundreds Join Old Ironsides' Return to Sea for 212th Birthday\". Navy News Service. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=49131","url_text":"\"Hundreds Join Old Ironsides' Return to Sea for 212th Birthday\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121007005925/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=49131","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Victory Service Life\". HMS Victory website. Archived from the original on September 24, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130924031708/http://hms-victory.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=153&Itemid=572","url_text":"\"HMS Victory Service Life\""},{"url":"http://www.hms-victory.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=153&Itemid=572","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"W., Toll, Ian (March 17, 2008). Six frigates : the epic history of the founding of the U.S. Navy. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 416. ISBN 978-0-393-06664-7. OCLC 916039503.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/916039503","url_text":"Six frigates : the epic history of the founding of the U.S. Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06664-7","url_text":"978-0-393-06664-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/916039503","url_text":"916039503"}]},{"reference":"Raymond, William (1851). Biographical Sketches of the Distinguished Men of Columbia County. Albany: Weed, Parsons. p. 47. OCLC 3720201. 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A History of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1898. Vol. 1 (New ed.). New York: D. Appleton. OCLC 609036.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3tVCAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"A History of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1898"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/609036","url_text":"609036"}]},{"reference":"—— (1898) [1893]. A History of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1898. Vol. 2 (New ed.). New York: D. Appleton. ISBN 9780722275009. 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OCLC 2496995.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Morris_(naval_officer)","url_text":"Morris, Charles"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0LErckxQpPIC","url_text":"\"The Autobiography of Commodore Charles Morris U.S.N.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute","url_text":"United States Naval Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-798X","url_text":"0041-798X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2496995","url_text":"2496995"}]},{"reference":"Roosevelt, Theodore (1883) [1882]. The Naval War of 1812 (3rd ed.). New York: G.P. Putnam's sons. OCLC 133902576.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt","url_text":"Roosevelt, Theodore"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Fb1CAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The Naval War of 1812"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/133902576","url_text":"133902576"}]},{"reference":"Smelser, Marshall (1959). The Congress Founds the Navy, 1787–1798. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. OCLC 422274.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/422274","url_text":"422274"}]},{"reference":"Toll, Ian W (2006). Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the US Navy. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-05847-5. OCLC 70291925.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_W._Toll","url_text":"Toll, Ian W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Frigates:_The_Epic_History_of_the_Founding_of_the_US_Navy","url_text":"Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the US Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05847-5","url_text":"978-0-393-05847-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70291925","url_text":"70291925"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Virginia Steele (1981). Live Oaking: Southern Timber for Tall Ships. Boston: Northeastern University Press. ISBN 978-0930350208. OCLC 7795440.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0930350208","url_text":"978-0930350208"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7795440","url_text":"7795440"}]},{"reference":"Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2000). Old Ironsides (Large Print). Thorndike: G.K. Hall. ISBN 0-7838-9151-2. OCLC 44468774.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Palmer_Hoyt","url_text":"Hoyt, Edwin Palmer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7838-9151-2","url_text":"0-7838-9151-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44468774","url_text":"44468774"}]},{"reference":"Humphreys, Assheton Y. (2000). Tyrone G. Martin (ed.). The USS Constitution's Finest Fight: The Journal of Acting Chaplain Assheton Humphreys, US Navy. Mount Pleasant: Nautical & Aviation Publishing. ISBN 1-877853-60-7. OCLC 44632941.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-877853-60-7","url_text":"1-877853-60-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44632941","url_text":"44632941"}]},{"reference":"Poolman, Kenneth (1962). Guns Off Cape Ann; The Story of the Shannon and the Chesapeake. Chicago: Rand McNally. OCLC 1384754.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1384754","url_text":"1384754"}]},{"reference":"Wachtel, Roger (2003). Old Ironsides (Elementary and Junior High School). New York: Children's Press. ISBN 0-516-24207-5. OCLC 50035427.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oldironsides0000wach","url_text":"Old Ironsides"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Press","url_text":"Children's Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-516-24207-5","url_text":"0-516-24207-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50035427","url_text":"50035427"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_Bioscience
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DNA Bioscience
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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DNA Bioscience is a DNA testing company offering a DNA paternity testing service in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 2003 and ended within two years.
The company gained much press in 2005 when the UK politician David Blunkett bought shares in the company, shortly after which he became Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. He failed to declare his interest in the company, which ultimately led to his resignation from the Cabinet in November 2005.
The company went into liquidation on 8 December 2005 and was bought by an American-based DNA testing laboratory.
References
^ "DNA Bioscience Brings Breakthrough in Home DNA Testing". PR Newswire. 8 August 2003. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
^ a b Antony Barnett and Tania Branigan "DNA company that Blunkett backed heads for collapse", The Guardian, 9 December 2005
^ Rosie Murray-West "Blunkett could lose £15,000 as DNA company faces insolvency", The Daily Telegraph, 10 December 2005
^ "Debts force Blunkett DNA test company to halt trading", The Times, 12 December 2005 (subscription needed)
External links
Company website
This article about a medical, pharmaceutical or biotechnological corporation or company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Blunkett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blunkett"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Work and Pensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Work_and_Pensions"},{"link_name":"the Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The company gained much press in 2005 when the UK politician David Blunkett bought shares in the company, shortly after which he became Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. He failed to declare his interest in the company, which ultimately led to his resignation from the Cabinet in November 2005.[2]The company went into liquidation on 8 December 2005[3][2] and was bought by an American-based DNA testing laboratory.[4]","title":"DNA Bioscience"}]
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[{"reference":"\"DNA Bioscience Brings Breakthrough in Home DNA Testing\". PR Newswire. 8 August 2003. Retrieved 12 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dna-bioscience-brings-breakthrough-in-home-dna-testing-67275297.html","url_text":"\"DNA Bioscience Brings Breakthrough in Home DNA Testing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Newswire","url_text":"PR Newswire"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dna-bioscience-brings-breakthrough-in-home-dna-testing-67275297.html","external_links_name":"\"DNA Bioscience Brings Breakthrough in Home DNA Testing\""},{"Link":"http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,,1663483,00.html","external_links_name":"\"DNA company that Blunkett backed heads for collapse\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060101085407/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/12/10/nblunk10.xml&sSheet=/portal/2005/12/10/ixportal.html","external_links_name":"\"Blunkett could lose £15,000 as DNA company faces insolvency\""},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/newspaper/0,,175-1918531,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Debts force Blunkett DNA test company to halt trading"},{"Link":"http://www.dna-bioscience.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Company website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_Bioscience&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Srinagar_by-election
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2017 Srinagar by-election
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["1 Candidates","2 Results","3 Violence and protests","4 See also","5 References"]
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A by-election was held in the Lok Sabha constituency of Srinagar on 9 April 2017 with repolling in 38 polling on 13 April. It was triggered by the resignation of Tariq Hameed Karra after his defection from Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party to the Indian National Congress.
21 March was the final date for candidates to nominate. Voting took place between 7am and 5pm.
Candidates
Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party (PDP): The party selected Nazir Ahmad Khan, a former Congress leader, to defend the seat.
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference - Farooq Abdullah stood as the candidate for the party.
Other party candidates included Sajad Reshi of Rashtriya Samajwadi Party, Chetan Sharma of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha and Bikram Singh of Jammu and Kashmir Liberal Democratic Party. The independent candidates were Sajjad Hussain Beigh, Ghulam Hassan Dar, Farooq Ahmad Dar and Mehraj Khurshid Malik.
Some leaders of the Bharatiya Janata Party stated in mid-March that it will stand against its government coalition partner the PDP. However only the PDP filed nominations. Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party stated that it had decided to boycott the election, claiming the security cover to its senior leaders was withdrawn. The Kashmiri separatists meanwhile called upon the voters to boycott the poll.
Results
A voter turnout of 7.14%, the lowest in 30 years, was recorded amidst violent protests and attacks on polling stations by mobs during the elections on 9 April. Repoll at 38 polling stations was ordered by the Election Commission of India. A 2% voter turnout was recorded in areas where repolling was held on 13 April, bringing the turnout to 7.13%. Farooq Abdullah was declared the winner on the next day with over 10,700 votes over his nearest rival Nazir Ahmad Khan.
Declared results:
Colour
Party
Candidate
No. of votes
Percentage of votes
JKNC
Farooq Abdullah
48,555
54.02%
JKPDP
Nazir Ahmad Khan
37,779
42.03%
NOTA
—
931
1.04%
Independent
Farooq Ahmad Dar
630
0.70%
Independent
Mehraj Khurshid Malik
576
0.64%
All Jammu & Kashmir Liberal Democratic Party
Bikram Singh
496
0.55%
Independent
Mirza Sajjad Hussain Beigh
364
0.40%
ABHM
Chetan Sharma
364
0.22%
Independent
Ghullam Hassan Dar
197
0.22%
Rashtriya Samajwadi Party (Secular)
Sajad Reshi
155
0.17%
No. of eligible voters
No. of votes cast
No. of Valid votes
Percentage of votes valid
Turnout
1,261,862
89,881
89,881
100%
7.13%
Violence and protests
Violence broke out during the elections on 9 April with over 200 violent incidents reported, concentrated mostly in Budgam district in addition to attacks on polling stations with poll staff abandoning about 70% of election stations. Protesters tried to enforce a boycott that had been called by the separatists. 8 people were killed in clashes between mobs and security forces. Videos of Kashmiri youths beating up CRPF troops who did not retaliate, as well as videos of purported excesses by Indian troops created controversies. The repolling on 13 April was relatively peaceful with only one incident of stone-throwing reported, however with a very low voter turnout.
The by-poll for the Lok Sabha seat of Anantnag which was originally scheduled for 12 April was also postponed to 25 May due to the violence in the Srinagar by-poll. The election to the Anantnag seat was later cancelled with the Election Commission citing security problems.
See also
Elections in Jammu and Kashmir
References
^ a b Zaffar Iqbal, Sheikh. "Srinagar By-Election: Farooq Abdullah Beats PDP Candidate In Key Contest". NDTV.
^ "By-election to Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency on April 9". 14 March 2017.
^ "PDP and BJP to field separate candidates in Kashmir bypolls". Economic Times.
^ "Farooq Abdullah and others file nomination for Srinagar bypolls". Zee News. PTI.
^ a b "9 in fray for Srinagar seat". Daily Excelsior.
^ Ashiq, Peerzada. "Mehbooba's brother to make debut, contest LS by-election".
^ "NPP to boycott bypolls to Srinagar, Anantnag seats: Bhim Singh". Daily News and Analysis. PTI.
^ Ehsan, Mir. "Kashmiri separatists call for bypoll boycott". The Indian Express.
^ Jose, Bijin. "Srinagar Lok Sabha bypoll: Lowest turnout in 3 decades with 7.14 per cent voting, 8 killed in clashes". India Today.
^ "EC Orders Repoll at 38 Polling Stations in Srinagar Constituency". News 18.
^ a b "Srinagar bypoll: Only 2% voter turnout recorded after repolling in Kashmir". Hindustan Times. PTI.
^ Zaki Iqbal, Aadil Ikram. "Jammu and Kashmir-Srinagar Bye-election Results 2017: Farooq Abdullah wins battle of prestige in Jammu and Kashmir". Essel Group.
^ "8 killed in Kashmir bypoll violence, Srinagar registers poor voter turnout of 7.14%". Hindustan Times.
^ "Youths beating jawans video: J&K DGP lauds CRPF men's restraint". The Hindu.
^ "Two fresh videos of 'rights violations' by security forces go viral in Kashmir". Hindustan Times.
^ "EC defers Anantnag Lok Sabha bypoll to May 25 after Srinagar violence". Hindustan Times.
^ "Election Commission Cancels Anantnag Lok Sabha By-Poll In Jammu And Kashmir Over Law And Order". NDTV.
vteElections in Jammu and KashmirGeneral elections
1957
1962
1967
1971
1977
1980
1984
1989
1991
1996
1998
1999
2004
2009
2014
2019
2024
Legislative Assembly
1934
1938
1947
1951
1957
1962
1967
1972
1977
1983
1987
1996
2002
2008
2014
2024
Local electionsMunicipal
2005
2018
2020
Panchayat
2001
2011
2018
2020
See also: Elections in India
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"21 March was the final date for candidates to nominate. Voting took place between 7am and 5pm.[2]","title":"2017 Srinagar by-election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Peoples_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jammu & Kashmir National Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conference"},{"link_name":"Farooq Abdullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farooq_Abdullah"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Hindu_Mahasabha"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Excelsior-5"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Excelsior-5"},{"link_name":"Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_National_Panthers_Party"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party (PDP): The party selected Nazir Ahmad Khan, a former Congress leader, to defend the seat.[3]\nJammu & Kashmir National Conference - Farooq Abdullah stood as the candidate for the party.[4]Other party candidates included Sajad Reshi of Rashtriya Samajwadi Party, Chetan Sharma of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha and Bikram Singh of Jammu and Kashmir Liberal Democratic Party. The independent candidates were Sajjad Hussain Beigh, Ghulam Hassan Dar, Farooq Ahmad Dar and Mehraj Khurshid Malik.[5]Some leaders of the Bharatiya Janata Party stated in mid-March that it will stand against its government coalition partner the PDP.[6] However only the PDP filed nominations.[5] Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party stated that it had decided to boycott the election, claiming the security cover to its senior leaders was withdrawn.[7] The Kashmiri separatists meanwhile called upon the voters to boycott the poll.[8]","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voter turnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Election Commission of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OnlyHT-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winner-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"A voter turnout of 7.14%, the lowest in 30 years, was recorded amidst violent protests and attacks on polling stations by mobs during the elections on 9 April.[9] Repoll at 38 polling stations was ordered by the Election Commission of India.[10] A 2% voter turnout was recorded in areas where repolling was held on 13 April, bringing the turnout to 7.13%.[11] Farooq Abdullah was declared the winner on the next day with over 10,700 votes over his nearest rival Nazir Ahmad Khan.[1]Declared results:[12]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Budgam district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgam_district"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OnlyHT-11"},{"link_name":"Lok Sabha seat of Anantnag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantnag_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Violence broke out during the elections on 9 April with over 200 violent incidents reported, concentrated mostly in Budgam district in addition to attacks on polling stations with poll staff abandoning about 70% of election stations. Protesters tried to enforce a boycott that had been called by the separatists. 8 people were killed in clashes between mobs and security forces.[13] Videos of Kashmiri youths beating up CRPF troops who did not retaliate, as well as videos of purported excesses by Indian troops created controversies.[14][15] The repolling on 13 April was relatively peaceful with only one incident of stone-throwing reported, however with a very low voter turnout.[11]The by-poll for the Lok Sabha seat of Anantnag which was originally scheduled for 12 April was also postponed to 25 May due to the violence in the Srinagar by-poll.[16] The election to the Anantnag seat was later cancelled with the Election Commission citing security problems.[17]","title":"Violence and protests"}]
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[]
|
[{"title":"Elections in Jammu and Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir"}]
|
[{"reference":"Zaffar Iqbal, Sheikh. \"Srinagar By-Election: Farooq Abdullah Beats PDP Candidate In Key Contest\". NDTV.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/srinagar-by-polls-2-voters-turned-up-for-re-polling-counting-today-1681640","url_text":"\"Srinagar By-Election: Farooq Abdullah Beats PDP Candidate In Key Contest\""}]},{"reference":"\"By-election to Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency on April 9\". 14 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/by-election-to-srinagar-lok-sabha-constituency-on-april-9/story-94H47DgG7chTXWMWBzcyFO.html","url_text":"\"By-election to Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency on April 9\""}]},{"reference":"\"PDP and BJP to field separate candidates in Kashmir bypolls\". Economic Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pdp-and-bjp-to-field-separate-candidates-in-kashmir-bypolls/articleshow/57639649.cms","url_text":"\"PDP and BJP to field separate candidates in Kashmir bypolls\""}]},{"reference":"\"Farooq Abdullah and others file nomination for Srinagar bypolls\". Zee News. PTI.","urls":[{"url":"http://zeenews.india.com/jammu-and-kashmir/farooq-abdullah-others-file-nominations-for-bypolls_1988336.html","url_text":"\"Farooq Abdullah and others file nomination for Srinagar bypolls\""}]},{"reference":"\"9 in fray for Srinagar seat\". Daily Excelsior.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/9-fray-srinagar-seat/","url_text":"\"9 in fray for Srinagar seat\""}]},{"reference":"Ashiq, Peerzada. \"Mehbooba's brother to make debut, contest LS by-election\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mehboobas-brother-to-make-debut-contest-ls-by-election/article17463920.ece","url_text":"\"Mehbooba's brother to make debut, contest LS by-election\""}]},{"reference":"\"NPP to boycott bypolls to Srinagar, Anantnag seats: Bhim Singh\". Daily News and Analysis. PTI.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-npp-to-boycott-bypolls-to-srinagar-anantnag-seats-bhim-singh-2360348","url_text":"\"NPP to boycott bypolls to Srinagar, Anantnag seats: Bhim Singh\""}]},{"reference":"Ehsan, Mir. \"Kashmiri separatists call for bypoll boycott\". The Indian Express.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/india/kashmiri-separatists-call-for-bypoll-boycott-4572499/","url_text":"\"Kashmiri separatists call for bypoll boycott\""}]},{"reference":"Jose, Bijin. \"Srinagar Lok Sabha bypoll: Lowest turnout in 3 decades with 7.14 per cent voting, 8 killed in clashes\". India Today.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/india/kashmiri-separatists-call-for-bypoll-boycott-4572499/","url_text":"\"Srinagar Lok Sabha bypoll: Lowest turnout in 3 decades with 7.14 per cent voting, 8 killed in clashes\""}]},{"reference":"\"EC Orders Repoll at 38 Polling Stations in Srinagar Constituency\". News 18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news18.com/news/india/election-commission-orders-repoll-at-38-polling-stations-in-srinagar-constituency-1371079.html","url_text":"\"EC Orders Repoll at 38 Polling Stations in Srinagar Constituency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Srinagar bypoll: Only 2% voter turnout recorded after repolling in Kashmir\". Hindustan Times. PTI.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/srinagar-by-election-only-2-02-voter-turnout-recorded-after-repolling-in-kashmir/story-3lCTvA4P1sYB4eXo4EeRjM.html","url_text":"\"Srinagar bypoll: Only 2% voter turnout recorded after repolling in Kashmir\""}]},{"reference":"Zaki Iqbal, Aadil Ikram. \"Jammu and Kashmir-Srinagar Bye-election Results 2017: Farooq Abdullah wins battle of prestige in Jammu and Kashmir\". Essel Group.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.india.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-srinagar-bye-election-results-2017-live-news-updates-2030764/","url_text":"\"Jammu and Kashmir-Srinagar Bye-election Results 2017: Farooq Abdullah wins battle of prestige in Jammu and Kashmir\""}]},{"reference":"\"8 killed in Kashmir bypoll violence, Srinagar registers poor voter turnout of 7.14%\". Hindustan Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bypolls-in-8-states-triggers-violence-in-2-clashes-in-srinagar-kill-7-as-voter-turnout-hits-less-than-10/story-V5tp2N7ISX4VoEIbsyBtQI.html","url_text":"\"8 killed in Kashmir bypoll violence, Srinagar registers poor voter turnout of 7.14%\""}]},{"reference":"\"Youths beating jawans video: J&K DGP lauds CRPF men's restraint\". The Hindu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/crpf-youths-beating-jawans-video-jk-dgp-praises-crpfs-restraint/article18014728.ece","url_text":"\"Youths beating jawans video: J&K DGP lauds CRPF men's restraint\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two fresh videos of 'rights violations' by security forces go viral in Kashmir\". Hindustan Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-fresh-videos-of-rights-violations-by-security-forces-go-viral-in-kashmir/story-oalacv511OKlFRwF12moYK.html","url_text":"\"Two fresh videos of 'rights violations' by security forces go viral in Kashmir\""}]},{"reference":"\"EC defers Anantnag Lok Sabha bypoll to May 25 after Srinagar violence\". Hindustan Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/election-commission-defers-anantnag-lok-sabha-bypoll-to-may-25-after-srinagar-violence/story-bfwOScGMpzaID0pcVqYryH.html","url_text":"\"EC defers Anantnag Lok Sabha bypoll to May 25 after Srinagar violence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Commission Cancels Anantnag Lok Sabha By-Poll In Jammu And Kashmir Over Law And Order\". NDTV.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-commission-cancels-anantnag-lok-sabha-by-poll-in-jammu-and-kashmir-citing-law-and-order-1688348","url_text":"\"Election Commission Cancels Anantnag Lok Sabha By-Poll In Jammu And Kashmir Over Law And Order\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/srinagar-by-polls-2-voters-turned-up-for-re-polling-counting-today-1681640","external_links_name":"\"Srinagar By-Election: Farooq Abdullah Beats PDP Candidate In Key Contest\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/by-election-to-srinagar-lok-sabha-constituency-on-april-9/story-94H47DgG7chTXWMWBzcyFO.html","external_links_name":"\"By-election to Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency on April 9\""},{"Link":"http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pdp-and-bjp-to-field-separate-candidates-in-kashmir-bypolls/articleshow/57639649.cms","external_links_name":"\"PDP and BJP to field separate candidates in Kashmir bypolls\""},{"Link":"http://zeenews.india.com/jammu-and-kashmir/farooq-abdullah-others-file-nominations-for-bypolls_1988336.html","external_links_name":"\"Farooq Abdullah and others file nomination for Srinagar bypolls\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/9-fray-srinagar-seat/","external_links_name":"\"9 in fray for Srinagar seat\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mehboobas-brother-to-make-debut-contest-ls-by-election/article17463920.ece","external_links_name":"\"Mehbooba's brother to make debut, contest LS by-election\""},{"Link":"http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-npp-to-boycott-bypolls-to-srinagar-anantnag-seats-bhim-singh-2360348","external_links_name":"\"NPP to boycott bypolls to Srinagar, Anantnag seats: Bhim Singh\""},{"Link":"http://indianexpress.com/article/india/kashmiri-separatists-call-for-bypoll-boycott-4572499/","external_links_name":"\"Kashmiri separatists call for bypoll boycott\""},{"Link":"http://indianexpress.com/article/india/kashmiri-separatists-call-for-bypoll-boycott-4572499/","external_links_name":"\"Srinagar Lok Sabha bypoll: Lowest turnout in 3 decades with 7.14 per cent voting, 8 killed in clashes\""},{"Link":"http://www.news18.com/news/india/election-commission-orders-repoll-at-38-polling-stations-in-srinagar-constituency-1371079.html","external_links_name":"\"EC Orders Repoll at 38 Polling Stations in Srinagar Constituency\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/srinagar-by-election-only-2-02-voter-turnout-recorded-after-repolling-in-kashmir/story-3lCTvA4P1sYB4eXo4EeRjM.html","external_links_name":"\"Srinagar bypoll: Only 2% voter turnout recorded after repolling in Kashmir\""},{"Link":"http://www.india.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-srinagar-bye-election-results-2017-live-news-updates-2030764/","external_links_name":"\"Jammu and Kashmir-Srinagar Bye-election Results 2017: Farooq Abdullah wins battle of prestige in Jammu and Kashmir\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bypolls-in-8-states-triggers-violence-in-2-clashes-in-srinagar-kill-7-as-voter-turnout-hits-less-than-10/story-V5tp2N7ISX4VoEIbsyBtQI.html","external_links_name":"\"8 killed in Kashmir bypoll violence, Srinagar registers poor voter turnout of 7.14%\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/crpf-youths-beating-jawans-video-jk-dgp-praises-crpfs-restraint/article18014728.ece","external_links_name":"\"Youths beating jawans video: J&K DGP lauds CRPF men's restraint\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-fresh-videos-of-rights-violations-by-security-forces-go-viral-in-kashmir/story-oalacv511OKlFRwF12moYK.html","external_links_name":"\"Two fresh videos of 'rights violations' by security forces go viral in Kashmir\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/election-commission-defers-anantnag-lok-sabha-bypoll-to-may-25-after-srinagar-violence/story-bfwOScGMpzaID0pcVqYryH.html","external_links_name":"\"EC defers Anantnag Lok Sabha bypoll to May 25 after Srinagar violence\""},{"Link":"http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-commission-cancels-anantnag-lok-sabha-by-poll-in-jammu-and-kashmir-citing-law-and-order-1688348","external_links_name":"\"Election Commission Cancels Anantnag Lok Sabha By-Poll In Jammu And Kashmir Over Law And Order\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Ons
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Hard-Ons
|
["1 Biography","1.1 1981–1994: Early days to disbandment","1.2 1997–2020: Reformation","1.3 2021–present: de Silva's second departure and new music","2 Musical style","3 Band members","3.1 Current members","3.2 Former members","3.3 Timeline","4 Discography","4.1 Studio albums","4.2 Compilation albums","4.3 Live albums","4.4 Extended plays","4.5 Charting singles","4.6 DVDs","4.7 Reissues","5 Awards and nominations","5.1 AIR Awards","6 References"]
|
Australian punk rock band
Not to be confused with "hard on", a slang term for erection.
Hard-OnsPeter Black and Murray Ruse at the Rolling Stone AwardsBackground informationAlso known asDead Rats, Plebs, The Three SinnersOriginSydney, AustraliaGenresPunk rock, power pop, hardcore punkYears active1982 (1982)–1994 (1994), 1997 (1997)–presentLabelsViNil, Chatterbox, Bad Taste, Waterfront, Alternative TentaclesSpinoffsNunchukka SuperflyMembersPeter "Blackie" BlackRay AhnMurray RuseTim RogersPast membersPeter KosticKeish de Silva
The Hard-Ons are an Australian punk rock band, which formed in 1982 in Punchbowl, New South Wales. Its founding members were Keish de Silva on lead vocals and drums, Peter "Blackie" Black on guitar and backing vocals, and Ray Ahn on bass guitar. The band issued five studio albums prior to their disbandment in 1994. The band reformed in 1997. In 2002, de Silva announced his departure from the band. He was replaced on drums by Front End Loader's Peter Kostic, while Black took over on lead vocals. Kostic was later replaced in turn by Conation drummer Murray Ruse in 2011. de Silva returned as a guest vocalist in 2014, and permanently rejoined the band in 2016. This version of the band would stay together for a further five years and one studio album, prior to de Silva's second departure in 2021. You Am I frontman Tim Rogers has since taken over as the band's lead vocalist.
Across their career, the band have had two singles, two EPs, three studio albums and one greatest-hits compilation peak within the ARIA top 100. They have sold over a quarter of a million albums.
Biography
1981–1994: Early days to disbandment
The Hard-Ons' origins are traced to Western Sydney's Punchbowl Boys High School, where three founding members were students. In 1981 the first version of the band, then-known as Dead Rats, included Peter "Blackie" Black on guitar, Brendan Creighton on drums and Shane Keish de Silva on guitar and vocals. In 1982 Creighton left to form Thrust and Raymond Dongwan Ahn joined on bass guitar with de Silva taking over on drums, the group began playing as The Plebs before being renamed as The Hard-Ons by the end of the year. Initially being too young to play in pubs, the band featured at birthday parties and school dances. On 20 June 1984, The Hard-Ons played their first official show at the Vulcan Hotel in Ultimo. Black later recalled "We wanted to be punk rockers ... We didn't want Keish's parents to see so we had bags full of these jackets and chains and stuff and went around the corner of the street and put all these clothes on. Keish's dad busted us". Quickly gaining a considerable following, in August 1985 the band released its debut extended play, Surfin' on My Face, on ViNil Records. This was the beginning of a series of releases for the band that netted them a run of 17 consecutive No. 1 listings on the Australian alternative music charts.
The band demonstrated an independent punk spirit, with the members deliberately controlling their own careers: recording, booking and promoting themselves, creating their own artwork (mostly by Ahn), choosing support bands and even managing the merchandise stand whilst on tour. During 1987 the group were promoted as part of the Australian skate boarding scene. While maintaining a solid if underground following in Australia, The Hard-Ons were popular in Europe, scoring a Top 10 hit in Spain and a Top 5 slot in Greece with their 1989 album, Love is a Battlefield of Wounded Hearts. It also reached the Top 5 on the NME chart; this made The Hard-Ons the third Australian band after Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and the Go Betweens to do so. In 1989 the group recorded a split EP with British band The Stupids. Two years later they teamed up with Henry Rollins and released a cover version of AC/DC's hit, "Let There Be Rock", which was released in a limited edition on 10" vinyl. In January 1992 the group performed at the inaugural Big Day Out and were joined on-stage by Rollins on four songs. Following the release of 1993's album, Too Far Gone, and after recording a live album for Your Choice Records, the band announced their break up, to pursue projects outside The Hard-Ons' style of music: "after more than ten years of playing the same songs, they were just not interested in doing so any more".
During the break-up of The Hard-Ons, Ahn and Black formed another punk band, Nunchukka Superfly, with Pete Allen of Massappeal on drums and, a short time later, James McCann from Harpoon on vocals; while de Silva created Malibu Stacey. Nunchukka Superfly released their debut, self-titled album in 1999. Black compared Nunchukka Superfly with The Hard-Ons as "a much heavier and experimental outfit, citing psychedelic, avant-garde, progressive rock, free jazz, funk and dub among the usual inspirations of punk and post-punk".
1997–2020: Reformation
In October 1997, The Hard-Ons played a reunion gig which was followed by the release of a new EP, Yesterday and Today, in 1998 and a compilation album, The Best Of, in 1999. In August 2001, ABC TV broadcast the rock music series, Long Way to the Top. The Hard-Ons featured on "Episode 6: Gathering of the Tribes 1984–2000" where they were described as "an eclectic band of misfits that took up where punk had left off in the early 80s. Their challenge was to make that sound relevant and exciting in the 1990s. There was nothing left but to get downright offensive".
Following This Terrible Place... in 2000, the band's first line-up change in twenty years occurred, with de Silva deciding to leave the band during 2001. Black took up full-time vocals and Pete Kostic (Front End Loader, Regurgitator) was brought in on drums. In 2002 The Hard-Ons and Boom Boom Kid issued a shared EP, Split!. In 2003 The Hard-Ons released Very Exciting!, their first album for Chatterbox Records. In 2005, the 21st anniversary of the band's first pub gig was celebrated by Australian and European tours as a four-piece, with Kostic drumming and de Silva on vocals. Although technically a three-piece band, de Silva maintained a close relationship with his old band. Recordings were made in 2006 with contributions from all four – though primarily Black, Ahn and Kostic – with the intention of releasing a double album. This project was eventually released as two separate albums: the 'poppier' Most People Are a Waste of Time (2006) and the 'heavier' Most People Are Nicer Than Us (2007), with subsequent tours around Australia. The band recorded with United States comedian Neil Hamburger on guest lead vocals in January 2008. In April 2011, the group announced via their website that Kostic had left. On 5 August that year Murray Ruse (Conation, Captain Cleanoff) played his first show as their new drummer.
In 2012, the band began re-issuing their early catalogue as bonus re-packagings featuring unreleased songs and live tracks. The first to be released was a new 60-track version of Smell My Finger and The Hard-Ons promoted it with a national tour. While working a shift as a taxi driver between legs of that tour on 18 May 2012, Black suffered a severely fractured skull when he was assaulted with a skateboard. Several fund-raising shows were held to raise money for his care and recovery, including special Hard-Ons shows in Sydney and Newcastle on 1 and 2 June that featured the line-up of Ahn, Kostic and de Silva on vocals and guitar. Within three months, Black had recovered sufficiently to perform a short tour in support of his solo album No Dangerous Gods in Tunnel that was followed by a Hard-Ons tour of Europe and Japan. Another Australian tour to wrap up the previously cancelled shows was completed in October, with a 51-track re-release of Dickcheese coming out around the same time.
2021–present: de Silva's second departure and new music
Keish de Silva was removed from the Hard-Ons in March 2021 following allegations of sexual misconduct. A planned documentary on the band was also cancelled.
In August 2021, it was announced that Tim Rogers was the group's new lead singer. The band's thirteenth studio album was released on 8 October 2021, titled I'm Sorry Sir, That Riff's Been Taken. The album debuted at number 4 on the ARIA charts, becoming the band's first to enter the ARIA top 50.
In April 2023, the band announced a new album entitled Ripper '23 and an accompanying Australian tour.
Musical style
Early recordings by The Hard-Ons such as Smell My Finger, Dickcheese, Love Is a Battlefield of Wounded Hearts and Yummy! set the blueprint for the group's sound: messy pop-punk with metal and psychedelia elements. Australian music historian Ian McFarlane described their music as "cheap and potent, their appeal selective. Yet never has so much been owed by so many to so few chords ... fused punk tempos, hardcore attitude, heavy metal riffs and surf-pop melodies into a seamless ball of energy". A 1987 Beat Magazine article described their sound as "Motörhead meets the Beach Boys"; AllMusic's Jody McGregor describes it as a "mix of punk, pop, and metal" with "dashes of power pop, psychedelic rock, thrashy metal, and a healthy dose of humor". Though originally inspired by punk bands such as Sex Pistols, The Buzzcocks, The Damned, Ramones and The Saints, the band also blended pop, psychedelia and metal elements; "death-pop" as described by Ahn. The band were also noteworthy not only within punk but also within rock music for having their lead vocals handled by de Silva, the group's drummer. The physical challenge of drumming to the band's fast punk rock songs as well as singing (as opposed to shouting) made for charismatic live performances. Guitarist Black provided another original touch to the band with his distinctive guitar sound that is both melodic and messy, often making use of feedback.
Major recurring lyrical themes range from girls, love and relationships (as in: "I Do I Do I Do", "Just Being With You", "Girl in the Sweater") to toilet humour ("I Farted", "Oozin' for Pleasure") as well as other variations, particularly in the post-Keish line-up of the band.
Band members
Current members
Ray Ahn – bass guitar, backing vocals (1982–1993, 1998–present)
Peter "Blackie" Black – guitar (1982–1993, 1998–present), backing vocals (1982–1993, 1998–2001, 2016–present), lead vocals (2001–2016)
Murray Ruse – drums (2011–present)
Tim Rogers – lead vocals (2021–present)
Former members
Pete Kostic – drums (2002–2011)
Keish de Silva – drums (1982–1993, 1998–2001), lead vocals (1982–1993, 1998–2001, 2016–2021)
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
List of studio albums
Title
Album details
Peak chart positions
AUS
Smell My Finger
Released: November 1986
Label: Waterfront (DAMP 37)
Formats: LP
—
Dickcheese
Released: April 1988
Label: Waterfront (DAMP 71)
Formats: LP
—
Love Is a Battlefield of Wounded Hearts
Released: June 1989
Label: Waterfront (DAMP102, SOL19 CD)
Formats: LP, cassette, CD
—
Yummy!
Released: December 1990
Label: Waterfront, Festival (DAMP147, C 30500, SOL26 CD)
Formats: LP, cassette, CD
93
Too Far Gone
Released: June 1993
Label: Waterfront, Festival (C 30989, DAMP 181)
Formats: LP, Cassette, CD
107
This Terrible Place...
Released: 20 November 2000
Label: Chatterbox (CB014)
Formats: LP, CD
—
Very Exciting!
Released: 17 March 2003
Label: Chatterbox (CB028)
Formats: CD, LP
—
Most People Are a Waste of Time
Released: 10 April 2006
Label: Chatterbox (CB047)
Formats: CD, LP
—
Most People Are Nicer Than Us
Released: 4 August 2007
Label: Chatterbox (CB059)
Formats: CD, LP
—
Alfalfa Males Once Summer Is Done Conform or Die
Released: 11 May 2010
Label: The Cool Bananas Record Company (COOL1)
Formats: LP, CD
—
Peel me like a Egg.
Released: 29 September 2014
Label: Citadel
Formats: CD, vinyl, digital download
—
So I Could Have Them Destroyed
Released: 11 October 2019
Label: Music Farmers
Formats: CD, vinyl, streaming
—
I'm Sorry Sir, That Riff's Been Taken
Released: 8 October 2021
Label: Cheersquad
Formats: CD, vinyl, streaming
4
Ripper '23
Released: 2 June 2023
Label: Cheersquad
Formats: CD, vinyl, streaming
26
Compilation albums
List of compilation albums
Title
Album details
Peak chart positions
AUS
Hard-Ons
Released: 1986 (US)
Label: Big Time Records (6040-1-B)
Formats: LP
Note: US compilation
—
Hot for Your Love, Baby
Released: December 1987
Label: Waterfront Records (DAMP 63)
Formats: LP
—
The Worst of...
Released: 1988 (Europe)
Label: Vinyl Solution (SOL-8)
Formats: LP
Note: UK & Europe compilation
—
Junk 1984–1987
Released: 1991
Label:
Formats: LP
—
Rarities
Released: 1994
Label: Waterfront Records (DAMP182)
Formats: CD
—
Singles
Released: 1994
Label: Waterfront Records (DAMP183)
Formats: CD
127
A Decade of Rock
Released: October 1994
Label: Waterfront Records, Festival Records (DAMP 182, DAMP 183)
Formats: 2× CD
Note: Combines Singles and Rarities
68
The Best of...
Released: 1999
Label: Citadel Records (CITCD 546)
Formats: CD
—
Suck and Swallow: 25 Years 25 Songs
Released: 23 March 2009
Label: Boss Tuneage Records (BTRCRS037)
Formats: CD
—
Eat Shit Listen to Horrible Music
Released: 2 May 2010
Label: Insubordination Records (116)
Formats: CD,LP
—
Live albums
List of live albums
Title
Album details
Your Choice Live Series
Released: 1995
Label: Your Choice Records (YCLS 026)
Formats: CD
Note: German release
Live at the Annandale
Released: 2011
Label: We Empty Rooms (WER#15)
Formats: LP
Note: Recorded at the Annandale Hotel, Sydney
Extended plays
List of Extended plays
Title
EP details
Peak chart positions
AUS
Surfin' on My Face
Released: August 1985
Label: ViNil Records (VR 006)
Formats: 7" vinyl
—
No Cheese (The High-Way to Hell Tour Souvenir)
Released: 1988
Label: Waterfront Records (DAMP 88)
Formats: 10" vinyl
Note: Split EP with The Stupids, Tennant All Stars and Pittman All Stars
—
Sick of Being Sick
Released: 28 July 1989
Label: Waterfront Records (DAMP111)
Formats: 7" vinyl
Note: aka Giveaway EP
—
Where the Wild Things Are...
Released: 1992
Label: Waterfront Records, Festival Records (DAMP 170, D 16022)
Formats: 7" vinyl, CD
Note: Split EP with Celibate Rifles
51
Dateless Dudes' Club!
Released: May 1992
Label: Waterfront Records, Festival Records (DAMP176, D 29127)
Formats: CD
78
Test
Released: January 1994
Label: Waterfront Records, Festival Records (DAMP183, D11550)
Formats: CD
—
Yesterday and Today
Released: May 1999
Label: One Way Street Records (OWSEP01)
Formats: CD
—
Split!
Released: 2002
Label:
Formats:
Note: Split EP with Boom Boom Kid
—
Pay Attention Collector Scum
Released: 7 November 2008
Label: Stiff Records (BUY 666)
Formats: CD
—
American Exports (with Neil Hamburger)
Released: April 2009
Label: Red Lounge Records (RLR 062)
Formats: 7" vinyl
Note: Vocals by Neil Hamburger
—
Split
Released: 16 October 2010
Label:
Formats: 7" vinyl
Note: Split EP with The Manges
—
Shit-Pants-Shit-Pants
Released: 2011
Label: Boss Tuneage, The Cool Bananas Record Company (BTRC060, COOL3)
Formats: CD
—
Charting singles
List of singles which had a chart position within the ARIA top 100
Title
Year
Chart peak positions
Album
AUS
"Let There Be Rock" (with Henry Rollins
1991
65
non album singles
"She's a Dish"
1992
64
DVDs
Title
Date
The Hard-Ons vs. Europe 2007
2008
Reissues
Volume
Title
Description
Date
1 (1984–1987)
Smell My Finger
60 track double C.D. featuring every release from the period, demos, live tracks and rarities
2012
2 (1987–1988)
Dickcheese
51 track double C.D. featuring every release from the period, demos, live tracks and rarities
2013
Awards and nominations
AIR Awards
The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
Ref.
2022
I'm Sorry Sir, That Riff's Been Taken
Best Independent Rock Album or EP
Nominated
2023
Yummy (re-release)
Best Independent Punk Album or EP
Nominated
References
General
McFarlane, Ian (1999). "Whammo Homepage". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 18 January 2013. Note: Archived copy has limited functionality.
Specific
^ a b c d e Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 124.
^ "Hard Ons 40 Years On: 'We Never Thought We'd Be Doing This Forever'". The Music. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l McFarlane, 'The Hard-Ons' entry. Archived from the original on 15 June 2004. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ a b c d e "Band: Hard Ons – Stories and Highlights from 1982". Long Way to the Top. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). 22 November 2002. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ a b c Holmgren, Magnus. "The Hard-Ons". Australian Rock Database. Passagen (Magnus Holmgren). Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ a b c d e f McGregor, Jody. "Hard-ons". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ Barrett, Peter (27 October 2012). "Rock of Ages". The Age. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ "ABC Online – Long Way to the Top". Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). 22 November 2002. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ "Episode6: Gathering of the Tribes 1984–2000". Long Way to the Top. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ "Hard-Ons' Keish de Silva Accused of Sexual Misconduct". Au.rollingstone.com. 19 March 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
^ "Tim Rogers is the new lead singer of the Hard-Ons". ABC. 4 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
^ "NewMusicFriday: James Blake, Sam Teskey, Moaning Lisa and more out now!". ARIA Charts. 8 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
^ "Olivia Rodrigo returns to ARIA Albums Chart #1 with SOUR". ARIA Charts. 5 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
^ a b "The Hard-Ons Announce New Album 'Ripper '23' and Accompanying Australian Tour". Music Feeds. 4 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
^ "ARIA Top 50 Albums Chart". Australian Recording Industry Association. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
^ "Part of Hard-Ons ARIA chart history 1988 to 2022, received from ARIA in 2022". ARIA. Retrieved 2 December 2023 – via Imgur.com. N.B. The High Point number in the NAT column represents the release's peak on the national chart.
^ "ARIA Top 50 Albums Chart". Australian Recording Industry Association. 12 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
^ "New Release Summary – Product Available from : 27/07/92 (from The ARIA Report Issue No. 130)". Retrieved 20 April 2017 – via Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA).
^ "Nominees Announced For AIR Independent Music Awards 2022". musicfeeds. 1 June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
^ Tyler Jenke (5 August 2022). "Genesis Owusu Wins Big At The 2022 AIR Awards". MusicFeeds. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
^ "Nominees Announced for the Australian Independent Music Awards 2023". Music Feeds. 31 May 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
^ "King Stingray and Genesis Owusu Win Big at 2023 AIR Awards". Music Feeds. 4 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
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In 2002, de Silva announced his departure from the band. He was replaced on drums by Front End Loader's Peter Kostic, while Black took over on lead vocals. Kostic was later replaced in turn by Conation drummer Murray Ruse in 2011. de Silva returned as a guest vocalist in 2014, and permanently rejoined the band in 2016. This version of the band would stay together for a further five years and one studio album, prior to de Silva's second departure in 2021. You Am I frontman Tim Rogers has since taken over as the band's lead vocalist.Across their career, the band have had two singles, two EPs, three studio albums and one greatest-hits compilation peak within the ARIA top 100.[1] They have sold over a quarter of a million albums.[2]","title":"Hard-Ons"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Punchbowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punchbowl,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWTTTBio-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmgren-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGregor-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmgren-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGregor-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWTTTBio-4"},{"link_name":"Ultimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimo,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard-Ons#endnote_CustomMade"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWTTTBio-4"},{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmgren-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGregor-6"},{"link_name":"skate boarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrett-7"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Cave_and_the_Bad_Seeds"},{"link_name":"Go Betweens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Betweens"},{"link_name":"The Stupids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stupids_(band)"},{"link_name":"Henry Rollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rollins"},{"link_name":"AC/DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC/DC"},{"link_name":"Let There Be Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_There_Be_Rock_(song)"},{"link_name":"Big Day Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Day_Out"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"Your Choice Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Choice_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"Nunchukka Superfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunchukka_Superfly"},{"link_name":"Massappeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massappeal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWTTTBio-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWTTTBio-4"}],"sub_title":"1981–1994: Early days to disbandment","text":"The Hard-Ons' origins are traced to Western Sydney's Punchbowl Boys High School, where three founding members were students.[3][4] In 1981 the first version of the band, then-known as Dead Rats, included Peter \"Blackie\" Black on guitar, Brendan Creighton on drums and Shane Keish de Silva on guitar and vocals.[3][5][6] In 1982 Creighton left to form Thrust and Raymond Dongwan Ahn joined on bass guitar with de Silva taking over on drums, the group began playing as The Plebs before being renamed as The Hard-Ons by the end of the year.[3][5][6] Initially being too young to play in pubs, the band featured at birthday parties and school dances.[4] On 20 June 1984, The Hard-Ons played their first official show at the Vulcan Hotel in Ultimo.[1] Black later recalled \"We wanted to be punk rockers ... We didn't want Keish's parents to see so we had bags full of these jackets and chains and stuff and went around the corner of the street and put all these clothes on. Keish's dad busted us\".[4] Quickly gaining a considerable following, in August 1985 the band released its debut extended play, Surfin' on My Face, on ViNil Records.[3][5] This was the beginning of a series of releases for the band that netted them a run of 17 consecutive No. 1 listings on the Australian alternative music charts.[3]The band demonstrated an independent punk spirit, with the members deliberately controlling their own careers: recording, booking and promoting themselves, creating their own artwork (mostly by Ahn), choosing support bands and even managing the merchandise stand whilst on tour.[3][6] During 1987 the group were promoted as part of the Australian skate boarding scene.[7] While maintaining a solid if underground following in Australia, The Hard-Ons were popular in Europe, scoring a Top 10 hit in Spain and a Top 5 slot in Greece with their 1989 album, Love is a Battlefield of Wounded Hearts. It also reached the Top 5 on the NME chart; this made The Hard-Ons the third Australian band after Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and the Go Betweens to do so. In 1989 the group recorded a split EP with British band The Stupids. Two years later they teamed up with Henry Rollins and released a cover version of AC/DC's hit, \"Let There Be Rock\", which was released in a limited edition on 10\" vinyl. In January 1992 the group performed at the inaugural Big Day Out and were joined on-stage by Rollins on four songs.[3] Following the release of 1993's album, Too Far Gone, and after recording a live album for Your Choice Records, the band announced their break up, to pursue projects outside The Hard-Ons' style of music: \"after more than ten years of playing the same songs, they were just not interested in doing so any more\".[3]During the break-up of The Hard-Ons, Ahn and Black formed another punk band, Nunchukka Superfly, with Pete Allen of Massappeal on drums and, a short time later, James McCann from Harpoon on vocals; while de Silva created Malibu Stacey.[3][4] Nunchukka Superfly released their debut, self-titled album in 1999.[3] Black compared Nunchukka Superfly with The Hard-Ons as \"a much heavier and experimental outfit, citing psychedelic, avant-garde, progressive rock, free jazz, funk and dub among the usual inspirations of punk and post-punk\".[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"ABC TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_TV_(Australian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Long Way to the Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Way_to_the_Top"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABCTVDoco-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWEp6-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGregor-6"},{"link_name":"Front End Loader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_End_Loader"},{"link_name":"Regurgitator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regurgitator"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGregor-6"},{"link_name":"Chatterbox Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatterbox_Records"},{"link_name":"Neil Hamburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Hamburger"},{"link_name":"taxi driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi"},{"link_name":"skateboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboard"}],"sub_title":"1997–2020: Reformation","text":"In October 1997, The Hard-Ons played a reunion gig which was followed by the release of a new EP, Yesterday and Today, in 1998 and a compilation album, The Best Of, in 1999.[3] In August 2001, ABC TV broadcast the rock music series, Long Way to the Top.[8] The Hard-Ons featured on \"Episode 6: Gathering of the Tribes 1984–2000\" where they were described as \"an eclectic band of misfits that took up where punk had left off in the early 80s. Their challenge was to make that sound relevant and exciting in the 1990s. There was nothing left but to get downright offensive\".[9]Following This Terrible Place... in 2000, the band's first line-up change in twenty years occurred, with de Silva deciding to leave the band during 2001.[6] Black took up full-time vocals and Pete Kostic (Front End Loader, Regurgitator) was brought in on drums.[6] In 2002 The Hard-Ons and Boom Boom Kid issued a shared EP, Split!. In 2003 The Hard-Ons released Very Exciting!, their first album for Chatterbox Records. In 2005, the 21st anniversary of the band's first pub gig was celebrated by Australian and European tours as a four-piece, with Kostic drumming and de Silva on vocals. Although technically a three-piece band, de Silva maintained a close relationship with his old band. Recordings were made in 2006 with contributions from all four – though primarily Black, Ahn and Kostic – with the intention of releasing a double album. This project was eventually released as two separate albums: the 'poppier' Most People Are a Waste of Time (2006) and the 'heavier' Most People Are Nicer Than Us (2007), with subsequent tours around Australia. The band recorded with United States comedian Neil Hamburger on guest lead vocals in January 2008. In April 2011, the group announced via their website that Kostic had left. On 5 August that year Murray Ruse (Conation, Captain Cleanoff) played his first show as their new drummer.In 2012, the band began re-issuing their early catalogue as bonus re-packagings featuring unreleased songs and live tracks. The first to be released was a new 60-track version of Smell My Finger and The Hard-Ons promoted it with a national tour. While working a shift as a taxi driver between legs of that tour on 18 May 2012, Black suffered a severely fractured skull when he was assaulted with a skateboard. Several fund-raising shows were held to raise money for his care and recovery, including special Hard-Ons shows in Sydney and Newcastle on 1 and 2 June that featured the line-up of Ahn, Kostic and de Silva on vocals and guitar. Within three months, Black had recovered sufficiently to perform a short tour in support of his solo album No Dangerous Gods in Tunnel that was followed by a Hard-Ons tour of Europe and Japan. Another Australian tour to wrap up the previously cancelled shows was completed in October, with a 51-track re-release of Dickcheese coming out around the same time.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tim Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Rogers_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ripper-14"}],"sub_title":"2021–present: de Silva's second departure and new music","text":"Keish de Silva was removed from the Hard-Ons in March 2021 following allegations of sexual misconduct. A planned documentary on the band was also cancelled.[10]In August 2021, it was announced that Tim Rogers was the group's new lead singer. The band's thirteenth studio album was released on 8 October 2021, titled I'm Sorry Sir, That Riff's Been Taken.[11][12] The album debuted at number 4 on the ARIA charts, becoming the band's first to enter the ARIA top 50.[13]In April 2023, the band announced a new album entitled Ripper '23 and an accompanying Australian tour.[14]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_music"},{"link_name":"psychedelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_music"},{"link_name":"music historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_history"},{"link_name":"Ian McFarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McFarlane"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"Motörhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead"},{"link_name":"Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGregor-6"},{"link_name":"Sex Pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Pistols"},{"link_name":"The Buzzcocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buzzcocks"},{"link_name":"The Damned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Damned_(band)"},{"link_name":"Ramones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramones"},{"link_name":"The Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saints_(Australian_band)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard-Ons#endnote_CustomMade"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard-Ons#endnote_NKVD"},{"link_name":"feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_feedback"},{"link_name":"toilet humour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet_humour"}],"text":"Early recordings by The Hard-Ons such as Smell My Finger, Dickcheese, Love Is a Battlefield of Wounded Hearts and Yummy! set the blueprint for the group's sound: messy pop-punk with metal and psychedelia elements. Australian music historian Ian McFarlane described their music as \"cheap and potent, their appeal selective. Yet never has so much been owed by so many to so few chords ... fused punk tempos, hardcore attitude, heavy metal riffs and surf-pop melodies into a seamless ball of energy\".[3] A 1987 Beat Magazine article described their sound as \"Motörhead meets the Beach Boys\"; AllMusic's Jody McGregor describes it as a \"mix of punk, pop, and metal\" with \"dashes of power pop, psychedelic rock, thrashy metal, and a healthy dose of humor\".[6] Though originally inspired by punk bands such as Sex Pistols, The Buzzcocks, The Damned, Ramones and The Saints,[2] the band also blended pop, psychedelia and metal elements; \"death-pop\" as described by Ahn.[3] The band were also noteworthy not only within punk but also within rock music for having their lead vocals handled by de Silva, the group's drummer. The physical challenge of drumming to the band's fast punk rock songs as well as singing (as opposed to shouting) made for charismatic live performances. Guitarist Black provided another original touch to the band with his distinctive guitar sound that is both melodic and messy, often making use of feedback.Major recurring lyrical themes range from girls, love and relationships (as in: \"I Do I Do I Do\", \"Just Being With You\", \"Girl in the Sweater\") to toilet humour (\"I Farted\", \"Oozin' for Pleasure\") as well as other variations, particularly in the post-Keish line-up of the band.","title":"Musical style"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current members","text":"Ray Ahn – bass guitar, backing vocals (1982–1993, 1998–present)\nPeter \"Blackie\" Black – guitar (1982–1993, 1998–present), backing vocals (1982–1993, 1998–2001, 2016–present), lead vocals (2001–2016)\nMurray Ruse – drums (2011–present)\nTim Rogers – lead vocals (2021–present)","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Former members","text":"Pete Kostic – drums (2002–2011)\nKeish de Silva – drums (1982–1993, 1998–2001), lead vocals (1982–1993, 1998–2001, 2016–2021)","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Live albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended plays","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Charting singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"DVDs","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Reissues","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AIR Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIR_Awards"}],"sub_title":"AIR Awards","text":"The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.","title":"Awards and nominations"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"McFarlane, Ian (1999). \"Whammo Homepage\". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 18 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McFarlane","url_text":"McFarlane, Ian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040405231007/http://www.whammo.com.au/index.asp","url_text":"\"Whammo Homepage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Australian_Rock_and_Pop","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Leonards,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"St Leonards, NSW"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin","url_text":"Allen & Unwin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86508-072-1","url_text":"1-86508-072-1"},{"url":"http://www.whammo.com.au/index.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 124.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Hard Ons 40 Years On: 'We Never Thought We'd Be Doing This Forever'\". The Music. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://themusic.com.au/features/hard-ons-fourty-years-on-we-never-thought-wed-be-doing-this-forever/6OJW-v38__4/07-06-23","url_text":"\"Hard Ons 40 Years On: 'We Never Thought We'd Be Doing This Forever'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Music_(magazine)","url_text":"The Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Band: Hard Ons – Stories and Highlights from 1982\". Long Way to the Top. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). 22 November 2002. Retrieved 28 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/longway/artist_index/hardons.htm","url_text":"\"Band: Hard Ons – Stories and Highlights from 1982\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Way_to_the_Top","url_text":"Long Way to the Top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Holmgren, Magnus. \"The Hard-Ons\". Australian Rock Database. Passagen (Magnus Holmgren). Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110805194217/http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/h/hardons.html","url_text":"\"The Hard-Ons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Rock_Database","url_text":"Australian Rock Database"},{"url":"http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/h/hardons.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McGregor, Jody. \"Hard-ons\". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 28 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p13140","url_text":"\"Hard-ons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovi_Corporation","url_text":"Rovi Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Barrett, Peter (27 October 2012). \"Rock of Ages\". The Age. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170425054615/http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/rock-of-ages-20121016-27pdd.html","url_text":"\"Rock of Ages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media","url_text":"Fairfax Media"},{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/action/printArticle?id=3718705","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ABC Online – Long Way to the Top\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). 22 November 2002. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101124010521/http://www.abc.net.au/longway/","url_text":"\"ABC Online – Long Way to the Top\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"},{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/longway","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Episode6: Gathering of the Tribes 1984–2000\". Long Way to the Top. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111022150137/http://www.abc.net.au/longway/episode_6/","url_text":"\"Episode6: Gathering of the Tribes 1984–2000\""},{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/longway/episode_6/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hard-Ons' Keish de Silva Accused of Sexual Misconduct\". Au.rollingstone.com. 19 March 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://au.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/hard-ons-keish-de-silva-accused-of-sexual-misconduct-24317/","url_text":"\"Hard-Ons' Keish de Silva Accused of Sexual Misconduct\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tim Rogers is the new lead singer of the Hard-Ons\". ABC. 4 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/doublej/music-reads/music-news/tim-rogers-joins-hard-ons-lead-singer-you-am-i/13483256","url_text":"\"Tim Rogers is the new lead singer of the Hard-Ons\""}]},{"reference":"\"NewMusicFriday: James Blake, Sam Teskey, Moaning Lisa and more out now!\". ARIA Charts. 8 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aria.com.au/news/newmusicfriday-james-blake-sam-teskey-moaning-lisa-and-more-out-now","url_text":"\"NewMusicFriday: James Blake, Sam Teskey, Moaning Lisa and more out now!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts","url_text":"ARIA Charts"}]},{"reference":"\"Olivia Rodrigo returns to ARIA Albums Chart #1 with SOUR\". ARIA Charts. 5 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aria.com.au/charts/news/olivia-rodrigo-returns-to-aria-albums-chart-1-with-sour","url_text":"\"Olivia Rodrigo returns to ARIA Albums Chart #1 with SOUR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts","url_text":"ARIA Charts"}]},{"reference":"\"The Hard-Ons Announce New Album 'Ripper '23' and Accompanying Australian Tour\". Music Feeds. 4 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/the-hard-ons-new-album-australian-tour/","url_text":"\"The Hard-Ons Announce New Album 'Ripper '23' and Accompanying Australian Tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Feeds","url_text":"Music Feeds"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Top 50 Albums Chart\". Australian Recording Industry Association. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aria.com.au/charts/albums-chart/2021-10-18","url_text":"\"ARIA Top 50 Albums Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Part of Hard-Ons ARIA chart history 1988 to 2022, received from ARIA in 2022\". ARIA. Retrieved 2 December 2023 – via Imgur.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://imgur.com/ybVOGJf","url_text":"\"Part of Hard-Ons ARIA chart history 1988 to 2022, received from ARIA in 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Top 50 Albums Chart\". Australian Recording Industry Association. 12 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aria.com.au/charts/albums-chart/2023-06-12","url_text":"\"ARIA Top 50 Albums Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"New Release Summary – Product Available from : 27/07/92 (from The ARIA Report Issue No. 130)\". Retrieved 20 April 2017 – via Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA).","urls":[{"url":"http://i.imgur.com/rl0JXlE.png","url_text":"\"New Release Summary – Product Available from : 27/07/92 (from The ARIA Report Issue No. 130)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"ARIA"}]},{"reference":"\"Nominees Announced For AIR Independent Music Awards 2022\". musicfeeds. 1 June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/nominees-announced-for-air-independent-music-awards-2022/","url_text":"\"Nominees Announced For AIR Independent Music Awards 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Tyler Jenke (5 August 2022). \"Genesis Owusu Wins Big At The 2022 AIR Awards\". MusicFeeds. Retrieved 6 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/genesis-owusu-wins-big-at-the-2022-air-awards/","url_text":"\"Genesis Owusu Wins Big At The 2022 AIR Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MusicFeeds","url_text":"MusicFeeds"}]},{"reference":"\"Nominees Announced for the Australian Independent Music Awards 2023\". Music Feeds. 31 May 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/nominees-announced-for-the-australian-independent-music-awards-2023/","url_text":"\"Nominees Announced for the Australian Independent Music Awards 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Feeds","url_text":"Music Feeds"}]},{"reference":"\"King Stingray and Genesis Owusu Win Big at 2023 AIR Awards\". Music Feeds. 4 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/air-awards-2023-winners/","url_text":"\"King Stingray and Genesis Owusu Win Big at 2023 AIR Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Feeds","url_text":"Music Feeds"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangled_Lives_(1918_film)
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Tangled Lives (1918 film)
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["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
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1918 film by Paul Scardon
Tangled LivesContemporary newspaper advertisementDirected byPaul ScardonWritten byJames Oliver Curwood (story)Garfield Thompson Produced byAlbert E. SmithStarringHarry T. MoreyBetty BlytheJean PaigeProductioncompanyVitagraph Company of AmericaDistributed byV-L-S-ERelease date
July 1, 1918 (1918-07-01)
Running time50 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguagesSilentEnglish intertitles
Tangled Lives is a 1918 American silent drama film directed by Paul Scardon and starring Harry T. Morey, Betty Blythe and Jean Paige.
Cast
Harry T. Morey as John Howland
Betty Blythe as Hilda Howland
Jean Paige as Lola Maynard
Albert Roccardi as Peter Hyde
George Majeroni as Paul West
Eulalie Jensen as Cora West
Charles Kent as Col. West
References
^ Connelly p.418
Bibliography
Robert B. Connelly. The Silents: Silent Feature Films, 1910-36, Volume 40, Issue 2. December Press, 1998.
External links
Tangled Lives at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Paul Scardon
The Dawn of Freedom (1916)
The Hero of Submarine D-2 (1916)
Phantom Fortune (1916)
The Redemption of Dave Darcey (1916)
A Prince in a Pawnshop (1916)
The Alibi (1916)
The Enemy (1916)
The Island of Surprised (1916)
Rose of the South (1916)
Apartment 29 (1917)
Transgression (1917)
Her Right to Live (1917)
The Love Doctor (1917)
Soldiers of Chance (1917)
The Stolen Treaty (1917)
The Hawk (1917)
In the Balance (1917)
The Maelstrom (1917)
Arsene Lupin (1917)
The Grell Mystery (1917)
A Bachelor's Children (1917)
A Game with Fate (1918)
The Golden Goal (1918)
The King of Diamonds (1918)
The Other Man (1918)
Tangled Lives (1918)
All Man (1918)
The Desired Woman (1918)
The Green God (1918)
Hoarded Assets (1918)
The Darkest Hour (1919)
Beauty-Proof (1919)
In Honor's Web (1919)
Silent Strength (1919)
Fighting Destiny (1919)
Beating the Odds (1919)
The Gamblers (1919)
The Man Who Won (1919)
Her Unwilling Husband (1920)
The Broken Gate (1920)
Milestones (1920)
Partners of the Night (1920)
Children Not Wanted (1920)
The Breaking Point (1921)
False Kisses (1921)
The Golden Gallows (1922)
Shattered Dreams (1922)
When the Devil Drives (1922)
A Wonderful Wife (1922)
Her Own Free Will (1922)
This 1910s drama film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Paul Scardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Scardon"},{"link_name":"Harry T. Morey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_T._Morey"},{"link_name":"Betty Blythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Blythe"},{"link_name":"Jean Paige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Paige"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Tangled Lives is a 1918 American silent drama film directed by Paul Scardon and starring Harry T. Morey, Betty Blythe and Jean Paige.[1]","title":"Tangled Lives (1918 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry T. Morey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_T._Morey"},{"link_name":"Betty Blythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Blythe"},{"link_name":"Jean Paige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Paige"},{"link_name":"Albert Roccardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Roccardi"},{"link_name":"George Majeroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Majeroni"},{"link_name":"Eulalie Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulalie_Jensen"},{"link_name":"Charles Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kent_(actor)"}],"text":"Harry T. Morey as John Howland\nBetty Blythe as Hilda Howland\nJean Paige as Lola Maynard\nAlbert Roccardi as Peter Hyde\nGeorge Majeroni as Paul West\nEulalie Jensen as Cora West\nCharles Kent as Col. West","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Robert B. Connelly. The Silents: Silent Feature Films, 1910-36, Volume 40, Issue 2. December Press, 1998.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0190056/","external_links_name":"Tangled Lives"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tangled_Lives_(1918_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_(electoral_division)
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Richmond (electoral division)
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["1 History","2 Elections","2.1 1973 election","2.2 1977 election","2.3 1981 election","3 References"]
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Electoral division in Greater London, 1973–1986
For other uses, see Richmond electoral division.
RichmondFormer electoral divisionfor the Greater London CouncilDistrictRichmond upon ThamesElectorate53,758 (1973)51,381 (1977)49,766 (1981)Major settlementsRichmondArea2,684 hectares (26.84 km2)Former electoral divisionCreated1973Abolished1986Member(s)1Created fromRichmond upon Thames
Richmond was an electoral division for the purposes of elections to the Greater London Council. The constituency elected one councillor for a four-year term in 1973, 1977 and 1981, with the final term extended for an extra year ahead of the abolition of the Greater London Council.
History
It was planned to use the same boundaries as the Westminster Parliament constituencies for election of councillors to the Greater London Council (GLC), as had been the practice for elections to the predecessor London County Council, but those that existed in 1965 crossed the Greater London boundary. Until new constituencies could be settled, the 32 London boroughs were used as electoral areas. The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames formed the Richmond upon Thames electoral division. This was used for the Greater London Council elections in 1964, 1967 and 1970.
The new constituencies were settled following the Second Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies and the new electoral division matched the boundaries of the Richmond parliamentary constituency.
It covered an area of 2,684 hectares (26.84 km2).
Elections
The Richmond constituency was used for the Greater London Council elections in 1973, 1977 and 1981. One councillor was elected at each election using first-past-the-post voting.
1973 election
The fourth election to the GLC (and first using revised boundaries) was held on 12 April 1973. The electorate was 53,758 and one Liberal Party councillor was elected. The turnout was 51.2%. The councillor was elected for a three-year term. This was extended for an extra year in 1976 when the electoral cycle was switched to four-yearly.
1973 Greater London Council election: Richmond
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Stanley Rundle
12,160
Conservative
B. S. Feldman
9,312
Labour
K. L. Elmes
5,796
Communist
E. Tendler
250
Turnout
Liberal win (new seat)
1977 election
The fifth election to the GLC (and second using revised boundaries) was held on 5 May 1977. The electorate was 51,381 and one Conservative Party councillor was elected. The turnout was 58.1%. The councillor was elected for a four-year term.
1977 Greater London Council election: Richmond
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Edward Julian Egerton Leigh
14,508
Liberal
A. M. Cornish
10,904
Labour
A. B. Hart
3,574
National Front
J. Harrison-Broadley
536
GLC Abolitionist Campaign
A. Billingham
338
Turnout
Conservative gain from Liberal
Swing
1981 election
The sixth and final election to the GLC (and third using revised boundaries) was held on 7 May 1981. The electorate was 49,766 and one Liberal Party councillor was elected. The turnout was 62.4%. The councillor was elected for a four-year term, extended by an extra year by the Local Government (Interim Provisions) Act 1984, ahead of the abolition of the council.
1981 Greater London Council election: Richmond
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Adrian Carnegie Slade
14,168
Conservative
Edward Julian Egerton Leigh
14,053
Labour
Elizabeth Nash
2,431
Ecology
Barnaby Martin
300
Save London Action Group
Gwendoline M. Marsh
112
Turnout
Liberal gain from Conservative
Swing
References
^ "The Greater London (Electoral Areas) Order 1972" (PDF). legislation.gov.uk. 20 June 1972. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
^ "Greater London Council Election" (PDF). 12 April 1973. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
^ "Greater London Council Election" (PDF). 5 May 1977. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
^ "Greater London Council Election" (PDF). 7 May 1981. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
^ Boothroyd, David. "Greater London Council Election results: Richmond upon Thames". United Kingdom Election Results. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
^ "The London Councillors Order 1976" (PDF). legislation.gov.uk. 17 February 1976. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
vteGreater London CouncilElections
1964
1967
1970
1973
1977
1981
By-elections
Members
Chairmen
Committee chairs
Members
Leadership
Bill Fiske
Desmond Plummer
Reg Goodwin
Horace Cutler
Ken Livingstone
Electoral divisions (1965–1973)
Barking
Barnet
Bexley
Brent
Bromley
Camden
Croydon
Ealing
Enfield
Greenwich
Hackney
Hammersmith
Haringey
Harrow
Havering
Hillingdon
Hounslow
Islington
Kensington and Chelsea
Kingston upon Thames
Lambeth
Lewisham
Merton
Newham
Redbridge
Richmond upon Thames
Southwark
Sutton
Tower Hamlets
Waltham Forest
Wandsworth
Westminster and the City of London
Electoral divisions (1973–1986)
Acton
Barking
Battersea North
Battersea South
Beckenham
Bermondsey
Bethnal Green and Bow
Bexleyheath
Brent East
Brent North
Brent South
Brentford and Isleworth
Carshalton
Chelsea
Chingford
Chipping Barnet
Chislehurst
City of London and Westminster South
Croydon Central
Croydon North East
Croydon North West
Croydon South
Dagenham
Deptford
Dulwich
Ealing North
Edmonton
Enfield North
Erith and Crayford
Feltham and Heston
Finchley
Fulham
Greenwich
Hackney Central
Hackney North and Stoke Newington
Hackney South and Shoreditch
Hammersmith North
Hampstead
Harrow Central
Harrow East
Harrow West
Hayes and Harlington
Hendon North
Hendon South
Holborn and St Pancras South
Hornchurch
Hornsey
Ilford North
Ilford South
Islington Central
Islington North
Islington South and Finsbury
Kensington
Kingston upon Thames
Lambeth Central
Lewisham East
Lewisham West
Leyton
Mitcham and Morden
Newham North East
Newham North West
Newham South
Norwood
Orpington
Paddington
Peckham
Putney
Ravensbourne
Richmond
Romford
Ruislip-Northwood
St Marylebone
St Pancras North
Sidcup
Southall
Southgate
Stepney and Poplar
Streatham
Surbiton
Sutton and Cheam
Tooting
Tottenham
Twickenham
Upminster
Uxbridge
Vauxhall
Walthamstow
Wanstead and Woodford
Wimbledon
Wood Green
Woolwich East
Woolwich West
Other topics
County Hall
Inner London Education Authority
London Transport Executive
|
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|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"The Greater London (Electoral Areas) Order 1972\" (PDF). legislation.gov.uk. 20 June 1972. Retrieved 19 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1972/924/pdfs/uksi_19720924_en.pdf","url_text":"\"The Greater London (Electoral Areas) Order 1972\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greater London Council Election\" (PDF). 12 April 1973. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130822164806/http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLCE_1973-4-12.pdf","url_text":"\"Greater London Council Election\""},{"url":"http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLCE_1973-4-12.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Greater London Council Election\" (PDF). 5 May 1977. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130822160411/http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLCE_1977-5-5.pdf","url_text":"\"Greater London Council Election\""},{"url":"http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLCE_1977-5-5.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Greater London Council Election\" (PDF). 7 May 1981. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130822145946/http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLCE_1981-5-7.pdf","url_text":"\"Greater London Council Election\""},{"url":"http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLCE_1981-5-7.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Boothroyd, David. \"Greater London Council Election results: Richmond upon Thames\". United Kingdom Election Results. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090813/http://www.election.demon.co.uk/glc/glcrm.html","url_text":"\"Greater London Council Election results: Richmond upon Thames\""},{"url":"http://www.election.demon.co.uk/glc/glcrm.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The London Councillors Order 1976\" (PDF). legislation.gov.uk. 17 February 1976. Retrieved 25 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1976/213/pdfs/uksi_19760213_en.pdf","url_text":"\"The London Councillors Order 1976\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Skaife
|
Christopher Skaife
|
["1 Publications","2 References"]
|
Yeoman Warder Ravenmaster
Christopher SkaifeSkaife at Hatchards in London in 2018Born (1965-12-18) 18 December 1965 (age 58)Dover, EnglandTitleYeoman Warder Ravenmaster (2011–2024)Military careerServiceBritish ArmyYears of service1982 – c. 2006RankColour sergeantUnitPrincess of Wales's Royal Regiment
Christopher Skaife (born 18 December 1965) is a Yeoman Warder at the Tower of London. He was previously the Ravenmaster and his responsibilities included the care and feeding for the ravens of the Tower of London.
Skaife was born in Dover on 18 December 1965 and joined the British Army at the age of 18. Skaife is a retired colour sergeant and a former drum major with the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment.
In 2011, Skaife succeeded Derrick Coyle as Ravenmaster at the Tower of London, where he was responsible for seven ravens. In 2018, he published The Ravenmaster, which The Guardian called "a wonderfully personal account of life with the ravens". In March 2024 he retired as Ravenmaster after 14 years and was replaced by Company Sergeant Major Barney Chandler (a former Royal Marine).
Skaife in front of the Traitors' Gate
Publications
The Ravenmaster. 2018. ISBN 978-0-374-11334-6.
References
^ Mirsky, Steve (January 2019). "Ravenmaster Christopher Skaife Tells of His Relationships with the Tower of London's Resident Birds". Scientific American. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
^ Larson, Sarah (29 October 2018). "Bird-Watching with the Ravenmaster". The New Yorker. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
^ The Ravenmaster: My Life with the Ravens at the Tower of London. HarperCollins. 2 October 2018. ISBN 9781443455947.
^ Congress, The Library of. "LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". id.loc.gov.
^ a b Smith, P. D. (3 November 2018). "The Ravenmaster by Christopher Skaife review – my life at the Tower of London". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
^ a b Theobald, John Owen. "The Tower of London Ravenmaster". Historic UK. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
^ Macdonald, Helen (October 2018). "The Brilliant, Playful, Bloodthirsty Raven". The Atlantic. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
^ "New Ravenmaster Appointed at the Tower of London". Historic Royal Palaces. Hampton Court Palace: Palaces Press Office. 29 February 2024. Archived from the original on 23 April 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
This biographical article related to the British Army is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a non-fiction writer from the United Kingdom or one of its constituent countries is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yeoman Warder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeomen_Warders"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ravenmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeomen_Warder_Ravenmaster"},{"link_name":"ravens of the Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravens_of_the_Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"colour sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_sergeant"},{"link_name":"drum major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_major_(military)"},{"link_name":"Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_of_Wales%27s_Royal_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historic-uk.com-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historic-uk.com-6"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Company Sergeant Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_Sergeant_Major"},{"link_name":"Barney Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Chandler"},{"link_name":"Royal Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRP1-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ravenmaster.jpg"},{"link_name":"Traitors' Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traitors%27_Gate"}],"text":"Christopher Skaife (born 18 December 1965) is a Yeoman Warder at the Tower of London.[1] He was previously the Ravenmaster and his responsibilities included the care and feeding for the ravens of the Tower of London.[2]Skaife was born in Dover[3] on 18 December 1965[4] and joined the British Army at the age of 18.[5] Skaife is a retired colour sergeant and a former drum major with the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment.[6]In 2011, Skaife succeeded Derrick Coyle as Ravenmaster at the Tower of London, where he was responsible for seven ravens.[6] In 2018, he published The Ravenmaster, which The Guardian called \"a wonderfully personal account of life with the ravens\".[5][7] In March 2024 he retired as Ravenmaster after 14 years and was replaced by Company Sergeant Major Barney Chandler (a former Royal Marine).[8]Skaife in front of the Traitors' Gate","title":"Christopher Skaife"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-374-11334-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-11334-6"}],"text":"The Ravenmaster. 2018. ISBN 978-0-374-11334-6.","title":"Publications"}]
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[{"image_text":"Skaife in front of the Traitors' Gate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ravenmaster.jpg/220px-Ravenmaster.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"The Ravenmaster. 2018. ISBN 978-0-374-11334-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-11334-6","url_text":"978-0-374-11334-6"}]},{"reference":"Mirsky, Steve (January 2019). \"Ravenmaster Christopher Skaife Tells of His Relationships with the Tower of London's Resident Birds\". Scientific American. Retrieved 27 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ravenmaster-christopher-skaife-tells-of-his-relationships-with-the-tower-of-londons-resident-birds/","url_text":"\"Ravenmaster Christopher Skaife Tells of His Relationships with the Tower of London's Resident Birds\""}]},{"reference":"Larson, Sarah (29 October 2018). \"Bird-Watching with the Ravenmaster\". The New Yorker. Retrieved 27 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/29/bird-watching-with-the-ravenmaster","url_text":"\"Bird-Watching with the Ravenmaster\""}]},{"reference":"The Ravenmaster: My Life with the Ravens at the Tower of London. HarperCollins. 2 October 2018. ISBN 9781443455947.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3r9FDwAAQBAJ&q=christopher+skaife+born","url_text":"The Ravenmaster: My Life with the Ravens at the Tower of London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443455947","url_text":"9781443455947"}]},{"reference":"Congress, The Library of. \"LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)\". id.loc.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2018093960.html","url_text":"\"LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, P. D. (3 November 2018). \"The Ravenmaster by Christopher Skaife review – my life at the Tower of London\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/nov/03/ravenmaster-life-ravens-tower-of-london-christopher-skaife-review","url_text":"\"The Ravenmaster by Christopher Skaife review – my life at the Tower of London\""}]},{"reference":"Theobald, John Owen. \"The Tower of London Ravenmaster\". Historic UK. Retrieved 5 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/How-to-be-the-Ravenmaster/","url_text":"\"The Tower of London Ravenmaster\""}]},{"reference":"Macdonald, Helen (October 2018). \"The Brilliant, Playful, Bloodthirsty Raven\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 27 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/10/ravens-tower-of-london/568312/","url_text":"\"The Brilliant, Playful, Bloodthirsty Raven\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Ravenmaster Appointed at the Tower of London\". Historic Royal Palaces. Hampton Court Palace: Palaces Press Office. 29 February 2024. Archived from the original on 23 April 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423021229/https://www.hrp.org.uk/media-and-press/press-releases-2024/new-ravenmaster-appointed-at-the-tower-of-london/","url_text":"\"New Ravenmaster Appointed at the Tower of London\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces","url_text":"Historic Royal Palaces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace","url_text":"Hampton Court Palace"},{"url":"https://www.hrp.org.uk/media-and-press/press-releases-2024/new-ravenmaster-appointed-at-the-tower-of-london/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ravenmaster-christopher-skaife-tells-of-his-relationships-with-the-tower-of-londons-resident-birds/","external_links_name":"\"Ravenmaster Christopher Skaife Tells of His Relationships with the Tower of London's Resident Birds\""},{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/29/bird-watching-with-the-ravenmaster","external_links_name":"\"Bird-Watching with the Ravenmaster\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3r9FDwAAQBAJ&q=christopher+skaife+born","external_links_name":"The Ravenmaster: My Life with the Ravens at the Tower of London"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2018093960.html","external_links_name":"\"LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/nov/03/ravenmaster-life-ravens-tower-of-london-christopher-skaife-review","external_links_name":"\"The Ravenmaster by Christopher Skaife review – my life at the Tower of London\""},{"Link":"https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/How-to-be-the-Ravenmaster/","external_links_name":"\"The Tower of London Ravenmaster\""},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/10/ravens-tower-of-london/568312/","external_links_name":"\"The Brilliant, Playful, Bloodthirsty Raven\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240423021229/https://www.hrp.org.uk/media-and-press/press-releases-2024/new-ravenmaster-appointed-at-the-tower-of-london/","external_links_name":"\"New Ravenmaster Appointed at the Tower of London\""},{"Link":"https://www.hrp.org.uk/media-and-press/press-releases-2024/new-ravenmaster-appointed-at-the-tower-of-london/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000471443781","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/25153237882229212717","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1180076850","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2018093960","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0240958&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Skaife&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Skaife&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_bomb
|
Chlorine bomb
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
Simple explosive device
For conventional bombs dispersing chlorine used in the Iraqi insurgency, see Chlorine bombings in Iraq.
A chlorine bomb is a small explosive device which uses the pressure of chemically produced chlorine gas or other chlorine-containing gases such as hydrogen chloride to produce an explosion. It is made with an airtight container part-filled with different types of chlorine tablet and other reagents. The reaction produces an expansive increase in pressure, eventually rupturing the container. Usually, such a device is not made on a large scale, often being manufactured from common household objects.
Such a device is a more toxic and acidic alternative to a dry ice bomb, but likewise typically made by young people for amusement and recreational use rather than with any intent to harm. However, exposure to chlorinous gases and the reactive substances involved can cause respiratory problems from inhalation and also cause injury to other mucous membranes, similar to tear gas. Most injuries relating to these devices involve bruised hands, blinding and other eye injuries.
Contrary to the belief of chemical laymen and some public security experts, chlorine is not generated by the reaction of hydrochloric acid with ammonia, but instead ammonium chloride is produced. Also chlorine is not formed by the reaction of chlorine bleach with ammonia. The reaction of bleach with ammonia forms monochloramine, nitrogen trichloride, and a number of other toxic and explosive products depending on the circumstances of the chemical reaction, but not pure chlorine.
See also
Dry ice bomb
Pipe bomb
References
^ "Acid Bomb Warning".
^ VERMONT FUSION CENTER - Improvised Chemical Bombs
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chlorine bombings in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_bombings_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"chlorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine"},{"link_name":"hydrogen chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride"},{"link_name":"dry ice bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_ice_bomb"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"mucous membranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membranes"},{"link_name":"tear gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tear_gas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"hydrochloric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid"},{"link_name":"ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia"},{"link_name":"ammonium chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_chloride"},{"link_name":"bleach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach"},{"link_name":"reaction of bleach with ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach#Chemical_interactions"},{"link_name":"monochloramine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochloramine"},{"link_name":"nitrogen trichloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_trichloride"}],"text":"For conventional bombs dispersing chlorine used in the Iraqi insurgency, see Chlorine bombings in Iraq.A chlorine bomb is a small explosive device which uses the pressure of chemically produced chlorine gas or other chlorine-containing gases such as hydrogen chloride to produce an explosion. It is made with an airtight container part-filled with different types of chlorine tablet and other reagents. The reaction produces an expansive increase in pressure, eventually rupturing the container. Usually, such a device is not made on a large scale, often being manufactured from common household objects.Such a device is a more toxic and acidic alternative to a dry ice bomb, but likewise typically made by young people for amusement and recreational use rather than with any intent to harm.[1] However, exposure to chlorinous gases and the reactive substances involved can cause respiratory problems from inhalation and also cause injury to other mucous membranes, similar to tear gas. Most injuries relating to these devices involve bruised hands, blinding and other eye injuries.Contrary to the belief of chemical laymen and some public security experts,[2] chlorine is not generated by the reaction of hydrochloric acid with ammonia, but instead ammonium chloride is produced. Also chlorine is not formed by the reaction of chlorine bleach with ammonia. The reaction of bleach with ammonia forms monochloramine, nitrogen trichloride, and a number of other toxic and explosive products depending on the circumstances of the chemical reaction, but not pure chlorine.","title":"Chlorine bomb"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Dry ice bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_ice_bomb"},{"title":"Pipe bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_bomb"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Acid Bomb Warning\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snopes.com/crime/warnings/acidbomb.asp","url_text":"\"Acid Bomb Warning\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.snopes.com/crime/warnings/acidbomb.asp","external_links_name":"\"Acid Bomb Warning\""},{"Link":"https://info.publicintelligence.net/VFC-ChemicalBombs.pdf","external_links_name":"VERMONT FUSION CENTER - Improvised Chemical Bombs"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Whitworth
|
Johnny Whitworth
|
["1 Life and career","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American actor
Johnny WhitworthWhitworth in October 2017Born (1975-10-31) October 31, 1975 (age 48)Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.OccupationActorYears active1994–presentWebsitejohnnywhitworth.com
Johnny Whitworth (born October 31, 1975) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as A.J. in Empire Records (1995), as Donny Ray Black in Francis Ford Coppola's The Rainmaker (1997), as Vernon Gant in Limitless (2011), as Blackout in the Marvel superhero film Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance (2011), and as Cage Wallace in The CW's series The 100.
Life and career
Whitworth's early years were spent in his birthplace, Charleston, South Carolina, with his mother. As his parents were divorced, he eventually chose to live with his father in Plano, Texas. But following that he moved to Los Angeles with his mother and at the age of 15 started his acting career with a guest appearance on Party of Five in 1994. His debut in movies was with Bye Bye Love in 1995. That same year, he played A.J. in the film Empire Records.
Whitworth quit acting after his first few movies but then made a comeback in 1997's The Rainmaker. He followed that up with a part in Hell's Kitchen (1998) alongside Angelina Jolie. Whitworth had a recurring role on the CBS crime drama CSI: Miami, where he played bad-boy Detective Jake Berkeley, a love interest of Calleigh Duquesne. The story line swiftly made Whitworth's character a controversial one, as his competition for Duquesne was long-time CSI agent Eric Delko. From the end of Season 5 and throughout Season 6, Berkeley was no longer an ATF agent but a Miami-Dade homicide detective working with the CSI team. Whitworth returned in the first episode of Season 7 and again in the 21st episode of Season 8. This was his last appearance.
In 2003 he costarred in MTV's musical adaptation of Wuthering Heights, which was a modern take on the classic novel. In 2007, Whitworth appeared in the film 3:10 to Yuma, and in 2009 appeared in Gamer. He later appeared in the films Locked In and Limitless. He also played the villain Blackout in the 2011 film Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance and Griffin Cavenaugh in the thriller Pathology.
From 2014 to 2015, Whitworth had the recurring role of Cage Wallace in The CW's series The 100. In 2015, Whitworth had a recurring role in NBC series Blindspot.
Personal life
Whitworth never married and currently resides in Utah with his pet puppy. He is an “outdoor lover” and has been always active on climbing.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1995
Bye Bye Love
Max Cooper
1995
Empire Records
A.J.
1996
Somebody Is Waiting
Leon
1997
The Rainmaker
Donny Ray Black
1998
Can't Hardly Wait
Gum Boy (voice)
Uncredited
1998
Hell's Kitchen
Patty
1999
Out in Fifty
Whitey
1999
Me and Will
Fred
2000
Shadow Hours
Tron
2000
Bullslingers
2001
Valentine
Max Raimi
2002
The Anarchist Cookbook
Sweeney
2002
Birdseye
Trent Boone
2002
Kiss the Bride
Marty
2006
Factory Girl
Silver George
2007
3:10 to Yuma
Darden
2008
Pathology
Griffin Cavenaugh
2008
Reach for Me
Kevin
2009
Gamer
Scotch
2009
The Things We Carry
Jeremiah
2010
Locked In
Nathan
2011
Limitless
Vernon
2011
Valley of the Sun
Andy Taggert / Vick Velour
2011
Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance
Ray Carrigan / Blackout
2013
Zephyr Springs
David James
2015
Bad Hurt
Kent Kendall
2016
Inwards
Joe
Short film
2019
Carte Blanche
Steve Walker
Short film
2020
Still Here
Christian Baker
TBA
The Adventures of Thomasina Sawyer †
Dr. Robinson
TBA
The Darkness of the Road
Clerk
Post-production
Key
†
Denotes films that have not yet been released
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1994
Birdland
Episode: "Sons and Mudders"
1994
Party of Five
P.K. Strickler
2 episodes
1997
Gun
James Munday
Episode: "The Hole"
2001
NYPD Blue
Jason Bazedon
Episode: "Dying to Testify"
2001
Providence
Jason Zeller
Episode: "Home Sweet Home"
2002
The Shield
Effi Montecito
Episode: "Cupid & Psycho"
2003
Wuthering Heights
Hendrix
Television film
2003
The Handler
Denver
Episode: "Homewrecker's Ball"
2005
Cold Case
Maurice Warfield 1978
Episode: "Blank Generation"
2005
Numbers
Dante Baker
Episode: "Obsession"
2006
Without a Trace
Miles Sussmann
Episode: "White Balance"
2006–2010
CSI: Miami
Jake Berkeley
11 episodes
2012
Outlaw Country
Ajax
Television film
2014–2015
The 100
Cage Wallace
10 episodes
2015–2016
Blindspot
Markos (Ruggedly Handsome Man)
6 episodes
2017
Colony
Solomon
Episode: "Somewhere Out There"
References
^ "Whitworth, Johnny (1975–)". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023.
^ Kevin Jagernauth (March 17, 2011). "Johnny Whitworth Confirms He'll Play Blackout In 'Ghost R - The Playlist". The Playlist. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
^ "Overview for Johnny Whitworth". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
^ "'The 100' Boss Breaks Down the Shocking Finale Twists and Teases Season 3 Plans!". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
External links
Official website
Johnny Whitworth at IMDb
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Empire Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Records"},{"link_name":"Francis Ford Coppola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola"},{"link_name":"The Rainmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rainmaker_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Limitless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limitless_(film)"},{"link_name":"Blackout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_(Lilin)"},{"link_name":"Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Rider:_Spirit_of_Vengeance"},{"link_name":"The CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW"},{"link_name":"The 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_100_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Johnny Whitworth (born October 31, 1975)[1] is an American actor. He is known for his roles as A.J. in Empire Records (1995), as Donny Ray Black in Francis Ford Coppola's The Rainmaker (1997), as Vernon Gant in Limitless (2011), as Blackout in the Marvel superhero film Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance (2011), and as Cage Wallace in The CW's series The 100.[2]","title":"Johnny Whitworth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Party of Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Five"},{"link_name":"Bye Bye Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye_Bye_Love_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Empire Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Records"},{"link_name":"The Rainmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rainmaker_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Hell's Kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"Angelina Jolie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_Jolie"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"CSI: Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI:_Miami"},{"link_name":"Calleigh Duquesne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calleigh_Duquesne"},{"link_name":"Eric Delko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Delko"},{"link_name":"Wuthering Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuthering_Heights"},{"link_name":"3:10 to Yuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3:10_to_Yuma_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamer_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Locked In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locked_In_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Limitless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limitless_(film)"},{"link_name":"Blackout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_(Lilin)"},{"link_name":"Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Rider:_Spirit_of_Vengeance"},{"link_name":"Pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology_(film)"},{"link_name":"The CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW"},{"link_name":"The 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_100_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Blindspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindspot_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Whitworth's early years were spent in his birthplace, Charleston, South Carolina, with his mother. As his parents were divorced, he eventually chose to live with his father in Plano, Texas. But following that he moved to Los Angeles with his mother and at the age of 15 started his acting career with a guest appearance on Party of Five in 1994. His debut in movies was with Bye Bye Love in 1995.[3] That same year, he played A.J. in the film Empire Records.Whitworth quit acting after his first few movies but then made a comeback in 1997's The Rainmaker. He followed that up with a part in Hell's Kitchen (1998) alongside Angelina Jolie. Whitworth had a recurring role on the CBS crime drama CSI: Miami, where he played bad-boy Detective Jake Berkeley, a love interest of Calleigh Duquesne. The story line swiftly made Whitworth's character a controversial one, as his competition for Duquesne was long-time CSI agent Eric Delko. From the end of Season 5 and throughout Season 6, Berkeley was no longer an ATF agent but a Miami-Dade homicide detective working with the CSI team. Whitworth returned in the first episode of Season 7 and again in the 21st episode of Season 8. This was his last appearance.In 2003 he costarred in MTV's musical adaptation of Wuthering Heights, which was a modern take on the classic novel. In 2007, Whitworth appeared in the film 3:10 to Yuma, and in 2009 appeared in Gamer. He later appeared in the films Locked In and Limitless. He also played the villain Blackout in the 2011 film Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance and Griffin Cavenaugh in the thriller Pathology.From 2014 to 2015, Whitworth had the recurring role of Cage Wallace in The CW's series The 100.[4] In 2015, Whitworth had a recurring role in NBC series Blindspot.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"}],"text":"Whitworth never married and currently resides in Utah with his pet puppy. He is an “outdoor lover” and has been always active on climbing.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Whitworth, Johnny (1975–)\". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/whitworth-johnny-1975","url_text":"\"Whitworth, Johnny (1975–)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia.com","url_text":"Encyclopedia.com"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20230214025919/https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/whitworth-johnny-1975","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kevin Jagernauth (March 17, 2011). \"Johnny Whitworth Confirms He'll Play Blackout In 'Ghost R - The Playlist\". The Playlist. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved March 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150403043357/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/johnny_whitworth_confirms_hell_play_blackout_in_ghost_rider_spirit_of","url_text":"\"Johnny Whitworth Confirms He'll Play Blackout In 'Ghost R - The Playlist\""},{"url":"http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/johnny_whitworth_confirms_hell_play_blackout_in_ghost_rider_spirit_of","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Overview for Johnny Whitworth\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/205682%7C0/Johnny-Whitworth/","url_text":"\"Overview for Johnny Whitworth\""}]},{"reference":"\"'The 100' Boss Breaks Down the Shocking Finale Twists and Teases Season 3 Plans!\". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved March 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etonline.com/tv/161015_the_100_boss_on_season_2_finale_shockers_season_3_plans/index.html","url_text":"\"'The 100' Boss Breaks Down the Shocking Finale Twists and Teases Season 3 Plans!\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://johnnywhitworth.com/","external_links_name":"johnnywhitworth.com"},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/whitworth-johnny-1975","external_links_name":"\"Whitworth, Johnny (1975–)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20230214025919/https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/whitworth-johnny-1975","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150403043357/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/johnny_whitworth_confirms_hell_play_blackout_in_ghost_rider_spirit_of","external_links_name":"\"Johnny Whitworth Confirms He'll Play Blackout In 'Ghost R - The Playlist\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/johnny_whitworth_confirms_hell_play_blackout_in_ghost_rider_spirit_of","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/205682%7C0/Johnny-Whitworth/","external_links_name":"\"Overview for Johnny Whitworth\""},{"Link":"http://www.etonline.com/tv/161015_the_100_boss_on_season_2_finale_shockers_season_3_plans/index.html","external_links_name":"\"'The 100' Boss Breaks Down the Shocking Finale Twists and Teases Season 3 Plans!\""},{"Link":"http://www.johnnywhitworth.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0926615/","external_links_name":"Johnny Whitworth"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/26804468","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtMqRWprCC33CqyKxVgrq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2005101334","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Spanish_Angels
|
Seven Spanish Angels
|
["1 Content","2 Charts","2.1 Weekly charts","2.2 Year-end charts","3 Cover versions","4 References"]
|
1984 single by Ray Charles with Willie Nelson"Seven Spanish Angels"Single by Ray Charles with Willie Nelsonfrom the album Friendship B-side"Who Cares"ReleasedNovember 1984Genre
Country
gospel
Length3:52LabelColumbiaSongwriter(s)
Troy Seals
Eddie Setser
Producer(s)Billy SherrillWillie Nelson singles chronology
"City of New Orleans" (1984)
"Seven Spanish Angels" (1984)
"Forgiving You Was Easy" (1985)
"Seven Spanish Angels" is a song written by Troy Seals and Eddie Setser, and recorded by Ray Charles as a duet with Willie Nelson. It was released in November 1984 as a single from Charles' 1984 album Friendship. Charles and Nelson split the verses, with Charles singing the first and Nelson the second, Charles sang the first and second choruses with Nelson joining for the outro. It was also included on Nelson's 1985 compilation album Half Nelson. "Seven Spanish Angels" was the most successful of Charles' eight hits on the country chart. The single spent one week at number one and a total of twelve weeks on the country chart.
Setser had suggested the title "Seven Spanish Angels" and he and Seals had written the song as a homage to the tejano flavored classic hits of Marty Robbins exemplified by Robbins' career record "El Paso" (Troy Seals quote): "When we finished it we thought 'Who in the world's gonna do it?' because Marty was ." Within two days "Seven Spanish Angels" had been successfully pitched to Willie Nelson. Before Nelson was able to record it, producer Billy Sherrill happened to hear the demo and wanted the song for Ray Charles. Sherrill proposed that Nelson and Charles duet on the song after learning of Nelson's having reserved it.
Content
The song is about an outlaw and his lover who are trying to outrun a posse sent to return them to Texas. When they are cornered, they decide to fight the approaching lawmen. Before the final gunfight, the two embrace, speaking of their belief that God will spare them. The gunfight then commences, with the outlaw firing upon the posse. He is immediately shot and killed, prompting his distraught lover to pick up his gun. She tearfully prays, "Father, please forgive me; I can't make it without my man." She deliberately points the empty weapon at the lawmen and is then shot dead. After each death, the titular angels gather to pray for the lovers. This is followed by "thunder from the throne" and the angels "tak another angel home". Seals stated that "We tried to make ethereal but also believable". As written the song included the lines: "Now the people in the valley swear/ That when the moon's just right/ They see the Texan and his woman/ Ride across the clouds at night", which Sherrill preferred not to record feeling the track would run too long.
Charts
43
Weekly charts
Chart (1984–1985)
Peakposition
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)
1
Canadian RPM Country Tracks
1
New Zealand Singles Chart
6
Australian Kent Music Report
29
Year-end charts
Chart (1985)
Position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)
18
Cover versions
Canadian artist Corb Lund released his cover on the 2019 album Cover Your Tracks.
Alison Krauss and Jamey Johnson covered the song at the 2015 Gershwin prize tribute concert in Washington D.C., with Nelson and his wife in attendance on November 18, 2015. (Nelson received the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song).
Sierra Ferrell released a cover of the song in May 2023 to celebrate Nelson's 90th birthday and has been including it in her live performances in 2023.
Norwegian artist Diddi Velle released a cover of the song as her debut single on July 28, 2023.
References
^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944–2006 (Second ed.). Record Research. p. 78.
^ a b "Seven Spanish Angels Take Lovers to Their Home Above" (subscription required). The Tennessean (Nashville, Tennessee), February 24, 1985. p. 171.
^ "Google Play Music is no longer available".
^ "Willie Nelson Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
^ "Hot Country Songs – Year-End 1985". Billboard. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Corb Lund - "Seven Spanish Angels" ". YouTube.
^ Mower, Maxim. "Sierra Ferrell Shares Birthday Cover of Willie Nelson's 'Seven Spanish Angels'". Honk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
vteWillie Nelson singles1950s
"No Place for Me"
"Man With the Blues" / "The Storm Has Just Begun"
"What a Way to Live"
1960s
"Nite Life"
"The Part Where I Cry" / "Mr. Record Man"
"Willingly"
"Touch Me"
"Wake Me When It's Over"
"Half a Man" / "The Last Letter"
"Am I Blue"
"I Never Cared For You"
"Pretty Paper"
"San Antonio Rose"
"I Love You Because"
"The Party's Over"
"Blackjack County Chain"
"Johnny One Time"
"Bring Me Sunshine"
1970s
"Fire and Rain"
"Yesterday's Wine"
"Stay All Night (Stay a Little Longer)"
"Bloody Mary Morning"
"Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain"
"If You've Got the Money I've Got the Time"
"Georgia on My Mind"
"Blue Skies"
"All of Me"
"Whiskey River"
"September Song"
"White Christmas"
1980s
"Help Me Make It Through the Night"
"My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys"
"Midnight Rider"
"On the Road Again"
"Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground"
"Mona Lisa"
"I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter"
"Always on My Mind"
"Let It Be Me"
"Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning"
"Little Old Fashioned Karma"
"Why Do I Have to Choose"
"Take It to the Limit"
"Without a Song"
"City of New Orleans"
"Forgiving You Was Easy"
"Living in the Promiseland"
"Heart of Gold"
"Spanish Eyes" (with Julio Iglesias)
"Twilight Time"
"Nothing I Can Do About It Now"
"There You Are"
"Mr. Record Man"
1990s
"Ain't Necessarily So"
"Graceland"
2000s
"Mendocino County Line" (with Lee Ann Womack)
"Wurlitzer Prize" (with Norah Jones)
"Beer for My Horses" (with Toby Keith)
"The Harder They Come"
"You Don't Know Me"
"Cowboys Are Frequently, Secretly Fond of Each Other"
"Gravedigger"
2010s
"Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die"
"Just Breathe"
"Grandma's Hands" (with Mavis Staples)
"The Wall"
"It's All Going to Pot"
"Summer Wind"
"Vote 'Em Out"
"Forever Country"
Category:Willie Nelson
vteRay CharlesStudio albumsAtlantic
Ray Charles (Hallelujah, I Love Her So)
The Great Ray Charles
Yes Indeed!
Soul Brothers
What'd I Say
The Genius of Ray Charles
The Genius Sings the Blues
Soul Meeting
The Genius After Hours
True to Life
Love & Peace
ABC
The Genius Hits the Road
Dedicated to You
Ray Charles and Betty Carter
Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music
Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music, Vol. 2
Ingredients in a Recipe for Soul
Sweet & Sour Tears
Have a Smile with Me
Together Again / Country and Western Meets Rhythm and Blues
Crying Time
Ray's Moods
Ray Charles Invites You to Listen
A Portrait of Ray
I'm All Yours Baby!
Doing His Thing
My Kind of Jazz
Love Country Style
Volcanic Action of My Soul
Jazz Number II
A Message from the People
Through the Eyes of Love
Crossover
My Kind of Jazz Part 3
Columbia
Wish You Were Here Tonight
Friendship
From the Pages of My Mind
Just Between Us
Warner Bros.
Would You Believe?
My World
Strong Love Affair
Other labels
Genius + Soul = Jazz
Porgy and Bess
Genius Loves Company
Posthumous studio creations
Genius & Friends
Ray Sings, Basie Swings
Rare Genius
Live albums
Ray Charles at Newport
Ray Charles in Person
Live in Concert
Ray Charles Live
Notablecompilations
Do the Twist! with Ray Charles
Ray Charles Greatest Hits
A Man and His Soul
The Best of Ray Charles
Anthology
The Birth of Soul
Ray Charles in Concert
True Genius
Billboard Hot 100top 10 singles
"What'd I Say"
"Georgia on My Mind"
"Hit the Road Jack"
"One Mint Julep"
"Unchain My Heart"
"I Can't Stop Loving You "
"You Don't Know Me"
"You Are My Sunshine"
"Busted"
"Take These Chains from My Heart"
"Crying Time"
Other Billboard Charts#1 singles
"I Got a Woman"
"A Fool for You"
"Mary Ann"
"Drown in My Own Tears"
"Together Again"
"Let's Go Get Stoned"
"Seven Spanish Angels"
"I'll Be Good to You"
Grammy Awarded Works(not included above)
"Let The Good Times Roll"
"Living for the City"
"A Song for You"
"Heaven Help Us All"
"Here We Go Again"
See also
Discography
Tangerine Records
David "Fathead" Newman
Fathead / Ray Charles Sextet
Hank Crawford
The Raelettes
Ray
soundtrack
Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles
Tribute to Uncle Ray
"Confession Blues"
Category
|
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She tearfully prays, \"Father, please forgive me; I can't make it without my man.\" She deliberately points the empty weapon at the lawmen and is then shot dead. After each death, the titular angels gather to pray for the lovers. This is followed by \"thunder from the throne\" and the angels \"tak[ing] another angel home\".[3] Seals stated that \"We tried to make [the story] ethereal but also believable\". As written the song included the lines: \"Now the people in the valley swear/ That when the moon's just right/ They see the Texan and his woman/ Ride across the clouds at night\", which Sherrill preferred not to record feeling the track would run too long.[2]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_Spanish_Angels&action=edit§ion=3"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcountrysongs_Willie_Nelson-4"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_Spanish_Angels&action=edit§ion=4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"43\n\n\n\nWeekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1984–1985)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[4]\n\n1\n\n\nCanadian RPM Country Tracks\n\n1\n\n\nNew Zealand Singles Chart\n\n6\n\n\nAustralian Kent Music Report\n\n29\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1985)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[5]\n\n18","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corb Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corb_Lund"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Alison Krauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Krauss"},{"link_name":"Jamey Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamey_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Gershwin prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershwin_Prize"},{"link_name":"Sierra Ferrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Ferrell"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Canadian artist Corb Lund released his cover on the 2019 album Cover Your Tracks.[6]\nAlison Krauss and Jamey Johnson covered the song at the 2015 Gershwin prize tribute concert in Washington D.C., with Nelson and his wife in attendance on November 18, 2015. (Nelson received the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song).\nSierra Ferrell released a cover of the song in May 2023 to celebrate Nelson's 90th birthday and has been including it in her live performances in 2023.[7]\nNorwegian artist Diddi Velle released a cover of the song as her debut single on July 28, 2023.","title":"Cover versions"}]
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Orders
|
Bob Orders
|
["1 Early life","2 Cribbing scandal","3 Career at West Virginia","4 Later life","5 References"]
|
Robert "Bob" Orders was an All-American football player for West Virginia University
Robert "Bob" OrdersNo. 54Orders c. 1953Born:(1932-01-09)January 9, 1932Kermit, West Virginia, U.S.Died:April 22, 2014(2014-04-22) (aged 82)Charleston, West Virginia, U.S.Career informationPosition(s)CenterHeight6 ft 4 in (193 cm)Weight227 lb (103 kg)CollegeArmy 1949-1950West Virginia 1952-1953NFL draft1953, Round: 13, Pick: 151Drafted byGreen BayCareer highlights and awards
First-team All-American (1953)
Two-sport prep All-State selection
1948 First-team All-West Virginia football team selection
Two-year letterman at Army
Two-year letterman at West Virginia
Two-time All-Southern Conference selection
1953 West Virginia Athlete of the Year
West Virginia University Hall of Fame inductee
Mountaineer Legends Society inductee
Robert Orders (January 9, 1932 – April 22, 2014) was a collegiate American football center for Army and West Virginia University. Orders was a star two-sport athlete at Huntington High School in West Virginia and there earned prep All-State selection in both football and basketball. He was a two-year letterman at West Point and a two-year letterman at WVU. In 1953 Orders earned first team All-American honors from the NEA Service and both second and third team selections from various selectors. Orders was inducted into the WVU Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.
In the 1953 NFL Draft, Orders was picked 151st overall in the 13th round by the Green Bay Packers but declined the offer, choosing to enter into military service.
While at the U.S. Military Academy, Orders was one of 90 players implicated in the 1951 Army "Cribbing Scandal", an investigation into a large scale honor-code violation centered around the Army Cadets football team. Orders was expelled from the academy and opted to return to West Virginia to complete his academic and athletic career.
Early life
Robert Orders was born on January 9, 1932, in Kermit, West Virginia. He was raised in Huntington, West Virginia, and attended Huntington Central High School. At Huntington Central, Orders played as a two-sport athlete for the football and basketball teams. He was a prep all-state selection in both sports and made the 1948 first-team All-West Virginia football team.
Orders graduated with honors from Huntington Central High School in 1948 with offers from nine major schools, including The US Military Academy and West Virginia University. He chose to accept his West Point offer and enrolled at the academy.
Cribbing scandal
While at West Point, Orders competed as a center for the academy's gridiron football team. In both his years at Army, the 1949 & 1950 seasons, Orders earned letters.
During the summer of 1951, a large scale honor-code violation was discovered in the school's athletic department. It was discovered that head coach Earl "Red" Blaik had instructed West Point representatives to visit various congressmen in order to persuade them to appoint applicants on the basis of athletic ability over academic and character ratings. Further allegations arose surrounding "all-expenses-paid" visits and "illegitimate" appointments to the academy on the part of Col. Earl Blaik's athletic department.
The primary conflict of the scandal, however, was the discover that " a majority of the West Point football team was involved in breaking the academy's code of honor." The code states: "A Cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, or tolerate those who do." At the time, exams taken at different times for the same class at West Point used the same questions each time, so the first cadets to take the assessment would copy the test's contents and give it to the next test-takers. The scheme originated when members of the athletics programs, specifically the football team, found it difficult to achieve the grades necessary for athletics while also attending the mandatory, rigorous practices for the powerhouse program. Reports blame an over-emphasis on athletics as cadets' priority and the appointment of students lacking the academic requirements for attendance at the academy. Of the 90 dismissed cadets, 35 returned to colleges across the country, of those 32 were immediately eligible to continue their football career, 17 of whom decided to continue playing. Orders was among those implicated in the investigation and was one the 17 to continue with the sport.
Career at West Virginia
Orders continued his academic and athletic careers at West Virginia University. His arrival was a welcome one and greeted with some fanfare as the Mountaineers had gone 4–6–1, 2–8, & 5–5 from 1949 to 1951. Orders, alongside a host of new West Virginia players, led the Mountaineers to a 7–2 season in 1951. That season included a 16–0 victory over eighteenth ranked Pitt in 1952, considered one of the greatest victories in team history. The 1952 victory over Pittsburgh marked WVU's first defeat of a top-20 team in program history. The conclusion of that season saw Orders earning letter distinction and All-Southern Conference selection.
The following season, West Virginia went 8–1 in the regular season and 4–0 in Southern Conference Play. Again the team defeated a then-seventeenth ranked Pitt team, that game is also considered one of the Mountaineers' greatest all-time victories and was the second time the team ever defeated a top-20 team on the gridiron. West Virginia was crowned as Southern Conference Champions and were invited to the 1954 Sugar Bowl, the game was West Virginia's first appearance in a New Year's bowl game and the team's first participation in an official post-season game. Despite a loss in that game, the season marked a new high in the program's history.
Following the 1953 season, Orders received his fourth letterman distinction. He also achieved his second All-Southern Conference selection and was picked by the NEA Service as a first team All-American along with second and third team All-American selections by Central Press, United Press, and Football Digest. He was named 1953 West Virginia Athlete of the Year. Mountaineers head coach Art Lewis would later describe Orders as "the best in-the-line blocker I've ever coached" and Fred Digby, founder of the Sugar Bowl, stated,"I don't believe I have ever seen a better offensive center than Bob Orders of West Virginia." Orders was credited with being a driving force behind West Virginia's success, being referred to as "the rock" in reference to his place in both the offensive and defensive lines.
In 1960, The Pittsburgh Press released an all-time West Virginia team which place Orders as the center and later named him the best player in the university's history.
In 1996 Orders was inducted into the WVU Sports Hall of Fame, and was named an inaugural member of WVU’s Mountaineer Legends Society in 2016. He is also a member of the West Virginia Sports Writers Hall of Fame.
While at West Virginia, Orders was in ROTC, Beta Theta Pi fraternity, and was the vice president of his senior class.
Later life
After his graduation from West Virginia University with a Bachelor of Science degree in the College of Commerce, Orders was drafted 151st overall by the Green Bay Packers in the 13th round of the 1953 NFL Draft. Orders declined the offer from Green Bay and opted to joined the US Army immediately following his graduation from the ROTC. He served for two years at Fort Benning, Georgia, from 1954 to 1956, upon his honorable discharge, moved to Charleston, West Virginia, with his wife, Susan Ball Orders. He worked in insurance for two years and in asphalt and paving for another seven before founding Orders and Haynes Paving Company in 1966.
Orders served as a board member of the West Virginia University Foundation, Kanawha Banking and Trust (now United Bank), AAA, YMCA, Boy Scouts of America, Goodwill and the National Asphalt and Paving Association. Orders also served as president of the Contractor's Association of West Virginia.
He was a deacon and elder for the First Presbyterian Church of Charleston and was a member of the Lions Club International until his death.
He died on April 22, 2014, in his Charleston home at the age of 82.
References
^ a b "1948 All-West Virginia Football Team". The Leader. Hinton, West Virginia. December 23, 1948. p. 7. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "West Virginia Places Five On SC 'Team'". Knoxville News-Sentinel. November 24, 1953. p. 12. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Bob Orders Named Athlete Of Year". Hinton (W.Va.) Daily News. December 15, 1953. p. 6. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "1953 West Virginia Mountaineers Roster". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
^ a b c d e f g "Bob Orders". WVU Sports Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
^ "Huntington Gridder Leaves West Point". The Raleigh Register. August 16, 1951. p. 10. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c d e f Furfari, Mickey (May 6, 2014). "Wyant lauds Bob Orders who's dead at 82". Bluefield Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
^ "Cadets May Apply To WVU". Richmond Times-Dispatch. August 16, 1951. p. 15. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Before entering West Point two years ago, Orders said he had offers from West Virginia and seven other major schools.
^ "Blaik Denies He Will Resign". The New York Times. August 10, 1951. p. 1. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
^ Olderman, Murray (October 1952). Railroaded Out of West Point. Sport Magazine.
^ Sperber, Murray (November 30, 1998). Onward to Victory, The Creation of Modern College Sports. Henry Holt and Company. p. 543. ISBN 9780805038651. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
^ "West Point Scandal Causes Ouster of 90 Cadets". The Daily Illini. Urbana-Champaign, Illinois. August 4, 1951. p. 1. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections.
^ Deford, Frank (November 13, 2000). "Code Breakers". Sports Illustrated. pp. 144–160. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via vault.si.com.
^ Olderman, Murray (September 2, 1952). "Blaik's Lost Warriors Still in Gridiron Picture". The Portsmouth Herald. p. 5. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Bob Orders Went To West Virginia After Army Boot". Holdenville Daily. November 27, 1953. p. 63. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "2017 WVU Football Guide" Archived April 5, 2023, at the Wayback Machine. WVU Football Guide: 179–181. 2017 – via Issuu.
^ "WVU Open To Ousted Cadets". The Raleigh Register. August 16, 1951. p. 10. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Three Linemen Draw Accolades". Richmond Times-Dispatch. November 6, 1953. p. 46. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "All-America Grid Team Dominated by Midwest". Stillwater News-Press. November 25, 1953. p. 6. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Johnson, Raymond (December 4, 1953). "Sugar Bowl Doesn't Have To Take Backseat". The Tennessean. p. 63. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
^ McKowen, Bob (November 24, 1953). "Packers' Bob Orders 'Born Leader,' Claim". Green Bay Press-Gazette. p. 17. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Hardman, A. L. (October 30, 1960). "Press Names All-WVU Team". Sunday Gazette-Mail. Charleston, West Virginia. p. 64. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Bob Orders - 1994 - WVU: 1952-53 | WVU Hall of Fame". www.hot.wvu.edu. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
^ "1953 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
^ a b c "Robert Orders Obituary (1932 - 2014) - Legacy Remembers". Legacy.com. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Black_Knights_football"},{"link_name":"West Virginia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WVroster-4"},{"link_name":"Huntington High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_High_School_(West_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_All-America_Team"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOF_entry-5"},{"link_name":"1953 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"Cribbing Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_Army_Cadets_football_team"},{"link_name":"honor-code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet_Honor_Code"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Robert Orders (January 9, 1932 – April 22, 2014) was a collegiate American football center for Army and West Virginia University.[4] Orders was a star two-sport athlete at Huntington High School in West Virginia and there earned prep All-State selection in both football and basketball. He was a two-year letterman at West Point and a two-year letterman at WVU. In 1953 Orders earned first team All-American honors from the NEA Service and both second and third team selections from various selectors. Orders was inducted into the WVU Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.[5]In the 1953 NFL Draft, Orders was picked 151st overall in the 13th round by the Green Bay Packers but declined the offer, choosing to enter into military service.While at the U.S. Military Academy, Orders was one of 90 players implicated in the 1951 Army \"Cribbing Scandal\", an investigation into a large scale honor-code violation centered around the Army Cadets football team. Orders was expelled from the academy and opted to return to West Virginia to complete his academic and athletic career.[6]","title":"Bob Orders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kermit, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Huntington, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Huntington Central High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_High_School_(West_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allWVfb-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wyant-7"},{"link_name":"The US Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"West Virginia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Robert Orders was born on January 9, 1932, in Kermit, West Virginia. He was raised in Huntington, West Virginia, and attended Huntington Central High School. At Huntington Central, Orders played as a two-sport athlete for the football and basketball teams. He was a prep all-state selection in both sports and made the 1948 first-team All-West Virginia football team.[1][7]Orders graduated with honors from Huntington Central High School in 1948 with offers from nine major schools, including The US Military Academy and West Virginia University.[8] He chose to accept his West Point offer and enrolled at the academy.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"Earl \"Red\" Blaik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Blaik"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"While at West Point, Orders competed as a center for the academy's gridiron football team. In both his years at Army, the 1949 & 1950 seasons, Orders earned letters.During the summer of 1951, a large scale honor-code violation was discovered in the school's athletic department. It was discovered that head coach Earl \"Red\" Blaik had instructed West Point representatives to visit various congressmen in order to persuade them to appoint applicants on the basis of athletic ability over academic and character ratings.[9] Further allegations arose surrounding \"all-expenses-paid\" visits and \"illegitimate\" appointments to the academy on the part of Col. Earl Blaik's athletic department.[10][11]The primary conflict of the scandal, however, was the discover that \"[...] a majority of the West Point football team was involved in breaking the academy's code of honor.\" The code states: \"A Cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, or tolerate those who do.\" At the time, exams taken at different times for the same class at West Point used the same questions each time, so the first cadets to take the assessment would copy the test's contents and give it to the next test-takers. The scheme originated when members of the athletics programs, specifically the football team, found it difficult to achieve the grades necessary for athletics while also attending the mandatory, rigorous practices for the powerhouse program. Reports blame an over-emphasis on athletics as cadets' priority and the appointment of students lacking the academic requirements for attendance at the academy.[12][13] Of the 90 dismissed cadets, 35 returned to colleges across the country, of those 32 were immediately eligible to continue their football career, 17 of whom decided to continue playing. Orders was among those implicated in the investigation and was one the 17 to continue with the sport.[14]","title":"Cribbing scandal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"4–6–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football_team"},{"link_name":"2–8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football_team"},{"link_name":"5–5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football_team"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"7–2 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football_team"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers_football"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOF_entry-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wyant-7"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football_team"},{"link_name":"–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football_team"},{"link_name":"1954 Sugar Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Sugar_Bowl"},{"link_name":"New Year's bowl game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Six"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOF_entry-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wyant-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_All-America_Team"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Art Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Fred Digby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Digby"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"The Pittsburgh Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pittsburgh_Press"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"WVU Sports Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wvusports.com/honors/wvu-sports-hall-of-fame"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOF_entry-5"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hotHOF-23"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wyant-7"},{"link_name":"ROTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps"},{"link_name":"Beta Theta Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Theta_Pi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOF_entry-5"}],"text":"Orders continued his academic and athletic careers at West Virginia University.[15] His arrival was a welcome one and greeted with some fanfare as the Mountaineers had gone 4–6–1, 2–8, & 5–5 from 1949 to 1951.[16][17] Orders, alongside a host of new West Virginia players, led the Mountaineers to a 7–2 season in 1951. That season included a 16–0 victory over eighteenth ranked Pitt in 1952, considered one of the greatest victories in team history.[5] The 1952 victory over Pittsburgh marked WVU's first defeat of a top-20 team in program history. The conclusion of that season saw Orders earning letter distinction and All-Southern Conference selection.[7]The following season, West Virginia went 8–1 in the regular season and 4–0 in Southern Conference Play. Again the team defeated a then-seventeenth ranked Pitt team, that game is also considered one of the Mountaineers' greatest all-time victories and was the second time the team ever defeated a top-20 team on the gridiron. West Virginia was crowned as Southern Conference Champions and were invited to the 1954 Sugar Bowl, the game was West Virginia's first appearance in a New Year's bowl game and the team's first participation in an official post-season game. Despite a loss in that game, the season marked a new high in the program's history.[5][7][16]Following the 1953 season, Orders received his fourth letterman distinction. He also achieved his second All-Southern Conference selection and was picked by the NEA Service as a first team All-American along with second and third team All-American selections by Central Press, United Press, and Football Digest.[18][19] He was named 1953 West Virginia Athlete of the Year. Mountaineers head coach Art Lewis would later describe Orders as \"the best in-the-line blocker I've ever coached\" and Fred Digby, founder of the Sugar Bowl, stated,\"I don't believe I have ever seen a better offensive center than Bob Orders of West Virginia.\"[20] Orders was credited with being a driving force behind West Virginia's success, being referred to as \"the rock\" in reference to his place in both the offensive and defensive lines.[21]In 1960, The Pittsburgh Press released an all-time West Virginia team which place Orders as the center and later named him the best player in the university's history.[22]In 1996 Orders was inducted into the WVU Sports Hall of Fame, and was named an inaugural member of WVU’s Mountaineer Legends Society in 2016.[5][23] He is also a member of the West Virginia Sports Writers Hall of Fame.[7]While at West Virginia, Orders was in ROTC, Beta Theta Pi fraternity, and was the vice president of his senior class.[5]","title":"Career at West Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"1953 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1953draft-24"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"ROTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wyant-7"},{"link_name":"Fort Benning, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Moore"},{"link_name":"Charleston, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOF_entry-5"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-25"},{"link_name":"Kanawha Banking and Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Bank_(West_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"AAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Automobile_Association"},{"link_name":"YMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMCA"},{"link_name":"Boy Scouts of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America"},{"link_name":"Goodwill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwill_Industries"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOF_entry-5"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-25"},{"link_name":"First Presbyterian Church of Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Presbyterian_Church_of_Charleston&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lions Club International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lions_Clubs_International"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-25"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wyant-7"}],"text":"After his graduation from West Virginia University with a Bachelor of Science degree in the College of Commerce, Orders was drafted 151st overall by the Green Bay Packers in the 13th round of the 1953 NFL Draft.[24] Orders declined the offer from Green Bay and opted to joined the US Army immediately following his graduation from the ROTC.[7] He served for two years at Fort Benning, Georgia, from 1954 to 1956, upon his honorable discharge, moved to Charleston, West Virginia, with his wife, Susan Ball Orders. He worked in insurance for two years and in asphalt and paving for another seven before founding Orders and Haynes Paving Company in 1966.[5][25]Orders served as a board member of the West Virginia University Foundation, Kanawha Banking and Trust (now United Bank), AAA, YMCA, Boy Scouts of America, Goodwill and the National Asphalt and Paving Association. Orders also served as president of the Contractor's Association of West Virginia.[5][25]He was a deacon and elder for the First Presbyterian Church of Charleston and was a member of the Lions Club International until his death.[25]He died on April 22, 2014, in his Charleston home at the age of 82.[7]","title":"Later life"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"1948 All-West Virginia Football Team\". The Leader. Hinton, West Virginia. December 23, 1948. p. 7. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/667559133/?terms=%22Robert%20Orders%22&match=1","url_text":"\"1948 All-West Virginia Football Team\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinton,_West_Virginia","url_text":"Hinton, West Virginia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240102162854/https://www.newspapers.com/image/667559133/?terms=%22Robert%20Orders%22&match=1","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"West Virginia Places Five On SC 'Team'\". Knoxville News-Sentinel. November 24, 1953. p. 12. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/773118773/?match=1","url_text":"\"West Virginia Places Five On SC 'Team'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240102141203/https://www.newspapers.com/image/773118773/?match=1","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Orders Named Athlete Of Year\". Hinton (W.Va.) Daily News. December 15, 1953. p. 6. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/667609913/?match=1","url_text":"\"Bob Orders Named Athlete Of Year\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240102143222/https://www.newspapers.com/image/667609913/?match=1","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"1953 West Virginia Mountaineers Roster\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/west-virginia/1953-roster.html","url_text":"\"1953 West Virginia Mountaineers Roster\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240101171609/https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/west-virginia/1953-roster.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Orders\". WVU Sports Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://wvusports.com/honors/wvu-sports-hall-of-fame/bob-orders/52","url_text":"\"Bob Orders\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240101171609/https://wvusports.com/honors/wvu-sports-hall-of-fame/bob-orders/52","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Huntington Gridder Leaves West Point\". The Raleigh Register. August 16, 1951. p. 10. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/47854658/?terms=Bob%20Orders&match=1","url_text":"\"Huntington Gridder Leaves West Point\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240102162855/https://www.newspapers.com/image/47854658/?terms=Bob%20Orders&match=1","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Furfari, Mickey (May 6, 2014). \"Wyant lauds Bob Orders who's dead at 82\". Bluefield Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdtonline.com/sports/sports_columns/wyant-lauds-bob-orders-who-s-dead-at-82/article_1a05a7ca-34b2-53a8-ad56-13137778530a.html","url_text":"\"Wyant lauds Bob Orders who's dead at 82\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240101171609/https://www.bdtonline.com/sports/sports_columns/wyant-lauds-bob-orders-who-s-dead-at-82/article_1a05a7ca-34b2-53a8-ad56-13137778530a.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cadets May Apply To WVU\". Richmond Times-Dispatch. August 16, 1951. p. 15. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Before entering West Point two years ago, Orders said he had offers from West Virginia and seven other major schools.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/828508878/?terms=Bob%20Orders&match=1","url_text":"\"Cadets May Apply To WVU\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240102162855/https://www.newspapers.com/image/828508878/?terms=Bob%20Orders&match=1","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Blaik Denies He Will Resign\". The New York Times. August 10, 1951. p. 1. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1951/08/10/archives/blaik-denies-he-will-resign-truman-scans-cadet-sports-report-on.html","url_text":"\"Blaik Denies He Will Resign\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240102162854/https://www.nytimes.com/1951/08/10/archives/blaik-denies-he-will-resign-truman-scans-cadet-sports-report-on.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Olderman, Murray (October 1952). Railroaded Out of West Point. Sport Magazine.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sperber, Murray (November 30, 1998). Onward to Victory, The Creation of Modern College Sports. Henry Holt and Company. p. 543. ISBN 9780805038651. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Onward_to_Victory/DWzpAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0","url_text":"Onward to Victory, The Creation of Modern College Sports"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805038651","url_text":"9780805038651"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240524155542/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Onward_to_Victory/DWzpAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"West Point Scandal Causes Ouster of 90 Cadets\". The Daily Illini. Urbana-Champaign, Illinois. August 4, 1951. p. 1. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections.","urls":[{"url":"https://idnc.library.illinois.edu/?a=d&d=DIL19510804.2.1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN----------","url_text":"\"West Point Scandal Causes Ouster of 90 Cadets\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240102211430/https://idnc.library.illinois.edu/?a=d&d=DIL19510804.2.1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN----------","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Deford, Frank (November 13, 2000). \"Code Breakers\". Sports Illustrated. pp. 144–160. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via vault.si.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://vault.si.com/vault/2000/11/13/704308#&gid=ci0258be484069278a&pid=704308---144---image","url_text":"\"Code Breakers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240102211427/https://vault.si.com/vault/2000/11/13/704308#&gid=ci0258be484069278a&pid=704308---144---image","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Olderman, Murray (September 2, 1952). \"Blaik's Lost Warriors Still in Gridiron Picture\". The Portsmouth Herald. p. 5. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/56606175/?terms=Bob%20Orders&match=1","url_text":"\"Blaik's Lost Warriors Still in Gridiron Picture\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240102211431/https://www.newspapers.com/image/56606175/?terms=Bob%20Orders&match=1","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Orders Went To West Virginia After Army Boot\". Holdenville Daily. November 27, 1953. p. 63. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/902140882/?terms=Bob%20Orders&match=1","url_text":"\"Bob Orders Went To West Virginia After Army Boot\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240102143223/https://www.newspapers.com/image/902140882/?terms=Bob%20Orders&match=1","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"WVU Open To Ousted Cadets\". The Raleigh Register. August 16, 1951. p. 10. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/47854658/?terms=Bob%20Orders&match=1","url_text":"\"WVU Open To Ousted Cadets\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240102162855/https://www.newspapers.com/image/47854658/?terms=Bob%20Orders&match=1","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Three Linemen Draw Accolades\". Richmond Times-Dispatch. November 6, 1953. p. 46. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/828448994/","url_text":"\"Three Linemen Draw Accolades\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240102211431/https://www.newspapers.com/image/828448994/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"All-America Grid Team Dominated by Midwest\". 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Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/111369251/","url_text":"\"Sugar Bowl Doesn't Have To Take Backseat\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240102211429/https://www.newspapers.com/image/111369251/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"McKowen, Bob (November 24, 1953). \"Packers' Bob Orders 'Born Leader,' Claim\". Green Bay Press-Gazette. p. 17. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/188908328/?match=1","url_text":"\"Packers' Bob Orders 'Born Leader,' Claim\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240102214422/https://www.newspapers.com/image/188908328/?match=1","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Hardman, A. L. (October 30, 1960). \"Press Names All-WVU Team\". Sunday Gazette-Mail. Charleston, West Virginia. p. 64. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/42510974/","url_text":"\"Press Names All-WVU Team\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia","url_text":"Charleston, West Virginia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240102211430/https://www.newspapers.com/image/42510974/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Orders - 1994 - WVU: 1952-53 | WVU Hall of Fame\". www.hot.wvu.edu. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hot.wvu.edu/node/1590","url_text":"\"Bob Orders - 1994 - WVU: 1952-53 | WVU Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240101171609/http://www.hot.wvu.edu/node/1590","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1953 NFL Draft Listing\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1953/draft.htm","url_text":"\"1953 NFL Draft Listing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905084919/http://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1953/draft.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Orders Obituary (1932 - 2014) - Legacy Remembers\". Legacy.com. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/legacyremembers/robert-orders-obituary?pid=179206046","url_text":"\"Robert Orders Obituary (1932 - 2014) - Legacy Remembers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240102214422/https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/legacyremembers/robert-orders-obituary?pid=179206046","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Newspapers
|
World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers
|
["1 History","2 Identity and mission","3 Headquarters","4 World Editors Forum","5 Golden Pen of Freedom Award","6 Monitoring journalists killed","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Organization of newspaper associations
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
World Association of NewspapersAbbreviationWAN-IFRAFormationJune 1948; 76 years ago (1948-06)TypeINGOHeadquartersFrankfurt, GermanyRegion served WorldwideOfficial language English, French, GermanWebsitewww.wan-ifra.org
The World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization made up of 76 national newspaper associations, 12 news agencies, 10 regional press organisations, and many individual newspaper executives in 100 countries. The association was founded in 1948, and, as of 2011, represented more than 18,000 publications globally.
WAN's objectives are to defend and to promote freedom of the press, to support the development of newspaper publishing, and to foster global co-operation. It has provided consultation for UNESCO, the United Nations, and the Council of Europe.
According to WAN, from 2007 to 2011, global newspaper advertising dropped 41% to $76 billion.
History
The earliest organization that has since become WAN-IFRA was the FIEJ (Federation Internationale des Editeurs de Journaux et Publications, English: International Federation of Newspaper Publishers), the international federation of newspaper editors founded in 1948 by survivors of the clandestine press of France and the Netherlands to fight for survival of a free press worldwide.
IFRA's origins emerged from INCA (International Newspaper Colour Association), founded in 1961 when European publishers began to introduce the use of colour in newspapers; it was the world's leading association for newspaper and media publishing. In 1970, it became IFRA (the INCA FIEJ Research Association) to treat the rapidly developing technical side of the publishing industry.
In 2007, the organization founded MINDS, Media Information Network (originally Mobile Information and News Data Services for 3G), a nonprofit organization that hosts an annual conference for news organizations and agencies.
In July 2009, the World Association of Newspapers (WAN) merged with IFRA, the research and service organisation for the news publishing industry, to become the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA). The two organisations had been discussing a merger, on and off, for more than five years, and had built up several similar products and services and had an increasing overlap in membership.
In June 2024, DistriPress, a global trade association founded in 1955 to promote circulation and distribution of newspapers and magazines, was formerly merged into WAN-IFRA.
Identity and mission
WAN-IFRA is a trade association with a human rights mandate. Its first objective is the defence and promotion of press freedom and the economic independence of newspapers. It is also an industry think tank for new strategies, business models, and operational improvements.
Headquarters
WAN-IFRA carries out its work from headquarters in Frankfurt, Germany, and in Paris, France, with subsidiaries in Singapore, India, and Mexico.
World Editors Forum
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The World Editors Forum (WEF) is the organisation for editors within the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers.
Golden Pen of Freedom Award
WAN administers the annual Golden Pen of Freedom Award to recognize a journalist or media organisation that has made an outstanding contribution to the defence and promotion of freedom of the press.
Monitoring journalists killed
Since 1998, WAN has maintained annual tallies of media employees killed around the world. The worst year on record is 2006, when 110 media employees died in the line of duty.
See also
Tomas Brunegård, President of World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA)
References
^ Merskin, Debra L. (12 November 2019). The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4833-7552-6.
^ "Partners". News Media Alliance. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
^ "The Washington Post Press Freedom Partnership expands to include WAN-IFRA as partner, Aspen Institute as supporting partner". Washington Post. 4 January 2021. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021.
^ "World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA)". Devex.
^ "UNESCO and the World Association of News Publishers join forces to ensure survival of world's media". UNESCO. 25 November 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
^ a b "Inquirer president appointed to WAN-Ifra executive board". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 27 September 2020. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020.
^ "Taxing times". The Economist.
^ "FIEJ" – via The Free Dictionary.
^ "India's premier wire service joins global network of news agencies". La Presna Latina. EFE. 28 April 2023. Archived from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
^ a b "About". Wan-Ifra. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
^ "WAN-IFRA and DistriPress announce strategic merger to strengthen the industry leadership". Editor & Publisher. 7 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
^ Merskin, Debra L. (12 November 2019). The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society. University of Oregon: SAGE Publications. p. 1912. ISBN 978-1-4833-7552-6.
^ Wan-Ifra. "Press Freedom". Wan-Ifra. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
^ Wan-Ifra. "Journalists Killed". Wan-Ifra. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases: National
Germany
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[]
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[{"title":"Tomas Brunegård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Bruneg%C3%A5rd"}]
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Devex.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.devex.com/organizations/world-association-of-newspapers-and-news-publishers-wan-ifra-23230","url_text":"\"World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devex","url_text":"Devex"}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO and the World Association of News Publishers join forces to ensure survival of world's media\". UNESCO. 25 November 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-and-world-association-news-publishers-join-forces-ensure-survival-worlds-media-0","url_text":"\"UNESCO and the World Association of News Publishers join forces to ensure survival of world's media\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inquirer president appointed to WAN-Ifra executive board\". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 27 September 2020. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/342224/inquirer-president-appointed-to-wan-ifra-executive-board","url_text":"\"Inquirer president appointed to WAN-Ifra executive board\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer","url_text":"Philippine Daily Inquirer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200929070421/https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/342224/inquirer-president-appointed-to-wan-ifra-executive-board","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Taxing times\". The Economist.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/international/2012/11/10/taxing-times","url_text":"\"Taxing times\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIEJ\" – via The Free Dictionary.","urls":[{"url":"https://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/FIEJ","url_text":"\"FIEJ\""}]},{"reference":"\"India's premier wire service joins global network of news agencies\". La Presna Latina. EFE. 28 April 2023. Archived from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laprensalatina.com/indias-premier-wire-service-joins-global-network-of-news-agencies/","url_text":"\"India's premier wire service joins global network of news agencies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFE","url_text":"EFE"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230509182336/https://www.laprensalatina.com/indias-premier-wire-service-joins-global-network-of-news-agencies/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Wan-Ifra. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160211213130/http://www.wan-ifra.org/about-wan-ifra","url_text":"\"About\""},{"url":"http://www.wan-ifra.org/about-wan-ifra","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WAN-IFRA and DistriPress announce strategic merger to strengthen the industry leadership\". Editor & Publisher. 7 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/wan-ifra-and-distripress-announce-strategic-merger-to-strengthen-the-industry-leadership,250235","url_text":"\"WAN-IFRA and DistriPress announce strategic merger to strengthen the industry leadership\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_%26_Publisher","url_text":"Editor & Publisher"}]},{"reference":"Merskin, Debra L. (12 November 2019). The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society. University of Oregon: SAGE Publications. p. 1912. ISBN 978-1-4833-7552-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ve-9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1912","url_text":"The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oregon","url_text":"University of Oregon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_Publications","url_text":"SAGE Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-7552-6","url_text":"978-1-4833-7552-6"}]},{"reference":"Wan-Ifra. \"Press Freedom\". Wan-Ifra. Retrieved 4 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wan-ifra.org/microsites/press-freedom","url_text":"\"Press Freedom\""}]},{"reference":"Wan-Ifra. \"Journalists Killed\". Wan-Ifra. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120822084954/http://www.wan-ifra.org/microsites/journalists-killed","url_text":"\"Journalists Killed\""},{"url":"http://www.wan-ifra.org/microsites/journalists-killed","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bulpington_of_Blup
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The Bulpington of Blup
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["1 Censorship","2 References"]
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1932 novel by H. G. Wells
The Bulpington of Blup First editionAuthorH. G. WellsOriginal titleThe Bulpington of Blup: Adventures, Poses, Stresses, Conflicts, and Disaster in a Contemporary BrainIllustratorGeorge PickenLanguageEnglishPublisherHutchinson & Co.Publication date1932Publication placeUnited KingdomPages414
The Bulpington of Blup is a 1932 novel by H. G. Wells. It is a character study analyzing the psychological sources of resistance to Wellsian ideology, and was influenced by Wells's acquaintance with Carl Gustav Jung and his ideas.
The inner life of the protagonist, Theodore Bulpington, is dominated by a complex he calls "The Bulpington of Blup." This self-regarding, romantic, heroic personality comes over time to dominate his existence, falsifying his relations with the world. Theodore Bulpington develops into a pretentious fraud who finally affirms a modus vivendi of falsehood: "I am a lie. I accept it. I am a liar in a world of lies." The novel is also of interest for its extended analysis of psychological responses to World War I.
The life of Ford Madox Ford inspired some aspects of the novel. The Bulpington of Blup is dedicated to Odette Keun, Wells's lover from 1924 to 1933.
Like Mr. Blettsworthy on Rampole Island and The Autocracy of Mr. Parham, The Bulpington of Blup did not sell as well as Wells's earlier novels; these are now among his "least read books," according to biographer David Smith. Wells believed that the novel was as good as Kipps, but critics have not shared this view.
Censorship
The Bulpington of Blup contains several sexual scenes, and also contains passages critical of the Roman Catholic Church. For these reasons, the book was banned in both the Irish Free State and Francoist Spain.
References
^ H.G. Wells, The Bulpington of Blup (New York: Macmillan, 1933), p. 408.
^ H.G. Wells, The Bulpington of Blup (New York: Macmillan, 1933), Ch. 6 & 7.
^ Michael Sherborne, H.G. Wells: Another Kind of Life (Peter Owen, 2010), p. 303.
^ David C. Smith, H.G. Wells: Desperately Mortal: A Biography (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1986), pp. 297-302.
^ Michael Sherborne, H.G. Wells: Another Kind of Life (Peter Owen, 2010), p. 303.
^ "Books Banned In Ireland:Australian Authors And H. G. Wells".The Sun 15 July 1937.
^ Patrick Parrinder and John S. Partington, The reception of H.G. Wells in Europe.
London : Thoemmes continuum, 2005. ISBN 9780826462534 (p.251)
vteH. G. WellsBibliographyNovels
The Time Machine (1895)
The Wonderful Visit (1895)
The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896)
The Wheels of Chance (1896)
The Invisible Man (1897)
The War of the Worlds (1898)
When the Sleeper Wakes (1899)
Love and Mr Lewisham (1900)
The First Men in the Moon (1901)
The Sea Lady (1902)
The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth (1904)
Kipps (1905)
A Modern Utopia (1905)
In the Days of the Comet (1906)
The War in the Air (1908)
Tono-Bungay (1909)
Ann Veronica (1909)
The History of Mr Polly (1910)
The Sleeper Awakes (1910)
The New Machiavelli (1911)
Marriage (1912)
The Passionate Friends (1913)
The Wife of Sir Isaac Harman (1914)
The World Set Free (1914)
Bealby (1915)
Boon (1915)
The Research Magnificent (1915)
Mr. Britling Sees It Through (1916)
The Soul of a Bishop (1917)
Joan and Peter (1918)
The Undying Fire (1919)
The Secret Places of the Heart (1922)
Men Like Gods (1923)
The Dream (1924)
Christina Alberta's Father (1925)
The World of William Clissold (1926)
Meanwhile (1927)
Mr. Blettsworthy on Rampole Island (1928)
The Autocracy of Mr. Parham (1930)
The Bulpington of Blup (1932)
The Shape of Things to Come (1933)
The Croquet Player (1936)
Brynhild (1937)
Star Begotten (1937)
The Camford Visitation (1937)
Apropos of Dolores (1938)
The Brothers (1938)
The Holy Terror (1939)
Babes in the Darkling Wood (1940)
All Aboard for Ararat (1940)
You Can't Be Too Careful (1941)
Nonfiction
Anticipations
Certain Personal Matters
Crux Ansata
The Discovery of the Future
An Englishman Looks at the World
Experiment in Autobiography
The Fate of Man
First and Last Things
Floor Games
The Future in America
God the Invisible King
In the Fourth Year
Little Wars
Mankind in the Making
Mind at the End of Its Tether
Mr. Belloc Objects to "The Outline of History"
The New America
The New World Order
New Worlds for Old
The Open Conspiracy
The Outline of History
Russia in the Shadows
The Science of Life
A Short History of the World
The Story of a Great Schoolmaster
This Misery of Boots
Travels of a Republican Radical in Search of Hot Water
War and the Future
The Way the World Is Going
The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind
World Brain
A Year of Prophesying
Collections
The Country of the Blind and Other Stories
The Plattner Story and Others
Select Conversations with an Uncle
The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents
Tales of Space and Time
Twelve Stories and a Dream
Short stories
"Æpyornis Island"
"The Argonauts of the Air"
"The Beautiful Suit"
"The Chronic Argonauts"
"The Cone"
"The Country of the Blind"
"The Crystal Egg"
"A Deal in Ostriches"
"The Diamond Maker"
"The Door in the Wall"
"A Dream of Armageddon"
"The Empire of the Ants"
"In the Abyss"
"The Land Ironclads"
"Mr. Ledbetter's Vacation"
"The Lord of the Dynamos"
"The Man Who Could Work Miracles"
"The New Accelerator"
"The Pearl of Love"
"The Plattner Story"
"The Queer Story of Brownlow's Newspaper"
"The Red Room"
"The Sea Raiders"
"The Star"
"The Stolen Body"
"A Story of the Days to Come"
"A Story of the Stone Age"
"Triumphs of a Taxidermist"
"The Truth About Pyecraft"
"A Vision of Judgment"
Screenplays
Things to Come (1936)
The Man Who Could Work Miracles (1937)
Related
Political views
G. P. Wells
Anthony West (son)
Joseph Wells (father)
Simon Wells (great-grandson)
H. G. Wells Society
Lunar crater
Time After Time (1979 film)
This article about a 1930s novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/231085536?searchTerm=%22h.%20g.%20wells%22%20banned%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&searchLimits=","external_links_name":"Books Banned In Ireland:Australian Authors And H. G. Wells"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bulpington_of_Blup&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaw_(character)
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Klaw (character)
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["1 Publication history","2 Fictional character biography","3 Powers and abilities","4 Reception","5 Other versions","5.1 Heroes Reborn","6 In other media","6.1 Television","6.2 Marvel Cinematic Universe","6.3 Video games","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Fictional supervillain
Comics character
KlawKlaw battles the Fantastic Four on the cover of Fantastic Four #56 (Nov. 1966).Publication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceas Ulysses Klaw:Fantastic Four #53 (Aug. 1966)as Klaw:Fantastic Four #56 (Nov. 1966)Created byStan Lee (writer)Jack Kirby (artist)In-story informationAlter egoUlysses KlaueSpeciesHuman mutateTeam affiliationsFrightful FourMasters of EvilA.I.M.Fearsome Foursome Lethal LegionNotable aliasesUlysses KlawMaster of SoundAbilities
Genius-level intellect
Immortality
Superhuman strength, stamina, durability, and speed
Sonic device grants:
Sound manipulation
Klaw (Ulysses Klaue) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is depicted as a human physicist who has been transformed into solid sound, and who wears a sonic emitter on his right wrist as a prosthetic device. He is often in conflict with the Fantastic Four and the Avengers, and he is also an enemy of the Black Panther and Ka-Zar.
The character is featured in other Marvel-endorsed products such as arcade and video games, animated television series, and merchandise such as trading cards. Andy Serkis portrayed Klaue in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) and Black Panther (2018), and the Disney+ series What If...? (2021).
Publication history
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2012)
The character first appeared in Fantastic Four #53 (1966) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby.
Fictional character biography
Ulysses Klaue is the son of Nazi war criminal Colonel Fritz Klaue of the Blitzkrieg Squad led by Baron Strucker. He was sent by Adolf Hitler to Wakanda to learn their secrets. After World War II, he moved back to Belgium, later anglicized his name to "Klaw", and raised his son with tales of Wakanda.
Klaw later becomes a physicist, working in the field of applied sonics. To continue his design of a sound transducer which converts sound waves into physical mass, Klaw steals the metal vibranium to power his device. This is a metal substance known to exist only in certain meteoric deposits in the small African nation of Wakanda. By stealing this rare mineral, Klaw comes into conflict with the Wakandan ruler/superhero T'Chaka, whom Klaw murders in cold blood. T'Chaka's adolescent son T'Challa, who watched his father fall to the invaders, then attacks Klaw to avenge his father. Klaw manages to escape at the cost of his right hand.
Years later, Ulysses resurfaces with a sonic emitter/gun on his right wrist as a replacement prosthetic device for his missing hand, that can create any kind of object or creature he can conceive by only using sound. He has also created a device that turns him into a being composed solely of sound, making him immortal in the process. Klaw as a professional criminal battles T'Challa (who has now officially become the newest Black Panther) and superhero team the Fantastic Four in New York state, but he is defeated.
Klaw is imprisoned but freed by the Crimson Cowl, which turns out to be an alias of Ultron. Joining the second incarnation of the Masters of Evil, Klaw and the other villains battle superhero team, the Avengers. The Avengers, however, defeat them, with the Black Panther subduing Klaw. Klaw would attempt to reform the second Masters of Evil to fight the Avengers, but his scheme would be foiled by the all-female team the Lady Liberators.
Managing to escape custody again, Klaw journeys back to Wakanda where he helps steal a device capable of augmenting the metal-disintegrating property of a vibranium alloy. Encountering the Thing, the Human Torch, and the Black Panther, Klaw is defeated.
Klaw later joins forces with the murderous Solarr and traps the Avengers within a solid sound barrier. Klaw threatens to execute them if the Black Panther did not abdicate the throne of Wakanda to him. Realizing that Klaw himself is disguised as one of the hostages while using a sound creation of himself to appear outside the barrier, the Panther manages to expose and subdue Klaw and Solarr before he could make good on his threat.
Klaw is later freed from prison by a member of the extra dimensional race of Sheenareans, who wish him to use his sonic powers to help open a dimensional portal big enough for their invading armada to enter Earth. Klaw agrees and after a skirmish with Ka-Zar in London, he travels with the Sheenarean to the Savage Land where there is a vibranium deposit large enough to create the portal. After Ka-Zar repulses the invaders, Klaw flees into the Sheenarean dimension, and unable to salvage anything substantial from his allies, uses their technology to return to Earth.
Materializing in the Nexus of All Realities located in the Florida Everglades, Klaw happens upon the wand of the Molecule Man. Helping the Molecule Man find a body to possess, Klaw and his new ally travel to New York to wreak revenge on their common enemy, the Fantastic Four. Klaw is subdued by the visiting Impossible Man.
Klaw finds his powers waning, which results in him having to manipulate a group of street youths into helping him gain the material needed to restore his power. With Black Panther's help, Klaw's scheme backfires. He finds himself imprisoned within his own gun-hand, stored at the research facility Project Pegasus. In Marvel Two-in-One #57-58 (Nov.-Dec 1979), Klaw is freed by fellow villain Solarr, although both are defeated by a group of heroes, including the Thing, Quasar, Giant-Man, and Aquarian.
After that, Klaw fights the Thing, Ka-Zar, and American Eagle.
Klaw's career soon takes a downward spiral, after an encounter with the mutant Dazzler results in his humanoid form being dissolved and his sound energy being blasted out into space, where it ends up being collected by Galactus. His energy is found by Doctor Doom during the limited series Secret Wars. Doom restores Klaw to normal. The loss of his physical form has had repercussions; Klaw now has the mind of a child and is quite insane, a symptom of which is speaking in rhyme. Doom exploits Klaw's madness, convincing the villain to re-dissect him as part of a mad gambit to steal the powers of both Galactus and the Beyonder. However, the Beyonder possesses Klaw after losing his powers, leading to Klaw tricking Doom into giving up his stolen Godhood and teleporting the two back to Earth, where Klaw's mental state slowly heals.
Klaw fights Daredevil and Vision, before being recruited by the Wizard to join his latest incarnation of the Frightful Four. Attacking the Fantastic Four while the group are performing a delicate scientific procedure on the Human Torch (whose powers had gone out of control), Klaw throws The Thing into the medical pod that was attempting to drain the excess radiation from Torch, resulting in Ben Grimm being returned to normal. Klaw and his teammates, along with the Fantastic Four, are quickly captured by the rogue Watcher Aron, who ultimately returns Klaw and his fellow villains to prison after the Fantastic Four break free.
Klaw's imprisonment would not last. Escaping during the Acts of Vengeance story line, Klaw is taken in by A.I.M., who plant a pain-control device into his gun-hand to control him. He is then sent to attack the reformed supervillainess Volcana, in hopes of luring out her lover Molecule Man but abandons the battle when his gun-hand is destroyed. Klaw is later recruited by the "Pacific Overlords" group, led by Doctor Demonicus, but turns against the group and instead aids the West Coast Avengers in defeating them when it becomes apparent that Demonicus had become a thrall of a dangerous demon. He later joins Justine Hammer's version of the Masters of Evil, fighting the Thunderbolts on several occasions. When Earth's vibranium deposits begin to explode due to a 'vibranium cancer' introduced into the world when Captain America's shield was broken and improperly repaired, Klaw travels to Wakanda with the goal of absorbing the sound energy of the imminent explosion to become even stronger. Captain America is able to defeat him when he uses the damaged shield to absorb Klaw's attack. The blast realigns the shield molecules so that the shield is repaired and the vibranium cancer destroyed.
Klaw features in the opening arc of the fourth Black Panther series, a flashback story that features the origin of the title character. The character ultimately resurfaces again, having (through unknown means) successfully uploaded his sound based essence onto the Internet and later been downloaded, via BitTorrent, by the Wizard to fight the Fantastic Four again as part of a new incarnation of the Frightful Four.
Klaw is later seen with Wizard's Frightful Four when it comes to helping Intelligencia capture Mister Fantastic.
Chameleon later poses as Klaw to infiltrate Intelligencia and be ready for the Sinister Six to attack them.
Klaw is enlisted by the Wizard to capture Carnage, so that he can be added to the latest version of the Frightful Four, alongside Karl Malus. The Wizard's attempts to control the symbiote (which is in control of Kasady's lobotomised body) fail, so he decides to bond it to Malus, and subdue his mind. Klaw subdues Malus, and the operation is a success, creating "Superior Carnage". The "Frightful Foundation" then attack New York city hall, as part of Wizard's plan to get his clone son's attention. During a battle with Superior Spider-Man, Wizard loses control of Superior Carnage, who stabs Klaw with a vibranium spear, causing him to detonate. The sonic explosion tears the symbiote away from Malus, and onto Wizard, but it then abandons him for Kasady (Whom Superior Spider-Man had brought to the scene). As Carnage attempts to kill Wizard, Klaw, whose consciousness had been projected onto the "sound wall" of the universe by the explosion, focuses the last of his strength into creating a bolt of lightning that brings down Carnage, separating the symbiote from its host. Klaw reflects that that could be his final act, as his essence spreads further into the sound wall, and will soon be too thin for him to retain his consciousness.
During the Avengers: Standoff! storyline, Klaw is an inmate of Pleasant Hill, a gated community established by S.H.I.E.L.D.
Powers and abilities
Courtesy of a vibranium-powered sonic converter, Ulysses Klaw was converted into a being composed of psionically "solidified" sound, giving him a somewhat inhuman appearance. The character is described as having superhuman durability and strength sufficient to lift tons of matter. The molybdenum steel sound generator that serves as a prosthetic appliance on Klaw's right wrist is able to transform ambient sound to perform a series of functions, including the projection of intense high-volume sonic waves and blasts of concussive force and the creation of mobile sound/mass constructs. The sound converter was invented by Klaw and later improved by AIM scientists and technicians. Klaw can also sense his surroundings using sonar. When he fought Volcana while trying to abduct Molecule Man he demonstrated the ability to create "cohesive sound". This was essentially an entangling/crushing construct that absorbed ambient noise to increase its size and strength. The noise from the target's struggles to remove the construct would make it larger and stronger. Volcana was only able to escape it by changing into her ash form. After Klaw became temporarily commingled with the ship of the cosmic entity Galactus and reconstructed by Doctor Doom, he became able to create semi-autonomous creatures that he could direct to attack his foes and his creatures are similarly made of solidified sound and display a similar superhuman strength level as Klaw himself.
Klaw is unable to regain his original organic form. He has a susceptibility to vibranium, which can cause his mass/energy form to temporarily collapse. He is also subject to temporary mild insanity when forced to exist as sonic energy without humanoid form for long periods of time. As a result of his transformation, Klaw was at first unable to exist outside a medium that allows the propagation of sound waves (i.e. in a vacuum) without the technological improvements made to his sonic converter by AIM. But after being reconstituted by A.I.M. his "solid sound" body has different properties than normal sound waves and is not affected by a vacuum. It was demonstrated that in this form that Klaw could also generate and direct sonic attacks through physical objects without needing his emitter by merely touching the material.
Ulysses Klaw holds a Ph.D. in physics and is an expert physicist specializing in applied sonics.
Reception
In 2018, ComicBook.com ranked Klaw 2nd in their "8 Best Black Panther Villains" list.
In 2020, CBR.com ranked Klaw 4th in their "Marvel: Ranking Black Panther's Rogues Gallery" list.
In 2022, Screen Rant included Klaw in their "15 Most Powerful Black Panther Villains" list.
In 2022, CBR.com ranked Klaw 2nd in their "10 Most Iconic Black Panther Villains" list.
Other versions
Heroes Reborn
In the Heroes Reborn universe, created by Franklin Richards, Klaw appeared as a member of Loki's Masters of Evil.
In other media
Television
Klaw appears in Fantastic Four (1967), voiced by Hal Smith.
Klaw makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends episode "Attack of the Arachnoid".
Klaw appears in the Fantastic Four (1994) episode "Prey of the Black Panther", voiced by Charles Howerton. Years ago, he infiltrated Wakanda and killed T'Chaka, but loses his right hand to T'Chaka's son, T'Challa, who goes on to become the Black Panther and seek revenge against Klaw. In the present, Klaw attacks Wakanda, having replaced his missing hand with a sonic inverter. He fights Black Panther and the Fantastic Four, during which he is transformed into an entity made of solidified sound, only to be defeated when the heroes use Vibranium to absorb Klaw.
Klaw appears in the Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes episode "Frightful", voiced by an uncredited actor. This version is a member of the Frightful Four.
Klaw appears in The Super Hero Squad Show, voiced by A. J. Buckley. This version is a member of Doctor Doom's Lethal Legion.
Klaw appears in Black Panther, voiced by Stephen Stanton. This version has a cybernetic hand that can convert into a variety of tools.
Klaw appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Mark Hamill. In the episode "The Man in the Ant Hill", he leads a small band of mercenaries to a S.H.I.E.L.D. research facility in Africa to steal a sample of Vibranium from Ant-Man. While the scientist uses Pym Particles to shrink and defeat the mercenaries, Klaw escapes. He later wields a sonic disruptor over his right hand to assist Man-Ape in killing T'Chaka to seize control of Wakanda's Vibranium deposits. In the episode "Panther's Quest", Klaw fights Pym until the Grim Reaper blasts the former into Wakanda's Vibranium mound, turning him into a being of pure sound. He attacks the Grim Reaper and the HYDRA agents until Ant-Man and Iron Man use Klaw's sonic emitter on the Vibranium to absorb him.
Klaw appears in Ultimate Spider-Man, voiced by Matt Lanter. This version is a member of the Frightful Four.
Ulysses Klaue appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced by David Shaughnessy in the third season and Trevor Devall in the fifth season. This version wields a sonic converter in place of his left hand.
Ulysses Klaue appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Black Panther: Trouble in Wakanda, voiced again by Trevor Devall.
Ulysses Klaue appears in the Marvel Future Avengers episode "Black Panther", voiced by Taketora in Japanese and Patrick Seitz in English.
Marvel Cinematic Universe
See also: Ulysses Klaue (Marvel Cinematic Universe)
Andy Serkis as Ulysses Klaue in Avengers: Age of Ultron.
Ulysses Klaue appears in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), portrayed by Andy Serkis. This version is an Afrikaner arms dealer and an old acquaintance of Tony Stark who was literally branded a thief after stealing Vibranium from Wakanda. Klaue first appears in the 2015 live-action film Avengers: Age of Ultron, and makes a subsequent appearance in the 2018 live-action film Black Panther. Additionally, Serkis voices an alternate timeline version of Klaue in the Disney+ animated series What If...? episode "What If... Killmonger Rescued Tony Stark?".
Video games
Klaw appears as a boss in Captain America and the Avengers.
Both the comics and MCU incarnations of Klaw appear as playable characters in Lego Marvel's Avengers, voiced again by Matt Lanter.
Klaw appears as a boss and playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2. Additionally, his MCU counterpart appears as a playable character via the Black Panther DLC.
Klaw appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.
Klaw appears as a boss in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order, voiced again by David Shaughnessy.
Klaw appears as the final boss of the "War for Wakanda" DLC story expansion for Marvel's Avengers, voiced by Steve Blum. He and Crossbones are hired by Monica Rappaccini of A.I.M. to steal Vibranium from Wakanda, only for the pair to run afoul of the Black Panther and the Avengers. In the ensuing fight, Klaw becomes exposed to raw sonic energy-infused Vibranium and transforms into a being of pure sound, but eventually dies as a result of the mutation.
References
^ Misiroglu, Gina Renée; Eury, Michael (2006). The Supervillain Book: The Evil Side of Comics and Hollywood. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 9780780809772.
^ Conroy, Mike (2004). 500 Comicbook Villains. Collins & Brown. ISBN 1-84340-205-X.
^ a b Fantastic Four Unlimited, no. 1 (1993). Marvel Comics.
^ Brevoort, Tom; DeFalco, Tom; Manning, Matthew K.; Sanderson, Peter; Wiacek, Win (2017). Marvel Year By Year: A Visual History. DK Publishing. p. 118. ISBN 978-1465455505.
^ DeFalco, Tom; Sanderson, Peter; Brevoort, Tom; Teitelbaum, Michael; Wallace, Daniel; Darling, Andrew; Forbeck, Matt; Cowsill, Alan; Bray, Adam (2019). The Marvel Encyclopedia. DK Publishing. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-4654-7890-0.
^ Fantastic Four #53 (August 1966)
^ Rovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Super-Villains. New York: Facts on File. p. 180. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X.
^ Fantastic Four #53
^ Fantastic Four #56
^ The Avengers #54-55
^ The Avengers #83
^ Fantastic Four #119
^ The Avengers #126
^ Ka-Zar vol. 2 #16-20
^ Fantastic Four #187
^ Black Panther #14-15
^ Marvel Two-in-One #57-58
^ Marvel Two-in-One Annual #6
^ Dazzler #9-11
^ Marvel Super-Heroes Secret Wars #6-12
^ Fantastic Four #326-333
^ Avengers West Coast #93-95
^ Captain America vol. 3 #22
^ Fantastic Four #547
^ Hulk vol. 2 #19, March 2010
^ The Amazing Spider-Man #676
^ Superior Carnage #1-5
^ Avengers Standoff: Assault on Pleasant Hill Alpha #1
^ Secret Wars #8 (Dec. 1984)
^ "The 8 Best Black Panther Villains". Marvel. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
^ Epps, De'Angelo (2020-12-07). "Marvel: Ranking Black Panther's Rogues Gallery". CBR. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
^ Harn, Darby (2021-09-25). "15 Most Powerful Black Panther Villains". Screen Rant. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
^ Eckhardt, Peter (2022-11-30). "10 Most Iconic Black Panther Villains". CBR. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
^ The Avengers vol. 2 #8
^ "Marvel Super Hero Squad Voice Cast". Comicscontinuum.com. 2009-07-28. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
^ a b c d e f g "Klaw Voices (Black Panther)". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved January 27, 2024. A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its opening and/or closing credits and/or other reliable sources of information.
^ "SNEAK PEEK: 'ULTIMATE SPIDER-MAN' ON DISNEY XD (STILLS, VIDEO)". Archived from the original on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
^ Goldman, Eric (May 25, 2018). "Okoye Works to Help Save Shuri in New 'LEGO Marvel Super Heroes – Black Panther: Trouble in Wakanda' Short". Marvel Entertainment. Archived from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
^ "'The Avengers: Age of Ultron' New Stills, Behind-the-Scenes in High Resolution; Serkis Confirmed as Klaw". Stitch Kingdom. February 3, 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-02-04. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
^ Gonzalez, Umberto (September 28, 2016). "'Black Panther' Hires 'Person of Interest' Star Winston Duke as Villain". TheWrap. Archived from the original on October 3, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
^ Mancuso, Vinnie (July 20, 2019). "Marvel's 'What If?' Announces Massive Voice Cast of MCU Stars & Jeffrey Wright as The Watcher". Collider. Archived from the original on July 21, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
^ Campbell, Scott (August 1, 2021). "Here Are All the Marvel Actors Doing Voices in 'What If...?'". Collider. Archived from the original on August 2, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
^ Hermanns, Grant (July 12, 2021). "Andy Serkis Confirms Return as Black Panther Villain In Marvel's What If". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
^ Jasper, Gavin (September 15, 2021). "What If…? Episode 6 Review: Killmonger to the Rescue". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on September 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
^ "Throwback Thursday: Captain America and the Avengers Arcade Game". ComicBook.com.
^ "Characters". IGN Database. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ "LEGO Marvel Super Heroes 2 Adds 'Black Panther' DLC Pack Inspired by Marvel Studios' Upcoming Film". Marvel Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
^ "The King of Wakanda Rules Marvel Games - News - Marvel".
^ "Enemies – MARVEL ULTIMATE ALLIANCE 3: The Black Order for Nintendo Switch™". marvelultimatealliance3.nintendo.com.
^ "Everything We Revealed In Our War Table for Wakanda". Marvel's Avengers. 16 August 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
External links
Klaw at The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe
Klaw at Marvel.com
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The character is depicted as a human physicist who has been transformed into solid sound, and who wears a sonic emitter on his right wrist as a prosthetic device. He is often in conflict with the Fantastic Four and the Avengers, and he is also an enemy of the Black Panther and Ka-Zar.[4]The character is featured in other Marvel-endorsed products such as arcade and video games, animated television series, and merchandise such as trading cards. Andy Serkis portrayed Klaue in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) and Black Panther (2018), and the Disney+ series What If...? 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Vengeance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Vengeance"},{"link_name":"A.I.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Idea_Mechanics"},{"link_name":"Volcana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcana_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Molecule Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule_Man"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Pacific Overlords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Overlords"},{"link_name":"Doctor Demonicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Demonicus"},{"link_name":"West Coast Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Avengers"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Justine Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justine_Hammer"},{"link_name":"Thunderbolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolts_(comics)"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Captain America's shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America%27s_shield"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"BitTorrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Chameleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Sinister Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinister_Six"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Carnage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnage_(character)"},{"link_name":"Karl Malus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Malus"},{"link_name":"Superior Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Avengers: Standoff!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers:_Standoff!"},{"link_name":"S.H.I.E.L.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D."},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Ulysses Klaue is the son of Nazi war criminal Colonel Fritz Klaue of the Blitzkrieg Squad led by Baron Strucker. He was sent by Adolf Hitler to Wakanda to learn their secrets. After World War II, he moved back to Belgium, later anglicized his name to \"Klaw\", and raised his son with tales of Wakanda.[3]Klaw later becomes a physicist, working in the field of applied sonics. To continue his design of a sound transducer which converts sound waves into physical mass, Klaw steals the metal vibranium to power his device. This is a metal substance known to exist only in certain meteoric deposits in the small African nation of Wakanda. By stealing this rare mineral, Klaw comes into conflict with the Wakandan ruler/superhero T'Chaka, whom Klaw murders in cold blood. T'Chaka's adolescent son T'Challa, who watched his father fall to the invaders, then attacks Klaw to avenge his father. Klaw manages to escape at the cost of his right hand.[6][7]Years later, Ulysses resurfaces with a sonic emitter/gun on his right wrist as a replacement prosthetic device for his missing hand, that can create any kind of object or creature he can conceive by only using sound. He has also created a device that turns him into a being composed solely of sound, making him immortal in the process.[8] Klaw as a professional criminal battles T'Challa (who has now officially become the newest Black Panther) and superhero team the Fantastic Four in New York state, but he is defeated.[9]Klaw is imprisoned but freed by the Crimson Cowl, which turns out to be an alias of Ultron. Joining the second incarnation of the Masters of Evil, Klaw and the other villains battle superhero team, the Avengers. The Avengers, however, defeat them, with the Black Panther subduing Klaw.[10] Klaw would attempt to reform the second Masters of Evil to fight the Avengers, but his scheme would be foiled by the all-female team the Lady Liberators.[11]Managing to escape custody again, Klaw journeys back to Wakanda where he helps steal a device capable of augmenting the metal-disintegrating property of a vibranium alloy. Encountering the Thing, the Human Torch, and the Black Panther, Klaw is defeated.[12]Klaw later joins forces with the murderous Solarr and traps the Avengers within a solid sound barrier. Klaw threatens to execute them if the Black Panther did not abdicate the throne of Wakanda to him. Realizing that Klaw himself is disguised as one of the hostages while using a sound creation of himself to appear outside the barrier, the Panther manages to expose and subdue Klaw and Solarr before he could make good on his threat.[13]Klaw is later freed from prison by a member of the extra dimensional race of Sheenareans, who wish him to use his sonic powers to help open a dimensional portal big enough for their invading armada to enter Earth. Klaw agrees and after a skirmish with Ka-Zar in London, he travels with the Sheenarean to the Savage Land where there is a vibranium deposit large enough to create the portal. After Ka-Zar repulses the invaders, Klaw flees into the Sheenarean dimension, and unable to salvage anything substantial from his allies, uses their technology to return to Earth.[14]Materializing in the Nexus of All Realities located in the Florida Everglades, Klaw happens upon the wand of the Molecule Man. Helping the Molecule Man find a body to possess, Klaw and his new ally travel to New York to wreak revenge on their common enemy, the Fantastic Four. Klaw is subdued by the visiting Impossible Man.[15]Klaw finds his powers waning, which results in him having to manipulate a group of street youths into helping him gain the material needed to restore his power. With Black Panther's help, Klaw's scheme backfires.[16] He finds himself imprisoned within his own gun-hand, stored at the research facility Project Pegasus. In Marvel Two-in-One #57-58 (Nov.-Dec 1979), Klaw is freed by fellow villain Solarr, although both are defeated by a group of heroes, including the Thing, Quasar, Giant-Man, and Aquarian.[17]After that, Klaw fights the Thing, Ka-Zar, and American Eagle.[18]Klaw's career soon takes a downward spiral, after an encounter with the mutant Dazzler results in his humanoid form being dissolved and his sound energy being blasted out into space, where it ends up being collected by Galactus.[19] His energy is found by Doctor Doom during the limited series Secret Wars. Doom restores Klaw to normal. The loss of his physical form has had repercussions; Klaw now has the mind of a child and is quite insane, a symptom of which is speaking in rhyme. Doom exploits Klaw's madness, convincing the villain to re-dissect him as part of a mad gambit to steal the powers of both Galactus and the Beyonder. However, the Beyonder possesses Klaw after losing his powers, leading to Klaw tricking Doom into giving up his stolen Godhood and teleporting the two back to Earth, where Klaw's mental state slowly heals.[20]Klaw fights Daredevil and Vision, before being recruited by the Wizard to join his latest incarnation of the Frightful Four. Attacking the Fantastic Four while the group are performing a delicate scientific procedure on the Human Torch (whose powers had gone out of control), Klaw throws The Thing into the medical pod that was attempting to drain the excess radiation from Torch, resulting in Ben Grimm being returned to normal. Klaw and his teammates, along with the Fantastic Four, are quickly captured by the rogue Watcher Aron, who ultimately returns Klaw and his fellow villains to prison after the Fantastic Four break free.[21]Klaw's imprisonment would not last. Escaping during the Acts of Vengeance story line, Klaw is taken in by A.I.M., who plant a pain-control device into his gun-hand to control him. He is then sent to attack the reformed supervillainess Volcana, in hopes of luring out her lover Molecule Man but abandons the battle when his gun-hand is destroyed.[volume & issue needed] Klaw is later recruited by the \"Pacific Overlords\" group, led by Doctor Demonicus, but turns against the group and instead aids the West Coast Avengers in defeating them when it becomes apparent that Demonicus had become a thrall of a dangerous demon.[22] He later joins Justine Hammer's version of the Masters of Evil, fighting the Thunderbolts on several occasions.[volume & issue needed] When Earth's vibranium deposits begin to explode due to a 'vibranium cancer' introduced into the world when Captain America's shield was broken and improperly repaired,[volume & issue needed] Klaw travels to Wakanda with the goal of absorbing the sound energy of the imminent explosion to become even stronger. Captain America is able to defeat him when he uses the damaged shield to absorb Klaw's attack. The blast realigns the shield molecules so that the shield is repaired and the vibranium cancer destroyed.[23]Klaw features in the opening arc of the fourth Black Panther series, a flashback story that features the origin of the title character. The character ultimately resurfaces again, having (through unknown means) successfully uploaded his sound based essence onto the Internet and later been downloaded, via BitTorrent, by the Wizard to fight the Fantastic Four again as part of a new incarnation of the Frightful Four.[24]Klaw is later seen with Wizard's Frightful Four when it comes to helping Intelligencia capture Mister Fantastic.[25]Chameleon later poses as Klaw to infiltrate Intelligencia and be ready for the Sinister Six to attack them.[26]Klaw is enlisted by the Wizard to capture Carnage, so that he can be added to the latest version of the Frightful Four, alongside Karl Malus. The Wizard's attempts to control the symbiote (which is in control of Kasady's lobotomised body) fail, so he decides to bond it to Malus, and subdue his mind. Klaw subdues Malus, and the operation is a success, creating \"Superior Carnage\". The \"Frightful Foundation\" then attack New York city hall, as part of Wizard's plan to get his clone son's attention. During a battle with Superior Spider-Man, Wizard loses control of Superior Carnage, who stabs Klaw with a vibranium spear, causing him to detonate. The sonic explosion tears the symbiote away from Malus, and onto Wizard, but it then abandons him for Kasady (Whom Superior Spider-Man had brought to the scene). As Carnage attempts to kill Wizard, Klaw, whose consciousness had been projected onto the \"sound wall\" of the universe by the explosion, focuses the last of his strength into creating a bolt of lightning that brings down Carnage, separating the symbiote from its host. Klaw reflects that that could be his final act, as his essence spreads further into the sound wall, and will soon be too thin for him to retain his consciousness.[27]During the Avengers: Standoff! storyline, Klaw is an inmate of Pleasant Hill, a gated community established by S.H.I.E.L.D.[28]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vibranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibranium"},{"link_name":"AIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Idea_Mechanics"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Galactus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactus"},{"link_name":"Doctor Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Doom"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"Courtesy of a vibranium-powered sonic converter, Ulysses Klaw was converted into a being composed of psionically \"solidified\" sound, giving him a somewhat inhuman appearance. The character is described as having superhuman durability and strength sufficient to lift tons of matter. The molybdenum steel sound generator that serves as a prosthetic appliance on Klaw's right wrist is able to transform ambient sound to perform a series of functions, including the projection of intense high-volume sonic waves and blasts of concussive force and the creation of mobile sound/mass constructs. The sound converter was invented by Klaw and later improved by AIM scientists and technicians.[volume & issue needed] Klaw can also sense his surroundings using sonar. When he fought Volcana while trying to abduct Molecule Man he demonstrated the ability to create \"cohesive sound\".[volume & issue needed] This was essentially an entangling/crushing construct that absorbed ambient noise to increase its size and strength. The noise from the target's struggles to remove the construct would make it larger and stronger. Volcana was only able to escape it by changing into her ash form.[volume & issue needed] After Klaw became temporarily commingled with the ship of the cosmic entity Galactus and reconstructed by Doctor Doom, he became able to create semi-autonomous creatures that he could direct to attack his foes and his creatures are similarly made of solidified sound and display a similar superhuman strength level as Klaw himself.[29]Klaw is unable to regain his original organic form. He has a susceptibility to vibranium, which can cause his mass/energy form to temporarily collapse. He is also subject to temporary mild insanity when forced to exist as sonic energy without humanoid form for long periods of time. As a result of his transformation, Klaw was at first unable to exist outside a medium that allows the propagation of sound waves (i.e. in a vacuum) without the technological improvements made to his sonic converter by AIM. But after being reconstituted by A.I.M. his \"solid sound\" body has different properties than normal sound waves and is not affected by a vacuum.[volume & issue needed] It was demonstrated that in this form that Klaw could also generate and direct sonic attacks through physical objects without needing his emitter by merely touching the material.Ulysses Klaw holds a Ph.D. in physics and is an expert physicist specializing in applied sonics.","title":"Powers and abilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ComicBook.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComicBook.com"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-30"},{"link_name":"CBR.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBR.com"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-31"},{"link_name":"Screen Rant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-32"},{"link_name":"CBR.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBR.com"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"In 2018, ComicBook.com ranked Klaw 2nd in their \"8 Best Black Panther Villains\" list.[30]\nIn 2020, CBR.com ranked Klaw 4th in their \"Marvel: Ranking Black Panther's Rogues Gallery\" list.[31]\nIn 2022, Screen Rant included Klaw in their \"15 Most Powerful Black Panther Villains\" list.[32]\nIn 2022, CBR.com ranked Klaw 2nd in their \"10 Most Iconic Black Panther Villains\" list.[33]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heroes Reborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_Reborn_(1996_comic)"},{"link_name":"Franklin Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Richards_(character)"},{"link_name":"Loki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loki_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Masters of Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_Evil"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Heroes Reborn","text":"In the Heroes Reborn universe, created by Franklin Richards, Klaw appeared as a member of Loki's Masters of Evil.[34]","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fantastic Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Four_(1967_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hal Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Smith_(actor)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_and_His_Amazing_Friends"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Four_(1994_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Charles Howerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Howerton"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Wakanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakanda"},{"link_name":"T'Chaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27Chaka"},{"link_name":"Black Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_(character)"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Four"},{"link_name":"Vibranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibranium"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Four:_World%27s_Greatest_Heroes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Frightful Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frightful_Four"},{"link_name":"The Super Hero Squad Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Super_Hero_Squad_Show"},{"link_name":"A. J. Buckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Buckley"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva4-36"},{"link_name":"Doctor Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Doom"},{"link_name":"Lethal Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_Legion"},{"link_name":"Black Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Stanton"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva4-36"},{"link_name":"The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers:_Earth%27s_Mightiest_Heroes"},{"link_name":"Mark Hamill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hamill"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva4-36"},{"link_name":"S.H.I.E.L.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D."},{"link_name":"Ant-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Pym"},{"link_name":"Man-Ape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-Ape"},{"link_name":"Grim Reaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grim_Reaper_(comics)"},{"link_name":"HYDRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Spider-Man_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Matt Lanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Lanter"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva4-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Avengers Assemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Assemble_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"David Shaughnessy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shaughnessy"},{"link_name":"Trevor Devall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Devall"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva4-36"},{"link_name":"Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Black Panther: Trouble in Wakanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Marvel_Super_Heroes_-_Black_Panther:_Trouble_in_Wakanda"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Marvel Future Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Future_Avengers"},{"link_name":"Taketora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taketora_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Patrick Seitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Seitz"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva4-36"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Klaw appears in Fantastic Four (1967), voiced by Hal Smith.[citation needed]\nKlaw makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends episode \"Attack of the Arachnoid\".[citation needed]\nKlaw appears in the Fantastic Four (1994) episode \"Prey of the Black Panther\", voiced by Charles Howerton.[citation needed] Years ago, he infiltrated Wakanda and killed T'Chaka, but loses his right hand to T'Chaka's son, T'Challa, who goes on to become the Black Panther and seek revenge against Klaw. In the present, Klaw attacks Wakanda, having replaced his missing hand with a sonic inverter. He fights Black Panther and the Fantastic Four, during which he is transformed into an entity made of solidified sound, only to be defeated when the heroes use Vibranium to absorb Klaw.\nKlaw appears in the Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes episode \"Frightful\", voiced by an uncredited actor.[citation needed] This version is a member of the Frightful Four.\nKlaw appears in The Super Hero Squad Show, voiced by A. J. Buckley.[35][36] This version is a member of Doctor Doom's Lethal Legion.\nKlaw appears in Black Panther, voiced by Stephen Stanton.[36] This version has a cybernetic hand that can convert into a variety of tools.\nKlaw appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Mark Hamill.[36] In the episode \"The Man in the Ant Hill\", he leads a small band of mercenaries to a S.H.I.E.L.D. research facility in Africa to steal a sample of Vibranium from Ant-Man. While the scientist uses Pym Particles to shrink and defeat the mercenaries, Klaw escapes. He later wields a sonic disruptor over his right hand to assist Man-Ape in killing T'Chaka to seize control of Wakanda's Vibranium deposits. In the episode \"Panther's Quest\", Klaw fights Pym until the Grim Reaper blasts the former into Wakanda's Vibranium mound, turning him into a being of pure sound. He attacks the Grim Reaper and the HYDRA agents until Ant-Man and Iron Man use Klaw's sonic emitter on the Vibranium to absorb him.\nKlaw appears in Ultimate Spider-Man, voiced by Matt Lanter.[36][37] This version is a member of the Frightful Four.\nUlysses Klaue appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced by David Shaughnessy in the third season and Trevor Devall in the fifth season.[36] This version wields a sonic converter in place of his left hand.\nUlysses Klaue appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Black Panther: Trouble in Wakanda, voiced again by Trevor Devall.[38]\nUlysses Klaue appears in the Marvel Future Avengers episode \"Black Panther\", voiced by Taketora in Japanese and Patrick Seitz in English.[36]","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulysses Klaue (Marvel Cinematic Universe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_Klaue_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andy_Serkis_as_Ulysses_Klaue.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andy Serkis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Serkis"},{"link_name":"Avengers: Age of Ultron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers:_Age_of_Ultron"},{"link_name":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe"},{"link_name":"Andy Serkis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Serkis"},{"link_name":"Afrikaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaners"},{"link_name":"Tony Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Stark_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Avengers: Age of Ultron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers:_Age_of_Ultron"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SerkisKlaw-39"},{"link_name":"Black Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_(film)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Serkis-40"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"What If...?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_If...%3F_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"What If... Killmonger Rescued Tony Stark?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_If..._Killmonger_Rescued_Tony_Stark%3F"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","text":"See also: Ulysses Klaue (Marvel Cinematic Universe)Andy Serkis as Ulysses Klaue in Avengers: Age of Ultron.Ulysses Klaue appears in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), portrayed by Andy Serkis. This version is an Afrikaner arms dealer and an old acquaintance of Tony Stark who was literally branded a thief after stealing Vibranium from Wakanda. Klaue first appears in the 2015 live-action film Avengers: Age of Ultron,[39] and makes a subsequent appearance in the 2018 live-action film Black Panther.[40] Additionally, Serkis voices an alternate timeline version of Klaue in the Disney+ animated series What If...? episode \"What If... Killmonger Rescued Tony Stark?\".[41][42][43][44]","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain America and the Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_and_the_Avengers"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Lego Marvel's Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Marvel%27s_Avengers"},{"link_name":"Matt Lanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Lanter"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Marvel_Super_Heroes_2"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Marvel: Future Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel:_Future_Fight"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Ultimate_Alliance_3:_The_Black_Order"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva4-36"},{"link_name":"Marvel's Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel%27s_Avengers_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Steve Blum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Blum"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Crossbones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbones_(character)"},{"link_name":"Monica Rappaccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Rappaccini"},{"link_name":"A.I.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Idea_Mechanics"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"Klaw appears as a boss in Captain America and the Avengers.[45]\nBoth the comics and MCU incarnations of Klaw appear as playable characters in Lego Marvel's Avengers, voiced again by Matt Lanter.[citation needed]\nKlaw appears as a boss and playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2.[46] Additionally, his MCU counterpart appears as a playable character via the Black Panther DLC.[47]\nKlaw appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.[48]\nKlaw appears as a boss in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order, voiced again by David Shaughnessy.[49][36]\nKlaw appears as the final boss of the \"War for Wakanda\" DLC story expansion for Marvel's Avengers, voiced by Steve Blum.[50] He and Crossbones are hired by Monica Rappaccini of A.I.M. to steal Vibranium from Wakanda, only for the pair to run afoul of the Black Panther and the Avengers. In the ensuing fight, Klaw becomes exposed to raw sonic energy-infused Vibranium and transforms into a being of pure sound, but eventually dies as a result of the mutation.","title":"In other media"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Andy Serkis as Ulysses Klaue in Avengers: Age of Ultron.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/Andy_Serkis_as_Ulysses_Klaue.jpg/220px-Andy_Serkis_as_Ulysses_Klaue.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Misiroglu, Gina Renée; Eury, Michael (2006). The Supervillain Book: The Evil Side of Comics and Hollywood. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 9780780809772.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/supervillainbook0000gina/page/194/mode/2up","url_text":"The Supervillain Book: The Evil Side of Comics and Hollywood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780780809772","url_text":"9780780809772"}]},{"reference":"Conroy, Mike (2004). 500 Comicbook Villains. Collins & Brown. ISBN 1-84340-205-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Conroy_(writer)","url_text":"Conroy, Mike"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/500comicbookvill0000conr/page/68/mode/2up","url_text":"500 Comicbook Villains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84340-205-X","url_text":"1-84340-205-X"}]},{"reference":"Brevoort, Tom; DeFalco, Tom; Manning, Matthew K.; Sanderson, Peter; Wiacek, Win (2017). Marvel Year By Year: A Visual History. DK Publishing. p. 118. ISBN 978-1465455505.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1465455505","url_text":"978-1465455505"}]},{"reference":"DeFalco, Tom; Sanderson, Peter; Brevoort, Tom; Teitelbaum, Michael; Wallace, Daniel; Darling, Andrew; Forbeck, Matt; Cowsill, Alan; Bray, Adam (2019). The Marvel Encyclopedia. DK Publishing. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-4654-7890-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-7890-0","url_text":"978-1-4654-7890-0"}]},{"reference":"Rovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Super-Villains. New York: Facts on File. p. 180. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Rovin","url_text":"Rovin, Jeff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Super-Villains","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Super-Villains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-1356-X","url_text":"0-8160-1356-X"}]},{"reference":"\"The 8 Best Black Panther Villains\". Marvel. Retrieved 2022-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/best-black-panther-villains-ranked/","url_text":"\"The 8 Best Black Panther Villains\""}]},{"reference":"Epps, De'Angelo (2020-12-07). \"Marvel: Ranking Black Panther's Rogues Gallery\". CBR. Retrieved 2022-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/marvel-black-panther-villains-rogues-ranked/","url_text":"\"Marvel: Ranking Black Panther's Rogues Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"Harn, Darby (2021-09-25). \"15 Most Powerful Black Panther Villains\". Screen Rant. Retrieved 2022-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/most-powerful-villains-black-panther/","url_text":"\"15 Most Powerful Black Panther Villains\""}]},{"reference":"Eckhardt, Peter (2022-11-30). \"10 Most Iconic Black Panther Villains\". CBR. Retrieved 2023-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/best-black-panther-villains/","url_text":"\"10 Most Iconic Black Panther Villains\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marvel Super Hero Squad Voice Cast\". Comicscontinuum.com. 2009-07-28. Retrieved 2011-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comicscontinuum.com/stories/0907/28/voices.htm","url_text":"\"Marvel Super Hero Squad Voice Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Klaw Voices (Black Panther)\". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved January 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/Black-Panther/Klaw/","url_text":"\"Klaw Voices (Black Panther)\""}]},{"reference":"\"SNEAK PEEK: 'ULTIMATE SPIDER-MAN' ON DISNEY XD (STILLS, VIDEO)\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2012-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120308100305/http://www.stitchkingdom.com/disney-sneak-peek-ultimate-spiderman-19870/","url_text":"\"SNEAK PEEK: 'ULTIMATE SPIDER-MAN' ON DISNEY XD (STILLS, VIDEO)\""},{"url":"http://www.stitchkingdom.com/disney-sneak-peek-ultimate-spiderman-19870/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goldman, Eric (May 25, 2018). \"Okoye Works to Help Save Shuri in New 'LEGO Marvel Super Heroes – Black Panther: Trouble in Wakanda' Short\". Marvel Entertainment. Archived from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180710123512/https://news.marvel.com/tv/89419/okoye-works-to-help-save-shuri-in-new-lego-marvel-super-heroes-black-panther-trouble-in-wakanda-short/","url_text":"\"Okoye Works to Help Save Shuri in New 'LEGO Marvel Super Heroes – Black Panther: Trouble in Wakanda' Short\""},{"url":"https://news.marvel.com/tv/89419/okoye-works-to-help-save-shuri-in-new-lego-marvel-super-heroes-black-panther-trouble-in-wakanda-short/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'The Avengers: Age of Ultron' New Stills, Behind-the-Scenes in High Resolution; Serkis Confirmed as Klaw\". Stitch Kingdom. February 3, 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-02-04. Retrieved February 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stitchkingdom.com/disney-the-avengers-age-ultron-stills-behindthescenes-high-resolution-watermark-free-74269/","url_text":"\"'The Avengers: Age of Ultron' New Stills, Behind-the-Scenes in High Resolution; Serkis Confirmed as Klaw\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150204021528/http://www.stitchkingdom.com/disney-the-avengers-age-ultron-stills-behindthescenes-high-resolution-watermark-free-74269/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez, Umberto (September 28, 2016). \"'Black Panther' Hires 'Person of Interest' Star Winston Duke as Villain\". TheWrap. Archived from the original on October 3, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thewrap.com/black-panther-hires-person-of-interest-star-winston-duke-as-villain/","url_text":"\"'Black Panther' Hires 'Person of Interest' Star Winston Duke as Villain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap","url_text":"TheWrap"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161003150034/http://www.thewrap.com/black-panther-hires-person-of-interest-star-winston-duke-as-villain/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mancuso, Vinnie (July 20, 2019). \"Marvel's 'What If?' Announces Massive Voice Cast of MCU Stars & Jeffrey Wright as The Watcher\". Collider. Archived from the original on July 21, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/marvels-what-if-announces-massive-voice-cast-of-mcu-stars-jeffrey-wright-as-the-watcher/","url_text":"\"Marvel's 'What If?' Announces Massive Voice Cast of MCU Stars & Jeffrey Wright as The Watcher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190721032300/https://collider.com/marvels-what-if-announces-massive-voice-cast-of-mcu-stars-jeffrey-wright-as-the-watcher/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Scott (August 1, 2021). \"Here Are All the Marvel Actors Doing Voices in 'What If...?'\". Collider. Archived from the original on August 2, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/marvel-what-if-voice-cast-explained/","url_text":"\"Here Are All the Marvel Actors Doing Voices in 'What If...?'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210802020126/https://collider.com/marvel-what-if-voice-cast-explained/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hermanns, Grant (July 12, 2021). \"Andy Serkis Confirms Return as Black Panther Villain In Marvel's What If\". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/marvel-what-if-andy-serkis-black-panther-klaue/","url_text":"\"Andy Serkis Confirms Return as Black Panther Villain In Marvel's What If\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210712194415/https://screenrant.com/marvel-what-if-andy-serkis-black-panther-klaue/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jasper, Gavin (September 15, 2021). \"What If…? Episode 6 Review: Killmonger to the Rescue\". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on September 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/what-if-episode-6-review/","url_text":"\"What If…? Episode 6 Review: Killmonger to the Rescue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_of_Geek","url_text":"Den of Geek"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210915163728/https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/what-if-episode-6-review/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Throwback Thursday: Captain America and the Avengers Arcade Game\". ComicBook.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/2015/04/09/throwback-thursday-captain-america-and-the-avengers-arcade-game-/","url_text":"\"Throwback Thursday: Captain America and the Avengers Arcade Game\""}]},{"reference":"\"Characters\". IGN Database. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.ign.com/wikis/lego-marvel-super-heroes-2/Characters","url_text":"\"Characters\""}]},{"reference":"\"LEGO Marvel Super Heroes 2 Adds 'Black Panther' DLC Pack Inspired by Marvel Studios' Upcoming Film\". Marvel Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marvel.com/articles/games/lego-marvel-super-heroes-2-adds-black-panther-dlc-pack-inspired-by-marvel-studios-upcoming-film","url_text":"\"LEGO Marvel Super Heroes 2 Adds 'Black Panther' DLC Pack Inspired by Marvel Studios' Upcoming Film\""}]},{"reference":"\"The King of Wakanda Rules Marvel Games - News - Marvel\".","urls":[{"url":"https://news.marvel.com/games/84162/king-wakanda-rules-marvel-games/","url_text":"\"The King of Wakanda Rules Marvel Games - News - Marvel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enemies – MARVEL ULTIMATE ALLIANCE 3: The Black Order for Nintendo Switch™\". marvelultimatealliance3.nintendo.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://marvelultimatealliance3.nintendo.com/","url_text":"\"Enemies – MARVEL ULTIMATE ALLIANCE 3: The Black Order for Nintendo Switch™\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everything We Revealed In Our War Table for Wakanda\". Marvel's Avengers. 16 August 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://avengers.square-enix-games.com/en-us/news/war-table-for-wakanda-recap","url_text":"\"Everything We Revealed In Our War Table for Wakanda\""}]}]
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Announces Massive Voice Cast of MCU Stars & Jeffrey Wright as The Watcher\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190721032300/https://collider.com/marvels-what-if-announces-massive-voice-cast-of-mcu-stars-jeffrey-wright-as-the-watcher/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://collider.com/marvel-what-if-voice-cast-explained/","external_links_name":"\"Here Are All the Marvel Actors Doing Voices in 'What If...?'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210802020126/https://collider.com/marvel-what-if-voice-cast-explained/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/marvel-what-if-andy-serkis-black-panther-klaue/","external_links_name":"\"Andy Serkis Confirms Return as Black Panther Villain In Marvel's What If\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210712194415/https://screenrant.com/marvel-what-if-andy-serkis-black-panther-klaue/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/what-if-episode-6-review/","external_links_name":"\"What If…? 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato_haupia
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Sweet potato haupia pie
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["1 Gallery","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Hawaiian dessert
Sweet potato haupia pieHaupia layer on top, sweet potato center, macadamia nut shortbread crustAlternative namesOkinawan sweet potato haupia pie, Purple Sweet potato haupia, "Ube" haupia pieTypeDessert barCourseDessertPlace of originUSRegion or stateHawaiiServing temperatureColdMain ingredientsOkinawan sweet potato, Haupia, Macadamia nuts Media: Sweet potato haupia pie
Sweet potato haupia pie is inspired by sweet potato pie originating from the Southern United States. However, it uses "Okinawan" sweet potatoes, a popular cultivar widely grown in Hawaii which makes for a vibrant purple filling. It is often mislabeled or mistaken for ube which shares a purple color but has a distinct flavor of its own. The filling is usually absent of the warm spices commonly associated with Southern sweet potato pie. It is topped with a layer of haupia (coconut pudding) and uses a macadamia nut shortbread base or short crust. Although it is called a "pie", it is usually prepared in rectangular pans as dessert bars, although a pie dish (or tart pan) can be used.
Gallery
"pie" in bar form
baked into pie dish
See also
Kōʻelepālau – Hawaiian sweet potato pudding
List of sweet potato dishes
References
^ "How to Plant Okinawan Sweet Potatoes | Grow Okinawan Purple Sweet Potatoes | Sprouted Garden". SproutedGarden.com. 8 April 2021.
^ Namkoong, J.; Huo, R. (2001). Go Home, Cook Rice: A Guide to Buying and Cooking the Fresh Foods of Hawaiʻi. Namkoong Pub. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-9643359-2-9. Retrieved 2019-09-15.
^ uhmccadmin (2019-03-20). "Sweet Potato Haupia Pie – University of Hawai'i at Mānoa Children's Center". University of Hawaii System. Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2019-09-15.
^ "Okinawan Sweet Potato Haupia Pie 2 Recipe". feeding my ohana. Retrieved 2019-09-16.
^ "(Hawaiian) Okinawan Sweet Potato Pie with Haupia Topping". Lox, Stock, and Barrel. 2013-12-09. Retrieved 2019-09-15.
vteSweet potatoesCultivation
List of sweet potato cultivars
Sweet potato cultivation in Polynesia
Storage
Culinary usage
List of sweet potato dishes
Camote cue
Camote halaya
Dulce de batata
Fried sweet potato
Roasted sweet potato
Soetpatats
Sweet potato ball
Sweet potato pie
Sweet potato haupia pie
Sweet potato salad
Sweet potato soup
Diseases
Sweet potato feathery mottle virus
Sweet potato latent virus
Sweet potato leaf curl virus
Sweet potato mild mottle virus
Sweet potato yellow dwarf virus
Sweetpotato bug
Related
Maria Andrade
Maple Leaf Farm Potato House
Purple sweet potato color
Category
vte American piesSweet
Angel pie
Apple crisp
Apple pie
Banana cream pie
Bean pie
Blackberry pie
Black bottom pie
Blueberry pie
Buttermilk pie
Butterscotch pie
Cashew pie
Cherry pie
Chess pie
Chiffon pie
Cream pie
Derby pie
Desperation pies
Fried pie
Grape pie
Grasshopper pie
Green tomato pie
Key lime pie
Lemon ice box pie
Maple custard pie
Maraca pie
Millionaire pie
Mississippi mud pie
Peanut pie
Pecan pie
Pumpkin pie
Purple sweet potato haupia pie
Rhubarb pie
Shaker lemon pie
Shoofly pie
Strawberry pie
Strawberry rhubarb pie
Sweet potato pie
Sugar cream pie
Walnut pie
Pumpkin pieSavory
Crawfish pie
Pot pie
Moravian chicken pie
Natchitoches meat pie
Tomato pie
Clam pie
Snack pies
Hostess
Little Debbie
Tasty Baking Company
Frozen pies
Marie Callender's
Mrs. Smith's
Sara Lee
Centerville Pie Company
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sweet potato pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato_pie"},{"link_name":"ube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea_alata"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"haupia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haupia"},{"link_name":"macadamia nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macadamia_nut"},{"link_name":"shortbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortbread"},{"link_name":"short crust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_crust"},{"link_name":"dessert bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert_bar"},{"link_name":"tart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Namkoong_Huo_2001_p._104-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uhmccadmin_2019-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feeding_my_ohana-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lox,_Stock,_and_Barrel_2013-5"}],"text":"Sweet potato haupia pie is inspired by sweet potato pie originating from the Southern United States. However, it uses \"Okinawan\" sweet potatoes, a popular cultivar widely grown in Hawaii which makes for a vibrant purple filling. It is often mislabeled or mistaken for ube which shares a purple color but has a distinct flavor of its own.[1] The filling is usually absent of the warm spices commonly associated with Southern sweet potato pie. It is topped with a layer of haupia (coconut pudding) and uses a macadamia nut shortbread base or short crust. Although it is called a \"pie\", it is usually prepared in rectangular pans as dessert bars, although a pie dish (or tart pan) can be used.[2][3][4][5]","title":"Sweet potato haupia pie"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haupia_tart.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ube_Haupia_Pie_with_Macadamia_Shortbread_Crust_(933851403).jpg"}],"text":"\"pie\" in bar form\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tbaked into pie dish","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Pumpkin pie","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pumpkin-Pie-Slice.jpg/60px-Pumpkin-Pie-Slice.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Kōʻelepālau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8D%CA%BBelep%C4%81lau"},{"title":"List of sweet potato dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sweet_potato_dishes"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"How to Plant Okinawan Sweet Potatoes | Grow Okinawan Purple Sweet Potatoes | Sprouted Garden\". SproutedGarden.com. 8 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sproutedgarden.com/grow-okinawan-sweet-potatoes/","url_text":"\"How to Plant Okinawan Sweet Potatoes | Grow Okinawan Purple Sweet Potatoes | Sprouted Garden\""}]},{"reference":"Namkoong, J.; Huo, R. (2001). Go Home, Cook Rice: A Guide to Buying and Cooking the Fresh Foods of HawaiÊ»i. Namkoong Pub. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-9643359-2-9. Retrieved 2019-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J_hLCCASdv0C&pg=PA104","url_text":"Go Home, Cook Rice: A Guide to Buying and Cooking the Fresh Foods of HawaiÊ»i"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9643359-2-9","url_text":"978-0-9643359-2-9"}]},{"reference":"uhmccadmin (2019-03-20). \"Sweet Potato Haupia Pie – University of Hawai'i at Mānoa Children's Center\". University of Hawaii System. Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2019-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220705030633/https://www.hawaii.edu/childrenscenter/for-our-families/recipes/luau-recipes/sweet-potato-haupia-pie","url_text":"\"Sweet Potato Haupia Pie – University of Hawai'i at Mānoa Children's Center\""},{"url":"https://www.hawaii.edu/childrenscenter/for-our-families/recipes/luau-recipes/sweet-potato-haupia-pie","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Okinawan Sweet Potato Haupia Pie 2 Recipe\". feeding my ohana. Retrieved 2019-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.feedingmyohana.com/okinawan-sweet-potato-haupia-pie-2-recipe.html","url_text":"\"Okinawan Sweet Potato Haupia Pie 2 Recipe\""}]},{"reference":"\"(Hawaiian) Okinawan Sweet Potato Pie with Haupia Topping\". Lox, Stock, and Barrel. 2013-12-09. Retrieved 2019-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://loxstockandbarrel.com/2013/12/09/hawaiian-okinawan-sweet-potato-pie-with-haupia-topping/","url_text":"\"(Hawaiian) Okinawan Sweet Potato Pie with Haupia Topping\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://sproutedgarden.com/grow-okinawan-sweet-potatoes/","external_links_name":"\"How to Plant Okinawan Sweet Potatoes | Grow Okinawan Purple Sweet Potatoes | Sprouted Garden\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J_hLCCASdv0C&pg=PA104","external_links_name":"Go Home, Cook Rice: A Guide to Buying and Cooking the Fresh Foods of HawaiÊ»i"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220705030633/https://www.hawaii.edu/childrenscenter/for-our-families/recipes/luau-recipes/sweet-potato-haupia-pie","external_links_name":"\"Sweet Potato Haupia Pie – University of Hawai'i at Mānoa Children's Center\""},{"Link":"https://www.hawaii.edu/childrenscenter/for-our-families/recipes/luau-recipes/sweet-potato-haupia-pie","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.feedingmyohana.com/okinawan-sweet-potato-haupia-pie-2-recipe.html","external_links_name":"\"Okinawan Sweet Potato Haupia Pie 2 Recipe\""},{"Link":"https://loxstockandbarrel.com/2013/12/09/hawaiian-okinawan-sweet-potato-pie-with-haupia-topping/","external_links_name":"\"(Hawaiian) Okinawan Sweet Potato Pie with Haupia Topping\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygodium
|
Lygodium
|
["1 Description","2 Range","3 Uses","4 As invasive species","5 Selected species","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Genus of ferns
LygodiumTemporal range: Cretaceous–Recent
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Lygodium japonicum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Division:
Polypodiophyta
Class:
Polypodiopsida
Order:
Schizaeales
Family:
LygodiaceaeC.Presl
Genus:
LygodiumSw.
Type species
Lygodium scandens(L.) Sw.
Species
See text
Synonyms
Arthrolygodes Presl 1845
Cteisium Michaux 1803
Gisopteris Bernh. 1800
Hugona Cavanilles ex Roemer 1801
Hydroglossum Willdenow 1802
Lygodictyon Smith ex Hook. 1842
Odontopteris Bernhardi 1800 non (Brongniart 1822) Sternberg 1825
Ramondia de Mirbel 1801
Ugena Cavanilles 1801
Vallifilix Du Petit-Thouars 1806
Lygodium (climbing fern) is a genus of about 40 species of ferns, native to tropical regions across the world, with a few temperate species in eastern Asia and eastern North America. It is the sole genus in the family Lygodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the genus may be placed as the only genus in the subfamily Lygodioideae of a more broadly defined family Schizaeaceae, the family placement used in Plants of the World Online as of November 2019. Per recent molecular evidence, Lygodiaceae is thought to have diverged relatively early from the other members of the Schizaeales due to the relatively high level of synonymous sequence divergence between the families within the Schizaeales.
Description
Lygodium are unusual in that the rachis, or midrib, of the frond is thin, flexible, and long, the frond unrolling with indeterminate growth and the rachis twining around supports, so that each frond forms a distinct vine. The fronds may be from 3–12 m (9.8–39.4 ft) long, depending on the species. They are also easily identifiable by their possession of apical buds that lay dormant until damage to the rachis occurs, allowing them a high degree of endurance.
Range
Lygodium is a wide ranging genus with native populations existing in Asia, Australasia, Africa, and North and South America. The genus is largely pan-tropical, with the center of diversity being Pacific islands, such as Borneo, the Philippine islands, and New Guinea. There do exist several species tolerant of temperate climates such as Lygodium palmatum, which is endemic to the Appalachian region of eastern North America, and Lygodium japonicum, which is native to Japan, but highly invasive in the Southeastern United States. For more on this, refer to the "As invasive species" section below. The lack of extant Lygodium species in Europe is commonly attributed to the Pleistocene glaciation wiping them out. Similar extirpations did not occur in other high middle and high latitude areas, such as the United States and Japan that do have Lygodium populations at present. This discrepancy is thought to be due to the East-West orientation of the European Alps preventing southward migration of Lygodium members, among other extirpated species, while the relatively North-South orientations of the Appalachian mountains and Japanese Alps allowed such southward migration.
Uses
Lygodium species, known as nito, are used as a source of fibers in the Philippines. The fibers are used as material for weaving, most notably of traditional salakot headgear.
As invasive species
Some Lygodium species are now considered very problematic invasive weeds in the southeastern United States. Populations of Lygodium have increased more than 12-fold over the past decade, as noted by Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum) was added to the Florida Noxious Weed List in 1999. It is also a major problem in pine plantations, causing contamination and harvesting problems for the pine straw industry. Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum) infests cypress swamps and other hydric sites, forming a monoculture. This massive infestation displaces all native flora and fauna, completely changing the ecosystem of the area.
Plants in this genus have basal chromosome counts of n=28, 29, 30.
Selected species
Phylogeny of Lygodium
section
L. palmatum
Palmata
L. articulatum
section
L. reticulatum
L. flexuosum
L. microphyllum
Lygodium
section
L. kerstenii
L. lanceolatum
L. salicifolium
L. circinatum
L. radiatum
L. smithianum
L. cubense
L. oligostachyum
L. heterodoxum
L. polystachyum
L. venustum
L. japonicum
L. volubile
Volubilia
Lygodium altum (Clarke) Alderw. 1909
Lygodium articulatum A.Rich. 1832 – New Zealand (North Island).
Lygodium auriculatum (Willd.) Alston 1959
Lygodium boivinii Kuhn 1868
Lygodium borneense Alderw. 1915
Lygodium circinatum (Burm.fil.) Sw. 1806 – Tropical Asia and Australasia.
?Lygodium conforme – China.
Lygodium cubense Kunth 1815 – Cuba, Hispaniola.
?Lygodium digitatum – China.
Lygodium dimorphum Copel. 1911
Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. 1801 – Southern China south to northern Australasia, Kerala(South India).
Lygodium heterodoxum Kunze 1849
Lygodium hians E.Fourn. 1873
Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. 1801 – Japanese climbing fern. Eastern Asia south to northern Australia.
Lygodium kerstenii Kuhn 1867
Lygodium lanceolatum Desv. 1811
Lygodium longifolium (Willd.) Sw. 1803
Lygodium merrillii Copel. 1907
Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br. 1810 – Old World climbing fern. Africa, south Asia and Australia.
?Lygodium microstachyum – China.
Lygodium oligostachyum (Willd.) Desv. 1827
Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Swartz 1806 – American climbing fern. Eastern United States (rare, confined to acid soils).
Lygodium polystachyum Wall. ex Moore 1859 – China.
Lygodium radiatum Prantl 1881
Lygodium reticulatum Schkuhr 1809 – Australia, Polynesia.
Lygodium salicifolium Presl 1845 – Southern China south to northern Australasia.
?Lygodium subareolatum – China.
Lygodium smithianum Presl 1845
Lygodium trifurcatum Baker 1868 – Tropical southeast Asia south to northern Australasia.
Lygodium venustum Sw. 1803
Lygodium versteeghii Christ 1909 – Tropical southeast Asia south to northern Australasia.
Lygodium volubile Sw. 1803 – Northern South America, Central America, Caribbean.
Lygodium yunnanense Ching 1959 – Southern China.
L. ×fayae Jermy & Walker 1985
L. ×lancetillanum Gómez 1980
References
^ a b PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. S2CID 39980610.
^ Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. & Chase, Mark W. (2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany. 113 (9): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. PMC 3936591. PMID 24532607.
^ "Lygodium Sw". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-11-23.
^ Hasebe, M; Omori, T; Nakazawa, M; Sano, T; Kato, M; Iwatsuki, K (1994-06-07). "rbcL gene sequences provide evidence for the evolutionary lineages of leptosporangiate ferns". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 91 (12): 5730–5734. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.5730H. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.12.5730. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 44070. PMID 8202555.
^ a b c Garrison Hanks, Judith (1998). A monographic study of Lygodium Swartz (Pteridophyta: Lygodiaceae). University of Michigan.
^ Salakot and Other Headgear (PDF). ICHCAP, UNESCO.
^ "Lygodium (PROSEA)". Pl@ntUse. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
^ "SS-AGR-21/AG122: Natural Area Weeds: Old World Climbing Fern (Lygodium microphyllum)". Edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
^ "Japanese climbing fern—Lygodium japonicum | Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants". Plants.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
^ Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 909768. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768. PMC 9449725. PMID 36092417.
^ "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.5.0 . 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
^ "Flora of New Zealand | General Profile | Lygodium articulatum". Nzflora.info. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lygodium.
Flora of North America: Lygodium
"Lygodium Sw". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Fern. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Saikat Basu and C.Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.
Flora of China: Lygodium species list
vteClassification of Archaeplastida or Plantae s.l.
Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota
(major groups
Excavata
Diaphoretickes
Hacrobia
Rhizaria
Alveolata
Stramenopiles
Plants
Amorphea
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta
Animals
Fungi)
ArchaeplastidaPicozoa
Picomonas
Rhodelphidia
Rhodelphis
Rhodophyta(red algae)
Cyanidiophyceae
Porphyridiophyceae
Stylonematophyceae
Compsopogonophyceae
Rhodellophyceae
Bangiophyceae
Florideophyceae
Glaucophyta
Glaucocystophyceae
incertae sedis
Algospongia
Viridiplantae or Plantae s.s.(green algae & land plants)Prasinodermophyta
Prasinodermophyceae
Palmophyllophyceae
ChlorophytaPrasinophytina
Mamiellophyceae
Pyramimonadophyceae
Chlorophytina
Nephroselmidophyceae
Picocystophyceae
Chloropicophyceae
Pedinophyceae
Chlorodendrophyceae
UTC clade
Ulvophyceae
Trebouxiophyceae
Chlorophyceae
Streptophyta
Mesostigmatophyceae
Chlorokybophyceae
Spirotaenia
Klebsormidiophyceae
Phragmoplastophyta
Charophyceae
Coleochaetophyceae
Anydrophyta
Zygnematophyceae
Embryophyta(land plants)
(see below↓)
Embryophytes or Plantae sensu strictissimoBryophytesMarchantiophyta(liverworts)
Haplomitriopsida
Marchantiopsida
Jungermanniopsida
Anthocerotophyta(hornworts)
Leiosporocerotopsida
Anthocerotopsida
Bryophyta(mosses)
Takakiopsida
Sphagnopsida
Andreaeobryopsida
Andreaeopsida
Oedipodiopsida
Tetraphidopsida
Polytrichopsida
Bryopsida
Polysporangiophytes†Protracheophytes*
†Horneophytopsida
†Aglaophyton
Tracheophytes(vascular plants)†Paratracheophytes*
†Cooksoniopsida
†Rhyniopsida
†Renaliales
EutracheophytesLycophytes
†Barinophytopsida
†Zosterophyllopsida
Lycopodiopsida (clubmosses, spikemosses & quillworts)
Euphyllophytes
†Eophyllophytopsida
†Trimerophytopsida
Moniliformopses
†Ibykales
†Cladoxylopsida
Polypodiopsida (ferns and horsetails)
Lignophytes†Progymnosperms*
†Noeggerathiopsida
†Aneurophytopsida
†Archaeopteridopsida
†Protopityales
Spermatophytes(seed plants)†Pteridosperms*(seed ferns)and other extinct seed plant groups
†Bennettitales
†Calamopityales
†Callistophytales
†Caytoniales
†Cordaitales
†Corystospermales
†Czekanowskiales
†Gigantopteridales
†Glossopteridales
†Lyginopteridopsida
†Medullosales
†Peltaspermopsida
†Pentoxylopsida
†Petriellales
Acrogymnospermae(living gymnosperms)
Cycadopsida (cycads)
Ginkgoales (Ginkgo)
Pinopsida (conifers)
Gnetopsida
Angiospermae(flowering plants)
Basal angiosperms
Core angiosperms
Magnoliids
Monocots
Eudicots
*paraphyletic groups
† = extinct
List of plant orders
Current definitions of Plantae
vteFern classification
Supergroup Plant:
Bryophyta
Marchantiophyta
Polypodiophyta
Acrogymnospermae
Angiospermae
Basal clade
†Ibykales
†Ibykaceae
†Cladoxylopsida
†Cladoxylales
†Cladoxylaceae
†Voelkeliaceae
†Hyeniales
†Hyeniaceae
†Iridopteridales
†Iridopteridaceae
†Pseudosporochnales
†Pseudosporochnaceae
†Steloxylales
†Steloxylaceae
Polypodiopsida†Stauropterididae
†Stauropteridales
†Stauropteridaceae
†Zygopterididae
†Rhacophytales
†Rhacophytaceae
†Zygopteridales
†Zygopteridaceae
Equisetidae
†Pseudoborniales
†Pseudoborniaceae
†Sphenophyllales
†Aspidostachyaceae
†Boegendorfiaceae
†Boegendorfiaceae
†Eviostachyaceae
†Sphenophyllaceae
Equisetales
†Asterocalamitaceae
†Autophyllitaceae
†Honseleriaceae
†Archaeocalamitaceae
†Paracalamitaceae
†Calamitaceae
†Apocalamitaceae
†Konnostachyaceae
†Manchurostachyaceae
†Notocalamitaceae
†Schizoneuraceae
†Sorocaulinaceae
†Echinostachyaceae
†Gondwanostachyaceae
†Tchernoviaceae
Equisetaceae
OphioglossidaePsilotales
Psilotaceae
Ophioglossales
Ophioglossaceae
MarattiidaeMarattiales
†Knorripteridaceae
†Pecopteridaceae
†Ptychocarpaceae
†Weichseliaceae
†Asterothecaceae
†Danaeopsidaceae
Marattiaceae
Polypodiidae
†Anachoropteridales
†Anachoropteridaceae
†Psalixochlaenaceae
†Sermayaceae
†Botryopteridiales
†Botryopteridiaceae
†Senftenbergiales
†Senftenbergiaceae
†Urnatopteridales
†Crossothecaceae
†Discopteridaceae
†Urnatopteridaceae
Osmundales
†Guaireaceae
Osmundaceae
Hymenophyllales
Hymenophyllaceae
Gleicheniales
†Oligocarpiaceae
Dipteridaceae
Gleicheniaceae
Matoniaceae
Schizaeales
†Acrostichopteridaceae
†Cynepteridaceae
†Klukiaceae
†Stachypteridaceae
†Tempskyaceae
Anemiaceae
Lygodiaceae
Schizaeaceae
Salviniales
†Heroleandraceae
Marsileaceae
†Hydropteridiaceae
Salviniaceae
CyathealesThyrsopteridineae
Thyrsopteridaceae
Loxsomataceae
Plagiogyriaceae
Culcitaceae
Cyatheineae
†Tanydoraceae
Metaxyaceae
Cibotiaceae
Dicksoniaceae
Cyatheaceae
PolypodialesSaccolomatineaeSaccolomataceaeLindsaeineae
Cystodiaceae
Lonchitidaceae
Lindsaeaceae
PteridineaePteridaceaeDennstaedtiineaeDennstaedtiaceaeAspleniineae
Cystopteridaceae
Rhachidosoridaceae
Diplaziopsidaceae
Hemidictyaceae
Desmophlebiaceae
Aspleniaceae
Thelypteridaceae
Woodsiaceae
Onocleaceae
Blechnaceae
Athyriaceae
Polypodiineae
Hypodematiaceae
Didymochlaenaceae
Dryopteridaceae
Lomariopsidaceae
Nephrolepidaceae
Tectariaceae
Oleandraceae
Davalliaceae
Polypodiaceae
Taxon identifiersLygodium
Wikidata: Q2491168
Wikispecies: Lygodium
APDB: 202031
APNI: 100087
CoL: 639RW
EoL: 4516
EPPO: 1LYFG
FloraBase: 20880
FNA: 119176
FoAO2: Lygodium
FoC: 119176
GBIF: 2650431
GRIN: 13104
iNaturalist: 82573
IPNI: 331112-2
IRMNG: 1293501
ITIS: 17982
NBN: NHMSYS0021239132
NCBI: 13823
NZOR: bac26c83-afa9-4aec-a838-ede720a80ba6
Open Tree of Life: 687379
Paleobiology Database: 54565
PLANTS: LYGOD2
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331112-2
Tropicos: 40010374
WFO: wfo-4000022532
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPGI-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChriChas14-2"},{"link_name":"Plants of the World Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO_331112-2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Lygodium (climbing fern) is a genus of about 40 species of ferns, native to tropical regions across the world, with a few temperate species in eastern Asia and eastern North America. It is the sole genus in the family Lygodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).[1] Alternatively, the genus may be placed as the only genus in the subfamily Lygodioideae of a more broadly defined family Schizaeaceae,[2] the family placement used in Plants of the World Online as of November 2019[update].[3] Per recent molecular evidence, Lygodiaceae is thought to have diverged relatively early from the other members of the Schizaeales due to the relatively high level of synonymous sequence divergence between the families within the Schizaeales.[4]","title":"Lygodium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frond"},{"link_name":"unrolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernation"},{"link_name":"vine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"Lygodium are unusual in that the rachis, or midrib, of the frond is thin, flexible, and long, the frond unrolling with indeterminate growth and the rachis twining around supports, so that each frond forms a distinct vine. The fronds may be from 3–12 m (9.8–39.4 ft) long, depending on the species. They are also easily identifiable by their possession of apical buds that lay dormant until damage to the rachis occurs, allowing them a high degree of endurance.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Lygodium palmatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygodium_palmatum"},{"link_name":"Lygodium japonicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygodium_japonicum"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene glaciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene_glaciation"},{"link_name":"European Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Appalachian mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Japanese Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Alps"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"Lygodium is a wide ranging genus with native populations existing in Asia, Australasia, Africa, and North and South America. The genus is largely pan-tropical, with the center of diversity being Pacific islands, such as Borneo, the Philippine islands, and New Guinea. [5]There do exist several species tolerant of temperate climates such as Lygodium palmatum, which is endemic to the Appalachian region of eastern North America, and Lygodium japonicum, which is native to Japan, but highly invasive in the Southeastern United States. For more on this, refer to the \"As invasive species\" section below. The lack of extant Lygodium species in Europe is commonly attributed to the Pleistocene glaciation wiping them out. Similar extirpations did not occur in other high middle and high latitude areas, such as the United States and Japan that do have Lygodium populations at present. This discrepancy is thought to be due to the East-West orientation of the European Alps preventing southward migration of Lygodium members, among other extirpated species, while the relatively North-South orientations of the Appalachian mountains and Japanese Alps allowed such southward migration.[5]","title":"Range"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"salakot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salakot"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ichcap-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Lygodium species, known as nito, are used as a source of fibers in the Philippines. The fibers are used as material for weaving, most notably of traditional salakot headgear.[6][7]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Food_and_Agricultural_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lygodium japonicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygodium_japonicum"},{"link_name":"Lygodium microphyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygodium_microphyllum"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Some Lygodium species are now considered very problematic invasive weeds in the southeastern United States. Populations of Lygodium have increased more than 12-fold over the past decade, as noted by Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.[8]Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum) was added to the Florida Noxious Weed List in 1999. It is also a major problem in pine plantations, causing contamination and harvesting problems for the pine straw industry. Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum) infests cypress swamps and other hydric sites, forming a monoculture. This massive infestation displaces all native flora and fauna, completely changing the ecosystem of the area.[9]Plants in this genus have basal chromosome counts of n=28, 29, 30.","title":"As invasive species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lygodium altum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_altum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium articulatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygodium_articulatum"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lygodium auriculatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_auriculatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium boivinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_boivinii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium borneense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_borneense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium circinatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_circinatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium conforme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_conforme&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium cubense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_cubense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium digitatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_digitatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium dimorphum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_dimorphum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium flexuosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_flexuosum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium heterodoxum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_heterodoxum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium hians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_hians&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium japonicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygodium_japonicum"},{"link_name":"Lygodium kerstenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_kerstenii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium lanceolatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_lanceolatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium longifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_longifolium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium merrillii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_merrillii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium microphyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygodium_microphyllum"},{"link_name":"Cav.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cav."},{"link_name":"R. Br.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Br."},{"link_name":"Lygodium microstachyum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_microstachyum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium oligostachyum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_oligostachyum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium palmatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygodium_palmatum"},{"link_name":"Bernh.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernh."},{"link_name":"Swartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Swartz"},{"link_name":"Lygodium polystachyum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_polystachyum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium radiatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_radiatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium reticulatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_reticulatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium salicifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_salicifolium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium subareolatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_subareolatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium smithianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_smithianum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium trifurcatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_trifurcatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium venustum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_venustum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium versteeghii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_versteeghii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium volubile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_volubile&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodium yunnanense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_yunnanense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"L. ×fayae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_fayae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"L. ×lancetillanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygodium_lancetillanum&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Lygodium altum (Clarke) Alderw. 1909\nLygodium articulatum A.Rich. 1832 – New Zealand (North Island).[12]\nLygodium auriculatum (Willd.) Alston 1959\nLygodium boivinii Kuhn 1868\nLygodium borneense Alderw. 1915\nLygodium circinatum (Burm.fil.) Sw. 1806 – Tropical Asia and Australasia.\n?Lygodium conforme – China.\nLygodium cubense Kunth 1815 – Cuba, Hispaniola.\n?Lygodium digitatum – China.\nLygodium dimorphum Copel. 1911\nLygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. 1801 – Southern China south to northern Australasia, Kerala(South India).\nLygodium heterodoxum Kunze 1849\nLygodium hians E.Fourn. 1873\nLygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. 1801 – Japanese climbing fern. Eastern Asia south to northern Australia.\nLygodium kerstenii Kuhn 1867\nLygodium lanceolatum Desv. 1811\nLygodium longifolium (Willd.) Sw. 1803\nLygodium merrillii Copel. 1907\nLygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br. 1810 – Old World climbing fern. Africa, south Asia and Australia.\n?Lygodium microstachyum – China.\nLygodium oligostachyum (Willd.) Desv. 1827\nLygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Swartz 1806 – American climbing fern. Eastern United States (rare, confined to acid soils).\nLygodium polystachyum Wall. ex Moore 1859 – China.\nLygodium radiatum Prantl 1881\nLygodium reticulatum Schkuhr 1809 – Australia, Polynesia.\nLygodium salicifolium Presl 1845 – Southern China south to northern Australasia.\n?Lygodium subareolatum – China.\nLygodium smithianum Presl 1845\nLygodium trifurcatum Baker 1868 – Tropical southeast Asia south to northern Australasia.\nLygodium venustum Sw. 1803\nLygodium versteeghii Christ 1909 – Tropical southeast Asia south to northern Australasia.\nLygodium volubile Sw. 1803 – Northern South America, Central America, Caribbean.\nLygodium yunnanense Ching 1959 – Southern China.\nL. ×fayae Jermy & Walker 1985\nL. ×lancetillanum Gómez 1980","title":"Selected species"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"PPG I (2016). \"A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns\". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. S2CID 39980610.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjse.12229","url_text":"\"A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjse.12229","url_text":"10.1111/jse.12229"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39980610","url_text":"39980610"}]},{"reference":"Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. & Chase, Mark W. (2014). \"Trends and concepts in fern classification\". Annals of Botany. 113 (9): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. PMC 3936591. PMID 24532607.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3936591","url_text":"\"Trends and concepts in fern classification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmct299","url_text":"10.1093/aob/mct299"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3936591","url_text":"3936591"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24532607","url_text":"24532607"}]},{"reference":"\"Lygodium Sw\". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331112-2","url_text":"\"Lygodium Sw\""}]},{"reference":"Hasebe, M; Omori, T; Nakazawa, M; Sano, T; Kato, M; Iwatsuki, K (1994-06-07). \"rbcL gene sequences provide evidence for the evolutionary lineages of leptosporangiate ferns\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 91 (12): 5730–5734. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.5730H. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.12.5730. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 44070. PMID 8202555.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC44070","url_text":"\"rbcL gene sequences provide evidence for the evolutionary lineages of leptosporangiate ferns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PNAS...91.5730H","url_text":"1994PNAS...91.5730H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.91.12.5730","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.91.12.5730"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424","url_text":"0027-8424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC44070","url_text":"44070"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8202555","url_text":"8202555"}]},{"reference":"Garrison Hanks, Judith (1998). A monographic study of Lygodium Swartz (Pteridophyta: Lygodiaceae). University of Michigan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Salakot and Other Headgear (PDF). ICHCAP, UNESCO.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/095_Salakot_and_Other_Headgear.pdf","url_text":"Salakot and Other Headgear"}]},{"reference":"\"Lygodium (PROSEA)\". Pl@ntUse. Retrieved 3 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Lygodium_(PROSEA)","url_text":"\"Lygodium (PROSEA)\""}]},{"reference":"\"SS-AGR-21/AG122: Natural Area Weeds: Old World Climbing Fern (Lygodium microphyllum)\". Edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2014-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag122","url_text":"\"SS-AGR-21/AG122: Natural Area Weeds: Old World Climbing Fern (Lygodium microphyllum)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese climbing fern—Lygodium japonicum | Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants\". Plants.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2014-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/node/639","url_text":"\"Japanese climbing fern—Lygodium japonicum | Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants\""}]},{"reference":"Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). \"An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life\". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 909768. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768. PMC 9449725. PMID 36092417.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9449725","url_text":"\"An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2022.909768","url_text":"10.3389/fpls.2022.909768"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9449725","url_text":"9449725"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36092417","url_text":"36092417"}]},{"reference":"\"Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL\". FTOL v1.5.0 [GenBank release 256]. 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://fernphy.github.io/viewer.html","url_text":"\"Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flora of New Zealand | General Profile | Lygodium articulatum\". Nzflora.info. Retrieved 2014-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/Taxon/Lygodium_articulatum.html","url_text":"\"Flora of New Zealand | General Profile | Lygodium articulatum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lygodium Sw\". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_id=46269","url_text":"\"Lygodium Sw\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index","url_text":"Australian Plant Name Index"}]}]
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Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Saikat Basu and C.Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=3&start_taxon_id=119176","external_links_name":"Flora of China: Lygodium species list"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/202031","external_links_name":"202031"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/100087","external_links_name":"100087"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/639RW","external_links_name":"639RW"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/4516","external_links_name":"4516"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1LYFG","external_links_name":"1LYFG"},{"Link":"https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/20880","external_links_name":"20880"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=119176","external_links_name":"119176"},{"Link":"https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Lygodium","external_links_name":"Lygodium"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=119176","external_links_name":"119176"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2650431","external_links_name":"2650431"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=13104","external_links_name":"13104"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/82573","external_links_name":"82573"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/331112-2","external_links_name":"331112-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1293501","external_links_name":"1293501"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=17982","external_links_name":"17982"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021239132","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0021239132"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=13823","external_links_name":"13823"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/bac26c83-afa9-4aec-a838-ede720a80ba6","external_links_name":"bac26c83-afa9-4aec-a838-ede720a80ba6"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=687379","external_links_name":"687379"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=54565","external_links_name":"54565"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=LYGOD2","external_links_name":"LYGOD2"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A331112-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331112-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40010374","external_links_name":"40010374"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000022532","external_links_name":"wfo-4000022532"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551234905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88022229","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB5_category
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AB5 category
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["1 References"]
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In mathematics, Alexander Grothendieck (1957) in his "Tôhoku paper" introduced a sequence of axioms of various kinds of categories enriched over the symmetric monoidal category of abelian groups. Abelian categories are sometimes called AB2 categories, according to the axiom (AB2). AB3 categories are abelian categories possessing arbitrary coproducts (hence, by the existence of quotients in abelian categories, also all colimits). AB5 categories are the AB3 categories in which filtered colimits of exact sequences are exact. Grothendieck categories are the AB5 categories with a generator.
References
Grothendieck, Alexander (1957), "Sur quelques points d'algèbre homologique", Tohoku Mathematical Journal, Second Series, 9: 119–221, doi:10.2748/tmj/1178244839, ISSN 0040-8735, MR 0102537
This category theory-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"AB5 category"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Grothendieck, Alexander (1957), \"Sur quelques points d'algèbre homologique\", Tohoku Mathematical Journal, Second Series, 9: 119–221, doi:10.2748/tmj/1178244839, ISSN 0040-8735, MR 0102537","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Grothendieck","url_text":"Grothendieck, Alexander"},{"url":"http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.tmj/1178244839","url_text":"\"Sur quelques points d'algèbre homologique\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohoku_Mathematical_Journal","url_text":"Tohoku Mathematical Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2748%2Ftmj%2F1178244839","url_text":"10.2748/tmj/1178244839"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-8735","url_text":"0040-8735"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0102537","url_text":"0102537"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.tmj/1178244839","external_links_name":"\"Sur quelques points d'algèbre homologique\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2748%2Ftmj%2F1178244839","external_links_name":"10.2748/tmj/1178244839"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-8735","external_links_name":"0040-8735"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0102537","external_links_name":"0102537"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AB5_category&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boniface_Haba
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Boniface Haba
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["1 International career","2 References","3 External links"]
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Guinean footballer
Boniface HabaPersonal informationDate of birth
(1996-09-30) 30 September 1996 (age 27)Place of birth
Kindia, GuineaHeight
1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s)
WingerTeam informationCurrent team
HoroyaNumber
14Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2013
Gangan
2013–
Horoya
International career‡2015–
Guinea
8
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 00:11, 26 March 2021 (UTC)‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 00:11, 26 March 2021 (UTC)
Boniface Haba (born 30 September 1996) is a Guinean footballer who plays as a winger for Horoya and the Guinea national team.
International career
Haba made his debut with the Guinea national team in a 2–0 2016 African Nations Championship qualification win over Senegal on 17 October 2015.
References
^ Strack-Zimmermann, Benjamin (17 Oct 2015). "Guinea vs. Senegal (2:0)". National Football Teams. Retrieved 26 Mar 2021.
External links
Boniface Haba at Soccerway
Boniface Haba at National-Football-Teams.com
Boniface Haba at FootballDatabase.eu
Horoya Profile
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winger_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Horoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horoya_AC"},{"link_name":"Guinea national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_national_football_team"}],"text":"Boniface Haba (born 30 September 1996) is a Guinean footballer who plays as a winger for Horoya and the Guinea national team.","title":"Boniface Haba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guinea national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2016 African Nations Championship qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_African_Nations_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strack-Zimmermann_2015-1"}],"text":"Haba made his debut with the Guinea national team in a 2–0 2016 African Nations Championship qualification win over Senegal on 17 October 2015.[1]","title":"International career"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Strack-Zimmermann, Benjamin (17 Oct 2015). \"Guinea vs. Senegal (2:0)\". National Football Teams. Retrieved 26 Mar 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/14102/Guinea_Senegal.html","url_text":"\"Guinea vs. Senegal (2:0)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/14102/Guinea_Senegal.html","external_links_name":"\"Guinea vs. Senegal (2:0)\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/boniface-haba/432215/","external_links_name":"Boniface Haba"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/60970/Boniface_Haba.html","external_links_name":"Boniface Haba"},{"Link":"https://www.footballdatabase.eu/en/player/details/279576-boniface-haba","external_links_name":"Boniface Haba"},{"Link":"http://www.horoyaac.com/joueur/boniface-haba/","external_links_name":"Horoya Profile"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._M._Joseph
|
N. M. Joseph
|
["1 References"]
|
Indian politician (1943–2022)
In this Indian name, the name Neendukunnel Mathew is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Joseph.Neendukunnel Mathew Joseph (18 October 1943 – 13 September 2022) was an Indian politician who was a member of the 8th Kerala Legislative Assembly. N. M. Joseph is the son of Shri N. J. Mathew and Annamma Mathew. He married Elizabeth and has one son and one daughter. He was Minister of Forests from 1987 to 1991. He served as the Gen.secretary, Senior vice-president and President of Janata Dal (Secular) during multiple times.
Joseph was a professor at St. Thomas College in Pala before entering politics. He died in Kottayam on 13 September 2022, at the age of 78.
References
^ "Legislators of Kerala". (PDF). Kerala Legislature. p. 90. Retrieved 2011-03-21.
^ "PROFESSOR N.M. JOSEPH". State of Kerala. Retrieved 2011-03-21.
^ മുൻ മന്ത്രി പ്രൊഫ: എൻ എം ജോസഫ് അന്തരിച്ചു (in Malayalam)
This article about a Kerala politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Janata Dal (Secular) politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_name"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"Kerala Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Janata Dal (Secular)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dal_(Secular)"},{"link_name":"Kottayam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottayam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In this Indian name, the name Neendukunnel Mathew is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Joseph.Neendukunnel Mathew Joseph (18 October 1943 – 13 September 2022) was an Indian politician who was a member of the 8th Kerala Legislative Assembly.[1] N. M. Joseph is the son of Shri N. J. Mathew and Annamma Mathew. He married Elizabeth and has one son and one daughter. He was Minister of Forests from 1987 to 1991.[2] He served as the Gen.secretary, Senior vice-president and President of Janata Dal (Secular) during multiple times.Joseph was a professor at St. Thomas College in Pala before entering politics. He died in Kottayam on 13 September 2022, at the age of 78.[3]","title":"N. M. Joseph"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://niyamasabha.org/codes/legislatorsupto2006.pdf","external_links_name":"Legislators of Kerala"},{"Link":"http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/n%20m%20joseph.php","external_links_name":"PROFESSOR N.M. JOSEPH"},{"Link":"https://malayalam.news18.com/amp/news/kerala/former-minister-prof-nm-joseph-passed-away-ar-556302.html","external_links_name":"മുൻ മന്ത്രി പ്രൊഫ: എൻ എം ജോസഫ് അന്തരിച്ചു"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N._M._Joseph&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N._M._Joseph&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Sharman
|
Lindsay Sharman
|
["1 Career","2 Awards","3 References"]
|
British comedienne and actress
Lindsay Sharman is a British writer, comedian and actress.
Career
Sharman began her comedy career in 2009. After reaching the finals of the 2010 Funny Women awards, she took two shows to the 2011 Edinburgh Festival Fringe - Giants Of Comedy and A Time Traveller's Guide to Surviving Childhood as part of PBH's Free Fringe. At Edinburgh 2012, she performed in George Ryegold's God-In-A-Bag at the Underbelly Bristo Square.
She performs in character as Madame Magenta and as The Poet, and took her first solo show Madame Magenta: Libros Mystica to Edinburgh in 2014.
Since then, she has co-written four Edinburgh Festival Fringe productions with her husband and collaborator Laurence Owen: Cinemusical (2015), Cinemusical High (2016), The Time Machine (2017), which subsequently toured the UK, and Jekyll vs Hyde (2019).
In 2020, Lindsay co-founded Long Cat Media, a podcast production company specialising in audio fiction. Her first podcast series, Mockery Manor, was nominated for Best Fiction at the British Podcast Awards 2020.
Awards
British Podcast Awards 2020 Nominated: Best Fiction (for Mockery Manor)
Hackney Empire New Act of the Year 2013 - Finalist
Piccadilly Comedy Club New Comedian Of 2013 - Finalist
Funny Women Award 2010 - Finalist
Mirth Bath New Act of the Year 2010 - Finalist
References
^ Sturdee, Miriam (26 August 2011). "Giants of Comedy – Darren Walsh, Leo Kearse & Lindsay Sharman | Edinburgh Festival". Edinburghfestival.list.co.uk. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
^ Nick Hamilton (18 August 2011). "A Time Traveller's Guide to Surviving Childhood, Ryan's Cellar Bar | The Stage Edinburgh 2013". Ed.thestage.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
^ "Lindsay Sharman, comedian : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide". Chortle. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
^ "ballet | SO IT GOES - John Fleming's blog". Thejohnfleming.wordpress.com. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
^ "Lindsay Sharman". Such Small Portions. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
^ "Lindsay Sharman and Laurence Owen – Edinburgh Previews | Time Out London". Timeout.com. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
^ "Jekyll Vs Hyde - Edinburgh Fringe 2019".
^ "H.G. Wells' the Time Machine".
^ "HG Wells' the Time Machine". September 2017.
^ "Jekyll vs Hyde".
^ "BBC Radio Norfolk - Upload on BBC Radio Norfolk, with Sophie Little (07/11/2020), Long Cat Media: Podcast Masterclass".
^ "Student Side Hustles – Long Cat Media". 23 February 2021.
^ "Nominations 2020".
^ "Nominations 2020".
^ "Lindsay Sharman, comedian : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide". Chortle. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
^ "Review: Piccadilly Comedy Club New Comedian of 2013 Final". Beyond The Joke. 21 December 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
^ "Lindsay Sharman, comedian : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide". Chortle. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
^ "Bath Comedy Festival - What's On". Bathcomedy.com. 6 April 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Puy
|
Saint-Puy
|
["1 Geography","2 Population","3 Notable people","4 See also","5 References"]
|
Coordinates: 43°52′38″N 0°27′47″E / 43.8772°N 0.4631°E / 43.8772; 0.4631
Commune in Occitania, FranceSaint-PuyCommuneThe church in Saint-Puy
Coat of armsLocation of Saint-Puy
Saint-PuyShow map of FranceSaint-PuyShow map of OccitanieCoordinates: 43°52′38″N 0°27′47″E / 43.8772°N 0.4631°E / 43.8772; 0.4631CountryFranceRegionOccitaniaDepartmentGersArrondissementCondomCantonBaïse-ArmagnacGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Michel LabatutArea136.88 km2 (14.24 sq mi)Population (2021)588 • Density16/km2 (41/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code32404 /32310Elevation87–220 m (285–722 ft) (avg. 160 m or 520 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Saint-Puy (French pronunciation: ; Occitan: Lo Sempoi) is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.
Geography
Saint-Puy and its surrounding communes
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±%
1962836—
1968748−10.5%
1975669−10.6%
1982601−10.2%
1990595−1.0%
1999603+1.3%
2008572−5.1%
Notable people
Saint-Puy was the home of the gentleman soldier Blaise de Monluc.
See also
Communes of the Gers department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint-Puy.
vteCommunes of the Gers department
Aignan
Ansan
Antras
Arblade-le-Bas
Arblade-le-Haut
Ardizas
Armentieux
Armous-et-Cau
Arrouède
Aubiet
Auchpref
Augnax
Aujan-Mournède
Auradé
Aurensan
Aurimont
Aussos
Auterive
Aux-Aussat
Avensac
Avéron-Bergelle
Avezan
Ayguetinte
Ayzieu
Bajonnette
Barcelonne-du-Gers
Barcugnan
Barran
Bars
Bascous
Bassoues
Bazian
Bazugues
Beaucaire
Beaumarchés
Beaumont
Beaupuy
Beccas
Bédéchan
Bellegarde
Belloc-Saint-Clamens
Belmont
Béraut
Berdoues
Bernède
Berrac
Betcave-Aguin
Bétous
Betplan
Bézéril
Bezolles
Bézues-Bajon
Biran
Bivès
Blanquefort
Blaziert
Blousson-Sérian
Bonas
Boucagnères
Boulaur
Bourrouillan
Bouzon-Gellenave
Bretagne-d'Armagnac
Le Brouilh-Monbert
Brugnens
Cabas-Loumassès
Cadeilhan
Cadeillan
Cahuzac-sur-Adour
Caillavet
Callian
Campagne-d'Armagnac
Cassaigne
Castelnau-Barbarens
Castelnau-d'Anglès
Castelnau-d'Arbieu
Castelnau-d'Auzan-Labarrère
Castelnau-sur-l'Auvignon
Castelnavet
Castéra-Lectourois
Castéra-Verduzan
Castéron
Castet-Arrouy
Castex
Castex-d'Armagnac
Castillon-Debats
Castillon-Massas
Castillon-Savès
Castin
Catonvielle
Caumont
Caupenne-d'Armagnac
Caussens
Cazaubon
Cazaux-d'Anglès
Cazaux-Savès
Cazaux-Villecomtal
Cazeneuve
Céran
Cézan
Chélan
Clermont-Pouyguillès
Clermont-Savès
Cologne
Condomsubpr
Corneillan
Couloumé-Mondebat
Courrensan
Courties
Crastes
Cravencères
Cuélas
Dému
Duffort
Duran
Durban
Eauze
Encausse
Endoufielle
Esclassan-Labastide
Escornebœuf
Espaon
Espas
Estampes
Estang
Estipouy
Estramiac
Faget-Abbatial
Flamarens
Fleurance
Fourcès
Frégouville
Fustérouau
Galiax
Garravet
Gaudonville
Gaujac
Gaujan
Gavarret-sur-Aulouste
Gazaupouy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say%27s_Law
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Say's law
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["1 History","1.1 Say's formulation","1.2 Early opinions","1.3 The Great Depression","1.4 Today","2 Consequences","2.1 Recession and unemployment","3 Assumptions and criticisms","3.1 Role of money","4 As a theoretical point of departure","5 Modern interpretations","5.1 Keynes versus Say","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Notes","7.2 Bibliography","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
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Concept in market economics
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In classical economics, Say's law, or the law of markets, is the claim that the production of a product creates demand for another product by providing something of value which can be exchanged for that other product. So, production is the source of demand. In his principal work, A Treatise on Political Economy (Traité d'économie politique, 1803), Jean-Baptiste Say wrote: "A product is no sooner created, than it, from that instant, affords a market for other products to the full extent of its own value." And also, "As each of us can only purchase the productions of others with his/her own productions – as the value we can buy is equal to the value we can produce, the more men can produce, the more they will purchase."
Some maintain that Say further argued that this law of markets implies that a general glut (a widespread excess of supply over demand) cannot occur. If there is a surplus of one good, there must be unmet demand for another: "If certain goods remain unsold, it is because other goods are not produced." However, according to Petur Jonsson, Say does not claim a general glut cannot occur and in fact acknowledges that they can occur. Say's law has been one of the principal doctrines used to support the laissez-faire belief that a capitalist economy will naturally tend toward full employment and prosperity without government intervention.
Over the years, at least two objections to Say's law have been raised:
General gluts do occur, particularly during recessions and depressions.
Economic agents may collectively choose to increase the amount of savings they hold, thereby reducing demand but not supply.
Say's law was generally accepted throughout the 19th century, though modified to incorporate the idea of a "boom-and-bust" cycle. During the worldwide Great Depression of the 1930s, the theories of Keynesian economics disputed Say's conclusions.
Scholars disagree on the question of whether it was Say who first stated the principle, but by convention, Say's law has been another name for the law of markets ever since John Maynard Keynes used the term in the 1930s. A historical analysis of Say's law was first published by American economist Thomas Sowell.
History
Say's formulation
Say argued that economic agents offer goods and services for sale so that they can spend the money they expect to obtain. Therefore, the fact that a quantity of goods and services is offered for sale is evidence of an equal quantity of demand. Essentially Say's argument was that money is just a medium, people pay for goods and services with other goods and services. This claim is often summarized as "supply creates its own demand", although that phrase does not appear in Say's writings.
Explaining his point at length, Say wrote:
It is worthwhile to remark that a product is no sooner created than it, from that instant, affords a market for other products to the full extent of its own value. When the producer has put the finishing hand to his product, he is most anxious to sell it immediately, lest its value should diminish in his hands. Nor is he less anxious to dispose of the money he may get for it; for the value of money is also perishable. But the only way of getting rid of money is in the purchase of some product or other. Thus the mere circumstance of creation of one product immediately opens a vent for other products.
Say further argued that because production necessarily creates demand, a "general glut" of unsold goods of all kinds is impossible. If there is an excess supply of one good, there must be a shortage of another: "The superabundance of goods of one description arises from the deficiency of goods of another description."
To further clarify, he wrote: "Sales cannot be said to be dull because money is scarce, but because other products are so. ... To use a more hackneyed phrase, people have bought less, because they have made less profit."
Say's law should therefore be formulated as: Supply of X creates demand for Y, subject to people being interested in buying X. The producer of X is able to buy Y, if his products are demanded.
Say rejected the possibility that money obtained from the sale of goods could remain unspent, thereby reducing demand below supply. He viewed money only as a temporary medium of exchange.
Money performs but a momentary function in this double exchange; and when the transaction is finally closed, it will always be found, that one kind of commodity has been exchanged for another.
Early opinions
Early writers on political economy held a variety of opinions on what we now call Say's law. James Mill and David Ricardo both supported the law in full. Thomas Malthus and John Stuart Mill questioned the doctrine that general gluts cannot occur.
James Mill and David Ricardo restated and developed Say's law. Mill wrote, "The production of commodities creates, and is the one and universal cause which creates, a market for the commodities produced." Ricardo wrote, "Demand depends only on supply."
Thomas Malthus, on the other hand, rejected Say's law because he saw evidence of general gluts.
We hear of glutted markets, falling prices, and cotton goods selling at Kamschatka lower than the costs of production. It may be said, perhaps, that the cotton trade happens to be glutted; and it is a tenet of the new doctrine on profits and demand, that if one trade be overstocked with capital, it is a certain sign that some other trade is understocked. But where, I would ask, is there any considerable trade that is confessedly under-stocked, and where high profits have been long pleading in vain for additional capital?
John Stuart Mill also recognized general gluts. He argued that during a general glut, there is insufficient demand for all non-monetary commodities and excess demand for money.
When there is a general anxiety to sell, and a general disinclination to buy, commodities of all kinds remain for a long time unsold, and those which find an immediate market, do so at a very low price... At periods such as we have described... persons in general... liked better to possess money than any other commodity. Money, consequently, was in request, and all other commodities were in comparative disrepute... As there may be a temporary excess of any one article considered separately, so may there of commodities generally, not in consequence of over-production, but of a want of commercial confidence.
Mill rescued the claim that there cannot be a simultaneous glut of all commodities by including money as one of the commodities.
In order to render the argument for the impossibility of an excess of all commodities applicable... money must itself be considered as a commodity. It must, undoubtedly, be admitted that there cannot be an excess of all other commodities, and an excess of money at the same time.
Contemporary economist Brad DeLong believes that Mill's argument refutes the assertions that a general glut cannot occur, and that a market economy naturally tends towards an equilibrium in which general gluts do not occur. What remains of Say's law, after Mill's modification, are a few less controversial assertions:
In the long run, the ability to produce does not outstrip the desire to consume.
In a barter economy, a general glut cannot occur.
In a monetary economy, a general glut occurs not because sellers produce more commodities of every kind than buyers wish to purchase, but because buyers increase their desire to hold money.
Say himself never used many of the later, short definitions of Say's law, and thus the law actually developed through the work of many of his contemporaries and successors. The work of James Mill, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill, and others evolved Say's law into what is sometimes called law of markets, which was a key element of the framework of macroeconomics from the mid-19th century until the 1930s.
The Great Depression
The Great Depression posed a challenge to Say's law. In the United States, unemployment rose to 25%. The quarter of the labor force that was unemployed constituted a supply of labor for which the demand predicted by Say's law did not exist.
John Maynard Keynes argued in 1936 that Say's law is simply not true, and that demand, rather than supply, is the key variable that determines the overall level of economic activity. According to Keynes, demand depends on the propensity of individuals to consume and on the propensity of businesses to invest, both of which vary throughout the business cycle. There is no reason to expect enough aggregate demand to produce full employment.
Today
Steven Kates, although a proponent of Say's Law, writes:
Before the Keynesian Revolution, denial of the validity of Say's Law placed an economist amongst the crackpots, people with no idea whatsoever about how an economy works. That the vast majority of the economics profession today would have been classified as crackpots in the 1930s and before is just how it is.
Keynesian economists, such as Paul Krugman, stress the role of money in negating Say's law: Money that is hoarded (held as cash or analogous financial instruments) is not spent on products. To increase monetary holdings, someone may sell products or labor without immediately spending the proceeds. This can be a general phenomenon: from time to time, in response to changing economic circumstances, households and businesses in aggregate seek to increase net savings and thus decrease net debt. To increase net savings requires earning more than is spent—contrary to Say's law, which postulates that supply (sales, earning income) equals demand (purchases, requiring spending). Keynesian economists argue that the failure of Say's law, through an increased demand for monetary holdings, can result in a general glut due to falling demand for goods and services.
Many economists today maintain that supply does not create its own demand, but instead, especially during recessions, demand creates its own supply. Krugman writes:
Not only doesn't supply create its own demand; experience since 2008 suggests, if anything, that the reverse is largely true -- specifically, that inadequate demand destroys supply. Economies with persistently weak demand seem to suffer large declines in potential as well as actual output.
Olivier Blanchard and Larry Summers, observing persistently high and increasing unemployment rates in Europe in the 1970s and 1980s, argued that adverse demand shocks can lead to persistently high unemployment, therefore persistently reducing the supply of goods and services.
Antonio Fatás and Larry Summers argued that shortfalls in demand, resulting both from the global economic downturn of 2008 and 2009 and from subsequent attempts by governments to reduce government spending, have had large negative effects on both actual and potential world economic output.
A minority of economists still support Say's Law. Some proponents of real business cycle theory maintain that high unemployment is due to a reduced labor supply rather than reduced demand. In other words, people choose to work less when economic conditions are poor, so that involuntary unemployment does not actually exist.
While economists have abandoned Say's law as a true law that must always hold, most still consider Say's Law to be a useful rule of thumb which the economy will tend towards in the long run, so long as it is allowed to adjust to shocks such as financial crises without being exposed to any further such shocks. The applicability of Say's law in theoretical long-run conditions is one motivation behind the study of general equilibrium theory in economics, which studies economies in the context where Say's law holds true.
Consequences
A number of laissez-faire consequences have been drawn from interpretations of Say's law. However, Say himself advocated public works to remedy unemployment and criticized Ricardo for neglecting the possibility of hoarding if there was a lack of investment opportunities.
Recession and unemployment
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Say argued against claims that businesses suffer because people do not have enough money. He argued that the power to purchase can only be increased through more production.
James Mill used Say's law against those who sought to give the economy a boost via unproductive consumption. In his view, consumption destroys wealth, in contrast to production, which is the source of economic growth. The demand for a product determines the price of the product.
According to Keynes (see more below), if Say's law is correct, widespread involuntary unemployment (caused by inadequate demand) cannot occur. Classical economists in the context of Say's law explain unemployment as arising from insufficient demand for specialized labour—that is, the supply of viable labour exceeds demand in some segments of the economy.
When more goods are produced by firms than are demanded in certain sectors, the suppliers in those sectors lose revenue as result. This loss of revenue, which would in turn have been used to purchase other goods from other firms, lowers demand for the products of firms in other sectors, causing an overall general reduction in output and thus lowering the demand for labour. This results in what contemporary macroeconomics call structural unemployment, the presumed mismatch between the overall demand for labour in jobs offered and the individual job skills and location of labour. This differs from the Keynesian concept of cyclical unemployment, which is presumed to arise because of inadequate aggregate demand.
Such economic losses and unemployment were seen by some economists, such as Marx and Keynes himself, as an intrinsic property of the capitalist system. The division of labor leads to a situation where one always has to anticipate what others will be willing to buy, and this leads to miscalculations.
Assumptions and criticisms
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Say's law did not posit that (as per the Keynesian formulation) "supply creates its own demand". Nor was it based on the idea that everything that is saved will be exchanged. Rather, Say sought to refute the idea that production and employment were limited by low consumption.
Thus Say's law, in its original concept, was not intrinsically linked nor logically reliant on the neutrality of money (as has been alleged by those who wish to disagree with it), because the key proposition of the law is that no matter how much people save, production is still a possibility, as it is the prerequisite for the attainment of any additional consumption goods. Say's law states that in a market economy, goods and services are produced for exchange with other goods and services—"employment multipliers" therefore arise from production and not exchange alone—and that in the process a sufficient level of real income is created to purchase the economy's entire output, due to the truism that the means of consumption are limited ex vi termini by the level of production. That is, with regard to the exchange of products within a division of labour, the total supply of goods and services in a market economy will equal the total demand derived from consumption during any given time period. In modern terms, "general gluts cannot exist", although there may be local imbalances, with gluts in some markets balanced out by shortages in others.
Nevertheless, for some neoclassical economists, Say's law implies that economy is always at its full employment level. This is not necessarily what Say proposed.
In the Keynesian interpretation, the assumptions of Say's law are:
a barter model of money ("products are paid for with products");
flexible prices—that is, all prices can rapidly adjust upwards or downwards; and
no government intervention.
Under these assumptions, Say's law implies that there cannot be a general glut, so that a persistent state cannot exist in which demand is generally less than productive capacity and high unemployment results. Keynesians therefore argued that the Great Depression demonstrated that Say's law is incorrect. Keynes, in his General Theory, argued that a country could go into a recession because of "lack of aggregate demand".
Because historically there have been many persistent economic crises, one may reject one or more of the assumptions of Say's law, its reasoning, or its conclusions. Taking the assumptions in turn:
Circuitists and some post-Keynesians dispute the barter model of money, arguing that money is fundamentally different from commodities and that credit bubbles can and do cause depressions. Notably, the debt owed does not change because the economy has changed.
Keynes argued that prices are not flexible; for example, workers may not take pay cuts if the result is starvation.
Laissez-faire economists argue that government intervention is the cause of economic crises, and that left to its devices, the market will adjust efficiently.
As for the implication that dislocations cannot cause persistent unemployment, some theories of economic cycles accept Say's law and seek to explain high unemployment in other ways, considering depressed demand for labour as a form of local dislocation. For example, advocates of Real Business Cycle Theory argue that real shocks cause recessions and that the market responds efficiently to these real economic shocks.
Krugman dismisses Say's law as, "at best, a useless tautology when individuals have the option of accumulating money rather than purchasing real goods and services".
Role of money
It is not easy to say what exactly Say's law says about the role of money apart from the claim that recession is not caused by lack of money. The phrase "products are paid for with products" is taken to mean that Say has a barter model of money; contrast with circuitist and post-Keynesian monetary theory.
One can read Say as stating simply that money is completely neutral, although he did not state this explicitly, and in fact did not concern himself with this subject. Say's central notion concerning money was that if one has money, it is irrational to hoard it.
The assumption that hoarding is irrational was attacked by underconsumptionist economists, such as John M. Robertson, in his 1892 book, The Fallacy of Saving: where he called Say's law:
tenacious fallacy, consequent on the inveterate evasion of the plain fact that men want for their goods, not merely some other goods to consume, but further, some credit or abstract claim to future wealth, goods, or services. This all want as a surplus or bonus, and this surplus cannot be represented for all in present goods.
Here Robertson identifies his critique as based on Say's theory of money: people wish to accumulate a "claim to future wealth", not simply present goods, and thus the hoarding of wealth may be rational.
For Say, as for other classical economists, it is possible for there to be a glut (excess supply, market surplus) for one product alongside a shortage (excess demand) of others. But there is no "general glut" in Say's view, since the gluts and shortages cancel out for the economy as a whole. But what if the excess demand is for money, because people are hoarding it? This creates an excess supply for all products, a general glut. Say's answer is simple: there is no reason to engage in hoarding money. According to Say, the only reason to have money is to buy products. It would not be a mistake, in his view, to treat the economy as if it were a barter economy. To quote Say:
Nor is less anxious to dispose of the money he may get ... But the only way of getting rid of money is in the purchase of some product or other.
In Keynesian terms, followers of Say's law would argue that on the aggregate level, there is only a transactions demand for money. That is, there is no precautionary, finance, or speculative demand for money. Money is held for spending, and increases in money supplies lead to increased spending.
Some classical economists did see that a loss of confidence in business or a collapse of credit will increase the demand for money, which will decrease the demand for goods. This view was expressed both by Robert Torrens and John Stuart Mill. This would lead demand and supply to move out of phase and lead to an economic downturn in the same way that miscalculation in productions would, as described by William H. Beveridge in 1909.
However, in classical economics, there was no reason for such a collapse to persist. In this view, persistent depressions, such as that of the 1930s, are impossible in a free market organized according to laissez-faire principles. The flexibility of markets under laissez faire allows prices, wages, and interest rates to adjust so as to abolish all excess supplies and demands; however, since all economies are a mixture of regulation and free-market elements, laissez-faire principles (which require a free market environment) cannot adjust effectively to excess supply and demand.
As a theoretical point of departure
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The whole of neoclassical equilibrium analysis implies that Say's law in the first place functioned to bring a market into this state: that is, Say's law is the mechanism through which markets equilibrate uniquely. Equilibrium analysis and its derivatives of optimization and efficiency in exchange live or die with Say's law. This is one of the major, fundamental points of contention between the neoclassical tradition, Keynes, and Marxians. Ultimately, from Say's law they deduced vastly different conclusions regarding the functioning of capitalist production.
The former, not to be confused with "new Keynesian" and the many offsprings and syntheses of the General Theory, take the fact that a commodity–commodity economy is substantially altered once it becomes a commodity–money–commodity economy, or once money becomes not only a facilitator of exchange (its only function in marginalist theory) but also a store of value and a means of payment. What this means is that money can be (and must be) hoarded: it may not re-enter the circulatory process for some time, and thus a general glut is not only possible but, to the extent that money is not rapidly turned over, probable.
A response to this in defense of Say's law (echoing the debates between Ricardo and Malthus, in which the former denied the possibility of a general glut on its grounds) is that consumption that is abstained from through hoarding is simply transferred to a different consumer—overwhelmingly to factor (investment) markets, which, through financial institutions, function through the rate of interest.
Keynes' innovation in this regard was twofold: First, he was to turn the mechanism that regulates savings and investment, the rate of interest, into a shell of its former self (relegating it to the price of money) by showing that supply and investment were not independent of one another and thus could not be related uniquely in terms of the balancing of disutility and utility. Second, after Say's law was dealt with and shown to be theoretically inconsistent, there was a gap to be filled. If Say's law was the logic by which we thought financial markets came to a unique position in the long run, and if Say's law were to be discarded, what were the real "rules of the game" of the financial markets? How did they function and remain stable?
To this Keynes responded with his famous notion of "animal spirits": markets are ruled by speculative behavior, influenced not only by one's own personal equation but also by one's perceptions of the speculative behavior of others. In turn, others' behavior is motivated by their perceptions of others' behavior, and so on. Without Say's law keeping them in balance, financial markets are thus inherently unstable. Through this identification, Keynes deduced the consequences for the macroeconomy of long-run equilibrium being attained not at only one unique position that represented a "Pareto Optima" (a special case), but through a possible range of many equilibria that could significantly under-employ human and natural resources (the general case).
For the Marxian critique, which is more fundamental, one must start at Marx's initial distinction between use value and exchange value—use value being the use somebody has for a commodity, and exchange value being what an item is traded for on a market. In Marx's theory, there is a gap between the creation of surplus value in production and the realization of that surplus value via a sale. To realize a sale, a commodity must have a use value for someone, so that they purchase the commodity and complete the cycle M–C–M'. Capitalism, which is interested in value (money as wealth), must create use value. The capitalist has no control over whether or not the value contained in the product is realized through the market mechanism. This gap between production and realization creates the possibility for capitalist crisis, but only if the value of any item is realised through the difference between its cost and final price. As the realization of capital is only possible through a market, Marx criticized other economists, such as David Ricardo, who argued that capital is realized via production. Thus, in Marx's theory, there can be general overproductive crises within capitalism.
Given these concepts and their implications, Say's law does not hold in the Marxian framework. Moreover, the theoretical core of the Marxian framework contrasts with that of the neoclassical and Austrian traditions.
Conceptually, the distinction between Keynes and Marx is that for Keynes the theory is but a special case of his general theory, whereas for Marx it never existed at all.
Modern interpretations
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A modern way of expressing Say's law is that there can never be a general glut. Instead of there being an excess supply (glut or surplus) of goods in general, there may be an excess supply of one or more goods, but only when balanced by an excess demand (shortage) of yet other goods. Thus, there may be a glut of labor ("cyclical" unemployment), but this is balanced by an excess demand for produced goods. Modern advocates of Say's law see market forces as working quickly, via price adjustments, to abolish both gluts and shortages. The exception is when governments or other non-market forces prevent price adjustments.
According to Keynes, the implication of Say's law is that a free-market economy is always at what Keynesian economists call full employment (see also Walras' law). Thus, Say's law is part of the general world view of laissez-faire economics—that is, that free markets can solve the economy's problems automatically. (These problems are recessions, stagnation, depression, and involuntary unemployment.)
Some proponents of Say's law argue that such intervention is always counterproductive. Consider Keynesian-type policies aimed at stimulating the economy. Increased government purchases of goods (or lowered taxes) merely "crowd out" the production and purchase of goods by the private sector. Contradicting this view, Arthur Cecil Pigou, a self-proclaimed follower of Say's law, wrote a letter in 1932 signed by five other economists (among them Keynes) calling for more public spending to alleviate high levels of unemployment.
Keynes versus Say
Keynes summarized Say's law as "supply creates its own demand", or the assumption "that the whole of the costs of production must necessarily be spent in the aggregate, directly or indirectly, on purchasing the product" (from chapter 2 of his General Theory). See the article on The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money for a summary of Keynes's view.
Although hoarding of money was not a direct cause of unemployment in Keynes's theory, his concept of saving was unclear and some readers have filled the gap by assigning to hoarding the role Keynes gave to saving. An early example was Jacob Viner, who in his 1936 review of the General Theory said of hoarding that Keynes' attaches great importance to it as a barrier to "full" employment' (p152) while denying (pp158f) that it was capable of having that effect.
The theory that hoarding is a cause of unemployment has been the subject of discussion. Some classical economists suggested that hoarding (increases in money-equivalent holdings) would always be balanced by dis-hoarding. This requires equality of saving (abstention from purchase of goods) and investment (the purchase of capital goods). However, Keynes and others argued that hoarding decisions are made by different people and for different reasons than are decisions to dis-hoard, so that hoarding and dis-hoarding are unlikely to be equal at all times, as indeed they are not. Decreasing demand (consumption) does not necessarily stimulate capital spending (investment).
Some have argued that financial markets, and especially interest rates, could adjust to keep hoarding and dis-hoarding equal, so that Say's law could be maintained, or that prices could simply fall, to prevent a decrease in production. But Keynes argued that to play this role, interest rates would have to fall rapidly, and that there are limits on how quickly and how low they can fall (as in the liquidity trap, where interest rates approach zero and cannot fall further). To Keynes, in the short run, interest rates are determined more by the supply and demand for money than by saving and investment. Before interest rates can adjust sufficiently, excessive hoarding causes the vicious circle of falling aggregate production (recession). The recession itself lowers incomes so that hoarding (and saving) and dis-hoarding (and real investment) can reach a state of balance below full employment.
Worse, a recession would hurt private real investment—by hurting profitability and business confidence—through what is called the accelerator effect. This means that the balance between hoarding and dis-hoarding would be pushed even further below the full-employment level of production.
Keynes treats a fall in marginal efficiency of capital and an increase in the degree of liquidity preference (demand for money) as sparks leading to an insufficiency of effective demand. A decrease in MEC causes a reduction in investment, which reduces aggregate expenditure and income. A decline in the interest rate would offset the decline in investment, and stimulate propensity to consume.
See also
Demand side economics, the New Keynesian perspective
Fiscal policy
List of eponymous laws
Parable of the broken window
Treasury view, a related critical view of fiscal policy
Walras' law
References
Notes
^ Say 1834, p. 138
^ a b Say 1834, p. 3
^ Jonsson, Petur O., "On the Economics of Say and Keynes's Interpretation of Say's Law." Eastern Economic Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 147-155, 1995.
^ Foley, Duncan (2008). Adam's Fallacy: A Guide to Economic Theology. Harvard University Press. p. 184.
^ Cowen, Tyler (2000). "Say's Law and Keynesian Economics". In Wood, John Cunningham; Kates, Steven (eds.). Jean-Baptiste Say: Critical Assessments of Leading Economists. Vol. V. London: Routledge. p. 305.
^ https://austrianstudentconference.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ASSC-2017-Colin-Combs.pdf
^ Thweatt, William O. (2000). "Early Formulators of Say's Law". In Wood, John Cunningham; Kates, Steven (eds.). Jean-Baptiste Say: Critical Assessments of Leading Economists. Vol. V. London: Routledge. pp. 78–93.
^ Braudel, The Wheels of Commerce: Civilisation and Capitalism 15th–18th Century, 1979:181
^ "Lord Keynes and Say's Law". 20 April 2005.
^ Say 1834, pp. 138–139
^ Say 1821, p. 5
^ Say 1834, p. 138
^ James Mill, Commerce Defended (1808), Chapter VI: "Consumption", p. 81
^ Ricardo, David (1971). The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, Vol. II. Notes on Malthus's Principles of Political Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 365.
^ Malthus, Thomas (1820). Principles of Political Economy Considered With a View to Their Practical Application. London: John Murray. pp. 333–334.
^ Mill 1844, pp. 70–74
^ Mill 1844, p. 71
^ DeLong, Brad (6 August 2012). "Why History of Economic Thought is Important". Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ DeLong, Brad (28 June 2010). "Is Macroeconomics Hard?". Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ Mill 1844, pp. 69–74
^ Frank, Robert H.; Bernanke, Ben S. (2007). Principles of Macroeconomics (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill/Irwin. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-07-319397-7.
^ Keynes, John Maynard. "The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money" (PDF). pp. 25–26. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
^ Kates, Steven (25 April 2013). "Debts, deficits and slow growth". Retrieved 12 November 2014.
^ Krugman, Paul (10 February 2013). "Still Say's Law After All These Years - Paul Krugman". Retrieved 10 February 2013.
^ Krugman, Paul (3 November 2015). "Demand Creates Its Own Supply". Retrieved 3 November 2015.
^ Blanchard, Olivier J.; Summers, Lawrence H. (1986). "Hysteresis and the European Unemployment Problem" (PDF). pp. 15–78. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
^ Fatas, Antonio; Summers, Lawrence H. (October 2015). "The Permanent Effects of Fiscal Consolidations" (PDF). pp. 1–34. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
^ Lucas, Robert E. (May 1978), "Unemployment Policy", American Economic Review, 68 (2): 353–357, JSTOR 1816720
^ Greenlaw, Steven A.; Shapiro, David (12 January 2017). "Keynes' Law and Say's Law in the AD/AS Model". Principles of Economics 2e. BC Open Textbooks. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
^ Warren J. Samuels, Jeff Biddle, John Bryan Davis, A companion to the history of economic thought, p. 326.
^ Watson, Garrett (November 2012). "Guest post: Misunderstanding Say's Law of Markets (Garrett Watson)". The Market Monetarist. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
^ Fonseca, Gonçalo L. "The General Glut Controversy". The New School. Archived from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
^ a b Martin, Adam (2004). "Keynes and Say's Law of Markets: Analysis and Implications for Austrian Economics" (PDF). gcc.edu. p. 3.
^ "Introduction by Paul Krugman to The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, by John Maynard Keynes". Retrieved 11 April 2014.
^ Robertson, John M. (1892). The Fallacy of Saving.
^ Nash, Robert T.; Gramm, William P. (1969). "A Neglected Early Statement the Paradox of Thrift". History of Political Economy. 1 (2): 395–400. doi:10.1215/00182702-1-2-395.
^ "Information on Jean-Baptiste Say". Cepa.newschool.edu. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
^ Karl Marx, Grundrisse, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch08.htm#p402
^ Jacob Viner, "Mr. Keynes on the causes of unemployment", Quarterly Journal of Economics.
^ {Ahiakpor, James C. W. Keynes and the Classics Reconsidered. Kluwer, 1998.}
Bibliography
Fonseca, Gonçalo L. "The General Glut Controversy". The New School. Archived from the original on 2011-01-06.
Kates, Steven (1998). Say's Law and the Keynesian Revolution: How Macroeconomic Theory Lost Its Way. E. Elgar Pub. ISBN 978-1-85898-748-4.
Steven Kates, ed. (2003). Two Hundred Years of Say's Law: Essays on Economic Theory's Most Controversial Principle. Edward Elgar. ISBN 978-1-84064-866-9.
Mill, John Stuart (1844). Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy. London: John W. Parker.
Say, Jean-Baptiste (1821). Letters to Mr. Malthus. London: Sherwood, Neely, and Jones. This is an English translation of Say's Lettres à M. Malthus sur l'économie politique et la stagnation du commerce, published in 1820.
Say, Jean-Baptiste (1834). A Treatise on Political Economy (sixth American ed.). Philadelphia: Grigg & Elliott. This is an English translation of Say's Traité d'economie politique, first published in 1803.
Further reading
Ackley, Gardner (1961). "Say's Law and the Quantity Theory of Money". Macroeconomic Theory. New York: Macmillan. pp. 105–123.
Axel Leijonhufvud, 1968. On Keynesian Economics & the Economics of Keynes: A Study in Monetary Theory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-500948-7.
Kates, Steven (1998). Say's Law and the Keynesian revolution: how macroeconomic theory lost its way. Edward Elgard Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-85898-748-2.
Baumol, W. J. (1977). "Say's (at Least) Eight Laws, or What Say and James Mill May Really Have Meant". Economica. 44 (174). Blackwell Publishing: 145–161. doi:10.2307/2553717. JSTOR 2553717.
Thomas Sowell, 1972. Say's Law: An Historical Analysis. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04166-0.
External links
A Treatise on Political Economy, Book I Chapter XV, Jean-Baptiste Say
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"classical economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_economics"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Say","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-2"},{"link_name":"general glut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_glut"},{"link_name":"good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_(economics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"laissez-faire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"boom-and-bust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_and_bust"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Keynesian economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynesian_economics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"John Maynard Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell"}],"text":"In classical economics, Say's law, or the law of markets, is the claim that the production of a product creates demand for another product by providing something of value which can be exchanged for that other product. So, production is the source of demand. In his principal work, A Treatise on Political Economy (Traité d'économie politique, 1803), Jean-Baptiste Say wrote: \"A product is no sooner created, than it, from that instant, affords a market for other products to the full extent of its own value.\"[1] And also, \"As each of us can only purchase the productions of others with his/her own productions – as the value we can buy is equal to the value we can produce, the more men can produce, the more they will purchase.\"[2]Some maintain that Say further argued that this law of markets implies that a general glut (a widespread excess of supply over demand) cannot occur. If there is a surplus of one good, there must be unmet demand for another: \"If certain goods remain unsold, it is because other goods are not produced.\"[2] However, according to Petur Jonsson, Say does not claim a general glut cannot occur and in fact acknowledges that they can occur.[3] Say's law has been one of the principal doctrines used to support the laissez-faire belief that a capitalist economy will naturally tend toward full employment and prosperity without government intervention.[4][5]Over the years, at least two objections to Say's law have been raised:General gluts do occur, particularly during recessions and depressions.[6]\nEconomic agents may collectively choose to increase the amount of savings they hold, thereby reducing demand but not supply.Say's law was generally accepted throughout the 19th century, though modified to incorporate the idea of a \"boom-and-bust\" cycle. During the worldwide Great Depression of the 1930s, the theories of Keynesian economics disputed Say's conclusions.Scholars disagree on the question of whether it was Say who first stated the principle,[7][8] but by convention, Say's law has been another name for the law of markets ever since John Maynard Keynes used the term in the 1930s. A historical analysis of Say's law was first published by American economist Thomas Sowell.","title":"Say's law"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"supply creates its own demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_creates_its_own_demand"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Say's formulation","text":"Say argued that economic agents offer goods and services for sale so that they can spend the money they expect to obtain. Therefore, the fact that a quantity of goods and services is offered for sale is evidence of an equal quantity of demand. Essentially Say's argument was that money is just a medium, people pay for goods and services with other goods and services.[9][unreliable source?] This claim is often summarized as \"supply creates its own demand\", although that phrase does not appear in Say's writings.Explaining his point at length, Say wrote:It is worthwhile to remark that a product is no sooner created than it, from that instant, affords a market for other products to the full extent of its own value. When the producer has put the finishing hand to his product, he is most anxious to sell it immediately, lest its value should diminish in his hands. Nor is he less anxious to dispose of the money he may get for it; for the value of money is also perishable. But the only way of getting rid of money is in the purchase of some product or other. Thus the mere circumstance of creation of one product immediately opens a vent for other products.[10]Say further argued that because production necessarily creates demand, a \"general glut\" of unsold goods of all kinds is impossible. If there is an excess supply of one good, there must be a shortage of another: \"The superabundance of goods of one description arises from the deficiency of goods of another description.\"[11]To further clarify, he wrote: \"Sales cannot be said to be dull because money is scarce, but because other products are so. ... To use a more hackneyed phrase, people have bought less, because they have made less profit.\"Say's law should therefore be formulated as: Supply of X creates demand for Y, subject to people being interested in buying X. The producer of X is able to buy Y, if his products are demanded.Say rejected the possibility that money obtained from the sale of goods could remain unspent, thereby reducing demand below supply. He viewed money only as a temporary medium of exchange.Money performs but a momentary function in this double exchange; and when the transaction is finally closed, it will always be found, that one kind of commodity has been exchanged for another.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mill"},{"link_name":"David Ricardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo"},{"link_name":"Thomas Malthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus"},{"link_name":"John Stuart Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Brad DeLong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_DeLong"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"barter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"David Ricardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo"},{"link_name":"John Stuart Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill"},{"link_name":"macroeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomics"}],"sub_title":"Early opinions","text":"Early writers on political economy held a variety of opinions on what we now call Say's law. James Mill and David Ricardo both supported the law in full. Thomas Malthus and John Stuart Mill questioned the doctrine that general gluts cannot occur.James Mill and David Ricardo restated and developed Say's law. Mill wrote, \"The production of commodities creates, and is the one and universal cause which creates, a market for the commodities produced.\"[13] Ricardo wrote, \"Demand depends only on supply.\"[14]Thomas Malthus, on the other hand, rejected Say's law because he saw evidence of general gluts.We hear of glutted markets, falling prices, and cotton goods selling at Kamschatka lower than the costs of production. It may be said, perhaps, that the cotton trade happens to be glutted; and it is a tenet of the new doctrine on profits and demand, that if one trade be overstocked with capital, it is a certain sign that some other trade is understocked. But where, I would ask, is there any considerable trade that is confessedly under-stocked, and where high profits have been long pleading in vain for additional capital?[15]John Stuart Mill also recognized general gluts. He argued that during a general glut, there is insufficient demand for all non-monetary commodities and excess demand for money.When there is a general anxiety to sell, and a general disinclination to buy, commodities of all kinds remain for a long time unsold, and those which find an immediate market, do so at a very low price... At periods such as we have described... persons in general... liked better to possess money than any other commodity. Money, consequently, was in request, and all other commodities were in comparative disrepute... As there may be a temporary excess of any one article considered separately, so may there of commodities generally, not in consequence of over-production, but of a want of commercial confidence.[16]Mill rescued the claim that there cannot be a simultaneous glut of all commodities by including money as one of the commodities.In order to render the argument for the impossibility of an excess of all commodities applicable... money must itself be considered as a commodity. It must, undoubtedly, be admitted that there cannot be an excess of all other commodities, and an excess of money at the same time.[17]Contemporary economist Brad DeLong believes that Mill's argument refutes the assertions that a general glut cannot occur, and that a market economy naturally tends towards an equilibrium in which general gluts do not occur.[18][19] What remains of Say's law, after Mill's modification, are a few less controversial assertions:In the long run, the ability to produce does not outstrip the desire to consume.\nIn a barter economy, a general glut cannot occur.\nIn a monetary economy, a general glut occurs not because sellers produce more commodities of every kind than buyers wish to purchase, but because buyers increase their desire to hold money.[20]Say himself never used many of the later, short definitions of Say's law, and thus the law actually developed through the work of many of his contemporaries and successors. The work of James Mill, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill, and others evolved Say's law into what is sometimes called law of markets, which was a key element of the framework of macroeconomics from the mid-19th century until the 1930s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"The Great Depression","text":"The Great Depression posed a challenge to Say's law. In the United States, unemployment rose to 25%.[21] The quarter of the labor force that was unemployed constituted a supply of labor for which the demand predicted by Say's law did not exist.John Maynard Keynes argued in 1936 that Say's law is simply not true, and that demand, rather than supply, is the key variable that determines the overall level of economic activity. According to Keynes, demand depends on the propensity of individuals to consume and on the propensity of businesses to invest, both of which vary throughout the business cycle. There is no reason to expect enough aggregate demand to produce full employment.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reject-23"},{"link_name":"Paul Krugman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman"},{"link_name":"money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"involuntary unemployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_unemployment"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"general equilibrium theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory"}],"sub_title":"Today","text":"Steven Kates, although a proponent of Say's Law, writes:Before the Keynesian Revolution, [the] denial of the validity of Say's Law placed an economist amongst the crackpots, people with no idea whatsoever about how an economy works. That the vast majority of the economics profession today would have been classified as crackpots in the 1930s and before is just how it is.[23]Keynesian economists, such as Paul Krugman, stress the role of money in negating Say's law: Money that is hoarded (held as cash or analogous financial instruments) is not spent on products.[24] To increase monetary holdings, someone may sell products or labor without immediately spending the proceeds. This can be a general phenomenon: from time to time, in response to changing economic circumstances, households and businesses in aggregate seek to increase net savings and thus decrease net debt. To increase net savings requires earning more than is spent—contrary to Say's law, which postulates that supply (sales, earning income) equals demand (purchases, requiring spending). Keynesian economists argue that the failure of Say's law, through an increased demand for monetary holdings, can result in a general glut due to falling demand for goods and services.Many economists today maintain that supply does not create its own demand, but instead, especially during recessions, demand creates its own supply. Krugman writes:Not only doesn't supply create its own demand; experience since 2008 suggests, if anything, that the reverse is largely true -- specifically, that inadequate demand destroys supply. Economies with persistently weak demand seem to suffer large declines in potential as well as actual output.[25]Olivier Blanchard and Larry Summers, observing persistently high and increasing unemployment rates in Europe in the 1970s and 1980s, argued that adverse demand shocks can lead to persistently high unemployment, therefore persistently reducing the supply of goods and services.[26]\nAntonio Fatás and Larry Summers argued that shortfalls in demand, resulting both from the global economic downturn of 2008 and 2009 and from subsequent attempts by governments to reduce government spending, have had large negative effects on both actual and potential world economic output.[27]A minority of economists still support Say's Law. Some proponents of real business cycle theory maintain that high unemployment is due to a reduced labor supply rather than reduced demand. In other words, people choose to work less when economic conditions are poor, so that involuntary unemployment does not actually exist.[28]While economists have abandoned Say's law as a true law that must always hold, most still consider Say's Law to be a useful rule of thumb which the economy will tend towards in the long run, so long as it is allowed to adjust to shocks such as financial crises without being exposed to any further such shocks.[29] The applicability of Say's law in theoretical long-run conditions is one motivation behind the study of general equilibrium theory in economics, which studies economies in the context where Say's law holds true.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"A number of laissez-faire consequences have been drawn from interpretations of Say's law. However, Say himself advocated public works to remedy unemployment and criticized Ricardo for neglecting the possibility of hoarding if there was a lack of investment opportunities.[30]","title":"Consequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes"},{"link_name":"unemployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment"},{"link_name":"structural unemployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_unemployment"},{"link_name":"cyclical unemployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_types#Cyclical_unemployment"},{"link_name":"Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx"},{"link_name":"Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynes"}],"sub_title":"Recession and unemployment","text":"Say argued against claims that businesses suffer because people do not have enough money. He argued that the power to purchase can only be increased through more production.James Mill used Say's law against those who sought to give the economy a boost via unproductive consumption. In his view, consumption destroys wealth, in contrast to production, which is the source of economic growth. The demand for a product determines the price of the product.According to Keynes (see more below), if Say's law is correct, widespread involuntary unemployment (caused by inadequate demand) cannot occur. Classical economists in the context of Say's law explain unemployment as arising from insufficient demand for specialized labour—that is, the supply of viable labour exceeds demand in some segments of the economy.When more goods are produced by firms than are demanded in certain sectors, the suppliers in those sectors lose revenue as result. This loss of revenue, which would in turn have been used to purchase other goods from other firms, lowers demand for the products of firms in other sectors, causing an overall general reduction in output and thus lowering the demand for labour. This results in what contemporary macroeconomics call structural unemployment, the presumed mismatch between the overall demand for labour in jobs offered and the individual job skills and location of labour. This differs from the Keynesian concept of cyclical unemployment, which is presumed to arise because of inadequate aggregate demand.Such economic losses and unemployment were seen by some economists, such as Marx and Keynes himself, as an intrinsic property of the capitalist system. The division of labor leads to a situation where one always has to anticipate what others will be willing to buy, and this leads to miscalculations.","title":"Consequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supply creates its own demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_creates_its_own_demand"},{"link_name":"neutrality of money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrality_of_money"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson-31"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"general gluts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_glut"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adammartin-33"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adammartin-33"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"economic crises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_crises"},{"link_name":"Circuitists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory"},{"link_name":"post-Keynesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Keynesian"},{"link_name":"credit bubbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_bubble"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"economic cycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_cycle"},{"link_name":"Real Business Cycle Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Business_Cycle_Theory"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Say's law did not posit that (as per the Keynesian formulation) \"supply creates its own demand\". Nor was it based on the idea that everything that is saved will be exchanged. Rather, Say sought to refute the idea that production and employment were limited by low consumption.Thus Say's law, in its original concept, was not intrinsically linked nor logically reliant on the neutrality of money (as has been alleged by those who wish to disagree with it[31][unreliable source?]), because the key proposition of the law is that no matter how much people save, production is still a possibility, as it is the prerequisite for the attainment of any additional consumption goods. Say's law states that in a market economy, goods and services are produced for exchange with other goods and services—\"employment multipliers\" therefore arise from production and not exchange alone—and that in the process a sufficient level of real income is created to purchase the economy's entire output, due to the truism that the means of consumption are limited ex vi termini by the level of production. That is, with regard to the exchange of products within a division of labour, the total supply of goods and services in a market economy will equal the total demand derived from consumption during any given time period. In modern terms, \"general gluts cannot exist\",[32][unreliable source?] although there may be local imbalances, with gluts in some markets balanced out by shortages in others.Nevertheless, for some neoclassical economists,[33][unreliable source?] Say's law implies that economy is always at its full employment level. This is not necessarily what Say proposed.In the Keynesian interpretation,[33][unreliable source?] the assumptions of Say's law are:a barter model of money (\"products are paid for with products\");\nflexible prices—that is, all prices can rapidly adjust upwards or downwards; and\nno government intervention.Under these assumptions, Say's law implies that there cannot be a general glut, so that a persistent state cannot exist in which demand is generally less than productive capacity and high unemployment results. Keynesians therefore argued[who?][when?] that the Great Depression demonstrated that Say's law is incorrect. Keynes, in his General Theory, argued that a country could go into a recession because of \"lack of aggregate demand\".[citation needed]Because historically there have been many persistent economic crises, one may reject one or more of the assumptions of Say's law, its reasoning, or its conclusions. Taking the assumptions in turn:Circuitists and some post-Keynesians dispute the barter model of money, arguing that money is fundamentally different from commodities and that credit bubbles can and do cause depressions. Notably, the debt owed does not change because the economy has changed.\nKeynes argued that prices are not flexible; for example, workers may not take pay cuts if the result is starvation.[citation needed]\nLaissez-faire economists[who?] argue that government intervention is the cause of economic crises, and that left to its devices, the market will adjust efficiently.As for the implication that dislocations cannot cause persistent unemployment, some theories of economic cycles accept Say's law and seek to explain high unemployment in other ways, considering depressed demand for labour as a form of local dislocation. For example, advocates of Real Business Cycle Theory[citation needed] argue that real shocks cause recessions and that the market responds efficiently to these real economic shocks.Krugman dismisses Say's law as, \"at best, a useless tautology when individuals have the option of accumulating money rather than purchasing real goods and services\".[34]","title":"Assumptions and criticisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter"},{"link_name":"circuitist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory"},{"link_name":"post-Keynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Keynesian"},{"link_name":"money is completely neutral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrality_of_money"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"underconsumptionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underconsumptionist"},{"link_name":"John M. Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Robertson"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neglect-36"},{"link_name":"general glut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_glut"},{"link_name":"barter economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter_economy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cepasay-37"},{"link_name":"transactions demand for money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_demand#Transaction_motive"},{"link_name":"precautionary, finance, or speculative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_demand#Asset_motive"},{"link_name":"Robert Torrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_Robert_Torrens"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"William H. Beveridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Beveridge"},{"link_name":"classical economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_economics"},{"link_name":"such as that of the 1930s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"laissez faire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez_faire"}],"sub_title":"Role of money","text":"It is not easy to say what exactly Say's law says about the role of money apart from the claim that recession is not caused by lack of money. The phrase \"products are paid for with products\" is taken to mean that Say has a barter model of money; contrast with circuitist and post-Keynesian monetary theory.One can read Say as stating simply that money is completely neutral, although he did not state this explicitly, and in fact did not concern himself with this subject. Say's central notion concerning money was that if one has money, it is irrational to hoard it.[citation needed]The assumption that hoarding is irrational was attacked by underconsumptionist economists, such as John M. Robertson, in his 1892 book, The Fallacy of Saving:[35][36] where he called Say's law:[A] tenacious fallacy, consequent on the inveterate evasion of the plain fact that men want for their goods, not merely some other goods to consume, but further, some credit or abstract claim to future wealth, goods, or services. This all want as a surplus or bonus, and this surplus cannot be represented for all in present goods.Here Robertson identifies his critique as based on Say's theory of money: people wish to accumulate a \"claim to future wealth\", not simply present goods, and thus the hoarding of wealth may be rational.For Say, as for other classical economists, it is possible for there to be a glut (excess supply, market surplus) for one product alongside a shortage (excess demand) of others. But there is no \"general glut\" in Say's view, since the gluts and shortages cancel out for the economy as a whole. But what if the excess demand is for money, because people are hoarding it? This creates an excess supply for all products, a general glut. Say's answer is simple: there is no reason to engage in hoarding money. According to Say, the only reason to have money is to buy products. It would not be a mistake, in his view, to treat the economy as if it were a barter economy. To quote Say:Nor is [an individual] less anxious to dispose of the money he may get ... But the only way of getting rid of money is in the purchase of some product or other.[37]In Keynesian terms, followers of Say's law would argue that on the aggregate level, there is only a transactions demand for money. That is, there is no precautionary, finance, or speculative demand for money. Money is held for spending, and increases in money supplies lead to increased spending.Some classical economists did see that a loss of confidence in business or a collapse of credit will increase the demand for money, which will decrease the demand for goods. This view was expressed both by Robert Torrens[citation needed] and John Stuart Mill.[citation needed] This would lead demand and supply to move out of phase and lead to an economic downturn in the same way that miscalculation in productions would, as described by William H. Beveridge in 1909.However, in classical economics, there was no reason for such a collapse to persist. In this view, persistent depressions, such as that of the 1930s, are impossible in a free market organized according to laissez-faire principles. The flexibility of markets under laissez faire allows prices, wages, and interest rates to adjust so as to abolish all excess supplies and demands; however, since all economies are a mixture of regulation and free-market elements, laissez-faire principles (which require a free market environment) cannot adjust effectively to excess supply and demand.","title":"Assumptions and criticisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus"},{"link_name":"Marxian critique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"use value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_value"},{"link_name":"exchange value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_value"},{"link_name":"surplus value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surplus_value"},{"link_name":"David Ricardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo"},{"link_name":"overproductive crises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overproduction"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"The whole of neoclassical equilibrium analysis implies that Say's law in the first place functioned to bring a market into this state: that is, Say's law is the mechanism through which markets equilibrate uniquely. Equilibrium analysis and its derivatives of optimization and efficiency in exchange live or die with Say's law. This is one of the major, fundamental points of contention between the neoclassical tradition, Keynes, and Marxians. Ultimately, from Say's law they deduced vastly different conclusions regarding the functioning of capitalist production.The former, not to be confused with \"new Keynesian\" and the many offsprings and syntheses of the General Theory, take the fact that a commodity–commodity economy is substantially altered once it becomes a commodity–money–commodity economy, or once money becomes not only a facilitator of exchange (its only function in marginalist theory) but also a store of value and a means of payment. What this means is that money can be (and must be) hoarded: it may not re-enter the circulatory process for some time, and thus a general glut is not only possible but, to the extent that money is not rapidly turned over, probable.A response to this in defense of Say's law (echoing the debates between Ricardo and Malthus, in which the former denied the possibility of a general glut on its grounds) is that consumption that is abstained from through hoarding is simply transferred to a different consumer—overwhelmingly to factor (investment) markets, which, through financial institutions, function through the rate of interest.Keynes' innovation in this regard was twofold: First, he was to turn the mechanism that regulates savings and investment, the rate of interest, into a shell of its former self (relegating it to the price of money) by showing that supply and investment were not independent of one another and thus could not be related uniquely in terms of the balancing of disutility and utility. Second, after Say's law was dealt with and shown to be theoretically inconsistent, there was a gap to be filled. If Say's law was the logic by which we thought financial markets came to a unique position in the long run, and if Say's law were to be discarded, what were the real \"rules of the game\" of the financial markets? How did they function and remain stable?To this Keynes responded with his famous notion of \"animal spirits\": markets are ruled by speculative behavior, influenced not only by one's own personal equation but also by one's perceptions of the speculative behavior of others. In turn, others' behavior is motivated by their perceptions of others' behavior, and so on. Without Say's law keeping them in balance, financial markets are thus inherently unstable. Through this identification, Keynes deduced the consequences for the macroeconomy of long-run equilibrium being attained not at only one unique position that represented a \"Pareto Optima\" (a special case), but through a possible range of many equilibria that could significantly under-employ human and natural resources (the general case).For the Marxian critique, which is more fundamental, one must start at Marx's initial distinction between use value and exchange value—use value being the use somebody has for a commodity, and exchange value being what an item is traded for on a market. In Marx's theory, there is a gap between the creation of surplus value in production and the realization of that surplus value via a sale. To realize a sale, a commodity must have a use value for someone, so that they purchase the commodity and complete the cycle M–C–M'. Capitalism, which is interested in value (money as wealth), must create use value. The capitalist has no control over whether or not the value contained in the product is realized through the market mechanism. This gap between production and realization creates the possibility for capitalist crisis, but only if the value of any item is realised through the difference between its cost and final price. As the realization of capital is only possible through a market, Marx criticized other economists, such as David Ricardo, who argued that capital is realized via production. Thus, in Marx's theory, there can be general overproductive crises within capitalism.[38]Given these concepts and their implications, Say's law does not hold in the Marxian framework. Moreover, the theoretical core of the Marxian framework contrasts with that of the neoclassical and Austrian traditions.Conceptually, the distinction between Keynes and Marx is that for Keynes the theory is but a special case of his general theory, whereas for Marx it never existed at all.","title":"As a theoretical point of departure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"general glut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_glut"},{"link_name":"\"cyclical\" unemployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_types#Cyclical_unemployment"},{"link_name":"free-market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market"},{"link_name":"Keynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynesian"},{"link_name":"full employment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_employment"},{"link_name":"Walras' law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walras%27_law"},{"link_name":"laissez-faire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire"},{"link_name":"involuntary unemployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment#Debate_on_Unemployment"},{"link_name":"Keynesian-type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynesian_economics#Active_fiscal_policy"},{"link_name":"Arthur Cecil Pigou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou"}],"text":"A modern way of expressing Say's law is that there can never be a general glut. Instead of there being an excess supply (glut or surplus) of goods in general, there may be an excess supply of one or more goods, but only when balanced by an excess demand (shortage) of yet other goods. Thus, there may be a glut of labor (\"cyclical\" unemployment), but this is balanced by an excess demand for produced goods. Modern advocates of Say's law see market forces as working quickly, via price adjustments, to abolish both gluts and shortages. The exception is when governments or other non-market forces prevent price adjustments.According to Keynes, the implication of Say's law is that a free-market economy is always at what Keynesian economists call full employment (see also Walras' law). Thus, Say's law is part of the general world view of laissez-faire economics—that is, that free markets can solve the economy's problems automatically. (These problems are recessions, stagnation, depression, and involuntary unemployment.)Some proponents of Say's law argue that such intervention is always counterproductive. Consider Keynesian-type policies aimed at stimulating the economy. Increased government purchases of goods (or lowered taxes) merely \"crowd out\" the production and purchase of goods by the private sector. Contradicting this view, Arthur Cecil Pigou, a self-proclaimed follower of Say's law, wrote a letter in 1932 signed by five other economists (among them Keynes) calling for more public spending to alleviate high levels of unemployment.","title":"Modern interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supply creates its own demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_creates_its_own_demand"},{"link_name":"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_General_Theory_of_Employment,_Interest_and_Money"},{"link_name":"Jacob Viner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Viner"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"saving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving"},{"link_name":"investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"interest rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_rates"},{"link_name":"liquidity trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidity_trap"},{"link_name":"business confidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_confidence"},{"link_name":"accelerator effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator_effect"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Keynes versus Say","text":"Keynes summarized Say's law as \"supply creates its own demand\", or the assumption \"that the whole of the costs of production must necessarily be spent in the aggregate, directly or indirectly, on purchasing the product\" (from chapter 2 of his General Theory). See the article on The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money for a summary of Keynes's view.Although hoarding of money was not a direct cause of unemployment in Keynes's theory, his concept of saving was unclear and some readers have filled the gap by assigning to hoarding the role Keynes gave to saving. An early example was Jacob Viner, who in his 1936 review of the General Theory said of hoarding that Keynes' attaches great importance to it as a barrier to \"full\" employment' (p152) while denying (pp158f) that it was capable of having that effect.[39]The theory that hoarding is a cause of unemployment has been the subject of discussion. Some classical economists[who?] suggested that hoarding (increases in money-equivalent holdings) would always be balanced by dis-hoarding. This requires equality of saving (abstention from purchase of goods) and investment (the purchase of capital goods). However, Keynes and others argued that hoarding decisions are made by different people and for different reasons than are decisions to dis-hoard, so that hoarding and dis-hoarding are unlikely to be equal at all times, as indeed they are not. Decreasing demand (consumption) does not necessarily stimulate capital spending (investment).Some[who?] have argued that financial markets, and especially interest rates, could adjust to keep hoarding and dis-hoarding equal, so that Say's law could be maintained, or that prices could simply fall, to prevent a decrease in production. But Keynes argued that to play this role, interest rates would have to fall rapidly, and that there are limits on how quickly and how low they can fall (as in the liquidity trap, where interest rates approach zero and cannot fall further). To Keynes, in the short run, interest rates are determined more by the supply and demand for money than by saving and investment. Before interest rates can adjust sufficiently, excessive hoarding causes the vicious circle of falling aggregate production (recession). The recession itself lowers incomes so that hoarding (and saving) and dis-hoarding (and real investment) can reach a state of balance below full employment.Worse, a recession would hurt private real investment—by hurting profitability and business confidence—through what is called the accelerator effect. This means that the balance between hoarding and dis-hoarding would be pushed even further below the full-employment level of production.Keynes treats a fall in marginal efficiency of capital and an increase in the degree of liquidity preference (demand for money) as sparks leading to an insufficiency of effective demand. A decrease in MEC causes a reduction in investment, which reduces aggregate expenditure and income. A decline in the interest rate would offset the decline in investment, and stimulate propensity to consume.[40]","title":"Modern interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ackley, Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Ackley"},{"link_name":"Macroeconomic Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/macroeconomicthe00ackl"},{"link_name":"105–123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/macroeconomicthe00ackl/page/105"},{"link_name":"Axel Leijonhufvud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Leijonhufvud"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-500948-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-500948-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85898-748-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85898-748-2"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2553717","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2553717"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2553717","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2553717"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-04166-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04166-0"}],"text":"Ackley, Gardner (1961). \"Say's Law and the Quantity Theory of Money\". Macroeconomic Theory. New York: Macmillan. pp. 105–123.\nAxel Leijonhufvud, 1968. On Keynesian Economics & the Economics of Keynes: A Study in Monetary Theory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-500948-7.\nKates, Steven (1998). Say's Law and the Keynesian revolution: how macroeconomic theory lost its way. Edward Elgard Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-85898-748-2.\nBaumol, W. J. (1977). \"Say's (at Least) Eight Laws, or What Say and James Mill May Really Have Meant\". Economica. 44 (174). Blackwell Publishing: 145–161. doi:10.2307/2553717. JSTOR 2553717.\nThomas Sowell, 1972. Say's Law: An Historical Analysis. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04166-0.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"title":"Demand side economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_side_economics"},{"title":"Fiscal policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_policy"},{"title":"List of eponymous laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eponymous_laws"},{"title":"Parable of the broken window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable_of_the_broken_window"},{"title":"Treasury view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_view"},{"title":"Walras' law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walras%27_law"}]
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[{"reference":"Foley, Duncan (2008). Adam's Fallacy: A Guide to Economic Theology. Harvard University Press. p. 184.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_K._Foley","url_text":"Foley, Duncan"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7TDPbHaSFRcC&pg=PA184","url_text":"184"}]},{"reference":"Cowen, Tyler (2000). \"Say's Law and Keynesian Economics\". In Wood, John Cunningham; Kates, Steven (eds.). Jean-Baptiste Say: Critical Assessments of Leading Economists. Vol. V. London: Routledge. p. 305.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EcaDC1q_eaAC&pg=PA305","url_text":"305"}]},{"reference":"Thweatt, William O. (2000). \"Early Formulators of Say's Law\". In Wood, John Cunningham; Kates, Steven (eds.). Jean-Baptiste Say: Critical Assessments of Leading Economists. Vol. V. London: Routledge. pp. 78–93.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EcaDC1q_eaAC&pg=PA78","url_text":"78–93"}]},{"reference":"\"Lord Keynes and Say's Law\". 20 April 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://mises.org/library/lord-keynes-and-says-law","url_text":"\"Lord Keynes and Say's Law\""}]},{"reference":"Ricardo, David (1971). The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, Vol. II. Notes on Malthus's Principles of Political Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 365.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo","url_text":"Ricardo, David"}]},{"reference":"Malthus, Thomas (1820). Principles of Political Economy Considered With a View to Their Practical Application. London: John Murray. pp. 333–334.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus","url_text":"Malthus, Thomas"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b_dBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA333","url_text":"333–334"}]},{"reference":"DeLong, Brad (6 August 2012). \"Why History of Economic Thought is Important\". Retrieved 31 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_DeLong","url_text":"DeLong, Brad"},{"url":"http://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2012/08/why-history-of-economic-thought-is-important-whack-a-mole-wall-street-journalarthur-laffer-edition.html","url_text":"\"Why History of Economic Thought is Important\""}]},{"reference":"DeLong, Brad (28 June 2010). \"Is Macroeconomics Hard?\". Retrieved 31 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_DeLong","url_text":"DeLong, Brad"},{"url":"http://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2010/06/is-macroeconomics-hard.html","url_text":"\"Is Macroeconomics Hard?\""}]},{"reference":"Frank, Robert H.; Bernanke, Ben S. (2007). Principles of Macroeconomics (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill/Irwin. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-07-319397-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-319397-7","url_text":"978-0-07-319397-7"}]},{"reference":"Keynes, John Maynard. \"The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money\" (PDF). pp. 25–26. Retrieved 12 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://cas.umkc.edu/economics/people/facultypages/kregel/courses/econ645/winter2011/generaltheory.pdf","url_text":"\"The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money\""}]},{"reference":"Kates, Steven (25 April 2013). \"Debts, deficits and slow growth\". Retrieved 12 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iea.org.uk/blog/debts-deficits-and-slow-growth","url_text":"\"Debts, deficits and slow growth\""}]},{"reference":"Krugman, Paul (10 February 2013). \"Still Say's Law After All These Years - Paul Krugman\". Retrieved 10 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/still-says-law-after-all-these-years/","url_text":"\"Still Say's Law After All These Years - Paul Krugman\""}]},{"reference":"Krugman, Paul (3 November 2015). \"Demand Creates Its Own Supply\". Retrieved 3 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/11/03/demand-creates-its-own-supply/","url_text":"\"Demand Creates Its Own Supply\""}]},{"reference":"Blanchard, Olivier J.; Summers, Lawrence H. (1986). \"Hysteresis and the European Unemployment Problem\" (PDF). pp. 15–78. Retrieved 3 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nber.org/chapters/c4245.pdf","url_text":"\"Hysteresis and the European Unemployment Problem\""}]},{"reference":"Fatas, Antonio; Summers, Lawrence H. (October 2015). \"The Permanent Effects of Fiscal Consolidations\" (PDF). pp. 1–34. Retrieved 3 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://faculty.insead.edu/fatas/CEPR_DP10902.pdf","url_text":"\"The Permanent Effects of Fiscal Consolidations\""}]},{"reference":"Lucas, Robert E. (May 1978), \"Unemployment Policy\", American Economic Review, 68 (2): 353–357, JSTOR 1816720","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1816720","url_text":"1816720"}]},{"reference":"Greenlaw, Steven A.; Shapiro, David (12 January 2017). \"Keynes' Law and Say's Law in the AD/AS Model\". Principles of Economics 2e. BC Open Textbooks. Retrieved 29 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://opentextbc.ca/principlesofeconomics2eopenstax/chapter/keynes-law-and-says-law-in-the-ad-as-model/","url_text":"\"Keynes' Law and Say's Law in the AD/AS Model\""}]},{"reference":"Watson, Garrett (November 2012). \"Guest post: Misunderstanding Say's Law of Markets (Garrett Watson)\". The Market Monetarist. Retrieved 12 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://marketmonetarist.com/2012/11/01/guest-post-misunderstanding-says-law-of-markets-garrett-watson/","url_text":"\"Guest post: Misunderstanding Say's Law of Markets (Garrett Watson)\""}]},{"reference":"Fonseca, Gonçalo L. \"The General Glut Controversy\". The New School. Archived from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110106050650/http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/profiles/walras.htm","url_text":"\"The General Glut Controversy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_School","url_text":"The New School"},{"url":"http://homepage.newschool.edu/het//essays/classic/glut.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Adam (2004). \"Keynes and Say's Law of Markets: Analysis and Implications for Austrian Economics\" (PDF). gcc.edu. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.gcc.edu/dept/econ/ASSC/Papers2004/Martin.pdf","url_text":"\"Keynes and Say's Law of Markets: Analysis and Implications for Austrian Economics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction by Paul Krugman to The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, by John Maynard Keynes\". Retrieved 11 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pkarchive.org/economy/GeneralTheoryKeynesIntro.html","url_text":"\"Introduction by Paul Krugman to The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, by John Maynard Keynes\""}]},{"reference":"Robertson, John M. (1892). The Fallacy of Saving.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Robertson","url_text":"Robertson, John M."},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/fallacyofsavings00robe/fallacyofsavings00robe_djvu.txt","url_text":"The Fallacy of Saving"}]},{"reference":"Nash, Robert T.; Gramm, William P. (1969). \"A Neglected Early Statement the Paradox of Thrift\". History of Political Economy. 1 (2): 395–400. doi:10.1215/00182702-1-2-395.","urls":[{"url":"http://hope.dukejournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/1/2/395","url_text":"\"A Neglected Early Statement the Paradox of Thrift\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182702-1-2-395","url_text":"10.1215/00182702-1-2-395"}]},{"reference":"\"Information on Jean-Baptiste Say\". Cepa.newschool.edu. Retrieved 2012-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newschool.edu/nssr/het//profiles/say.htm","url_text":"\"Information on Jean-Baptiste Say\""}]},{"reference":"Fonseca, Gonçalo L. \"The General Glut Controversy\". The New School. Archived from the original on 2011-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110106050650/http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/profiles/walras.htm","url_text":"\"The General Glut Controversy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_School","url_text":"The New School"},{"url":"http://homepage.newschool.edu/het//essays/classic/glut.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kates, Steven (1998). Say's Law and the Keynesian Revolution: How Macroeconomic Theory Lost Its Way. E. Elgar Pub. ISBN 978-1-85898-748-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85898-748-4","url_text":"978-1-85898-748-4"}]},{"reference":"Steven Kates, ed. (2003). Two Hundred Years of Say's Law: Essays on Economic Theory's Most Controversial Principle. Edward Elgar. ISBN 978-1-84064-866-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84064-866-9","url_text":"978-1-84064-866-9"}]},{"reference":"Mill, John Stuart (1844). Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy. London: John W. Parker.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill","url_text":"Mill, John Stuart"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/essaysonsomeunse00millrich","url_text":"Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy"}]},{"reference":"Say, Jean-Baptiste (1821). Letters to Mr. Malthus. London: Sherwood, Neely, and Jones.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say","url_text":"Say, Jean-Baptiste"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/letterstomrmalt00saygoog","url_text":"Letters to Mr. Malthus"}]},{"reference":"Say, Jean-Baptiste (1834). A Treatise on Political Economy (sixth American ed.). Philadelphia: Grigg & Elliott.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say","url_text":"Say, Jean-Baptiste"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonpoli00saygoog","url_text":"A Treatise on Political Economy"}]},{"reference":"Ackley, Gardner (1961). \"Say's Law and the Quantity Theory of Money\". Macroeconomic Theory. New York: Macmillan. pp. 105–123.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Ackley","url_text":"Ackley, Gardner"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/macroeconomicthe00ackl","url_text":"Macroeconomic Theory"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/macroeconomicthe00ackl/page/105","url_text":"105–123"}]},{"reference":"Kates, Steven (1998). Say's Law and the Keynesian revolution: how macroeconomic theory lost its way. Edward Elgard Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-85898-748-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85898-748-2","url_text":"1-85898-748-2"}]},{"reference":"Baumol, W. J. (1977). \"Say's (at Least) Eight Laws, or What Say and James Mill May Really Have Meant\". Economica. 44 (174). Blackwell Publishing: 145–161. doi:10.2307/2553717. JSTOR 2553717.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2553717","url_text":"10.2307/2553717"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2553717","url_text":"2553717"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Updraft_carburetor
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Updraft carburetor
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Updraft carburettor fitted to the engine of a 1923 Nash automobile
An updraft carburetor is a type of carburetor in which the air flows upward within the device. Other types are downdraft and sidedraft.
An updraft carburetor was the first type in common use. In it air flows upward into the venturi to mix with the fuel. An updraft carburetor may need a drip collector.
See also
Pressure carburetor
Fuel injection
References
^ Collector Car Restoration Bible: Practical Techniques for Professional Results By Matt Joseph Page 156
^ a b Power Equipment Engine Technology By Edward Abdo on Page 160
^ New Automotive Encyclopedia: Complete Course in Automotive Mechanics with Special Emphasis on Fundamental Principles, Trouble Shooting 1954
^ Boating Jul-Aug 1971
External links
Updraft Carburetor diagram in Agricultural Mechanics: Fundamentals & Applications By Ray V Herren
vteAircraft piston engine components, systems and terminologyPiston enginesMechanicalcomponents
Camshaft
Connecting rod
Crankpin
Crankshaft
Cylinder
Cylinder head
Gudgeon pin
Hydraulic tappet
Main bearing
Obturator ring
Oil pump
Piston
Piston ring
Poppet valve
Pushrod
Rocker arm
Sleeve valve
Tappet
Electricalcomponents
Alternator
Capacitor discharge ignition
Dual ignition
Electronic fuel injection
Generator
Ignition system
Magneto
Spark plug
Starter
Terminology
Air-cooled
Aircraft engine starting
Bore
Compression ratio
Dead centre
Engine displacement
Four-stroke engine
Horsepower
Ignition timing
Manifold pressure
Mean effective pressure
Naturally aspirated
Monosoupape
Overhead camshaft
Overhead valve engine
Rotary engine
Shock cooling
Stroke
Time between overhauls
Two-stroke engine
Valve timing
Volumetric efficiency
PropellersComponents
Propeller governor
Propeller speed reduction unit
Spinner
Terminology
Autofeather
Blade pitch
Constant-speed
Contra-rotating
Counter-rotating
Scimitar
Single-blade
Variable-pitch
Engine instruments
Annunciator panel
EFIS
EICAS
Flight data recorder
Glass cockpit
Hobbs meter
Tachometer
Engine controls
Carburetor heat
Throttle
Fuel and inductionsystem
Avgas
Carburetor
Fuel injection
Gascolator
Inlet manifold
Intercooler
Pressure carburetor
Supercharger
Turbocharger
Updraft carburetor
Other systems
Auxiliary power unit
Coffman starter
Hydraulic system
Ice protection system
Recoil start
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carburetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburetor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abdo-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abdo-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"An updraft carburetor is a type of carburetor in which the air flows upward within the device.[1] Other types are downdraft and sidedraft.[2]An updraft carburetor was the first type in common use.[3] In it air flows upward into the venturi to mix with the fuel.[2] An updraft carburetor may need a drip collector.[4]","title":"Updraft carburetor"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Updraft carburettor fitted to the engine of a 1923 Nash automobile","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1923_Nash_Six_Touring_Car_-_Sugarloaf_Mountain_Region_AACA_Show_19of20.jpg/220px-1923_Nash_Six_Touring_Car_-_Sugarloaf_Mountain_Region_AACA_Show_19of20.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Pressure carburetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_carburetor"},{"title":"Fuel injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injection"}]
|
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%27s_sac-winged_bat
|
Thomas's sac-winged bat
|
["1 Taxonomy","2 Appearance","3 Biology and behavior","4 Conservation","5 References"]
|
Species of bat
Thomas's sac-winged bat
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Chiroptera
Family:
Emballonuridae
Genus:
Balantiopteryx
Species:
B. io
Binomial name
Balantiopteryx ioThomas, 1904
Thomas's sac-winged bat range
Thomas's sac-winged bat (Balantiopteryx io) is a species of sac-winged bat in the family Emballonuridae. It is found in Belize, Guatemala, and Mexico.
Taxonomy
Oldfield Thomas named this bat in 1904. It is presumed that he named it after the Io found in Greek mythology, who was cursed by Hera to be eternally chased, because bats seem to be “flighty.” Balantiopteryx io is a sister species of Balantiopteryx infusca and has no recognised subspecies.
Appearance
It is the smallest species when compared to others in the genus Balantiopteryx, and lacks the white trim that is characteristic of Balantiopteryx plicata. The males weigh about 3.7 g, while the females weigh about 5 g.
Biology and behavior
Thomas's sac-winged bat prefers to live in caves near the entrance, but there have been instances where they have been found deeper in the caves where it is darker. It has also been found in railroad tunnels. It likes to stay about nine inches or more away from the others when hanging on the ceiling. Groups of fifty or more of these bats can be found in a colony. It feeds on insects after sunset, so observing the bats is difficult. There is not much data available for this species’ courting rituals, but what is known is that the female usually has one fetus, and the pregnant females can be found in March, April, May, and June.
Conservation
The bat is considered “vulnerable” according to the IUCN redlist, and the population is decreasing. This assumption comes from the evidence of habitat destruction, and it has been estimated that about 30% of the bats’ natural habitat has been destroyed by human causes such as vandalism, fires in caves, and tourism.
References
^ a b Lim, B. (2015). "Balantiopteryx io". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T2532A22030080. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T2532A22030080.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
^ Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Order Chiroptera". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 312–529. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Thomas, Oldfield (1904). "XXIX.—New forms of Saimiri, Saccopteryx, Balantiopteryx, and Thrichomys from the Neotropical region". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 7. 13 (76): 250–255. doi:10.1080/00222930409487064. ISSN 0374-5481. OCLC 4806270958.
^ Beolens, Bo; Grayson, Michael; Watkins, Michael (2009). The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 205. doi:10.1353/book.3355. ISBN 9780801895333. OCLC 8160843969. S2CID 81786606.
^ a b Gardner, Alfred L. Mammals of South America. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2008, p. 194.
^ a b c d Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Knox Jones, J. (1988). "Balantiopteryx io and infusca". Mammalian Species. 313: 1–3. doi:10.2307/3504205. JSTOR 3504205.
^ a b c d Lim, Miller, Reid, Arroyo-Cabrales, Cuarón, and de Grammont 2008
^ Nowak, Ronald M. Walker's Bats of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1994, p. 96
vteExtant species of family Emballonuridae
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Order: Chiroptera
Balantiopteryx
Ecuadorian sac-winged bat (B. infusca)
Thomas's sac-winged bat (B. io)
Gray sac-winged bat (B. plicata)
Centronycteris
Thomas's shaggy bat (C. centralis)
Shaggy bat (C. maximiliani)
Coleura
African sheath-tailed bat (C. afra)
Madagascar sheath-tailed bat (C. kibomalandy)
Seychelles sheath-tailed bat (C. seychellensis)
Cormura
Chestnut sac-winged bat (C. brevirostris)
Cyttarops
Short-eared bat (C. alecto)
Diclidurus(Ghost bats)
Northern ghost bat (D. albus)
Greater ghost bat (D. ingens)
Isabelle's ghost bat (D. isabellus)
Lesser ghost bat (D. scutatus)
Emballonura
Small Asian sheath-tailed bat (E. alecto)
Beccari's sheath-tailed bat (E. beccarii)
Large-eared sheath-tailed bat (E. dianae)
Greater sheath-tailed bat (E. furax)
Lesser sheath-tailed bat (E. monticola)
Raffray's sheath-tailed bat (E. raffrayana)
Pacific sheath-tailed bat (E. semicaudata)
Seri's sheath-tailed bat (E. serii)
Mosia
Dark sheath-tailed bat (M. nigrescens)
Peropteryx
Greater dog-like bat (P. kappleri)
White-winged dog-like bat (P. leucoptera)
Lesser dog-like bat (P. macrotis)
Pale-winged dog-like bat (P. pallidoptera)
Trinidad dog-like bat (P. trinitatis)
Rhynchonycteris
Proboscis bat (R. naso)
Saccolaimus
Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat (S. flaviventris)
Papuan sheath-tailed bat (S. mixtus)
Pel's pouched bat (S. peli)
Naked-rumped pouched bat (S. saccolaimus)
Saccopteryx
Antioquian sac-winged bat (S. antioquensis)
Greater sac-winged bat (S. bilineata)
Frosted sac-winged bat (S. canescens)
Amazonian sac-winged bat (S. gymnura)
Lesser sac-winged bat (S. leptura)
Taphozous
Indonesian tomb bat (T. achates)
Coastal sheath-tailed bat (T. australis)
Common sheath-tailed bat (T. georgianus)
Hamilton's tomb bat (T. hamiltoni)
Hildegarde's tomb bat (T. hildegardeae)
Hill's sheath-tailed bat (T. hilli)
Arnhem sheath-tailed bat (T. kapalgensis)
Long-winged tomb bat (T. longimanus)
Mauritian tomb bat (T. mauritianus)
Black-bearded tomb bat (T. melanopogon)
Naked-rumped tomb bat (T. nudiventris)
Egyptian tomb bat (T. perforatus)
Theobald's tomb bat (T. theobaldi)
Troughton's sheath-tailed bat (T. troughtoni)
Taxon identifiersBalantiopteryx io
Wikidata: Q1832181
Wikispecies: Balantiopteryx io
BOLD: 23440
CoL: KGC8
EoL: 327841
GBIF: 2433133
iNaturalist: 41389
IRMNG: 11035623
ITIS: 631695
IUCN: 2532
MDD: 1004777
MSW: 13800968
NCBI: 463801
Paleobiology Database: 160954
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sac-winged bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sac-winged_bat"},{"link_name":"Emballonuridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emballonuridae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"}],"text":"Thomas's sac-winged bat (Balantiopteryx io) is a species of sac-winged bat in the family Emballonuridae.[2] It is found in Belize, Guatemala, and Mexico.[1]","title":"Thomas's sac-winged bat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oldfield Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldfield_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balantiopteryx-3"},{"link_name":"Io","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Balantiopteryx infusca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balantiopteryx_infusca"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gardner-5"}],"text":"Oldfield Thomas named this bat in 1904.[3] It is presumed that he named it after the Io found in Greek mythology, who was cursed by Hera to be eternally chased, because bats seem to be “flighty.” [4] Balantiopteryx io is a sister species of Balantiopteryx infusca and has no recognised subspecies.[5]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balantiopteryx plicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balantiopteryx_plicata"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arroyo1988-6"}],"text":"It is the smallest species when compared to others in the genus Balantiopteryx, and lacks the white trim that is characteristic of Balantiopteryx plicata. The males weigh about 3.7 g, while the females weigh about 5 g.[6]","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arroyo1988-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gardner-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arroyo1988-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lim2008-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lim2008-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arroyo1988-6"}],"text":"Thomas's sac-winged bat prefers to live in caves near the entrance, but there have been instances where they have been found deeper in the caves where it is darker.[6] It has also been found in railroad tunnels.[5] It likes to stay about nine inches or more away from the others when hanging on the ceiling.[6] Groups of fifty or more of these bats can be found in a colony.[7] It feeds on insects after sunset, so observing the bats is difficult.[7][8] There is not much data available for this species’ courting rituals, but what is known is that the female usually has one fetus, and the pregnant females can be found in March, April, May, and June.[6]","title":"Biology and behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lim2008-7"},{"link_name":"habitat destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lim2008-7"}],"text":"The bat is considered “vulnerable” according to the IUCN redlist, and the population is decreasing.[7] This assumption comes from the evidence of habitat destruction, and it has been estimated that about 30% of the bats’ natural habitat has been destroyed by human causes such as vandalism, fires in caves, and tourism.[7]","title":"Conservation"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Australian_Touring_Car_Championship
|
1961 Australian Touring Car Championship
|
["1 Race overview","2 Race results","3 Statistics","4 References","5 External links"]
|
1961 Australian Touring Car Championship
Previous
1960
Next
1962
Layout of the Lowood Airfield Circuit (1946-1966)
The 1961 Australian Touring Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing title for drivers of Appendix J Touring Cars. The championship, which was contested over a single, 50 mile (82 km) race at the Lowood Airfield Circuit in Queensland on 3 September 1961, was the second Australian Touring Car Championship. The race, which was promoted by the Queensland Racing Drivers' Club, was won by Bill Pitt, driving a Jaguar Mark 1 3.4.
Race overview
As in 1960, the event was dominated by Jaguar drivers. Ian Geoghegan took pole position ahead of Bill Pitt and Ron Hodgson, while Bob Jane and Bill Burns completed a top five lockout for Jaguar. Bob Holden was fastest of the non-Jaguar drivers in practice, more than eleven seconds slower than Burns.
Jane made a good start and was alongside Geoghegan heading into the first corner, but Geoghegan held on and led Hodgson, Pitt and Jane around for the first lap. Pitt attempted to pass Hodgson in the back section of the circuit but was unable to complete the move. Geoghegan led by 2.5 seconds at the end of the first lap, with Hodgson holding a similar margin back to Pitt in third. Jane and Burns were further back, while Holden and Cecil Keid led the battle for sixth ahead of Barry Gibson, Muir Daniel, Ken Brigden, Noel Trees, Des West, Roy Sawyer and Viv Eddy. Jane retired on lap 2 after a rear spring mount broke.
Geoghegan continued to build his lead over Hodgson, extending it to around six seconds by the end of lap 3 and setting a new lap record of 2:04.7 on lap 2, before Hodgson went off at the first corner, allowing Pitt into second place. Pitt quickly closed in on Geoghegan, setting another lap record of 2:03.7, before passing him for the lead on lap 5. Geoghegan began suffering from clutch slip and dropped back, as did Hodgson who had both overdrive and brake problems.
Sawyer retired on lap 7 with brake dramas and Gibson went out of the race as well on the following lap. West and Trees then went out on consecutive laps. By this stage, Pitt had a lead of more than 40 seconds and went on to an easy victory over Geoghegan and Hodgson. Burns completed a Jaguar top four while Holden was the first non-Jaguar in fifth. Keid had been running sixth until dropping back on the second last lap to seventh, allowing Daniel into sixth place. The top ten was rounded out by Brigden, Eddy and J.D. Sherman.
Geoghegan would go on to win five Australian Touring Car Championships during the 1960s, while Hodgson would achieve success as a team owner when Bob Morris won the 1979 title.
Race results
Pos.
No.
Driver
Entrant
Car
Class
Class Pos.
Laps
Time/Retired
1
34
Bill Pitt
Mrs DI Anderson
Jaguar Mark 1 3.4
2601-3500cc
1
18
38:20.7
2
5
Ian Geoghegan
Geoghegan Motors Liverpool
Jaguar Mark 1 3.4
18
3
69
Ron Hodgson
Strathfield Motors Pty Ltd
Jaguar Mark 2 3.8
Over 3500cc
1
18
4
Bill Burns
W Burns
Jaguar Mark 1 3.4
5
113
Bob Holden
Holden FJ
2001-2600cc
1
6
Muir Daniel
Austin A105
7
32
Cecil Keid
Holden FJ
8
63
Ken Brigden
Peugeot 403
1301-1600cc
1
9
12
Viv Eddy
Morris 850
Up to 1000cc
1
10
77
J. D. Sherman
Ford XK Falcon
11
J. Whalen
Morris Minor 1000
12
T. Uren
Peugeot 203
Ret
8
Noel Trees
Morris 850
13
Ret
1
Des West
Geoghegan Motors
Morris 850
12
Ret
Barry Gibson
Ford Zephyr
7
Ret
26
Roy Sawyer
Ford Anglia 105E
6
Brakes
Ret
7
Bob Jane
Jaguar Mark 2 3.8
1
Suspension
Sources:
Statistics
Pole position: Ian Geoghegan, 2:03.1
Fastest lap: Bill Pitt, 2:03.7 (new lap record)
Race distance: 18 laps, 81.72 km
Average speed: 127.87 km/h
References
^ National Titles, 1961 CAMS Manual Of Motor Sport, page 53
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Greenhalgh, David; Howard, Graham; Wilson, Stewart (2011). The official history: Australian Touring Car Championship - 50 Years. St Leonards, New South Wales: Chevron Publishing Group. pp. 22–30. ISBN 978-0-9805912-2-4.
^ a b "Pitt Wins Touring Championship". Australian Motor Sport. November 1961. pp. 486–487.
^ a b Keith Thallon, Home Ground Win For Bill Pitt in Touring Championship, Sports Car World, November 1961, pages 51 & 52
^ Des White, Australian Touring Car Championship, Racing Car News, October 1961, page 5
^ a b "Lap record by Pitt". The Courier Mail. 4 September 1961. p. 14.
^ "61014 - #113 Bob Holden, #32 Cecil Keid, Holden FJ - ATCC Lowood 1961". Autopics.
^ "Touring Title to Pitt". Modern Motor. Sydney, New South Wales: Modern Magazines Pty Ltd. November 1961. p. 91.
External links
Touring Cars 1961, autopics.com.au
Image of cover of Official Programme, www.progcovers.com
vteAustralian touring car racingAustralian Touring Car Championship
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Shell Championship Series
1999
2000
2001
V8 Supercar Championship Series
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
International V8 Supercars Championship
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Supercars Championship
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Super2 Series
Super3 Series
Australian Super Touring Championship
AMSCAR
Bathurst 1000
Sandown 500
Enduro Cup
List of Australian Touring Car and V8 Supercar champions
List of Australian Touring Car Championship races
List of Australian Touring Car Championship circuits
List of Australian Touring Car and V8 Supercar driver records
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Australian_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Australian_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lowood_Circuit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lowood Airfield Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowood_Airfield_Circuit"},{"link_name":"CAMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_Australian_Motor_Sport"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Appendix J Touring Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendix_J_Touring_Cars"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lowood Airfield Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowood_Airfield_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Australian Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCC50-2"},{"link_name":"Bill Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Pitt_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Jaguar Mark 1 3.4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_Mark_1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCC50-2"}],"text":"1961 Australian Touring Car Championship\n\nPrevious\n1960\nNext\n1962Layout of the Lowood Airfield Circuit (1946-1966)The 1961 Australian Touring Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing title for drivers of Appendix J Touring Cars.[1] The championship, which was contested over a single, 50 mile (82 km) race at the Lowood Airfield Circuit in Queensland on 3 September 1961, was the second Australian Touring Car Championship. The race, which was promoted by the Queensland Racing Drivers' Club,[2] was won by Bill Pitt, driving a Jaguar Mark 1 3.4.[2]","title":"1961 Australian Touring Car Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian Geoghegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Geoghegan"},{"link_name":"Bill Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Pitt_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Bob Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Holden_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCC50-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCC50-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCC50-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMS-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCC50-2"},{"link_name":"Bob Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Morris_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Australian_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCC50-2"}],"text":"As in 1960, the event was dominated by Jaguar drivers. Ian Geoghegan took pole position ahead of Bill Pitt and Ron Hodgson, while Bob Jane and Bill Burns completed a top five lockout for Jaguar. Bob Holden was fastest of the non-Jaguar drivers in practice, more than eleven seconds slower than Burns.[2]Jane made a good start and was alongside Geoghegan heading into the first corner, but Geoghegan held on and led Hodgson, Pitt and Jane around for the first lap. Pitt attempted to pass Hodgson in the back section of the circuit but was unable to complete the move. Geoghegan led by 2.5 seconds at the end of the first lap, with Hodgson holding a similar margin back to Pitt in third. Jane and Burns were further back, while Holden and Cecil Keid led the battle for sixth ahead of Barry Gibson, Muir Daniel, Ken Brigden, Noel Trees, Des West, Roy Sawyer and Viv Eddy. Jane retired on lap 2 after a rear spring mount broke.[2]Geoghegan continued to build his lead over Hodgson, extending it to around six seconds by the end of lap 3 and setting a new lap record of 2:04.7 on lap 2, before Hodgson went off at the first corner, allowing Pitt into second place. Pitt quickly closed in on Geoghegan, setting another lap record of 2:03.7, before passing him for the lead on lap 5. Geoghegan began suffering from clutch slip and dropped back, as did Hodgson who had both overdrive and brake problems.[2]Sawyer retired on lap 7[3] with brake dramas and Gibson went out of the race as well on the following lap. West and Trees then went out on consecutive laps. By this stage, Pitt had a lead of more than 40 seconds and went on to an easy victory over Geoghegan and Hodgson. Burns completed a Jaguar top four while Holden was the first non-Jaguar in fifth. Keid had been running sixth until dropping back on the second last lap to seventh, allowing Daniel into sixth place. The top ten was rounded out by Brigden, Eddy and J.D. Sherman.[2]Geoghegan would go on to win five Australian Touring Car Championships during the 1960s, while Hodgson would achieve success as a team owner when Bob Morris won the 1979 title.[2]","title":"Race overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Race results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Modern-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Courier-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCC50-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCC50-2"}],"text":"Pole position: Ian Geoghegan, 2:03.1[8]\nFastest lap: Bill Pitt, 2:03.7 (new lap record)[6]\nRace distance: 18 laps, 81.72 km[2]\nAverage speed: 127.87 km/h[2]","title":"Statistics"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Layout of the Lowood Airfield Circuit (1946-1966)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lowood_Circuit.jpg/250px-Lowood_Circuit.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Greenhalgh, David; Howard, Graham; Wilson, Stewart (2011). The official history: Australian Touring Car Championship - 50 Years. St Leonards, New South Wales: Chevron Publishing Group. pp. 22–30. ISBN 978-0-9805912-2-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Leonards,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"St Leonards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales","url_text":"New South Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9805912-2-4","url_text":"978-0-9805912-2-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Pitt Wins Touring Championship\". Australian Motor Sport. November 1961. pp. 486–487.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Lap record by Pitt\". The Courier Mail. 4 September 1961. p. 14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"61014 - #113 Bob Holden, #32 Cecil Keid, Holden FJ - ATCC Lowood 1961\". Autopics.","urls":[{"url":"http://autopics.com.au/61014-113-bob-holden-32-cecil-keid-holden-fj-atcc-lowood-1961/","url_text":"\"61014 - #113 Bob Holden, #32 Cecil Keid, Holden FJ - ATCC Lowood 1961\""}]},{"reference":"\"Touring Title to Pitt\". Modern Motor. Sydney, New South Wales: Modern Magazines Pty Ltd. November 1961. p. 91.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney","url_text":"Sydney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales","url_text":"New South Wales"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://autopics.com.au/61014-113-bob-holden-32-cecil-keid-holden-fj-atcc-lowood-1961/","external_links_name":"\"61014 - #113 Bob Holden, #32 Cecil Keid, Holden FJ - ATCC Lowood 1961\""},{"Link":"http://autopics.com.au/touring-cars-1961/","external_links_name":"Touring Cars 1961, autopics.com.au"},{"Link":"http://www.progcovers.com/motor/atcc1961.html","external_links_name":"Image of cover of Official Programme, www.progcovers.com"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frahang-i_Pahlavig
|
Frahang-i Pahlavig
|
["1 Relevant scripts' characteristics","2 Manuscripts and interpretations","3 Structure and content","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Sources"]
|
Anonymous dictionary of mostly Aramaic logograms with Middle Persian translations
Not to be confused with the Frahang-i Oim-evak, a glossary of Avestan terms.
Frahang-ī Pahlavīg (Middle Persian: 𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭭𐭢 𐭯𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭩𐭪 "Pahlavi dictionary") is the title of an anonymous dictionary of mostly Aramaic logograms with Middle Persian translations (in Pahlavi script) and transliterations (in Pazend script). Its date is unknown.
The glossary was previously known to Indian Zoroastrians, called the Parsis, as the mna-xvatay (traditionally pronounced mona khoda), a name derived from the first two words (the lemma) of the first entry.
Relevant scripts' characteristics
The Pazend script has the following characteristics, as contrasted with the Pahlavi script:
Pazend is a variant of the Avestan alphabet (Din dabireh), a phonetic alphabet. In contrast, Pahlavi is only an abjad.
Pazend does not have ideograms. In contrast, ideograms are an identifying feature of the Pahlavi system, and are words borrowed from Semitic languages such as Aramaic that continue to be spelled as in Aramaic transliterated into the Pahlavi script, yet are pronounced as the corresponding word in Persian.
Manuscripts and interpretations
The oldest surviving example of a Frahang-like text is a one-page fragment discovered at Turpan that is believed to date to the 9th or 10th century CE. Several more complete manuscripts exist in Bombay, Oxford, Paris, and Copenhagen, but the oldest of these dates to the 15th century and is missing a second folio and all of folio 28 onwards. In the earliest edition made available to European scholarship, the Frahang is arranged serially; that is, according to the shape of the Aramaic characters. That edition, obtained by Abraham Anquetil-Duperron in the mid-18th century, is today in the Bibliothèque nationale, Paris. In 1867, Hoshangji Jamaspji Asa and Martin Haug published a transcript of a manuscript that was arranged thematically by chapter.
The existence of similar glossaries from Akkadian times (explaining Sumerian logograms) led an Assyriologist, Erich Ebeling, to explain that many of the words in the Frahang were derived from Sumerian or Akkadian. This led to a number of "far-fetched interpretations," which were then subsequently incorporated into a number of later interpretations, including those of Iranists, so effectively making even these unreliable.
Structure and content
The glossary encompasses approximately five hundred (not counting variations) Semitic language heterograms (huzvarishn, "probably mean 'obsoleteness, antiquity, or archaism'"), "in the form used by Zoroastrians in writing Middle Persian (Book Pahlavi), each explained by a "phonetic" writing of the corresponding Persian word." Besides heterograms of Aramaic origin, the Frahang also has a handful of pseudo-heterograms from "Arabic words coined by later scribes" and "scattered examples of historical spellings of Iranian words, no longer recognized as such." Altogether about 1300 words (including word forms) are represented, "but its original extent appears to have been only 1000 words, excluding the appendices." Several heterograms are not attested in any other text.
While the one-page Turpan fragment lists various forms for verbs followed by one Middle Persian translation (in the infinitive), other manuscripts list at most three verb forms, but then provide Middle Persian equivalents of each. The primary elements (logogram(s) and translation) "are then transcribed interlinearly, and more or less corruptly, into Avestan letters, i.e., into Pāzand, whereby the heterograms appear in their traditional mnemonic pronunciation. Because of the ambiguity of the Pahlavi script this is often far removed from the original Aramaic spellings." In the manuscript examined by Asa and Haug, the huzvarishn and translations are in black, and the Pazend transliterations are in red (the first chapter is an exception, and is entirely in black).
Substituting Latin characters (and written left-to-right) for Pahlavi and Pazend ones (which are written right-to-left), Frahang glosses look like this:
huzvarishn heterogram (Aramaic alphabet, RtL)
MP translation(Latin transliteration)
Aramaic word behind the logogram(in the Frahang rendered in Pazend)
English meaning
:= KLB
sag
kalba
"dog"
:= MLK
shāh
malka
"king"
:= LḤM
nān
laḥma
"bread"
Thus, "king" would be written but understood in Iran to be the sign for 'shāh'.
In the Asa and Haug manuscript, the Frahang is organized thematically, divided into (approximately) thirty chapters. Eighteen of these chapters have titles (listed below in italics), the others do not. West ends his description at chapter 23 as "no further chapters are indicated." The last section/chapter is a collection of older Iranian language words (and variant spellings), with more modern words explaining the older terms.
1.
In the name of the Creator Ohrmazd
2.
worldly things
3.
waters
4.
grains, fruits
5.
drinking
6.
vegetables
7.
quadrupeds
8.
birds
9.
animals
10.
parts of the body
11.
details (of the family?)
12.
superiors
13.
inferiors
14.
riding
15.
writing
16.
metals
17.
assignments
18.
verbs 1
19.
verbs 2
20.
verbs 3
21.
verbs 4
22.
the end of praise "(?, verbs of being and dying)"
23.
written correspondence
24.
pronouns
25.
(mostly) adverbs
26.
adjectives
27.
divisions of the year
28.
names of days and months
29.
numerals
30.
spelling variants
References
Citations
^ a b c West 1904, p. 120.
^ a b MacKenzie 2001, para. 1.
^ a b MacKenzie 2001, para. 5.
^ West 1904, p. 121.
^ MacKenzie 2001, para. 2.
Sources
MacKenzie, David Neil (2001), "Frahang ī Pahlawīg", Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. 10, Costa Mesa: Mazda
West, Edward William (1904), "Pahlavi literature", in Geiger, Wilhelm; Kuhn, Ernst (eds.), Ein Grundriss der iranischen Philologie, vol. II.3, Strassburg: Elibron
Encyclopædia Iranica, Huswāreš
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frahang-i Oim-evak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frahang-i_Oim-evak"},{"link_name":"Avestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestan"},{"link_name":"Middle Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian"},{"link_name":"dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_language"},{"link_name":"logograms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logogram"},{"link_name":"Middle Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian"},{"link_name":"Pahlavi script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_script"},{"link_name":"transliterations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration"},{"link_name":"Pazend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazend"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_1904_120-1"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism"},{"link_name":"Parsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsi_people"},{"link_name":"lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headword"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacKenzie_2001_para1-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the Frahang-i Oim-evak, a glossary of Avestan terms.Frahang-ī Pahlavīg (Middle Persian: 𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭭𐭢 𐭯𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭩𐭪 \"Pahlavi dictionary\") is the title of an anonymous dictionary of mostly Aramaic logograms with Middle Persian translations (in Pahlavi script) and transliterations (in Pazend script).[1] Its date is unknown.The glossary was previously known to Indian Zoroastrians, called the Parsis, as the mna-xvatay (traditionally pronounced mona khoda), a name derived from the first two words (the lemma) of the first entry.[2]","title":"Frahang-i Pahlavig"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Avestan alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestan_alphabet"},{"link_name":"phonetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic_transcription"},{"link_name":"abjad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad"},{"link_name":"ideograms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideograms"},{"link_name":"Semitic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic"}],"text":"The Pazend script has the following characteristics, as contrasted with the Pahlavi script:[citation needed]Pazend is a variant of the Avestan alphabet (Din dabireh), a phonetic alphabet. In contrast, Pahlavi is only an abjad.\nPazend does not have ideograms. In contrast, ideograms are an identifying feature of the Pahlavi system, and are words borrowed from Semitic languages such as Aramaic that continue to be spelled as in Aramaic transliterated into the Pahlavi script, yet are pronounced as the corresponding word in Persian.","title":"Relevant scripts' characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpan"},{"link_name":"Aramaic characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Abraham Anquetil-Duperron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Hyacinthe_Anquetil-Duperron"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque nationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France"},{"link_name":"Martin Haug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Haug"},{"link_name":"Akkadian times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sumerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_language"},{"link_name":"Assyriologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriology"},{"link_name":"Akkadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacKenzie_2001_para5-3"}],"text":"The oldest surviving example of a Frahang-like text is a one-page fragment discovered at Turpan that is believed to date to the 9th or 10th century CE. Several more complete manuscripts exist in Bombay, Oxford, Paris, and Copenhagen, but the oldest of these dates to the 15th century and is missing a second folio and all of folio 28 onwards. In the earliest edition made available to European scholarship, the Frahang is arranged serially; that is, according to the shape of the Aramaic characters. That edition, obtained by Abraham Anquetil-Duperron in the mid-18th century, is today in the Bibliothèque nationale, Paris. In 1867, Hoshangji Jamaspji Asa and Martin Haug published a transcript of a manuscript that was arranged thematically by chapter.The existence of similar glossaries from Akkadian times (explaining Sumerian logograms) led an Assyriologist, Erich Ebeling, to explain that many of the words in the Frahang were derived from Sumerian or Akkadian. This led to a number of \"far-fetched interpretations,\"[3] which were then subsequently incorporated into a number of later interpretations, including those of Iranists, so effectively making even these unreliable.","title":"Manuscripts and interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semitic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_language"},{"link_name":"heterograms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogram_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_1904_121-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacKenzie_2001_para1-2"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacKenzie_2001_para5-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_1904_120-1"},{"link_name":"Avestan letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestan_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Pāzand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazend"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacKenzie_2001_para2-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaph.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lamed.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mem.svg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_1904_120-1"}],"text":"The glossary encompasses approximately five hundred (not counting variations) Semitic language heterograms (huzvarishn, \"probably mean[ing] 'obsoleteness, antiquity, or archaism'\"[4]), \"in the form used by Zoroastrians in writing Middle Persian (Book Pahlavi), each explained by a \"phonetic\" writing of the corresponding Persian word.\"[2] Besides heterograms of Aramaic origin, the Frahang also has a handful of pseudo-heterograms from \"Arabic words coined by later scribes\" and \"scattered examples of historical spellings of Iranian words, no longer recognized as such.\"[3] Altogether about 1300 words (including word forms) are represented, \"but its original extent appears to have been only 1000 words, excluding the appendices.\"[1] Several heterograms are not attested in any other text.While the one-page Turpan fragment lists various forms for verbs followed by one Middle Persian translation (in the infinitive), other manuscripts list at most three verb forms, but then provide Middle Persian equivalents of each. The primary elements (logogram(s) and translation) \"are then transcribed interlinearly, and more or less corruptly, into Avestan letters, i.e., into Pāzand, whereby the heterograms appear in their traditional mnemonic pronunciation. Because of the ambiguity of the Pahlavi script this is often far removed from the original Aramaic spellings.\"[5] In the manuscript examined by Asa and Haug, the huzvarishn and translations are in black, and the Pazend transliterations are in red (the first chapter is an exception, and is entirely in black).Substituting Latin characters (and written left-to-right) for Pahlavi and Pazend ones (which are written right-to-left), Frahang glosses look like this:Thus, \"king\" would be written but understood in Iran to be the sign for 'shāh'.In the Asa and Haug manuscript, the Frahang is organized thematically, divided into (approximately) thirty chapters. Eighteen of these chapters have titles (listed below in italics), the others do not. West ends his description at chapter 23 as \"no further chapters are indicated.\"[1] The last section/chapter is a collection of older Iranian language words (and variant spellings), with more modern words explaining the older terms.","title":"Structure and content"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"MacKenzie, David Neil (2001), \"Frahang ī Pahlawīg\", Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. 10, Costa Mesa: Mazda","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Neil_MacKenzie","url_text":"MacKenzie, David Neil"},{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/frahang-i-pahlawig","url_text":"\"Frahang ī Pahlawīg\""}]},{"reference":"West, Edward William (1904), \"Pahlavi literature\", in Geiger, Wilhelm; Kuhn, Ernst (eds.), Ein Grundriss der iranischen Philologie, vol. II.3, Strassburg: Elibron","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_William_West","url_text":"West, Edward William"},{"url":"http://www.farvardyn.com/pahlavi5.php#106","url_text":"\"Pahlavi literature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Geiger","url_text":"Geiger, Wilhelm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Kuhn","url_text":"Kuhn, Ernst"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/frahang-i-pahlawig","external_links_name":"\"Frahang ī Pahlawīg\""},{"Link":"http://www.farvardyn.com/pahlavi5.php#106","external_links_name":"\"Pahlavi literature\""},{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/huzwares","external_links_name":"Huswāreš"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_2018_South_American_Games
|
Judo at the 2018 South American Games
|
["1 Medal summary","1.1 Medal table","1.2 Men's events","1.3 Women's events","2 References"]
|
Judo competition
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Judo at the 2018 South American GamesVenueColiseo José VillazónLocation CochabambaDates27–30 MayNations12← 20142022 →
There were fourteen judo events at the 2018 South American Games in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Seven for men and seven for women. The events were held between May 27 and 30 at the Coliseo José Villazón.
Medal summary
Medal table
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Brazil (BRA)455142 Colombia (COL)30253 Ecuador (ECU)30144 Peru (PER)21475 Venezuela (VEN)16296 Argentina (ARG)11577 Uruguay (URU)01128 Chile (CHI)00669 Panama (PAN)0011Totals (9 entries)14142755
Men's events
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
60 kg
Lenin Preciado Ecuador
Robson Penna Brazil
Hugo Vera Chile
Dilmer Calle Peru
66 kg
Michael Marcelino Brazil
Ricardo Valderrama Venezuela
David Prestes Uruguay
Sebastián Pérez Chile
73 kg
Alonso Wong Peru
David Lima Brazil
Léider Navarro Colombia
Sergio Mattey Venezuela
81 kg
Luis Vega Argentina
Noel Peña Venezuela
Tiago Pinho Brazil
Luis Ángeles Peru
90 kg
Yuta Galarreta Peru
Giovanni Ferreira Brazil
Alexis Duarte Argentina
Francisco Balanta Colombia
100 kg
Leonardo Gonçalves Brazil
Pablo Aprahamian Uruguay
Thomas Briceño Chile
Frank Alvarado Peru
+100 kg
Freddy Figueroa Ecuador
Pedro Pineda Venezuela
João Cesarino Silva Brazil
Héctor Campos Argentina
Women's events
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
48 kg
Luz Álvarez Colombia
Ingrid Perafán Argentina
Mary Dee Vargas Chile
Larissa Farias Brazil
52 kg
Larissa Pimenta Brazil
Thalia Gamarra Peru
Kristine Jiménez Panama
Ayelén Elizeche Argentina
57 kg
Yadinys Amaris Colombia
Wisneybi Machado Venezuela
Micaela Hernández Chile
Gabrielle Gonzaga Brazil
63 kg
Anrriquelys Barrios Venezuela
Gabriella Moraes Brazil
Estefania García Ecuador
Gimena Laffeuillade Argentina
70 kg
Yuri Alvear Colombia
Noelys Peña Venezuela
Bruna da Silva Brazil
Camila Figueroa Peru
78 kg
Vanessa Chalá Ecuador
Laislaine Rocha Brazil
Jacqueline Usnayo Chile
Karen León Venezuela
+78 kg
Luiza Cruz Brazil
Mariannys Hernández Chile
Elizabeth Álvarez Argentina
Not awarded
References
vteJudo at the South American Games
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
vteEvents at the 2018 South American Games in Cochabamba, Bolivia
Archery
Athletics
Badminton
Basketball
Basque pelota
Beach volleyball
Bowling
Boxing
Canoeing
Cycling
Diving
Equestrian
Fencing
Field hockey
Football
Futsal
Golf
Gymnastics
Handball
Judo
Karate
Modern pentathlon
Racquetball
Roller sports
Rowing
Rugby sevens
Sailing
Shooting
Squash
Swimming
Synchronized swimming
Table tennis
Taekwondo
Tennis
Triathlon
Volleyball
Water polo
Water skiing
Weightlifting
Wrestling
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulenspiegel_Society
|
The Eulenspiegel Society
|
["1 History","2 Organizational activities","3 Name","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Pioneering US BDSM organization
Logo of TES
The Eulenspiegel Society, also known as TES, is the first BDSM organization founded in the United States. It was founded in 1971 and based in New York City.
History
The Eulenspiegel Society was the first BDSM organization founded in the United States. It was founded in 1971 in New York City by Pat Bond, a music teacher, and Fran Nowve, as an informal association and support group for masochists; sadists joined shortly after in that same year.
Bond placed an ad in Screw magazine in December 1970, reading:
"Masochist? Happy? Is it curable? Does psychiatry help? Is a satisfactory life-style possible? There’s women’s lib, black lib, gay lib, etc. Isn’t it time we put something together?"
The ad also ran in the East Village Other. Fran Nowve, using the name Terry Kolb, was the first person to answer the ad. She and Bond began The Eulenspiegel Society in 1971, and Nowve came up with its name.
In August 1971, The Eulenspiegel Society's members voted to include sadists in the organization. The Eulenspiegel Society originally met in members' homes, and then met in rented space in theaters and churches. The organization was an active part of the 1970s sexual revolution, as well as LGBT activism, including marching in New York City Pride Parades beginning in the early 1970s. The organization also launched Prometheus, a decades-long-running magazine, in the early 1970s, exploring issues important to kinksters, ranging from advice columns and personal ads, to erotica and art, to conversation about the philosophy of consensual kink. The magazine now exists online.
From 1973 until he died in 1983, Jack Jackson, a black leatherman, was the first president of The Eulenspiegel Society; to “signal that he was forever one with the title”, The Eulenspiegel Society has not had a president since, leaving him as its only one. He was inducted into the Leather Hall of Fame in 2021.
In 1992, The Eulenspiegel Society's cofounder Pat Bond received the Steve Maidhof Award for National or International Work from the National Leather Association International.
In 1993, Leather Pride Night by The Eulenspiegel Society, Excelsior MC, GMS/MA, LSM, and NLA: Metro New York received the Large Event of the Year award as part of the Pantheon of Leather Awards.
In 1994, Barbara Nitke attended her first meeting of The Eulenspiegel Society to see a presentation by underground photographer Charles Gatewood. The couples she met in the SM scene fascinated her, and she began photographing them in 1994. They became the focus of her book, Kiss of Fire: A Romantic View of Sadomasochism (2003). It was among the first mainstream publications to examine the subject of BDSM.
In 1996, The Eulenspiegel Society hosted the first large BDSM convention, in celebration of its 25th anniversary. This event was so well attended that the organization took over two large clubs (Hellfire Club and The Vault) as well as a disco which was converted into a club. Over 1,300 people attended. This event inspired other leather organizations to hold annual conventions as well. In 1997, this event received the Large Event of the Year award as part of the Pantheon of Leather Awards.
The Eulenspiegel Society was one of the founding coalition partners of the National Coalition for Sexual Freedom, which was founded in 1997.
In 1999, Gary Switch posted to The Eulenspiegel Society's USENET list "TES-Friends" proposing the term RACK (Risk-aware consensual kink) out of a desire to form a more accurate portrayal of the type of play that many engage in. Noting that nothing is truly 100% safe, not even crossing the street, Switch compared BDSM to the sport of mountain climbing. In both, risk is an essential part of the thrill, and that risk is minimized through study, training, technique, and practice.
In 2002, The Eulenspiegel Society reorganized as "The TES Association." It retains rights to its original name and historical intellectual property.
In 2003, TES received the Large Club of the Year award as part of the Pantheon of Leather Awards.
In 2011, TES was inducted into the Leather Hall of Fame (under the name Eulenspiegel Society).
In 2015, Bond and Nowvve (the latter under the name Terry Kolb) were inducted into the Leather Hall of Fame.
Organizational activities
TES (pronounced "Tess,") is an entirely volunteer-run nonprofit organization, including an elected board of directors. It "promotes sexual liberation for all adults, especially for people who enjoy consensual S/M". It regards sexual liberation as a prerequisite for a "truly free" society and it is particularly concerned about the freedom of sexual minorities such as the BDSM community.
TES generally holds two classes each week (over 100 a year) in New York City, both general meetings, and ones hosted by special interest groups, ranging from bondage to a meet-ups for novices interested in alternative sexualities. In 1996, TES hosted the first large BDSM convention, in celebration of its 25th anniversary. This event was so well attended that the organization took over two large clubs (Hellfire Club and The Vault) as well as a disco which was converted into a club. Over 1,300 people attended. This event inspired other leather organizations to hold annual conventions as well. It also hosts frequent social events, including parties. Membership includes discounts at participating stores and clubs. It also supports AIDS prevention education and organizations such as the Free Speech Coalition (FSC) and the National Coalition for Sexual Freedom, for which TES is a founding coalition partner.
Name
The Eulenspiegel Society took its name from Till Eulenspiegel, a character described as a "foolish yet clever lad" in medieval German folklore. It changed its legal name to "The TES Association" in 2002, although it still uses and is widely known by the original name. The original name, which cofounder Fran Nowve came up with, was inspired by a passage from Austrian psychoanalyst Theodor Reik's Masochism in Modern Man (1941), in which he argues that patients who engage in self-punishing or provocative behavior do so in order to demonstrate their emotional fortitude, induce guilt in others, and achieve a sense of "victory through defeat". Reik describes Till Eulenspiegel's "peculiar" behavior—he enjoys walking uphill, and feels "dejected" walking downhill—and compares it to a "paradox reminiscent of masochism", because Till Eulenspiegel "gladly submits to discomfort, enjoys it, even transforms it into pleasure".
References
^ a b Margot Weiss (20 December 2011). Techniques of Pleasure: BDSM and the Circuits of Sexuality. Duke University Press. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-0-8223-5159-7.
^ a b "About TES". The Eulenspiegel Society. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
^ Tanya Corrin; Anna Moore (20 July 2002). "New York, New Hedonists". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
^ a b c d e f "Pat Bond & Terry Kolb". Leatherhalloffame.com. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
^ "The Eulenspiegel Society | Manhattan Alternative". www.manhattanalternative.com. 29 May 2015. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
^ "Welcome Back, 'Prometheus' | The Eulenspiegel Society". www.tes.org. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
^ "Press Releases - Leather Hall of Fame". leatherhalloffame.com.
^ "> Inductees - Leather Hall of Fame". leatherhalloffame.com.
^ "List of winners". NLA International. 2019-03-14. Archived from the original on 2020-01-03. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
^ a b c "Pantheon of Leather Awards All Time Recipients". The Leather Journal. Archived from the original on 25 March 2015.
^ ""Exploring Myths of a Sexual Subculture" by Bob Keyes". Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
^ "History of NCSF – National Coalition for Sexual Freedom". 6 August 2019.
^ Gary Switch (2001). "Origin of RACK: RACK vs. SSC". Prometheus #37. The Eulenspiegel Society (Reprinted by Vancouver Leather). Archived from the original on 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
^ a b "> Inductees". Leatherhalloffame.com. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
^ "|The Eulenspiegel Society". www.tes.org. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
^ "Legal Resources". The Eulenspiegel Society. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
^ Reik, Theodor (1941). Masochism in Modern Man.
External links
Official website
|
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Happy? Is it curable? Does psychiatry help? Is a satisfactory life-style possible? There’s women’s lib, black lib, gay lib, etc. Isn’t it time we put something together?\"The ad also ran in the East Village Other. Fran Nowve, using the name Terry Kolb, was the first person to answer the ad.[4] She and Bond began The Eulenspiegel Society in 1971, and Nowve came up with its name.[4]In August 1971, The Eulenspiegel Society's members voted to include sadists in the organization.[4] The Eulenspiegel Society originally met in members' homes, and then met in rented space in theaters and churches. The organization was an active part of the 1970s sexual revolution, as well as LGBT activism, including marching in New York City Pride Parades beginning in the early 1970s. The organization also launched Prometheus,[6] a decades-long-running magazine, in the early 1970s, exploring issues important to kinksters, ranging from advice columns and personal ads, to erotica and art, to conversation about the philosophy of consensual kink. The magazine now exists online.From 1973 until he died in 1983, Jack Jackson, a black leatherman, was the first president of The Eulenspiegel Society; to “signal that he was forever one with the title”, The Eulenspiegel Society has not had a president since, leaving him as its only one. He was inducted into the Leather Hall of Fame in 2021.[7][8]In 1992, The Eulenspiegel Society's cofounder Pat Bond received the Steve Maidhof Award for National or International Work from the National Leather Association International.[9][4]In 1993, Leather Pride Night by The Eulenspiegel Society, Excelsior MC, GMS/MA, LSM, and NLA: Metro New York received the Large Event of the Year award as part of the Pantheon of Leather Awards.[10]In 1994, Barbara Nitke attended her first meeting of The Eulenspiegel Society to see a presentation by underground photographer Charles Gatewood. The couples she met in the SM scene fascinated her, and she began photographing them in 1994. They became the focus of her book, Kiss of Fire: A Romantic View of Sadomasochism (2003). It was among the first mainstream publications to examine the subject of BDSM.[11]In 1996, The Eulenspiegel Society hosted the first large BDSM convention, in celebration of its 25th anniversary. This event was so well attended that the organization took over two large clubs (Hellfire Club and The Vault) as well as a disco which was converted into a club. Over 1,300 people attended. This event inspired other leather organizations to hold annual conventions as well. In 1997, this event received the Large Event of the Year award as part of the Pantheon of Leather Awards.[10]The Eulenspiegel Society was one of the founding coalition partners of the National Coalition for Sexual Freedom, which was founded in 1997.[12]In 1999, Gary Switch posted to The Eulenspiegel Society's USENET list \"TES-Friends\" proposing the term RACK (Risk-aware consensual kink) out of a desire to form a more accurate portrayal of the type of play that many engage in. Noting that nothing is truly 100% safe, not even crossing the street, Switch compared BDSM to the sport of mountain climbing. In both, risk is an essential part of the thrill, and that risk is minimized through study, training, technique, and practice.[13]In 2002, The Eulenspiegel Society reorganized as \"The TES Association.\" It retains rights to its original name and historical intellectual property.In 2003, TES received the Large Club of the Year award as part of the Pantheon of Leather Awards.[10]In 2011, TES was inducted into the Leather Hall of Fame (under the name Eulenspiegel Society).[14]In 2015, Bond and Nowvve (the latter under the name Terry Kolb) were inducted into the Leather Hall of Fame.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nonprofit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit"},{"link_name":"consensual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_(criminal_law)"},{"link_name":"S/M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochism"},{"link_name":"sexual minorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_minorities"},{"link_name":"BDSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSM"},{"link_name":"leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_subculture"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"Free Speech Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Speech_Coalition"},{"link_name":"National Coalition for Sexual Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Sexual_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"TES (pronounced \"Tess,\") is an entirely volunteer-run nonprofit organization, including an elected board of directors. 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It also supports AIDS prevention education and organizations such as the Free Speech Coalition (FSC) and the National Coalition for Sexual Freedom, for which TES is a founding coalition partner.[16]","title":"Organizational activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Till Eulenspiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till_Eulenspiegel"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Low_German"},{"link_name":"German folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_folklore"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leatherhalloffame1-4"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"psychoanalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalyst"},{"link_name":"Theodor Reik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Reik"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-2"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The Eulenspiegel Society took its name from Till Eulenspiegel, a character described as a \"foolish yet clever lad\" in medieval German folklore. It changed its legal name to \"The TES Association\" in 2002, although it still uses and is widely known by the original name. The original name, which cofounder Fran Nowve came up with,[4] was inspired by a passage from Austrian psychoanalyst Theodor Reik's Masochism in Modern Man (1941),[2] in which he argues that patients who engage in self-punishing or provocative behavior do so in order to demonstrate their emotional fortitude, induce guilt in others, and achieve a sense of \"victory through defeat\". Reik describes Till Eulenspiegel's \"peculiar\" behavior—he enjoys walking uphill, and feels \"dejected\" walking downhill—and compares it to a \"paradox reminiscent of masochism\", because Till Eulenspiegel \"gladly submits to discomfort, enjoys it, even transforms it into pleasure\".[17]","title":"Name"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Logo of TES","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/The_Eulenspiegel_Society_logo.png"}]
| null |
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Retrieved 2020-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200103035305/http://nla-international.com/list-of-winners-2.html","url_text":"\"List of winners\""},{"url":"https://www.nla-international.com/list-of-winners-2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pantheon of Leather Awards All Time Recipients\". The Leather Journal. Archived from the original on 25 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150325083826/https://www.theleatherjournal.com/pantheon-awards/recipients","url_text":"\"Pantheon of Leather Awards All Time Recipients\""},{"url":"https://www.theleatherjournal.com/pantheon-awards/recipients","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Exploring Myths of a Sexual Subculture\" by Bob Keyes\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2012-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304124825/http://www.barbaranitke.com/portlandpressherald.html","url_text":"\"\"Exploring Myths of a Sexual Subculture\" by Bob Keyes\""},{"url":"http://www.barbaranitke.com/portlandpressherald.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History of NCSF – National Coalition for Sexual Freedom\". 6 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ncsfreedom.org/who-we-are/the-history-of-the-ncsf/","url_text":"\"History of NCSF – National Coalition for Sexual Freedom\""}]},{"reference":"Gary Switch (2001). \"Origin of RACK: RACK vs. SSC\". Prometheus #37. The Eulenspiegel Society (Reprinted by Vancouver Leather). Archived from the original on 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2010-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090501182232/http://vancouverleather.com:80/bdsm/ssc_rack.html","url_text":"\"Origin of RACK: RACK vs. SSC\""},{"url":"http://www.vancouverleather.com/bdsm/ssc_rack.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"> Inductees\". Leatherhalloffame.com. Retrieved 2019-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://leatherhalloffame.com/index.php/inductees.html","url_text":"\"> Inductees\""}]},{"reference":"\"|The Eulenspiegel Society\". www.tes.org. Retrieved 2017-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tes.org/events/","url_text":"\"|The Eulenspiegel Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legal Resources\". The Eulenspiegel Society. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130317221736/http://www.tes.org/main/legal.php","url_text":"\"Legal Resources\""},{"url":"http://www.tes.org/main/legal.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Reik, Theodor (1941). Masochism in Modern Man.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Reik","url_text":"Reik, Theodor"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_(hydrology_software)
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SMS (hydrology software)
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["1 History","2 Examples of SMS Implementation","3 WMS Version history","4 References","5 External links"]
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SMSDeveloper(s)AquaveoStable release13.3
/ September 2023; 9 months ago (2023-09)
Operating systemWindowsTypeSurface water modeling softwareLicenseProprietaryWebsiteOfficial website
WMSWMS 10.1 screenshotDeveloper(s)AquaveoStable release11.2
/ May 2023; 1 year ago (2023-05)
Operating systemWindows XP and laterPlatformx86, x64Size1.1 GBTypeSurface-water hydrology softwareLicenseProprietaryWebsiteOfficial website
SMS (Surface-water Modeling System) is a complete program for building and simulating surface water models from Aquaveo. It features 1D and 2D modeling and a unique conceptual model approach. Currently supported models include ADCIRC, CMS-FLOW2D, FESWMS, TABS, TUFLOW, BOUSS-2D, CGWAVE, STWAVE, CMS-WAVE (WABED), GENESIS, PTM, and WAM.
Version 9.2 introduced the use of XMDF (eXtensible Model Data Format), which is a compatible extension of HDF5. XMDF files are smaller and allow faster access times than ASCII files.
The Watershed Modeling System (WMS) is a proprietary water modeling software application used to develop watershed computer simulations. The software provides tools to automate various basic and advanced delineations, calculations, and modeling processes. It supports river hydraulic and storm drain models, lumped parameter, regression, 2D hydrologic modeling of watersheds, and can be used to model both water quantity and water quality. As of January 2017, supported models include HEC-1, HEC-RAS, HEC-HMS, TR-20, TR-55, NFF, Rational, MODRAT, HSPF, CE-QUAL-W2, GSSHA, SMPDBK, and other models.
History
SMS was initially developed by the Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory at Brigham Young University (later renamed in September, 1998 to Environmental Modeling Research Laboratory or EMRL) in the late 1980s on Unix workstations. The development of SMS was funded primarily by The United States Army Corps of Engineers and is still known as the Department of Defense Surface-water Modeling System or DoD SMS. It was later ported to Windows platforms in the mid 1990s and support for HP-UX, IRIX, OSF/1, and Solaris platforms was discontinued.
In April 2007, the main software development team at EMRL entered private enterprise as Aquaveo LLC, and continue to develop SMS and other software products, such as WMS (Watershed Modeling System) and GMS (Groundwater Modeling System).
WMS was initially developed by the Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory at Brigham Young University in the early 1990s on Unix workstations. James Nelson, Norman Jones, and Woodruff Miller wrote a 1992 paper titled "Algorithm for Precise Drainage-Basin Delineation" that was published in the March 1994 issue of the Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. The paper described an algorithm that could be used to describe the flow of water in a drainage basin, thereby defining the drainage basin.
The development of WMS was funded primarily by The United States Army Corps of Engineers (COE). In 1997, WMS was used by the COE to model runoff in the Sava River basin in Bosnia. The software was sold commercially by Environmental Modeling Systems.
It was later ported to Windows platforms in the mid 1990s. WMS 6.0 (2000) was the last supported version for HP-UX, IRIX, OSF/1, and Solaris platforms. Development of WMS was done by the Environmental Modeling Research Laboratory (EMRL) at Brigham Young University (BYU) until April 2007, when the main software development team at EMRL incorporated as Aquaveo. Royalties from the software are paid to the engineering department at BYU.
The planners of the 2002 Winter Olympics, held in Salt Lake City, Utah, used WMS software to simulate terrorist attacks on water infrastructure such as the Jordanelle Reservoir.
Examples of SMS Implementation
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SMS modeling was used to "determine flooded areas in case of failure or revision of a weir in combination with a coincidental 100-year flood event" (Gerstner, Belzner, and Thorenz, p. 975). Furthermore, "concerning the water level calculations in case of failure of a weir, the Bavarian Environmental Agency provided the Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute with those two-dimensional depth-averaged hydrodynamic models, which are covering the whole Bavarian part of the river Main. The models were created with the software Surface-Modeling System (SMS) of Aquaveo LLC" (Gerstner, Belzner, and Thorenz, 976).
This article "describes the mathematical formulation, numerical implementation, and input specifications of rubble mound structures in the Coastal Modeling System (CMS) operated through the Surface-water Modeling System (SMS)" (Li et al., 1). Describing the input specifications, the authors write, "Working with the SMS interface, users can specify rubble mound structures in the CMS by creating datasets for different structure parameters. Five datasets are required for this application" (Li et al., p. 3) and "users should refer to Aquaveo (2010) for generating a XMDF dataset (*.h5 file) under the SMS" (Li et al., p. 5).
This study examined the "need of developing mathematical models for determining and predicting water quality of 'river-type' systems. It presents a case study for determining the pollutant dispersion for a section of the River Prut, Ungheni town, which was filled with polluted water with oil products from its tributary river Delia" (Marusic and Ciufudean, p. 177). "The obtained numerical models were developed using the program Surface-water Modeling System (SMS) v.10.1.11, which was designed by experts from Aquaveo company. The hydrodynamics of the studied sector, obtained using the SMS module named RMA2 , served as input for the RMA module 4, which determined the pollutant dispersion" (Marusic and Ciufudean, p. 178–179).
This study focused on finding "recommendations for optimization" of the "Chusovskoy water intake located in the confluence zone of two rivers with essentially different hydrochemical regimes and in the backwater zone of the Kamskaya hydroelectric power station " (Lyubimova et al., p. 1). "A two-dimensional (in a horizontal plane) model for the examined region of the water storage basin was constructed by making use of the software product SMS v.10 of the American company AQUAVEO LLC" (Lyubimova et al., p. 2). Evaluations of the SMS-derived, two-dimensional model as well as a three-dimensional model yielded the discovery that "the selective water intake from the near-surface layers can essentially reduce hardness of potable water consumed by the inhabitants of Perm" (Lyubimova et al., p. 6).
WMS Version history
Legend:
Old version, not maintained
Older version, still maintained
Current stable version
Latest preview version
Future release
WMS Release History
Date Released
Version
Comments
References
1995
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.0
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0
1996
Old version, no longer maintained: 4.0
1998
Old version, no longer maintained: 5.0
First release on Windows: 95/NT
2000
Old version, no longer maintained: 6.0
Last version to support HP-UX, IRIX, OSF/1, and Solaris platforms
September 2003
Old version, no longer maintained: 7.0
Windows NT/Me/2000/XP
Old version, no longer maintained: 8.0
October 2008
Old version, no longer maintained: 8.1
April 2009
Old version, no longer maintained: 8.2
January 2010
Old version, no longer maintained: 8.3
February 2011
Old version, no longer maintained: 8.4
October 2012
Old version, no longer maintained: 9.0
February 2013
Old version, no longer maintained: 9.1
June 2014
Old version, no longer maintained: 10.0.4
June 2016
Old version, no longer maintained: 10.1.10
October 2016
Old version, no longer maintained: 10.1.11
December 20, 2017
Old version, no longer maintained: 10.1.15
March 21, 2018
Old version, no longer maintained: 10.1.16
May 21, 2018
Old version, no longer maintained: 10.1.17
August 17, 2018
Old version, no longer maintained: 11.0
February 3, 2019
Old version, no longer maintained: 11.0.2
November 7, 2019
Old version, no longer maintained: 11.0.4
July 2021
Older version, yet still maintained: 11.1
May 2023
Current stable version: 11.2
References
^ ADCIRC.org. ADCIRC.org (1 December 2011). Retrieved on 18 December 2011.
^ FHWA.dot.gov. FHWA.dot.gov (30 August 2011). Retrieved on 18 December 2011.
^ CHL.erdc.usace.army.mil. US Army Corps of Engineers Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory Retrieved on 18 December 2011.
^ TUFLOW.com Archived 27 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine. TUFLOW.com. Retrieved on 18 December 2011.
^ CHL.erdc.usace.army.mil. US Army Corps of Engineers Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory Retrieved on 18 December 2011.
^ CHL.erdc.usace.army.mil. US Army Corps of Engineers Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory Retrieved on 18 December 2011.
^ CHL.erdc.usace.army.mil. US Army Corps of Engineers Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory Retrieved on 18 December 2011.
^ CHL.erdc.usace.army.mil. US Army Corps of Engineers Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory Retrieved on 18 December 2011.
^ Edsel, B.D.; et al. (2011). "Watershed Modeling and its Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review" (PDF). The Open Hydrology Journal. 5 (1): 26–50. Bibcode:2011OHJ.....5...26D. doi:10.2174/1874378101105010026.
^ "WMS Supported Models". Aquaveo. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
^ Aquaveo.com. Aquaveo.com. Retrieved on 18 December 2011.
^ Nelson, E.J.; Jones, N.L.; Miller, A.W. (1994). "An algorithm for precise drainage basin delineation" (PDF). Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 120 (3): 298–312. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1994)120:3(298).
^ "Sava River Basin, Bosnia". Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory. Archived from the original on 8 February 1998. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
^ a b "WMS Home Page". Environmental Modeling Systems, Inc. Archived from the original on 9 March 2000. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
^ Hollingshead, Todd (6 June 2005). "BYU prof's 3-D software makes an art out of the science of predicting a deluge". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
^ Chai, Nathan K. (Fall 2002). "Modeling the World's Waters". BYU Magazine. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
^ Gerstner, N.; Belzner, F.; Thorenz, C. (2014). Lehfeldt; Kopmann (eds.). Simulation of Flood Scenarios with Combined 2D/3D Numerical Models (PDF). International Conference on Hydroscience and Engineering, 2014. Hamburg: Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau. pp. 975–981. ISBN 978-3-939230-32-8.
^ Li, Honghai; Sanchez, Alejandro; Wu, Weiming; Reed, Christopher (August 2013). "Implementation of Structures in the CMS: Part I, Rubble Mound" (PDF). Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Notes-IV-93: 9 pages. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015.
^ Marusic, G.; Ciufudean, C. (June 2013). "Current state of research on water quality of Prut River" (PDF). Proceedings of the 11th WSEAS International Conference on Environment, Ecosystems and Development: 177–180.
^ Lyubimova, T.; et al. (March 2013). "Numerical modelling of admixture transport in a turbulent flow at river confluence". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 46 (1): 012028. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/416/1/012028.
^ a b c d e f g h i "WMS:Version History". Aquaveo. 26 May 2023. Archived from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
External links
US Army Corps of Engineers – DoD SMS white paper
SMS Documentation Wiki
|
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It features 1D and 2D modeling and a unique conceptual model approach. Currently supported models include ADCIRC,[1] CMS-FLOW2D, FESWMS,[2] TABS,[3] TUFLOW,[4] BOUSS-2D,[5] CGWAVE,[6] STWAVE,[7] CMS-WAVE (WABED), GENESIS,[8] PTM, and WAM.Version 9.2 introduced the use of XMDF (eXtensible Model Data Format), which is a compatible extension of HDF5. XMDF files are smaller and allow faster access times than ASCII files.The Watershed Modeling System (WMS) is a proprietary water modeling software application used to develop watershed computer simulations. The software provides tools to automate various basic and advanced delineations, calculations, and modeling processes.[9] It supports river hydraulic and storm drain models, lumped parameter, regression, 2D hydrologic modeling of watersheds, and can be used to model both water quantity and water quality. As of January 2017[update], supported models include HEC-1, HEC-RAS, HEC-HMS, TR-20, TR-55, NFF, Rational, MODRAT, HSPF, CE-QUAL-W2, GSSHA, SMPDBK, and other models.[10]","title":"SMS (hydrology software)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"Unix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"},{"link_name":"United States Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"ported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"HP-UX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX"},{"link_name":"IRIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIX"},{"link_name":"OSF/1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSF/1"},{"link_name":"Solaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_company"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"WMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMS_(software)"},{"link_name":"GMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMS_(software)"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"Unix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"},{"link_name":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Hydraulic_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nelson_1994-12"},{"link_name":"United States Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Sava River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sava_river-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wms_6.0_release-14"},{"link_name":"ported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wms_6.0_release-14"},{"link_name":"HP-UX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX"},{"link_name":"IRIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIX"},{"link_name":"OSF/1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSF/1"},{"link_name":"Solaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sltrib_20050606-15"},{"link_name":"2002 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Jordanelle Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanelle_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-byumag_fall_2002-16"}],"text":"SMS was initially developed by the Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory at Brigham Young University (later renamed in September, 1998 to Environmental Modeling Research Laboratory or EMRL) in the late 1980s on Unix workstations. The development of SMS was funded primarily by The United States Army Corps of Engineers and is still known as the Department of Defense Surface-water Modeling System or DoD SMS. It was later ported to Windows platforms in the mid 1990s and support for HP-UX, IRIX, OSF/1, and Solaris platforms was discontinued.In April 2007, the main software development team at EMRL entered private enterprise as Aquaveo LLC,[11] and continue to develop SMS and other software products, such as WMS (Watershed Modeling System) and GMS (Groundwater Modeling System).WMS was initially developed by the Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory at Brigham Young University in the early 1990s on Unix workstations. James Nelson, Norman Jones, and Woodruff Miller wrote a 1992 paper titled \"Algorithm for Precise Drainage-Basin Delineation\" that was published in the March 1994 issue of the Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.[12] The paper described an algorithm that could be used to describe the flow of water in a drainage basin, thereby defining the drainage basin.The development of WMS was funded primarily by The United States Army Corps of Engineers (COE). In 1997, WMS was used by the COE to model runoff in the Sava River basin in Bosnia.[13] The software was sold commercially by Environmental Modeling Systems.[14]It was later ported to Windows platforms in the mid 1990s. WMS 6.0 (2000)[14] was the last supported version for HP-UX, IRIX, OSF/1, and Solaris platforms. Development of WMS was done by the Environmental Modeling Research Laboratory (EMRL) at Brigham Young University (BYU) until April 2007, when the main software development team at EMRL incorporated as Aquaveo. Royalties from the software are paid to the engineering department at BYU.[15]The planners of the 2002 Winter Olympics, held in Salt Lake City, Utah, used WMS software to simulate terrorist attacks on water infrastructure such as the Jordanelle Reservoir.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir"},{"link_name":"Bavarian Environmental Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bavarian_Environmental_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerisches_Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Umwelt"},{"link_name":"Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Waterways_Engineering_and_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesanstalt_f%C3%BCr_Wasserbau"},{"link_name":"Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"river Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Main"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"River Prut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Prut"},{"link_name":"Ungheni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungheni"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Chusovskoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chusovaya"},{"link_name":"Kamskaya hydroelectric power station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamskaya_hydroelectric_power_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%AD%D0%A1"},{"link_name":"Perm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm,_Russia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"SMS modeling was used to \"determine flooded areas in case of failure or revision of a weir in combination with a coincidental 100-year flood event\" (Gerstner, Belzner, and Thorenz, p. 975). Furthermore, \"concerning the water level calculations in case of failure of a weir, the Bavarian Environmental Agency [de] provided the Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute [de] with those two-dimensional depth-averaged hydrodynamic models, which are covering the whole Bavarian part of the river Main. The models were created with the software Surface-Modeling System (SMS) of Aquaveo LLC\" (Gerstner, Belzner, and Thorenz, 976).[17]\nThis article \"describes the mathematical formulation, numerical implementation, and input specifications of rubble mound structures in the Coastal Modeling System (CMS) operated through the Surface-water Modeling System (SMS)\" (Li et al., 1). Describing the input specifications, the authors write, \"Working with the SMS interface, users can specify rubble mound structures in the CMS by creating datasets for different structure parameters. Five datasets are required for this application\" (Li et al., p. 3) and \"users should refer to Aquaveo (2010) for generating a XMDF dataset (*.h5 file) under the SMS\" (Li et al., p. 5).[18]\nThis study examined the \"need of developing mathematical models for determining and predicting water quality of 'river-type' systems. It presents a case study for determining the pollutant dispersion for a section of the River Prut, Ungheni town, which was filled with polluted water with oil products from its tributary river Delia\" (Marusic and Ciufudean, p. 177). \"The obtained numerical models were developed using the program Surface-water Modeling System (SMS) v.10.1.11, which was designed by experts from Aquaveo company. The hydrodynamics of the studied sector, obtained using the SMS module named RMA2 [13], served as input for the RMA module 4, which determined the pollutant dispersion\" (Marusic and Ciufudean, p. 178–179).[19]\nThis study focused on finding \"recommendations for optimization\" of the \"Chusovskoy water intake located in the confluence zone of two rivers with essentially different hydrochemical regimes and in the backwater zone of the Kamskaya hydroelectric power station [ru]\" (Lyubimova et al., p. 1). \"A two-dimensional (in a horizontal plane) model for the examined region of the water storage basin was constructed by making use of the software product SMS v.10 of the American company AQUAVEO LLC\" (Lyubimova et al., p. 2). Evaluations of the SMS-derived, two-dimensional model as well as a three-dimensional model yielded the discovery that \"the selective water intake from the near-surface layers can essentially reduce hardness of potable water consumed by the inhabitants of Perm\" (Lyubimova et al., p. 6).[20]","title":"Examples of SMS Implementation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"WMS Version history"}]
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[{"reference":"Edsel, B.D.; et al. (2011). \"Watershed Modeling and its Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review\" (PDF). The Open Hydrology Journal. 5 (1): 26–50. Bibcode:2011OHJ.....5...26D. doi:10.2174/1874378101105010026.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanderbilt.edu/vector/wp-content/uploads/WatershedModeling_OpenHydrology2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Watershed Modeling and its Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011OHJ.....5...26D","url_text":"2011OHJ.....5...26D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1874378101105010026","url_text":"10.2174/1874378101105010026"}]},{"reference":"\"WMS Supported Models\". Aquaveo. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202022915/http://www.aquaveo.com/software/wms-models","url_text":"\"WMS Supported Models\""},{"url":"http://www.aquaveo.com/software/wms-models","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nelson, E.J.; Jones, N.L.; Miller, A.W. (1994). \"An algorithm for precise drainage basin delineation\" (PDF). Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 120 (3): 298–312. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1994)120:3(298).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245294040","url_text":"\"An algorithm for precise drainage basin delineation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1061%2F%28ASCE%290733-9429%281994%29120%3A3%28298%29","url_text":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1994)120:3(298)"}]},{"reference":"\"Sava River Basin, Bosnia\". Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory. Archived from the original on 8 February 1998. Retrieved 23 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19980208164729/http://www.ecgl.byu.edu/software/wms/overview/logo.html","url_text":"\"Sava River Basin, Bosnia\""},{"url":"http://www.ecgl.byu.edu/software/wms/overview/logo.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WMS Home Page\". Environmental Modeling Systems, Inc. Archived from the original on 9 March 2000. Retrieved 23 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000309134053/http://www.ems-i.com/wms/index.html","url_text":"\"WMS Home Page\""},{"url":"http://www.ems-i.com/wms/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hollingshead, Todd (6 June 2005). \"BYU prof's 3-D software makes an art out of the science of predicting a deluge\". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 24 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.sltrib.com/story.php?ref=/ci_2781607","url_text":"\"BYU prof's 3-D software makes an art out of the science of predicting a deluge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune","url_text":"The Salt Lake Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Chai, Nathan K. (Fall 2002). \"Modeling the World's Waters\". BYU Magazine. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310175337/http://magazine.byu.edu/article/modeling-the-worlds-waters/","url_text":"\"Modeling the World's Waters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYU_Magazine","url_text":"BYU Magazine"},{"url":"http://magazine.byu.edu/article/modeling-the-worlds-waters/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gerstner, N.; Belzner, F.; Thorenz, C. (2014). Lehfeldt; Kopmann (eds.). Simulation of Flood Scenarios with Combined 2D/3D Numerical Models (PDF). International Conference on Hydroscience and Engineering, 2014. Hamburg: Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau. pp. 975–981. ISBN 978-3-939230-32-8.","urls":[{"url":"http://vzb.baw.de/e-medien/iche-2014/PDF/14%20Mini-Symposium%20CFD%20in%20the%20Nearfield%20of%20Structures/14_02.pdf","url_text":"Simulation of Flood Scenarios with Combined 2D/3D Numerical Models"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-939230-32-8","url_text":"978-3-939230-32-8"}]},{"reference":"Li, Honghai; Sanchez, Alejandro; Wu, Weiming; Reed, Christopher (August 2013). \"Implementation of Structures in the CMS: Part I, Rubble Mound\" (PDF). Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Notes-IV-93: 9 pages. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a585307.pdf","url_text":"\"Implementation of Structures in the CMS: Part I, Rubble Mound\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141858/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a585307.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marusic, G.; Ciufudean, C. (June 2013). \"Current state of research on water quality of Prut River\" (PDF). Proceedings of the 11th WSEAS International Conference on Environment, Ecosystems and Development: 177–180.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2013/Brasov/STAED/STAED-27.pdf","url_text":"\"Current state of research on water quality of Prut River\""}]},{"reference":"Lyubimova, T.; et al. (March 2013). \"Numerical modelling of admixture transport in a turbulent flow at river confluence\". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 46 (1): 012028. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/416/1/012028.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F416%2F1%2F012028","url_text":"\"Numerical modelling of admixture transport in a turbulent flow at river confluence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F416%2F1%2F012028","url_text":"10.1088/1742-6596/416/1/012028"}]},{"reference":"\"WMS:Version History\". Aquaveo. 26 May 2023. Archived from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.xmswiki.com/wiki/WMS:Version_History","url_text":"\"WMS:Version History\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20230615230509/https://www.xmswiki.com/wiki/WMS:Version_History","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://aquaveo.com/software/sms-surface-water-modeling-system-introduction","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.aquaveo.com/software/wms-watershed-modeling-system-introduction","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_(hydrology_software)&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_(hydrology_software)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.adcirc.org/","external_links_name":"ADCIRC.org"},{"Link":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/software/softwaredetail.cfm","external_links_name":"FHWA.dot.gov"},{"Link":"http://chl.erdc.usace.army.mil/chl.aspx?p=s&a=Software;10","external_links_name":"CHL.erdc.usace.army.mil"},{"Link":"http://www.tuflow.com/","external_links_name":"TUFLOW.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080627014611/http://www.tuflow.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://chl.erdc.usace.army.mil/chl.aspx?p=s&a=Software!23","external_links_name":"CHL.erdc.usace.army.mil"},{"Link":"http://chl.erdc.usace.army.mil/chl.aspx?p=s&a=Software;21","external_links_name":"CHL.erdc.usace.army.mil"},{"Link":"http://chl.erdc.usace.army.mil/chl.aspx?p=s&a=Software;9","external_links_name":"CHL.erdc.usace.army.mil"},{"Link":"http://chl.erdc.usace.army.mil/chl.aspx?p=s&a=Software;34","external_links_name":"CHL.erdc.usace.army.mil"},{"Link":"http://www.vanderbilt.edu/vector/wp-content/uploads/WatershedModeling_OpenHydrology2011.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Watershed Modeling and its Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011OHJ.....5...26D","external_links_name":"2011OHJ.....5...26D"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1874378101105010026","external_links_name":"10.2174/1874378101105010026"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202022915/http://www.aquaveo.com/software/wms-models","external_links_name":"\"WMS Supported Models\""},{"Link":"http://www.aquaveo.com/software/wms-models","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.aquaveo.com/","external_links_name":"Aquaveo.com"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245294040","external_links_name":"\"An algorithm for precise drainage basin delineation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1061%2F%28ASCE%290733-9429%281994%29120%3A3%28298%29","external_links_name":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1994)120:3(298)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19980208164729/http://www.ecgl.byu.edu/software/wms/overview/logo.html","external_links_name":"\"Sava River Basin, Bosnia\""},{"Link":"http://www.ecgl.byu.edu/software/wms/overview/logo.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000309134053/http://www.ems-i.com/wms/index.html","external_links_name":"\"WMS Home Page\""},{"Link":"http://www.ems-i.com/wms/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://archive.sltrib.com/story.php?ref=/ci_2781607","external_links_name":"\"BYU prof's 3-D software makes an art out of the science of predicting a deluge\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310175337/http://magazine.byu.edu/article/modeling-the-worlds-waters/","external_links_name":"\"Modeling the World's Waters\""},{"Link":"http://magazine.byu.edu/article/modeling-the-worlds-waters/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://vzb.baw.de/e-medien/iche-2014/PDF/14%20Mini-Symposium%20CFD%20in%20the%20Nearfield%20of%20Structures/14_02.pdf","external_links_name":"Simulation of Flood Scenarios with Combined 2D/3D Numerical Models"},{"Link":"http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a585307.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Implementation of Structures in the CMS: Part I, Rubble Mound\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141858/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a585307.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2013/Brasov/STAED/STAED-27.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Current state of research on water quality of Prut River\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F416%2F1%2F012028","external_links_name":"\"Numerical modelling of admixture transport in a turbulent flow at river confluence\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F416%2F1%2F012028","external_links_name":"10.1088/1742-6596/416/1/012028"},{"Link":"https://www.xmswiki.com/wiki/WMS:Version_History","external_links_name":"\"WMS:Version History\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20230615230509/https://www.xmswiki.com/wiki/WMS:Version_History","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/pls/erdcpub/docs/erdc/images/sms.pdf","external_links_name":"US Army Corps of Engineers"},{"Link":"http://www.xmswiki.com/index.php?title=SMS:SMS","external_links_name":"SMS Documentation Wiki"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambler_Six
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Rambler Six and V8
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["1 Background","2 Model years","2.1 1956","2.2 1957","2.3 1958","2.4 1959","2.5 1960","3 Overseas assembly","3.1 Canada","3.2 Mexico","3.3 Australia","3.4 New Zealand","4 Legacy","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
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Cars developed and produced by American Motors Corporation
Motor vehicle
Rambler Six and Rambler V81960 Rambler Six sedanOverviewManufacturerAmerican Motors Corporation (AMC)Also calledNash RamblerHudson RamblerProduction1956 – 1960AssemblyUnited States: Kenosha, WisconsinBelgium: Haren (Vilvoorde Renault Factory)Mexico: Mexico City and MonterreyDesignerEdmund E. AndersonBody and chassisBody style4-door sedan4-door wagon4-door hardtop sedan4-door hardtop station wagonLayoutFR layoutPowertrainEngine195.6 cu in (3.2 L) I6 120 bhp (89 kW) (1956 only)195.6 cu in (3.2 L) I6 125 or 135 bhp250 cu in (4.1 L) V8 190 bhp (140 kW) (except 1956)DimensionsWheelbase108 in (2,743 mm)ChronologySuccessorRambler Classic
The Rambler Six and the Rambler V8 are intermediate sized automobiles that were built and marketed by American Motors Corporation (AMC) for model years 1956 through 1960.
Launched on 15 December 1955, the 1956 model year Rambler Six ushered a "new era in motoring has begun" according to George W. Romney, President of AMC. In 1956, the Rambler was sold through both Nash and Hudson networks of dealerships. This resulted from the merger of the two companies to form AMC in 1954.
The new Rambler line created and defined a new market segment, the "compact car" as the automobile classification was called at that time. A V8 engine powered model, the Rambler V8, was added for the 1957 model year.
Background
The full-size cars made by Nash and Hudson were experiencing declining sales. The newly-organized American Motors focused its resources on introducing a line of smaller cars compared to those then available from the domestic Big Three (General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler) for the 1956 model year.
The designs were developed by AMC's styling director, Edmund E. Anderson, and they were aimed at a new market segment. Although conventional business thinking states that bigger profits were made from sales of bigger cars, American Motors lacked the resources to develop a full range of models targeting different market segments. As the chairman and president of AMC, George W. Romney also avoided a head-to-head battle with the U.S. automakers by focusing the company on the compact car. He "felt that with the Rambler I had the car of the future" and Romney "bet the farm on the Rambler" by spending US$5.4 million on a "crash program to bring the 1957 Rambler to market a year earlier."
The redesigned Rambler line for the 1956 model year was bigger, about 8 inches (203 millimetres) longer overall, but still positioned in the compact car classification of the time. The new for 1956 Rambler was arguably "the most important car American Motors ever built" in that it not only created and defined a new market segment, emphasized the virtues of compact design, but also enabled the automaker to prosper in the post-World War II marketplace that shifted from a seller's to a buyer's market.
The sales war between Ford and Chevrolet conducted during 1953 and 1954 had left little business for the much smaller "independent" automakers trying to compete against the standard models offered by the domestic Big Three (General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler). Imported vehicles from Europe (Volkswagen in 1955, Peugeot in 1958) and Asia (Toyota in 1957) were much smaller, but found buyers in North America.
Model years
1956
1956 Nash Rambler four-door hardtop
1956 Hudson Rambler Custom sedan, with dealer accessory window insect screens
The four-door Ramblers for the 1956 model year were completely redesigned, with a characteristic swept-back C-pillars (the Fashion Safety Arch), unusual wing windows on the rear doors, inboard, grille-mounted headlamps, as well as "the widest windshield" of any car. The short-wheelbase two-door (Nash Rambler) versions were no longer available. The new line retained the 108-inch (2,743 mm) wheelbase that was used for the previous four-door versions of the Nash Rambler, but the overall length was increased by 5 inches (127 mm), to 191.14 in (4,855 mm). The Rambler was substantially smaller outside compared to the other popular domestic cars of the era, but its interior room was equal to the top-selling "low-priced" field. Construction was also unusual, being unit body (what Nash called Double Safe Single Unit).
The 1956 Rambler models were marketed under both the Nash and Hudson brand names. The cars were almost identical except for minor badge engineering that included different logos on the hubcaps, grille insert, and hood emblem.
The new Ramblers came only as four-door models. Along with the usual four-door sedan and station wagon was a new four-door hardtop sedan. Rambler also introduced the industry's first four-door hardtop station wagon in 1956. The station wagons used the same rear doors as the sedans with the back roof dipped lower over the cargo area and featured a standard roof rack. The wagon models were called Cross Country. An innovation for station wagons was Rambler's roll-down tailgate window; competitors' models continued to use upward-hinged rear windows.
The new car was described as "distinct and different .... can be recognized at any angle from its wide-open competition-type grille to the pronounced arch over the rear window." According to automobile journalist Floyd Clymer, "economy and high-performance do not go hand in hand, but in the Rambler, the owner will find a happy medium ... though smaller, is safer than many cars. The welded, unitized body-frame construction offers above-average protection in collisions." The single-unit construction that was used by AMC on all of its models provided a marketing advantage by offering buyers a $25,000 personal automobile injury insurance policy at no extra cost.
The Typhoon straight-six for the new Rambler was based on the previous 195.6 cu in (3.2 L) block, but was improved and featured overhead valves and produced 120 bhp (89 kW; 122 PS). It was the only engine available in the 1956 Rambler because the automaker was still developing its own V8. This engine was said to deliver 33% more power than the 1955 version, and - at up to 30 miles per US gallon (7.8 L/100 km; 36 mpg‑imp) - provided better fuel economy than the competition. The new Rambler also changed to a 12-volt electrical system. The automatic transmission was the GM-produced Hydramatic (called Flashaway by AMC). A torque tube drive system was used with a four-wheel coil spring suspension instead of the previous Hotchkiss drive setup.
The interiors were offered in fifteen colors and offered "genuine leather" (in six colors) as an option. The station wagons were popular with buyers, and in addition to power brakes (standard on Custom models), frequently ordered options included power steering, two- and three-tone exterior color schemes, a continental tire, Weather Eye heating and air conditioning system, as well as dealer accessory window insect screens to use with the individually adjustable and reclining front seats that could be used as a bed.
The new Rambler model became the replacement for the large-sized Nash and Hudson "legacy" models that were now suffering from dwindling sales. On the other hand, the Rambler was the only completely new "popular-priced" car in 1956. Consumer reaction to the 1956 Rambler was very positive. Advertising for the new car urged potential buyers to "Drive the Rambler - You'll Make the Smart Switch for 1956." Almost 74 percent of surveyed Rambler owners by Popular Mechanics described their cars as small and roomy, as well as easy to park and operate.
Sales for the inaugural year totaled 66,573. Of these, 20,496 were badged as Hudsons. Soon, the all-new "compact-sized" (as vehicles were defined at that time) models experienced a "sales explosion".
1957
1957 Rambler Custom Cross Country
1957 Rambler Super sedan
In 1957, the Rambler was established as a separate marque and these models became the foundation for the new company's best sales performance through the late 1950s. Sales increased to 82,000.
The four-door sedans and station wagons were offered as well as a four-door hardtop body style with no "B" pillar. The most basic trim level, Deluxe, was essentially for fleet customers and only available with the I6 engine. The Super and Custom trimmed models came with the I6 or AMC's new V8 engine. The Deluxe had no exterior side trim or series name, the Super came with a single full-length body side molding and a "Super" script emblem, and the Custom featured dual full-body side moldings with a "Custom" script emblem and a round "R" medallion on the top of the front fenders.
The new Rambler Cross Country was "typical of the stylish, yet highly practical wagons built by AMC in the 1950s" and was offered in solid colors or two- or three-tone paint schemes. Only a few station wagons "were available in 1957 with the very vogue hardtop configuration", and Rambler's Cross Country station wagon in Custom trim carried a relatively low price of $2,715. Options included seat belts, padded dash, and child proof door locks.
This was the first year the Rambler offered a new 250 cu in (4.1 L) V8 engine, producing 190 bhp (142 kW; 193 PS). A companion model in four-door hardtop style and featuring AMC's new high-performance 327 cu in (5.4 L) V8 was also introduced in 1957. This was the Rambler Rebel and it was an early "muscle car." With overdrive, the 1957 model was capable of up to 32 mpg‑US (38 mpg‑imp; 7.4 L/100 km).
The first American journalist to drive a U.S. automobile uncensored through the Soviet Union was Harry Walton in a brand new 1957 Rambler station wagon assembled in Belgium. The engine was detuned at the Brussels assembly plant to run on 74 octane gasoline available only in certain gas stations, and on one occasion, "to the Rambler's eternal credit it swallowed the stuff, protesting mildly." The heavily loaded station wagon cruised at 60 mph (97 km/h) and travelled 22.35 miles per US gallon (10.52 L/100 km; 26.84 mpg‑imp). The journalist drove 3,500 miles (5,633 km) from the Polish border near Brest to the port city of Yalta, and Walton reported the Rambler station wagon "galvanized Russians into attention everywhere."
1958
1958 Rambler Custom sedan
1958 Rambler Super sedan
Fifty-six carloads of new 1958 Ramblers for Avis Rent a Car in Florida
The 1958 Rambler Six's tailfinned rear
George W. Romney stated "the Hudson and Nash would remain distinctive in size from the Rambler in 1958." Designs were developed for the big-car Hudson and Nash models to share the Rambler automobile platform by stretching the body about nine inches ahead of the cowl. However, the Rambler became the new AMC division following the discontinuation of both the Nash and Hudson lines after the 1957 model year.
The larger-sized 1958 Ramblers incorporated "more than 100 changes and were outwardly quite different from their predecessors." The cars received "a complete reskin that made the 1956 bodies look a bit bulkier". This major redesign featured new front and rear fenders. A new front end moved the headlamps from inside the grille to the top of the front fenders and featured twin headlamps on each side on the "Super" and "Custom" models, as well as full-length bodyside moldings. The basic "Deluxe" trim models had no side trim and came standard with single headlights, but the new "quad" headlights were optional.
The 1958 Ramblers now had the industry's requisite flared tailfins. The Rambler line was one of the last among the domestic automobiles to incorporate tailfins to its body design (and also one of the first to eliminate them). When asked why the 1958 Ramblers featured this styling feature, George W. Romney, AMC's Chairman and CEO responded, "If we have to use tail fins to get people to try compact cars, we'll use tail fins. Later on, we will certainly be able to do away with them, and to build clean, simple, uncluttered cars."
By 1958, Rambler was selling half of its production as station wagons, proportionately more of that body style than any other automaker. All Rambler station wagons carried the Cross Country name. The innovative hardtop (no "B-pillar") station wagon body style was no longer available in the Rambler line, as it was reserved for the 1958 Ambassador models. The Rambler station wagons featured a step-down roof over their rear cargo area and a standard roof rack. The new design also featured wider rear openings with a frame-less roll-down rear window and a "one-finger" latch on the spring-assisted tailgate. Rambler's new one-piece, fold-down station wagon tailgate was adopted by all the U.S. automakers by 1961. A horizontal roller-type "window blind" was available to hide the lower half of the wagon's 80 cubic feet (2,265 L) cargo area. Motor Trend magazine conducted a comparison test of four 1958 station wagons (Rambler, Ford, DeSoto, and Oldsmobile) and found that the compact Rambler could hold as much cargo as the others.
The Rambler models continued to be the shortest cars marketed in the United States – at 191 inches (4,851 mm) in total length – with room for six passengers. Rambler's marketing focused on having "the best of both: 1. American big car room and comfort. 2. European small car economy and handling ease." Powering the Rambler Six was AMC's new 127 hp (95 kW; 129 PS) overhead valve (OHV) 195.6 cu in (3.2 L) straight-six. NASCAR tests showed the Rambler Six had a $0.01 per mile gasoline cost when equipped with overdrive transmission. A V8 engine was available in the performance-oriented Rambler Rebel models.
A Borg-Warner torque converter "Flash-O-Matic" automatic transmission, with the "then-trendy pushbutton" gear selection on the far left side of the instrument panel, was optional. Also new on the left side for the driver was a step-on parking brake pedal.
American Motors instituted a new paint system for the 1958 model year. All Ramblers received rust-inhibiting by submerging assembled bodies up to their roof into a large 40-foot (12 m) vat of primer (not sprayed on) before the color coat was applied, a revolutionary process that was later copied by other automakers. After drying, an additional wax-based compound was sprayed inside girders, rocker panels, fenders, and other hidden areas in the car bodies.
American Motors promoted the 1958 Rambler in several advertising campaigns. One approach featured George W. Romney challenging "the big car concept." A series of print ads also mocked the domestic Big Three automakers' standard-sized cars featuring illustrations by famous cartoonists showing the compact Rambler easily getting through places that would get the large "gas guzzling dinosaur" automobiles stuck. An example is the story, "The Millionaire and The Rambler" by Otto Soglow. Chon Day illustrated a story on how "Rambler foils bank robbery."
Sales of the Rambler six and V8 increased to 119,000 during a year when all U.S. cars were down in volume. The 1958 Ramblers "sold like hotcakes" and returned the smallest U.S. automaker to profitability. Together with the smaller Rambler American line, AMC "broke sales records" in 1958 as consumers valued basic transportation from their automobiles and no longer cared "how big their cars were." Although in the midst of the Recession of 1958, Rambler captured seventh place in automobile sales.
1959
1959 Rambler Country Club hardtop with optional continental tire
1959 Rambler Custom sedan
1959 Rambler Six Super Cross Country
Improvements to the Rambler included a full-width die-cast grille while the bodyside gained an uninterrupted line. Rather than blending into the C-pillar, the beltline continued to the tailfins. Engineering changes included thicker brake linings and larger brakes for V8-powered cars, as well as fuel economy improvements with lower axle ratios and more efficient carburetor for the I6 engines. An electrically engaged overdrive unit behind the three-speed manual transmission was also available. The automatic transmission was operated by pushbuttons on the left side of the instrument panel. The button functions were indicated by lights with amber for neutral and start, red for reverse, and green for the three drive gears. Engine starting was now incorporated into the neutral pushbutton, thus eliminating the ignition key start switch. Accidental starter engagement was prevented by a vacuum lockout when the engine was running. To increase longevity, Rambler mufflers were aluminum-coated on the inside and zinc-coated on the outside.
A total of eleven models were offered for 1959 in four-door sedan and station wagon versions as well as a four-door hardtop (no B-pillar) body style. The base "Deluxe" model came only as a six-cylinder 4-door sedan, the "Super" and "Custom" trims were available as "Economy 6" or "Rebel V-8" sedans or "Cross Country" station wagons, while the hardtop "Country Club" model came in Economy 6 Super or as a Rebel V-8 Custom. The Super models featured a contrasting color for the rear side trim while Custom models included a full-length secondary color-filled body side trim. Premium options and conveniences continued to be offered including "Weather Eye" air-conditioning, air suspension on V8 equipped cars, limited slip differentials, an exterior-mounted continental tire, as well as the American Motors' exclusive individually adjustable and reclining front seats with headrests that "would pay for themselves in safety if the car was banged from the rear."
A survey of 5,000 Popular Science magazine readers about all the new 1959 cars resulted in Rambler achieving the highest response to "Which car is the best deal for the money?" with its economy being cited as being most important for the owners. When asked "if you buy a '59, which one will you pick?" resulted in Ford being selected by 17% of the respondents while Rambler and Chevrolet tied for second place at 16%. The Ramblers "were well built, roomy, and economical, and found favor with thousands of American families. The unit body construction of the Ramblers was "found to be more superior to the others in terms of body tightness and freedom from rattles and twisting."
Sales of the bigger Ramblers did very well, especially given the automobile industry's modest recovery in 1959. Promotion by AMC focused on the car's compact size offering "big car room and comfort" along with "small car economy and handling." Ramblers attracted over a quarter-million customers, with the majority of them being sixes, as the Rebel V8 found just 16,399 buyers. The most popular body style was the "Cross Country" representing about half of the sales during 1959. These station wagons featured economy in fuel consumption and overall use as well as 80 cubic feet (2.27 m3) of cargo space and room to fit 4-by-8-foot (1.22 m × 2.44 m) sheets of plywood. Rambler finished 1959 in sixth place among all models produced in the U.S. and AMC ended with $60 million in profits.
1960
1960 Rambler Six Deluxe sedan, the lowest-priced equipment level
1960 Rambler Super Cross Country
The 1960 models featured numerous exterior and interior design changes. The greenhouse was made "lighter" with a narrower C-pillar and roof profile, as well as slanting both the windshield and rear window at a greater angle providing for an "airy cabin." The front end was simplified, while the tailfins became smaller thus highlighting the new tall taillamps. The overall length was trimmed by 1.6 inches (41 mm) because of a new spit-bumper design. Riding on 15-inch wheels the Rambler appeared to be larger than it actually was. The interior was also revised and the instrument panel now incorporated all instrumentation within a large oval in front of the driver.
The practice of separate Six and Rebel V8 models now ended with the focus on the Rambler name and the trim three levels: "Deluxe", "Super", and "Custom". Each was offered with "Economy 6 or Rebel V-8 engines."
The larger Rambler sedans were joined by a new four-door Rambler American model that rode on the shorter 100 in (2,540 mm) platform as the smaller two-door sedan and wagon series, but sales of all Ramblers continued to increase. In 1960, the Rambler line reached third place in total annual industry sales in the United States. The 1960 Rambler Six with its 127 hp (95 kW; 129 PS) 195.6 cu in (3.2 L) engine became the best selling model for AMC with 297,368 sold for the year.
Overseas assembly
1956 Hudson Rambler with right-hand drive In South Africa
Canada
The former Nash plant on Danforth Avenue in Toronto produced the Rambler Six from 1955 until 1957. Production ended as subsequent models were imported from the United States.
Mexico
Midsize Rambler models were assembled from CKD kits in Mexico during two different periods. The first was under Armadora Mexicana based in Mexico City, between 1956 and 1957, and the second was under Planta REO based in Monterrey, from late 1959. Because of the low sales volume, American Motors terminated its contract with Armadora Mexicana that originally began with AMC's predecessor company in 1950. Complete Rambler models were again imported from the United States (between 1957 and 1958) and sold through a limited network of dealerships, most of which were located in Mexico City. The agreement with Planta REO was formalized in 1959, becoming AMC's second partner in the country and resuming local assembly.
Between 1958 and 1959, the Mexican midsize Rambler line consisted of a four-door sedan in Super trim, a four-door hardtop in Super trim, and a four-door pillared wagon in Cross Country trim. All three versions were powered by the one-barrel OHV 127 hp (95 kW; 129 PS) 195.6 cu in (3.2 L) I6 engines. A three-speed manual transmission was standard with the three-speed automatic as an option, including the push-button version.
The problem of low sales volume continued under Planta REO and AMC also canceled this contract. The company signed an agreement with Toyota in 1960. Planta REO did not focus on the Rambler brand in favor of the Japanese one, being allegedly an important or the main cause of the low commercial success of this second venture of AMC in Mexico. By March 1964, the relationship with Toyota was also terminated because the Mexican government increased the domestic content rate as well as the bankruptcy of Planta Reo.
Imports of completed AMC vehicles into Mexico resumed until a third domestic production partner was established. Willys Mexicana, the company that would become Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) was the third local company that AMC would sign an agreement with during 1960. However, VAM did not assemble the Rambler Six and Rambler V8 models, focusing instead on the smaller-sized Rambler American cars. This marked the end of both the midsize Ramblers and subsequent first-generation Rambler Classics in the Mexican market. VAM never sought to import them instead either in 1960 and 1961 and the auto industry integration decree published in 1962 would legally ban the importation of fully assembled vehicles and engines. Willys Mexicana would not introduce a midsize AMC automobile until 1963, the cars being the second-generation Rambler Classic models.
The 1956 through 1959 Rambler models represented the only case of an AMC midsize station wagon being available in Mexico as the future second-generation Classic, Rebel, and Matador station wagons would not be produced in the country. It also represented the only case in Mexico in which AMC's intermediate line had more than two body styles available.
As of 2017, there is no record of the high-performance 1957 Rambler Rebel being available in Mexico, although there was the possibility of it being imported through individual orders.
1956 Nash Rambler sedan with right-hand drive in New Zealand
Australia
Ramblers were assembled in Australia by Australian Motor Industries (AMI) starting in October 1960 under an agreement with AMC. They were assembled with right-hand drive from semi knock-down (SKD) kits shipped from U.S. factories. Many components such as upholstery, lights, and other parts were locally sourced to meet import tariff concessions.
New Zealand
The 1956-1960 Rambler models were assembled in New Zealand with a right-hand drive from semi-knock-down kits sourced from Canada. The cars were assembled by VW Motors in Otahuhu, Auckland where they were made alongside Volkswagen vehicles. Rambler production continued at the VW plant until 1962.
Legacy
American Motors began the process of differentiating the Rambler brand name from its various sizes and similar model names. New nameplates were introduced; the Rambler Six and Rambler Rebel V8 were both renamed the Rambler Classic in 1961.
Notes
^ Romney, George (28 November 1955). "A new era in motoring has begun (advertisement)". Life. Vol. 39, no. 22. p. 4. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ "See the all new Rambler "Cross Country" - Nash dealers have it, Hudson dealers have it (advertisement)". Life. Vol. 40, no. 7. 13 February 1956. p. 105. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ a b Severson, Aaron (19 September 2009). "Fashionably Small: The Compact Nash Rambler". Ate Up With Motor. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
^ a b c d "1956-1957 Rambler". How Stuff Works. 5 September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
^ Flammang, James M. (1994). Chronicle of the American automobile: over 100 years of auto history. Publications International. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-7853-0778-5.
^ a b c d e f g "Make the smart switch for '56 (Rambler advertisement)". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^ a b c d "All-new Rambler for 1956 (advertisement)". Life. Vol. 40, no. 10. 5 March 1956. p. 75. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ a b c "Rambler has everything new - even a hardtop wagon". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 105, no. 1. January 1956. pp. 114–117. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ a b c Rowsome Jr., Frank (January 1956). "Rambler puts a new engine in a new body". Popular Science. Vol. 168, no. 1. pp. 148–151. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ a b Olsen, Byron (2000). Station Wagons. Motorbooks. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-0-7603-0632-1. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ "Parade of '56 cars: Rambler". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 105, no. 2. February 1956. p. 184. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ Clymer, Floyd (June 1956). "Clymer road tests the 1956 Rambler". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 105, no. 6. pp. 107–234. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ "We back the biggest difference in cars today with a $25,000 personal automobile injury insurance policy (advertisement)". Life. Vol. 40, no. 11. 12 March 1956. pp. 16–17. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ "Presenting for 1956 (advertisement)". Old Car Advertising. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^ a b "Rambler is small but roomy and easy to park, say owners". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 105, no. 6. June 1956. pp. 106–107, 109–111, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ a b "Reaction to the 1956 Rambler". How Stuff Works. 5 September 2007. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
^ a b c d "1956-1957 Rambler Specifications". How Stuff Works. 5 September 2007. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
^ a b Gunnell, John (2004). Standard guide to 1950s American cars. Krause Publications. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-87349-868-5. basic Deluxe trim was essentially for fleet customers.
^ Mort, Norm (2010). American Station Wagons: The Golden Era 1950-1975. Veloce. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-84584-268-0. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ Bogart, Angelo Van (2010). 50s Flashback: Fabulous Cars We'll Never Forget. Krause Publications. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-4402-1412-7.
^ "1957 Rambler Brochure". Oldcarbrochures.com. p. 8. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^ Holder, William; Kunz, Phil (2006). Extreme Muscle Cars: The Factory Lightweight Legacy. Krause Publications. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-89689-278-1.
^ "Only '57 Rambler gives you both (advertisement)". oldcaradvertising.com. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^ a b c d Walton, Harry (February 1958). "Inside Russia by car". Popular Science. Vol. 172, no. 2. pp. 90–104, 234. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ Railton, Art (February 1957). "Detroit Listening Post". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 107, no. 2. p. 195. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ Railton, Art (May 1957). "Detroit Listening Post". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 107, no. 5. p. 97. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ Mort, Norm (2010). American 'independent' Automakers: AMC to Willys 1945 to 1960. Veloce. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-84584-239-0. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ Cars of the 50s. Beekman House. 1981. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-517-26278-8. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2022. Larger Ramblers received more than 100 changes for 1958 were outwardly quite different from their predecessors
^ a b c "1958 Rambler Cars". How Stuff Works. 15 June 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
^ a b c Gunnell, John (2004). Standard guide to 1950s American cars. Krause Publications. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-87349-868-5. The Rambler line was one of the last to add tail-fins to its cars and one of the first to drop them.
^ a b "Rambler". Popular Science. Vol. 171, no. 5. November 1957. p. 96. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ Christensen, Carl R.; Andrews, Kenneth R.; Bower, Joseph L.; Learned, Edmund P. (1978). Business policy. R. D. Irwin. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-256-01989-6. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
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^ Carroll, William (January 1958). "Getting the most from your 1958 car". Popular Science. Vol. 172, no. 1. p. 125. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ "1958 Rambler Rebel". How Stuff Works. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
^ Abernathy, William J. (1978). The productivity dilemma: roadblock to innovation in the automobile industry. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 207–208. ISBN 978-0-8018-2081-6.
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^ Stevenson, Heon (2008). American automobile advertising, 1930-1980: an illustrated history. McFarland. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-7864-3685-9. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ "The Millionaire and The Rambler (advertisement)". Life. Vol. 44, no. 3. 20 January 1958. p. inside front cover. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ "Rambler foils bank robbery (advertisement)". Life. Vol. 44, no. 26. 30 June 1958. p. inside front cover. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ a b c d e f Francis, Devon (October 1958). "1959 Rambler Boosts its miles per gallon". Popular Science. Vol. 173, no. 4. pp. 100–101. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ Plas, Gerald O. (1967). The Romney riddle. Berwyn Publishers. p. 21.
^ Covey, Stephen R. (2011). The 3rd Alternative: Solving Life's Most Difficult Problems. Free Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-4516-2626-1. 1958 Rambler gas guzzling dinosaur.
^ Shiers, Will (2010). Roadside Relics: America's Abandoned Automobiles. Motorbooks. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-61060-114-6. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
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^ "1959 X-Ray Rambler brochure". oldcarbrochures.org. pp. 28–29. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
^ a b "What do you Think of the '59s". Popular Science. Vol. 174, no. 1. January 1959. pp. 96–99. Retrieved 27 September 2022 – via Google Books.
^ a b c Olsen, Byron (2000). Station Wagons. MotorBooks International. pp. 61–65. ISBN 978-1-61059-189-8. Retrieved 27 September 2022 – via Google Books.
^ "Announcing Rambler for '59 - the compact car with the best of both (advertisement)". Life. Vol. 45, no. 17. 27 October 1958. pp. 5–7. Retrieved 27 September 2022 – via Google Books.
^ Mort, Norm (2010). American Station Wagons: The Golden Era 1950-1975. Veloce Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-84584-268-0. Retrieved 27 September 2022 – via Google Books.
^ a b Shea, Terry (September 2012). "Brand Champions". Hemmings Classic Car. p. 19.
^ Whipple, Jim (August 1960). "Rambler is comfortable to easy to drive, but marred by minor flaws". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 114, no. 2. pp. 86–90, 228. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.
^ "1960 Rambler Rebel". How Stuff Works. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
^ "1958-1960 Rambler American". How Stuff Works. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
^ Catlett, J. Stephen (1999). Martin's and Miller's Greensboro. Arcadia Publishing. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-7385-0315-8.
^ James C. Mays (2007). 1957 Nash. Old Cars Canada. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
^ a b c Lozano, Jose Ramírez (11 June 2011). "Planta REO de México, S.A." Retro Busses (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 December 2023.
^ a b "75 Years of Toyota - Part 2. Chapter 1. Section 5. Item 3. The Advance of Knockdown Exports". toyota-global.com. 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
^ "Historia de VAM". clubramblermexico.org. 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
^ McPherson, Scott (26 January 2014). "Automotive History: Ramblin' in the Southern Hemisphere". Curb Side Classic. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^ Niall, Todd (6 October 2018). "The empty halls of New Zealand's car assembly industry". Stuff - Sunday Star Times. New Zealand. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^ "American Motors". Automobile Quarterly. 40 (4): 102. 2000.
References
Conde, John A. (1987). The American Motors Family Album. American Motors Corporation. OCLC 3185581.
Foster, Patrick R. (2004). AMC Cars: 1954-1987, An Illustrated History. Motorbooks International. ISBN 978-1-58388-112-5.
Foster, Patrick R. (1993). The Last Independent. Motorbooks International. ISBN 978-0-87341-240-7.
Gunnell, John, ed. (1987). The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946-1975. Krause Publications. ISBN 978-0-87341-096-0.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rambler Six and V8.
The AMC Rambler Car Club
The Nash Car Club
American Motors Owners Association
Ramblers History on amcrc.com
AMCyclopedia AMC/Rambler History/Documentation Site
Rambler Six at the Internet Movie Cars Database
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Javelin
Marlin
Matador
Metropolitan
Pacer
Rebel
Spirit
IKA-Renault
Torino
Rambler
Ambassador by Rambler
American
Classic
Marlin
Rambler Six and V8
Rambler Rebel
Renault
Alliance
Encore
Fuego
LeCar
18i/Sportwagon
Medallion
Premier
Military
M422 Mighty Mite
VAM
Lerma
Concept
Amitron
AMX-GT
Cavalier
Astra-Gnome
Electron
Tarpon
XR-400
Affiliations
AM General
Australian Motor Industries
Beijing Jeep
Chrysler
Hudson Motors
Industrias Kaiser Argentina
Jeep
Kelvinator
Nash Motors
Nash-Kelvinator
Rambler
Renault
Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos
Wheel Horse
People
Roy Abernethy
Edmund E. Anderson
Richard Arbib
A.E. Barit
Georges Besse
Joseph E. Cappy
François Castaing
Roy D. Chapin Jr.
Richard E. Cross
Jose Dedeurwaerder
Robert B. Evans
Charles T. Jeffery
Thomas B. Jeffery
Roy Lunn
George W. Mason
Gerald C. Meyers
Charles W. Nash
George W. Romney
Helene Rother
Dick Teague
W. Paul Tippett Jr.
Facilities
American Center
Brampton Assembly
Brampton Assembly (AMC)
Kenosha Engine
Toledo Complex
Related topics
AMC 15
AMC 20
AMC and Jeep transmissions
Collier Motors
Computerized engine control
Cross Country (automobile)
Electrosport
Engines (list)
Go package
Renix
Weather Eye
Category
Commons
vteAmerican Motors Corporation (AMC) road car timeline, United States market, 1954–1987 Eagle »
Type
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Subcompact car
Metropolitan
LeCar
Encore
Gremlin
Spirit
Compact car
Rambler
Rambler American
Hornet
Concord
Jet
Pacer
Alliance
Mid-size car
Six & V8
Six
Classic
Rebel
Matador
18i/Sportwagon
Medallion
Rebel
Marlin
Matador Coupe
Full-size car
Nash Ambassador
Ambassador
Hudson Hornet
Hudson Wasp
Sports car/Roadster
N-H
AMX
AMX
Fuego
GTA
Italia
Javelin
Crossover utility v.
Eagle
SUV
see early timeline of Jeep models
see late timeline of Jeep models
Military vehicles
Mighty Mite
AM General
Vehicles sold under Renault marque in gold background
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intermediate sized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-size_car"},{"link_name":"American Motors Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Motors_Corporation"},{"link_name":"model year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_year"},{"link_name":"George W. Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Romney"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Motors"},{"link_name":"Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Motor_Car_Company"},{"link_name":"dealerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_dealership"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"compact car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_car"},{"link_name":"V8 engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_V8_engine"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe Rambler Six and the Rambler V8 are intermediate sized automobiles that were built and marketed by American Motors Corporation (AMC) for model years 1956 through 1960.Launched on 15 December 1955, the 1956 model year Rambler Six ushered a \"new era in motoring has begun\" according to George W. Romney, President of AMC.[1] In 1956, the Rambler was sold through both Nash and Hudson networks of dealerships.[2] This resulted from the merger of the two companies to form AMC in 1954.The new Rambler line created and defined a new market segment, the \"compact car\" as the automobile classification was called at that time. A V8 engine powered model, the Rambler V8, was added for the 1957 model year.","title":"Rambler Six and V8"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Severson-3"},{"link_name":"Big Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Three_(automobile_manufacturers)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stuffframbler-4"},{"link_name":"Edmund E. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_E._Anderson"},{"link_name":"George W. Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Romney"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stuffframbler-4"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stuffframbler-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Severson-3"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"seller's to a buyer's market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_and_demand"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stuffframbler-4"},{"link_name":"Big Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Three_(automobile_manufacturers)"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Chrysler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_of_America"},{"link_name":"Peugeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot#After_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Sales,_U.S.A.,_Inc."}],"text":"The full-size cars made by Nash and Hudson were experiencing declining sales.[3] The newly-organized American Motors focused its resources on introducing a line of smaller cars compared to those then available from the domestic Big Three (General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler) for the 1956 model year.[4]The designs were developed by AMC's styling director, Edmund E. Anderson, and they were aimed at a new market segment. Although conventional business thinking states that bigger profits were made from sales of bigger cars, American Motors lacked the resources to develop a full range of models targeting different market segments. As the chairman and president of AMC, George W. Romney also avoided a head-to-head battle with the U.S. automakers by focusing the company on the compact car.[4] He \"felt that with the Rambler I had the car of the future\" and Romney \"bet the farm on the Rambler\" by spending US$5.4 million on a \"crash program to bring the 1957 Rambler to market a year earlier.\"[4]The redesigned Rambler line for the 1956 model year was bigger, about 8 inches (203 millimetres) longer overall, but still positioned in the compact car classification of the time.[3] The new for 1956 Rambler was arguably \"the most important car American Motors ever built\" in that it not only created and defined a new market segment, emphasized the virtues of compact design, but also enabled the automaker to prosper in the post-World War II marketplace that shifted from a seller's to a buyer's market.[4]The sales war between Ford and Chevrolet conducted during 1953 and 1954 had left little business for the much smaller \"independent\" automakers trying to compete against the standard models offered by the domestic Big Three (General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler).[5] Imported vehicles from Europe (Volkswagen in 1955, Peugeot in 1958) and Asia (Toyota in 1957) were much smaller, but found buyers in North America.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Model years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1956_Nash_Rambler_four-door_hardtop_tri-color_at_Rambler_Ranch.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1956_Hudson_Rambler_sedan_Hershey_2012_a.jpg"},{"link_name":"C-pillars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillar_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1956ad-smart-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1956-Life-Ad-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pm-1956-01-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1956-Life-Ad-7"},{"link_name":"wheelbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbase"},{"link_name":"Nash Rambler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Rambler"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pm-1956-01-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ps-1956-01-9"},{"link_name":"unit body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocoque"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1956ad-smart-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1956-Life-Ad-7"},{"link_name":"badge engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badge_engineering"},{"link_name":"hubcaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubcap"},{"link_name":"sedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan_(car)"},{"link_name":"station wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_wagon"},{"link_name":"hardtop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtop"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-olsen-10"},{"link_name":"roof rack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof_rack"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-olsen-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pm-1956-01-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Typhoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_straight-6_engine"},{"link_name":"straight-six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-six_engine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1956ad-smart-6"},{"link_name":"overhead valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_valve"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_V8_engine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ps-1956-01-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1956-Life-Ad-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1956ad-smart-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1956ad-smart-6"},{"link_name":"Hydramatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydramatic"},{"link_name":"torque tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_tube"},{"link_name":"coil spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coil_spring"},{"link_name":"Hotchkiss drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotchkiss_drive"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ps-1956-01-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1956ad-smart-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1956ad-smart-6"},{"link_name":"continental tire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_tire"},{"link_name":"Weather Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Eye"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pm-1956-06-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stufframbler2-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stufframbler2-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stufframbler4-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pm-1956-06-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stufframbler4-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stufframbler4-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stufframbler4-17"}],"sub_title":"1956","text":"1956 Nash Rambler four-door hardtop1956 Hudson Rambler Custom sedan, with dealer accessory window insect screensThe four-door Ramblers for the 1956 model year were completely redesigned, with a characteristic swept-back C-pillars (the Fashion Safety Arch),[6] unusual wing windows on the rear doors,[7] inboard, grille-mounted headlamps,[8] as well as \"the widest windshield\" of any car.[7] The short-wheelbase two-door (Nash Rambler) versions were no longer available. The new line retained the 108-inch (2,743 mm) wheelbase that was used for the previous four-door versions of the Nash Rambler, but the overall length was increased by 5 inches (127 mm), to 191.14 in (4,855 mm). The Rambler was substantially smaller outside compared to the other popular domestic cars of the era, but its interior room was equal to the top-selling \"low-priced\" field.[8][9] Construction was also unusual, being unit body (what Nash called Double Safe Single Unit).[6]The 1956 Rambler models were marketed under both the Nash and Hudson brand names.[7] The cars were almost identical except for minor badge engineering that included different logos on the hubcaps, grille insert, and hood emblem.The new Ramblers came only as four-door models. Along with the usual four-door sedan and station wagon was a new four-door hardtop sedan. Rambler also introduced the industry's first four-door hardtop station wagon in 1956.[10] The station wagons used the same rear doors as the sedans with the back roof dipped lower over the cargo area and featured a standard roof rack.[10] The wagon models were called Cross Country. An innovation for station wagons was Rambler's roll-down tailgate window; competitors' models continued to use upward-hinged rear windows.[8]The new car was described as \"distinct and different .... can be recognized at any angle from its wide-open competition-type grille to the pronounced arch over the rear window.\"[11] According to automobile journalist Floyd Clymer, \"economy and high-performance do not go hand in hand, but in the Rambler, the owner will find a happy medium ... though smaller, is safer than many cars. The welded, unitized body-frame construction offers above-average protection in collisions.\"[12] The single-unit construction that was used by AMC on all of its models provided a marketing advantage by offering buyers a $25,000 personal automobile injury insurance policy at no extra cost.[13]The Typhoon straight-six[6] for the new Rambler was based on the previous 195.6 cu in (3.2 L) block, but was improved and featured overhead valves and produced 120 bhp (89 kW; 122 PS).[14] It was the only engine available in the 1956 Rambler because the automaker was still developing its own V8.[9] This engine was said to deliver 33% more power than the 1955 version, and - at up to 30 miles per US gallon (7.8 L/100 km; 36 mpg‑imp) - provided better fuel economy than the competition.[7][6] The new Rambler also changed to a 12-volt electrical system.[6] The automatic transmission was the GM-produced Hydramatic (called Flashaway by AMC). A torque tube drive system was used with a four-wheel coil spring suspension instead of the previous Hotchkiss drive setup.[9]The interiors were offered in fifteen colors and offered \"genuine leather\" (in six colors) as an option.[6] The station wagons were popular with buyers, and in addition to power brakes (standard on Custom models),[6] frequently ordered options included power steering, two- and three-tone exterior color schemes, a continental tire, Weather Eye heating and air conditioning system, as well as dealer accessory window insect screens to use with the individually adjustable and reclining front seats that could be used as a bed.[15]The new Rambler model became the replacement for the large-sized Nash and Hudson \"legacy\" models that were now suffering from dwindling sales. On the other hand, the Rambler was the only completely new \"popular-priced\" car in 1956.[16] Consumer reaction to the 1956 Rambler was very positive.[16] Advertising for the new car urged potential buyers to \"Drive the Rambler - You'll Make the Smart Switch for 1956.\"[17] Almost 74 percent of surveyed Rambler owners by Popular Mechanics described their cars as small and roomy, as well as easy to park and operate.[15]Sales for the inaugural year totaled 66,573.[17] Of these, 20,496 were badged as Hudsons.[17] Soon, the all-new \"compact-sized\" (as vehicles were defined at that time) models experienced a \"sales explosion\".[17]","title":"Model years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1957_Rambler_Custom_Cross-Country_wagon_AnnMD-a.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1957_Nash_Rambler_Super_(35480892192)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"marque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marque"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunnell-171-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunnell-171-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Rambler Rebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambler_Rebel"},{"link_name":"muscle car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_car"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russia-24"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"octane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octane_rating"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russia-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russia-24"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Yalta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russia-24"}],"sub_title":"1957","text":"1957 Rambler Custom Cross Country1957 Rambler Super sedanIn 1957, the Rambler was established as a separate marque and these models became the foundation for the new company's best sales performance through the late 1950s. Sales increased to 82,000.The four-door sedans and station wagons were offered as well as a four-door hardtop body style with no \"B\" pillar. The most basic trim level, Deluxe, was essentially for fleet customers and only available with the I6 engine.[18] The Super and Custom trimmed models came with the I6 or AMC's new V8 engine. The Deluxe had no exterior side trim or series name, the Super came with a single full-length body side molding and a \"Super\" script emblem, and the Custom featured dual full-body side moldings with a \"Custom\" script emblem and a round \"R\" medallion on the top of the front fenders.[18]The new Rambler Cross Country was \"typical of the stylish, yet highly practical wagons built by AMC in the 1950s\" and was offered in solid colors or two- or three-tone paint schemes.[19] Only a few station wagons \"were available in 1957 with the very vogue hardtop configuration\", and Rambler's Cross Country station wagon in Custom trim carried a relatively low price of $2,715.[20] Options included seat belts, padded dash, and child proof door locks.[21]This was the first year the Rambler offered a new 250 cu in (4.1 L) V8 engine, producing 190 bhp (142 kW; 193 PS). A companion model in four-door hardtop style and featuring AMC's new high-performance 327 cu in (5.4 L) V8 was also introduced in 1957. This was the Rambler Rebel and it was an early \"muscle car.\"[22] With overdrive, the 1957 model was capable of up to 32 mpg‑US (38 mpg‑imp; 7.4 L/100 km).[23]The first American journalist to drive a U.S. automobile uncensored through the Soviet Union was Harry Walton in a brand new 1957 Rambler station wagon assembled in Belgium.[24] The engine was detuned at the Brussels assembly plant to run on 74 octane gasoline available only in certain gas stations, and on one occasion, \"to the Rambler's eternal credit it swallowed the [ordinary Soviet] stuff, protesting mildly.\"[24] The heavily loaded station wagon cruised at 60 mph (97 km/h) and travelled 22.35 miles per US gallon (10.52 L/100 km; 26.84 mpg‑imp).[24] The journalist drove 3,500 miles (5,633 km) from the Polish border near Brest to the port city of Yalta, and Walton reported the Rambler station wagon \"galvanized Russians into attention everywhere.\"[24]","title":"Model years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1958_Rambler_sedan_pink_and_white_NJ.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1958_Rambler_Super_(5160410746).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fifty-six_carloads_of_new_1958_Ramblers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Avis Rent a Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avis_Rent_a_Car_System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rambler_Custom_sedan_rear_--_03-08-2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"George W. Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Romney"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"automobile platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_platform"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58ramblercars-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunnell-172-30"},{"link_name":"headlamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headlamp"},{"link_name":"grille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grille_(car)"},{"link_name":"tailfins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_tailfin"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSrambler96-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunnell-172-30"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSwagons106-33"},{"link_name":"hardtop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtop"},{"link_name":"Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_Ambassador#1958"},{"link_name":"roof rack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof_rack"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSwagons106-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"window blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_blind"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSwagons106-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSrambler96-31"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Life-4_November-35"},{"link_name":"overhead valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_valve"},{"link_name":"straight-six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_straight-6_engine"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunnell-172-30"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Life-4_November-35"},{"link_name":"Rambler Rebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambler_Rebel"},{"link_name":"Borg-Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg-Warner"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58ramblercars-29"},{"link_name":"parking brake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_brake"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"rust-inhibiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"primer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_(paint)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"cartoonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoonist"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Otto Soglow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Soglow"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Chon Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chon_Day"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrancisPS-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Rambler American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambler_American"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Recession of 1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recession_of_1958"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"1958","text":"1958 Rambler Custom sedan1958 Rambler Super sedanFifty-six carloads of new 1958 Ramblers for Avis Rent a Car in FloridaThe 1958 Rambler Six's tailfinned rearGeorge W. Romney stated \"the Hudson and Nash would remain distinctive in size from the Rambler in 1958.\"[25] Designs were developed for the big-car Hudson and Nash models to share the Rambler automobile platform by stretching the body about nine inches ahead of the cowl.[26] However, the Rambler became the new AMC division following the discontinuation of both the Nash and Hudson lines after the 1957 model year.[27]The larger-sized 1958 Ramblers incorporated \"more than 100 changes and were outwardly quite different from their predecessors.\"[28] The cars received \"a complete reskin that made the 1956 bodies look a bit bulkier\".[29] This major redesign featured new front and rear fenders.[30] A new front end moved the headlamps from inside the grille to the top of the front fenders and featured twin headlamps on each side on the \"Super\" and \"Custom\" models, as well as full-length bodyside moldings. The basic \"Deluxe\" trim models had no side trim and came standard with single headlights, but the new \"quad\" headlights were optional.The 1958 Ramblers now had the industry's requisite flared tailfins.[31] The Rambler line was one of the last among the domestic automobiles to incorporate tailfins to its body design (and also one of the first to eliminate them).[30] When asked why the 1958 Ramblers featured this styling feature, George W. Romney, AMC's Chairman and CEO responded, \"If we have to use tail fins to get people to try compact cars, we'll use tail fins. Later on, we will certainly be able to do away with them, and to build clean, simple, uncluttered cars.\"[32]By 1958, Rambler was selling half of its production as station wagons, proportionately more of that body style than any other automaker.[33] All Rambler station wagons carried the Cross Country name. The innovative hardtop (no \"B-pillar\") station wagon body style was no longer available in the Rambler line, as it was reserved for the 1958 Ambassador models. The Rambler station wagons featured a step-down roof over their rear cargo area and a standard roof rack. The new design also featured wider rear openings with a frame-less roll-down rear window and a \"one-finger\" latch on the spring-assisted tailgate.[33] Rambler's new one-piece, fold-down station wagon tailgate was adopted by all the U.S. automakers by 1961.[34] A horizontal roller-type \"window blind\" was available to hide the lower half of the wagon's 80 cubic feet (2,265 L) cargo area.[33] Motor Trend magazine conducted a comparison test of four 1958 station wagons (Rambler, Ford, DeSoto, and Oldsmobile) and found that the compact Rambler could hold as much cargo as the others.The Rambler models continued to be the shortest cars marketed in the United States – at 191 inches (4,851 mm) in total length – with room for six passengers.[31] Rambler's marketing focused on having \"the best of both: 1. American big car room and comfort. 2. European small car economy and handling ease.\"[35] Powering the Rambler Six was AMC's new 127 hp (95 kW; 129 PS) overhead valve (OHV) 195.6 cu in (3.2 L) straight-six.[30] NASCAR tests showed the Rambler Six had a $0.01 per mile gasoline cost when equipped with overdrive transmission.[35] A V8 engine was available in the performance-oriented Rambler Rebel models.A Borg-Warner torque converter \"Flash-O-Matic\" automatic transmission, with the \"then-trendy pushbutton\" gear selection on the far left side of the instrument panel, was optional.[29] Also new on the left side for the driver was a step-on parking brake pedal.[36]American Motors instituted a new paint system for the 1958 model year.[37] All Ramblers received rust-inhibiting by submerging assembled bodies up to their roof into a large 40-foot (12 m) vat of primer (not sprayed on) before the color coat was applied, a revolutionary process that was later copied by other automakers.[38] After drying, an additional wax-based compound was sprayed inside girders, rocker panels, fenders, and other hidden areas in the car bodies.American Motors promoted the 1958 Rambler in several advertising campaigns. One approach featured George W. Romney challenging \"the big car concept.\"[39] A series of print ads also mocked the domestic Big Three automakers' standard-sized cars featuring illustrations by famous cartoonists showing the compact Rambler easily getting through places that would get the large \"gas guzzling dinosaur\" automobiles stuck.[40] An example is the story, \"The Millionaire and The Rambler\" by Otto Soglow.[41] Chon Day illustrated a story on how \"Rambler foils bank robbery.\"[42]Sales of the Rambler six and V8 increased to 119,000 during a year when all U.S. cars were down in volume.[43] The 1958 Ramblers \"sold like hotcakes\" and returned the smallest U.S. automaker to profitability.[44] Together with the smaller Rambler American line, AMC \"broke sales records\" in 1958 as consumers valued basic transportation from their automobiles and no longer cared \"how big their cars were.\"[45] Although in the midst of the Recession of 1958, Rambler captured seventh place in automobile sales.[46]","title":"Model years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1959_Rambler_Country_Club_4-door_hartop_red_Nashville.jpg"},{"link_name":"continental tire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_tire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1959_Rambler_sedan-two_tone-NJ.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1959_Rambler_Six_Super_Cross_Country,_front_right,_09-30-2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59ramblersix-47"},{"link_name":"carburetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburetor"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrancisPS-43"},{"link_name":"overdrive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdrive_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrancisPS-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrancisPS-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrancisPS-43"},{"link_name":"hardtop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtop"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Weather Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Eye"},{"link_name":"limited slip differentials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_slip_differential"},{"link_name":"continental tire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_tire"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrancisPS-43"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59-Think-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59-Think-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olsen-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olsen-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58ramblercars-29"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olsen-50"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59ramblersix-47"}],"sub_title":"1959","text":"1959 Rambler Country Club hardtop with optional continental tire1959 Rambler Custom sedan1959 Rambler Six Super Cross CountryImprovements to the Rambler included a full-width die-cast grille while the bodyside gained an uninterrupted line. Rather than blending into the C-pillar, the beltline continued to the tailfins.[47] Engineering changes included thicker brake linings and larger brakes for V8-powered cars, as well as fuel economy improvements with lower axle ratios and more efficient carburetor for the I6 engines.[43] An electrically engaged overdrive unit behind the three-speed manual transmission was also available. The automatic transmission was operated by pushbuttons on the left side of the instrument panel. The button functions were indicated by lights with amber for neutral and start, red for reverse, and green for the three drive gears.[43] Engine starting was now incorporated into the neutral pushbutton, thus eliminating the ignition key start switch. Accidental starter engagement was prevented by a vacuum lockout when the engine was running.[43] To increase longevity, Rambler mufflers were aluminum-coated on the inside and zinc-coated on the outside.[43]A total of eleven models were offered for 1959 in four-door sedan and station wagon versions as well as a four-door hardtop (no B-pillar) body style. The base \"Deluxe\" model came only as a six-cylinder 4-door sedan, the \"Super\" and \"Custom\" trims were available as \"Economy 6\" or \"Rebel V-8\" sedans or \"Cross Country\" station wagons, while the hardtop \"Country Club\" model came in Economy 6 Super or as a Rebel V-8 Custom.[48] The Super models featured a contrasting color for the rear side trim while Custom models included a full-length secondary color-filled body side trim. Premium options and conveniences continued to be offered including \"Weather Eye\" air-conditioning, air suspension on V8 equipped cars, limited slip differentials, an exterior-mounted continental tire, as well as the American Motors' exclusive individually adjustable and reclining front seats with headrests that \"would pay for themselves in safety if the car was banged from the rear.\"[43]A survey of 5,000 Popular Science magazine readers about all the new 1959 cars resulted in Rambler achieving the highest response to \"Which car is the best deal for the money?\" with its economy being cited as being most important for the owners.[49] When asked \"if you buy a '59, which one will you pick?\" resulted in Ford being selected by 17% of the respondents while Rambler and Chevrolet tied for second place at 16%.[49] The Ramblers \"were well built, roomy, and economical, and found favor with thousands of American families.[50] The unit body construction of the Ramblers was \"found to be more superior to the others in terms of body tightness and freedom from rattles and twisting.\"[50]Sales of the bigger Ramblers did very well, especially given the automobile industry's modest recovery in 1959. Promotion by AMC focused on the car's compact size offering \"big car room and comfort\" along with \"small car economy and handling.\"[51] Ramblers attracted over a quarter-million customers, with the majority of them being sixes, as the Rebel V8 found just 16,399 buyers.[29] The most popular body style was the \"Cross Country\" representing about half of the sales during 1959.[50] These station wagons featured economy in fuel consumption and overall use as well as 80 cubic feet (2.27 m3) of cargo space and room to fit 4-by-8-foot (1.22 m × 2.44 m) sheets of plywood.[52] Rambler finished 1959 in sixth place among all models produced in the U.S. and AMC ended with $60 million in profits.[47]","title":"Model years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1960_Rambler_Six_Deluxe_4-dr_sedan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1960_Rambler_Super_Cross_Country_rear_right.jpg"},{"link_name":"C-pillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillar_(car)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrandChampion-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Rambler American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambler_American"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrandChampion-53"}],"sub_title":"1960","text":"1960 Rambler Six Deluxe sedan, the lowest-priced equipment level1960 Rambler Super Cross CountryThe 1960 models featured numerous exterior and interior design changes. The greenhouse was made \"lighter\" with a narrower C-pillar and roof profile, as well as slanting both the windshield and rear window at a greater angle providing for an \"airy cabin.\"[53] The front end was simplified, while the tailfins became smaller thus highlighting the new tall taillamps. The overall length was trimmed by 1.6 inches (41 mm) because of a new spit-bumper design. Riding on 15-inch wheels the Rambler appeared to be larger than it actually was.[54] The interior was also revised and the instrument panel now incorporated all instrumentation within a large oval in front of the driver.The practice of separate Six and Rebel V8 models now ended with the focus on the Rambler name and the trim three levels: \"Deluxe\", \"Super\", and \"Custom\". Each was offered with \"Economy 6 or Rebel V-8 engines.\"[55]The larger Rambler sedans were joined by a new four-door Rambler American model that rode on the shorter 100 in (2,540 mm) platform as the smaller two-door sedan and wagon series, but sales of all Ramblers continued to increase.[56] In 1960, the Rambler line reached third place in total annual industry sales in the United States.[57] The 1960 Rambler Six with its 127 hp (95 kW; 129 PS) 195.6 cu in (3.2 L) engine became the best selling model for AMC with 297,368 sold for the year.[53]","title":"Model years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1956_Hudson_Rambler_(24706722850).jpg"}],"text":"1956 Hudson Rambler with right-hand drive In South Africa","title":"Overseas assembly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Rambler Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambler_Six"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-can-58"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"The former Nash plant on Danforth Avenue in Toronto produced the Rambler Six from 1955 until 1957. Production ended as subsequent models were imported from the United States.[58]","title":"Overseas assembly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lozano-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lozano-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToyotaExports-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToyotaExports-60"},{"link_name":"Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veh%C3%ADculos_Automotores_Mexicanos"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lozano-59"},{"link_name":"Rambler American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambler_American"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1956_Nash_Rambler_(11398983695).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Mexico","text":"Midsize Rambler models were assembled from CKD kits in Mexico during two different periods. The first was under Armadora Mexicana based in Mexico City, between 1956 and 1957, and the second was under Planta REO based in Monterrey, from late 1959.[59] Because of the low sales volume, American Motors terminated its contract with Armadora Mexicana that originally began with AMC's predecessor company in 1950. Complete Rambler models were again imported from the United States (between 1957 and 1958) and sold through a limited network of dealerships, most of which were located in Mexico City. The agreement with Planta REO was formalized in 1959, becoming AMC's second partner in the country and resuming local assembly.[59]Between 1958 and 1959, the Mexican midsize Rambler line consisted of a four-door sedan in Super trim, a four-door hardtop in Super trim, and a four-door pillared wagon in Cross Country trim. All three versions were powered by the one-barrel OHV 127 hp (95 kW; 129 PS) 195.6 cu in (3.2 L) I6 engines. A three-speed manual transmission was standard with the three-speed automatic as an option, including the push-button version.The problem of low sales volume continued under Planta REO and AMC also canceled this contract. The company signed an agreement with Toyota in 1960.[60] Planta REO did not focus on the Rambler brand in favor of the Japanese one, being allegedly an important or the main cause of the low commercial success of this second venture of AMC in Mexico. By March 1964, the relationship with Toyota was also terminated because the Mexican government increased the domestic content rate as well as the bankruptcy of Planta Reo.[60]Imports of completed AMC vehicles into Mexico resumed until a third domestic production partner was established. Willys Mexicana, the company that would become Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) was the third local company that AMC would sign an agreement with during 1960.[59] However, VAM did not assemble the Rambler Six and Rambler V8 models, focusing instead on the smaller-sized Rambler American cars. This marked the end of both the midsize Ramblers and subsequent first-generation Rambler Classics in the Mexican market. VAM never sought to import them instead either in 1960 and 1961 and the auto industry integration decree published in 1962 would legally ban the importation of fully assembled vehicles and engines. Willys Mexicana would not introduce a midsize AMC automobile until 1963, the cars being the second-generation Rambler Classic models.[61]The 1956 through 1959 Rambler models represented the only case of an AMC midsize station wagon being available in Mexico as the future second-generation Classic, Rebel, and Matador station wagons would not be produced in the country. It also represented the only case in Mexico in which AMC's intermediate line had more than two body styles available.As of 2017, there is no record of the high-performance 1957 Rambler Rebel being available in Mexico, although there was the possibility of it being imported through individual orders.1956 Nash Rambler sedan with right-hand drive in New Zealand","title":"Overseas assembly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Motor Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Motor_Industries"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"Ramblers were assembled in Australia by Australian Motor Industries (AMI) starting in October 1960 under an agreement with AMC.[62] They were assembled with right-hand drive from semi knock-down (SKD) kits shipped from U.S. factories. Many components such as upholstery, lights, and other parts were locally sourced to meet import tariff concessions.","title":"Overseas assembly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand","text":"The 1956-1960 Rambler models were assembled in New Zealand with a right-hand drive from semi-knock-down kits sourced from Canada. The cars were assembled by VW Motors in Otahuhu, Auckland where they were made alongside Volkswagen vehicles. Rambler production continued at the VW plant until 1962.[63]","title":"Overseas assembly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rambler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambler_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"Rambler Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambler_Classic"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"American Motors began the process of differentiating the Rambler brand name from its various sizes and similar model names. New nameplates were introduced; the Rambler Six and Rambler Rebel V8 were both renamed the Rambler Classic in 1961.[64]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"A new era in motoring has begun (advertisement)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=s1QEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"See the all new Rambler \"Cross Country\" - Nash dealers have it, Hudson dealers have it (advertisement)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=iT8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA105"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Severson_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Severson_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Fashionably Small: The Compact Nash 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Chapter 1. Section 5. Item 3. The Advance of Knockdown Exports\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/text/entering_the_automotive_business/chapter1/section5/item3.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"\"Historia de VAM\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.clubramblermexico.org/historia-vam.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"\"Automotive History: Ramblin' in the Southern Hemisphere\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.curbsideclassic.com/curbside-classics-american/cc-history-ramblin-in-the-southern-hemisphere-2/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"\"The empty halls of New Zealand's car assembly industry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/107503496/the-empty-halls-of-new-zealands-car-assembly-industry"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"}],"text":"^ Romney, George (28 November 1955). \"A new era in motoring has begun (advertisement)\". Life. Vol. 39, no. 22. p. 4. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ \"See the all new Rambler \"Cross Country\" - Nash dealers have it, Hudson dealers have it (advertisement)\". Life. Vol. 40, no. 7. 13 February 1956. p. 105. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ a b Severson, Aaron (19 September 2009). \"Fashionably Small: The Compact Nash Rambler\". Ate Up With Motor. Retrieved 5 December 2023.\n\n^ a b c d \"1956-1957 Rambler\". How Stuff Works. 5 September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.\n\n^ Flammang, James M. (1994). Chronicle of the American automobile: over 100 years of auto history. Publications International. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-7853-0778-5.\n\n^ a b c d e f g \"Make the smart switch for '56 (Rambler advertisement)\". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 24 February 2022.\n\n^ a b c d \"All-new Rambler for 1956 (advertisement)\". Life. Vol. 40, no. 10. 5 March 1956. p. 75. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ a b c \"Rambler has everything new - even a hardtop wagon\". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 105, no. 1. January 1956. pp. 114–117. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ a b c Rowsome Jr., Frank (January 1956). \"Rambler puts a new engine in a new body\". Popular Science. Vol. 168, no. 1. pp. 148–151. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ a b Olsen, Byron (2000). Station Wagons. Motorbooks. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-0-7603-0632-1. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ \"Parade of '56 cars: Rambler\". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 105, no. 2. February 1956. p. 184. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ Clymer, Floyd (June 1956). \"Clymer road tests the 1956 Rambler\". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 105, no. 6. pp. 107–234. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ \"We back the biggest difference in cars today with a $25,000 personal automobile injury insurance policy (advertisement)\". Life. Vol. 40, no. 11. 12 March 1956. pp. 16–17. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ \"Presenting for 1956 (advertisement)\". Old Car Advertising. Retrieved 24 February 2022.\n\n^ a b \"Rambler is small but roomy and easy to park, say owners\". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 105, no. 6. June 1956. pp. 106–107, 109–111, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ a b \"Reaction to the 1956 Rambler\". How Stuff Works. 5 September 2007. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.\n\n^ a b c d \"1956-1957 Rambler Specifications\". How Stuff Works. 5 September 2007. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.\n\n^ a b Gunnell, John (2004). Standard guide to 1950s American cars. Krause Publications. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-87349-868-5. basic Deluxe trim was essentially for fleet customers.\n\n^ Mort, Norm (2010). American Station Wagons: The Golden Era 1950-1975. Veloce. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-84584-268-0. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ Bogart, Angelo Van (2010). 50s Flashback: Fabulous Cars We'll Never Forget. Krause Publications. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-4402-1412-7.\n\n^ \"1957 Rambler Brochure\". Oldcarbrochures.com. p. 8. Retrieved 24 February 2022.\n\n^ Holder, William; Kunz, Phil (2006). Extreme Muscle Cars: The Factory Lightweight Legacy. Krause Publications. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-89689-278-1.\n\n^ \"Only '57 Rambler gives you both (advertisement)\". oldcaradvertising.com. Retrieved 24 February 2022.\n\n^ a b c d Walton, Harry (February 1958). \"Inside Russia by car\". Popular Science. Vol. 172, no. 2. pp. 90–104, 234. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ Railton, Art (February 1957). \"Detroit Listening Post\". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 107, no. 2. p. 195. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ Railton, Art (May 1957). \"Detroit Listening Post\". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 107, no. 5. p. 97. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ Mort, Norm (2010). American 'independent' Automakers: AMC to Willys 1945 to 1960. Veloce. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-84584-239-0. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ Cars of the 50s. Beekman House. 1981. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-517-26278-8. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2022. Larger Ramblers received more than 100 changes for 1958 were outwardly quite different from their predecessors\n\n^ a b c \"1958 Rambler Cars\". How Stuff Works. 15 June 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2021.\n\n^ a b c Gunnell, John (2004). Standard guide to 1950s American cars. Krause Publications. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-87349-868-5. The Rambler line was one of the last to add tail-fins to its cars and one of the first to drop them.\n\n^ a b \"Rambler\". Popular Science. Vol. 171, no. 5. November 1957. p. 96. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ Christensen, Carl R.; Andrews, Kenneth R.; Bower, Joseph L.; Learned, Edmund P. (1978). Business policy. R. D. Irwin. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-256-01989-6. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2022.\n\n^ a b c Lindsay, David R. (January 1958). \"'58 Wagons: the word is comfort\". Popular Science. Vol. 172, no. 1. p. 106. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ Mort, Norm (2010). American Station Wagons: The Golden Era 1950-1975. Hubble & Hattie. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-84584-268-0. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ a b \"All new Rambler (advertisement)\". Life. Vol. 43, no. 19. 4 November 1957. p. 16. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ Carroll, William (January 1958). \"Getting the most from your 1958 car\". Popular Science. Vol. 172, no. 1. p. 125. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ \"1958 Rambler Rebel\". How Stuff Works. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.\n\n^ Abernathy, William J. (1978). The productivity dilemma: roadblock to innovation in the automobile industry. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 207–208. ISBN 978-0-8018-2081-6.\n\n^ \"1958 American Motors (advertisement)\". Life. 17 February 1958. p. 111. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ Stevenson, Heon (2008). American automobile advertising, 1930-1980: an illustrated history. McFarland. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-7864-3685-9. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ \"The Millionaire and The Rambler (advertisement)\". Life. Vol. 44, no. 3. 20 January 1958. p. inside front cover. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ \"Rambler foils bank robbery (advertisement)\". Life. Vol. 44, no. 26. 30 June 1958. p. inside front cover. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ a b c d e f Francis, Devon (October 1958). \"1959 Rambler Boosts its miles per gallon\". Popular Science. Vol. 173, no. 4. pp. 100–101. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ Plas, Gerald O. (1967). The Romney riddle. Berwyn Publishers. p. 21.\n\n^ Covey, Stephen R. (2011). The 3rd Alternative: Solving Life's Most Difficult Problems. Free Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-4516-2626-1. 1958 Rambler gas guzzling dinosaur.\n\n^ Shiers, Will (2010). Roadside Relics: America's Abandoned Automobiles. Motorbooks. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-61060-114-6. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ a b \"1959 Rambler Six Custom Sedan\". How Stuff Works. 10 October 2007. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.\n\n^ \"1959 X-Ray Rambler brochure\". oldcarbrochures.org. pp. 28–29. Retrieved 1 October 2022.\n\n^ a b \"What do you Think of the '59s\". Popular Science. Vol. 174, no. 1. January 1959. pp. 96–99. Retrieved 27 September 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ a b c Olsen, Byron (2000). Station Wagons. MotorBooks International. pp. 61–65. ISBN 978-1-61059-189-8. Retrieved 27 September 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ \"Announcing Rambler for '59 - the compact car with the best of both (advertisement)\". Life. Vol. 45, no. 17. 27 October 1958. pp. 5–7. Retrieved 27 September 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ Mort, Norm (2010). American Station Wagons: The Golden Era 1950-1975. Veloce Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-84584-268-0. Retrieved 27 September 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ a b Shea, Terry (September 2012). \"Brand Champions\". Hemmings Classic Car. p. 19.\n\n^ Whipple, Jim (August 1960). \"Rambler is comfortable to easy to drive, but marred by minor flaws\". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 114, no. 2. pp. 86–90, 228. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.\n\n^ \"1960 Rambler Rebel\". How Stuff Works. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.\n\n^ \"1958-1960 Rambler American\". How Stuff Works. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2021.\n\n^ Catlett, J. Stephen (1999). Martin's and Miller's Greensboro. Arcadia Publishing. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-7385-0315-8.\n\n^ James C. Mays (2007). 1957 Nash. Old Cars Canada. Retrieved 2 April 2022.\n\n^ a b c Lozano, Jose Ramírez (11 June 2011). \"Planta REO de México, S.A.\" Retro Busses (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 December 2023.\n\n^ a b \"75 Years of Toyota - Part 2. Chapter 1. Section 5. Item 3. The Advance of Knockdown Exports\". toyota-global.com. 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2023.\n\n^ \"Historia de VAM\". clubramblermexico.org. 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2023.\n\n^ McPherson, Scott (26 January 2014). \"Automotive History: Ramblin' in the Southern Hemisphere\". Curb Side Classic. Retrieved 24 February 2022.\n\n^ Niall, Todd (6 October 2018). \"The empty halls of New Zealand's car assembly industry\". Stuff - Sunday Star Times. New Zealand. Retrieved 24 February 2022.\n\n^ \"American Motors\". Automobile Quarterly. 40 (4): 102. 2000.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"1956 Nash Rambler four-door hardtop","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/1956_Nash_Rambler_four-door_hardtop_tri-color_at_Rambler_Ranch.jpg/220px-1956_Nash_Rambler_four-door_hardtop_tri-color_at_Rambler_Ranch.jpg"},{"image_text":"1956 Hudson Rambler Custom sedan, with dealer accessory window insect screens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1956_Hudson_Rambler_sedan_Hershey_2012_a.jpg/220px-1956_Hudson_Rambler_sedan_Hershey_2012_a.jpg"},{"image_text":"1957 Rambler Custom Cross Country","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/1957_Rambler_Custom_Cross-Country_wagon_AnnMD-a.jpg/220px-1957_Rambler_Custom_Cross-Country_wagon_AnnMD-a.jpg"},{"image_text":"1957 Rambler Super sedan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/1957_Nash_Rambler_Super_%2835480892192%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-1957_Nash_Rambler_Super_%2835480892192%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"1958 Rambler Custom sedan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1958_Rambler_sedan_pink_and_white_NJ.jpg/220px-1958_Rambler_sedan_pink_and_white_NJ.jpg"},{"image_text":"1958 Rambler Super sedan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/1958_Rambler_Super_%285160410746%29.jpg/220px-1958_Rambler_Super_%285160410746%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fifty-six carloads of new 1958 Ramblers for Avis Rent a Car in Florida","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fifty-six_carloads_of_new_1958_Ramblers.jpg/220px-Fifty-six_carloads_of_new_1958_Ramblers.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 1958 Rambler Six's tailfinned rear","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rambler_Custom_sedan_rear_--_03-08-2010.jpg/220px-Rambler_Custom_sedan_rear_--_03-08-2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"1959 Rambler Country Club hardtop with optional continental tire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1959_Rambler_Country_Club_4-door_hartop_red_Nashville.jpg/220px-1959_Rambler_Country_Club_4-door_hartop_red_Nashville.jpg"},{"image_text":"1959 Rambler Custom sedan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/1959_Rambler_sedan-two_tone-NJ.jpg/220px-1959_Rambler_sedan-two_tone-NJ.jpg"},{"image_text":"1959 Rambler Six Super Cross Country","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1959_Rambler_Six_Super_Cross_Country%2C_front_right%2C_09-30-2023.jpg/220px-1959_Rambler_Six_Super_Cross_Country%2C_front_right%2C_09-30-2023.jpg"},{"image_text":"1960 Rambler Six Deluxe sedan, the lowest-priced equipment level","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1960_Rambler_Six_Deluxe_4-dr_sedan.jpg/220px-1960_Rambler_Six_Deluxe_4-dr_sedan.jpg"},{"image_text":"1960 Rambler Super Cross Country","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/1960_Rambler_Super_Cross_Country_rear_right.jpg/220px-1960_Rambler_Super_Cross_Country_rear_right.jpg"},{"image_text":"1956 Hudson Rambler with right-hand drive In South Africa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1956_Hudson_Rambler_%2824706722850%29.jpg/220px-1956_Hudson_Rambler_%2824706722850%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"1956 Nash Rambler sedan with right-hand drive in New Zealand","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1956_Nash_Rambler_%2811398983695%29.jpg/220px-1956_Nash_Rambler_%2811398983695%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Romney, George (28 November 1955). \"A new era in motoring has begun (advertisement)\". Life. Vol. 39, no. 22. p. 4. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s1QEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA4","url_text":"\"A new era in motoring has begun (advertisement)\""}]},{"reference":"\"See the all new Rambler \"Cross Country\" - Nash dealers have it, Hudson dealers have it (advertisement)\". Life. Vol. 40, no. 7. 13 February 1956. p. 105. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iT8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA105","url_text":"\"See the all new Rambler \"Cross Country\" - Nash dealers have it, Hudson dealers have it (advertisement)\""}]},{"reference":"Severson, Aaron (19 September 2009). \"Fashionably Small: The Compact Nash Rambler\". Ate Up With Motor. Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ateupwithmotor.com/model-histories/compact-nash-rambler/","url_text":"\"Fashionably Small: The Compact Nash Rambler\""}]},{"reference":"\"1956-1957 Rambler\". How Stuff Works. 5 September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200930164158/http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1956-1957-rambler.htm","url_text":"\"1956-1957 Rambler\""},{"url":"http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1956-1957-rambler.htm#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Flammang, James M. (1994). Chronicle of the American automobile: over 100 years of auto history. Publications International. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-7853-0778-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7853-0778-5","url_text":"978-0-7853-0778-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Make the smart switch for '56 (Rambler advertisement)\". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 24 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/AMC%20Ads/1956%20Rambler/1956%20Rambler%20Ad-02.jpg","url_text":"\"Make the smart switch for '56 (Rambler advertisement)\""}]},{"reference":"\"All-new Rambler for 1956 (advertisement)\". Life. Vol. 40, no. 10. 5 March 1956. p. 75. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=81YEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA75","url_text":"\"All-new Rambler for 1956 (advertisement)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rambler has everything new - even a hardtop wagon\". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 105, no. 1. January 1956. pp. 114–117. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uOEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA116","url_text":"\"Rambler has everything new - even a hardtop wagon\""}]},{"reference":"Rowsome Jr., Frank (January 1956). \"Rambler puts a new engine in a new body\". Popular Science. Vol. 168, no. 1. pp. 148–151. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wi0DAAAAMBAJ&q=1956+Rambler+New+engine+in+new+body&pg=RA1-PA48","url_text":"\"Rambler puts a new engine in a new body\""}]},{"reference":"Olsen, Byron (2000). Station Wagons. Motorbooks. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-0-7603-0632-1. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mgavA0e_iY8C&q=1956+Rambler+four-door+hardtop+station+wagon&pg=PA56","url_text":"Station Wagons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0632-1","url_text":"978-0-7603-0632-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Parade of '56 cars: Rambler\". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 105, no. 2. February 1956. p. 184. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u-EDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA182","url_text":"\"Parade of '56 cars: Rambler\""}]},{"reference":"Clymer, Floyd (June 1956). \"Clymer road tests the 1956 Rambler\". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 105, no. 6. pp. 107–234. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QuEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA107","url_text":"\"Clymer road tests the 1956 Rambler\""}]},{"reference":"\"We back the biggest difference in cars today with a $25,000 personal automobile injury insurance policy (advertisement)\". Life. Vol. 40, no. 11. 12 March 1956. pp. 16–17. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-1YEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17","url_text":"\"We back the biggest difference in cars today with a $25,000 personal automobile injury insurance policy (advertisement)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Presenting for 1956 (advertisement)\". Old Car Advertising. Retrieved 24 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/AMC%20Ads/1956%20Rambler/1956%20Rambler%20Ad-03.jpg","url_text":"\"Presenting for 1956 (advertisement)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rambler is small but roomy and easy to park, say owners\". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 105, no. 6. June 1956. pp. 106–107, 109–111, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QuEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA106","url_text":"\"Rambler is small but roomy and easy to park, say owners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reaction to the 1956 Rambler\". How Stuff Works. 5 September 2007. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200808122138/http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1956-1957-rambler2.htm","url_text":"\"Reaction to the 1956 Rambler\""},{"url":"http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1956-1957-rambler2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1956-1957 Rambler Specifications\". How Stuff Works. 5 September 2007. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200812072023/http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1956-1957-rambler4.htm","url_text":"\"1956-1957 Rambler Specifications\""},{"url":"http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1956-1957-rambler4.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gunnell, John (2004). Standard guide to 1950s American cars. Krause Publications. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-87349-868-5. basic Deluxe trim was essentially for fleet customers.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/standardguideto100john","url_text":"Standard guide to 1950s American cars"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/standardguideto100john/page/171","url_text":"171"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87349-868-5","url_text":"978-0-87349-868-5"}]},{"reference":"Mort, Norm (2010). American Station Wagons: The Golden Era 1950-1975. Veloce. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-84584-268-0. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vl7wGMdei5YC&q=1957+Rambler+station+wagon&pg=PA19","url_text":"American Station Wagons: The Golden Era 1950-1975"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84584-268-0","url_text":"978-1-84584-268-0"}]},{"reference":"Bogart, Angelo Van (2010). 50s Flashback: Fabulous Cars We'll Never Forget. Krause Publications. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-4402-1412-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-1412-7","url_text":"978-1-4402-1412-7"}]},{"reference":"\"1957 Rambler Brochure\". Oldcarbrochures.com. p. 8. Retrieved 24 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/AMC/1957_AMC/1957_Rambler_Brochure/1957%20Rambler-08.html","url_text":"\"1957 Rambler Brochure\""}]},{"reference":"Holder, William; Kunz, Phil (2006). Extreme Muscle Cars: The Factory Lightweight Legacy. Krause Publications. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-89689-278-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89689-278-1","url_text":"978-0-89689-278-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Only '57 Rambler gives you both (advertisement)\". oldcaradvertising.com. Retrieved 24 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/AMC%20Ads/1957%20Rambler/1957%20Rambler%20Ad-01.html","url_text":"\"Only '57 Rambler gives you both (advertisement)\""}]},{"reference":"Walton, Harry (February 1958). \"Inside Russia by car\". Popular Science. Vol. 172, no. 2. pp. 90–104, 234. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3CUDAAAAMBAJ&q=1957+Rambler+station+wagon&pg=PA92","url_text":"\"Inside Russia by car\""}]},{"reference":"Railton, Art (February 1957). \"Detroit Listening Post\". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 107, no. 2. p. 195. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cuEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA195","url_text":"\"Detroit Listening Post\""}]},{"reference":"Railton, Art (May 1957). \"Detroit Listening Post\". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 107, no. 5. p. 97. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KeEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA97","url_text":"\"Detroit Listening Post\""}]},{"reference":"Mort, Norm (2010). American 'independent' Automakers: AMC to Willys 1945 to 1960. Veloce. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-84584-239-0. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yZo8GKToqqcC&q=Rambler+would+become+the+new+AMC+division+with+the+disappearance+of+the+Nash+and+Hudson+names+in+1958&pg=PA62","url_text":"American 'independent' Automakers: AMC to Willys 1945 to 1960"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84584-239-0","url_text":"978-1-84584-239-0"}]},{"reference":"Cars of the 50s. Beekman House. 1981. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-517-26278-8. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2022. Larger Ramblers received more than 100 changes for 1958 were outwardly quite different from their predecessors","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160924101415/https://books.google.com/books?id=k2-GxMRIDakC&q=Larger+Ramblers+received+more+than+100+changes+for+1958+were+outwardly+quite+different+from+their+predecessors&hl=en","url_text":"Cars of the 50s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-26278-8","url_text":"978-0-517-26278-8"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k2-GxMRIDakC&q=Larger+Ramblers+received+more+than+100+changes+for+1958+were+outwardly+quite+different+from+their+predecessors","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1958 Rambler Cars\". How Stuff Works. 15 June 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://auto.howstuffworks.com/rambler-cars1.htm","url_text":"\"1958 Rambler Cars\""}]},{"reference":"Gunnell, John (2004). Standard guide to 1950s American cars. Krause Publications. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-87349-868-5. The Rambler line was one of the last to add tail-fins to its cars and one of the first to drop them.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/standardguideto100john","url_text":"Standard guide to 1950s American cars"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/standardguideto100john/page/172","url_text":"172"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87349-868-5","url_text":"978-0-87349-868-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Rambler\". Popular Science. Vol. 171, no. 5. November 1957. p. 96. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy0DAAAAMBAJ&q=Rambler+has+grown+up+brand+new+for+%2758+pushbutton&pg=PA96","url_text":"\"Rambler\""}]},{"reference":"Christensen, Carl R.; Andrews, Kenneth R.; Bower, Joseph L.; Learned, Edmund P. (1978). Business policy. R. D. Irwin. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-256-01989-6. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160918182151/https://books.google.com/books?id=yRApAQAAMAAJ&q=If+we+have+to+use+tail+fins+to+get+people+to+try+compact+cars,+we%27ll+use+tail+fins&hl=en","url_text":"Business policy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-256-01989-6","url_text":"978-0-256-01989-6"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yRApAQAAMAAJ&q=If+we+have+to+use+tail+fins+to+get+people+to+try+compact+cars,+we%27ll+use+tail+fins","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lindsay, David R. (January 1958). \"'58 Wagons: the word is comfort\". Popular Science. Vol. 172, no. 1. p. 106. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4iUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA106","url_text":"\"'58 Wagons: the word is comfort\""}]},{"reference":"Mort, Norm (2010). American Station Wagons: The Golden Era 1950-1975. Hubble & Hattie. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-84584-268-0. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vl7wGMdei5YC&pg=PA21","url_text":"American Station Wagons: The Golden Era 1950-1975"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84584-268-0","url_text":"978-1-84584-268-0"}]},{"reference":"\"All new Rambler (advertisement)\". Life. Vol. 43, no. 19. 4 November 1957. p. 16. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=slYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16","url_text":"\"All new Rambler (advertisement)\""}]},{"reference":"Carroll, William (January 1958). \"Getting the most from your 1958 car\". Popular Science. Vol. 172, no. 1. p. 125. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4iUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA125","url_text":"\"Getting the most from your 1958 car\""}]},{"reference":"\"1958 Rambler Rebel\". How Stuff Works. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200802043749/https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1957-1960-rambler-rebel3.htm","url_text":"\"1958 Rambler Rebel\""},{"url":"http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1957-1960-rambler-rebel3.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Abernathy, William J. (1978). The productivity dilemma: roadblock to innovation in the automobile industry. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 207–208. ISBN 978-0-8018-2081-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2081-6","url_text":"978-0-8018-2081-6"}]},{"reference":"\"1958 American Motors (advertisement)\". Life. 17 February 1958. p. 111. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y1UEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA111","url_text":"\"1958 American Motors (advertisement)\""}]},{"reference":"Stevenson, Heon (2008). American automobile advertising, 1930-1980: an illustrated history. McFarland. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-7864-3685-9. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FGU5qHJY-y4C&q=1958+Rambler+mocked+the+Big+Three%27s+addiction+to+large+cars+with+illustrations+by+famous&pg=PA220","url_text":"American automobile advertising, 1930-1980: an illustrated history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3685-9","url_text":"978-0-7864-3685-9"}]},{"reference":"\"The Millionaire and The Rambler (advertisement)\". Life. Vol. 44, no. 3. 20 January 1958. p. inside front cover. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VFYEAAAAMBAJ&q=The+Millionaire+and+the+Rambler+by+O+Soglow&pg=PP2","url_text":"\"The Millionaire and The Rambler (advertisement)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rambler foils bank robbery (advertisement)\". Life. Vol. 44, no. 26. 30 June 1958. p. inside front cover. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t1MEAAAAMBAJ&q=Rambler+foils+bank+robbery&pg=PP2","url_text":"\"Rambler foils bank robbery (advertisement)\""}]},{"reference":"Francis, Devon (October 1958). \"1959 Rambler Boosts its miles per gallon\". Popular Science. Vol. 173, no. 4. pp. 100–101. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Dy0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA100","url_text":"\"1959 Rambler Boosts its miles per gallon\""}]},{"reference":"Plas, Gerald O. (1967). The Romney riddle. Berwyn Publishers. p. 21.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Covey, Stephen R. (2011). The 3rd Alternative: Solving Life's Most Difficult Problems. Free Press. p. 136. 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Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r4BFyl9Qjw8C&pg=PA128","url_text":"Roadside Relics: America's Abandoned Automobiles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61060-114-6","url_text":"978-1-61060-114-6"}]},{"reference":"\"1959 Rambler Six Custom Sedan\". How Stuff Works. 10 October 2007. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201130144020/http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1959-rambler-six-custom-sedan.htm","url_text":"\"1959 Rambler Six Custom Sedan\""},{"url":"http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1959-rambler-six-custom-sedan.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1959 X-Ray Rambler brochure\". oldcarbrochures.org. pp. 28–29. Retrieved 1 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://oldcarbrochures.org/United%20States/AMC/1959_AMC/1959-X-Ray-Rambler-Brochure/slides/1959__X-Ray_Rambler-28-29.html","url_text":"\"1959 X-Ray Rambler brochure\""}]},{"reference":"\"What do you Think of the '59s\". Popular Science. Vol. 174, no. 1. January 1959. pp. 96–99. Retrieved 27 September 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wyUDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Best+deal+for+the+money+Rambler&pg=PA98","url_text":"\"What do you Think of the '59s\""}]},{"reference":"Olsen, Byron (2000). Station Wagons. MotorBooks International. pp. 61–65. ISBN 978-1-61059-189-8. Retrieved 27 September 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mgavA0e_iY8C&dq=1959+Rambler&pg=PA64","url_text":"Station Wagons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61059-189-8","url_text":"978-1-61059-189-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Announcing Rambler for '59 - the compact car with the best of both (advertisement)\". Life. Vol. 45, no. 17. 27 October 1958. pp. 5–7. Retrieved 27 September 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eD8EAAAAMBAJ&dq=1959+Rambler&pg=PA6","url_text":"\"Announcing Rambler for '59 - the compact car with the best of both (advertisement)\""}]},{"reference":"Mort, Norm (2010). American Station Wagons: The Golden Era 1950-1975. Veloce Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-84584-268-0. Retrieved 27 September 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vl7wGMdei5YC&dq=1959+Rambler&pg=PA22","url_text":"American Station Wagons: The Golden Era 1950-1975"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84584-268-0","url_text":"978-1-84584-268-0"}]},{"reference":"Shea, Terry (September 2012). \"Brand Champions\". Hemmings Classic Car. p. 19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Whipple, Jim (August 1960). \"Rambler is comfortable to easy to drive, but marred by minor flaws\". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 114, no. 2. pp. 86–90, 228. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qd8DAAAAMBAJ&q=Rambler+appear+larger+than+it+actually+is&pg=PA86","url_text":"\"Rambler is comfortable to easy to drive, but marred by minor flaws\""}]},{"reference":"\"1960 Rambler Rebel\". How Stuff Works. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200919123533/http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1957-1960-rambler-rebel5.htm","url_text":"\"1960 Rambler Rebel\""},{"url":"http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1957-1960-rambler-rebel5.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1958-1960 Rambler American\". How Stuff Works. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1958-1960-rambler-american5.htm","url_text":"\"1958-1960 Rambler American\""}]},{"reference":"Catlett, J. Stephen (1999). Martin's and Miller's Greensboro. Arcadia Publishing. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-7385-0315-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-0315-8","url_text":"978-0-7385-0315-8"}]},{"reference":"James C. Mays (2007). 1957 Nash. Old Cars Canada. Retrieved 2 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldcarscanada.com/2011/02/1957-nash.html","url_text":"1957 Nash"}]},{"reference":"Lozano, Jose Ramírez (11 June 2011). \"Planta REO de México, S.A.\" Retro Busses (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://retrobuses.blogspot.com/2011/06/planta-reo-de-mexico-s.html","url_text":"\"Planta REO de México, S.A.\""}]},{"reference":"\"75 Years of Toyota - Part 2. Chapter 1. Section 5. Item 3. The Advance of Knockdown Exports\". toyota-global.com. 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/text/entering_the_automotive_business/chapter1/section5/item3.html","url_text":"\"75 Years of Toyota - Part 2. Chapter 1. Section 5. Item 3. The Advance of Knockdown Exports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historia de VAM\". clubramblermexico.org. 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clubramblermexico.org/historia-vam.php","url_text":"\"Historia de VAM\""}]},{"reference":"McPherson, Scott (26 January 2014). \"Automotive History: Ramblin' in the Southern Hemisphere\". Curb Side Classic. Retrieved 24 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.curbsideclassic.com/curbside-classics-american/cc-history-ramblin-in-the-southern-hemisphere-2/","url_text":"\"Automotive History: Ramblin' in the Southern Hemisphere\""}]},{"reference":"Niall, Todd (6 October 2018). \"The empty halls of New Zealand's car assembly industry\". Stuff - Sunday Star Times. New Zealand. Retrieved 24 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/107503496/the-empty-halls-of-new-zealands-car-assembly-industry","url_text":"\"The empty halls of New Zealand's car assembly industry\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Motors\". Automobile Quarterly. 40 (4): 102. 2000.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Conde, John A. (1987). The American Motors Family Album. American Motors Corporation. OCLC 3185581.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3185581","url_text":"3185581"}]},{"reference":"Foster, Patrick R. (2004). AMC Cars: 1954-1987, An Illustrated History. Motorbooks International. ISBN 978-1-58388-112-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58388-112-5","url_text":"978-1-58388-112-5"}]},{"reference":"Foster, Patrick R. (1993). The Last Independent. Motorbooks International. ISBN 978-0-87341-240-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87341-240-7","url_text":"978-0-87341-240-7"}]},{"reference":"Gunnell, John, ed. (1987). The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946-1975. Krause Publications. ISBN 978-0-87341-096-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87341-096-0","url_text":"978-0-87341-096-0"}]}]
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Chapter 1. Section 5. Item 3. The Advance of Knockdown Exports\""},{"Link":"https://www.clubramblermexico.org/historia-vam.php","external_links_name":"\"Historia de VAM\""},{"Link":"http://www.curbsideclassic.com/curbside-classics-american/cc-history-ramblin-in-the-southern-hemisphere-2/","external_links_name":"\"Automotive History: Ramblin' in the Southern Hemisphere\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/107503496/the-empty-halls-of-new-zealands-car-assembly-industry","external_links_name":"\"The empty halls of New Zealand's car assembly industry\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3185581","external_links_name":"3185581"},{"Link":"http://www.amcrc.com/","external_links_name":"The AMC Rambler Car Club"},{"Link":"http://www.nashcarclub.org/","external_links_name":"The Nash Car Club"},{"Link":"http://www.amonational.com/","external_links_name":"American Motors Owners Association"},{"Link":"http://amcrc.com/history/history.htm","external_links_name":"Ramblers History on amcrc.com"},{"Link":"http://www.amcyclopedia.org/","external_links_name":"AMCyclopedia AMC/Rambler History/Documentation Site"},{"Link":"http://www.imcdb.org/vehicles_make-Rambler_model-Six&sortBy=4.html","external_links_name":"Rambler Six"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDAC11
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HDAC11
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["1 Function","2 Interactions","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
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Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
HDAC11IdentifiersAliasesHDAC11, HD11, histone deacetylase 11External IDsOMIM: 607226; MGI: 2385252; HomoloGene: 11743; GeneCards: HDAC11; OMA:HDAC11 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 3 (human)Band3p25.1Start13,479,724 bpEnd13,506,424 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 6 (mouse)Band6|6 D1Start91,133,647 bpEnd91,151,674 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inleft testisinferior ganglion of vagus nerveright testisputamenamygdalacaudate nucleusC1 segmentnucleus accumbensprefrontal cortexglobus pallidusTop expressed indorsomedial hypothalamic nucleussuperior colliculusdorsal tegmental nucleusventral tegmental arealateral hypothalamusparaventricular nucleus of hypothalamusanterior amygdaloid areaventromedial nucleuscentral gray substance of midbrainRegion I of hippocampus properMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
NAD-dependent histone deacetylase activity (H3-K14 specific)
transcription factor binding
hydrolase activity
histone deacetylase activity
protein binding
Cellular component
histone deacetylase complex
plasma membrane
nucleus
Biological process
histone H3 deacetylation
oligodendrocyte development
regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
histone deacetylation
transcription, DNA-templated
chromatin organization
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez79885232232EnsemblENSG00000163517ENSMUSG00000034245UniProtQ96DB2Q91WA3RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001136041NM_024827NM_001330636NM_144919RefSeq (protein)NP_001129513NP_001317565NP_079103NP_659168Location (UCSC)Chr 3: 13.48 – 13.51 MbChr 6: 91.13 – 91.15 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
Histone deacetylase 11 is a 39kDa histone deacetylase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HDAC11 gene on chromosome 3 in humans and chromosome 6 in mice.
It is the only Class IV HDAC since it is not highly homologous with either Rpd3 or hda1 yeast enzymes and so does not fit into either Class I or Class II. It is the smallest HDAC isoform and it was first described in 2002.
Function
Histone deacetylases, such as HDAC11, control DNA expression by modifying the core histone octamers that package DNA into dense chromatin structures and repress gene expression.
HDAC11 expression is normally found in brain and testis tissue, but upregulation of HDAC11 expression has also been seen in various cancer cells.
HDAC11 has been shown to be a negative regulator of IL-10 production in antigen presenting cells. It has also been shown that inhibition of HDAC11 results in increased expression of OX40L in Hodgkin lymphoma cells.
Interactions
HDAC11 has been shown to interact with HDAC6.
See also
Histone deacetylase
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000163517 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000034245 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ a b Gao L, Cueto MA, Asselbergs F, Atadja P (Jul 2002). "Cloning and functional characterization of HDAC11, a novel member of the human histone deacetylase family". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (28): 25748–55. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111871200. PMID 11948178. S2CID 20332854.
^ a b "Entrez Gene: HDAC11 histone deacetylase 11".
^ Yang XJ, Seto E (Mar 2008). "The Rpd3/Hda1 family of lysine deacetylases: from bacteria and yeast to mice and men". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 9 (3): 206–18. doi:10.1038/nrm2346. PMC 2667380. PMID 18292778.
Further reading
Verdin E, Dequiedt F, Kasler HG (May 2003). "Class II histone deacetylases: versatile regulators". Trends in Genetics. 19 (5): 286–93. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(03)00073-8. hdl:2268/80861. PMID 12711221.
Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (Nov 2000). "DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination". Genome Research. 10 (11): 1788–95. doi:10.1101/gr.143000. PMC 310948. PMID 11076863.
Simpson JC, Wellenreuther R, Poustka A, Pepperkok R, Wiemann S (Sep 2000). "Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing". EMBO Reports. 1 (3): 287–92. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kvd058. PMC 1083732. PMID 11256614.
Wiemann S, Arlt D, Huber W, Wellenreuther R, Schleeger S, Mehrle A, Bechtel S, Sauermann M, Korf U, Pepperkok R, Sültmann H, Poustka A (Oct 2004). "From ORFeome to biology: a functional genomics pipeline". Genome Research. 14 (10B): 2136–44. doi:10.1101/gr.2576704. PMC 528930. PMID 15489336.
Voelter-Mahlknecht S, Ho AD, Mahlknecht U (Oct 2005). "Chromosomal organization and localization of the novel class IV human histone deacetylase 11 gene". International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 16 (4): 589–98. doi:10.3892/ijmm.16.4.589 (inactive 31 January 2024). PMID 16142391.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (Oct 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026.
Mehrle A, Rosenfelder H, Schupp I, del Val C, Arlt D, Hahne F, Bechtel S, Simpson J, Hofmann O, Hide W, Glatting KH, Huber W, Pepperkok R, Poustka A, Wiemann S (Jan 2006). "The LIFEdb database in 2006". Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (Database issue): D415–8. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj139. PMC 1347501. PMID 16381901.
Lindberg D, Akerström G, Westin G (Jan 2007). "Mutational analyses of WNT7A and HDAC11 as candidate tumour suppressor genes in sporadic malignant pancreatic endocrine tumours". Clinical Endocrinology. 66 (1): 110–4. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02694.x. PMID 17201809. S2CID 21975021.
External links
HDAC11+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
vteHydrolases: carbon-nitrogen non-peptide (EC 3.5)3.5.1: Linear amides /Amidohydrolases
Asparaginase
Glutaminase
Urease
Biotinidase
Aminoacylase
ACY1
Aspartoacylase(ACY2)
ACY3
Ceramidase
Aspartylglucosaminidase
Fatty acid amide hydrolase
Histone deacetylase
Sirtuin
3.5.2: Cyclic amides/Amidohydrolases
Barbiturase
Beta-lactamase
Dihydroorotase
3.5.3: Linear amidines/Ureohydrolases
Arginase
Agmatinase
Protein-arginine deiminase
3.5.4: Cyclic amidines/Aminohydrolases
Guanine deaminase
Adenosine deaminase
AMP deaminase
Inosine monophosphate synthase
DCMP deaminase
GTP cyclohydrolase I
Cytidine deaminase
AICDA
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase
3.5.5: Nitriles/Aminohydrolases
Nitrilase
3.5.99: Other
Riboflavinase
Thiaminase II
vteEnzymesActivity
Active site
Binding site
Catalytic triad
Oxyanion hole
Enzyme promiscuity
Diffusion-limited enzyme
Cofactor
Enzyme catalysis
Regulation
Allosteric regulation
Cooperativity
Enzyme inhibitor
Enzyme activator
Classification
EC number
Enzyme superfamily
Enzyme family
List of enzymes
Kinetics
Enzyme kinetics
Eadie–Hofstee diagram
Hanes–Woolf plot
Lineweaver–Burk plot
Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types
EC1 Oxidoreductases (list)
EC2 Transferases (list)
EC3 Hydrolases (list)
EC4 Lyases (list)
EC5 Isomerases (list)
EC6 Ligases (list)
EC7 Translocases (list)
Portal: Biology
This article on a gene on human chromosome 3 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Trends in Genetics. 19 (5): 286–93. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(03)00073-8. hdl:2268/80861. PMID 12711221.\nHartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (Nov 2000). \"DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination\". Genome Research. 10 (11): 1788–95. doi:10.1101/gr.143000. PMC 310948. PMID 11076863.\nSimpson JC, Wellenreuther R, Poustka A, Pepperkok R, Wiemann S (Sep 2000). \"Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing\". EMBO Reports. 1 (3): 287–92. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kvd058. PMC 1083732. PMID 11256614.\nWiemann S, Arlt D, Huber W, Wellenreuther R, Schleeger S, Mehrle A, Bechtel S, Sauermann M, Korf U, Pepperkok R, Sültmann H, Poustka A (Oct 2004). \"From ORFeome to biology: a functional genomics pipeline\". Genome Research. 14 (10B): 2136–44. doi:10.1101/gr.2576704. PMC 528930. PMID 15489336.\nVoelter-Mahlknecht S, Ho AD, Mahlknecht U (Oct 2005). \"Chromosomal organization and localization of the novel class IV human histone deacetylase 11 gene\". International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 16 (4): 589–98. doi:10.3892/ijmm.16.4.589 (inactive 31 January 2024). PMID 16142391.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)\nRual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (Oct 2005). \"Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network\". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026.\nMehrle A, Rosenfelder H, Schupp I, del Val C, Arlt D, Hahne F, Bechtel S, Simpson J, Hofmann O, Hide W, Glatting KH, Huber W, Pepperkok R, Poustka A, Wiemann S (Jan 2006). \"The LIFEdb database in 2006\". Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (Database issue): D415–8. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj139. PMC 1347501. PMID 16381901.\nLindberg D, Akerström G, Westin G (Jan 2007). \"Mutational analyses of WNT7A and HDAC11 as candidate tumour suppressor genes in sporadic malignant pancreatic endocrine tumours\". Clinical Endocrinology. 66 (1): 110–4. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02694.x. PMID 17201809. S2CID 21975021.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Histone deacetylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_deacetylase"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=79885","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=232232","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Gao L, Cueto MA, Asselbergs F, Atadja P (Jul 2002). \"Cloning and functional characterization of HDAC11, a novel member of the human histone deacetylase family\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (28): 25748–55. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111871200. PMID 11948178. S2CID 20332854.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M111871200","url_text":"\"Cloning and functional characterization of HDAC11, a novel member of the human histone deacetylase family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M111871200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M111871200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11948178","url_text":"11948178"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20332854","url_text":"20332854"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: HDAC11 histone deacetylase 11\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=79885","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: HDAC11 histone deacetylase 11\""}]},{"reference":"Yang XJ, Seto E (Mar 2008). \"The Rpd3/Hda1 family of lysine deacetylases: from bacteria and yeast to mice and men\". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 9 (3): 206–18. doi:10.1038/nrm2346. PMC 2667380. PMID 18292778.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2667380","url_text":"\"The Rpd3/Hda1 family of lysine deacetylases: from bacteria and yeast to mice and men\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrm2346","url_text":"10.1038/nrm2346"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2667380","url_text":"2667380"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18292778","url_text":"18292778"}]},{"reference":"Verdin E, Dequiedt F, Kasler HG (May 2003). \"Class II histone deacetylases: versatile regulators\". Trends in Genetics. 19 (5): 286–93. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(03)00073-8. hdl:2268/80861. PMID 12711221.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-9525%2803%2900073-8","url_text":"10.1016/S0168-9525(03)00073-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2268%2F80861","url_text":"2268/80861"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12711221","url_text":"12711221"}]},{"reference":"Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (Nov 2000). \"DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination\". Genome Research. 10 (11): 1788–95. doi:10.1101/gr.143000. PMC 310948. PMID 11076863.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC310948","url_text":"\"DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.143000","url_text":"10.1101/gr.143000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC310948","url_text":"310948"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11076863","url_text":"11076863"}]},{"reference":"Simpson JC, Wellenreuther R, Poustka A, Pepperkok R, Wiemann S (Sep 2000). \"Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing\". EMBO Reports. 1 (3): 287–92. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kvd058. PMC 1083732. PMID 11256614.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1083732","url_text":"\"Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fembo-reports%2Fkvd058","url_text":"10.1093/embo-reports/kvd058"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1083732","url_text":"1083732"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11256614","url_text":"11256614"}]},{"reference":"Wiemann S, Arlt D, Huber W, Wellenreuther R, Schleeger S, Mehrle A, Bechtel S, Sauermann M, Korf U, Pepperkok R, Sültmann H, Poustka A (Oct 2004). \"From ORFeome to biology: a functional genomics pipeline\". Genome Research. 14 (10B): 2136–44. doi:10.1101/gr.2576704. PMC 528930. PMID 15489336.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528930","url_text":"\"From ORFeome to biology: a functional genomics pipeline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2576704","url_text":"10.1101/gr.2576704"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528930","url_text":"528930"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489336","url_text":"15489336"}]},{"reference":"Voelter-Mahlknecht S, Ho AD, Mahlknecht U (Oct 2005). \"Chromosomal organization and localization of the novel class IV human histone deacetylase 11 gene\". International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 16 (4): 589–98. doi:10.3892/ijmm.16.4.589 (inactive 31 January 2024). PMID 16142391.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3892%2Fijmm.16.4.589","url_text":"10.3892/ijmm.16.4.589"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16142391","url_text":"16142391"}]},{"reference":"Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (Oct 2005). \"Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network\". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.437.1173R","url_text":"2005Natur.437.1173R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04209","url_text":"10.1038/nature04209"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16189514","url_text":"16189514"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4427026","url_text":"4427026"}]},{"reference":"Mehrle A, Rosenfelder H, Schupp I, del Val C, Arlt D, Hahne F, Bechtel S, Simpson J, Hofmann O, Hide W, Glatting KH, Huber W, Pepperkok R, Poustka A, Wiemann S (Jan 2006). \"The LIFEdb database in 2006\". Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (Database issue): D415–8. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj139. PMC 1347501. PMID 16381901.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1347501","url_text":"\"The LIFEdb database in 2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkj139","url_text":"10.1093/nar/gkj139"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1347501","url_text":"1347501"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16381901","url_text":"16381901"}]},{"reference":"Lindberg D, Akerström G, Westin G (Jan 2007). \"Mutational analyses of WNT7A and HDAC11 as candidate tumour suppressor genes in sporadic malignant pancreatic endocrine tumours\". Clinical Endocrinology. 66 (1): 110–4. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02694.x. PMID 17201809. S2CID 21975021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2265.2006.02694.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02694.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17201809","url_text":"17201809"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21975021","url_text":"21975021"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/19086","external_links_name":"HDAC11"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/607226","external_links_name":"607226"},{"Link":"http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:2385252","external_links_name":"2385252"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=11743","external_links_name":"11743"},{"Link":"https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=HDAC11","external_links_name":"HDAC11"},{"Link":"https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000163517","external_links_name":"HDAC11 - orthologs"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/","external_links_name":"Bgee"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000163517","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000034245","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000163517","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/","external_links_name":"BioGPS"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/gene/79885/","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032041","external_links_name":"NAD-dependent histone deacetylase activity (H3-K14 specific)"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008134","external_links_name":"transcription factor binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016787","external_links_name":"hydrolase activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004407","external_links_name":"histone deacetylase activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515","external_links_name":"protein binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000118","external_links_name":"histone deacetylase complex"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005886","external_links_name":"plasma membrane"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005634","external_links_name":"nucleus"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070932","external_links_name":"histone H3 deacetylation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0014003","external_links_name":"oligodendrocyte development"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006355","external_links_name":"regulation of transcription, DNA-templated"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016575","external_links_name":"histone deacetylation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006351","external_links_name":"transcription, DNA-templated"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006325","external_links_name":"chromatin organization"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/","external_links_name":"Amigo"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/","external_links_name":"QuickGO"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=79885&rn=1","external_links_name":"79885"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=232232&rn=1","external_links_name":"232232"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000163517;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSG00000163517"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000034245;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSMUSG00000034245"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q96DB2","external_links_name":"Q96DB2"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q91WA3","external_links_name":"Q91WA3"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001136041","external_links_name":"NM_001136041"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_024827","external_links_name":"NM_024827"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001330636","external_links_name":"NM_001330636"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_144919","external_links_name":"NM_144919"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001129513","external_links_name":"NP_001129513"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001317565","external_links_name":"NP_001317565"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_079103","external_links_name":"NP_079103"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_659168","external_links_name":"NP_659168"},{"Link":"https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr3:13479724-13506424","external_links_name":"Chr 3: 13.48 – 13.51 Mb"},{"Link":"https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr6:91133647-91151674","external_links_name":"Chr 6: 91.13 – 91.15 Mb"},{"Link":"http://may2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000163517","external_links_name":"GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000163517"},{"Link":"http://may2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000034245","external_links_name":"GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000034245"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=79885","external_links_name":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=232232","external_links_name":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M111871200","external_links_name":"\"Cloning and functional characterization of HDAC11, a novel member of the human histone deacetylase 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recombination\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.143000","external_links_name":"10.1101/gr.143000"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC310948","external_links_name":"310948"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11076863","external_links_name":"11076863"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1083732","external_links_name":"\"Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fembo-reports%2Fkvd058","external_links_name":"10.1093/embo-reports/kvd058"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1083732","external_links_name":"1083732"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11256614","external_links_name":"11256614"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528930","external_links_name":"\"From ORFeome to biology: a functional genomics 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2006\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkj139","external_links_name":"10.1093/nar/gkj139"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1347501","external_links_name":"1347501"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16381901","external_links_name":"16381901"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2265.2006.02694.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02694.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17201809","external_links_name":"17201809"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21975021","external_links_name":"21975021"},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=HDAC11+protein%2C+human","external_links_name":"HDAC11+protein,+human"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HDAC11&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_the_Fair_One
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Catch the Fair One
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 Reception","5.1 Box office","5.2 Critical response","5.3 Accolades","6 References","7 External links"]
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2021 American filmCatch the Fair OneTheatrical release posterDirected byJosef Kubota WladykaScreenplay byJosef Kubota WladykaStory by
Kali Reis
Josef Kubota Wladyka
Produced by
Mollye Asher
Kimberly Parker
Josef Kubota Wladyka
Starring
Kali Reis
Daniel Henshall
Tiffany Chu
Michael Drayer
Lisa Emery
Kimberly Guerrero
Kevin Dunn
CinematographyRoss GiardinaEdited byBenjamin RodriguezMusic byNathan HalpernProductioncompanies
The Population
Protozoa Pictures
Firstgen Content
Distributed byIFC FilmsRelease dates
June 12, 2021 (2021-06-12) (Tribeca)
February 11, 2022 (2022-02-11) (United States)
Running time85 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$35,210
Catch the Fair One is a 2021 American thriller film written, directed, and produced by Josef Kubota Wladyka, based on a story by Wladyka and Kali Reis in her film debut. It stars Reis, Daniel Henshall, Tiffany Chu, Michael Drayer, Lisa Emery, Kimberly Guerrero, and Kevin Dunn. The plot follows a young American Indian woman and former boxer named Kaylee who voluntarily joins a sex trafficking ring to find her missing younger sister. The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on June 12, 2021. It was released in the United States on February 11, 2022, by IFC Films. The film was met with critical acclaim, with praise aimed towards the story and performances. At the 37th Independent Spirit Awards, Reis received a nomination for Best Female Lead.
Plot
Kaylee, a Native American woman and former professional boxer, is now a drug addict living in a women's shelter and working as a waitress. Some time ago, Kaylee's younger sister Weeta was abducted and forced into prostitution by a sex trafficking ring. She is one of the hundreds of young girls who go missing every year. No one has heard of her since, and Kaylee has since been forced to conduct her own search as the authorities show no interest.
After finding a lead on Weeta's whereabouts, Kaylee meets the procurer of a local trafficking ring and convinces him she is desperately in need of money. The man takes pictures, gives her drugs, and masturbates while watching her undress before agreeing to contact a buyer looking for a "Native girl".
Bobby is the son of the ring's kingpin, Willie. Kaylee is chloroformed, tied up, and taken by Bobby to the buyer's home. She wakes up alone in a basement and using a razor blade hidden under her tongue, she cuts herself free. Once Bobby and the buyer arrive, Bobby explains that he knows what she is trying to do and that she will never find her sister. When he leaves the room, and the buyer prepares to rape her, Kaylee pulls out the razor blade, kills the buyer, and runs away. Willie and his crew arrive to get rid of the dead body. Kaylee returns to the house and hides in Bobby's car. She sees Willie hit Bobby and order him to leave.
Bobby goes home to his wife Linda (who has a black eye) and son Junior. When he leaves the room, Kaylee enters the house and ties his family up, putting tape over their mouths to stop them from screaming. Bobby returns and a fight ensues, with Kaylee using her expertise as a boxer to gain the upper hand. After tying him up, Kaylee demands information about her sister, but he refuses to answer. She stabs him in the leg, threatens to cut off Linda's ear, and begins to waterboard him. Bobby refuses to betray his father out of fear and allows himself to drown.
Kaylee interrogates Linda and learns that Willie owns a train yard where he will transport the next "batch" of kidnapped girls. Kaylee arrives at the train yard with only Bobby's gun in her possession. At gunpoint, one of Willie's truck drivers tells her that the girls are in a nearby warehouse. She finds them and tells them to escape when the procurer from before spots her. He runs away and Kaylee shoots him several times. She questions him but he begins to apologize and beg instead. Kaylee walks away, letting the procurer bleed to death. Kaylee reveals that she has hidden Linda and Junior in her car. She orders Linda to take him to Willie, who lives in a mansion.
Inside the house, Linda is greeted by Willie's wife Debra, who says Willie is in the library. She mentions that Linda regularly visited them every time Bobby became aggressive. In the bathroom, Linda messages Kaylee with the correct information about where Willie is but also calls 9-1-1 before leaving. Kaylee holds Willie at gunpoint and asks about Weeta. Debra barges into the room with a gun and accidentally shoots Willie in the face. Kaylee shoots and kills Debra as Debra shoots again, fatally wounding Kaylee in the stomach. In her final moments, Kaylee imagines what her life would have been if she had succeeded, as she envisions herself entering her comeback boxing match.
Cast
Kali Reis as Kaylee
Daniel Henshall as Bobby
Tiffany Chu as Linda
Michael Drayer as Danny
Lisa Emery as Debra
Kimberly Guerrero as Jaya
Kevin Dunn as Willie
Isabelle Chester as Lisa
Sam Seward as Jeremiah
Mainaku Borrero as Weeta
Wesley Leung as Bobby Jr.
Production
Catch the Fair One was shot in Buffalo, New York, with Ross Giardina serving as cinematographer. The film was executive produced by Darren Aronofsky. It is the acting debut of professional boxer Kali Reis, who is active in the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMWIG) movement. The film is dedicated to sound mixer Michael Wolf Snyder, who died by suicide at the age of 35.
Release
The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on June 12, 2021. By the end of its run, the film screened at festivals in Deauville, Jerusalem, San Diego, Warsaw, and Woodstock. In August 2021, IFC Films bought the film's distribution rights. The film was released in the United States on February 11, 2022. In April 2022, IFC Films signed an output deal with AMC+. The film is set to be released on the streaming service on May 13, 2022.
Reception
Box office
In the United States and Canada, the film earned $7,992 from thirty theaters in its opening weekend. It made $8,625 from eight theaters in its second weekend, and $6,397 from three theaters in its third, $295 from one theater in its fourth, $244 from two theaters in its fifth, and $210 from two theaters in its sixth.
Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 94% of 62 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The website's consensus reads: "A serious-minded drama that's also a propulsive thriller, Catch the Fair One anchors its powerful performances in real-life horror." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 71 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews.
Screen Rant's Mae Abdulbaki said the film was "strongest in action mode". Nick Schager of The Daily Beast praised the film for its "portrait of white men exploiting Native American women for profit and sexual gratification", adding that " isn't lost on the film..." David Ehrlich from IndieWire said "here isn't much for Catch the Fair One to find at the end of the line, but it looks for its invisible women - indigenous and otherwise - with the urgency of someone who knows what seeing them would actually mean".
Accolades
Catch the Fair One competed for Best Film at festivals in Deauville, and Warsaw, and won the award at the Sidewalk and Tribeca Film Festivals. Reis won Best Actress at the Newport Beach Film Festival, and received a nomination in the same category at the 37th Independent Spirit Awards.
References
^ "Catch the Fair One". Tribeca Film Festival. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
^ "Catch the Fair One". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
^ "Catch the Fair One". The Numbers. Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
^ Gyarkye, Lovia (February 11, 2022). "Catch the Fair One: Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
^ Wiseman, Andreas (April 21, 2021). "Memento International Boards Catch The Fair One From Nomadland Producer Mollye Asher & Exec Producer Darren Aronofsky". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
^ Scott, Craig (February 4, 2021). "Kali Reis: Everything - or nothing at all". Boxing Social. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 11, 2022). "ICM & Authentic Talent & Lit Management Sign Catch The Fair One Boxer, Actress & Writer Kali Reis". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
^ Del Rosario, Alexandra (March 6, 2021). "Nomadland Production Sound Mixer Michael Wolf Snyder Dies at 35". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
^ Rubin, Rebecca (April 20, 2021). "Tribeca Film Festival Unveils 2021 Lineup". Variety. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
^ a b Hayes, Dade (June 24, 2021). "Tribeca Festival Draws Solid Crowds In Person And Online For Covid Comeback Edition". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
^ Keslassy, Elsa (August 10, 2021). "Pig, Red Rocket, Pleasure in Deauville Festival Competition Lineup". Variety. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
^ "Catch the Fair One". Jerusalem Film Festival. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
^ "Catch the Fair One". San Diego Asian Film Festival. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
^ "Warsaw International Film Festival 2021". MUBI (in Italian). Retrieved October 6, 2021.
^ Hayes, Dade (September 1, 2021). "Woodstock Film Festival Announces Slate For This Fall's 22nd Edition". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
^ Lang, Brent (August 4, 2021). "IFC Films Buys Catch the Fair One, Thriller Starring Boxing Champ Kali Reis (Exclusive)". Variety. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
^ Andreeva, Nellie (April 26, 2022). "IFC Films Moves Output Deal To AMC+; Streamer Launches Friday Night Movie Slate With Clean". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
^ "Domestic 2022 Weekend 6". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
^ "Domestic 2022 Weekend 7". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ "Domestic 2022 Weekend 8". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
^ "Domestic 2022 Weekend 9". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
^ "Domestic 2022 Weekend 10". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
^ "Domestic 2022 Weekend 11". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
^ "Catch the Fair One". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
^ "Catch the Fair One". Metacritic. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
^ Abdulbaki, Mae (June 22, 2021). "Tribeca Review: Catch The Fair One Is An Intensely Captivating Revenge Thriller". Screen Rant. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
^ Schager, Nick (June 14, 2021). "A Fearless Boxer Infiltrates a Horrifying Sex-Trafficking Ring". The Daily Beast. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
^ Ehrlich, David (June 14, 2021). "Catch the Fair One Review: Boxer Kali Reis Delivers a Knockout Performance in Bruising Sex Trafficking Thriller". IndieWire. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
^ Keslassy, Elsa (August 10, 2021). "Pig, Red Rocket, Pleasure in Deauville Festival Competition Lineup". Variety. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
^ Keslassy, Elsa (September 11, 2021). "Red Rocket, Blue Bayou and Down With the King Among 2021 Deauville Film Festival Winners". Variety. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
^ Blaney, Martin (October 18, 2021). "Warsaw's top prize goes to Bogdan George Apetri's Miracle". Screen Daily. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
^ "2021 Sidewalk Film Festival Award Winners". Sidewalk Film Festival. August 29, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
^ "22nd Annual Newport Beach Film Festival Announces 2021 Awards Winners". Newport Beach Film Festival. November 1, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
^ D'Alessandro, Anthony; Goldsmith, Jill (December 14, 2021). "Film Independent Spirit Awards Nominations: Zola, A Chiara, C'mon C'mon, The Lost Daughter, The Novice In Best Feature Race As A24 Sweeps Nods". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
External links
Catch the Fair One at IMDb
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_film"},{"link_name":"Kali Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Reis"},{"link_name":"Daniel Henshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Henshall"},{"link_name":"Michael Drayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Drayer"},{"link_name":"Lisa Emery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Emery"},{"link_name":"Kimberly Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Kevin Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Dunn"},{"link_name":"American Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Tribeca Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"IFC Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFC_Films"},{"link_name":"37th Independent Spirit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_Independent_Spirit_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Female Lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Award_for_Best_Female_Lead"}],"text":"2021 American filmCatch the Fair One is a 2021 American thriller film written, directed, and produced by Josef Kubota Wladyka, based on a story by Wladyka and Kali Reis in her film debut. It stars Reis, Daniel Henshall, Tiffany Chu, Michael Drayer, Lisa Emery, Kimberly Guerrero, and Kevin Dunn. The plot follows a young American Indian woman and former boxer named Kaylee who voluntarily joins a sex trafficking ring to find her missing younger sister. The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on June 12, 2021. It was released in the United States on February 11, 2022, by IFC Films. The film was met with critical acclaim, with praise aimed towards the story and performances. At the 37th Independent Spirit Awards, Reis received a nomination for Best Female Lead.","title":"Catch the Fair One"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"procurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)"},{"link_name":"masturbates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masturbation"},{"link_name":"waterboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterboarding"},{"link_name":"train yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_yard"},{"link_name":"9-1-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-1-1"}],"text":"Kaylee, a Native American woman and former professional boxer, is now a drug addict living in a women's shelter and working as a waitress. Some time ago, Kaylee's younger sister Weeta was abducted and forced into prostitution by a sex trafficking ring. She is one of the hundreds of young girls who go missing every year. No one has heard of her since, and Kaylee has since been forced to conduct her own search as the authorities show no interest.After finding a lead on Weeta's whereabouts, Kaylee meets the procurer of a local trafficking ring and convinces him she is desperately in need of money. The man takes pictures, gives her drugs, and masturbates while watching her undress before agreeing to contact a buyer looking for a \"Native girl\".Bobby is the son of the ring's kingpin, Willie. Kaylee is chloroformed, tied up, and taken by Bobby to the buyer's home. She wakes up alone in a basement and using a razor blade hidden under her tongue, she cuts herself free. Once Bobby and the buyer arrive, Bobby explains that he knows what she is trying to do and that she will never find her sister. When he leaves the room, and the buyer prepares to rape her, Kaylee pulls out the razor blade, kills the buyer, and runs away. Willie and his crew arrive to get rid of the dead body. Kaylee returns to the house and hides in Bobby's car. She sees Willie hit Bobby and order him to leave.Bobby goes home to his wife Linda (who has a black eye) and son Junior. When he leaves the room, Kaylee enters the house and ties his family up, putting tape over their mouths to stop them from screaming. Bobby returns and a fight ensues, with Kaylee using her expertise as a boxer to gain the upper hand. After tying him up, Kaylee demands information about her sister, but he refuses to answer. She stabs him in the leg, threatens to cut off Linda's ear, and begins to waterboard him. Bobby refuses to betray his father out of fear and allows himself to drown.Kaylee interrogates Linda and learns that Willie owns a train yard where he will transport the next \"batch\" of kidnapped girls. Kaylee arrives at the train yard with only Bobby's gun in her possession. At gunpoint, one of Willie's truck drivers tells her that the girls are in a nearby warehouse. She finds them and tells them to escape when the procurer from before spots her. He runs away and Kaylee shoots him several times. She questions him but he begins to apologize and beg instead. Kaylee walks away, letting the procurer bleed to death. Kaylee reveals that she has hidden Linda and Junior in her car. She orders Linda to take him to Willie, who lives in a mansion.Inside the house, Linda is greeted by Willie's wife Debra, who says Willie is in the library. She mentions that Linda regularly visited them every time Bobby became aggressive. In the bathroom, Linda messages Kaylee with the correct information about where Willie is but also calls 9-1-1 before leaving. Kaylee holds Willie at gunpoint and asks about Weeta. Debra barges into the room with a gun and accidentally shoots Willie in the face. Kaylee shoots and kills Debra as Debra shoots again, fatally wounding Kaylee in the stomach. In her final moments, Kaylee imagines what her life would have been if she had succeeded, as she envisions herself entering her comeback boxing match.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kali Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Reis"},{"link_name":"Daniel Henshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Henshall"},{"link_name":"Michael Drayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Drayer"},{"link_name":"Lisa Emery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Emery"},{"link_name":"Kimberly Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Kevin Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Dunn"}],"text":"Kali Reis as Kaylee\nDaniel Henshall as Bobby\nTiffany Chu as Linda\nMichael Drayer as Danny\nLisa Emery as Debra\nKimberly Guerrero as Jaya\nKevin Dunn as Willie\nIsabelle Chester as Lisa\nSam Seward as Jeremiah\nMainaku Borrero as Weeta\nWesley Leung as Bobby Jr.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Darren Aronofsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Aronofsky"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kali Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Reis"},{"link_name":"Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Catch the Fair One was shot in Buffalo, New York, with Ross Giardina serving as cinematographer.[4] The film was executive produced by Darren Aronofsky.[5] It is the acting debut of professional boxer Kali Reis, who is active in the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMWIG) movement.[6][7] The film is dedicated to sound mixer Michael Wolf Snyder, who died by suicide at the age of 35.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribeca Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TribecaAward-10"},{"link_name":"Deauville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deauville_American_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Asian_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Woodstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"IFC Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFC_Films"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"AMC+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%2B"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on June 12, 2021.[9][10] By the end of its run, the film screened at festivals in Deauville,[11] Jerusalem,[12] San Diego,[13] Warsaw,[14] and Woodstock.[15] In August 2021, IFC Films bought the film's distribution rights. The film was released in the United States on February 11, 2022.[16] In April 2022, IFC Films signed an output deal with AMC+. The film is set to be released on the streaming service on May 13, 2022.[17]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"In the United States and Canada, the film earned $7,992 from thirty theaters in its opening weekend.[18] It made $8,625 from eight theaters in its second weekend,[19] and $6,397 from three theaters in its third,[20] $295 from one theater in its fourth,[21] $244 from two theaters in its fifth,[22] and $210 from two theaters in its sixth.[23]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rotten_Tomatoes-24"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"weighted average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_average"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metacritic-25"},{"link_name":"Screen Rant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"The Daily Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beast"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"IndieWire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 94% of 62 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The website's consensus reads: \"A serious-minded drama that's also a propulsive thriller, Catch the Fair One anchors its powerful performances in real-life horror.\"[24] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 71 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating \"generally favorable\" reviews.[25]Screen Rant's Mae Abdulbaki said the film was \"strongest in action mode\".[26] Nick Schager of The Daily Beast praised the film for its \"portrait of white men exploiting Native American women for profit and sexual gratification\", adding that \"[it] isn't lost on the film...\"[27] David Ehrlich from IndieWire said \"[t]here isn't much for Catch the Fair One to find at the end of the line, but it looks for its invisible women - indigenous and otherwise - with the urgency of someone who knows what seeing them would actually mean\".[28]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Sidewalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalk_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TribecaAward-10"},{"link_name":"Newport Beach Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Beach_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"same category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Award_for_Best_Female_Lead"},{"link_name":"37th Independent Spirit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_Independent_Spirit_Awards"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"Catch the Fair One competed for Best Film at festivals in Deauville,[29][30] and Warsaw,[31] and won the award at the Sidewalk and Tribeca Film Festivals.[32][10] Reis won Best Actress at the Newport Beach Film Festival,[33] and received a nomination in the same category at the 37th Independent Spirit Awards.[34]","title":"Reception"}]
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Retrieved February 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/04/nomadland-producer-tribeca-catch-fair-one-memento-darren-aronofsky-1234740809/","url_text":"\"Memento International Boards Catch The Fair One From Nomadland Producer Mollye Asher & Exec Producer Darren Aronofsky\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Craig (February 4, 2021). \"Kali Reis: Everything - or nothing at all\". Boxing Social. Retrieved June 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://boxing-social.com/features/kali-reis-everything-or-nothing-at-all/","url_text":"\"Kali Reis: Everything - or nothing at all\""}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 11, 2022). \"ICM & Authentic Talent & Lit Management Sign Catch The Fair One Boxer, Actress & Writer Kali Reis\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/02/catch-the-fair-one-indie-spirit-award-kali-reis-icm-authentic-1234932131/","url_text":"\"ICM & Authentic Talent & Lit Management Sign Catch The Fair One Boxer, Actress & Writer Kali Reis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Del Rosario, Alexandra (March 6, 2021). \"Nomadland Production Sound Mixer Michael Wolf Snyder Dies at 35\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/03/michael-wolf-snyder-dead-nomadland-the-rider-sound-mixer-1234708505/","url_text":"\"Nomadland Production Sound Mixer Michael Wolf Snyder Dies at 35\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Rebecca (April 20, 2021). \"Tribeca Film Festival Unveils 2021 Lineup\". Variety. 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[{"Link":"https://tribecafilm.com/films/catch-the-fair-one-2021","external_links_name":"\"Catch the Fair One\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt11304504/","external_links_name":"\"Catch the Fair One\""},{"Link":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Catch-the-Fair-One-(2022)","external_links_name":"\"Catch the Fair One\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/catch-the-fair-one-review-1235089689/","external_links_name":"\"Catch the Fair One: Film Review\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/04/nomadland-producer-tribeca-catch-fair-one-memento-darren-aronofsky-1234740809/","external_links_name":"\"Memento International Boards Catch The Fair One From Nomadland Producer Mollye Asher & Exec Producer Darren Aronofsky\""},{"Link":"https://boxing-social.com/features/kali-reis-everything-or-nothing-at-all/","external_links_name":"\"Kali Reis: Everything - or nothing at all\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/02/catch-the-fair-one-indie-spirit-award-kali-reis-icm-authentic-1234932131/","external_links_name":"\"ICM & Authentic Talent & Lit Management Sign Catch The Fair One Boxer, Actress & Writer Kali Reis\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/03/michael-wolf-snyder-dead-nomadland-the-rider-sound-mixer-1234708505/","external_links_name":"\"Nomadland Production Sound Mixer Michael Wolf Snyder Dies at 35\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2021/film/news/tribeca-film-festival-2021-lineup-1234955705/","external_links_name":"\"Tribeca Film Festival Unveils 2021 Lineup\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/06/tribeca-festival-attendance-1234781100/","external_links_name":"\"Tribeca Festival Draws Solid Crowds In Person And Online For Covid Comeback Edition\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2021/film/global/deauville-film-festival-2021-competition-red-rocket-pig-1235038237/","external_links_name":"\"Pig, Red Rocket, Pleasure in Deauville Festival Competition Lineup\""},{"Link":"https://jff.org.il/en/movie/47035","external_links_name":"\"Catch the Fair One\""},{"Link":"https://sdaff.org/2021/movies/catch-the-fair-one/","external_links_name":"\"Catch the Fair One\""},{"Link":"https://mubi.com/it/awards-and-festivals/warsaw?year=2021","external_links_name":"\"Warsaw International Film Festival 2021\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/09/woodstock-film-festival-announces-2021-slate-1234825448/","external_links_name":"\"Woodstock Film Festival Announces Slate For This Fall's 22nd Edition\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210901173655/https://deadline.com/2021/09/woodstock-film-festival-announces-2021-slate-1234825448/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2021/film/news/ifc-films-boxing-catch-the-fair-one-thriller-kali-reis-1235034343/","external_links_name":"\"IFC Films Buys Catch the Fair One, Thriller Starring Boxing Champ Kali Reis (Exclusive)\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/04/amc-plus-ifc-films-output-deal-friday-night-movie-slate-clean-adrien-brody-1235009599/","external_links_name":"\"IFC Films Moves Output Deal To AMC+; Streamer Launches Friday Night Movie Slate With Clean\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/2022W06/","external_links_name":"\"Domestic 2022 Weekend 6\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/2022W07/","external_links_name":"\"Domestic 2022 Weekend 7\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/2022W08/","external_links_name":"\"Domestic 2022 Weekend 8\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/2022W09/","external_links_name":"\"Domestic 2022 Weekend 9\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/2022W10/","external_links_name":"\"Domestic 2022 Weekend 10\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/2022W11/","external_links_name":"\"Domestic 2022 Weekend 11\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/catch_the_fair_one","external_links_name":"\"Catch the Fair One\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/catch-the-fair-one","external_links_name":"\"Catch the Fair One\""},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/catch-fair-one-2021-movie-reviews/","external_links_name":"\"Tribeca Review: Catch The Fair One Is An Intensely Captivating Revenge Thriller\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-fearless-boxer-infiltrates-a-horrifying-sex-trafficking-ring","external_links_name":"\"A Fearless Boxer Infiltrates a Horrifying Sex-Trafficking Ring\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiewire.com/2021/06/catch-the-fair-one-kali-reis-review-1234644357/","external_links_name":"\"Catch the Fair One Review: Boxer Kali Reis Delivers a Knockout Performance in Bruising Sex Trafficking Thriller\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2021/film/global/deauville-film-festival-2021-competition-red-rocket-pig-1235038237/","external_links_name":"\"Pig, Red Rocket, Pleasure in Deauville Festival Competition Lineup\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2021/film/global/red-rocket-deauville-winners-2021-1235061966/","external_links_name":"\"Red Rocket, Blue Bayou and Down With the King Among 2021 Deauville Film Festival Winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.screendaily.com/news/warsaws-top-prize-goes-to-bogdan-george-apetris-miracle/5164358.article","external_links_name":"\"Warsaw's top prize goes to Bogdan George Apetri's Miracle\""},{"Link":"https://www.sidewalkfest.com/award-winners-from-sidewalk-2021/","external_links_name":"\"2021 Sidewalk Film Festival Award Winners\""},{"Link":"https://newportbeachfilmfest.com/2021-awards/","external_links_name":"\"22nd Annual Newport Beach Film Festival Announces 2021 Awards Winners\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/12/film-independent-spirit-awards-nominations-2022-a-chiara-cmon-cmon-the-lost-daughter-the-novice-zola-round-out-best-feature-1234890775/","external_links_name":"\"Film Independent Spirit Awards Nominations: Zola, A Chiara, C'mon C'mon, The Lost Daughter, The Novice In Best Feature Race As A24 Sweeps Nods\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11304504/","external_links_name":"Catch the Fair One"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patersbier
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Trappist beer
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["1 History","2 International Trappist Association recognised breweries","2.1 Authentic Trappist Product label","2.2 List of Trappist breweries","3 Abbey beer","4 Types of beer","4.1 Enkel","4.2 Dubbel","4.3 Tripel","4.4 Quadrupel","5 Glassware","6 Beer tourism","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Beer brewed by Trappist monks
Beers with Authentic Trappist Product label from Trappist breweries in 2015: Achel, Chimay, Engelszell, La Trappe, Orval, Spencer, Rochefort, Tre Fontane, Westmalle, Westvleteren, and Zundert (not pictured: Mount St Bernard Abbey)
Bottles of Chimay represented on a mural of the railway station of Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium).
Trappist beer is brewed by Trappist monks. Thirteen Trappist monasteries—six in Belgium, two in the Netherlands, and one each in Austria, Italy, England, France, and Spain— produce beer, but the Authentic Trappist Product label is assigned by the International Trappist Association (ITA) to just ten breweries that meet their strict criteria. As of 2021, Achel is no longer recognized as a Trappist brewery because it does not have any monks.
History
The Catholic Trappist order originated in the Cistercian monastery of La Trappe, France. Various Cistercian congregations existed for many years, and by 1664 the Abbot of La Trappe felt that the Cistercians were becoming too liberal. He introduced strict new rules in the abbey and the Strict Observance was born. Since this time, many of the rules have been relaxed. However, a fundamental tenet that monasteries should be self-supporting is still maintained by these groups.
Monastery brewhouses, from different religious orders, have existed across Europe since the Middle Ages. From the very beginning, beer was brewed in French Cistercian monasteries following the Strict Observance. For example, the monastery of La Trappe in Soligny already had its own brewery in 1685. Breweries were later introduced in monasteries of other countries as the Trappist order spread from France into the rest of Europe. The Trappists, like many other religious orders, originally brewed beer to feed the community, in a perspective of self-sufficiency. Nowadays, Trappist breweries also brew beer to fund their works and charitable causes. Many of the Trappist monasteries and breweries were destroyed during the French Revolution and the World Wars. In the last 300 years, there were at least nine Trappist breweries in France, six in Belgium, two in the Netherlands, one in Germany, one in Austria, one in Bosnia and possibly other countries.
In 1997, eight Trappist abbeys – six from Belgium (Orval, Chimay, Westvleteren, Rochefort, Westmalle and Achel), one from the Netherlands (Koningshoeven) and one from Germany (Mariawald) – founded the International Trappist Association (ITA) to prevent non-Trappist commercial companies from abusing the Trappist name. This private association created a logo that is assigned to goods (cheese, beer, wine, etc.) that respect precise production criteria. For the beers, these criteria were the following:
The beer must be brewed within the walls of a Trappist monastery, either by the monks themselves or under their supervision.
The brewery must be of secondary importance within the monastery and it should witness to the business practices proper to a monastic way of life.
The brewery is not intended to be a profit-making venture. The income covers the living expenses of the monks and the maintenance of the buildings and grounds. Whatever remains is donated to charity for social work and to help persons in need.
The German Trappist abbey of Mariawald has not produced beer since 1953, however it is a founding member of the Trappist Association and uses the same Authentic Trappist Product logo for its other products.
As of January 2021, Belgium has only 5 Trappist beers (ATP) left since Achel lost its ATP designation due to the last monk leaving the Order. However, its Trappist beer (not ATP) production is still ongoing and has been taken over by Westmalle. In 2012, Belgian Post honored the Trappist breweries in the country with a commemorative collection of stamps. As of 25 January 2023, Achel lost its designation as a Trappist beer due to selling the abbey to a private person.
In the twentieth century, the growing popularity of Trappist beers led some brewers with no connection to the order to label their beers "Trappist". After unsuccessful negotiations, monks sued one such brewer in 1962 in Ghent, Belgium.
The Dutch brewery De Koningshoeven produces Trappist beers – branded La Trappe – that are able to carry the "Authentic Trappist Product" logo. Their use of the International Trappist Association logo was withdrawn in 1999, but was restored in October 2005 (see Brouwerij de Koningshoeven for details). A second Dutch Trappist beer, branded Zundert and produced by Abdij Maria Toevlucht, made its debut in December 2013, and has also been granted permission to use the International Trappist Association logo.
An expansion of ITA recognized breweries took place for the first time in 2012 when the trappist brewery of the abbey of Engelszell, Trappistenbrauerei Engelszell in Engelhartszell, Austria started brewing beer at the monastery (the former production had stopped in 1929) and in the same year obtained the Authentic Trappist Product logo for their beer.
In December 2013, Maria Toevlucht's abbey (Zundert, the Netherlands) and St. Joseph's Abbey (Spencer, Massachusetts, United States) were both granted the ATP recognition for their Trappist beers, followed in 2015 by Tre Fontane Abbey brewery in Rome.
In June 2018, the monks of Mount Saint Bernard Abbey in Leicestershire became the first in the UK to brew a Trappist ale. Called "Tynt Meadow" (7.4% ABV), after the location of the abbey, it is available to visitors and sold through public outlets.
Orval trappist beer
International Trappist Association recognised breweries
As of January 2022, fourteen Trappist monasteries that are members of the ITA have beers named after them — six in Belgium, two in the Netherlands, and one each in Austria, Italy, England, France, Spain and the United States.
Authentic Trappist Product label
In addition to being a Trappist brewery, the monastic communities that are members of the ITA can apply for the Authentic Trappist Product (ATP) label. The following criteria are used for ATP label:
All products must be made within the immediate surroundings of the abbey;
Production must be carried out under the supervision of the monks or nuns;
Profits should be intended for the needs of the monastic community, for purposes of solidarity within the Trappist Order, or for development projects and charitable works.
List of Trappist breweries
There are currently thirteen breweries producing Trappist beer. Ten of them (with the exception of Achel, Mont des Cats, whose beer is not brewed at their monastery but at Chimay, and Cardeña from the Abbey of San Pedro de Cardeña, whose beer is currently produced off-site) are allowed to display the Authentic Trappist Product logo on their beer products.
In January 2021, "Achel" of the St. Benedict's Abbey in Hamont-Achel lost the Authentic Trappist Product label, as the brewing process was no longer supervised by monks on site, but the beer remains a Trappist beer, as the Saint Benedict Abbey falls under the Westmalle Abbey and the abbot of Westmalle Abbey visits the Achelse Kluis every week and supervises the brewing and other activities in the Achelse Kluis. In January 2023, the abbey was sold to a private person. From that day on, "Achel" lost the recognition as a Trappist beer. In May 2022, St. Joseph's Abbey ceased beer production. In May 2023, Stift Engelszell published an article about dissolution of the monastery and move all monks to other monasteries.
International Trappist Association recognized breweries
Brewery
Location
Opened
Annual production (2004)
Brouwerij der Trappisten van Westmalle
Belgium
1836
120,000 hL (100,000 US bbl)
Brouwerij Westvleteren (St Sixtus)
Belgium
1838
4,750 hL (4,050 US bbl)
Bières de Chimay
Belgium
1863
123,000 hL (105,000 US bbl)
Brouwerij de Koningshoeven (La Trappe)
Netherlands
1884
145,000 hL (124,000 US bbl)
Brasserie de Rochefort
Belgium
1899
18,000 hL (15,000 US bbl)
Brasserie d'Orval
Belgium
1931
71,000 hL (61,000 US bbl)
Stift Engelszell
Austria
2012
2,000 hL (1,700 US bbl)
St. Joseph's Abbey in Spencer, Massachusetts Closed in 2022
United States
2013 (closed 2022)
4,694 hL (4,000 US bbl)
Brouwerij Abdij Maria Toevlucht (Zundert)
Netherlands
2013
5,000 hL (4,300 US bbl)
Tre Fontane Abbey
Italy
2015
2,000 hL (1,700 US bbl)
Mount St Bernard Abbey (Tynt Meadow)
England
2018
2,000 hL (1,700 US bbl)
Mont des Cats (not ATP)
France
1826
N/A (not ATP)
Cerveza Cardeña Trappist (not ATP)
Spain
2016
N/A (not ATP)
Achel Abbey Recognition as Trappist beer lost in 2023 (abbey sold to a private individual)
Belgium
1850
N/A (not ATP)
NetherlandsBelgiumStift EngelszellStift EngelszellTre Fontane AbbeySt. Joseph's AbbeyNetherlands breweriesDe Koningshoeven (La Trappe)De Kievit Brewery (Zundert)Belgium breweriesBrasserie de RochefortTrappist Abbey of WestmalleSt. Sixtus Abbey of WestvleterenBières de ChimayBrasserie d'OrvalDe Achelse Kluisclass=notpageimage| International Trappist Association recognised breweries in the world
RochefortWestmalleWestvleterenChimayOrvalAchelLa TrappeZundertclass=notpageimage| International Trappist Association recognised breweries in the Low Countries
Abbey beer
Main article: Abbey beer
The designation "abbey beers" (Bières d'Abbaye or Abdijbier) was originally devised by Belgian breweries for any monastic or monastic-style beer not produced in an actual monastery. After the introduction of an official Trappist beer designation by the International Trappist Association in 1997, it came to mean products similar in style or presentation to monastic beers. In other words, an Abbey beer may be:
Produced by a non-Trappist monastery—e.g. Cistercian, Benedictine; or
produced by a commercial brewery under an arrangement with an extant monastery; or
branded with the name of a defunct or fictitious abbey by a commercial brewer; or
given a vaguely monastic branding, without specifically mentioning monastery, by a commercial brewer.
Types of beer
Trappist beers are mostly top-fermented, including La Trappe Bockbier, and mainly bottle conditioned. Trappist breweries use various systems of nomenclature for the different beers produced which relate to their relative strength.
The best known is the system where different beers are called Enkel/Single, Dubbel/Double, Tripel/Triple and Quadrupel/Quadruple. These terms roughly describe both the amount of malt and the original gravity. They may refer to the number of crosses or other marks chalked on the casks - two for a Dubbel and three for a Tripel.
Colours can be used to indicate the different types, dating back to the days when bottles were unlabelled and had to be identified by the capsule or bottle-top alone. Chimay beer labels are based on the colour system (in increasing order of strength red, white and blue). Westvleteren beers are still unlabelled.
There is also a number system (6, 8 and 10, as used by Rochefort), which gives an indication of strength, but is not necessarily an exact alcohol by volume (ABV). Achel combine a strength and a colour (of the beer itself—blond or brown) designation.
Enkel
Enkel, meaning "single", is a term used by the Trappist breweries to describe the basic recipe of their beers. The name fell out of fashion with no breweries (Trappist or 'Abbey') using the term until recent years. Instead, "Blond(e)" (La Trappe, Westvleteren), "5" (Achel) or "6" (Rochefort) have been used to describe the brewery's lightest beer. Chimay introduced an Enkel (called Dorée or Gold) commercially in bottles in 2015, Westmalle made their Enkel (called Extra) available commercially through some outlets in 2010. The term is often used interchangeably with 'Patersbier' (meaning Father's beer), as Enkels are a weak beer brewed originally to be consumed by the monks themselves.
Dubbel
Main article: Dubbel
Dubbel is a Trappist breweries' naming convention. The origin of the dubbel was a beer brewed in the Trappist Abbey of Westmalle in 1856. Westmalle Dubbel was imitated by other breweries, Trappist and commercial, Belgian and worldwide, leading to the emergence of a style. Dubbels are understood to be a fairly strong (6–8% ABV) brown ale, with understated bitterness, fairly heavy body, and a pronounced fruitiness and cereal character.
Examples are: Westmalle Dubbel, Chimay Red/Premiere, Koningshoeven/La Trappe Dubbel, Achel 8 Bruin, Rochefort 6, and Tynt Meadow.
Tripel
Main article: Tripel
Westmalle Tripel
Tripel is a naming convention traditionally used by Belgian Trappist breweries to describe the strongest beer in their range. Westmalle Tripel is considered to be the foundation of this beer style, and was developed in the 1930s. Achel 8 Blond, Westmalle Tripel, La Trappe Tripel, and Chimay White/Cinq Cents are all examples of Trappist tripels. The style has proven popular among secular breweries like St. Feuillien, Bosteels and St. Bernardus. Tripels as a style are generally beers with an alcohol content ranging from 8% to 10% ABV.
Quadrupel
Main article: Quadrupel
Quadrupel is the name Koningshoeven gave to a La Trappe ale they brew which is stronger and darker than their tripel. Rochefort 10, Westvleteren 12 and Zundert 10 are also examples of quadrupels.
Glassware
Belgian breweries have a tradition of providing custom beer glasses: with Trappist breweries, these often take the form of "chalice" or "goblet" style glasses. The distinction between goblet and chalice is typically in the glass thickness. Goblets tend to be more delicate and thin, while the chalice is heavy and thick walled. Some chalices are etched on the bottom to nucleate a stream of bubbles for maintaining a nice head.
Chimay beers and glass
Orval beer's "chalice" glass
Rochefort beer's "goblet" glass
Thirteen trappist beers and their glasses.
Beer tourism
The idea of visiting Trappist monasteries to sample their beers has become more popular in recent years, partly due to promotion by enthusiasts such as the 'beer hunter' Michael Jackson. Some brewing monasteries maintain a visitors' centre where their beers can be tasted and bought (sometimes with other monastic products such as bread and cheese). Visits to the monastery itself are usually not available to the general public, although visitors can overnight in some of the monasteries (like Achel) if their purpose is non-touristic. Currently, Koningshoeven (which brews La Trappe) in Netherlands offers regular tours around their bottling plant, old brewery and parts of their site, along with a beer tasting.
See also
Christianity portalBeer portal
Alcohol in Christianity
Christian dietary laws
Beer in Belgium
Beer in the Netherlands
Barrel-aged beer
References
^ "Beer-brewing monks struggle with demand". BBC News. July 7, 2019.
^ "No Monks, No Label". February 13, 2021 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
^ "Trappist beers". The International Trappist Association. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
^ "Achelse trappist is niet langer échte trappist omdat laatste broeder abdij verliet: "Productie is niet in gevaar"". VRT News. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
^ "Belgian Post Honors Trappist Brewers on Stamps". Lyke2Drink. 2 February 2012.
^
"The ATP logo for "Gregorius" and "Benno"!". 21 November 2012.
^ Owen, Dave (2017-10-25). "Brewery set to be built in county – and ran by Trappist monks". leicestermercury. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
^ a b "Monks brew UK's first Trappist beer". BBC News. 25 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
^ a b "International Trappist Association - Beers". Trappist.be. Retrieved 2019-01-27.
^ "International Trappist Association - FAQs". Trappist.be. Retrieved 2019-01-27.
^ a b "International Trappist Association - Criteria for obtaining the ATP label". Trappist.be. Retrieved 2019-01-27.
^ "Mont des Cats". RateBeer. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
^ Barnes, Christopher (2016-05-25). "The Brewing Monks: A Potential 12th Trappist Brewery Begins the Process in Spain". I Think About Beer. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
^ "Trappist Achel Brouwt Verder".
^ Snoekx, Koen (25 January 2023). "Kempense ondernemer Jan Tormans koopt Sint-Benedictusabdij: 'Einde van Trappist Achel'". Gazet van Antwerpen. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
^ Tota, Matthew (2022-05-14). "St. Joseph's Abbey to close Spencer Brewery". Worcester Magazine. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
^ McFarland, Ben (2009). World's Best Beers: One Thousand Craft Brews from Cask to Glass. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4027-6694-7. Retrieved 2011-01-13.
^ a b c Geert van Lierde et al., In het Spoor van de Trappisten ISBN 90-261-0704-8, page 25
^ Oliver, Garrett (2012). The Oxford Companion to Beer. ISBN 978-0195367133.
^ "Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter - Down on your knees to bless monks' top ale". www.beerhunter.com. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
^ "Chimay Dorée / Spéciale du Potaupré". RateBeer. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
^ "New Product : Shop Westmalle-Extra Trappist Beer @ www.belgiuminabox.com | Belgiuminabox". belgiuminabox.com. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
^ "Espace Chimay". Retrieved 2014-09-26.
^ "Visit Orval". Retrieved 2014-09-26.
^ "Visit us". www.latrappetrappist.com. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
External links
Official site of the International Trappist Association
Official website of the Trappist Order
vteTrappist beerTrappist breweries
Chimay
Engelszell
La Trappe
Orval
Rochefort
Spencer
Tre Fontane
Tynt Meadow
Westmalle
Westvleteren
Zundert
Others
Mont des Cats
Mariawald
Achel
Related articles
Abbey beer
Trappists
vteBeer styles (list)Ale
Altbier
Amber ale
American pale ale
Australian pale ale
Barley wine
Bitter
Brown ale
Burton ale
Copper ale
Cream ale
Dubbel
Farmhouse ale
Bière de Garde
Grisette
Saison
India pale ale
Irish red ale
Gose
Grodziskie
Kentucky common beer
Kölsch
Mild ale
Old ale
Pale ale
Porter
Baltic porter
Pumpkin ale
Quadrupel
Sahti
Scotch ale
Stout
Strong ale
Tripel
Wheat beer
Lager
American lager
Australian lager
Bock
Dortmunder Export
Dunkel
Helles
Kellerbier
Märzen
Pale lager
Pilsner
Schwarzbier
Zoigl
Other stylesSour beer
American wild ale
Berliner Weisse
Flanders red ale
Lambic
Framboise
Gueuze
Kriek
Oud bruin
Corn beer
Fruit beer
Banana beer
Hard soda
Ice beer
Kvass
Podpiwek
Light beer
Malt beer
Millet beer
Pito
Rye beer
Small beer
Smoked beer
Rauchbier
Spruce beer
Steam beer / California Common
Tella
See also
Abbey beers
Trappist
Adjuncts
Barrel-aged beer
Beer and breweries by region
Beer sommelier
Brewery
Low-alcohol beer
Real ale
Seasonal beer
Beer portal
|
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Thirteen Trappist monasteries—six in Belgium, two in the Netherlands, and one each in Austria, Italy, England, France, and Spain— produce beer,[1] but the Authentic Trappist Product label is assigned by the International Trappist Association (ITA) to just ten breweries that meet their strict criteria. As of 2021[update], Achel is no longer recognized as a Trappist brewery because it does not have any monks.[2]","title":"Trappist beer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cistercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian"},{"link_name":"La Trappe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soligny-La-Trappe"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"World Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Orval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orval_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Chimay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimay_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Westvleteren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westvleteren_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Rochefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochefort_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Westmalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmalle_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Achel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achel_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Koningshoeven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brouwerij_De_Koningshoeven"},{"link_name":"Mariawald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariawald"},{"link_name":"logo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Belgian Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Post&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Brouwerij de Koningshoeven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brouwerij_de_Koningshoeven"},{"link_name":"Abdij Maria Toevlucht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdij_Maria_Toevlucht&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tre Fontane Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre_Fontane_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mount Saint Bernard Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saint_Bernard_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-44581210-8"},{"link_name":"Tynt Meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynt_Meadow"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-44581210-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orval_Trappist-Beer.JPG"}],"text":"The Catholic Trappist order originated in the Cistercian monastery of La Trappe, France. Various Cistercian congregations existed for many years, and by 1664 the Abbot of La Trappe felt that the Cistercians were becoming too liberal. He introduced strict new rules in the abbey and the Strict Observance was born. Since this time, many of the rules have been relaxed. However, a fundamental tenet that monasteries should be self-supporting is still maintained by these groups.[citation needed]Monastery brewhouses, from different religious orders, have existed across Europe since the Middle Ages. From the very beginning, beer was brewed in French Cistercian monasteries following the Strict Observance. For example, the monastery of La Trappe in Soligny already had its own brewery in 1685. Breweries were later introduced in monasteries of other countries as the Trappist order spread from France into the rest of Europe. The Trappists, like many other religious orders, originally brewed beer to feed the community, in a perspective of self-sufficiency. Nowadays, Trappist breweries also brew beer to fund their works and charitable causes. Many of the Trappist monasteries and breweries were destroyed during the French Revolution and the World Wars. In the last 300 years, there were at least nine Trappist breweries in France, six in Belgium, two in the Netherlands, one in Germany, one in Austria, one in Bosnia and possibly other countries.[citation needed]In 1997, eight Trappist abbeys – six from Belgium (Orval, Chimay, Westvleteren, Rochefort, Westmalle and Achel), one from the Netherlands (Koningshoeven) and one from Germany (Mariawald) – founded the International Trappist Association (ITA) to prevent non-Trappist commercial companies from abusing the Trappist name. This private association created a logo that is assigned to goods (cheese, beer, wine, etc.) that respect precise production criteria. For the beers, these criteria were the following:[3]The beer must be brewed within the walls of a Trappist monastery, either by the monks themselves or under their supervision.\nThe brewery must be of secondary importance within the monastery and it should witness to the business practices proper to a monastic way of life.\nThe brewery is not intended to be a profit-making venture. The income covers the living expenses of the monks and the maintenance of the buildings and grounds. Whatever remains is donated to charity for social work and to help persons in need.The German Trappist abbey of Mariawald has not produced beer since 1953, however it is a founding member of the Trappist Association and uses the same Authentic Trappist Product logo for its other products.[citation needed]As of January 2021, Belgium has only 5 Trappist beers (ATP) left since Achel lost its ATP designation due to the last monk leaving the Order. However, its Trappist beer (not ATP) production is still ongoing and has been taken over by Westmalle.[4] In 2012, Belgian Post honored the Trappist breweries in the country with a commemorative collection of stamps.[5] As of 25 January 2023, Achel lost its designation as a Trappist beer due to selling the abbey to a private person.In the twentieth century, the growing popularity of Trappist beers led some brewers with no connection to the order to label their beers \"Trappist\". After unsuccessful negotiations, monks sued one such brewer in 1962 in Ghent, Belgium.[citation needed]The Dutch brewery De Koningshoeven produces Trappist beers – branded La Trappe – that are able to carry the \"Authentic Trappist Product\" logo. Their use of the International Trappist Association logo was withdrawn in 1999, but was restored in October 2005 (see Brouwerij de Koningshoeven for details). A second Dutch Trappist beer, branded Zundert and produced by Abdij Maria Toevlucht, made its debut in December 2013, and has also been granted permission to use the International Trappist Association logo.[citation needed]An expansion of ITA recognized breweries took place for the first time in 2012 when the trappist brewery of the abbey of Engelszell, Trappistenbrauerei Engelszell in Engelhartszell, Austria started brewing beer at the monastery (the former production had stopped in 1929) and in the same year obtained the Authentic Trappist Product logo for their beer.[6]In December 2013, Maria Toevlucht's abbey (Zundert, the Netherlands) and St. Joseph's Abbey (Spencer, Massachusetts, United States) were both granted the ATP recognition for their Trappist beers, followed in 2015 by Tre Fontane Abbey brewery in Rome.[citation needed]In June 2018, the monks of Mount Saint Bernard Abbey in Leicestershire became the first in the UK to brew a Trappist ale.[7][8] Called \"Tynt Meadow\" (7.4% ABV), after the location of the abbey, it is available to visitors and sold through public outlets.[8]Orval trappist beer","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrewList-9"}],"text":"As of January 2022, fourteen Trappist monasteries that are members of the ITA have beers named after them — six in Belgium, two in the Netherlands, and one each in Austria, Italy, England, France, Spain and the United States.[9]","title":"International Trappist Association recognised breweries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATPFAQ-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATPCrit-11"}],"sub_title":"Authentic Trappist Product label","text":"In addition to being a Trappist brewery, the monastic communities that are members of the ITA can apply for the Authentic Trappist Product (ATP) label.[10] The following criteria are used for ATP label:[11]All products must be made within the immediate surroundings of the abbey;\nProduction must be carried out under the supervision of the monks or nuns;\nProfits should be intended for the needs of the monastic community, for purposes of solidarity within the Trappist Order, or for development projects and charitable works.","title":"International Trappist Association recognised breweries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrewList-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATPCrit-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Stift Engelszell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelszell_Abbey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Atlantic_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelszell_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Stift Engelszell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelszell_Abbey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelszell_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Stift Engelszell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelszell_Abbey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre_Fontane_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Tre Fontane Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre_Fontane_Abbey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Abbey_(Spencer,_Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph's Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Abbey_(Spencer,_Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"De Koningshoeven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Koningshoeven_Brewery"},{"link_name":"De Kievit Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zundert_(beer)"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Brasserie de Rochefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochefort_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Trappist Abbey of Westmalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmalle_Brewery"},{"link_name":"St. Sixtus Abbey of Westvleteren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westvleteren_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Bières de Chimay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimay_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Brasserie d'Orval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orval_Brewery"},{"link_name":"De Achelse Kluis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achel_Brewery"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Atlantic_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benelux_location_map.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochefort_Brewery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmalle_Brewery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westvleteren_Brewery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimay_Brewery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orval_Brewery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achel_Brewery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Koningshoeven_Brewery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zundert_(beer)"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benelux_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"}],"sub_title":"List of Trappist breweries","text":"There are currently thirteen breweries producing Trappist beer.[9] Ten of them (with the exception of Achel, Mont des Cats, whose beer is not brewed at their monastery but at Chimay,[12] and Cardeña from the Abbey of San Pedro de Cardeña, whose beer is currently produced off-site[13]) are allowed to display the Authentic Trappist Product logo on their beer products.[11]\nIn January 2021, \"Achel\" of the St. Benedict's Abbey in Hamont-Achel lost the Authentic Trappist Product label, as the brewing process was no longer supervised by monks on site, but the beer remains a Trappist beer, as the Saint Benedict Abbey falls under the Westmalle Abbey and the abbot of Westmalle Abbey visits the Achelse Kluis every week and supervises the brewing and other activities in the Achelse Kluis.[14] In January 2023, the abbey was sold to a private person. From that day on, \"Achel\" lost the recognition as a Trappist beer. [15] In May 2022, St. Joseph's Abbey ceased beer production.[16] In May 2023, Stift Engelszell published an article about dissolution of the monastery and move all monks to other monasteries.NetherlandsBelgiumStift EngelszellStift EngelszellTre Fontane AbbeySt. Joseph's AbbeyNetherlands breweriesDe Koningshoeven (La Trappe)De Kievit Brewery (Zundert)Belgium breweriesBrasserie de RochefortTrappist Abbey of WestmalleSt. Sixtus Abbey of WestvleterenBières de ChimayBrasserie d'OrvalDe Achelse Kluisclass=notpageimage| International Trappist Association recognised breweries in the worldRochefortWestmalleWestvleterenChimayOrvalAchelLa TrappeZundertclass=notpageimage| International Trappist Association recognised breweries in the Low Countries","title":"International Trappist Association recognised breweries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best-17"}],"text":"The designation \"abbey beers\" (Bières d'Abbaye or Abdijbier) was originally devised by Belgian breweries for any monastic or monastic-style beer not produced in an actual monastery. After the introduction of an official Trappist beer designation by the International Trappist Association in 1997, it came to mean products similar in style or presentation to monastic beers.[17] In other words, an Abbey beer may be:Produced by a non-Trappist monastery—e.g. Cistercian, Benedictine; or\nproduced by a commercial brewery under an arrangement with an extant monastery; or\nbranded with the name of a defunct or fictitious abbey by a commercial brewer; or\ngiven a vaguely monastic branding, without specifically mentioning monastery, by a commercial brewer.","title":"Abbey beer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"top-fermented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewing#Fermentation_methods"},{"link_name":"Bockbier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bock"},{"link_name":"bottle conditioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottle_conditioned"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lierde-18"},{"link_name":"Dubbel/Double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbel"},{"link_name":"Tripel/Triple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripel"},{"link_name":"original gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_(alcoholic_beverage)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"alcohol by volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume"},{"link_name":"Achel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achel"}],"text":"Trappist beers are mostly top-fermented, including La Trappe Bockbier, and mainly bottle conditioned. Trappist breweries use various systems of nomenclature for the different beers produced which relate to their relative strength.[18]The best known is the system where different beers are called Enkel/Single, Dubbel/Double, Tripel/Triple and Quadrupel/Quadruple. These terms roughly describe both the amount of malt and the original gravity.[19] They may refer to the number of crosses or other marks chalked on the casks - two for a Dubbel and three for a Tripel.[20]Colours can be used to indicate the different types, dating back to the days when bottles were unlabelled and had to be identified by the capsule or bottle-top alone. Chimay beer labels are based on the colour system (in increasing order of strength red, white and blue). Westvleteren beers are still unlabelled.There is also a number system (6, 8 and 10, as used by Rochefort), which gives an indication of strength, but is not necessarily an exact alcohol by volume (ABV). Achel combine a strength and a colour (of the beer itself—blond or brown) designation.","title":"Types of beer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lierde-18"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Enkel","text":"Enkel, meaning \"single\", is a term used by the Trappist breweries to describe the basic recipe of their beers.[18] The name fell out of fashion with no breweries (Trappist or 'Abbey') using the term until recent years.[when?] Instead, \"Blond(e)\" (La Trappe, Westvleteren), \"5\" (Achel) or \"6\" (Rochefort) have been used to describe the brewery's lightest beer. Chimay introduced an Enkel (called Dorée or Gold) commercially in bottles in 2015,[21] Westmalle made their Enkel (called Extra) available commercially through some outlets in 2010.[22] The term is often used interchangeably with 'Patersbier' (meaning Father's beer), as Enkels are a weak beer brewed originally to be consumed by the monks themselves.","title":"Types of beer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lierde-18"},{"link_name":"Westmalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmalle_Abbey"},{"link_name":"brown ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_ale"}],"sub_title":"Dubbel","text":"Dubbel is a Trappist breweries' naming convention.[18] The origin of the dubbel was a beer brewed in the Trappist Abbey of Westmalle in 1856. Westmalle Dubbel was imitated by other breweries, Trappist and commercial, Belgian and worldwide, leading to the emergence of a style. Dubbels are understood to be a fairly strong (6–8% ABV) brown ale, with understated bitterness, fairly heavy body, and a pronounced fruitiness and cereal character.\nExamples are: Westmalle Dubbel, Chimay Red/Premiere, Koningshoeven/La Trappe Dubbel, Achel 8 Bruin, Rochefort 6, and Tynt Meadow.","title":"Types of beer"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westmalle_Tripel_in_a_glass.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tripel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripel"}],"sub_title":"Tripel","text":"Westmalle TripelTripel is a naming convention traditionally used by Belgian Trappist breweries to describe the strongest beer in their range. Westmalle Tripel is considered to be the foundation of this beer style, and was developed in the 1930s. Achel 8 Blond, Westmalle Tripel, La Trappe Tripel, and Chimay White/Cinq Cents are all examples of Trappist tripels. The style has proven popular among secular breweries like St. Feuillien, Bosteels and St. Bernardus. Tripels as a style are generally beers with an alcohol content ranging from 8% to 10% ABV.","title":"Types of beer"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Quadrupel","text":"Quadrupel is the name Koningshoeven gave to a La Trappe ale they brew which is stronger and darker than their tripel. Rochefort 10, Westvleteren 12 and Zundert 10 are also examples of quadrupels.","title":"Types of beer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beer glasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_glass"},{"link_name":"chalice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalice"},{"link_name":"goblet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblet"},{"link_name":"nucleate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chimays.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beerglass_orval.jpg"},{"link_name":"Orval beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orval_beer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beerglass_trappiste_rochefort.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rochefort beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochefort_beer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thirteen_trappist_beer_and_glasses.jpg"}],"text":"Belgian breweries have a tradition of providing custom beer glasses: with Trappist breweries, these often take the form of \"chalice\" or \"goblet\" style glasses. The distinction between goblet and chalice is typically in the glass thickness. Goblets tend to be more delicate and thin, while the chalice is heavy and thick walled. Some chalices are etched on the bottom to nucleate a stream of bubbles for maintaining a nice head.Chimay beers and glass\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOrval beer's \"chalice\" glass\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRochefort beer's \"goblet\" glass\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThirteen trappist beers and their glasses.","title":"Glassware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Koningshoeven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brouwerij_De_Koningshoeven"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The idea of visiting Trappist monasteries to sample their beers has become more popular in recent years,[when?] partly due to promotion by enthusiasts such as the 'beer hunter' Michael Jackson. Some brewing monasteries maintain a visitors' centre where their beers can be tasted and bought (sometimes with other monastic products such as bread and cheese).[23][24] Visits to the monastery itself are usually not available to the general public, although visitors can overnight in some of the monasteries (like Achel) if their purpose is non-touristic. Currently, Koningshoeven (which brews La Trappe) in Netherlands offers regular tours around their bottling plant, old brewery and parts of their site, along with a beer tasting.[25]","title":"Beer tourism"}]
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[{"image_text":"Beers with Authentic Trappist Product label from Trappist breweries in 2015: Achel, Chimay, Engelszell, La Trappe, Orval, Spencer, Rochefort, Tre Fontane, Westmalle, Westvleteren, and Zundert (not pictured: Mount St Bernard Abbey)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Trappist_Beer_2015-08-15.jpg/400px-Trappist_Beer_2015-08-15.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bottles of Chimay represented on a mural of the railway station of Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Belgique_-_Louvain-la-Neuve_-_Gare_-_Quai_-_Belgian_beers_-_02.jpg/330px-Belgique_-_Louvain-la-Neuve_-_Gare_-_Quai_-_Belgian_beers_-_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Orval trappist beer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Orval_Trappist-Beer.JPG/220px-Orval_Trappist-Beer.JPG"},{"image_text":"Westmalle Tripel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Westmalle_Tripel_in_a_glass.jpg/200px-Westmalle_Tripel_in_a_glass.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"title":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png"},{"title":"Beer portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Beer"},{"title":"Alcohol in Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_in_Christianity"},{"title":"Christian dietary laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws"},{"title":"Beer in Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_Belgium"},{"title":"Beer in the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_the_Netherlands"},{"title":"Barrel-aged beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel-aged_beer"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Beer-brewing monks struggle with demand\". BBC News. July 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leicestershire-48854460","url_text":"\"Beer-brewing monks struggle with demand\""}]},{"reference":"\"No Monks, No Label\". February 13, 2021 – via www.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retaildetail.eu/en/news/food/no-monks-no-label-achel-no-longer-official-trappist-beer","url_text":"\"No Monks, No Label\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trappist beers\". The International Trappist Association. Retrieved 16 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trappist.be/en/pages/trappist-beers","url_text":"\"Trappist beers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Achelse trappist is niet langer échte trappist omdat laatste broeder abdij verliet: \"Productie is niet in gevaar\"\". VRT News. Retrieved 24 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2021/01/21/achelse-trappist-niet-langer-een-echte-trappist-maar-de-produc/","url_text":"\"Achelse trappist is niet langer échte trappist omdat laatste broeder abdij verliet: \"Productie is niet in gevaar\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belgian Post Honors Trappist Brewers on Stamps\". Lyke2Drink. 2 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://lyke2drink.blogspot.com/2012/02/belgium-post-honors-trappist-brewers-on.html","url_text":"\"Belgian Post Honors Trappist Brewers on Stamps\""}]},{"reference":"\"The ATP logo for \"Gregorius\" and \"Benno\"!\". 21 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trappist.be/nieuwsbrief/briefitem.cfm?BriefID=15&ArtID=32&taal=en","url_text":"\"The ATP logo for \"Gregorius\" and \"Benno\"!\""}]},{"reference":"Owen, Dave (2017-10-25). \"Brewery set to be built in county – and ran by Trappist monks\". leicestermercury. Retrieved 2018-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/news/monks-given-permission-build-uks-670890","url_text":"\"Brewery set to be built in county – and ran by Trappist monks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monks brew UK's first Trappist beer\". BBC News. 25 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-44581210","url_text":"\"Monks brew UK's first Trappist beer\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Trappist Association - Beers\". Trappist.be. Retrieved 2019-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trappist.be/en/products/beers/","url_text":"\"International Trappist Association - Beers\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Trappist Association - FAQs\". Trappist.be. Retrieved 2019-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trappist.be/en/faqs/","url_text":"\"International Trappist Association - FAQs\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Trappist Association - Criteria for obtaining the ATP label\". Trappist.be. Retrieved 2019-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trappist.be/en/about-ita/atp-label/","url_text":"\"International Trappist Association - Criteria for obtaining the ATP label\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mont des Cats\". RateBeer. Retrieved 2020-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/mont-des-cats/147563/","url_text":"\"Mont des Cats\""}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Christopher (2016-05-25). \"The Brewing Monks: A Potential 12th Trappist Brewery Begins the Process in Spain\". I Think About Beer. Retrieved 2020-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://ithinkaboutbeer.com/2016/05/25/the-brewing-monks-a-potential-12th-trappist-brewery-begins-the-process-in-spain/","url_text":"\"The Brewing Monks: A Potential 12th Trappist Brewery Begins the Process in Spain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trappist Achel Brouwt Verder\".","urls":[{"url":"https://achelsekluis.org/nl/trappist-achel-brouwt-verder","url_text":"\"Trappist Achel Brouwt Verder\""}]},{"reference":"Snoekx, Koen (25 January 2023). \"Kempense ondernemer Jan Tormans koopt Sint-Benedictusabdij: 'Einde van Trappist Achel'\". Gazet van Antwerpen. Retrieved 2023-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20230125_91985967","url_text":"\"Kempense ondernemer Jan Tormans koopt Sint-Benedictusabdij: 'Einde van Trappist Achel'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazet_van_Antwerpen","url_text":"Gazet van Antwerpen"}]},{"reference":"Tota, Matthew (2022-05-14). \"St. Joseph's Abbey to close Spencer Brewery\". Worcester Magazine. Retrieved 2022-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worcestermag.com/story/lifestyle/2022/05/14/st-josephs-abbey-close-spencer-brewery/9782190002/","url_text":"\"St. Joseph's Abbey to close Spencer Brewery\""}]},{"reference":"McFarland, Ben (2009). World's Best Beers: One Thousand Craft Brews from Cask to Glass. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4027-6694-7. Retrieved 2011-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SHh-4M_QxEsC&q=Abbey+beers&pg=PA38","url_text":"World's Best Beers: One Thousand Craft Brews from Cask to Glass"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-6694-7","url_text":"978-1-4027-6694-7"}]},{"reference":"Oliver, Garrett (2012). The Oxford Companion to Beer. ISBN 978-0195367133.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195367133","url_text":"978-0195367133"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter - Down on your knees to bless monks' top ale\". www.beerhunter.com. Retrieved 2009-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000791.html","url_text":"\"Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter - Down on your knees to bless monks' top ale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chimay Dorée / Spéciale du Potaupré\". RateBeer. Retrieved 2018-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/chimay-doree-speciale-du-potaupre/14228/","url_text":"\"Chimay Dorée / Spéciale du Potaupré\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Product : Shop Westmalle-Extra Trappist Beer @ www.belgiuminabox.com | Belgiuminabox\". belgiuminabox.com. Retrieved 2018-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://belgiuminabox.com/blog/2010/04/westmalle-extra-trappist-beer-now-available-www-belgiuminabox-com/#.Wp20AOjFLcc","url_text":"\"New Product : Shop Westmalle-Extra Trappist Beer @ www.belgiuminabox.com | Belgiuminabox\""}]},{"reference":"\"Espace Chimay\". Retrieved 2014-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chimay.com/en/espace-chimay.html?IDC=756","url_text":"\"Espace Chimay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Visit Orval\". Retrieved 2014-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orval.be/en/27/Discovery","url_text":"\"Visit Orval\""}]},{"reference":"\"Visit us\". www.latrappetrappist.com. Retrieved 2018-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latrappetrappist.com/en/visit-us/","url_text":"\"Visit us\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trappist_beer&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leicestershire-48854460","external_links_name":"\"Beer-brewing monks struggle with demand\""},{"Link":"https://www.retaildetail.eu/en/news/food/no-monks-no-label-achel-no-longer-official-trappist-beer","external_links_name":"\"No Monks, No Label\""},{"Link":"http://www.trappist.be/en/pages/trappist-beers","external_links_name":"\"Trappist beers\""},{"Link":"https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2021/01/21/achelse-trappist-niet-langer-een-echte-trappist-maar-de-produc/","external_links_name":"\"Achelse trappist is niet langer échte trappist omdat laatste broeder abdij verliet: \"Productie is niet in gevaar\"\""},{"Link":"http://lyke2drink.blogspot.com/2012/02/belgium-post-honors-trappist-brewers-on.html","external_links_name":"\"Belgian Post Honors Trappist Brewers on Stamps\""},{"Link":"http://www.trappist.be/nieuwsbrief/briefitem.cfm?BriefID=15&ArtID=32&taal=en","external_links_name":"\"The ATP logo for \"Gregorius\" and \"Benno\"!\""},{"Link":"https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/news/monks-given-permission-build-uks-670890","external_links_name":"\"Brewery set to be built in county – and ran by Trappist monks\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-44581210","external_links_name":"\"Monks brew UK's first Trappist beer\""},{"Link":"https://www.trappist.be/en/products/beers/","external_links_name":"\"International Trappist Association - Beers\""},{"Link":"https://www.trappist.be/en/faqs/","external_links_name":"\"International Trappist Association - FAQs\""},{"Link":"https://www.trappist.be/en/about-ita/atp-label/","external_links_name":"\"International Trappist Association - Criteria for obtaining the ATP label\""},{"Link":"https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/mont-des-cats/147563/","external_links_name":"\"Mont des Cats\""},{"Link":"http://ithinkaboutbeer.com/2016/05/25/the-brewing-monks-a-potential-12th-trappist-brewery-begins-the-process-in-spain/","external_links_name":"\"The Brewing Monks: A Potential 12th Trappist Brewery Begins the Process in Spain\""},{"Link":"https://achelsekluis.org/nl/trappist-achel-brouwt-verder","external_links_name":"\"Trappist Achel Brouwt Verder\""},{"Link":"https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20230125_91985967","external_links_name":"\"Kempense ondernemer Jan Tormans koopt Sint-Benedictusabdij: 'Einde van Trappist Achel'\""},{"Link":"https://www.worcestermag.com/story/lifestyle/2022/05/14/st-josephs-abbey-close-spencer-brewery/9782190002/","external_links_name":"\"St. Joseph's Abbey to close Spencer Brewery\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SHh-4M_QxEsC&q=Abbey+beers&pg=PA38","external_links_name":"World's Best Beers: One Thousand Craft Brews from Cask to Glass"},{"Link":"http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000791.html","external_links_name":"\"Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter - Down on your knees to bless monks' top ale\""},{"Link":"https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/chimay-doree-speciale-du-potaupre/14228/","external_links_name":"\"Chimay Dorée / Spéciale du Potaupré\""},{"Link":"http://belgiuminabox.com/blog/2010/04/westmalle-extra-trappist-beer-now-available-www-belgiuminabox-com/#.Wp20AOjFLcc","external_links_name":"\"New Product : Shop Westmalle-Extra Trappist Beer @ www.belgiuminabox.com | Belgiuminabox\""},{"Link":"http://www.chimay.com/en/espace-chimay.html?IDC=756","external_links_name":"\"Espace Chimay\""},{"Link":"http://www.orval.be/en/27/Discovery","external_links_name":"\"Visit Orval\""},{"Link":"https://www.latrappetrappist.com/en/visit-us/","external_links_name":"\"Visit us\""},{"Link":"https://www.trappist.be/en/","external_links_name":"Official site of the International Trappist Association"},{"Link":"http://www.ocso.org/","external_links_name":"Official website of the Trappist Order"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Titan:_Story_of_Michelangelo
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The Titan: Story of Michelangelo
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
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1950 film
The Titan: Story of MichelangeloDirected byRichard LyfordWritten byNorman BorisoffProduced byRalph AlswangRobert J. FlahertyRobert SnyderNarrated byFredric MarchCinematographyHarry RinggerEdited byRichard LyfordDistributed byClassic PicturesRelease date
1950 (1950)
Running time70 minutesCountryGermanyLanguageEnglish
The Titan: Story of Michelangelo is a 1950 German documentary film about the painter and sculptor Michelangelo. It won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.
The film was a re-edited version of a German/Swiss film of 1938 originally titled Michelangelo: Life of a Titan, directed by Curt Oertel. The re-edited version featured a new English narration by Fredric March and a musical score onto a shorter edit of the existing film. The new credits include Richard Lyford as director and Robert Snyder as producer. The film was edited by Lyford. The Academy Film Archive preserved The Titan in 2005.
Plot
This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Cast
Fredric March as himself/narrator
References
^ "The 23rd Academy Awards (1951) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
^ "Preserved Projects". Academy Film Archive.
External links
The Titan: Story of Michelangelo at IMDb
The Titan: Story of Michelangelo is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive
The Titan: Story of Michelangelo at Masters & Masterworks Productions, founded by Robert Snyder
vteMichelangelo
List of works
✻ attributed
†lost
SculpturesFlorence, c. 1488–1492
Head of a Faun†
Madonna of the Stairs
Battle of the Centaurs
Crucifix
Bologna, 1494–1495
Additions to the Arca di San Domenico
Saint Petronius
Saint Proculus
Angel
Rome, 1496–1500
Sleeping Cupid†
Bacchus
Standing Cupid†
Pietà
Florence, 1501–1505
David
Madonna of Bruges
Additions to the Piccolomini Altarpiece
Saints Peter, Paul, Pius and Gregory
Pitti Tondo
Taddei Tondo
Saint Matthew
Rothschild Bronzes
Tomb of Julius II, 1505–1545
Moses
Rebellious Slave
Dying Slave
Young Slave
Bearded Slave
Atlas Slave
Awakening Slave
The Genius of Victory
Rachel
Leah
Florence, 1516–1534
Christ Carrying the Cross
Medici Chapel
Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours
Night
Day
Dusk
Dawn
Medici Madonna
Apollo
Crouching Boy
Rome, 1534–1564
Brutus
Florentine Pietà
Palestrina Pietà ✻
Rondanini Pietà
PaintingsPanel paintings
The Torment of Saint Anthony
Manchester Madonna
The Entombment
Doni Tondo
Leda and the Swan†
Salone dei Cinquecento
Battle of Cascina†
Sistine Chapel(ceiling gallery)
Ceiling
Separation of Light from Darkness
The Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Plants
The Creation of Adam
Prophet Daniel
Prophet Isaiah
Prophet Jeremiah
Prophet Joel
Prophet Jonah
The Last Judgment
Pauline Chapel
The Crucifixion of Saint Peter
The Conversion of Saul
ArchitectureFlorence
New Sacristy and Laurentian Library in the Basilica of San Lorenzo
Rome
Capitoline Museums
Piazza del Campidoglio
Palazzo Farnese
St. Peter's Basilica
Tor San Michele ✻
San Giovanni dei Fiorentini
Porta Pia
Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri
Works on paper, milieu, etc.Works on paper
Study of a Kneeling Nude Girl for The Entombment
Male Back with a Flag
Studies for the Libyan Sibyl
The Punishment of Tityus
Pietà for Vittoria Colonna
Epifania
Milieu
Cecchino dei Bracci
Tommaso dei Cavalieri
Vittoria Colonna
Ascanio Condivi
Gherardo Perini
Sebastiano del Piombo
Febo di Poggio
Luigi del Riccio
Related
Art patronage of Julius II
Casa Buonarroti
Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects
Michelangelo and the Medici
Replicas of David
Replicas of the Pietà
Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
The Titan: Story of Michelangelo (1950 documentary)
The Agony and the Ecstasy (1961 novel, 1965 film)
A Season of Giants (1990 TV film)
Michelangelo (crater)
Michelangelo quadrangle
Awards for The Titan: Story of Michelangelo
vteAcademy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film1942–1975
The Battle of Midway / Kokoda Front Line! / Moscow Strikes Back / Prelude to War (1942)
Desert Victory (1943)
The Fighting Lady (1944)
The True Glory (1945)
No Award (1946)
Design for Death (1947)
The Secret Land (1948)
Daybreak in Udi (1949)
The Titan: Story of Michelangelo (1950)
Kon-Tiki (1951)
The Sea Around Us (1952)
The Living Desert (1953)
The Vanishing Prairie (1954)
Helen Keller in Her Story (1955)
The Silent World (1956)
Albert Schweitzer (1957)
White Wilderness (1958)
Serengeti Shall Not Die (1959)
The Horse with the Flying Tail (1960)
Sky Above and Mud Beneath (1961)
Black Fox: The Rise and Fall of Adolf Hitler (1962)
Robert Frost: A Lover's Quarrel with the World (1963)
World Without Sun (1964)
The Eleanor Roosevelt Story (1965)
The War Game (1966)
The Anderson Platoon (1967)
Journey into Self (1968)
Arthur Rubinstein – The Love of Life (1969)
Woodstock (1970)
The Hellstrom Chronicle (1971)
Marjoe (1972)
The Great American Cowboy (1973)
Hearts and Minds (1974)
The Man Who Skied Down Everest (1975)
1976–2000
Harlan County, USA (1976)
Who Are the DeBolts? And Where Did They Get Nineteen Kids? (1977)
Scared Straight! (1978)
Best Boy (1979)
From Mao to Mozart: Isaac Stern in China (1980)
Genocide (1981)
Just Another Missing Kid (1982)
He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin' (1983)
The Times of Harvey Milk (1984)
Broken Rainbow (1985)
Artie Shaw: Time Is All You've Got / Down and Out in America (1986)
The Ten-Year Lunch (1987)
Hôtel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie (1988)
Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt (1989)
American Dream (1990)
In the Shadow of the Stars (1991)
The Panama Deception (1992)
I Am a Promise: The Children of Stanton Elementary School (1993)
Maya Lin: A Strong Clear Vision (1994)
Anne Frank Remembered (1995)
When We Were Kings (1996)
The Long Way Home (1997)
The Last Days (1998)
One Day in September (1999)
Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport (2000)
2001–present
Murder on a Sunday Morning (2001)
Bowling for Columbine (2002)
The Fog of War (2003)
Born into Brothels (2004)
March of the Penguins (2005)
An Inconvenient Truth (2006)
Taxi to the Dark Side (2007)
Man on Wire (2008)
The Cove (2009)
Inside Job (2010)
Undefeated (2011)
Searching for Sugar Man (2012)
20 Feet from Stardom (2013)
Citizenfour (2014)
Amy (2015)
O.J.: Made in America (2016)
Icarus (2017)
Free Solo (2018)
American Factory (2019)
My Octopus Teacher (2020)
Summer of Soul (...Or, When the Revolution Could Not Be Televised) (2021)
Navalny (2022)
20 Days in Mariupol (2023)
vteNational Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film1934–1950
Man of Aran (1934)
No Award (1935)
Carnival in Flanders (1936)
The Eternal Mask (1937)
La Grande Illusion (1938)
Port of Shadows (1939)
The Baker's Wife (1940)
Pépé le Moko (1941)
No Award (1942–1949)
The Titan (1950)
1951–1975
Rashomon (1951)
The Sound Barrier (1952)
A Queen Is Crowned (1953)
Romeo and Juliet (1954)
The Prisoner (1955)
The Silent World (1956)
Ordet (1957)
Pather Panchali (1958)
Wild Strawberries (1959)
The World of Apu (1960)
Die Brücke (1961)
Sundays and Cybele (1962)
8½ (1963)
World Without Sun (1964)
Juliet of the Spirits (1965)
The Sleeping Car Murders (1966)
Elvira Madigan (1967)
War and Peace (1968)
Shame (1969)
The Wild Child (1970)
Claire's Knee (1971)
The Sorrow and the Pity (1972)
Cries and Whispers (1973)
Amarcord (1974)
The Story of Adele H. (1975)
1976–2000
The Marquise of O (1976)
That Obscure Object of Desire (1977)
Autumn Sonata (1978)
La Cage aux Folles (1979)
The Tin Drum (1980)
A Few Days from the Life of I. I. Oblomov (1981)
Mephisto (1982)
Fanny and Alexander (1983)
A Sunday in the Country (1984)
Ran (1985)
Otello (1986)
Jean de Florette / Manon des Sources (1987)
Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (1988)
Story of Women (1989)
Cyrano de Bergerac (1990)
Europa Europa (1991)
Indochine (1992)
Farewell My Concubine (1993)
Eat Drink Man Woman (1994)
Shanghai Triad (1995)
Ridicule (1996)
Shall We Dance? (1997)
Central Station (1998)
All About My Mother (1999)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000)
2001–present
Amores perros (2001)
Talk to Her (2002)
The Barbarian Invasions (2003)
The Sea Inside (2004)
Paradise Now (2005)
Volver (2006)
The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007)
Mongol (2008)
A Prophet (2009)
Of Gods and Men (2010)
A Separation (2011)
Amour (2012)
The Past (2013)
Wild Tales (2014)
Son of Saul (2015)
The Salesman (2016)
Foxtrot (2017)
Cold War (2018)
Parasite (2019)
La Llorona (2020)
A Hero (2021)
Close (2022)
Anatomy of a Fall (2023)
This article about a documentary film about the arts is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a biographical documentary film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Clubs
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Harvard College social clubs
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["1 Origins","2 List of clubs","3 History","4 Sanctions","5 Proposed elimination from campus life","6 Controversy","7 Lawsuit","8 In popular culture","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading"]
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Harvard College has several types of social clubs. These are split between gender-inclusive clubs recognized by the college, and unrecognized single-gender clubs which were subject to College sanctions in the past. The Hasty Pudding Club holds claim as the oldest collegiate social club in America, tracing its roots back to 1770. The next oldest institutions, dating to 1791, are the traditionally all-male final clubs. Fraternities were prominent in the late 19th century as well, until their initial expulsions and then eventual resurrection off Harvard's campus in the 1990s. From 1991 onwards, all-female final clubs as well as sororities began to appear. Between 1984 and 2018, no social organizations were recognized by the school due to the clubs' refusal to become gender-inclusive.
Beginning with the Spee Club in 2015, a number of formerly single-gender organizations began to admit new members regardless of gender. In 2016, Harvard announced sanctions on members of remaining single-gender clubs, aiming to push them to become coed. On September 8, 2018, Harvard announced that it would recognize an initial list of fifteen social organizations that either already were gender-inclusive or had committed to becoming gender-inclusive. On June 30, 2020, Harvard announced that it would drop its social group sanctions as a result of a Supreme Court decision on sex discrimination.
Origins
The historical basis for the name "final clubs" dates to the late 19th century, a time when Harvard had a variety of clubs for students of each class year. During that period, Harvard College freshmen could join a freshman club, then a "waiting club," and eventually, as they neared completion of their studies, a "final club." Hence, students of different years joined different clubs, and the "final clubs" were so named because they were the last social club a person could join before graduation.
Harvard's final clubs for women date to 1991 with the founding of the Bee Club.
Many of the clubs were founded in the 19th century, after Harvard banned traditional fraternities in the 1850s. The Phoenix SK is the amalgam of three separate clubs: the Phoenix, the Sphinx, and the Kalumet.
List of clubs
Male final clubs:
Porcellian Club (1791)
A.D. Club (1836)
Fly Club (1836, 1878)
Delphic Club (1846)
Lion Club (1893, 2016)
Phoenix S.K. Club (1895)
Owl Club (1896)
Fox Club (1898)
Female final clubs:
Bee Club (1991)
The IC (2000)
The Pleiades Society (2002)
La Vie Club (2008)
The Exister Society (2017)
Co-ed final clubs:
Spee Club (1852)
Sab Club (2002)
Other social clubs:
Hasty Pudding Club (1770, 1795)
The FDL (formerly Kappa Kappa Gamma)
The Aleph (formerly Alpha Epsilon Pi)
Kalí Praxí (formerly Delta Gamma)
The Ivy (formerly Alpha Phi)
Themis Asteri (formerly Kappa Alpha Theta)
Alpha Phi
Sigma Chi
Oak Club (1999)
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Harvard men's final clubs trace their roots to the late 18th century, while the five formerly all-female social clubs were founded more recently. Another women's organization, the Seneca, distinguishes itself as a "501(c)(3) nonprofit women's organization that is often misidentified as a final club". Several other clubs are also 501(c)(3) organizations and engage in some community service. The Bee was founded in 1991, IC in 2000, Pleiades in 2002, Sab in 2002, and La Vie in 2008. The co-ed Signet Society, Crimson Key Society, The Harvard Crimson, The Harvard Advocate, Hasty Pudding Theatricals, and The Harvard Lampoon also have selective membership, but their charters define them as something other than social organizations, based on their literary, artistic, or service-based characteristics.
Nine of the historically all-male clubs own real estate in Harvard Square, with the clubhouses usually including dining areas, libraries, and game rooms. Most are staffed with chefs, stewards, and other paid personnel, and serve lunch and dinner meals at regular schedules. The Delphic house boasts a regulation-size squash court.
The Fly Club owns additional property at 45 Dunster Street, in a building that is currently home to the Hasty Pudding Club. The building was originally home to the D.U. Club (the "Duck") before its merger with the Fly Club in 1996, and it hosted the Bee Club until its subsequent merging with the Delphic Club. The Delphic has since dissolved its relationship with the Bee. The D.U. Club closed in 1995, after an assault of a football recruit occurred at its clubhouse. The D.U. Club's graduate membership merged with the Fly in 1996. In a controversial move, the Fly did not allow former D.U. undergraduate members to integrate, and subsequently the undergraduate D.U. membership formed The Oak Club. La Vie Club rents a colonial style house on Garden Street.
Sanctions
In the fall of 2015, Harvard President Drew Faust criticized the clubs for—as stated by C. Ramsey Fahs of The Harvard Crimson—their "gender exclusivity and the potential for alcohol abuse and sexual assault on the off-campus properties." The Spee Club began admitting women in later 2015, and the Fox Club followed suit but was then temporarily shut down as graduate board members sought to re-evaluate what it meant to be a "member of the Fox".
As part of an effort to marginalize organizations that "contribute to a social life and a student culture that for many on our campus is disempowering and exclusionary", a new policy provides that students entering in the fall of 2017 or later who join unrecognized single-sex organizations (such as single-sex final clubs, fraternities, and sororities) will be barred from campus leadership positions such as team captaincies, and from receiving recommendation letters from Harvard requisite for scholarships and fellowships.
At least one club protested that the new rule infringes students' right of free association, and enforcement faced potential challenges with the difficulty of establishing who the members of each club are. In 2016, the President and Vice President of the Undergraduate Council, Shaiba Rather and Daniel Banks spoke before the elected Faculty Council and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences of Harvard University to support the effort to curb gender-discrimination amongst student organizations. Their statement was the first official opinion of any elected members of the student body on the matter. As administrative officials endeavored to implement and rewrite the sanctions, Rather and Banks were drafted as hardliners against any gender discrimination between Final Clubs and the Harvard student body. However, in November 2016, 59% of undergraduate student voters on a referendum question were in favor of repealing the sanctions, while 30% were against repealing the sanctions and 9% abstained from voting. The vote had no immediate effect on the policy.
In December 2017, the university's highest governing body, the Harvard Corporation, voted to approve the sanctions and confirm their permanence. Currently, members of the class of 2021 and beyond who are members of unrecognized (single-gender) social organizations are barred from "holding leadership positions in recognized student organizations, becoming varsity captains, or receiving College endorsement for prestigious fellowships," according to The Harvard Crimson. The university has faced questions about how it will enforce its sanctions policy, and the enforcement mechanism remains somewhat unclear. As the class of 2021 had its first opportunity to join single-gender organizations in fall of 2018 (and as members of that class will begin to seek on-campus leadership positions as juniors in 2019), it is expected that Harvard will face its first real test in enforcing the sanctions in 2019.
In response to the policy, the all-female Sablière and Seneca societies instituted gender-neutral recruitment policies in 2016. The all-male Oak Club followed suit in January 2017 after reaching a "club-wide consensus". Former sorority Kappa Kappa Gamma announced it would form a new gender-inclusive group called the Fleur-de-Lis (FDL) beginning in February 2018.
In September 2018, Harvard released a public list of organizations it would recognize, certifying their gender-inclusive status or their commitment to achieving gender-inclusive status. In addition to the Sab, Oak, Seneca, and FDL, this initial list included the Spee Club, the Fox Club, the Delphic Club and Bee Club Merged Group (The Delphic has since dissolved its relationship with the Bee Club), the Aleph (formerly Alpha Epsilon Pi), the La Vie Club, The IC Club, the K.S. (formerly Kappa Sigma, the Ivy (formerly Alpha Phi, the Pleaides Society, the Kali Praxi (formerly Delta Gamma), and the TA (formerly Kappa Alpha Theta).
In June 2020, following the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Bostock v. Clayton County that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment discrimination against LGBTQ workers, Harvard Corporation voted to rescind its approval of the sanctions.
Proposed elimination from campus life
In July 2017, a Harvard committee pointed to Bowdoin College as a model for eradicating final clubs, sororities, and fraternities from campus social life. This preliminary recommendation would have taken effect with the incoming class of 2021, so all currently enrolled students would be exempt. The transition period would have extended into May 2022 before all such organizations and social clubs would be abolished.
After the committee released its 22-page report, The Harvard Crimson reported that the committee, co-chaired by Danoff Dean of the College Rakesh Khurana, had not been transparent in its deliberations or conclusions. Members of the committee, speaking anonymously, described "a process ... marked by confusion, disagreement, and opacity, resulting in a report that did not necessarily capture the full committee's views." Moreover, according to The Crimson, the report misrepresented the conclusions of the committee:
According to documents reviewed by The Crimson, the decision to outlaw membership in social groups at Harvard—some over two centuries old—received only seven votes from the 27-person committee.
By contrast, two other options—one suggesting a new committee to oversee the social groups, another proposing a ban of all organizations that discriminate on the basis of sex, race, or socioeconomic status—gained 12 and 11 votes, respectively. Not every member of the committee was present at the vote.
The committee never conducted another vote after May 12. At the body's last meeting 14 days later, the decision to ban membership in the groups had become a fait accompli: Committee members spent most of the meeting debating the finer points of the proposed social group prohibition, according to two members of the committee. No student members were in attendance.
Controversy
Harvard severed ties with final clubs in 1984 because of their refusal to admit women.
During the 2006 Senate hearings on the nomination of Samuel Alito to the United States Supreme Court, Senator Ted Kennedy was among those highlighting Alito's membership in Concerned Alumni of Princeton, which had opposed admission of women into Princeton; when Kennedy's membership in the Owl Club was pointed out, Kennedy resigned from the club.
That same year, Massachusetts gubernatorial candidate Deval Patrick's membership in the Fly Club was criticized as contradictory to his image as a champion of civil rights; Patrick responded that he had left the club in the early 1980s for that reason.
Lawsuit
In December 2018, separate suits were filed in federal and Massachusetts courts by national fraternities and sororities which alleged that Harvard's policies against single-sex clubs were discriminatory. The lawsuits filed by the organizations were settled on undisclosed terms on August 21, 2020, in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts.
In popular culture
The Social Network featured both The Phoenix – S K Club and the Porcellian Club.
The Accidental Billionaires by Ben Mezrich.
See also
Collegiate secret societies in North America
Princeton eating clubs
Senior societies at University of Pennsylvania
References
^ "Hasty Pudding Institute of 1770". hastypudding.org. The Hasty Pudding - Institute of 1770, Inc. December 24, 2022. Retrieved December 22, 2022. As the oldest social club in the U.S., the Pudding has continued as a cornerstone of the Harvard experience for over two centuries. There is no other collegiate organization quite like it.
^ "CUTTING' OUT DEAD WOOD". The Harvard Crimson'. November 27, 1923.
^ "Spee Club Elects First Class of Men and Women | News | the Harvard Crimson".
^ a b "Harvard's Sanctions, Explained (Again) | News | the Harvard Crimson".
^ "Fox, Delphic-Bee Clubs Among 15 Social Groups to Promise Co-Ed Status, Escaping Sanctions | News | the Harvard Crimson".
^ "Harvard Drops Social Group Sanctions Following Supreme Court Sex Discrimination Decision". The Harvard Crimson'. June 30, 2020.
^ a b c "FACTS ON FINAL CLUBS - News - The Harvard Crimson".
^ Felton, Lena K.; Wharton, Molly E. (October 10, 2013). "Female Final Clubs: A Retrospection" (online article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
^ Francis, A.M. (2015). Secret Societies Vol. 3: The Collegiate Secret Societies of America. LULU Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-312-93285-2. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
^ Jessica Tisch (November 29, 2001). "History final: The story and lore of Harvard's unique social organizations". The Harvard Independent. Archived from the original on June 22, 2007.
^ Mcauley, James K. (October 5, 2010). "The Men's Final Clubs". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original (online blog) on December 27, 2014. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
^ Thorne, Gabriela (July 16, 2015). "#tbt to Going Greek" (online blog). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
^ "Kappa Sigma Returns to Harvard - Kappa Sigma Fraternity". February 12, 2014.
^ "Sigma Alpha Epsilon — Mass Gamma".
^ "Rush Hour: Greek Groups Get Popular". The Harvard Crimson.
^ a b "Delphic and Bee Clubs' Three-Year Marriage Ends". The Harvard Crimson.
^ Kappa Eta Sigma Chi http://www.harvardsigmachi.com/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Bee Club Buzzes into Former Café Pamplona Location | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
^ a b c "Harvard Is Without All-Female Social Groups After Last Three Holdouts Agree to Go Co-Ed | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
^ "Final Clubs Cancel Punch". The Harvard Crimson. October 14, 2020.
^ a b "Female Final Clubs: A Retrospection | Fifteen Minutes". The Harvard Crimson. October 10, 2013.
^ a b "The sisters are doin' it for themselves| Fifteen Minutes". The Harvard Crimson. October 17, 2002.
^ "Recognized Social Organizations at Harvard College".
^ "Ex-Members of Shuttered Sorority Delta Gamma Launch Co-Ed Club 'Kali Praxi'". The Harvard Crimson.
^ "Home".
^ "Alpha Phi Returns to Campus, Joins Lawsuit Opposing Sanctions". The Harvard Crimson.
^ "About Us".
^ a b "Seneca To Go Gender Neutral, But Membership Could Stay All-Women | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
^ "The Seneca | Women's Empowerment | Harvard". theseneca. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
^ "What is the Seneca, Anyway? | Flyby | the Harvard Crimson".
^ The Commonwealth Of Massachusetts Staff (2008). "La Vie Club Incorporated Summary Screen". Boston, MA: The Commonwealth Of Massachusetts, William Francis Galvin, Secretary Of The Commonwealth, Corporations Division. Archived from the original (government database entry) on June 4, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
^ "The 5 Percent of Harvard's 5 Percent". The Harvard Crimson'. March 28, 2019.
^ Beam, Alex (May 20, 2009). "Harvard's Vanishing Squash Courts". Vanity Fair.
^ Granade, Matthew (February 12, 1996). "D.U., Fly Clubs Agree to Merge". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
^ "Hasty Pudding Institute Moves into Former Bee Clubhouse | News | the Harvard Crimson".
^ Jonathan A. Lewin (March 18, 1995). "Final Club Closed After Recruit Is Beaten In Fight". The Harvard Crimson.
^ Granade, Matthew W. (February 12, 1996). "D.U., Fly Clubs Agree to Merge" (online article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
^ "History". The Oak Club. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
^ CHC Staff (2009). "City of Cambridge, Landmarks and Other Protected Properties" (PDF). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Historical Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
^ Fahs, C. Ramsey (January 29, 2016). "Divided Fox Club Opens With New Policies" (online article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
^ Delwiche, Noah J. (September 11, 2015). "In Historic Move, Spee Club Invites Women To Punch: As final clubs face pressure, one male club moves to go co-ed" (online article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
^ Khurana, Rakesh (May 6, 2016). "Untitled letter addressed "Dear President Faust" " (PDF, letter on stationery, from college.harvard.edu). pp. 1–4, esp. 1. Retrieved May 11, 2016. At a time when Harvard is preparing citizens and citizen-leaders to bring people together and embrace an increasingly diverse and interconnected world, these organizations contribute to a social life and a student culture that for many on our campus is disempowering and exclusionary.
^ a b c Saul, Stephanie (May 7, 2016). "Harvard Restrictions Could Reshape Exclusive Student Clubs". The New York Times. Note: Date of print appearance may have been May 6, 2016.
^ Fahs, C. Ramsey (May 6, 2016). "A Guide to Harvard's Relationship with Final Clubs: The Crimson gives a quick primer on the final clubs, institutions unique to Harvard, and the administration's actions toward them over this tumultuous year" (online article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
^ "UC Leaders Support Social Organization Sanctions at Faculty Meeting - News - The Harvard Crimson".
^ http://osl.fas.harvard.edu/files/osl/files/implementationcommitteefinalreport.pdf
^ "Harvard Faculty Debate Final Club Sanctions". November 2, 2016.
^ "Majority of Student Voters Oppose College Sanctions in UC Ballot - News - The Harvard Crimson".
^ "Stand up for the Sanctions, Harvard | Opinion | the Harvard Crimson".
^ Xiao, Derek G. (January 25, 2017). "All-Male Oak Club to Accept Women". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
^ "Kappa Kappa Gamma Now Gender-Neutral Club 'The Fleur-de-Lis' | News | the Harvard Crimson".
^ "Harvard Drops Social Group Sanctions Following Supreme Court Sex Discrimination Decision | Opinion | the Harvard Crimson".
^ Krantz, Laura (July 31, 2017). "Harvard looks to Bowdoin as model in eradicating frats, but its decision had mixed results". The Boston Globe. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
^ Grinberg, Emanuella; Kaufman, Ellie (July 14, 2017). "Harvard mulls phasing out frats, sororities, final clubs". CNN. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
^ Hannah Natanson & Derek G. Xiao."Seven Votes: How a Harvard Committee Came to Recommend a Social Group Ban". The Harvard Crimson. July 22, 2017.
^ Natanson, Hannah; Xiao, Derek G. (July 22, 2017). "Seven Votes How a Harvard Committee Came to Recommend a Social Group Ban". The Crimson. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
^ Hemel, Daniel J. (January 18, 2006). "Kennedy Severs Final Club Ties". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
^ Phillips, Frank (August 3, 2006). "Patrick says he quit The Fly Club in 1983: Nine exclusive clubs at Harvard limit membership to men. A gubernatorial candidate's link to one renews debate on elitism". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original (online article) on August 3, 2006. Retrieved May 11, 2016.(subscription required)
^ https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/harvard-sued-fraternities-sororities-over-single-sex-rule-n942961
^ "Lawsuit Update". Stand Up To Harvard. November 5, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
^ "Harvard Notice of Settlement and Request to Hold Pending Dispositive Motions in Abeyance 08-21-20." Stand Up to Harvard, Stand Up to Harvard, 5 Nov. 2020, https://www.standuptoharvard.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Harvard-Notice-of-Settlement-and-Request-to-Hold-Pending-Dispositive-Motions-in-Abeyance-08-21-20.pdf.
^ Wang, Amy X. (May 6, 2016). "Harvard is dealing a huge blow to its secretive, male-only student clubs".
^ "Making a Movie? The Final Clubs Welcome You. - Flyby - The Harvard Crimson".
Further reading
Fahs, C. Ramsey (May 6, 2016). "A Guide to Harvard's Relationship with Final Clubs: The Crimson gives a quick primer on the final clubs, institutions unique to Harvard, and the administration's actions toward them over this tumultuous year" (online news article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
Harrington, Rebecca M. (March 2, 2006). "How the Final Clubbers Fool You—The Trend is Nigh" (online arts article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
Hernandez, Javier C.; et al. (January 17, 2006). "Kennedy Ends His Final Club Ties: Senator withdraws from Owl Club after conservatives criticized his membership" (online news article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
Hemel, Daniel J. (October 24, 2005). "E-mails Offer Glimpse of Club: Isis e-mail archives reveal details of 'punch' process, relationship with Bee Club" (online news article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
Sachs, Stephen E. (October 23, 2001). "What's Wrong With Final Clubs: The Public Interest" (online opinion piece). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College"},{"link_name":"Hasty Pudding Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amalgamation-2"},{"link_name":"Spee Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spee_Club"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thecrimson.com-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dropped-6"}],"text":"Harvard College has several types of social clubs. These are split between gender-inclusive clubs recognized by the college, and unrecognized single-gender clubs which were subject to College sanctions in the past. The Hasty Pudding Club holds claim as the oldest collegiate social club in America, tracing its roots back to 1770.[1][2] The next oldest institutions, dating to 1791, are the traditionally all-male final clubs. Fraternities were prominent in the late 19th century as well, until their initial expulsions and then eventual resurrection off Harvard's campus in the 1990s. From 1991 onwards, all-female final clubs as well as sororities began to appear. Between 1984 and 2018, no social organizations were recognized by the school due to the clubs' refusal to become gender-inclusive.Beginning with the Spee Club in 2015, a number of formerly single-gender organizations began to admit new members regardless of gender.[3] In 2016, Harvard announced sanctions on members of remaining single-gender clubs, aiming to push them to become coed.[4] On September 8, 2018, Harvard announced that it would recognize an initial list of fifteen social organizations that either already were gender-inclusive or had committed to becoming gender-inclusive.[5] On June 30, 2020, Harvard announced that it would drop its social group sanctions as a result of a Supreme Court decision on sex discrimination.[6]","title":"Harvard College social clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CrimsonFeltonWhartonRetrosp-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The historical basis for the name \"final clubs\" dates to the late 19th century, a time when Harvard had a variety of clubs for students of each class year.[7] During that period, Harvard College freshmen could join a freshman club, then a \"waiting club,\" and eventually, as they neared completion of their studies, a \"final club.\"[7] Hence, students of different years joined different clubs, and the \"final clubs\" were so named because they were the last social club a person could join before graduation.[7]Harvard's final clubs for women date to 1991 with the founding of the Bee Club.[8][9]Many of the clubs were founded in the 19th century, after Harvard banned traditional fraternities in the 1850s.[citation needed] The Phoenix SK is the amalgam of three separate clubs: the Phoenix, the Sphinx, and the Kalumet.[10]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CrimsonMcauleyMensFCs-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CrimsonThorne-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delphic_and_Bee_Clubs'_Three-Year_M-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Porcellian Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcellian_Club"},{"link_name":"A.D. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.D._Club"},{"link_name":"Fly Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Club"},{"link_name":"Delphic Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphic_Club"},{"link_name":"Lion Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Club"},{"link_name":"Phoenix S.K. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_S.K._Club"},{"link_name":"Owl Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl_Club_(Harvard)"},{"link_name":"Fox Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Club"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delphic_and_Bee_Clubs'_Three-Year_M-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-19"},{"link_name":"Spee Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spee_Club"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Hasty Pudding Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Club"},{"link_name":"Kappa Kappa Gamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Gamma"},{"link_name":"Alpha Epsilon Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Pi"},{"link_name":"Delta Gamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Gamma"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Alpha Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi"},{"link_name":"Kappa Alpha Theta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Theta"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Male final clubs:[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]\n\nPorcellian Club (1791)\nA.D. Club (1836)\nFly Club (1836, 1878)\nDelphic Club (1846)\nLion Club (1893, 2016)\nPhoenix S.K. Club (1895)\nOwl Club (1896)\nFox Club (1898)\nFemale final clubs:\n\nBee Club (1991)[16][18]\nThe IC (2000)[19]\nThe Pleiades Society (2002)[20][21][22]\nLa Vie Club (2008)[19]\nThe Exister Society (2017)[19]\n\n\n\n\nCo-ed final clubs: \n\nSpee Club (1852)\nSab Club (2002)\n\n\n\n\nOther social clubs:[23]\n\nHasty Pudding Club (1770, 1795)\nThe FDL (formerly Kappa Kappa Gamma)\nThe Aleph (formerly Alpha Epsilon Pi)\nKalí Praxí (formerly Delta Gamma)[24]\nThe Ivy (formerly Alpha Phi)\nThemis Asteri (formerly Kappa Alpha Theta)[25]\nAlpha Phi[26][27]\nSigma Chi\nOak Club (1999)","title":"List of clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"501(c)(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)#501(c)(3)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceD-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-22"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Signet Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signet_Society"},{"link_name":"Crimson Key Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_Key_Society"},{"link_name":"The Harvard Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson"},{"link_name":"The Harvard Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Advocate"},{"link_name":"Hasty Pudding Theatricals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Theatricals"},{"link_name":"The Harvard Lampoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Lampoon"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exclusive-32"},{"link_name":"Harvard Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Square"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"squash court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_court"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Hasty Pudding Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Club"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CrimsonGranade-37"},{"link_name":"Oak Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oak_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"colonial style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_style"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHC-39"}],"text":"The Harvard men's final clubs trace their roots to the late 18th century, while the five formerly all-female social clubs were founded more recently.[citation needed] Another women's organization, the Seneca, distinguishes itself as a \"501(c)(3) nonprofit women's organization that is often misidentified as a final club\".[28][29][30] Several other clubs are also 501(c)(3) organizations and engage in some community service. The Bee was founded in 1991,[citation needed] IC in 2000,[citation needed] Pleiades in 2002,[21][22] Sab in 2002,[citation needed] and La Vie in 2008.[31] The co-ed Signet Society, Crimson Key Society, The Harvard Crimson, The Harvard Advocate, Hasty Pudding Theatricals, and The Harvard Lampoon also have selective membership, but their charters define them as something other than social organizations, based on their literary, artistic, or service-based characteristics.[32]Nine of the historically all-male clubs own real estate in Harvard Square, with the clubhouses usually including dining areas, libraries, and game rooms.[citation needed] Most are staffed with chefs, stewards, and other paid personnel, and serve lunch and dinner meals at regular schedules.[citation needed] The Delphic house boasts a regulation-size squash court.[33]The Fly Club owns additional property at 45 Dunster Street, in a building that is currently home to the Hasty Pudding Club. The building was originally home to the D.U. Club (the \"Duck\") before its merger with the Fly Club in 1996,[34] and it hosted the Bee Club until its subsequent merging with the Delphic Club.[35] The Delphic has since dissolved its relationship with the Bee. The D.U. Club closed in 1995, after an assault of a football recruit occurred at its clubhouse.[36] The D.U. Club's graduate membership merged with the Fly in 1996. In a controversial move, the Fly did not allow former D.U. undergraduate members to integrate,[37] and subsequently the undergraduate D.U. membership formed The Oak Club.[38] La Vie Club rents a colonial style house on Garden Street.[citation needed][39]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CrimsonFahs29Jan16-40"},{"link_name":"Spee Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spee_Club"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CrimsonDelwiche-41"},{"link_name":"Fox Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Club"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-policy-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2016-43"},{"link_name":"right of free association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_association#United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2016-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CrimsonFahs6May16-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"The Harvard Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thecrimson.com-4"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Sablière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabli%C3%A8re_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Seneca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seneca_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceD-28"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Xiao_2017-50"},{"link_name":"Kappa Kappa Gamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Gamma"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Spee Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spee_Club"},{"link_name":"Fox Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Club"},{"link_name":"Delphic Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphic_Club"},{"link_name":"Alpha Epsilon Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Pi"},{"link_name":"Kappa Sigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Sigma"},{"link_name":"Alpha Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi"},{"link_name":"Delta Gamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Gamma"},{"link_name":"Kappa Alpha Theta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Theta"},{"link_name":"Bostock v. Clayton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostock_v._Clayton_County"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"In the fall of 2015, Harvard President Drew Faust criticized the clubs for—as stated by C. Ramsey Fahs of The Harvard Crimson—their \"gender exclusivity and the potential for alcohol abuse and sexual assault on the off-campus properties.\"[40] The Spee Club began admitting women in later 2015,[41] and the Fox Club followed suit but was then temporarily shut down as graduate board members sought to re-evaluate what it meant to be a \"member of the Fox\".[This quote needs a citation]As part of an effort to marginalize organizations that \"contribute to a social life and a student culture that for many on our campus is disempowering and exclusionary\", a new policy provides[42] that students entering in the fall of 2017 or later who join unrecognized single-sex organizations (such as single-sex final clubs, fraternities, and sororities) will be barred from campus leadership positions such as team captaincies, and from receiving recommendation letters from Harvard requisite for scholarships and fellowships.[43]At least one club protested that the new rule infringes students' right of free association,[43] and enforcement faced potential challenges with the difficulty of establishing who the members of each club are.[44] In 2016, the President and Vice President of the Undergraduate Council, Shaiba Rather and Daniel Banks spoke before the elected Faculty Council and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences of Harvard University to support the effort to curb gender-discrimination amongst student organizations. Their statement was the first official opinion of any elected members of the student body on the matter.[45] As administrative officials endeavored to implement and rewrite the sanctions, Rather and Banks were drafted as hardliners against any gender discrimination between Final Clubs and the Harvard student body.[46][47] However, in November 2016, 59% of undergraduate student voters on a referendum question were in favor of repealing the sanctions, while 30% were against repealing the sanctions and 9% abstained from voting. The vote had no immediate effect on the policy.[48]In December 2017, the university's highest governing body, the Harvard Corporation, voted to approve the sanctions and confirm their permanence. Currently, members of the class of 2021 and beyond who are members of unrecognized (single-gender) social organizations are barred from \"holding leadership positions in recognized student organizations, becoming varsity captains, or receiving College endorsement for prestigious fellowships,\" according to The Harvard Crimson.[4] The university has faced questions about how it will enforce its sanctions policy, and the enforcement mechanism remains somewhat unclear. As the class of 2021 had its first opportunity to join single-gender organizations in fall of 2018 (and as members of that class will begin to seek on-campus leadership positions as juniors in 2019), it is expected that Harvard will face its first real test in enforcing the sanctions in 2019.[49]In response to the policy, the all-female Sablière and Seneca[28] societies instituted gender-neutral recruitment policies in 2016. The all-male Oak Club followed suit in January 2017 after reaching a \"club-wide consensus\".[50] Former sorority Kappa Kappa Gamma announced it would form a new gender-inclusive group called the Fleur-de-Lis (FDL) beginning in February 2018.[51]In September 2018, Harvard released a public list of organizations it would recognize, certifying their gender-inclusive status or their commitment to achieving gender-inclusive status. In addition to the Sab, Oak, Seneca, and FDL, this initial list included the Spee Club, the Fox Club, the Delphic Club and Bee Club Merged Group (The Delphic has since dissolved its relationship with the Bee Club), the Aleph (formerly Alpha Epsilon Pi), the La Vie Club, The IC Club, the K.S. (formerly Kappa Sigma, the Ivy (formerly Alpha Phi, the Pleaides Society, the Kali Praxi (formerly Delta Gamma), and the TA (formerly Kappa Alpha Theta).In June 2020, following the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Bostock v. Clayton County that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment discrimination against LGBTQ workers, Harvard Corporation voted to rescind its approval of the sanctions.[52]","title":"Sanctions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bowdoin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowdoin_College"},{"link_name":"sororities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sororities"},{"link_name":"fraternities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternities"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"text":"In July 2017, a Harvard committee pointed to Bowdoin College as a model for eradicating final clubs, sororities, and fraternities from campus social life. This preliminary recommendation would have taken effect with the incoming class of 2021, so all currently enrolled students would be exempt. The transition period would have extended into May 2022 before all such organizations and social clubs would be abolished.[53][54]After the committee released its 22-page report, The Harvard Crimson reported that the committee, co-chaired by Danoff Dean of the College Rakesh Khurana, had not been transparent in its deliberations or conclusions. Members of the committee, speaking anonymously, described \"a process ... marked by confusion, disagreement, and opacity, resulting in a report that did not necessarily capture the full committee's views.\"[55] Moreover, according to The Crimson, the report misrepresented the conclusions of the committee:According to documents reviewed by The Crimson, the decision to outlaw membership in social groups at Harvard—some over two centuries old—received only seven votes from the 27-person committee.\nBy contrast, two other options—one suggesting a new committee to oversee the social groups, another proposing a ban of all organizations that discriminate on the basis of sex, race, or socioeconomic status—gained 12 and 11 votes, respectively. Not every member of the committee was present at the vote.\n\nThe committee never conducted another vote after May 12. At the body's last meeting 14 days later, the decision to ban membership in the groups had become a fait accompli: Committee members spent most of the meeting debating the finer points of the proposed social group prohibition, according to two members of the committee. No student members were in attendance.[56]","title":"Proposed elimination from campus life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2016-43"},{"link_name":"Samuel Alito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito"},{"link_name":"Ted Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Concerned Alumni of Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerned_Alumni_of_Princeton"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Deval Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deval_Patrick"},{"link_name":"Fly Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Club"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston.comPhillips-58"}],"text":"Harvard severed ties with final clubs in 1984 because of their refusal to admit women.[43]During the 2006 Senate hearings on the nomination of Samuel Alito to the United States Supreme Court, Senator Ted Kennedy was among those highlighting Alito's membership in Concerned Alumni of Princeton, which had opposed admission of women into Princeton; when Kennedy's membership in the Owl Club was pointed out, Kennedy resigned from the club.[57]That same year, Massachusetts gubernatorial candidate Deval Patrick's membership in the Fly Club was criticized as contradictory to his image as a champion of civil rights; Patrick responded that he had left the club in the early 1980s for that reason.[58]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"In December 2018, separate suits were filed in federal and Massachusetts courts by national fraternities and sororities which alleged that Harvard's policies against single-sex clubs were discriminatory.[59] The lawsuits filed by the organizations were settled on undisclosed terms on August 21, 2020, in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts.[60][61]","title":"Lawsuit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Social Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Network"},{"link_name":"The Phoenix – S K Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phoenix_%E2%80%93_S_K_Club"},{"link_name":"Porcellian Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcellian_Club"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"The Accidental Billionaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Accidental_Billionaires"},{"link_name":"Ben Mezrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Mezrich"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"The Social Network featured both The Phoenix – S K Club and the Porcellian Club.[62]\nThe Accidental Billionaires by Ben Mezrich.[63]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"A Guide to Harvard's Relationship with Final Clubs: The Crimson gives a quick primer on the final clubs, institutions unique to Harvard, and the administration's actions toward them over this tumultuous year\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/5/6/final-clubs-explained/"},{"link_name":"The Harvard Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson"},{"link_name":"\"How the Final Clubbers Fool You—The Trend is Nigh\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thecrimson.harvard.edu/article/2006/3/2/how-the-final-clubbers-fool-you/"},{"link_name":"The Harvard Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson"},{"link_name":"\"Kennedy Ends His Final Club Ties: Senator withdraws from Owl Club after conservatives criticized his membership\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/1/17/kennedy-ends-his-final-club-ties/"},{"link_name":"The Harvard Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson"},{"link_name":"\"E-mails Offer Glimpse of Club: Isis e-mail archives reveal details of 'punch' process, relationship with Bee Club\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=509327"},{"link_name":"The Harvard Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson"},{"link_name":"\"What's Wrong With Final Clubs: The Public Interest\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=121825"},{"link_name":"The Harvard Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson"}],"text":"Fahs, C. Ramsey (May 6, 2016). \"A Guide to Harvard's Relationship with Final Clubs: The Crimson gives a quick primer on the final clubs, institutions unique to Harvard, and the administration's actions toward them over this tumultuous year\" (online news article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.\nHarrington, Rebecca M. (March 2, 2006). \"How the Final Clubbers Fool You—The Trend is Nigh\" (online arts article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.\nHernandez, Javier C.; et al. (January 17, 2006). \"Kennedy Ends His Final Club Ties: Senator withdraws from Owl Club after conservatives criticized his membership\" (online news article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.\nHemel, Daniel J. (October 24, 2005). \"E-mails Offer Glimpse of Club: Isis e-mail archives reveal details of 'punch' process, relationship with Bee Club\" (online news article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.\nSachs, Stephen E. (October 23, 2001). \"What's Wrong With Final Clubs: The Public Interest\" (online opinion piece). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Collegiate secret societies in North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_secret_societies_in_North_America"},{"title":"Princeton eating clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_clubs_at_Princeton_University"},{"title":"Senior societies at University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_societies_at_University_of_Pennsylvania"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Hasty Pudding Institute of 1770\". hastypudding.org. The Hasty Pudding - Institute of 1770, Inc. December 24, 2022. Retrieved December 22, 2022. As the oldest social club in the U.S., the Pudding has continued as a cornerstone of the Harvard experience for over two centuries. There is no other collegiate organization quite like it.","urls":[{"url":"https://hastypudding.org/","url_text":"\"Hasty Pudding Institute of 1770\""}]},{"reference":"\"CUTTING' OUT DEAD WOOD\". The Harvard Crimson'. November 27, 1923.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1923/11/27/cutting-out-dead-wood-panyone-wholeheartedly/","url_text":"\"CUTTING' OUT DEAD WOOD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"\"Spee Club Elects First Class of Men and Women | News | the Harvard Crimson\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2015/11/4/spee-elects-coed-class/","url_text":"\"Spee Club Elects First Class of Men and Women | News | the Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harvard's Sanctions, Explained (Again) | News | the Harvard Crimson\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/12/6/sanctions-explainer-v2/","url_text":"\"Harvard's Sanctions, Explained (Again) | News | the Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fox, Delphic-Bee Clubs Among 15 Social Groups to Promise Co-Ed Status, Escaping Sanctions | News | the Harvard Crimson\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/9/8/15-groups-recognized/","url_text":"\"Fox, Delphic-Bee Clubs Among 15 Social Groups to Promise Co-Ed Status, Escaping Sanctions | News | the Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harvard Drops Social Group Sanctions Following Supreme Court Sex Discrimination Decision\". The Harvard Crimson'. June 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/6/30/harvard-ends-social-group-sanctions/","url_text":"\"Harvard Drops Social Group Sanctions Following Supreme Court Sex Discrimination Decision\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"\"FACTS ON FINAL CLUBS - News - The Harvard Crimson\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/3/3/facts-on-final-clubs-p-the-designation/","url_text":"\"FACTS ON FINAL CLUBS - News - The Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"Felton, Lena K.; Wharton, Molly E. (October 10, 2013). \"Female Final Clubs: A Retrospection\" (online article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2013/10/10/female-final-clubs-a-retrospection/","url_text":"\"Female Final Clubs: A Retrospection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"Francis, A.M. (2015). Secret Societies Vol. 3: The Collegiate Secret Societies of America. LULU Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-312-93285-2. Retrieved June 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp5sCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA8","url_text":"Secret Societies Vol. 3: The Collegiate Secret Societies of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-312-93285-2","url_text":"978-1-312-93285-2"}]},{"reference":"Jessica Tisch (November 29, 2001). \"History final: The story and lore of Harvard's unique social organizations\". The Harvard Independent. Archived from the original on June 22, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070622161944/http://www.harvardindependent.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=7821","url_text":"\"History final: The story and lore of Harvard's unique social organizations\""},{"url":"http://www.harvardindependent.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=7821","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mcauley, James K. (October 5, 2010). \"The Men's Final Clubs\". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original (online blog) on December 27, 2014. Retrieved May 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141227005519/http://www.thecrimson.com/series/the-punch/article/2010/10/5/series-men-final-clubs/?page=single","url_text":"\"The Men's Final Clubs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"},{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/series/the-punch/article/2010/10/5/series-men-final-clubs/?page=single","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thorne, Gabriela (July 16, 2015). \"#tbt to Going Greek\" (online blog). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://college.harvard.edu/admissions/hear-our-students/student-blog/tbt-going-greek","url_text":"\"#tbt to Going Greek\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"\"Kappa Sigma Returns to Harvard - Kappa Sigma Fraternity\". February 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://kappasigma.org/kappa-sigma-returns-to-harvard/","url_text":"\"Kappa Sigma Returns to Harvard - Kappa Sigma Fraternity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sigma Alpha Epsilon — Mass Gamma\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crimsonsae.com/index.php","url_text":"\"Sigma Alpha Epsilon — Mass Gamma\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rush Hour: Greek Groups Get Popular\". The Harvard Crimson.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2001/2/23/rush-hour-greek-groups-get-popular/?page=1","url_text":"\"Rush Hour: Greek Groups Get Popular\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"\"Delphic and Bee Clubs' Three-Year Marriage Ends\". The Harvard Crimson.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/9/21/delphic-bee-divorce/","url_text":"\"Delphic and Bee Clubs' Three-Year Marriage Ends\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"Kappa Eta Sigma Chi http://www.harvardsigmachi.com/.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.harvardsigmachi.com/","url_text":"http://www.harvardsigmachi.com/"}]},{"reference":"\"Bee Club Buzzes into Former Café Pamplona Location | News | The Harvard Crimson\". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved March 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/9/24/bee-purchases-cafe-pamplona/","url_text":"\"Bee Club Buzzes into Former Café Pamplona Location | News | The Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harvard Is Without All-Female Social Groups After Last Three Holdouts Agree to Go Co-Ed | News | The Harvard Crimson\". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved March 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/8/24/no-more-female-clubs/","url_text":"\"Harvard Is Without All-Female Social Groups After Last Three Holdouts Agree to Go Co-Ed | News | The Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final Clubs Cancel Punch\". The Harvard Crimson. October 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/10/14/final-clubs-cancel-punch/","url_text":"\"Final Clubs Cancel Punch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"\"Female Final Clubs: A Retrospection | Fifteen Minutes\". The Harvard Crimson. October 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2013/10/10/female-final-clubs-a-retrospection/","url_text":"\"Female Final Clubs: A Retrospection | Fifteen Minutes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"\"The sisters are doin' it for themselves| Fifteen Minutes\". The Harvard Crimson. October 17, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2002/10/17/sisters-are-doin-it-for-themselves/","url_text":"\"The sisters are doin' it for themselves| Fifteen Minutes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"\"Recognized Social Organizations at Harvard College\".","urls":[{"url":"https://osl.fas.harvard.edu/policy","url_text":"\"Recognized Social Organizations at Harvard College\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Members of Shuttered Sorority Delta Gamma Launch Co-Ed Club 'Kali Praxi'\". The Harvard Crimson.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/8/7/delta-gamma-launches-new-club/","url_text":"\"Ex-Members of Shuttered Sorority Delta Gamma Launch Co-Ed Club 'Kali Praxi'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\".","urls":[{"url":"https://crimson-theta.org/welcome","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alpha Phi Returns to Campus, Joins Lawsuit Opposing Sanctions\". The Harvard Crimson.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/12/4/alpha-phi-back-lawsuit/","url_text":"\"Alpha Phi Returns to Campus, Joins Lawsuit Opposing Sanctions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\".","urls":[{"url":"http://cambridgealphaphi.com/about-us/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seneca To Go Gender Neutral, But Membership Could Stay All-Women | News | The Harvard Crimson\". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved November 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/8/16/seneca-gender-neutral-policy/","url_text":"\"Seneca To Go Gender Neutral, But Membership Could Stay All-Women | News | The Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Seneca | Women's Empowerment | Harvard\". theseneca. Retrieved November 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theseneca.org/","url_text":"\"The Seneca | Women's Empowerment | Harvard\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is the Seneca, Anyway? | Flyby | the Harvard Crimson\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/flyby/article/2014/9/26/what-is-the-seneca/","url_text":"\"What is the Seneca, Anyway? | Flyby | the Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"The Commonwealth Of Massachusetts Staff (2008). \"La Vie Club Incorporated Summary Screen\". Boston, MA: The Commonwealth Of Massachusetts, William Francis Galvin, Secretary Of The Commonwealth, Corporations Division. Archived from the original (government database entry) on June 4, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160604000459/http://www.corp.sec.state.ma.us/corp/CorpSearch/CorpSearchSummary.asp?ReadFromDB=True&UpdateAllowed=&FEIN=000991056","url_text":"\"La Vie Club Incorporated Summary Screen\""},{"url":"http://www.corp.sec.state.ma.us/corp/CorpSearch/CorpSearchSummary.asp?ReadFromDB=True&UpdateAllowed=&FEIN=000991056","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The 5 Percent of Harvard's 5 Percent\". The Harvard Crimson'. March 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/3/28/lee-harvards-five-percent/","url_text":"\"The 5 Percent of Harvard's 5 Percent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"Beam, Alex (May 20, 2009). \"Harvard's Vanishing Squash Courts\". Vanity Fair.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2009/05/harvards-vanishing-squash-courts.html","url_text":"\"Harvard's Vanishing Squash Courts\""}]},{"reference":"Granade, Matthew (February 12, 1996). \"D.U., Fly Clubs Agree to Merge\". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved March 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1996/2/12/du-fly-clubs-agree-to-merge/","url_text":"\"D.U., Fly Clubs Agree to Merge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hasty Pudding Institute Moves into Former Bee Clubhouse | News | the Harvard Crimson\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/9/19/hasty-pudding-clubhouse/","url_text":"\"Hasty Pudding Institute Moves into Former Bee Clubhouse | News | the Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"Jonathan A. Lewin (March 18, 1995). \"Final Club Closed After Recruit Is Beaten In Fight\". The Harvard Crimson.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1995/3/18/final-club-closed-after-recruit-is/","url_text":"\"Final Club Closed After Recruit Is Beaten In Fight\""}]},{"reference":"Granade, Matthew W. (February 12, 1996). \"D.U., Fly Clubs Agree to Merge\" (online article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1996/2/12/du-fly-clubs-agree-to-merge/","url_text":"\"D.U., Fly Clubs Agree to Merge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". The Oak Club. Retrieved April 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theoakclub.org/history","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"CHC Staff (2009). \"City of Cambridge, Landmarks and Other Protected Properties\" (PDF). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Historical Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120806144925/http://www2.cambridgema.gov/historic/landmark_11X17.pdf","url_text":"\"City of Cambridge, Landmarks and Other Protected Properties\""},{"url":"http://www.cambridgema.gov/historic/landmark_11X17.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fahs, C. Ramsey (January 29, 2016). \"Divided Fox Club Opens With New Policies\" (online article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/1/29/fox-reopens-new-rules/","url_text":"\"Divided Fox Club Opens With New Policies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"Delwiche, Noah J. (September 11, 2015). \"In Historic Move, Spee Club Invites Women To Punch: As final clubs face pressure, one male club moves to go co-ed\" (online article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2015/9/11/spee-club-punch-women/","url_text":"\"In Historic Move, Spee Club Invites Women To Punch: As final clubs face pressure, one male club moves to go co-ed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"Khurana, Rakesh (May 6, 2016). \"Untitled letter addressed \"Dear President Faust\" [Opening \"I write today to convey the College's recommendations for addressing the problems created for our community by the discriminatory membership policies of undergraduate unrecognized single-gender social organizations, including Final Clubs\".]\" (PDF, letter on stationery, from college.harvard.edu). pp. 1–4, esp. 1. Retrieved May 11, 2016. [Quoting, end of paragraph 2, p. 1:] At a time when Harvard is preparing citizens and citizen-leaders to bring people together and embrace an increasingly diverse and interconnected world, these organizations contribute to a social life and a student culture that for many on our campus is disempowering and exclusionary.","urls":[{"url":"http://college.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/presidentfaust5.6.16__0.pdf","url_text":"\"Untitled letter addressed \"Dear President Faust\" [Opening \"I write today to convey the College's recommendations for addressing the problems created for our community by the discriminatory membership policies of undergraduate unrecognized single-gender social organizations, including Final Clubs\".]\""}]},{"reference":"Saul, Stephanie (May 7, 2016). \"Harvard Restrictions Could Reshape Exclusive Student Clubs\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/07/us/harvard-restrictions-could-reshape-exclusive-student-clubs.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Harvard Restrictions Could Reshape Exclusive Student Clubs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Fahs, C. Ramsey (May 6, 2016). \"A Guide to Harvard's Relationship with Final Clubs: The Crimson gives a quick primer on the final clubs, institutions unique to Harvard, and the administration's actions toward them over this tumultuous year\" (online article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/5/6/final-clubs-explained/","url_text":"\"A Guide to Harvard's Relationship with Final Clubs: The Crimson gives a quick primer on the final clubs, institutions unique to Harvard, and the administration's actions toward them over this tumultuous year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"\"UC Leaders Support Social Organization Sanctions at Faculty Meeting - News - The Harvard Crimson\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/11/2/UC-leaders-faculty-meeting/","url_text":"\"UC Leaders Support Social Organization Sanctions at Faculty Meeting - News - The Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harvard Faculty Debate Final Club Sanctions\". November 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://harvardmagazine.com/2016/11/social-club-sanctions-debated","url_text":"\"Harvard Faculty Debate Final Club Sanctions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Majority of Student Voters Oppose College Sanctions in UC Ballot - News - The Harvard Crimson\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/11/22/referendum-reveal-student-opposition-college-sanctions/","url_text":"\"Majority of Student Voters Oppose College Sanctions in UC Ballot - News - The Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stand up for the Sanctions, Harvard | Opinion | the Harvard Crimson\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/12/5/editorial-stand-up-for-sanctions/","url_text":"\"Stand up for the Sanctions, Harvard | Opinion | the Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"Xiao, Derek G. (January 25, 2017). \"All-Male Oak Club to Accept Women\". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved January 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/1/25/oak-club-to-go-coed/","url_text":"\"All-Male Oak Club to Accept Women\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kappa Kappa Gamma Now Gender-Neutral Club 'The Fleur-de-Lis' | News | the Harvard Crimson\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/1/8/kappa-gender-neutral/","url_text":"\"Kappa Kappa Gamma Now Gender-Neutral Club 'The Fleur-de-Lis' | News | the Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harvard Drops Social Group Sanctions Following Supreme Court Sex Discrimination Decision | Opinion | the Harvard Crimson\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/6/30/harvard-ends-social-group-sanctions/","url_text":"\"Harvard Drops Social Group Sanctions Following Supreme Court Sex Discrimination Decision | Opinion | the Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"Krantz, Laura (July 31, 2017). \"Harvard looks to Bowdoin as model in eradicating frats, but its decision had mixed results\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved July 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/07/30/harvard-looks-bowdoin-model-eradicating-frats-but-its-decision-had-mixed-results/1YSwSjkmUg6dPs2gxr860M/story.html","url_text":"\"Harvard looks to Bowdoin as model in eradicating frats, but its decision had mixed results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"Grinberg, Emanuella; Kaufman, Ellie (July 14, 2017). \"Harvard mulls phasing out frats, sororities, final clubs\". CNN. Retrieved July 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2017/07/14/us/harvard-fraternities-ban-trnd/index.html","url_text":"\"Harvard mulls phasing out frats, sororities, final clubs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Natanson, Hannah; Xiao, Derek G. (July 22, 2017). \"Seven Votes How a Harvard Committee Came to Recommend a Social Group Ban\". The Crimson. Retrieved August 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/7/22/inside-social-ban-committee/","url_text":"\"Seven Votes How a Harvard Committee Came to Recommend a Social Group Ban\""}]},{"reference":"Hemel, Daniel J. (January 18, 2006). \"Kennedy Severs Final Club Ties\". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved April 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/1/18/kennedy-severs-final-club-ties-a/","url_text":"\"Kennedy Severs Final Club Ties\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Frank (August 3, 2006). \"Patrick says he quit The Fly Club in 1983: Nine exclusive clubs at Harvard limit membership to men. A gubernatorial candidate's link to one renews debate on elitism\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original (online article) on August 3, 2006. Retrieved May 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.boston.com/news/local/politics/candidates/articles/2006/08/03/patrick_says_he_quit_the_fly_club_in_1983/","url_text":"\"Patrick says he quit The Fly Club in 1983: Nine exclusive clubs at Harvard limit membership to men. A gubernatorial candidate's link to one renews debate on elitism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"},{"url":"http://www.boston.com/news/local/politics/candidates/articles/2006/08/03/patrick_says_he_quit_the_fly_club_in_1983/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lawsuit Update\". Stand Up To Harvard. November 5, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standuptoharvard.org/lawsuit-update/","url_text":"\"Lawsuit Update\""}]},{"reference":"Wang, Amy X. (May 6, 2016). \"Harvard is dealing a huge blow to its secretive, male-only student clubs\".","urls":[{"url":"http://qz.com/678017/harvard-is-dealing-a-huge-blow-to-its-secretive-male-only-student-clubs/","url_text":"\"Harvard is dealing a huge blow to its secretive, male-only student clubs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Making a Movie? The Final Clubs Welcome You. - Flyby - The Harvard Crimson\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/flyby/article/2010/7/27/sorkin-zuckerberg-final-facebook/","url_text":"\"Making a Movie? The Final Clubs Welcome You. - Flyby - The Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"Fahs, C. Ramsey (May 6, 2016). \"A Guide to Harvard's Relationship with Final Clubs: The Crimson gives a quick primer on the final clubs, institutions unique to Harvard, and the administration's actions toward them over this tumultuous year\" (online news article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/5/6/final-clubs-explained/","url_text":"\"A Guide to Harvard's Relationship with Final Clubs: The Crimson gives a quick primer on the final clubs, institutions unique to Harvard, and the administration's actions toward them over this tumultuous year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"Harrington, Rebecca M. (March 2, 2006). \"How the Final Clubbers Fool You—The Trend is Nigh\" (online arts article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.harvard.edu/article/2006/3/2/how-the-final-clubbers-fool-you/","url_text":"\"How the Final Clubbers Fool You—The Trend is Nigh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"Hernandez, Javier C.; et al. (January 17, 2006). \"Kennedy Ends His Final Club Ties: Senator withdraws from Owl Club after conservatives criticized his membership\" (online news article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/1/17/kennedy-ends-his-final-club-ties/","url_text":"\"Kennedy Ends His Final Club Ties: Senator withdraws from Owl Club after conservatives criticized his membership\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"Hemel, Daniel J. (October 24, 2005). \"E-mails Offer Glimpse of Club: Isis e-mail archives reveal details of 'punch' process, relationship with Bee Club\" (online news article). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=509327","url_text":"\"E-mails Offer Glimpse of Club: Isis e-mail archives reveal details of 'punch' process, relationship with Bee Club\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"Sachs, Stephen E. (October 23, 2001). \"What's Wrong With Final Clubs: The Public Interest\" (online opinion piece). The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved May 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=121825","url_text":"\"What's Wrong With Final Clubs: The Public Interest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]}]
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Popular\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/9/21/delphic-bee-divorce/","external_links_name":"\"Delphic and Bee Clubs' Three-Year Marriage Ends\""},{"Link":"http://www.harvardsigmachi.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.harvardsigmachi.com/"},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/9/24/bee-purchases-cafe-pamplona/","external_links_name":"\"Bee Club Buzzes into Former Café Pamplona Location | News | The Harvard Crimson\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/8/24/no-more-female-clubs/","external_links_name":"\"Harvard Is Without All-Female Social Groups After Last Three Holdouts Agree to Go Co-Ed | News | The Harvard Crimson\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/10/14/final-clubs-cancel-punch/","external_links_name":"\"Final Clubs Cancel Punch\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2013/10/10/female-final-clubs-a-retrospection/","external_links_name":"\"Female Final Clubs: A Retrospection | Fifteen Minutes\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2002/10/17/sisters-are-doin-it-for-themselves/","external_links_name":"\"The sisters are doin' it for themselves| Fifteen Minutes\""},{"Link":"https://osl.fas.harvard.edu/policy","external_links_name":"\"Recognized Social Organizations at Harvard College\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/8/7/delta-gamma-launches-new-club/","external_links_name":"\"Ex-Members of Shuttered Sorority Delta Gamma Launch Co-Ed Club 'Kali Praxi'\""},{"Link":"https://crimson-theta.org/welcome","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/12/4/alpha-phi-back-lawsuit/","external_links_name":"\"Alpha Phi Returns to Campus, Joins Lawsuit Opposing Sanctions\""},{"Link":"http://cambridgealphaphi.com/about-us/","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/8/16/seneca-gender-neutral-policy/","external_links_name":"\"Seneca To Go Gender Neutral, But Membership Could Stay All-Women | News | The Harvard Crimson\""},{"Link":"https://www.theseneca.org/","external_links_name":"\"The Seneca | Women's Empowerment | Harvard\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/flyby/article/2014/9/26/what-is-the-seneca/","external_links_name":"\"What is the Seneca, Anyway? | Flyby | the Harvard Crimson\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160604000459/http://www.corp.sec.state.ma.us/corp/CorpSearch/CorpSearchSummary.asp?ReadFromDB=True&UpdateAllowed=&FEIN=000991056","external_links_name":"\"La Vie Club Incorporated Summary Screen\""},{"Link":"http://www.corp.sec.state.ma.us/corp/CorpSearch/CorpSearchSummary.asp?ReadFromDB=True&UpdateAllowed=&FEIN=000991056","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/3/28/lee-harvards-five-percent/","external_links_name":"\"The 5 Percent of Harvard's 5 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Merge\""},{"Link":"http://www.theoakclub.org/history","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120806144925/http://www2.cambridgema.gov/historic/landmark_11X17.pdf","external_links_name":"\"City of Cambridge, Landmarks and Other Protected Properties\""},{"Link":"http://www.cambridgema.gov/historic/landmark_11X17.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/1/29/fox-reopens-new-rules/","external_links_name":"\"Divided Fox Club Opens With New Policies\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2015/9/11/spee-club-punch-women/","external_links_name":"\"In Historic Move, Spee Club Invites Women To Punch: As final clubs face pressure, one male club moves to go co-ed\""},{"Link":"http://college.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/presidentfaust5.6.16__0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Untitled letter addressed \"Dear President Faust\" [Opening \"I write today to convey the College's recommendations for addressing 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Crimson\""},{"Link":"http://osl.fas.harvard.edu/files/osl/files/implementationcommitteefinalreport.pdf","external_links_name":"http://osl.fas.harvard.edu/files/osl/files/implementationcommitteefinalreport.pdf"},{"Link":"https://harvardmagazine.com/2016/11/social-club-sanctions-debated","external_links_name":"\"Harvard Faculty Debate Final Club Sanctions\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/11/22/referendum-reveal-student-opposition-college-sanctions/","external_links_name":"\"Majority of Student Voters Oppose College Sanctions in UC Ballot - News - The Harvard Crimson\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/12/5/editorial-stand-up-for-sanctions/","external_links_name":"\"Stand up for the Sanctions, Harvard | Opinion | the Harvard Crimson\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/1/25/oak-club-to-go-coed/","external_links_name":"\"All-Male Oak Club to Accept Women\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/1/8/kappa-gender-neutral/","external_links_name":"\"Kappa Kappa Gamma Now Gender-Neutral Club 'The Fleur-de-Lis' | News | the Harvard Crimson\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/6/30/harvard-ends-social-group-sanctions/","external_links_name":"\"Harvard Drops Social Group Sanctions Following Supreme Court Sex Discrimination Decision | Opinion | the Harvard Crimson\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/07/30/harvard-looks-bowdoin-model-eradicating-frats-but-its-decision-had-mixed-results/1YSwSjkmUg6dPs2gxr860M/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Harvard looks to Bowdoin as model in eradicating frats, but its decision had mixed results\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2017/07/14/us/harvard-fraternities-ban-trnd/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Harvard mulls phasing out frats, sororities, final clubs\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/7/22/inside-social-ban-committee/","external_links_name":"\"Seven Votes How a Harvard Committee Came to Recommend a Social Group Ban\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/1/18/kennedy-severs-final-club-ties-a/","external_links_name":"\"Kennedy Severs Final Club Ties\""},{"Link":"http://archive.boston.com/news/local/politics/candidates/articles/2006/08/03/patrick_says_he_quit_the_fly_club_in_1983/","external_links_name":"\"Patrick says he quit The Fly Club in 1983: Nine exclusive clubs at Harvard limit membership to men. A gubernatorial candidate's link to one renews debate on elitism\""},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/news/local/politics/candidates/articles/2006/08/03/patrick_says_he_quit_the_fly_club_in_1983/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/harvard-sued-fraternities-sororities-over-single-sex-rule-n942961","external_links_name":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/harvard-sued-fraternities-sororities-over-single-sex-rule-n942961"},{"Link":"https://www.standuptoharvard.org/lawsuit-update/","external_links_name":"\"Lawsuit Update\""},{"Link":"https://www.standuptoharvard.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Harvard-Notice-of-Settlement-and-Request-to-Hold-Pending-Dispositive-Motions-in-Abeyance-08-21-20.pdf.","external_links_name":"https://www.standuptoharvard.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Harvard-Notice-of-Settlement-and-Request-to-Hold-Pending-Dispositive-Motions-in-Abeyance-08-21-20.pdf."},{"Link":"http://qz.com/678017/harvard-is-dealing-a-huge-blow-to-its-secretive-male-only-student-clubs/","external_links_name":"\"Harvard is dealing a huge blow to its secretive, male-only student clubs\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecrimson.com/flyby/article/2010/7/27/sorkin-zuckerberg-final-facebook/","external_links_name":"\"Making a Movie? The Final Clubs Welcome You. - Flyby - The Harvard Crimson\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/5/6/final-clubs-explained/","external_links_name":"\"A Guide to Harvard's Relationship with Final Clubs: The Crimson gives a quick primer on the final clubs, institutions unique to Harvard, and the administration's actions toward them over this tumultuous year\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecrimson.harvard.edu/article/2006/3/2/how-the-final-clubbers-fool-you/","external_links_name":"\"How the Final Clubbers Fool You—The Trend is Nigh\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/1/17/kennedy-ends-his-final-club-ties/","external_links_name":"\"Kennedy Ends His Final Club Ties: Senator withdraws from Owl Club after conservatives criticized his membership\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=509327","external_links_name":"\"E-mails Offer Glimpse of Club: Isis e-mail archives reveal details of 'punch' process, relationship with Bee Club\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=121825","external_links_name":"\"What's Wrong With Final Clubs: The Public Interest\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogo%C8%99ani
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Mogoșani
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["1 Natives","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 44°41′N 25°24′E / 44.683°N 25.400°E / 44.683; 25.400This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mogoșani" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
For the village in Gorj County, see Scoarța.
Commune in Dâmbovița, RomaniaMogoșaniCommuneLocation in Dâmbovița CountyMogoșaniLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 44°41′N 25°24′E / 44.683°N 25.400°E / 44.683; 25.400CountryRomaniaCountyDâmbovițaPopulation (2021-12-01)4,051Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)Vehicle reg.DB
Mogoșani is a commune in Dâmbovița County, Muntenia, Romania with a population of 4,510 people. It is composed of five villages: Chirca, Cojocaru, Merii, Mogoșani and Zăvoiu.
Natives
Constantin Bușoiu
References
^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.
vteDâmbovița County, RomaniaCities
Târgoviște (county seat)
Moreni
Towns
Fieni
Găești
Pucioasa
Răcari
Titu
Communes
Aninoasa
Băleni
Bărbulețu
Bezdead
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Brănești
Braniștea
Brezoaele
Buciumeni
Bucșani
Butimanu
Cândești
Ciocănești
Cobia
Cojasca
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Corbii Mari
Cornățelu
Cornești
Costeștii din Vale
Crângurile
Crevedia
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Dobra
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Dragodana
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Finta
Glodeni
Gura Foii
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I. L. Caragiale
Iedera
Lucieni
Ludești
Lungulețu
Malu cu Flori
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Mătăsaru
Mogoșani
Moroeni
Morteni
Moțăieni
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Nucet
Ocnița
Odobești
Perșinari
Petrești
Pietrari
Pietroșița
Poiana
Potlogi
Produlești
Pucheni
Raciu
Răscăeți
Râu Alb
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Runcu
Sălcioara
Șelaru
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Șotânga
Tărtășești
Tătărani
Uliești
Ulmi
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Valea Lungă
Valea Mare
Văleni-Dâmbovița
Vârfuri
Vișina
Vișinești
Vlădeni
Voinești
Vulcana-Băi
Vulcana-Pandele
This Dâmbovița County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scoarța","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoar%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Dâmbovița County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2mbovi%C8%9Ba_County"},{"link_name":"Muntenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntenia"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"}],"text":"For the village in Gorj County, see Scoarța.Commune in Dâmbovița, RomaniaMogoșani is a commune in Dâmbovița County, Muntenia, Romania with a population of 4,510 people. It is composed of five villages: Chirca, Cojocaru, Merii, Mogoșani and Zăvoiu.","title":"Mogoșani"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constantin Bușoiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Bu%C8%99oiu"}],"text":"Constantin Bușoiu","title":"Natives"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","url_text":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)","url_text":"National Institute of Statistics"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conning_officer
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Conn (nautical)
|
["1 References"]
|
Naval officer assigned to give orders to the helm
Look up conn in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
An ensign stands conning officer watch on the bridge of the Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS O'Kane
The conn, also spelled con, cun, conne, cond, conde, and cund, is the status of being in control of a ship's movements while at sea. The following quote summarizes the use of the term:One of the most important principles of ship handling is that there be no ambiguity as to who is controlling the movements of the ship. One person gives orders to the ship's engine, rudder, lines, and ground tackle. This person is said to have the "conn."— James Alden Barber, 2005, "Introduction", The Naval Shiphandler's Guide, p. 8. Mark B. Templeton
"Conn" is also a verb describing the act of controlling a ship.
Within the U.S. Coast Guard, Shipyard and U.S. Navy, the captain of a vessel typically selects a junior officer to perform the role of conning for him or her. Such an individual has the title of "officer of the deck" (abbreviated OOD) or "the conning officer" while on duty, and he or she will stand watches at four-hour intervals carrying out the captain's commands. However, the captain can immediately take the conn by simply issuing an order to the helm. On navy ships, neither the ship's navigator nor the ship's pilot is usually the conning officer, whereas on merchant ships the conning officer may be the captain, the deck officer, the pilot, or another warrant officer. The officer of the deck may give the conn to a junior officer for training purposes, in which case the officer of the deck and the conning officer may not be the same individual (the officer who has the deck retains responsibility for the ship's safe passage; the conning officer only has responsibility for giving the helm instructions on direction and thrust of the ship's engines).
It is from this term that the concept of a conning tower, an elevated platform from which a conning officer can view all aspects of a ship's movement, is derived.
Although the origin of the term is not entirely clear, it appears that "conn" is a shortened form of "conduct"; the term is also frequently used as a transitive verb, i.e., to conn (therefore conduct) a ship.
The term may also be related to the knotted "conning line," which was a rope connecting the wheel and the rudder of a ship. Such a line was later replaced by chains and eventually by other mechanical and electronic systems.
References
^ Romanelli, Otto C. (2003). "Who's got the conn Nick?". Blue Ghost Memoirs: USS Lexington Cv-16 1943–1945. Turner. p. 49. ISBN 9781563118487.
^ Bowditch, Nathaniel (2002). The American Practical Navigator. Paradise Cay. p. 112. ISBN 9780939837540.
^ Burchfield, R.W., ed. (1989). Oxford English Dictionary (Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_070512-N-3284V-049_Ensign_Sarah_Watson_stands_conning_officer_watch_on_the_bridge_of_the_Arleigh_Burke-class_destroyer_USS_O%27Kane_(DDG_77).jpg"},{"link_name":"ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(rank)"},{"link_name":"USS O'Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_O%27Kane"},{"link_name":"U.S. Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"officer of the deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_deck"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"helm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmsman"},{"link_name":"navigator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigator"},{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pilot"},{"link_name":"deck officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_department"},{"link_name":"warrant officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_officer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowditch-2"},{"link_name":"conning tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conning_tower"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Look up conn in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.An ensign stands conning officer watch on the bridge of the Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS O'KaneThe conn, also spelled con, cun, conne, cond, conde, and cund, is the status of being in control of a ship's movements while at sea. The following quote summarizes the use of the term:One of the most important principles of ship handling is that there be no ambiguity as to who is controlling the movements of the ship. One person gives orders to the ship's engine, rudder, lines, and ground tackle. This person is said to have the \"conn.\"— James Alden Barber, 2005, \"Introduction\", The Naval Shiphandler's Guide, p. 8. Mark B. Templeton\"Conn\" is also a verb describing the act of controlling a ship.Within the U.S. Coast Guard, Shipyard and U.S. Navy, the captain of a vessel typically selects a junior officer to perform the role of conning for him or her. Such an individual has the title of \"officer of the deck\" (abbreviated OOD) or \"the conning officer\" while on duty, and he or she will stand watches at four-hour intervals carrying out the captain's commands.[1] However, the captain can immediately take the conn by simply issuing an order to the helm. On navy ships, neither the ship's navigator nor the ship's pilot is usually the conning officer, whereas on merchant ships the conning officer may be the captain, the deck officer, the pilot, or another warrant officer. The officer of the deck may give the conn to a junior officer for training purposes, in which case the officer of the deck and the conning officer may not be the same individual (the officer who has the deck retains responsibility for the ship's safe passage; the conning officer only has responsibility for giving the helm instructions on direction and thrust of the ship's engines).[2]It is from this term that the concept of a conning tower, an elevated platform from which a conning officer can view all aspects of a ship's movement, is derived.Although the origin of the term is not entirely clear, it appears that \"conn\" is a shortened form of \"conduct\"; the term is also frequently used as a transitive verb, i.e., to conn (therefore conduct) a ship.[3]The term may also be related to the knotted \"conning line,\" which was a rope connecting the wheel and the rudder of a ship. Such a line was later replaced by chains and eventually by other mechanical and electronic systems.[citation needed]","title":"Conn (nautical)"}]
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| null |
[{"reference":"Romanelli, Otto C. (2003). \"Who's got the conn Nick?\". Blue Ghost Memoirs: USS Lexington Cv-16 1943–1945. Turner. p. 49. ISBN 9781563118487.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VGTUbJuQyUYC&dq=conn+ship&pg=PA49","url_text":"\"Who's got the conn Nick?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563118487","url_text":"9781563118487"}]},{"reference":"Bowditch, Nathaniel (2002). The American Practical Navigator. Paradise Cay. p. 112. ISBN 9780939837540.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pXjHDnIE_ygC&dq=%22conn%22+%22vessel%22&pg=PA112","url_text":"The American Practical Navigator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780939837540","url_text":"9780939837540"}]},{"reference":"Burchfield, R.W., ed. (1989). Oxford English Dictionary (Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VGTUbJuQyUYC&dq=conn+ship&pg=PA49","external_links_name":"\"Who's got the conn Nick?\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pXjHDnIE_ygC&dq=%22conn%22+%22vessel%22&pg=PA112","external_links_name":"The American Practical Navigator"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Lee
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Debbie Lee
|
["1 References"]
|
Australian rules footballer and coach
Australian rules footballer
Debbie Lee
Lee in February 2017Personal informationFull name
Deborah LeeDate of birth
1974 (age 49–50)Playing careerYears
Club
Games (Goals)1991–1992
East Brunswick Scorpions
? (?)1993–2014
St Albans Spurs
200+ (?)Total
304 (?)Representative team honoursYears
Team
Games (Goals)
Victoria
15 (?)Coaching career3Years
Club
Games (W–L–D)????–
St Albans Spurs
2017
RepresentativeVictoria
1 (1–0–0)
3 Coaching statistics correct as of 2017.
Source: AustralianFootball.com
Deborah "Debbie" Lee (born 1974) is a former Australian rules football player and coach.
She has campaigned for recognition of women's Australian rules football in Australia, giving up a WNBL career to focus on developing the sport.
She was later appointed president of the Victorian Women's Football League (VWFL).
Apart from being the president of the VWFL, she played for the St Albans Spurs. She first played in 1990 with the East Brunswick Scorpions before forming her own club in 1992, the Spurs. Hall won the Helen Lambert Medal as the Victorian women's competition best and fairest five times and was an All-Australian named player six times.
Lee worked as the head of the Melbourne Football Club's AFL Women's operations in 2017 before leaving to take up the same role with the Western Bulldogs in 2018. She was at the same time appointed as the club's VFLW coach for the 2018 season. A key initiative of Lee's were the Melbourne-Western Bulldogs exhibition matches that ultimately paved the way for the formation of the AFLW.
Lee was the first-ever female inductee to the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2021 for her playing excellence and for being the driving force for women's AFL.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Debbie Lee.
^ Flanagan, Martin (22 May 2015). "The legend of Deb Lee". The Age. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
^ a b "History-maker Debbie Lee joins Saints great in Hall of Fame". afl.com.au. 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
^ "Women's football pioneer Debbie Lee leaves Melbourne to join Western Bulldogs". Herald Sun. News Corp Australia. 11 October 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
^ a b "'We were an afterthought': Women's footy trailblazer becomes historic inductee". afl.com.au. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
vteVictorian team – 2017 women's State of Origin
Arnell
Ashmore
Blackburn
Chiocci
Dal Pos
D'Arcy
Davey
Donnellan
Downie
Eva
Garner
Hickey
Hope
Hosking
Kearney
Lambert
Mithen
Paxman
Pearce (c)
Perkins
Spark
Stevens
Coach: Lee
Authority control databases: People
Australian Women's Register
This Australian rules football biography of a person born in the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Flanagan, Martin (22 May 2015). \"The legend of Deb Lee\". The Age. Retrieved 29 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/the-legend-of-deb-lee-20150521-gh6edq.html","url_text":"\"The legend of Deb Lee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"}]},{"reference":"\"History-maker Debbie Lee joins Saints great in Hall of Fame\". afl.com.au. 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afl.com.au/news/669968/history-maker-debbie-lee-joins-saints-great-in-hall-of-fame","url_text":"\"History-maker Debbie Lee joins Saints great in Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's football pioneer Debbie Lee leaves Melbourne to join Western Bulldogs\". Herald Sun. News Corp Australia. 11 October 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/aflw/womens-football-pioneer-debbie-lee-leaves-melbourne-to-join-western-bulldogs/news-story/0cf4f311bd77711c4cf2d3c742ac1ca6","url_text":"\"Women's football pioneer Debbie Lee leaves Melbourne to join Western Bulldogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"'We were an afterthought': Women's footy trailblazer becomes historic inductee\". afl.com.au. Retrieved 24 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afl.com.au/news/666134","url_text":"\"'We were an afterthought': Women's footy trailblazer becomes historic inductee\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://australianfootball.com/players/player/Debbie+Lee/21165","external_links_name":"AustralianFootball.com"},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/the-legend-of-deb-lee-20150521-gh6edq.html","external_links_name":"\"The legend of Deb Lee\""},{"Link":"https://www.afl.com.au/news/669968/history-maker-debbie-lee-joins-saints-great-in-hall-of-fame","external_links_name":"\"History-maker Debbie Lee joins Saints great in Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/aflw/womens-football-pioneer-debbie-lee-leaves-melbourne-to-join-western-bulldogs/news-story/0cf4f311bd77711c4cf2d3c742ac1ca6","external_links_name":"\"Women's football pioneer Debbie Lee leaves Melbourne to join Western Bulldogs\""},{"Link":"https://www.afl.com.au/news/666134","external_links_name":"\"'We were an afterthought': Women's footy trailblazer becomes historic inductee\""},{"Link":"http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE2688b.htm","external_links_name":"Australian Women's Register"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debbie_Lee&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_Bridge
|
Interstate Highway Bridge
|
["1 Gallery","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 46°25′13″N 117°02′11″W / 46.42028°N 117.03639°W / 46.42028; -117.03639U.S. highway bridge between Clarkston, Washington and Lewiston, Idaho
Not to be confused with the Interstate Bridge on the Columbia River between Oregon and Washington.
Interstate Highway BridgeLooking at the northern side of the Interstate Highway Bridge from Clarkston, WashingtonCoordinates46°25′13″N 117°02′11″W / 46.42028°N 117.03639°W / 46.42028; -117.03639Carries US 12 (4 lanes)LocaleClarkston, Washington and Lewiston, IdahoMaintained byWashington State Department of TransportationCharacteristicsDesignVertical Lift TrussLocation
The Interstate Highway Bridge crosses the Snake River, between Clarkston, Washington and Lewiston, Idaho. The bridge carries U.S. Route 12 (US 12) across the state line between Washington and Idaho, and is maintained by the Washington State Department of Transportation. It was built in 1939 and is 1,424 feet (434 m) long. It is nicknamed the "Blue Bridge" locally.
The bridge was the primary route between Lewiston and Clarkston, until the Southway Bridge was constructed in the 1980s.
Gallery
A telephoto view of the Snake River dividing Lewiston, Idaho and Clarkston, Washington. The photographer is atop Lewiston Hill, looking south. The Interstate Highway Bridge is the closer of the two bridges. The Southway Bridge is in the distance.
Looking east toward Idaho, from underneath the bridge
Crossing westbound into Clarkston via bicycle
Westbound vehicles entering Washington state
See also
Lower Granite Lake
References
^ "A moveable bridge". Lewiston Morning Tribune. October 6, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
^ "Snake River Bridge". Bridge Hunter. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
^ Preston, Seth (January 6, 1990). "Lewiston Manager Backs Bryden Canyon Road". Lewiston Tribune. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
^ Alford, Nathan (August 1, 1999). "Bryden a boon or a bust?". Lewiston Tribune. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
External links
Historic image from Asotin County Heritage Collection
Authority control databases: Geographic
Structurae
This article about a bridge in the U.S. state of Washington is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a bridge in Idaho is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interstate Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Snake River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_River"},{"link_name":"Clarkston, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkston,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Lewiston, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewiston,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_12"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"Washington State Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Southway Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southway_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"U.S. highway bridge between Clarkston, Washington and Lewiston, IdahoNot to be confused with the Interstate Bridge on the Columbia River between Oregon and Washington.The Interstate Highway Bridge crosses the Snake River, between Clarkston, Washington and Lewiston, Idaho. The bridge carries U.S. Route 12 (US 12) across the state line between Washington and Idaho, and is maintained by the Washington State Department of Transportation. It was built in 1939 and is 1,424 feet (434 m) long. It is nicknamed the \"Blue Bridge\" locally.[1][2]The bridge was the primary route between Lewiston and Clarkston, until the Southway Bridge was constructed in the 1980s.[3][4]","title":"Interstate Highway Bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telephoto_of_Snake_River_in_Lewiston_and_Clarkston_from_U.S._Route_95_viewpoint_(2015).jpg"},{"link_name":"Snake River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_River"},{"link_name":"Lewiston, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewiston,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Clarkston, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkston,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Lewiston Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewiston_Hill"},{"link_name":"Southway Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southway_Bridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_12_ID_west_end.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crossing_the_Blue_Bridge_from_Lewiston_to_Clarkston_(2007).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US12wRoad-SnakeRiverBridgeWashingtonSide_(31439533090).jpg"},{"link_name":"Washington state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_state"}],"text":"A telephoto view of the Snake River dividing Lewiston, Idaho and Clarkston, Washington. The photographer is atop Lewiston Hill, looking south. The Interstate Highway Bridge is the closer of the two bridges. The Southway Bridge is in the distance.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLooking east toward Idaho, from underneath the bridge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCrossing westbound into Clarkston via bicycle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWestbound vehicles entering Washington state","title":"Gallery"}]
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[]
|
[{"title":"Lower Granite Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Granite_Lake"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"A moveable bridge\". Lewiston Morning Tribune. October 6, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lmtribune.com/sunday_am/a-moveable-bridge/article_ae5ea59e-b954-5130-9ddd-eec0c5e42d51.html","url_text":"\"A moveable bridge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewiston_Morning_Tribune","url_text":"Lewiston Morning Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Snake River Bridge\". Bridge Hunter. Retrieved 2021-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://bridgehunter.com/wa/asotin/2348A0000000/","url_text":"\"Snake River Bridge\""}]},{"reference":"Preston, Seth (January 6, 1990). \"Lewiston Manager Backs Bryden Canyon Road\". Lewiston Tribune. Retrieved December 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://lmtribune.com/northwest/lewiston-manager-backs-bryden-canyon-road/article_2219fb45-6755-503f-8e23-cb6a801180e0.html","url_text":"\"Lewiston Manager Backs Bryden Canyon Road\""}]},{"reference":"Alford, Nathan (August 1, 1999). \"Bryden a boon or a bust?\". Lewiston Tribune. Retrieved December 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://lmtribune.com/northwest/bryden-a-boon-or-a-bust/article_613932c8-82f8-5618-9ac7-bceecc6b9668.html","url_text":"\"Bryden a boon or a bust?\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechar
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Béchar
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["1 Geography","1.1 Climate","2 Economy","3 Infrastructure and housing","4 Transportation","5 Education","6 Health","7 Culture","8 Religion","9 Historical population","10 Localities","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]
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Coordinates: 31°37′N 2°13′W / 31.617°N 2.217°W / 31.617; -2.217
City in AlgeriaBéchar
بشارCityCity Béchar1st of November SquareLocation of Béchar commune within Béchar ProvinceBécharLocation of Béchar within AlgeriaCoordinates: 31°37′N 2°13′W / 31.617°N 2.217°W / 31.617; -2.217Country AlgeriaProvinceBécharDistrictBéchar DistrictGovernment • PMA Seats23Area • Total5,050 km2 (1,950 sq mi)Elevation747 m (2,451 ft)Population (2008) • Total165,627 • Density33/km2 (85/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)Postal code08000ONS code0801ClimateBWh
Béchar (Arabic: بشار) is the capital city of Béchar Province, Algeria. It is also a commune, coextensive with Béchar District, of Béchar Province. In 2008 the city had a population of 165,627, up from 134,954 in 1998, with an annual growth rate of 2.1%. The commune covers an area of 5,050 square kilometres (1,950 sq mi).
Béchar thrived on the activity of the coal mines until petroleum production seized the market.
Leatherwork and jewellery are notable products of Béchar. Dates, vegetables, figs, cereals and almonds are produced near Béchar. There are bituminous coal reserves near Béchar, but they are not exploited to their greatest potential because of transportation costs are too high relative to that from the oil and gas fields of eastern Algeria. The city was once the site of a French Foreign Legion post.
The Kenadsa longwave transmitter, whose masts are the tallest structures in Algeria at 357 metres (1,171 ft), is found near Béchar.
Geography
Béchar is located in the northwestern region of Algeria roughly 58 kilometres (36 mi) south of the Moroccan border.
Shore of Oued Béchar in January 1913.
Shore of Oued Béchar in January 1913.
Béchar lies at an elevation of 747 metres (2,451 ft) on the banks of Oued Béchar, which runs through the city from northeast to southwest. The rocky highlands of the Djebel Béchar overlook the city from the southeast, reaching 1,206 metres (3,957 ft) to the east of the city. Further to the northeast the Djebel Antar range rises even higher, to 1,953 metres (6,407 ft). The northwest, by contrast, is a flat rocky reg.
Climate
Béchar has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), with extremely hot summers and warm winters despite the high elevation. There is very little rain throughout the year, and summers are especially dry.
Climate data for Béchar (1976–2005, extremes 1906–present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
27.2(81.0)
31.2(88.2)
38.0(100.4)
37.0(98.6)
41.2(106.2)
43.4(110.1)
45.0(113.0)
47.8(118.0)
41.0(105.8)
37.7(99.9)
30.5(86.9)
27.8(82.0)
47.8(118.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
15.9(60.6)
18.8(65.8)
22.4(72.3)
26.2(79.2)
30.6(87.1)
36.5(97.7)
40.1(104.2)
39.2(102.6)
34.2(93.6)
27.5(81.5)
20.9(69.6)
17.0(62.6)
27.4(81.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)
9.7(49.5)
12.4(54.3)
16.1(61.0)
20.0(68.0)
24.5(76.1)
30.0(86.0)
33.5(92.3)
32.9(91.2)
28.1(82.6)
21.6(70.9)
15.1(59.2)
10.9(51.6)
21.2(70.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
3.5(38.3)
6.0(42.8)
9.8(49.6)
13.7(56.7)
18.3(64.9)
23.5(74.3)
26.9(80.4)
26.5(79.7)
21.9(71.4)
15.6(60.1)
9.2(48.6)
4.8(40.6)
15.0(59.0)
Record low °C (°F)
−4.8(23.4)
−4.0(24.8)
0.2(32.4)
4.0(39.2)
7.8(46.0)
10.1(50.2)
17.8(64.0)
17.0(62.6)
12.0(53.6)
5.9(42.6)
−0.1(31.8)
−3.9(25.0)
−4.8(23.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
9.0(0.35)
8.5(0.33)
8.8(0.35)
7.5(0.30)
5.3(0.21)
5.0(0.20)
0.7(0.03)
2.0(0.08)
7.4(0.29)
10.6(0.42)
13.6(0.54)
8.2(0.32)
86.6(3.41)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
2.4
2.4
2.4
1.9
2.0
1.6
0.8
1.4
3.2
3.2
2.4
2.1
25.8
Average relative humidity (%)
43
34
28
25
21
19
15
17
24
31
40
45
29
Mean monthly sunshine hours
245
249
304
316
348
348
361
335
297
280
236
240
3,559
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization (average temperatures and precipitation, 1976–2005)
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun and relative humidity, 1931–1960) Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)
Economy
Agriculture is an important industry in Béchar. The commune has a total of 8,384 hectares (20,720 acres) of arable land, of which 5,100 hectares (13,000 acres) is irrigated. There are a total of 109,000 date palms planted in the commune, occupying 910 hectares (2,200 acres). Other crops include vegetables, figs, cereals and almonds. As of 2009 there were 19,067 sheep, 16,664 goats, 1,766 camels, and 444 cattle. There were also 126,000 chickens in 20 buildings.
There is some tourism in the city, with 10 hotels and tourist attractions including sand dunes, palm groves, the old ksar, and an ancient fort.
Other industries in the city include coal mining, and the production of leatherwork and jewellery.
Infrastructure and housing
Béchar in January 1913.
98% of Béchar's population is connected to drinking water, 95% is connected to the sewerage system, and 99% (including 33,180 houses) have access to electricity. There are 6 fuel service stations in the town.
Béchar has a total of 33,245 houses, of which 25,499 are occupied, giving an occupation rate of 6.5 inhabitants per occupied building.
Transportation
The main road through Béchar is the N6 highway; it connects to Mecheria, Saida, Mascara and Oran to the north, and to Adrar and Timiaouine to the south. There is a total length of 207.5 kilometres (128.9 mi) of roads in the commune.
It is served by SNTF by a standard gauge railway converted in 2010 from narrow gauge (1,055mm). From 1941 to 1963 it was reached by the standard gauge Mediterranean-Niger-Railway.
Béchar is served by Boudghene Ben Ali Lotfi Airport, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the northwest of the city.
Education
Béchar in January 1913.
The city is home to the University of Béchar.
There are 68 elementary schools in Béchar, with 777 classrooms including 581 in use. There are a total of 33,511 school students.
8.3% of the population has a tertiary education, and another 23.0% has competed secondary education. The overall literacy rate is 86.4%, and is 91.4% among males and 81.4% among females.
Health
Béchar has 2 hospitals, 4 polyclinics, 17-room care facilities, a maternity ward, 36 private pharmacies, 5 medical operating theatres, and a psychiatric service.
Culture
Béchar has a cinema with 850 seats, as well as a museum.
Religion
Béchar has 27 operational mosques, with another 19 under construction.
Historical population
Year
Population
1936
5,100
1954
43,300
1966
46,500
1977
56,600 (town)72,800 (municipality)
1987
107,300
1998
134,500
2008
165,627
Localities
The commune is composed of 8 localities:
Béchar Centre
Debdaba
Béchar Djedid
Ouakda
Benzireg
Hassi Haouari
Zouzfana
Gharassa
Manouarar Nekheila
Béchar Djedid is located 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of the city and was constructed as housing for coal miners working in Kénadsa.
See also
Algeria portal
Railway stations in Algeria
References
^ a b "Population, Area and Density per Commune" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
^ a b c d "Population: Béchar Wilaya" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
^ "Algeria Communes". Statoids. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Historical" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Béchar. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ a b c "Bechar (Algeria)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
^ "Kenadsa Long Wave Transmission Masts". Structurae. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
^ "Climate: Bechar – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table (altitude: 779m)". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
^ "World Weather Information Service–Bechar". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
^ Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens. "Algeriet – Bechar" (PDF). Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
^
"Station Bechar" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
^ "Distribution of Agricultural Land" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Plant Productions" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Animal Production" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Census of Hotels" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Tourism Sites and Monuments" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Drinking Water" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Sewerage Networks" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Electrification" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Fuel Distribution" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Housing" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Density Kilometres" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "School Infrastructure" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Number of Pupils" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Structure relative de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs âgée de 6 ans et plus selon le niveau d'instruction et la commune de résidence" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
^ "Taux d'analphabétisme et taux d'alphabétisation de la population âgée de 15 ans et plus, selon le sexe et la commune de résidence " (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
^ "Health Facilities by Commune" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Cinemas and Museums" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Mosques and Koranic Rooms" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "populstat.info". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
^ "Décret n° 84–365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya d'El Oued" (PDF) (in French). Journal officiel de la République Algérienne. 19 December 1984. p. 1489. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Béchar.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Béchar.
Official website of Béchar Province
Places adjacent to Béchar
Boukaïs
MogheulLahmar
MécheriaEl BayadhBenzireg
KénadsaMeridja
Béchar
Figuig (Morocco)Béni Ounif
AbadlaTindouf
TaghitIgliBéni Abbès
Adrar
vte Béchar ProvinceCapital: BécharBéchar District
Béchar
Benzireg
Abadla District
Erg Ferradj
Hammaguir
Abadla
Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne
Béni Abbès District
Béni Abbès
Ougarta
Zerhamra
Tamtert
Béchir
Idigh
Marhouma
Béni Ounif District
Béni Ounif
Fendi
Zoubia
El Ouata District
El Ouata
Aguedal
Ammas
Bouhadid
El Beïda
El Maffa
Igli District
Igli
Mazzer
Kénadsa District
Kénadsa
Méridja
Kerzaz District
Kerzaz
Zaouia el Kbira
Béni Ikhlef
Guerzim
Timoudi
Boutarfaya
Lahmar District
Lahmar
Sfissifa
Boukaïs
Mogheul
El Menabha
Ouled Khodeïr District
Ouled Khoudir
El Ksar
Meslila
Ouled Rafaa
Ksabi
Bent Cherk
Hassi Abdallah
Timgharine
Tabelbala District
Tabelbala
Taghit District
Taghit
Berrabi Bakhti
Zaouia Foukania
vte Provincial seats of Algeria
Adrar
Aïn Defla
Aïn Témouchent
Algiers
Annaba
Batna
Béchar
Béjaïa
Biskra
Blida
Bordj Bou Arréridj
Bouïra
Boumerdès
Chlef
Constantine
Djelfa
El Bayadh
El Oued
El Taref
Ghardaïa
Guelma
Illizi
Jijel
Khenchela
Laghouat
Mascara
Médéa
Mila
Mostaganem
M'Sila
Naâma
Oran
Ouargla
Oum El Bouaghi
Relizane
Saida
Sétif
Sidi Bel Abbès
Skikda
Souk Ahras
Tamanrasset
Tébessa
Tiaret
Tindouf
Tipasa
Tissemsilt
Tizi Ouzou
Tlemcen
Flag of Algeria
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef
|
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It is also a commune, coextensive with Béchar District, of Béchar Province. In 2008 the city had a population of 165,627,[2] up from 134,954 in 1998,[3] with an annual growth rate of 2.1%.[2] The commune covers an area of 5,050 square kilometres (1,950 sq mi).[1]Béchar thrived on the activity of the coal mines until petroleum production seized the market.[4]Leatherwork and jewellery are notable products of Béchar. Dates, vegetables, figs, cereals and almonds are produced near Béchar. There are bituminous coal reserves near Béchar, but they are not exploited to their greatest potential because of transportation costs are too high relative to that from the oil and gas fields of eastern Algeria.[5] The city was once the site of a French Foreign Legion post.The Kenadsa longwave transmitter, whose masts are the tallest structures in Algeria at 357 metres (1,171 ft), is found near Béchar.[6]","title":"Béchar"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-3K-7-350-47.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-3K-7-350-48.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-5"},{"link_name":"reg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_pavement"}],"text":"Béchar is located in the northwestern region of Algeria roughly 58 kilometres (36 mi) south of the Moroccan border.Shore of Oued Béchar in January 1913.Shore of Oued Béchar in January 1913.Béchar lies at an elevation of 747 metres (2,451 ft) on the banks of Oued Béchar,[5] which runs through the city from northeast to southwest. The rocky highlands of the Djebel Béchar overlook the city from the southeast, reaching 1,206 metres (3,957 ft) to the east of the city. Further to the northeast the Djebel Antar range rises even higher, to 1,953 metres (6,407 ft). The northwest, by contrast, is a flat rocky reg.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hot desert climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_desert_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Climate-Data.org-7"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"World Meteorological Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WMO-8"},{"link_name":"Danish Meteorological Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Meteorological_Institute"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DMI-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meteoclimat-10"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Béchar has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh),[7] with extremely hot summers and warm winters despite the high elevation. There is very little rain throughout the year, and summers are especially dry.Climate data for Béchar (1976–2005, extremes 1906–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n38.0(100.4)\n\n37.0(98.6)\n\n41.2(106.2)\n\n43.4(110.1)\n\n45.0(113.0)\n\n47.8(118.0)\n\n41.0(105.8)\n\n37.7(99.9)\n\n30.5(86.9)\n\n27.8(82.0)\n\n47.8(118.0)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n18.8(65.8)\n\n22.4(72.3)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n36.5(97.7)\n\n40.1(104.2)\n\n39.2(102.6)\n\n34.2(93.6)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n27.4(81.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n12.4(54.3)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n24.5(76.1)\n\n30.0(86.0)\n\n33.5(92.3)\n\n32.9(91.2)\n\n28.1(82.6)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n10.9(51.6)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n3.5(38.3)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n13.7(56.7)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n26.9(80.4)\n\n26.5(79.7)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n9.2(48.6)\n\n4.8(40.6)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−4.8(23.4)\n\n−4.0(24.8)\n\n0.2(32.4)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n7.8(46.0)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n5.9(42.6)\n\n−0.1(31.8)\n\n−3.9(25.0)\n\n−4.8(23.4)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n9.0(0.35)\n\n8.5(0.33)\n\n8.8(0.35)\n\n7.5(0.30)\n\n5.3(0.21)\n\n5.0(0.20)\n\n0.7(0.03)\n\n2.0(0.08)\n\n7.4(0.29)\n\n10.6(0.42)\n\n13.6(0.54)\n\n8.2(0.32)\n\n86.6(3.41)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n2.4\n\n2.4\n\n2.4\n\n1.9\n\n2.0\n\n1.6\n\n0.8\n\n1.4\n\n3.2\n\n3.2\n\n2.4\n\n2.1\n\n25.8\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n43\n\n34\n\n28\n\n25\n\n21\n\n19\n\n15\n\n17\n\n24\n\n31\n\n40\n\n45\n\n29\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n245\n\n249\n\n304\n\n316\n\n348\n\n348\n\n361\n\n335\n\n297\n\n280\n\n236\n\n240\n\n3,559\n\n\nSource 1: World Meteorological Organization (average temperatures and precipitation, 1976–2005)[8]\n\n\nSource 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun and relative humidity, 1931–1960)[9] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arable land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land"},{"link_name":"irrigated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigated"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"date palms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_palms"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"sand dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_dunes"},{"link_name":"palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_(plant)"},{"link_name":"ksar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksar"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Agriculture is an important industry in Béchar. The commune has a total of 8,384 hectares (20,720 acres) of arable land, of which 5,100 hectares (13,000 acres) is irrigated.[11] There are a total of 109,000 date palms planted in the commune, occupying 910 hectares (2,200 acres).[12] Other crops include vegetables, figs, cereals and almonds. As of 2009 there were 19,067 sheep, 16,664 goats, 1,766 camels, and 444 cattle. There were also 126,000 chickens in 20 buildings.[13]There is some tourism in the city, with 10 hotels[14] and tourist attractions including sand dunes, palm groves, the old ksar, and an ancient fort.[15]Other industries in the city include coal mining, and the production of leatherwork and jewellery.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-3K-7-350-45.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Béchar in January 1913.98% of Béchar's population is connected to drinking water,[16] 95% is connected to the sewerage system,[17] and 99% (including 33,180 houses) have access to electricity.[18] There are 6 fuel service stations in the town.[19]Béchar has a total of 33,245 houses, of which 25,499 are occupied, giving an occupation rate of 6.5 inhabitants per occupied building.[20]","title":"Infrastructure and housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mecheria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecheria"},{"link_name":"Saida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%AFda,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Mascara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascara,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Oran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran"},{"link_name":"Adrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrar,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Timiaouine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timiaouine"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"SNTF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNTF"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean-Niger-Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean-Niger-Railway"},{"link_name":"Boudghene Ben Ali Lotfi Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudghene_Ben_Ali_Lotfi_Airport"}],"text":"The main road through Béchar is the N6 highway; it connects to Mecheria, Saida, Mascara and Oran to the north, and to Adrar and Timiaouine to the south. There is a total length of 207.5 kilometres (128.9 mi) of roads in the commune.[21]It is served by SNTF by a standard gauge railway converted in 2010 from narrow gauge (1,055mm). From 1941 to 1963 it was reached by the standard gauge Mediterranean-Niger-Railway.Béchar is served by Boudghene Ben Ali Lotfi Airport, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the northwest of the city.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-3K-7-350-44-Bechar.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Béchar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_B%C3%A9char"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Béchar in January 1913.The city is home to the University of Béchar.There are 68 elementary schools in Béchar, with 777 classrooms including 581 in use.[22] There are a total of 33,511 school students.[23]8.3% of the population has a tertiary education, and another 23.0% has competed secondary education.[24] The overall literacy rate is 86.4%, and is 91.4% among males and 81.4% among females.[25]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Béchar has 2 hospitals, 4 polyclinics, 17-room care facilities, a maternity ward, 36 private pharmacies, 5 medical operating theatres, and a psychiatric service.[26]","title":"Health"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Béchar has a cinema with 850 seats, as well as a museum.[27]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Béchar has 27 operational mosques, with another 19 under construction.[28]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Historical population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Benzireg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzireg"},{"link_name":"Kénadsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9nadsa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-5"}],"text":"The commune is composed of 8 localities:[30]Béchar Centre\nDebdaba\nBéchar Djedid\nOuakda\nBenzireg\nHassi Haouari\nZouzfana\nGharassa\nManouarar NekheilaBéchar Djedid is located 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of the city and was constructed as housing for coal miners working in Kénadsa.[5]","title":"Localities"}]
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[{"image_text":"Shore of Oued Béchar in January 1913.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/BASA-3K-7-350-47.jpg/190px-BASA-3K-7-350-47.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shore of Oued Béchar in January 1913.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/BASA-3K-7-350-48.jpg/190px-BASA-3K-7-350-48.jpg"},{"image_text":"Béchar in January 1913.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/BASA-3K-7-350-45.jpg/190px-BASA-3K-7-350-45.jpg"},{"image_text":"Béchar in January 1913.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BASA-3K-7-350-44-Bechar.jpg/190px-BASA-3K-7-350-44-Bechar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of Algeria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Algeria portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Algeria"},{"title":"Railway stations in Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Algeria"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Population, Area and Density per Commune\" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222191634/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/1.htm","url_text":"\"Population, Area and Density per Commune\""},{"url":"http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Population: Béchar Wilaya\" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130516051941/http://www.ons.dz/collections/w08_p1.pdf","url_text":"\"Population: Béchar Wilaya\""},{"url":"http://www.ons.dz/collections/w08_p1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Algeria Communes\". Statoids. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statoids.com/ydz.html","url_text":"\"Algeria Communes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical\" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Béchar. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130216230905/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/Historique.htm","url_text":"\"Historical\""},{"url":"http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/Historique.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bechar (Algeria)\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 10 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/57873/Bechar","url_text":"\"Bechar (Algeria)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kenadsa Long Wave Transmission Masts\". Structurae. Retrieved 16 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0038756","url_text":"\"Kenadsa Long Wave Transmission Masts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Climate: Bechar – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table (altitude: 779m)\". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 5 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.climate-data.org/location/3697/","url_text":"\"Climate: Bechar – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table (altitude: 779m)\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Weather Information Service–Bechar\". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 16 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1435","url_text":"\"World Weather Information Service–Bechar\""}]},{"reference":"Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens. \"Algeriet – Bechar\" (PDF). Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf","url_text":"\"Algeriet – Bechar\""},{"url":"http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Bechar\" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 16 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1921","url_text":"\"Station Bechar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Distribution of Agricultural Land\" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140710020333/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/10.htm","url_text":"\"Distribution of Agricultural Land\""},{"url":"http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/10.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Plant Productions\" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140820030513/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/14.htm","url_text":"\"Plant Productions\""},{"url":"http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/14.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Animal Production\" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140820030513/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/14.htm","url_text":"\"Animal Production\""},{"url":"http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/14.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Hotels\" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160123004611/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/80.htm","url_text":"\"Census of Hotels\""},{"url":"http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/80.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tourism Sites and Monuments\" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160123004611/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/80.htm","url_text":"\"Tourism Sites and Monuments\""},{"url":"http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/80.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Drinking Water\" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140709085413/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/24.htm","url_text":"\"Drinking Water\""},{"url":"http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/24.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sewerage Networks\" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140710015740/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/25.htm","url_text":"\"Sewerage Networks\""},{"url":"http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/25.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Electrification\" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140709083904/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/29.htm","url_text":"\"Electrification\""},{"url":"http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/29.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fuel Distribution\" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140710020359/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/30.htm","url_text":"\"Fuel Distribution\""},{"url":"http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/30.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Housing\" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033047/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/65.htm","url_text":"\"Housing\""},{"url":"http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/65.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Density Kilometres\" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140429185650/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/90.htm","url_text":"\"Density Kilometres\""},{"url":"http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/90.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"School Infrastructure\" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140429191848/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/55.htm","url_text":"\"School Infrastructure\""},{"url":"http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/55.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Number of Pupils\" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033043/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/36.htm","url_text":"\"Number of Pupils\""},{"url":"http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/36.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Structure relative de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs âgée de 6 ans et plus selon le niveau d'instruction et la commune de résidence\" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130517001417/http://www.ons.dz/collections/w08_p6.pdf","url_text":"\"Structure relative de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs âgée de 6 ans et plus selon le niveau d'instruction et la commune de résidence\""},{"url":"http://www.ons.dz/collections/w08_p6.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Taux d'analphabétisme et taux d'alphabétisation de la population âgée de 15 ans et plus, selon le sexe et la commune de résidence \" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130516051406/http://www.ons.dz/collections/w08_p10.pdf","url_text":"\"Taux d'analphabétisme et taux d'alphabétisation de la population âgée de 15 ans et plus, selon le sexe et la commune de résidence \""},{"url":"http://www.ons.dz/collections/w08_p10.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Health Facilities by Commune\" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140429191848/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/55.htm","url_text":"\"Health Facilities by Commune\""},{"url":"http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/55.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cinemas and Museums\" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160123004611/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/79.htm","url_text":"\"Cinemas and Museums\""},{"url":"http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/79.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mosques and Koranic Rooms\" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032551/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/76.htm","url_text":"\"Mosques and Koranic Rooms\""},{"url":"http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/76.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"populstat.info\". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175036/http://www.populstat.info/Africa/algeriat.htm","url_text":"\"populstat.info\""},{"url":"http://www.populstat.info/Africa/algeriat.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Décret n° 84–365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya d'El Oued\" (PDF) (in French). Journal officiel de la République Algérienne. 19 December 1984. p. 1489. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120112153538/http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/067/FP1489.pdf","url_text":"\"Décret n° 84–365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya d'El Oued\""},{"url":"http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/067/FP1489.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sandeman_(theologian)
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Robert Sandeman (theologian)
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["1 Biography","1.1 Early life and religious development","1.2 Growing influence","1.3 Church planting in America","2 Family","3 References","4 External links","5 Bibliography"]
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British theologian
Robert SandemanA portrait of SandemanBorn29 April 1718Perth, ScotlandDied2 April 1771(1771-04-02) (aged 52)Danbury, ConnecticutNationalityScottishEducationEdinburgh UniversityOccupationTheologianKnown forFounding Sandemanianism in England and AmericaNotable workLetters on Theron and AspasioSpouseCatherineParentDavid Sandeman & Margaret RamseyRelativesWilliam Sandeman
Robert Sandeman (29 April 1718, in Perth – 2 April 1771, in Danbury, Connecticut) was a Scottish nonconformist theologian. He was closely associated with the Glasite church which he helped to promote.
His importance was such that Glasite churches outside Scotland were known as Sandemanian.
Biography
Early life and religious development
He was born the second of twelve children to a linen weaver, David Sandeman and his wife Margaret Ramsay. He attended Edinburgh University over a two-year period beginning in 1734, where he initially seemed destined for a career in either medicine or the established church. It was here, however, where he encountered the teachings of John Glas, and joined his Dundee congregation in 1735. It was during this period that he apprenticed as a linen weaver for a number of years before starting a family business with his brother William. In 1737 he married Glas' daughter Catherine. They did not have any children by the time of her death in 1746. At the age of 26 he was selected as an elder of the Glasite church in Perth.
Following his wife's death, Sandeman devoted his life to his church and scripture. He traveled between Perth, Dundee, and Edinburgh where he served as elder among these Glasite congregations. He was more forceful than Glas and also more controversial. It was he who was largely responsible for spreading the church's doctrines both within Scotland and elsewhere. As a result of this, outside Scotland the Glasite denomination was known as Sandemanian, reflecting his importance.
Growing influence
In 1757 he came to wider attention by publishing Letters on Theron and Aspasio, in which he attacked the theology of James Hervey (whose Theron and Aspasio had been published in 1755.) In particular Sandeman disagreed with Hervey's idea of imputed righteousness but also put forward the intellectualist perception of religion he shared with Glas and his view that faith was the beginning of a correspondence, leading to full assurance of hope.
His work was widely read, and influenced a great many independent clergy throughout England. Because of his easy-believism, the Letters drew heated responses from theologians such as John Wesley and John Brine who were more closely aligned with Hervey's views. In the years that followed, Samuel Pike, William Cudworth (1717-1763?), John Barnard (1725-1804? Islington), and Benjamin Ingham, all entered into correspondence with him to help them in their ministries. The first three confessed their faith and were admitted into the London congregation, while the latter reorganized his Inghamite churches along the lines set out by Glasites. Ingham was elected elder in his Tadcaster congregation in 1762. John Barnard's correspondence led to Sandeman's London visit and the establishment of the first Glasite, or outside Scotland, Sandemanian congregation in London at Glover's Hall, Beech Lane, Barbican, 23 March 1762. Cudworth, Barnard, and James Allen, a convert from Ingham, were instrumental to Sandeman and Glas in the establishment of Sandemanian congregations throughout England and Wales.
Sandeman caused a controversy over soteriology over the definition of true faith, Sandeman's views are paraller to some modern Free Grace theologians.
Church planting in America
Sandeman founded one of the first Churches of Christ in America in Portsmouth, New Hampshire on May 4, 1765. In 1760, Letters was published in New England which led to a 1763 invitation to Danbury, Connecticut, to advise on church formation. James Cargill (a glover from Dundee, Scotland) sailed with him aboard the George and James to Boston. Sandeman engaged in some fairly successful discussions while there, founding some churches despite the opposition of orthodox congregationalists. Around this same time, Sandeman's friend, Ebenezer White established a Church of Christ in Danbury, Connecticut. These efforts resulted in approximately eight congregations being planted in New England and one other in Canada. The congregations emphasized a reliance on Scriptures to find church doctrine, weekly communion, biblical church names such as "Church of Christ," the oversight of elders and congregational autonomy. The congregations associated with Sandeman had trouble being sustained, likely because of his loyalty to Britain in the years leading up to the American War of Independence. However, similar church efforts in New England would be revived around the turn of the century, although independently of Sandeman's influence, by others such as Abner Jones and Elias Smith.
Family
His father, David Sandeman, was a City Magistrate in Perth from 1735 to 1763.
William Sandeman, his brother, developed linen bleachfields in Perthshire.
References
^ a b c d e Derek B. Murray, 'Robert Sandeman' in Donald M. Lewis (ed.) Dictionary of Evangelical Biography, Blackwell, 1995, pp 970-971
^ Perth Entrepreneurs: the Sandemans of Springfield by Charles D Waterston, 2008, pages 22–26: these pages reference other information sources. ISBN 978-0-905452-52-4
^ a b c "Sandeman, Robert". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24615. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ See page 68 of Smith (2008).
^ See pages 38 and 39 of Cantor (1991).
^ See pages 81-83 in Smith (2008).
^ See pages 220, 221, and 261-276 of Wilson, Volume iii (1810).
^ "The Doctrines of Grace in an Unexpected Place: Calvinistic Soteriology in Nineteenth-Century Brethren Thought – Grace Evangelical Society". Retrieved 15 January 2023.
^ South, Thomas Jacob (1993). The response of Andrew Fuller to the Sandemanian view of saving faith (Thesis). OCLC 32657986.
^ See page 22 of Cantor (1991).
^ See pages 1 and 2 of Thornton (1895).
External links
Robert Sandeman Biographical Information
'Michael Haykin: Andrew Fuller and the Sandemanians'
Bibliography
Cantor, Geoffrey: Michael Faraday, Sandemanian and Scientist: A Study of Science and Religion in the Nineteenth Century, Macmillan (Hampshire, 1991).
Smith, John Howard: The Perfect Rule of the Christian Religion: A History of Sandemanianism in the Eighteenth Century, SUNY (Albany, NY, 2008).
Thornton, Thomas Henry: Colonel Sir Robert Sandeman: his life and work on our Indian frontier. (London, 1895).
Wilson, Walter: The History and Antiquities of Dissenting Churches and Meeting Houses in London, Westminster, and Southwark; Including the Lives of their Ministers, from the Rise of Nonconformity to the Present Time, 4 Volumes. (London, 1810).
"Sandeman, Robert (1718-1771)" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
People
Trove
Other
SNAC
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In 1760, Letters was published in New England which led to a 1763 invitation to Danbury, Connecticut, to advise on church formation. James Cargill (a glover from Dundee, Scotland[10]) sailed with him aboard the George and James to Boston. Sandeman engaged in some fairly successful discussions while there, founding some churches despite the opposition of orthodox congregationalists.[1] Around this same time, Sandeman's friend, Ebenezer White established a Church of Christ in Danbury, Connecticut. These efforts resulted in approximately eight congregations being planted in New England and one other in Canada. The congregations emphasized a reliance on Scriptures to find church doctrine, weekly communion, biblical church names such as \"Church of Christ,\" the oversight of elders and congregational autonomy. The congregations associated with Sandeman had trouble being sustained, likely because of his loyalty to Britain in the years leading up to the American War of Independence.[1] However, similar church efforts in New England would be revived around the turn of the century, although independently of Sandeman's influence, by others such as Abner Jones and Elias Smith.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"William Sandeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sandeman"},{"link_name":"Perthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perthshire"}],"text":"His father, David Sandeman, was a City Magistrate in Perth from 1735 to 1763.[11]\nWilliam Sandeman, his brother, developed linen bleachfields in Perthshire.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Sandeman, Robert (1718-1771)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Sandeman,_Robert_(1718-1771)"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7349558#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/161635/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000063199900"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/71829933"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqQxfXXw4YjpYvvF4YByd"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/104383860"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272502405171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n85067321"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p339699868"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/966169"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6m0866m"}],"text":"Cantor, Geoffrey: Michael Faraday, Sandemanian and Scientist: A Study of Science and Religion in the Nineteenth Century, Macmillan (Hampshire, 1991).\nSmith, John Howard: The Perfect Rule of the Christian Religion: A History of Sandemanianism in the Eighteenth Century, SUNY (Albany, NY, 2008).\nThornton, Thomas Henry: Colonel Sir Robert Sandeman: his life and work on our Indian frontier. (London, 1895).\nWilson, Walter: The History and Antiquities of Dissenting Churches and Meeting Houses in London, Westminster, and Southwark; Including the Lives of their Ministers, from the Rise of Nonconformity to the Present Time, 4 Volumes. (London, 1810).\n\"Sandeman, Robert (1718-1771)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nPeople\nTrove\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Sandeman, Robert\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24615.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F24615","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/24615"}]},{"reference":"\"The Doctrines of Grace in an Unexpected Place: Calvinistic Soteriology in Nineteenth-Century Brethren Thought – Grace Evangelical Society\". Retrieved 15 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://faithalone.org/journal-articles/book-reviews/the-doctrines-of-grace-in-an-unexpected-place-calvinistic-soteriology-in-nineteenth-century-brethren-thought/","url_text":"\"The Doctrines of Grace in an Unexpected Place: Calvinistic Soteriology in Nineteenth-Century Brethren Thought – Grace Evangelical Society\""}]},{"reference":"South, Thomas Jacob (1993). The response of Andrew Fuller to the Sandemanian view of saving faith (Thesis). OCLC 32657986.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/openview/e9bcea0b883bf82fa8526ce42ebfd181/1","url_text":"The response of Andrew Fuller to the Sandemanian view of saving faith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32657986","url_text":"32657986"}]},{"reference":"\"Sandeman, Robert (1718-1771)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Sandeman,_Robert_(1718-1771)","url_text":"\"Sandeman, Robert (1718-1771)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_T._Holte
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Ryan T. Holte
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["1 Biography","1.1 Federal judicial service","2 Memberships","3 References","4 External links"]
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American judge (born 1983)
Ryan T. HolteHolte in 2022Judge of the United States Court of Federal ClaimsIncumbentAssumed office July 11, 2019Appointed byDonald TrumpPreceded byNancy B. Firestone
Personal detailsBornRyan Thomas Holte (1983-10-03) October 3, 1983 (age 40)Napa, California, U.S.EducationCalifornia State University Maritime Academy (BS)University of California, Davis (JD)
Ryan Thomas Holte (born October 3, 1983) is a judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims.
Biography
Holte graduated from Jesuit High School in Sacramento, California. Holte received his Bachelor of Engineering, magna cum laude, from the California State University Maritime Academy. He earned his Juris Doctor from the UC Davis School of Law, where he served as a staff editor of the UC Davis Business Law Journal.
Upon graduating from law school, Holte was a law clerk to Judge Loren A. Smith of the United States Court of Federal Claims and Judge Stanley F. Birch Jr. of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.
Before joining the law faculty at Akron, he served for four years on the faculty at Southern Illinois University School of Law, worked as a trial attorney at the United States Federal Trade Commission, and practiced law as an associate at Jones Day.
From 2017 to 2019 he served as the David L. Brennan Associate Professor of Law and the director of the Center for Intellectual Property Law and Technology at the University of Akron School of Law. He taught and researched in the areas of property and intellectual property law and is a recognized expert in these areas, completing numerous academic research fellowships and funded research grants. He also served as general counsel, partner, and co-inventor of an electrical engineering technology company.
Holte is co-inventor of US Patent 9,523,773, titled "System and methods for countering satellite-navigated munitions".
Federal judicial service
On September 28, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Holte to serve as a judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims for a term of 15 years, to the seat vacated by Judge Nancy B. Firestone, who assumed senior status on October 22, 2013. On February 14, 2018, a hearing on his nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee On March 15, 2018, his nomination was reported out of committee by a 14–7 vote. On January 3, 2019, his nomination was returned to the President under Rule XXXI, Paragraph 6 of the United States Senate. On January 23, 2019, President Trump announced his intent to renominate Holte for a federal judgeship. His nomination was sent to the Senate later that day. On February 7, 2019, his nomination was reported out of committee by a 15–7 vote.
On June 5, 2019, the Senate invoked cloture on his nomination by a 60–33 vote. On June 10, 2019, his nomination was confirmed by a 60–35 vote. He received his judicial commission on July 11, 2019. He took the oath of office on July 26, 2019.
Memberships
He has been a member of the Federalist Society since 2005.
References
^ California Birth Index
^ a b "Ryan T. Holte took the oath of office on July 26, 2019, as Judge of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims". www.uscfc.uscourts.gov. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
^ "jhsalum – Ryan Holte '01 (via ohio.com) ." alumni.jesuithighschool.org. Archived from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
^ " President Donald J. Trump Announces Eighth Wave of Judicial Candidates" White House, September 28, 2017 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "System and methods for countering satellite-navigated munitions".
^ ""Twenty-Seven Nominations and Two Withdrawals Sent to the Senate Today" White House, September 29, 2017". Archived from the original on September 29, 2017.
^ "Nominations – United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary". www.judiciary.senate.gov. February 14, 2018.
^ "Results of Executive Business Meeting – March 15, 2018" (PDF). Senate Judiciary Committee.
^ "President Donald J. Trump Announces Intent to Nominate Judicial Nominees". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved June 17, 2019 – via National Archives.
^ "Nominations Sent to the Senate". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved June 17, 2019 – via National Archives.
^ "Results of Executive Business Meeting – February 7, 2019" (PDF). Senate Judiciary Committee. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
^ "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on Ryan T. Holte, of Ohio, to be a Judge of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims)". United States Senate. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
^ "On the Nomination (Confirmation Ryan T. Holte, of Ohio, to be a Judge of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims)". United States Senate. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
^ Ryan T. Holte at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
^ "United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary: Questionnaire for Judicial Nominees: Ryan T. Holte" (PDF). senate.gov. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
External links
Ryan T. Holte at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
Ryan Holte at Ballotpedia
Legal offices
Preceded byNancy B. Firestone
Judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims 2019–present
Incumbent
vteJudges of the United States Court of Federal ClaimsUnited States Court of Federal ClaimsActive
Kaplan
Hertling
Holte
Tapp
Solomson
Roumel
Meyers
Davis
Somers
Dietz
Schwartz
Lerner
Bonilla
Silfen
Hadji
1 seat vacant
Senior
Wiese
Yock
Tidwell
Smith
Horn
Bruggink
Futey
Turner
Hodges Jr.
Baskir
Bush
Damich
Lettow
Williams
Wolski
Sweeney
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States#Article_I_tribunals"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Federal Claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Federal_Claims"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Ryan Thomas Holte (born October 3, 1983) is a judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims.[2]","title":"Ryan T. Holte"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jesuit High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_High_School_(Sacramento)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"California State University Maritime Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University_Maritime_Academy"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"UC Davis School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Davis_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Loren A. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loren_A._Smith"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Federal Claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Federal_Claims"},{"link_name":"Stanley F. Birch Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_F._Birch_Jr."},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Southern Illinois University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"United States Federal Trade Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Federal_Trade_Commission"},{"link_name":"Jones Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_Day"},{"link_name":"University of Akron School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Akron_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Holte graduated from Jesuit High School in Sacramento, California.[3] Holte received his Bachelor of Engineering, magna cum laude, from the California State University Maritime Academy. He earned his Juris Doctor from the UC Davis School of Law, where he served as a staff editor of the UC Davis Business Law Journal.Upon graduating from law school, Holte was a law clerk to Judge Loren A. Smith of the United States Court of Federal Claims and Judge Stanley F. Birch Jr. of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.Before joining the law faculty at Akron, he served for four years on the faculty at Southern Illinois University School of Law, worked as a trial attorney at the United States Federal Trade Commission, and practiced law as an associate at Jones Day.\nFrom 2017 to 2019 he served as the David L. Brennan Associate Professor of Law and the director of the Center for Intellectual Property Law and Technology at the University of Akron School of Law. He taught and researched in the areas of property and intellectual property law and is a recognized expert in these areas, completing numerous academic research fellowships and funded research grants. He also served as general counsel, partner, and co-inventor of an electrical engineering technology company.[4]Holte is co-inventor of US Patent 9,523,773, titled \"System and methods for countering satellite-navigated munitions\".[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Federal Claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Federal_Claims"},{"link_name":"Nancy B. Firestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_B._Firestone"},{"link_name":"senior status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_status"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Senate Judiciary Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rule XXXI, Paragraph 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate,_Rule_XXXI"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"sub_title":"Federal judicial service","text":"On September 28, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Holte to serve as a judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims for a term of 15 years, to the seat vacated by Judge Nancy B. Firestone, who assumed senior status on October 22, 2013.[6] On February 14, 2018, a hearing on his nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee[7] On March 15, 2018, his nomination was reported out of committee by a 14–7 vote.[8] On January 3, 2019, his nomination was returned to the President under Rule XXXI, Paragraph 6 of the United States Senate. On January 23, 2019, President Trump announced his intent to renominate Holte for a federal judgeship.[9] His nomination was sent to the Senate later that day.[10] On February 7, 2019, his nomination was reported out of committee by a 15–7 vote.[11]On June 5, 2019, the Senate invoked cloture on his nomination by a 60–33 vote.[12] On June 10, 2019, his nomination was confirmed by a 60–35 vote.[13] He received his judicial commission on July 11, 2019.[14] He took the oath of office on July 26, 2019.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federalist Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Society"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Questionnaire-15"}],"text":"He has been a member of the Federalist Society since 2005.[15]","title":"Memberships"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Ryan T. Holte took the oath of office on July 26, 2019, as Judge of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims\". www.uscfc.uscourts.gov. Retrieved August 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uscfc.uscourts.gov/node/3120","url_text":"\"Ryan T. Holte took the oath of office on July 26, 2019, as Judge of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims\""}]},{"reference":"\"jhsalum – Ryan Holte '01 (via ohio.com) .\" alumni.jesuithighschool.org. Archived from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190617231740/https://alumni.jesuithighschool.org/news/18512","url_text":"\"jhsalum – Ryan Holte '01 (via ohio.com) .\""},{"url":"http://alumni.jesuithighschool.org/news/18512","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"System and methods for countering satellite-navigated munitions\".","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US9523773B2/en","url_text":"\"System and methods for countering satellite-navigated munitions\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Twenty-Seven Nominations and Two Withdrawals Sent to the Senate Today\" White House, September 29, 2017\". Archived from the original on September 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170929173005/https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/09/29/twenty-seven-nominations-and-two-withdrawals-sent-senate-today","url_text":"\"\"Twenty-Seven Nominations and Two Withdrawals Sent to the Senate Today\" White House, September 29, 2017\""},{"url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/09/29/twenty-seven-nominations-and-two-withdrawals-sent-senate-today","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nominations – United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary\". www.judiciary.senate.gov. February 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/02/14/2018/nominations","url_text":"\"Nominations – United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Results of Executive Business Meeting – March 15, 2018\" (PDF). Senate Judiciary Committee.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/03-15-18%20Results%20of%20Executive%20Business%20Meeting.pdf","url_text":"\"Results of Executive Business Meeting – March 15, 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Donald J. Trump Announces Intent to Nominate Judicial Nominees\". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved June 17, 2019 – via National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/president-donald-j-trump-announces-intent-nominate-judicial-nominees/","url_text":"\"President Donald J. Trump Announces Intent to Nominate Judicial Nominees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Nominations Sent to the Senate\". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved June 17, 2019 – via National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/nominations-sent-senate-2/","url_text":"\"Nominations Sent to the Senate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Results of Executive Business Meeting – February 7, 2019\" (PDF). Senate Judiciary Committee. Retrieved June 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/02.07.2019%20Results%20of%20Executive%20Business%20Meeting1.pdf","url_text":"\"Results of Executive Business Meeting – February 7, 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on Ryan T. Holte, of Ohio, to be a Judge of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims)\". United States Senate. Retrieved June 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=116&session=1&vote=00142","url_text":"\"On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on Ryan T. Holte, of Ohio, to be a Judge of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims)\""}]},{"reference":"\"On the Nomination (Confirmation Ryan T. Holte, of Ohio, to be a Judge of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims)\". United States Senate. Retrieved June 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=116&session=1&vote=00145","url_text":"\"On the Nomination (Confirmation Ryan T. Holte, of Ohio, to be a Judge of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims)\""}]},{"reference":"\"United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary: Questionnaire for Judicial Nominees: Ryan T. Holte\" (PDF). senate.gov. Retrieved June 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Holte%20SJQ%20(final%20PUBLIC).pdf","url_text":"\"United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary: Questionnaire for Judicial Nominees: Ryan T. Holte\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/ryan_thomas_holte_born_1983_15868467","external_links_name":"California Birth Index"},{"Link":"http://www.uscfc.uscourts.gov/node/3120","external_links_name":"\"Ryan T. Holte took the oath of office on July 26, 2019, as Judge of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190617231740/https://alumni.jesuithighschool.org/news/18512","external_links_name":"\"jhsalum – Ryan Holte '01 (via ohio.com) .\""},{"Link":"http://alumni.jesuithighschool.org/news/18512","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170928222558/https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/09/28/president-donald-j-trump-announces-eighth-wave-judicial-candidates","external_links_name":"\" President Donald J. Trump Announces Eighth Wave of Judicial Candidates\" White House, September 28, 2017"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US9523773B2/en","external_links_name":"\"System and methods for countering satellite-navigated munitions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170929173005/https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/09/29/twenty-seven-nominations-and-two-withdrawals-sent-senate-today","external_links_name":"\"\"Twenty-Seven Nominations and Two Withdrawals Sent to the Senate Today\" White House, September 29, 2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/09/29/twenty-seven-nominations-and-two-withdrawals-sent-senate-today","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/02/14/2018/nominations","external_links_name":"\"Nominations – United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary\""},{"Link":"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/03-15-18%20Results%20of%20Executive%20Business%20Meeting.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Results of Executive Business Meeting – March 15, 2018\""},{"Link":"https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/president-donald-j-trump-announces-intent-nominate-judicial-nominees/","external_links_name":"\"President Donald J. Trump Announces Intent to Nominate Judicial Nominees\""},{"Link":"https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/nominations-sent-senate-2/","external_links_name":"\"Nominations Sent to the Senate\""},{"Link":"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/02.07.2019%20Results%20of%20Executive%20Business%20Meeting1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Results of Executive Business Meeting – February 7, 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=116&session=1&vote=00142","external_links_name":"\"On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on Ryan T. Holte, of Ohio, to be a Judge of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims)\""},{"Link":"https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=116&session=1&vote=00145","external_links_name":"\"On the Nomination (Confirmation Ryan T. Holte, of Ohio, to be a Judge of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims)\""},{"Link":"https://www.fjc.gov/node/6585511","external_links_name":"Ryan T. Holte"},{"Link":"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Holte%20SJQ%20(final%20PUBLIC).pdf","external_links_name":"\"United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary: Questionnaire for Judicial Nominees: Ryan T. Holte\""},{"Link":"https://www.fjc.gov/node/6585511","external_links_name":"Ryan T. Holte"},{"Link":"https://ballotpedia.org/Ryan_Holte","external_links_name":"Ryan Holte"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EdFinancial_Services
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EdFinancial Services
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["1 History","2 Fines for Fraud and Failure to Meet Contractual Obligations","3 References","4 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "EdFinancial Services" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
EdFinancial Services is a financial company which provides student loans servicing for 15 of the top 100 lenders in the USA, including regional and national banks, secondary markets, state agencies and other student loan providers. It is headquartered in Knoxville, Tennessee.
History
In 1988, CEO William A. Hollin (known as Tony Hollin) launched Educational Funding of the South, going by the name Edsouth, the precursor to EdFinancial Services, in Knoxville. With the backing of local underwriters, Hollin spent six years steadily building the company, going bank to bank buying student loans.
In 2004, Edsouth provided student loans mostly in the southeastern US, and had an income of over $150 million.
Instead of marketing predominantly to students like some of its competitors, it used a business-to-business strategy and communicated directly with financial aid administrators. The strategy worked, with a 70% annual growth rate over a five-year period, and an increase from $3 million to $35 million in annual revenue.
In 2002, the company launched eCampusTours.com, which purportedly claims to "allow students to search online for colleges". The website featured 360° by 360° virtual college tours of more than 11,000 college campuses, allowing students to see campus life through IPIX virtual tours.
In 2012, Edfinancial was awarded a contract by the US Dept. of Education to service student loans made under the Federal Direct Student Loan Program.
Fines for Fraud and Failure to Meet Contractual Obligations
In 2022, The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau sanctioned Edfinancial Services for making deceptive statements to student loan borrowers and misrepresenting their forgiveness and repayment options to them. The Bureau ordered Edfinancial Services to contact all affected borrowers, provide them with accurate information, and pay a $1 million civil money penalty.
In 2024, the U.S. Department of Education announced it was withholding $161,000 in payments from EdFinancial. The Department found that three student loan servicers, Aidvantage, EdFinancial, and Nelnet all failed to meet contractual obligations to send timely billing statements to a combined total of 758,000 borrowers.
References
^ "Federal Student Aid - List of Loan Servicers". studentaid.gov. US Federal Government. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
^ "CFPB Sanctions Edfinancial for Lying about Student Loan Cancellation". Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. 2022-03-30. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
^ "Biden-Harris Administration Takes Additional Action to Hold Student Loan Servicers Accountable for Failing to Meet Contractual Obligations | U.S. Department of Education". www.ed.gov. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
External links
Edfinancial Services
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|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avascular
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Blood vessel
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["1 Etymology","2 Structure","2.1 Types","3 Function","3.1 Constriction","3.2 Flow","4 Disease","5 See also","6 References"]
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Tubular structure of circulatory system
For other uses, see Blood vessel (disambiguation).
Blood vesselDiagram blood vesselsDetailsSystemCirculatory systemIdentifiersLatinvas sanguineumMeSHD001808TA98A12.0.00.001TA23895FMA63183Anatomical terminology
Blood vessels are the structures of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body. These vessels transport blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen to the tissues of the body. They also take waste and carbon dioxide away from the tissues. Blood vessels are needed to sustain life, because all of the body's tissues rely on their functionality.
There are five types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the arterioles; the capillaries, where the exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues occurs; the venules; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back towards the heart.
The word vascular, meaning relating to the blood vessels, is derived from the Latin vas, meaning vessel. Some structures – such as cartilage, the epithelium, and the lens and cornea of the eye – do not contain blood vessels and are labeled avascular.
Etymology
artery: late Middle English; from Latin arteria, from Greek artēria, probably from airein ("raise")
vein: Middle English; from Old French veine, from Latin vena. The earliest senses were "blood vessel" and "small natural underground channel of water".
capillary: mid 17th century; from Latin capillaris, from capillus ("hair"), influenced by Old French capillaire.
Structure
The arteries and veins have three layers. The middle layer is thicker in the arteries than it is in the veins:
The inner layer, tunica intima, is the thinnest layer. It is a single layer of flat cells (simple squamous epithelium) glued by a polysaccharide intercellular matrix, surrounded by a thin layer of subendothelial connective tissue interlaced with a number of circularly arranged elastic bands called the internal elastic lamina. A thin membrane of elastic fibers in the tunica intima run parallel to the vessel.
The middle layer tunica media is the thickest layer in arteries. It consists of circularly arranged elastic fiber, connective tissue, polysaccharide substances, the second and third layer are separated by another thick elastic band called external elastic lamina. The tunica media may (especially in arteries) be rich in vascular smooth muscle, which controls the caliber of the vessel. Veins do not have the external elastic lamina, but only an internal one. The tunica media is thicker in the arteries rather than the veins.
The outer layer is the tunica adventitia and the thickest layer in veins. It is entirely made of connective tissue. It also contains nerves that supply the vessel as well as nutrient capillaries (vasa vasorum) in the larger blood vessels.
Capillaries consist of a single layer of endothelial cells with a supporting subendothelium consisting of a basement membrane and connective tissue.
When blood vessels connect to form a region of diffuse vascular supply it is called an anastomosis. Anastomoses provide critical alternative routes for blood to flow in case of blockages.
Leg veins have valves which prevent backflow of the blood being pumped against gravity by the surrounding muscles.
Types
There are various kinds of blood vessels:
Arteries
Elastic arteries
Distributing arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries (smallest blood vessels)
Venules
Veins
Large collecting vessels, such as the subclavian vein, the jugular vein, the renal vein and the iliac vein.
Venae cavae (the two largest veins, carry blood into the heart).
Sinusoids
Extremely small vessels located within bone marrow, the spleen and the liver.
They are roughly grouped as "arterial" and "venous", determined by whether the blood in it is flowing away from (arterial) or toward (venous) the heart. The term "arterial blood" is nevertheless used to indicate blood high in oxygen, although the pulmonary artery carries "venous blood" and blood flowing in the pulmonary vein is rich in oxygen. This is because they are carrying the blood to and from the lungs, respectively, to be oxygenated.
Function
See also: Circulatory system
Blood vessels function to transport blood. In general, arteries and arterioles transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body and its organs, and veins and venules transport deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs. Blood vessels also circulate blood throughout the circulatory system. Oxygen (bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells) is the most critical nutrient carried by the blood. In all arteries apart from the pulmonary artery, hemoglobin is highly saturated (95–100%) with oxygen. In all veins apart from the pulmonary vein, the saturation of hemoglobin is about 75%. (The values are reversed in the pulmonary circulation.) In addition to carrying oxygen, blood also carries hormones, waste products and nutrients for cells of the body.
Blood vessels do not actively engage in the transport of blood (they have no appreciable peristalsis). Blood is propelled through arteries and arterioles through pressure generated by the heartbeat. Blood vessels also transport red blood cells which contain the oxygen necessary for daily activities. The amount of red blood cells present in your vessels has an effect on your health. Hematocrit tests can be performed to calculate the proportion of red blood cells in your blood. Higher proportions result in conditions such as dehydration or heart disease while lower proportions could lead to anemia and long-term blood loss.
Permeability of the endothelium is pivotal in the release of nutrients to the tissue. It is also increased in inflammation in response to histamine, prostaglandins and interleukins, which leads to most of the symptoms of inflammation (swelling, redness, warmth and pain).
Constriction
Main article: Vasoconstriction
Transmission electron micrograph of a microvessel displaying an erythrocyte (E) within its lumen which is deformed due to vasoconstriction
Arteries—and veins to a degree—can regulate their inner diameter by contraction of the muscular layer. This changes the blood flow to downstream organs, and is determined by the autonomic nervous system. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are also used antagonistically as methods of thermoregulation.
The size of blood vessels is different for each of them. It ranges from a diameter of about 25 millimeters for the aorta to only 8 micrometers in the capillaries. This comes out to about a 3000-fold range. Vasoconstriction is the constriction of blood vessels (narrowing, becoming smaller in cross-sectional area) by contracting the vascular smooth muscle in the vessel walls. It is regulated by vasoconstrictors (agents that cause vasoconstriction). These include paracrine factors (e.g. prostaglandins), a number of hormones (e.g. vasopressin and angiotensin) and neurotransmitters (e.g. epinephrine) from the nervous system.
Vasodilation is a similar process mediated by antagonistically acting mediators. The most prominent vasodilator is nitric oxide (termed endothelium-derived relaxing factor for this reason).
Flow
Main article: Vascular resistance
The circulatory system uses the channel of blood vessels to deliver blood to all parts of the body. This is a result of the left and right side of the heart working together to allow blood to flow continuously to the lungs and other parts of the body. Oxygen-poor blood enters the right side of the heart through two large veins. Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enters through the pulmonary veins on the left side of the heart into the aorta and then reaches the rest of the body. The capillaries are responsible for allowing the blood to receive oxygen through tiny air sacs in the lungs. This is also the site where carbon dioxide exits the blood. This all occurs in the lungs where blood is oxygenated.
The blood pressure in blood vessels is traditionally expressed in millimetres of mercury (1 mmHg = 133 Pa). In the arterial system, this is usually around 120 mmHg systolic (high pressure wave due to contraction of the heart) and 80 mmHg diastolic (low pressure wave). In contrast, pressures in the venous system are constant and rarely exceed 10 mmHg.
Vascular resistance occurs where the vessels away from the heart oppose the flow of blood. Resistance is an accumulation of three different factors: blood viscosity, blood vessel length, and vessel radius.
Blood viscosity is the thickness of the blood and its resistance to flow as a result of the different components of the blood. Blood is 92% water by weight and the rest of blood is composed of protein, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, and dissolved gases. Depending on the health of an individual, the blood viscosity can vary (i.e. anemia causing relatively lower concentrations of protein, high blood pressure an increase in dissolved salts or lipids, etc.).
Vessel length is the total length of the vessel measured as the distance away from the heart. As the total length of the vessel increases, the total resistance as a result of friction will increase.
Vessel radius also affects the total resistance as a result of contact with the vessel wall. As the radius of the wall gets smaller, the proportion of the blood making contact with the wall will increase. The greater amount of contact with the wall will increase the total resistance against the blood flow.
Disease
Main article: Vascular disease
Blood vessels play a huge role in virtually every medical condition. Cancer, for example, cannot progress unless the tumor causes angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) to supply the malignant cells' metabolic demand. Atherosclerosis, the narrowing of the blood vessels due to the buildup of plaque, and the coronary artery disease that often follows can cause heart attacks or cardiac arrest and is the leading cause of death worldwide resulting in 8.9 million deaths or 16% of all deaths.
Blood vessel permeability is increased in inflammation. Damage, due to trauma or spontaneously, may lead to hemorrhage due to mechanical damage to the vessel endothelium. In contrast, occlusion of the blood vessel by atherosclerotic plaque, by an embolised blood clot or a foreign body leads to downstream ischemia (insufficient blood supply) and possibly infarction (necrosis due to lack of blood supply). Vessel occlusion tends to be a positive feedback system; an occluded vessel creates eddies in the normally laminar flow or plug flow blood currents. These eddies create abnormal fluid velocity gradients which push blood elements such as cholesterol or chylomicron bodies to the endothelium. These deposit onto the arterial walls which are already partially occluded and build upon the blockage.
The most common disease of the blood vessels is hypertension or high blood pressure. This is caused by an increase in the pressure of the blood flowing through the vessels. Hypertension can lead to more serious conditions such as heart failure and stroke. To prevent these diseases, the most common treatment option is medication as opposed to surgery. Aspirin helps prevent blood clots and can also help limit inflammation.
Vasculitis is inflammation of the vessel wall, due to autoimmune disease or infection.
Another Blood Vessel Disease is called Broken Blood Vessel. Broken blood vessels, also known as spider veins or telangiectasias, are small, damaged blood vessels that appear as red, purple, or blue lines on the skin's surface. They are most commonly found on the face, legs, and chest. These unsightly blemishes can be caused by various factors, and their appearance may cause concerns about both aesthetics and potential health issues.
See also
Circulatory system
Heart
List of bones of the human skeleton
List of skeletal muscles of the human body
List of nerves of the human body
References
^ Shea MJ. "Blood Vessels – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 2016-12-22.
^ "How Does Blood Flow Through Your Body". Cleveland Clinic.
^ Taylor, Anthony M.; Bordoni, Bruno (2024), "Histology, Blood Vascular System", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 31985998, retrieved 2024-04-07
^ "Blood Vessel Structure and Function". Boundless Anatomy and Physiology.
^ Tucker, William D.; Arora, Yingyot; Mahajan, Kunal (2024), "Anatomy, Blood Vessels", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 29262226, retrieved 2024-04-17
^ "Central Venous/Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation". London Health Sciences Centre. London, Ontario, CA. Retrieved 2021-08-08.
^ "Hypoxemia (low blood oxygen)". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2021-08-08.
^ Khan MG (2006). "Anatomy of the Heart and Circulation". Encyclopedia of Heart Disease. Amsterdam: Academic Press. pp. 13–22. ISBN 978-0-08-045481-8.
^ "Hematocrit test – Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org.
^ Charkoudian N (October 2010). "Mechanisms and modifiers of reflex induced cutaneous vasodilation and vasoconstriction in humans". Journal of Applied Physiology. 109 (4): 1221–1228. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00298.2010. PMC 2963327. PMID 20448028.
^ "Blood Vessels". Encyclopedia.com.
^ Cooke, John P (2000). "The endothelium: a new target for therapy". Vascular Medicine. 5 (1): 49–53. doi:10.1177/1358836X0000500108. ISSN 1358-863X.
^ Nazario B (17 September 2021). "How Your Heart Works". WebMD.
^ a b c Saladin KS (2012). Anatomy & physiology : the unity of form and function (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-131638-5.
^ "Factors that Affect Blood Pressure" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
^ Nishida N, Yano H, Nishida T, Kamura T, Kojiro M (September 2006). "Angiogenesis in cancer". Vascular Health and Risk Management. 2 (3): 213–219. doi:10.2147/vhrm.2006.2.3.213. PMC 1993983. PMID 17326328.
^ "The top 10 causes of death". www.who.int. Retrieved 2021-08-08.
^ "Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2021-08-08.
^ Gidaspow D (1994). Multiphase flow and fluidization : continuum and kinetic theory descriptions. Boston: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-282470-8.
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^ Singh, Rambir (9 August 2023). "Broken Blood Vessels: Causes & Treatments". Healthy Geeks.
vteArteries and veinsVesselsArteries
Nutrient artery
Arteriole
Metarteriole
Elastic artery
Capillaries
Types
Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal
Precapillary sphincter
Precapillary resistance
Veins
Vena comitans
Superficial vein
Deep vein
Perforator vein
Emissary veins
Venous plexus
Venule
Lymph
Lymphatic vessel
Lymph
Lymph capillary
Circulatory systemSystemicLeft heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → (Right heart)PulmonaryRight heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → (Left heart)Microanatomy
Microvessel
Microcirculation
Tunica intima
Endothelium
Internal elastic lamina
Tunica media
Tunica externa
Vasa vasorum
Vasa nervorum
Vascular nerves
Rete mirabile
Circulatory anastomosis
Arteries in the human body
vteArteries of the head and neckCCAECAsup. thyroid
superior laryngeal
sternocleidomastoid branch
infrahyoid branch
cricothyroid branch
glandular branches
asc. pharyngeal
posterior meningeal
pharyngeal branches
inferior tympanic
lingual
suprahyoid
dorsal lingual
deep lingual
sublingual
facial
cervical branches (ascending palatine, tonsillar, submental, glandular)
facial branches (inferior labial
superior labial / nasal septum
lateral nasal
angular)
occipital
sternocleidomastoid
meningeal
occipital
auricular
descending
post. auricular
stylomastoid
stapedial
auricular
occipital
supf. temporal
transverse facial
middle temporal (zygomatico-orbital)
anterior auricular
frontal
parietal
maxillary1st part / mandibular
anterior tympanic
deep auricular
middle meningeal (superior tympanic, petrosal)
accessory meningeal
inferior alveolar
2nd part / pterygoid
to muscles of mastication (deep temporal, pterygoid, masseteric)
buccal
3rd part / pterygopalatine
posterior superior alveolar
infraorbital (anterior superior alveolar)
descending palatine (greater palatine, lesser palatine)
artery of the pterygoid canal
sphenopalatine (posterior septal branches, posterior lateral nasal)
pharyngeal
ICAcervical
carotid sinus
petrous
Vidian
caroticotympanic
cavernous/ophthalmic
orbital group:anterior ethmoidal
posterior ethmoidal
lacrimal (lateral palpebral)
medial palpebral
terminal (supraorbital, supratrochlear, dorsal nasal)
ocular group: central retinal
ciliary (short posterior, long posterior, anterior)
Circulus arteriosus major
hypophysial (superior, inferior)
brain
Circle of Willis
ACA (anterior communicating, Recurrent artery of Heubner, Orbitofrontal artery)
MCA (anterolateral central, Prefrontal artery, Superior terminal branch, Inferior terminal branch, Anterior temporal branch)
posterior communicating
anterior choroidal
ScAvertebral artery
meningeal
spinal (posterior, anterior)
basilar: pontine
labyrinthine
cerebellar (AICA, SCA, PICA)
cerebral (PCA)
thyrocervical trunkinferior thyroid
inferior laryngeal
tracheal
esophageal
ascending cervical
pharyngeal
glandular branches
transverse cervical
superficial branch
deep branch / dorsal scapular
scapular anastomosis
suprascapular
acromial branch
scapular anastomosis
costocervical trunk
deep cervical
Supreme Intercostal artery
vteArteries of the torso and chestLungs
Pulmonary artery
Right
Left (Ligamentum arteriosum)
Heart
Coronary circulation
Right coronary:
SA nodal
AV nodal
Atrial
Right marginal
Posterior descending
Left coronary:
Left anterior descending
Left circumflex (Left marginal)
AortaSections
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Descending aorta
Thoracic aorta
Abdominal aorta
Aortic body
Aortic archBrachiocephalic
Thyreoidea ima
Right subclavian
Right common carotid
Leftcommon carotid
External carotid
Internal carotid
Carotid body
Carotid sinus
Carotid bifurcation
Leftsubclavian
Internal thoracic: Anterior intercostal
Thymic
Pericardiacophrenic
Perforating branches
terminal (Musculophrenic, superior epigastric)
Costocervical trunk: Highest intercostal (Posterior intercostal 1–2)
Deep cervical
Descendingaorta
visceral: Bronchial
Esophageal
Mediastinal
parietal: Posterior intercostal 3–11
Subcostal
Superior phrenic
vteArteries of the abdomen and pelvisAbdominalaortaInferior phrenic
Superior suprarenal
CeliacLeft gastric
Esophageal branches
Common hepatic
Proper hepatic
cystic
Right gastric
Gastroduodenal
right gastroepiploic
superior pancreaticoduodenal
supraduodenal
Splenic
Pancreatic branches
greater
dorsal
Short gastrics
Left gastroepiploic
Superior mesenteric
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal
Intestinal
jejunal
ileal
arcades
vasa recta
Ileocolic
colic
anterior cecal
posterior cecal
ileal branch
appendicular
Right colic
Middle colic
Marginal
Suprarenal
Middle suprarenal
Renal
Inferior suprarenal
Ureteral
Gonadal
Testicular artery
Ovarian artery
Lumbar
Lumbar arteries
Inferior mesenteric
Left colic
Marginal
Sigmoid
Superior rectal
Common iliacInternal iliacPosterior surfaceIliolumbar
Lumbar branch
Iliac branch
Anterior surfaceSuperior vesical artery
Umbilical artery
Medial umbilical ligament
to ductus deferens
Obturator
Anterior branch
Pubic branch
Posterior branch
Acetabular branch
Cruciate anastomosis
Corona mortis
Middle rectal
Vaginal branch ♀ / Prostatic branch ♂
Uterine ♀
Arcuate
Vaginal branches
Ovarian branches
Tubal branches
Spiral
Vaginal ♀ / Inferior vesical ♂
Inferior gluteal
Accompanying of sciatic nerve
Cruciate anastomosis
Internal pudendal
Inferior rectal
Perineal
posterior scrotal
posterior labial
Bulb of penis/vestibule
Urethral
Deep artery of the penis
helicine
Deep artery of clitoris
Dorsal of the penis
Dorsal of the clitoris
External iliac
Inferior epigastric
Corona mortis
Deep circumflex iliac
Femoral
see arteries of lower limbs
Median sacral
Coccygeal glomus
vteArteries of the human armAxillaryShoulderbefore teres minor1st part
Superior thoracic artery
2nd part
Thoracoacromial artery
pectoral branch
acromial branch
clavicular branch
deltoid branch
Lateral thoracic artery
3rd part
Subscapular artery
scapular anastomosis
circumflex scapular artery
thoracodorsal artery
anterior humeral circumflex artery
posterior humeral circumflex artery
BrachialArmbefore cubital fossa
profunda brachii
radial collateral
medial collateral
ulnar collateral
superior
inferior
Radial arteryforearm
radial recurrent
wrist/carpus
Dorsal carpal branch
dorsal carpal arch
Palmar carpal branch
deep palmar arch
hand
Superficial palmar branch
princeps pollicis
radialis indicis artery
superficial palmar arch
Median artery
median artery
Ulnar arteryforearm
ulnar recurrent
anterior
posterior
common interosseous
anterior
posterior
interosseous recurrent
wrist/carpus
Dorsal carpal branch
dorsal carpal arch
Palmar carpal branch
superficial palmar arch
Arterial ArchesDorsal carpal arch
dorsal metacarpal
dorsal digital
Palmar carpal arch
superficial palmar arch
common palmar digital
proper palmar digital
deep palmar arch
palmar metacarpal
vteArteries of the human legInferior epigastric
cremasteric ♂ / round ligament ♀
Deep circumflex iliac
no major branches
FemoralIn femoral canal
superficial epigastric
superficial circumflex iliac
superficial external pudendal
deep external pudendal
anterior scrotal ♂
Descending genicular
saphenous branch
articular branches
Deep femoral artery
medial circumflex femoral
ascending
descending
superficial
deep
acetabular
lateral circumflex femoral
descending
transverse
ascending
perforating
Cruciate anastomosis
Trochanteric anastomosis
PoplitealGenicular
superior genicular (medial, lateral)
middle genicular
inferior genicular (medial, lateral)
Sural
no major branches
Anterior tibial
tibial recurrent
posterior
anterior
anterior malleolar
medial
lateral
dorsalis pedis: tarsal (medial, lateral)
Tibial-fibular (Tibial-peroneal) trunk
Posterior tibial
circumflex fibular
medial plantar
lateral plantar
fibular (peroneal)
Arches
arcuate
dorsal metatarsal
first dorsal metatarsal
deep plantar
dorsal digital arteries
plantar arch
plantar metatarsal
common plantar digital
proper plantar digital
Authority control databases National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Japan
Czech Republic
Other
Terminologia Anatomica
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blood vessel (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"circulatory system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system"},{"link_name":"blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"link_name":"human body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"blood cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_cell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"arteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteries"},{"link_name":"heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart"},{"link_name":"arterioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriole"},{"link_name":"capillaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillaries"},{"link_name":"tissues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)"},{"link_name":"venules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venule"},{"link_name":"veins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein"},{"link_name":"cartilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage"},{"link_name":"epithelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium"},{"link_name":"lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"cornea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornea"}],"text":"For other uses, see Blood vessel (disambiguation).Blood vessels are the structures of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body.[1] These vessels transport blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen to the tissues of the body. They also take waste and carbon dioxide away from the tissues. Blood vessels are needed to sustain life, because all of the body's tissues rely on their functionality.[2]There are five types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the arterioles; the capillaries, where the exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues occurs; the venules; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back towards the heart.The word vascular, meaning relating to the blood vessels, is derived from the Latin vas, meaning vessel. Some structures – such as cartilage, the epithelium, and the lens and cornea of the eye – do not contain blood vessels and are labeled avascular.","title":"Blood vessel"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"artery: late Middle English; from Latin arteria, from Greek artēria, probably from airein (\"raise\")\nvein: Middle English; from Old French veine, from Latin vena. The earliest senses were \"blood vessel\" and \"small natural underground channel of water\".\ncapillary: mid 17th century; from Latin capillaris, from capillus (\"hair\"), influenced by Old French capillaire.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"tunica intima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunica_intima"},{"link_name":"simple squamous epithelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_squamous_epithelium"},{"link_name":"polysaccharide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide"},{"link_name":"connective tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissue"},{"link_name":"internal elastic lamina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_elastic_lamina"},{"link_name":"tunica media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunica_media"},{"link_name":"vascular smooth muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_smooth_muscle"},{"link_name":"tunica adventitia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunica_adventitia"},{"link_name":"nerves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve"},{"link_name":"vasa vasorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_vasorum"},{"link_name":"Capillaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillaries"},{"link_name":"endothelial cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_cell"},{"link_name":"basement membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement_membrane"},{"link_name":"connective tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissue"},{"link_name":"anastomosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_anastomosis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The arteries and veins have three layers. The middle layer is thicker in the arteries than it is in the veins:[3]The inner layer, tunica intima, is the thinnest layer. It is a single layer of flat cells (simple squamous epithelium) glued by a polysaccharide intercellular matrix, surrounded by a thin layer of subendothelial connective tissue interlaced with a number of circularly arranged elastic bands called the internal elastic lamina. A thin membrane of elastic fibers in the tunica intima run parallel to the vessel.\nThe middle layer tunica media is the thickest layer in arteries. It consists of circularly arranged elastic fiber, connective tissue, polysaccharide substances, the second and third layer are separated by another thick elastic band called external elastic lamina. The tunica media may (especially in arteries) be rich in vascular smooth muscle, which controls the caliber of the vessel. Veins do not have the external elastic lamina, but only an internal one. The tunica media is thicker in the arteries rather than the veins.\nThe outer layer is the tunica adventitia and the thickest layer in veins. It is entirely made of connective tissue. It also contains nerves that supply the vessel as well as nutrient capillaries (vasa vasorum) in the larger blood vessels.Capillaries consist of a single layer of endothelial cells with a supporting subendothelium consisting of a basement membrane and connective tissue.When blood vessels connect to form a region of diffuse vascular supply it is called an anastomosis. Anastomoses provide critical alternative routes for blood to flow in case of blockages.Leg veins have valves which prevent backflow of the blood being pumped against gravity by the surrounding muscles.[4]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Arteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery"},{"link_name":"Elastic arteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_artery"},{"link_name":"Distributing arteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributing_artery"},{"link_name":"Arterioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriole"},{"link_name":"Capillaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary"},{"link_name":"Venules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venule"},{"link_name":"Veins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein"},{"link_name":"subclavian vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclavian_vein"},{"link_name":"jugular vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugular_vein"},{"link_name":"renal vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_vein"},{"link_name":"iliac vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliac_vein"},{"link_name":"Venae cavae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venae_cavae"},{"link_name":"heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"pulmonary artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_artery"},{"link_name":"pulmonary vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_vein"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Types","text":"There are various kinds of blood vessels:[5]Arteries\nElastic arteries\nDistributing arteries\nArterioles\nCapillaries (smallest blood vessels)\nVenules\nVeins\nLarge collecting vessels, such as the subclavian vein, the jugular vein, the renal vein and the iliac vein.\nVenae cavae (the two largest veins, carry blood into the heart).\nSinusoids\nExtremely small vessels located within bone marrow, the spleen and the liver.They are roughly grouped as \"arterial\" and \"venous\", determined by whether the blood in it is flowing away from (arterial) or toward (venous) the heart. The term \"arterial blood\" is nevertheless used to indicate blood high in oxygen, although the pulmonary artery carries \"venous blood\" and blood flowing in the pulmonary vein is rich in oxygen. This is because they are carrying the blood to and from the lungs, respectively, to be oxygenated.[citation needed]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Circulatory system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system"},{"link_name":"blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"link_name":"organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"circulatory system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system"},{"link_name":"Oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"hemoglobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin"},{"link_name":"red blood cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cell"},{"link_name":"pulmonary artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_artery"},{"link_name":"highly saturated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_saturation_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"pulmonary vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_vein"},{"link_name":"hemoglobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"pulmonary circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation"},{"link_name":"hormones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone"},{"link_name":"waste products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_waste"},{"link_name":"nutrients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"peristalsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsis"},{"link_name":"heartbeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_cycle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hematocrit tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematocrit"},{"link_name":"anemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mayoclinic.org-9"},{"link_name":"inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"histamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine"},{"link_name":"prostaglandins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin"},{"link_name":"interleukins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"See also: Circulatory systemBlood vessels function to transport blood. In general, arteries and arterioles transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body and its organs, and veins and venules transport deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs. Blood vessels also circulate blood throughout the circulatory system. Oxygen (bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells) is the most critical nutrient carried by the blood. In all arteries apart from the pulmonary artery, hemoglobin is highly saturated (95–100%) with oxygen. In all veins apart from the pulmonary vein, the saturation of hemoglobin is about 75%.[6][7] (The values are reversed in the pulmonary circulation.) In addition to carrying oxygen, blood also carries hormones, waste products and nutrients for cells of the body.[citation needed]Blood vessels do not actively engage in the transport of blood (they have no appreciable peristalsis). Blood is propelled through arteries and arterioles through pressure generated by the heartbeat.[8] Blood vessels also transport red blood cells which contain the oxygen necessary for daily activities. The amount of red blood cells present in your vessels has an effect on your health. Hematocrit tests can be performed to calculate the proportion of red blood cells in your blood. Higher proportions result in conditions such as dehydration or heart disease while lower proportions could lead to anemia and long-term blood loss.[9]Permeability of the endothelium is pivotal in the release of nutrients to the tissue. It is also increased in inflammation in response to histamine, prostaglandins and interleukins, which leads to most of the symptoms of inflammation (swelling, redness, warmth and pain).[citation needed]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microvessel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Transmission electron micrograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_micrograph"},{"link_name":"microvessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microvessel"},{"link_name":"erythrocyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyte"},{"link_name":"lumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"autonomic nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"thermoregulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"aorta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"vascular smooth muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_smooth_muscle"},{"link_name":"vasoconstrictors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasoconstrictor"},{"link_name":"paracrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracrine"},{"link_name":"prostaglandins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin"},{"link_name":"hormones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone"},{"link_name":"vasopressin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidiuretic_hormone"},{"link_name":"angiotensin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin"},{"link_name":"neurotransmitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter"},{"link_name":"epinephrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vasodilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilation"},{"link_name":"nitric oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide"},{"link_name":"endothelium-derived relaxing factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelium-derived_relaxing_factor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Constriction","text":"Transmission electron micrograph of a microvessel displaying an erythrocyte (E) within its lumen which is deformed due to vasoconstrictionArteries—and veins to a degree—can regulate their inner diameter by contraction of the muscular layer. This changes the blood flow to downstream organs, and is determined by the autonomic nervous system. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are also used antagonistically as methods of thermoregulation.[10]The size of blood vessels is different for each of them. It ranges from a diameter of about 25 millimeters for the aorta to only 8 micrometers in the capillaries. This comes out to about a 3000-fold range.[11] Vasoconstriction is the constriction of blood vessels (narrowing, becoming smaller in cross-sectional area) by contracting the vascular smooth muscle in the vessel walls. It is regulated by vasoconstrictors (agents that cause vasoconstriction). These include paracrine factors (e.g. prostaglandins), a number of hormones (e.g. vasopressin and angiotensin) and neurotransmitters (e.g. epinephrine) from the nervous system.[citation needed]Vasodilation is a similar process mediated by antagonistically acting mediators. The most prominent vasodilator is nitric oxide (termed endothelium-derived relaxing factor for this reason).[12]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"millimetres of mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr"},{"link_name":"Pa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)"},{"link_name":"systolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systole_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"diastolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastolic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vascular resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_resistance"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saladin_2012-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saladin_2012-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saladin_2012-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vessel_Radius-15"}],"sub_title":"Flow","text":"The circulatory system uses the channel of blood vessels to deliver blood to all parts of the body. This is a result of the left and right side of the heart working together to allow blood to flow continuously to the lungs and other parts of the body. Oxygen-poor blood enters the right side of the heart through two large veins. Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enters through the pulmonary veins on the left side of the heart into the aorta and then reaches the rest of the body. The capillaries are responsible for allowing the blood to receive oxygen through tiny air sacs in the lungs. This is also the site where carbon dioxide exits the blood. This all occurs in the lungs where blood is oxygenated.[13]The blood pressure in blood vessels is traditionally expressed in millimetres of mercury (1 mmHg = 133 Pa). In the arterial system, this is usually around 120 mmHg systolic (high pressure wave due to contraction of the heart) and 80 mmHg diastolic (low pressure wave). In contrast, pressures in the venous system are constant and rarely exceed 10 mmHg.[citation needed]Vascular resistance occurs where the vessels away from the heart oppose the flow of blood. Resistance is an accumulation of three different factors: blood viscosity, blood vessel length, and vessel radius.[14]Blood viscosity is the thickness of the blood and its resistance to flow as a result of the different components of the blood. Blood is 92% water by weight and the rest of blood is composed of protein, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, and dissolved gases. Depending on the health of an individual, the blood viscosity can vary (i.e. anemia causing relatively lower concentrations of protein, high blood pressure an increase in dissolved salts or lipids, etc.).[14]Vessel length is the total length of the vessel measured as the distance away from the heart. As the total length of the vessel increases, the total resistance as a result of friction will increase.[14]Vessel radius also affects the total resistance as a result of contact with the vessel wall. As the radius of the wall gets smaller, the proportion of the blood making contact with the wall will increase. The greater amount of contact with the wall will increase the total resistance against the blood flow.[15]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"angiogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenesis"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Atherosclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis"},{"link_name":"plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheroma"},{"link_name":"coronary artery disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease"},{"link_name":"heart attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"cardiac arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest"},{"link_name":"leading cause of death worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_trauma"},{"link_name":"hemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"endothelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelium"},{"link_name":"atherosclerotic plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheroma"},{"link_name":"embolised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolism"},{"link_name":"blood clot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_clot"},{"link_name":"foreign body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_body"},{"link_name":"ischemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemia"},{"link_name":"infarction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infarction"},{"link_name":"necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis"},{"link_name":"lack of blood supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemia"},{"link_name":"laminar flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_flow"},{"link_name":"plug flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_flow"},{"link_name":"chylomicron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chylomicron"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Vasculitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasculitis"},{"link_name":"inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"autoimmune disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disease"},{"link_name":"infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Blood vessels play a huge role in virtually every medical condition. Cancer, for example, cannot progress unless the tumor causes angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) to supply the malignant cells' metabolic demand.[16] Atherosclerosis, the narrowing of the blood vessels due to the buildup of plaque, and the coronary artery disease that often follows can cause heart attacks or cardiac arrest and is the leading cause of death worldwide resulting in 8.9 million deaths or 16% of all deaths.[17][18]Blood vessel permeability is increased in inflammation. Damage, due to trauma or spontaneously, may lead to hemorrhage due to mechanical damage to the vessel endothelium. In contrast, occlusion of the blood vessel by atherosclerotic plaque, by an embolised blood clot or a foreign body leads to downstream ischemia (insufficient blood supply) and possibly infarction (necrosis due to lack of blood supply). Vessel occlusion tends to be a positive feedback system; an occluded vessel creates eddies in the normally laminar flow or plug flow blood currents. These eddies create abnormal fluid velocity gradients which push blood elements such as cholesterol or chylomicron bodies to the endothelium. These deposit onto the arterial walls which are already partially occluded and build upon the blockage.[19]The most common disease of the blood vessels is hypertension or high blood pressure. This is caused by an increase in the pressure of the blood flowing through the vessels. Hypertension can lead to more serious conditions such as heart failure and stroke. To prevent these diseases, the most common treatment option is medication as opposed to surgery. Aspirin helps prevent blood clots and can also help limit inflammation.[20]Vasculitis is inflammation of the vessel wall, due to autoimmune disease or infection.[citation needed]Another Blood Vessel Disease is called Broken Blood Vessel. Broken blood vessels, also known as spider veins or telangiectasias, are small, damaged blood vessels that appear as red, purple, or blue lines on the skin's surface. They are most commonly found on the face, legs, and chest. These unsightly blemishes can be caused by various factors, and their appearance may cause concerns about both aesthetics and potential health issues.[21]","title":"Disease"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Transmission electron micrograph of a microvessel displaying an erythrocyte (E) within its lumen which is deformed due to vasoconstriction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Microvessel.jpg/220px-Microvessel.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Circulatory system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system"},{"title":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart"},{"title":"List of bones of the human skeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bones_of_the_human_skeleton"},{"title":"List of skeletal muscles of the human body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeletal_muscles_of_the_human_body"},{"title":"List of nerves of the human body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nerves_of_the_human_body"}]
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[{"reference":"Shea MJ. \"Blood Vessels – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders\". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 2016-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150424010730/http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/biology-of-the-heart-and-blood-vessels/blood-vessels","url_text":"\"Blood Vessels – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders\""},{"url":"http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/biology-of-the-heart-and-blood-vessels/blood-vessels","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How Does Blood Flow Through Your Body\". Cleveland Clinic.","urls":[{"url":"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/17059-how-does-blood-flow-through-your-body","url_text":"\"How Does Blood Flow Through Your Body\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Anthony M.; Bordoni, Bruno (2024), \"Histology, Blood Vascular System\", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 31985998, retrieved 2024-04-07","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553217/","url_text":"\"Histology, Blood Vascular System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31985998","url_text":"31985998"}]},{"reference":"\"Blood Vessel Structure and Function\". Boundless Anatomy and Physiology.","urls":[{"url":"https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/blood-vessel-structure-and-function/","url_text":"\"Blood Vessel Structure and Function\""}]},{"reference":"Tucker, William D.; Arora, Yingyot; Mahajan, Kunal (2024), \"Anatomy, Blood Vessels\", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 29262226, retrieved 2024-04-17","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470401/","url_text":"\"Anatomy, Blood Vessels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29262226","url_text":"29262226"}]},{"reference":"\"Central Venous/Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation\". London Health Sciences Centre. London, Ontario, CA. 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Vascular Medicine. 5 (1): 49–53. doi:10.1177/1358836X0000500108. ISSN 1358-863X.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1358836X0000500108","url_text":"\"The endothelium: a new target for therapy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1358836X0000500108","url_text":"10.1177/1358836X0000500108"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1358-863X","url_text":"1358-863X"}]},{"reference":"Nazario B (17 September 2021). \"How Your Heart Works\". WebMD.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/hypertension-working-heart","url_text":"\"How Your Heart Works\""}]},{"reference":"Saladin KS (2012). Anatomy & physiology : the unity of form and function (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-131638-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-131638-5","url_text":"978-0-07-131638-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Factors that Affect Blood Pressure\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170517024049/http://www.interactivephysiology.com/demo/misc/assignmentfiles/cardiovascular/Fact_Aff_Blood_Pressure.pdf","url_text":"\"Factors that Affect Blood Pressure\""},{"url":"http://www.interactivephysiology.com/demo/misc/assignmentfiles/cardiovascular/Fact_Aff_Blood_Pressure.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nishida N, Yano H, Nishida T, Kamura T, Kojiro M (September 2006). \"Angiogenesis in cancer\". Vascular Health and Risk Management. 2 (3): 213–219. doi:10.2147/vhrm.2006.2.3.213. PMC 1993983. 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Archived from the original on 18 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161018074232/https://www.mercyhealth.org/services/heart/heart-disease/blood-vessels/","url_text":"\"Blood Vessel Diseases – Mercy Health System\""},{"url":"https://www.mercyhealth.org/services/heart/heart-disease/blood-vessels/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Rambir (9 August 2023). \"Broken Blood Vessels: Causes & Treatments\". Healthy Geeks.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.umeshthakur.com/2023/08/broken-blood-vessels-causes-treatments.html","url_text":"\"Broken Blood Vessels: Causes & Treatments\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Rhode
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Eric Rhode
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["1 Life and work","2 Bibliography","3 External links"]
|
British writer
E. RhodeEric RhodeBorn(1934-05-10)10 May 1934Genoa, ItalyOccupation(s)Playwright, Journalist, Child Psychotherapist, AuthorSpouseMaria Rhode (1974-present)Children4Websitehttp://ericrhode.co.uk/
Eric Rhode (born 10 May 1934) is a British writer on traditional cosmology and psychoanalysis.
Life and work
After Rhode had worked as a critic, author and broadcaster on film and the arts, he undertook a personal psychoanalysis with Donald Meltzer and trained as a child psychotherapist at the Tavistock Clinic under Martha Harris. His later work addresses the interface between the structures discernible in dreams, children's play, aesthetics, ethnographic ritual, and philosophy.
As an undergraduate, Rhode directed plays at the Edinburgh festival; his own early play – The Pagoda Fugue - was aired on BBC Radio. His writing on film appeared in Sight and Sound, The Listener, Encounter, The Observer; he wrote on literature and art for New Statesman and The Financial Times, and on psychoanalytic topics for New Society and The Times Literary Supplement. During this period, Rhode wrote Tower of Babel (a collection of writing on the cinema) and also The History of the Cinema from its origins to 1970 for Penguin Books. He edited A game that must be lost, the posthumous papers by Adrian Stokes on psychoanalysis and art, and hosted a 70-minute programme on Adrian Stokes for BBC Radio 3.
After qualifying as a child psychotherapist, Rhode worked in the National Health Service at Paddington Green Child Guidance Clinic and in private practice, and studied with Kleinian psychoanalysts including Wilfred Bion. His first book on psychoanalysis was Of Birth and Madness, a London Times Book of the Week. It arose out of interviews he conducted in an inpatient unit for mothers with post-partum psychosis and their babies, but also addressed the historical and cultural evolution of attitudes towards pregnancy and childbirth and the psychiatric theories they inspired. His later books extend into aspects of traditional cosmology. He is married to the child psychotherapist Maria Rhode and lives in London.
Bibliography
Eric Rhode (1967) Tower of Babel. Chilton Books, 1967
Eric Rhode (1976) A History of the Cinema from Its Origins to 1970. Allen Lane. ISBN 0-8090-5480-9
Eric Rhode (1987) On Birth & Madness. Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd. ISBN 0-7156-2291-9
Eric Rhode (1990) The Generations of Adam.'. Free Association Books. ISBN 1-85343-130-3
Eric Rhode (1994) Psychotic Metaphysics. Karnac Books. ISBN 1-85575-074-0
Eric Rhode (1998) On Hallucination, Intuition, and the Becoming of "O". Esf. ISBN 1-883881-26-9
Eric Rhode (2003) Plato's Silence. Apex One. ISBN 0-9543231-0-6
Eric Rhode (2003) Notes on the Aniconic. Apex One. ISBN 0-9543231-1-4
Eric Rhode (2008) Axis Mundi. Apex One. ISBN 0-9543231-2-2
Eric Rhode (2015) On Revelation. Apex One. ISBN 978-0954323134
External links
Eric Rhode, Eric's web page. NOW DEFUNCT.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
|
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His later work addresses the interface between the structures discernible in dreams, children's play, aesthetics, ethnographic ritual, and philosophy.As an undergraduate, Rhode directed plays at the Edinburgh festival; his own early play – The Pagoda Fugue - was aired on BBC Radio. His writing on film appeared in Sight and Sound, The Listener, Encounter, The Observer; he wrote on literature and art for New Statesman and The Financial Times, and on psychoanalytic topics for New Society and The Times Literary Supplement. During this period, Rhode wrote Tower of Babel (a collection of writing on the cinema) and also The History of the Cinema from its origins to 1970 for Penguin Books. He edited A game that must be lost, the posthumous papers by Adrian Stokes on psychoanalysis and art, and hosted a 70-minute programme on Adrian Stokes for BBC Radio 3.After qualifying as a child psychotherapist, Rhode worked in the National Health Service at Paddington Green Child Guidance Clinic and in private practice, and studied with Kleinian psychoanalysts including Wilfred Bion. His first book on psychoanalysis was Of Birth and Madness, a London Times Book of the Week. It arose out of interviews he conducted in an inpatient unit for mothers with post-partum psychosis and their babies, but also addressed the historical and cultural evolution of attitudes towards pregnancy and childbirth and the psychiatric theories they inspired. His later books extend into aspects of traditional cosmology. He is married to the child psychotherapist Maria Rhode and lives in London.","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8090-5480-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8090-5480-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7156-2291-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-2291-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85343-130-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85343-130-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85575-074-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85575-074-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-883881-26-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-883881-26-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9543231-0-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9543231-0-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9543231-1-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9543231-1-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9543231-2-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9543231-2-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0954323134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0954323134"}],"text":"Eric Rhode (1967) Tower of Babel. 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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Webster
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Lady Frances Webster
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["1 Background","2 Relationship with Byron","2.1 House party at Aston Hall","2.2 Literary aftermath","3 Relationship with the Duke of Wellington","4 Later life","5 Family","6 Notes","7 References"]
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Lady Frances Wedderburn-WebsterLady Frances Wedderburn-Webster, 1812 engravingBorn1793Died1837 (aged 43–44)Spouse
James Wedderburn-Webster
(m. 1810)Parent(s)Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of MountnorrisSarah Cavendish
Lady Frances Caroline Wedderburn-Webster (née Annesley; 1793–1837) was an Anglo-Irish woman who became a figure of scandal of the Regency period, for her supposed affairs with the leading celebrities, Lord Byron and the Duke of Wellington. It may be that neither of those relationships went beyond flirtation.
Background
She was the daughter of Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Mountnorris, and Sarah, daughter of Sir Henry Cavendish, 2nd Baronet.
Relationship with Byron
Frances married James Webster (see below), a crony of Byron, and he introduced Byron to his young wife in 1811. Byron, based on information from Webster's brother, considered that the Websters had a marriage of convenience. He coined the nickname "Phryne" for Frances.
Invited to Aston Hall, Yorkshire, by the Websters in September 1813, Byron associated the house, but mistakenly, with the place to which his father John Byron took his lover Lady Carmarthen. That had been the rectory at nearby Aston, South Yorkshire, which William Mason as incumbent had leased to them. He wished his half-sister Augusta Leigh to come too, but she refused, despite the family connection that Aston Hall had been the property of Robert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holderness, her grandfather. Byron then planned to seduce Frances. In a position to do so, he did not, on his own account.
House party at Aston Hall
There were other reasons for Byron to accept the invitation to a house party at Aston Hall. It was quite near Newstead Abbey, his family home, which he was trying to sell to Thomas Claughton in a deal that started stalling in spring 1813. He was settling his servant Robert Rushton in the service of the Websters, which he joined 7 September. The day before, Byron wrote to Webster about untenanted properties within ten miles of Aston Hall. He accepted the invitation on 15 September.
This time at Aston Hall set the terms for the future relationship between Frances and Byron. One of the party was Lady Catherine Annesley, younger sister to Frances, at this time disappointed in her relationship with Viscount Bury (Augustus Keppel). James Webster had recently visited Newstead Abbey, and wished to return: Byron had reason to believe he was carrying on with one of the servant girls there. Byron broke his visit after not much more than a week, but returned from London early in October. He found two more guests, William Westcombe and George Charles Agar, and Frances hankering after Viscount Petersham.
In a letter to Lady Melbourne, Byron described how he was reluctant to make advances to Frances, who was not reciprocating enough for his taste; but he had tried a speech on Frances in the billiard room, and was being provoked by James Webster's boastful talk. Byron and James did, however, visit Newstead Abbey together, one or two days later. Byron and Frances exchanged notes and tokens, and there apparently the affair rested.
Byron had learned that there was an affair of the heart between Frances and John Campbell, James's lawyer. The widowed Lady Sitwell arrived, Byron was required by Lady Catherine to give up his seat next to her, James calling Byron "ungallant" for his reluctance. Byron agreed to loan James £1000. On 18 October, the day before Byron left, Frances wrote a letter in reply to a cutting note, declaring she was Byron's but would not be "guilty", and asking for a miniature portrait. The next day James and Byron travelled to London together, on the loan business.
Literary aftermath
After the resolution of the affair with Frances Webster as "Platonic love", Byron in November wrote The Bride of Abydos. In December 1813 the affair descended from the emotional heights. Jerome McGann, interpreting Byron's opaque hints, puts the inspiration for the poem down to Byron's recent affairs of 1813, with Augusta and Frances. I Saw Thee Weep, from Byron's Hebrew Melodies, is also associated with Frances.
Later, on hearing of the supposed affair between the Duke of Wellington and Frances, Byron wrote the poem When We Two Parted. There is some uncertainty about when he wrote it, in the period 1815–16, and there is more than one version of the poem; but it was intended for Frances.
Relationship with the Duke of Wellington
The Duke of Wellington wrote a letter to Frances Webster in the early hours of 18 June 1815, the day of the battle of Waterloo. Frances and James Webster subsequently brought a libel action over allegations that she was having affair with the Duke. At the time of the letter, she was pregnant, thought to be in the third trimester.
The St James Chronicle claimed that James Webster had demanded a large sum from the Duke, and that the Websters were divorcing. The case came to court on 16 February 1816, with John Campbell as counsel for the Websters. The editor of the St James Chronicle, Charles Baldwin, offered no defence, and the Websters were awarded £2,000.
Later life
Frances Webster did then take as her lover the Regency dandy Scrope Berdmore Davies.
Frances and Byron kept in touch, Frances sending "long, overwrought letters". In 1823, when the Websters' marriage had broken down, and Byron was trying to raise some cash from the loan to James Webster from ten years before, she wrote to him at Genoa from Paris, as a friend.
Family
On 10 October 1810 Frances married James Wedderburn-Webster, known as "Bold" Webster. They had five children:
Lucy Sarah Anne (1812–1864)
Charles Byron (born 1815–1817). Born in Paris on 28 August 1815 he died at Nantes on October 1817. He was buried in Caen Cathedral, where there is a monument to him.
Charles Francis (1820–1886)
Augustus George (1821–1845)
George Gordon Trophime-Gérard de Lally-Tollendal (1827–1875) (see Marquis de Lally-Tollendal)
The Websters spent their later years in penury, due to the husband's extravagance. When Frances died in 1837 her husband was reportedly in a debtors' prison. He died in 1840.
Notes
^ Frances was heavily pregnant with a child, who was christened Charles Byron, when she attended the Duchess of Richmond's ball and sat next to the Duke of Wellington.
^ Byron & Marchand 1976, p. 28.
^ Mosley 2003, p. 3976
^ Mosley 2003, p. 4095
^ Eisler, Benita (2011). Byron: Child of Passion, Fool of Fame. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-307-77327-2.
^ Melbourne, Viscountess Elizabeth Milbanke Lamb (1998). Byron's "Corbeau Blanc": The Life and Letters of Lady Melbourne. Texas A&M University Press. p. 155 note 97. ISBN 978-0-89096-672-3.
^ Bakewell, Michael; Bakewell, Melissa (2002). Augusta Leigh: Byron's Half-sister : a Biography. Pimlico. pp. 112-3. ISBN 978-0-7126-6560-5.
^ Beckett, J. V.; Aley, Sheila (2001). Byron and Newstead: The Aristocrat and the Abbey. University of Delaware Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-87413-751-4.
^ Lloyd-Jones, Ralph. "Rushton, Robert". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/74133. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Stewart, John (2014). Byron and the Websters: The Letters and Entangled Lives of the Poet, Sir James Webster and Lady Frances Webster. McFarland. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-7864-8437-9.
^ Stewart, John (2014). Byron and the Websters: The Letters and Entangled Lives of the Poet, Sir James Webster and Lady Frances Webster. McFarland. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7864-8437-9.
^ Stewart, John (2014). Byron and the Websters: The Letters and Entangled Lives of the Poet, Sir James Webster and Lady Frances Webster. McFarland. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-0-7864-8437-9.
^ Stewart, John (2014). Byron and the Websters: The Letters and Entangled Lives of the Poet, Sir James Webster and Lady Frances Webster. McFarland. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-0-7864-8437-9.
^ Stewart, John (2014). Byron and the Websters: The Letters and Entangled Lives of the Poet, Sir James Webster and Lady Frances Webster. McFarland. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-7864-8437-9.
^ Stewart, John (2014). Byron and the Websters: The Letters and Entangled Lives of the Poet, Sir James Webster and Lady Frances Webster. McFarland. pp. 53–55. ISBN 978-0-7864-8437-9.
^ Byron, George Gordon Byron Baron (1974). "Alas! the Love of Women": 1813–1814. Harvard University Press. p. xiii. ISBN 978-0-674-08942-6.
^ Beatty, Bernard G.; Robinson, Charles; Howe, Tony; Robinson, Charles E. (2008). Liberty and Poetic Licence: New Essays on Byron. Liverpool University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-85323-589-7.
^ Garrett, M. (2010). The Palgrave Literary Dictionary of Byron. Springer. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-230-24541-9.
^ MacCarthy 2014, pp. 327.
^ Brinkley & Hanley 1992, pp. 191–192.
^ Stewart, John (2014). Byron and the Websters: The Letters and Entangled Lives of the Poet, Sir James Webster and Lady Frances Webster. McFarland. pp. 171–2. ISBN 978-0-7864-8437-9.
^ Muir, Rory (2015). Wellington: Waterloo and the Fortunes of Peace 1814–1852. Yale University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-300-21404-8.
^ a b c Muir, Rory (2015). Wellington: Waterloo and the Fortunes of Peace 1814–1852. Yale University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-300-21404-8.
^ Proceedings on the Trial of a Special Action on the Case, by James Webster Wedderburn Webster, Esq., and Lady Frances Caroline Webster Wedderburn Webster, his Wife, against Charles Baldwin, for a Libel; in the Court of Common Pleas, at Westminster, on Friday, the 16th of February 1816. Taken in short-hand by Mr. W. B. Gurney. 1816.
^ Peach, Annette (23 September 2004). "Davies, Scrope Berdmore (1782–1852), dandy and friend of Lord Byron". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/59368. ISBN 9780198614128. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Janice Cavell, Lady Lucy Barry and Evangelical Reading on the First Franklin Expedition, Arctic Vol. 63, No. 2 (June 2010), pp. 131–140, at p. 133. Published by: Arctic Institute of North America JSTOR 27821958
^ Stewart, John (2014). Byron and the Websters: The Letters and Entangled Lives of the Poet, Sir James Webster and Lady Frances Webster. McFarland. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-7864-8437-9.
^ Lodge 1839, p. 358.
^ a b Wedderburn 1898, p. 335.
^ a b c d Wedderburn 1898, p. 334.
References
Brinkley, Robert; Hanley, Keith (1992), Romantic Revisions, Cambridge University Press, p. 191, ISBN 978-0-521-38074-4
Byron, George Gordon Byron Baron; Marchand, Leslie Alexis (1976), "So Late into the Night": 1816-1817, Harvard University Press, p. 28, ISBN 978-0-674-08945-7
Lodge, Edmund (1839), The Peerage of the British Empire as at Present Existing: Arranged and Printed from the Personal Communications of the Nobility, Saunders and Otley, p. 358
MacCarthy, Fiona (2014), Byron: Life and Legend, Hodder & Stoughton, p. 327, ISBN 978-1-4447-9987-3
Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003), Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage (107th in 3 volumes ed.), Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.: Burke's Peerage, pp. 3976, 4095
Wedderburn, Alexander Dundas Ogilvy (1898), The Wedderburn book: a history of the Wedderburns in the counties of Berwick, and Forfar, Printed for private circulation
Authority control databases International
FAST
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WorldCat
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France
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regency period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_period"},{"link_name":"Lord Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron"},{"link_name":"Duke of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronMarchand197628-1"}],"text":"Lady Frances Caroline Wedderburn-Webster (née Annesley; 1793–1837) was an Anglo-Irish woman who became a figure of scandal of the Regency period, for her supposed affairs with the leading celebrities, Lord Byron and the Duke of Wellington. It may be that neither of those relationships went beyond flirtation.[1]","title":"Lady Frances Webster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Mountnorris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Annesley,_1st_Earl_of_Mountnorris"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Cavendish, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Henry_Cavendish,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"She was the daughter of Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Mountnorris, and Sarah, daughter of Sir Henry Cavendish, 2nd Baronet.[2][3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wedderburn-Webster"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"marriage of convenience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Aston Hall, Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Hall,_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"John Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byron_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Lady Carmarthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Osborne,_Marchioness_of_Carmarthen"},{"link_name":"Aston, South Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston,_South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"William Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mason_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Augusta Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_Leigh"},{"link_name":"Robert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Darcy,_4th_Earl_of_Holderness"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Frances married James Webster (see below), a crony of Byron, and he introduced Byron to his young wife in 1811.[4] Byron, based on information from Webster's brother, considered that the Websters had a marriage of convenience. He coined the nickname \"Phryne\" for Frances.[5]Invited to Aston Hall, Yorkshire, by the Websters in September 1813, Byron associated the house, but mistakenly, with the place to which his father John Byron took his lover Lady Carmarthen. That had been the rectory at nearby Aston, South Yorkshire, which William Mason as incumbent had leased to them. He wished his half-sister Augusta Leigh to come too, but she refused, despite the family connection that Aston Hall had been the property of Robert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holderness, her grandfather. Byron then planned to seduce Frances. In a position to do so, he did not, on his own account.[6]","title":"Relationship with Byron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newstead Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newstead_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Robert Rushton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Rushton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Augustus Keppel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Keppel,_5th_Earl_of_Albemarle"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Viscount Petersham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stanhope,_4th_Earl_of_Harrington"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lady Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"John Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"House party at Aston Hall","text":"There were other reasons for Byron to accept the invitation to a house party at Aston Hall. It was quite near Newstead Abbey, his family home, which he was trying to sell to Thomas Claughton in a deal that started stalling in spring 1813.[7] He was settling his servant Robert Rushton in the service of the Websters, which he joined 7 September.[8] The day before, Byron wrote to Webster about untenanted properties within ten miles of Aston Hall. He accepted the invitation on 15 September.[9]This time at Aston Hall set the terms for the future relationship between Frances and Byron. One of the party was Lady Catherine Annesley, younger sister to Frances, at this time disappointed in her relationship with Viscount Bury (Augustus Keppel). James Webster had recently visited Newstead Abbey, and wished to return: Byron had reason to believe he was carrying on with one of the servant girls there.[10] Byron broke his visit after not much more than a week, but returned from London early in October. He found two more guests, William Westcombe and George Charles Agar, and Frances hankering after Viscount Petersham.[11]In a letter to Lady Melbourne, Byron described how he was reluctant to make advances to Frances, who was not reciprocating enough for his taste; but he had tried a speech on Frances in the billiard room, and was being provoked by James Webster's boastful talk. Byron and James did, however, visit Newstead Abbey together, one or two days later. Byron and Frances exchanged notes and tokens, and there apparently the affair rested.[12]Byron had learned that there was an affair of the heart between Frances and John Campbell, James's lawyer. The widowed Lady Sitwell arrived, Byron was required by Lady Catherine to give up his seat next to her, James calling Byron \"ungallant\" for his reluctance. Byron agreed to loan James £1000.[13] On 18 October, the day before Byron left, Frances wrote a letter in reply to a cutting note, declaring she was Byron's but would not be \"guilty\", and asking for a miniature portrait. The next day James and Byron travelled to London together, on the loan business.[14]","title":"Relationship with Byron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Platonic love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_love"},{"link_name":"The Bride of Abydos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bride_of_Abydos"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jerome McGann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_McGann"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Melodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Melodies"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"When We Two Parted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Works_of_Lord_Byron_(ed._Coleridge,_Prothero)/Poetry/Volume_3/When_we_Two_parted"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy2014327-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkleyHanley1992191%E2%80%93192-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Literary aftermath","text":"After the resolution of the affair with Frances Webster as \"Platonic love\", Byron in November wrote The Bride of Abydos. In December 1813 the affair descended from the emotional heights.[15] Jerome McGann, interpreting Byron's opaque hints, puts the inspiration for the poem down to Byron's recent affairs of 1813, with Augusta and Frances.[16] I Saw Thee Weep, from Byron's Hebrew Melodies, is also associated with Frances.[17]Later, on hearing of the supposed affair between the Duke of Wellington and Frances, Byron wrote the poem When We Two Parted.[18][19] There is some uncertainty about when he wrote it, in the period 1815–16, and there is more than one version of the poem; but it was intended for Frances.[20]","title":"Relationship with Byron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battle of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"libel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libel"},{"link_name":"third trimester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_trimester"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muir-22"},{"link_name":"St James Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Churchman"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muir-22"},{"link_name":"John Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muir-22"}],"text":"The Duke of Wellington wrote a letter to Frances Webster in the early hours of 18 June 1815, the day of the battle of Waterloo.[21] Frances and James Webster subsequently brought a libel action over allegations that she was having affair with the Duke. At the time of the letter, she was pregnant, thought to be in the third trimester.[22]The St James Chronicle claimed that James Webster had demanded a large sum from the Duke, and that the Websters were divorcing.[22] The case came to court on 16 February 1816, with John Campbell as counsel for the Websters.[23] The editor of the St James Chronicle, Charles Baldwin, offered no defence, and the Websters were awarded £2,000.[22]","title":"Relationship with the Duke of Wellington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scrope Berdmore Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrope_Berdmore_Davies"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Frances Webster did then take as her lover the Regency dandy Scrope Berdmore Davies.[24]Frances and Byron kept in touch, Frances sending \"long, overwrought letters\".[25] In 1823, when the Websters' marriage had broken down, and Byron was trying to raise some cash from the loan to James Webster from ten years before, she wrote to him at Genoa from Paris, as a friend.[26]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Wedderburn-Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wedderburn-Webster"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELodge1839358-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedderburn1898335-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedderburn1898334-29"},{"link_name":"Caen Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedderburn1898334-29"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedderburn1898335-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedderburn1898334-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedderburn1898334-29"},{"link_name":"Marquis de Lally-Tollendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Lally-Tollendal"},{"link_name":"debtors' prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debtors%27_prison"}],"text":"On 10 October 1810 Frances married James Wedderburn-Webster,[27] known as \"Bold\" Webster. They had five children:Lucy Sarah Anne (1812–1864)[28]\nCharles Byron (born 1815–1817).[29] Born in Paris on 28 August 1815 he died at Nantes on October 1817. He was buried in Caen Cathedral, where there is a monument to him.[29][a]\nCharles Francis (1820–1886)[28]\nAugustus George (1821–1845)[29]\nGeorge Gordon Trophime-Gérard de Lally-Tollendal (1827–1875)[29] (see Marquis de Lally-Tollendal)The Websters spent their later years in penury, due to the husband's extravagance. When Frances died in 1837 her husband was reportedly in a debtors' prison. He died in 1840.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Richmond's ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_of_Richmond%27s_ball"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronMarchand197628_1-0"},{"link_name":"Byron & Marchand 1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFByronMarchand1976"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Mosley 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMosley2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Mosley 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMosley2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-307-77327-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-77327-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Byron's \"Corbeau Blanc\": The Life and Letters of Lady Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lSxTHfP5EyEC&pg=PA155"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89096-672-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-672-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Augusta Leigh: Byron's Half-sister : a Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/augustaleighbyro0000bake/page/112"},{"link_name":"112-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/augustaleighbyro0000bake/page/112"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7126-6560-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6560-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Byron and Newstead: The Aristocrat and the Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=PO1U7__SGkcC&pg=PA169"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-87413-751-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-751-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/74133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F74133"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-8437-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8437-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-8437-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8437-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-8437-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8437-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-8437-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8437-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-8437-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8437-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-8437-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8437-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Alas! the Love of Women\": 1813–1814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=EnZ9c4KvQQEC&pg=PR13"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-08942-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08942-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Liberty and Poetic Licence: New Essays on Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lyljYR5Ga0oC&pg=PA21"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-85323-589-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-589-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"The Palgrave Literary Dictionary of Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_Rh_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-230-24541-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-24541-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy2014327_18-0"},{"link_name":"MacCarthy 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMacCarthy2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkleyHanley1992191%E2%80%93192_19-0"},{"link_name":"Brinkley & Hanley 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrinkleyHanley1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-8437-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8437-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Wellington: Waterloo and the Fortunes of Peace 1814–1852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5EfCCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA56"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-21404-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21404-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Muir_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Muir_22-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Muir_22-2"},{"link_name":"Wellington: Waterloo and the Fortunes of Peace 1814–1852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5EfCCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA91"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-21404-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21404-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Proceedings on the Trial of a Special Action on the Case, by James Webster Wedderburn Webster, Esq., and Lady Frances Caroline Webster Wedderburn Webster, his Wife, against Charles Baldwin, for a Libel; in the Court of Common Pleas, at Westminster, on Friday, the 16th of February 1816. Taken in short-hand by Mr. W. B. Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0RObC2GNFdEC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/59368","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F59368"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780198614128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198614128"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27821958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/27821958"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-8437-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8437-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge1839358_27-0"},{"link_name":"Lodge 1839","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLodge1839"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedderburn1898335_28-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedderburn1898335_28-1"},{"link_name":"Wedderburn 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWedderburn1898"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedderburn1898334_29-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedderburn1898334_29-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedderburn1898334_29-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedderburn1898334_29-3"},{"link_name":"Wedderburn 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWedderburn1898"}],"text":"^ Frances was heavily pregnant with a child, who was christened Charles Byron, when she attended the Duchess of Richmond's ball and sat next to the Duke of Wellington.^ Byron & Marchand 1976, p. 28.\n\n^ Mosley 2003, p. 3976\n\n^ Mosley 2003, p. 4095\n\n^ Eisler, Benita (2011). Byron: Child of Passion, Fool of Fame. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-307-77327-2.\n\n^ Melbourne, Viscountess Elizabeth Milbanke Lamb (1998). Byron's \"Corbeau Blanc\": The Life and Letters of Lady Melbourne. Texas A&M University Press. p. 155 note 97. ISBN 978-0-89096-672-3.\n\n^ Bakewell, Michael; Bakewell, Melissa (2002). Augusta Leigh: Byron's Half-sister : a Biography. Pimlico. pp. 112-3. ISBN 978-0-7126-6560-5.\n\n^ Beckett, J. V.; Aley, Sheila (2001). Byron and Newstead: The Aristocrat and the Abbey. University of Delaware Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-87413-751-4.\n\n^ Lloyd-Jones, Ralph. \"Rushton, Robert\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/74133. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ Stewart, John (2014). Byron and the Websters: The Letters and Entangled Lives of the Poet, Sir James Webster and Lady Frances Webster. McFarland. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-7864-8437-9.\n\n^ Stewart, John (2014). Byron and the Websters: The Letters and Entangled Lives of the Poet, Sir James Webster and Lady Frances Webster. McFarland. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7864-8437-9.\n\n^ Stewart, John (2014). Byron and the Websters: The Letters and Entangled Lives of the Poet, Sir James Webster and Lady Frances Webster. McFarland. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-0-7864-8437-9.\n\n^ Stewart, John (2014). Byron and the Websters: The Letters and Entangled Lives of the Poet, Sir James Webster and Lady Frances Webster. McFarland. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-0-7864-8437-9.\n\n^ Stewart, John (2014). Byron and the Websters: The Letters and Entangled Lives of the Poet, Sir James Webster and Lady Frances Webster. McFarland. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-7864-8437-9.\n\n^ Stewart, John (2014). Byron and the Websters: The Letters and Entangled Lives of the Poet, Sir James Webster and Lady Frances Webster. McFarland. pp. 53–55. ISBN 978-0-7864-8437-9.\n\n^ Byron, George Gordon Byron Baron (1974). \"Alas! the Love of Women\": 1813–1814. Harvard University Press. p. xiii. ISBN 978-0-674-08942-6.\n\n^ Beatty, Bernard G.; Robinson, Charles; Howe, Tony; Robinson, Charles E. (2008). Liberty and Poetic Licence: New Essays on Byron. Liverpool University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-85323-589-7.\n\n^ Garrett, M. (2010). The Palgrave Literary Dictionary of Byron. Springer. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-230-24541-9.\n\n^ MacCarthy 2014, pp. 327.\n\n^ Brinkley & Hanley 1992, pp. 191–192.\n\n^ Stewart, John (2014). Byron and the Websters: The Letters and Entangled Lives of the Poet, Sir James Webster and Lady Frances Webster. McFarland. pp. 171–2. ISBN 978-0-7864-8437-9.\n\n^ Muir, Rory (2015). Wellington: Waterloo and the Fortunes of Peace 1814–1852. Yale University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-300-21404-8.\n\n^ a b c Muir, Rory (2015). Wellington: Waterloo and the Fortunes of Peace 1814–1852. Yale University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-300-21404-8.\n\n^ Proceedings on the Trial of a Special Action on the Case, by James Webster Wedderburn Webster, Esq., and Lady Frances Caroline Webster Wedderburn Webster, his Wife, against Charles Baldwin, for a Libel; in the Court of Common Pleas, at Westminster, on Friday, the 16th of February 1816. Taken in short-hand by Mr. W. B. Gurney. 1816.\n\n^ Peach, Annette (23 September 2004). \"Davies, Scrope Berdmore (1782–1852), dandy and friend of Lord Byron\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/59368. ISBN 9780198614128. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ Janice Cavell, Lady Lucy Barry and Evangelical Reading on the First Franklin Expedition, Arctic Vol. 63, No. 2 (June 2010), pp. 131–140, at p. 133. Published by: Arctic Institute of North America JSTOR 27821958\n\n^ Stewart, John (2014). Byron and the Websters: The Letters and Entangled Lives of the Poet, Sir James Webster and Lady Frances Webster. McFarland. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-7864-8437-9.\n\n^ Lodge 1839, p. 358.\n\n^ a b Wedderburn 1898, p. 335.\n\n^ a b c d Wedderburn 1898, p. 334.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"Eisler, Benita (2011). Byron: Child of Passion, Fool of Fame. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-307-77327-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-77327-2","url_text":"978-0-307-77327-2"}]},{"reference":"Melbourne, Viscountess Elizabeth Milbanke Lamb (1998). Byron's \"Corbeau Blanc\": The Life and Letters of Lady Melbourne. Texas A&M University Press. p. 155 note 97. ISBN 978-0-89096-672-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lSxTHfP5EyEC&pg=PA155","url_text":"Byron's \"Corbeau Blanc\": The Life and Letters of Lady Melbourne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-672-3","url_text":"978-0-89096-672-3"}]},{"reference":"Bakewell, Michael; Bakewell, Melissa (2002). Augusta Leigh: Byron's Half-sister : a Biography. Pimlico. pp. 112-3. ISBN 978-0-7126-6560-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/augustaleighbyro0000bake/page/112","url_text":"Augusta Leigh: Byron's Half-sister : a Biography"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/augustaleighbyro0000bake/page/112","url_text":"112-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6560-5","url_text":"978-0-7126-6560-5"}]},{"reference":"Beckett, J. V.; Aley, Sheila (2001). Byron and Newstead: The Aristocrat and the Abbey. University of Delaware Press. p. 169. 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ISBN 9780198614128.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F59368","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/59368"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198614128","url_text":"9780198614128"}]},{"reference":"Stewart, John (2014). Byron and the Websters: The Letters and Entangled Lives of the Poet, Sir James Webster and Lady Frances Webster. McFarland. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-7864-8437-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8437-9","url_text":"978-0-7864-8437-9"}]},{"reference":"Brinkley, Robert; Hanley, Keith (1992), Romantic Revisions, Cambridge University Press, p. 191, ISBN 978-0-521-38074-4","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aog36D94QIMC&pg=PA191","url_text":"191"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38074-4","url_text":"978-0-521-38074-4"}]},{"reference":"Byron, George Gordon Byron Baron; Marchand, Leslie Alexis (1976), \"So Late into the Night\": 1816-1817, Harvard University Press, p. 28, ISBN 978-0-674-08945-7","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iZ-pzMZmXLsC&pg=PA28","url_text":"28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08945-7","url_text":"978-0-674-08945-7"}]},{"reference":"Lodge, Edmund (1839), The Peerage of the British Empire as at Present Existing: Arranged and Printed from the Personal Communications of the Nobility, Saunders and Otley, p. 358","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eITUAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA358","url_text":"358"}]},{"reference":"MacCarthy, Fiona (2014), Byron: Life and Legend, Hodder & Stoughton, p. 327, ISBN 978-1-4447-9987-3","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aFFzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT327","url_text":"327"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4447-9987-3","url_text":"978-1-4447-9987-3"}]},{"reference":"Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003), Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage (107th in 3 volumes ed.), Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.: Burke's Peerage, pp. 3976, 4095","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wedderburn, Alexander Dundas Ogilvy (1898), The Wedderburn book: a history of the Wedderburns in the counties of Berwick, and Forfar, Printed for private circulation","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ivM7AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Wedderburn book: a history of the Wedderburns in the counties of Berwick, and Forfar"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka_reliquary
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Kanishka Casket
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["1 History and description","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
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Buddhist reliquary in Peshawar Museum, Pakistan
Kanishka casketThe "Kanishka Casket", dated to 127 CE, with the Buddha surrounded by Indra and Brahma. Kanishka appears in the lower part among the scrolls, British Museum.Created2nd century CEPresent locationPeshawar Museum, Pakistan (a copy is in British Museum, London)Kanishka stupaShow map of PakistanKanishka stupaShow map of Gandhara
Detail of the Buddha, surrounded by cherubs, with devotee or bodhisattava
The Kanishka casket or Kanishka reliquary, is a Buddhist reliquary made in gilded copper, and dated to the first year of the reign of the Kushan emperor Kanishka, in 127 CE. It is now in the Peshawar Museum in the historic city of Peshawar, Pakistan.
History and description
It was discovered in a deposit chamber under the monumental Kanishka stupa (described by Chinese pilgrims in the 7th century as the tallest stupa in all India), during the archeological excavations in 1908-1909 in Shah-ji-Dheri on the outskirts of Peshawar. It is said to have contained three bone fragments of the Buddha, which were forwarded to Burma by the British following the excavation, where they still remain.
The casket is today at the Peshawar Museum, and a copy is in the British Museum. The casket is dedicated in Kharoshthi. The inscription reads:
Inscription of the Kanishka casket
Inscription
Original (Kharosthi script(Read from right to left))
Transliteration
English translation
Line 2
𐨐𐨞𐨁𐨮𐨿𐨐𐨤𐨂𐨪𐨅 𐨞𐨒𐨪𐨅 𐨀𐨩𐨎 𐨒𐨢𐨐𐨪𐨎𐨜𐨅 𐨨𐨱𐨪𐨗𐨯 𐨐𐨞𐨁
Kaṇiṣkapure ṇagare ayaṃ gadhakaraṃḍe maharajasa Kaṇi-
In Kaṇiṣkapura city, this incense box is the great king Kanishka's
Line 4
𐨮𐨿𐨐𐨯 𐨬𐨁𐨱𐨪𐨅 𐨨𐨱𐨯𐨅𐨣𐨯 𐨯𐨎𐨓𐨪𐨐𐨿𐨮𐨁𐨟𐨯 𐨀𐨒𐨁𐨭𐨫𐨣𐨬𐨐𐨪𐨿𐨨𐨁𐨀𐨣
ṣkasa vihare Mahasenasa Saṃgharakṣitasa agiśalanavakarmiana
monastery's superintendents of construction of the fire hall, Mahasena's and Saṃgharakṣita's,
Line 3
𐨡𐨅𐨩𐨢𐨪𐨿𐨨𐨅 𐨯𐨪𐨿𐨬𐨯𐨟𐨿𐨬𐨣 𐨱𐨁𐨟𐨯𐨂𐨱𐨪𐨿𐨠 𐨧𐨬𐨟𐨂
deyadharme sarvasatvana hitasuhartha bhavatu
donation. May it be for the benefit and pleasure of all living beings.
Line 1
𐨀𐨕𐨪𐨿𐨩𐨣 𐨯𐨪𐨿𐨬𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨁𐨬𐨟𐨁𐨣 𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨁𐨒𐨿𐨪𐨱𐨅
acaryana sarvastivatina pratigrahe
In the possession of the Sarvāstivādin teachers.
Originally it was believed, that the text is signed by the maker, a Greek artist named Agesilas, who oversaw work at Kanishka's stupas (caitya), confirming the direct involvement of Greeks with Buddhist realizations at such a late date: "The servant (dasa) Agisalaos, the superintendent of works at the vihara of Kanishka in the monastery of Mahasena" ("dasa agisala nava-karmi ana*kaniskasa vihara mahasenasa sangharame"). However, a recent cleaning of the casket had shown that the old reading was not accurate. Instead, the name is to be read agnisala, which is the refectory of the monastery.
The lid of the casket shows the Buddha on lotus pedestal, and worshipped by Indra and Brahma.
The edge of the lid is decorated by a frieze of flying geese, or hamsa, symbolizing the travel of departing souls and the removal from samsara. Some of the geese have a wreath of victory in their beak.
The body of the casket represents a Kushan monarch, probably Kanishka in person, with the Iranian Sun god and Moon god at his side. On the sides are two images of a seated Buddha, worshiped a royal figures, possibly a bodhisattava.
A garland, supported by cherubs goes around the scene in typical Hellenistic style.
The relics themselves were forwarded to Burma by the British in 1910 in order to safeguard them. They are today visible in Mandalay. The three fragments of bone are believed to be true relics of Gautama Buddha.
Gallery
Detail of the Indra, Buddha, Brahma trilogy.
Detail of Kanishka, surrounded by the Sun-God and the Moon-God.
Kanishka in the Kanishka Casket (detail)
Detail of the flight of sacred geese, or hamsa.
Buddha relics from Kanishka's stupa in Peshawar, Pakistan, sent by the British to Mandalay, Burma in 1910.
See also
Cetiya
Bimaran reliquary
Rukhuna reliquary
Silver Reliquary of Indravarman
Bajaur casket
Kushan art
Notes
^ Myer, Prudence R. (1966). "Again the Kanishka Casket". The Art Bulletin. 48 (3/4): 396. doi:10.2307/3048396. ISSN 0004-3079.
^ Spooner, D. B. (1908-9): "Excavations at Shāh-ji-Dherī." Archaeological Survey of India, p. 49.
^ Marshall, John H. (1909): "Archaeological Exploration in India, 1908-9." (Section on: "The stūpa of Kanishka and relics of the Buddha"). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1909, pp. 1056-1061.
^ Baums, Stefan. (2012). Catalog and Revised Text and Translations of Gandhāran Reliquary Inscriptions. Gandhāran Buddhist Reliquaries. D. Jongeward. Seattle, University of Washington Press
^ Organ, R.M. (1964). "The Restoration of the Relic Casket from Shāh-jī-kī-ḍherī". The British Museum Quarterly (1): 46–51. ISSN 0007-151X.
^ Translated by B. N. Mukherjee. BMQ, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 41-43. Quoted in: Dobbins, K. Walton. (1971): The Stūpa and Vihāra of Kanishka I. The Asiatic Society of Bengal Monograph Series, Vol. XVIII. Calcutta.
^ Prudence R. Myer: Again the Kanishka Casket, In: The Art Bulletin, Vol. 48, No. 3/4 (Sep.–Dec., 1966), pp. 396–403
References
Baums, Stefan. 2012. "Catalog and Revised Texts and Translations of Gandharan Reliquary Inscriptions." In: David Jongeward, Elizabeth Errington, Richard Salomon and Stefan Baums, Gandharan Buddhist Reliquaries, p. 246, Seattle: Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project (Gandharan Studies, Volume 1).
Baums, Stefan, and Andrew Glass. 2002– . Catalog of Gāndhārī Texts, no. CKI 145
Fenet, Annick (2020): « "In other words, authentic relics of the Buddha himself !" La fouille du stūpa de Kanishka à Shāh-jī-kī-Dherī (février-mars 1909) », in S. Alaura (ed.), Digging in the archives. From the history of oriental studies to the history of ideas, Roma (Documenta Asiana XI), 2020, p. 63-90
External links
Media related to Kanishka casket at Wikimedia Commons
Photograph of the Kanishka casket
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KanishkaBuddhaDetail2.JPG"},{"link_name":"cherubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherubs"},{"link_name":"bodhisattava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattava"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"reliquary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquary"},{"link_name":"Kushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kanishka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka"},{"link_name":"Peshawar Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar_Museum"}],"text":"Detail of the Buddha, surrounded by cherubs, with devotee or bodhisattavaThe Kanishka casket or Kanishka reliquary, is a Buddhist reliquary made in gilded copper, and dated to the first year of the reign of the Kushan emperor Kanishka, in 127 CE. It is now in the Peshawar Museum in the historic city of Peshawar, Pakistan.","title":"Kanishka Casket"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kanishka stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka_stupa"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Peshawar Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar_Museum"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Kharoshthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharoshthi"},{"link_name":"stupas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa"},{"link_name":"dasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasa"},{"link_name":"refectory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refectory"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Indra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra"},{"link_name":"Brahma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma"},{"link_name":"hamsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamsa_bird"},{"link_name":"samsara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara"},{"link_name":"Sun god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_god"},{"link_name":"Moon god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_god"},{"link_name":"bodhisattava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattava"},{"link_name":"cherubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherubs"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"Mandalay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay"},{"link_name":"true relics of Gautama Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha"}],"text":"It was discovered in a deposit chamber under the monumental Kanishka stupa (described by Chinese pilgrims in the 7th century as the tallest stupa in all India), during the archeological excavations in 1908-1909 in Shah-ji-Dheri on the outskirts of Peshawar. It is said to have contained three bone fragments of the Buddha,[2] which were forwarded to Burma by the British following the excavation,[3] where they still remain.The casket is today at the Peshawar Museum, and a copy is in the British Museum. The casket is dedicated in Kharoshthi. The inscription reads:Originally it was believed, that the text is signed by the maker, a Greek artist named Agesilas, who oversaw work at Kanishka's stupas (caitya), confirming the direct involvement of Greeks with Buddhist realizations at such a late date: \"The servant (dasa) Agisalaos, the superintendent of works at the vihara of Kanishka in the monastery of Mahasena\" (\"dasa agisala nava-karmi ana*kaniskasa vihara mahasenasa sangharame\"). However, a recent cleaning of the casket had shown that the old reading was not accurate. Instead, the name is to be read agnisala, which is the refectory of the monastery.[7]The lid of the casket shows the Buddha on lotus pedestal, and worshipped by Indra and Brahma.The edge of the lid is decorated by a frieze of flying geese, or hamsa, symbolizing the travel of departing souls and the removal from samsara. Some of the geese have a wreath of victory in their beak.The body of the casket represents a Kushan monarch, probably Kanishka in person, with the Iranian Sun god and Moon god at his side. On the sides are two images of a seated Buddha, worshiped a royal figures, possibly a bodhisattava.A garland, supported by cherubs goes around the scene in typical Hellenistic style.The relics themselves were forwarded to Burma by the British in 1910 in order to safeguard them. They are today visible in Mandalay. The three fragments of bone are believed to be true relics of Gautama Buddha.","title":"History and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TrilogyDetail.JPG"},{"link_name":"Brahma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KanishkaDetail.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kanishka_in_the_Kanishka_Casket.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GooseDetail.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddha_relics.JPG"},{"link_name":"stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa"},{"link_name":"Mandalay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay"}],"text":"Detail of the Indra, Buddha, Brahma trilogy.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDetail of Kanishka, surrounded by the Sun-God and the Moon-God.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKanishka in the Kanishka Casket (detail)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDetail of the flight of sacred geese, or hamsa.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBuddha relics from Kanishka's stupa in Peshawar, Pakistan, sent by the British to Mandalay, Burma in 1910.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Again the Kanishka Casket\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307/3048396"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3048396","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3048396"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0004-3079","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3079"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"The Restoration of the Relic Casket from Shāh-jī-kī-ḍherī\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/4422850"},{"link_name":"The British Museum Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0007-151X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-151X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/pss/3048396"}],"text":"^ Myer, Prudence R. (1966). \"Again the Kanishka Casket\". The Art Bulletin. 48 (3/4): 396. doi:10.2307/3048396. ISSN 0004-3079.\n\n^ Spooner, D. B. (1908-9): \"Excavations at Shāh-ji-Dherī.\" Archaeological Survey of India, p. 49.\n\n^ Marshall, John H. (1909): \"Archaeological Exploration in India, 1908-9.\" (Section on: \"The stūpa of Kanishka and relics of the Buddha\"). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1909, pp. 1056-1061.\n\n^ Baums, Stefan. (2012). Catalog and Revised Text and Translations of Gandhāran Reliquary Inscriptions. Gandhāran Buddhist Reliquaries. D. Jongeward. Seattle, University of Washington Press\n\n^ Organ, R.M. (1964). \"The Restoration of the Relic Casket from Shāh-jī-kī-ḍherī\". The British Museum Quarterly (1): 46–51. ISSN 0007-151X.\n\n^ Translated by B. N. Mukherjee. BMQ, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 41-43. Quoted in: Dobbins, K. Walton. (1971): The Stūpa and Vihāra of Kanishka I. The Asiatic Society of Bengal Monograph Series, Vol. XVIII. Calcutta.\n\n^ Prudence R. Myer: Again the Kanishka Casket, In: The Art Bulletin, Vol. 48, No. 3/4 (Sep.–Dec., 1966), pp. 396–403 [1]","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Detail of the Buddha, surrounded by cherubs, with devotee or bodhisattava","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/KanishkaBuddhaDetail2.JPG/220px-KanishkaBuddhaDetail2.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Cetiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetiya"},{"title":"Bimaran reliquary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimaran_reliquary"},{"title":"Rukhuna reliquary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukhuna_reliquary"},{"title":"Silver Reliquary of Indravarman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Reliquary_of_Indravarman"},{"title":"Bajaur casket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajaur_casket"},{"title":"Kushan art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_art"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakishima
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Sakishima Islands
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["1 Inhabited islands","2 History","2.1 Ryukyuan control","2.2 Japanese control","2.3 American control","2.4 Today","3 Culture","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 24°42′35″N 124°23′19″E / 24.709652°N 124.388477°E / 24.709652; 124.388477Island group within Ryukyu Islands
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Sakishima IslandsNative name: 先島諸島 (Sakishima-shotō)先島群島 (Sakishima-guntō)Sachishima (Okinawan)Saksїzїma (Miyako)Sakїzїma (Yaeyama)Satichima (Yonaguni)Map of the Sakishima Islands (Yonaguni Island not shown)Sakishima IslandsGeographyLocationBetween the southern border of the East China Sea and northwestern border of the Philippine SeaCoordinates24°42′35″N 124°23′19″E / 24.709652°N 124.388477°E / 24.709652; 124.388477ArchipelagoJapanese ArchipelagoTotal islands44 (20 inhabited)Major islandsIriomoteIshigakiMiyakoArea818.45 km2 (316.01 sq mi)Highest elevation526.0 m (1725.7 ft)Highest pointMount OmotoAdministrationJapanPrefectureOkinawaMunicipalitiesMiyakojimaIshigakiMiyako District (Tarama)Yaeyama District (Taketomi, Yonaguni)Largest cityMiyakojima (pop. 54,931 (2020))DemographicsPopulation107,244 (October 1, 2020)Pop. density131.0/km2 (339.3/sq mi)LanguagesJapaneseEthnic groupsJapanese, RyukyuanAdditional informationTime zoneJST (UTC+9) • Summer (DST)not observed (UTC+9)
View of the Sakishima Islands from the ISS
The Sakishima Islands (先島諸島, Sakishima-shotō) (or 先島群島, Sakishima-guntō) (Okinawan: Sachishima, Miyako: Saksїzїma, Yaeyama: Sakїzїma, Yonaguni: Satichima) are an archipelago located at the southernmost end of the Japanese Archipelago. They are part of the Ryukyu Islands and include the Miyako Islands and the Yaeyama Islands. The islands are administered as part of Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.
Inhabited islands
Sakishima Islands
Miyako Islands (former Miyako Subprefecture)
Miyakojima City
Ikema Island (Ikema-jima)
Irabu Island (Irabu-jima)
Kurima Island (Kurima-jima)
Miyako Island (Miyako-jima)
Ōgami Island (Ōgami-jima)
Shimoji Island (Shimoji-shima)
Tarama Village
Tarama Island (Tarama-jima)
Minna Island (Minna-jima)
Yaeyama Islands (former Yaeyama Subprefecture)
Ishigaki City
Ishigaki Island (Ishigaki-jima)
Taketomi Town
Aragusuku Island (Aragusuku-jima)
Hateruma Island (Hateruma-jima)
Iriomote Island (Iriomote-jima)
Kohama Island (Kohama-jima)
Kuroshima Island (Kuroshima)
Taketomi Island (Taketomi-jima)
Yubu Island (Yubu-jima)
Yonaguni Town
Yonaguni Island (Yonaguni-jima)
Ikema Bridge, between Miyako and Ikema
Shimoji
Tarama
Ishigaki
Taketomi
Kuroshima
Iriomote
Yonaguni
History
The Sakishima Islands were first documented in the Shoku Nihongi (797), which says that in 714 Ō no Ason Okeji (太朝臣遠建治) paid tribute to Dazaifu with 52 islanders from Amami (奄美), Shigaki (信覚), Kumi (球美) and other islands. Shigaki is believed to be the current Ishigaki (石垣), Kumi to be the current Kume (久米) or Komi (古見) settlement of Iriomote. The History of Yuan (1370) documented a castaway from Mìyágǔ (密牙古) arrived to Wenzhou in 1317. This is believed to be the first documentation of Miyako (宮古).
Stone tools and shell tools from 2,500 years ago have been excavated from shell mounds on the Sakishima Islands. Shell tools of the same era are also found in Taiwan and the Philippines, but not on Okinawa Island or Amami. Thus those islands are thought to have had a stronger or closer cultural relationship with Taiwan, the Philippines, and other regions which are Austronesian-speaking.
Local earthenware was made beginning in the 11th century. Many local leaders, known as aji, appeared in the 15th century. At the same time, the political authorities on Okinawa saw the outlying islands as useful stopping points along a maritime trade route, and gradually enhanced their influence. Yohanashiidu Tuyumya (与那覇勢頭豊見親) unified Miyako in 1365, and paid tribute to Satto, the king of the Chūzan kingdom of Okinawa.
Ryukyuan control
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In 1500, Oyake Akahachi (遠弥計赤蜂 or 於屋計赤蜂), Aji of Ishigaki, unified most of the Yaeyama Islands and rose up in resistance against the Ryukyu Kingdom by refusing to pay further tribute. As he was planning to invade Miyako, Nakasone Tuyumya (仲宗根豊見親), Aji of Miyako, discovered the plan and launched a preemptive invasion of the Yaeyama Islands. Oyake Akahachi was defeated at Furusutobaru Castle, and Nakasone Tuyumya went on to conquer Yonaguni. King Shō Shin of Ryukyu responded to the initial rebellion by sending troops, but they arrived at Miyako after most of the fighting had ended. The Ryukyuan army consisted of 3,000 soldiers and 100 ships; Nakasone Tuyumya chose to surrender instead of fighting, handing over all of the Sakishima Islands to Ryukyu.
The Shimazu clan of the Japanese feudal domain of Satsuma invaded the kingdom during the 1609 Invasion of Ryukyu. Satsuma was able to capture Shuri Castle and King Shō Nei by early May, then sent a message to the Sakishima Islands demanding their surrender, which they complied with. In the following centuries of vassalage to Satsuma, the Ryukyuan government was placed under extreme tax pressure, and instituted a heavy poll tax in the Sakishima Islands. As a result of the extreme economic conditions, infanticide and other methods of population control became common, as they did throughout the Ryukyu Islands; remains of the sites where this took place can still be found throughout the Sakishima Islands. Yaeyama islanders were taxed even more heavily than those of Miyako, as the rebel Oyake Akahachi was from Yaeyama. The kingdom prohibited migration of islanders, isolating them to prevent group resistance. The Yaeyama earthquake in 1771 caused a tsunami which killed 12,000, or a half of the entire Sakishima population. Because the soil was adversely affected by salination, famines were frequent, and the population of the islands further decreased until the early Meiji period.
Japanese control
After the Meiji Restoration, in 1872, the Japanese government unilaterally declared that the Ryukyu Kingdom was then Ryukyu Domain and began incorporating the islands as a part of Japan. In 1879, after the Ryukyuan government resisted and disobeyed orders from Tokyo, Japan abolished the domain, deposed the king, and established Okinawa Prefecture. The Qing dynasty of China, however, opposed the action, claiming sovereignty over the former kingdom. Japan proposed to cede the Sakishima Islands, provided China add "most favored nation" status of Japan to the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Amity. China agreed at first, but after objections from Viceroy Li Hongzhang, the agreement was not made. China effectively conceded its claims to sovereignty over Ryukyu, including the Sakishima Islands, following its defeat by Japan in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95.
The modernization of Sakishima by the Japanese government was slow compared with Japan or even Okinawa. The heavy poll tax continued until as late as 1903. Meanwhile, the islands, as well as Taiwan, used Western Standard Time (UTC+8) until 1937, 1 hour behind the Central Standard Time of Japan (UTC+9).
A notice board by the Yaeyama Community Association, December 1945
During World War II, there was an air battle waged against the Sakishima Islands' two largest islands that lasted for 82 days in order to neutralize Kamikaze airfields. Twenty-five US escort carriers, five larger fast carriers with their air groups consisting of fighters and torpedo bombers along with heavy naval patrol bombers and an assortment of DD-Destroyers and DE-Destroyer Escorts along with the British Pacific Fleet bombed, rocketed and fired their guns at runways and other targets daily while the land battle raged on Okinawa 175 miles away. This was the least publicized battle for its size that took place involving the Americans and British during the war. The thirty-two thousand seasoned Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and Naval (IJN) troops on Miyako did not surrender until 27 days after Japan formally surrendered. The amount of ordnance expended against the Sakishima Islands may have exceeded the ordnance spent on the island of Iwo Jima. The Sakishima Islands did not suffer a ground invasion during World War II, although a great deal of anti-submarine warfare and convoy battles took place in the waters immediately surrounding the archipelago in the years leading up to the Okinawa campaign. A number of American and Japanese submarines were lost on the approaches to these islands as they formed a vital outlying defense to the Empire's shipping bottlenecks in the Formosa (Taiwan) and Luzon Straits.
In June 1945, the Japanese government ordered locals to evacuate to northern Ishigaki and Iriomote, where 3,647 of them lost their lives to malaria. In contrast, air raids killed much fewer: 174. After the Imperial Japanese Army was defeated on Okinawa later that month, there was a vacuum of military and government control in the Sakishima Islands. Some garrison troops robbed crops from farms or engaged in violence against locals. To counter them, the residents of Ishigaki formed the Yaeyama Community Association (八重山自治会). Since it acted as a temporary local government, some historians later described the association as the Yaeyama Republic (八重山共和国).
American control
United States Occupation authorities declared the establishment of military rule in December 1945, restoring Miyako Subprefecture and Yaeyama Subprefecture. The local association ceased operation. In 1952, the Treaty of San Francisco confirmed these islands to be under American control. Malaria was eradicated from the island in 1961. The islands were returned to Japan in 1972, along with the rest of Okinawa Prefecture.
Today
Today the Sakishima Islands enjoy a thriving tourist industry. As part of the Sakishima Islands are the Senkaku Islands, which fall under Okinawa Prefecture and Ishigaki City politically. The Japanese Self Defense Force and Japan Coast Guard maintain a large presence in the Sakishima Islands.
Culture
There are three native languages on the islands; Miyako language on the Miyako Islands, Yonaguni language on Yonaguni, and Yaeyama language on the other Yaeyama Islands. All these languages belong to the Southern Ryukyuan branch of the Ryukyuan languages group, which in turn belong to the Japonic languages group. These languages are not mutually intelligible. As on Okinawa, therefore, standard Japanese language is used in formal situations, while Okinawan Japanese, that is, standard Japanese with native Ryukyuan words, pronunciation changes, etc. mixed in, is quite commonly used as well.
See also
1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami
References
^ 平成22年 全国都道府県市区町村別面積調 (PDF) (in Japanese). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
^ a b 平成22年国勢調査確報値 沖縄県の人口、世帯、住居 (in Japanese). Okinawa Prefecture Planning Department Statistics Division. 2010. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ a b Shimoji Kazuhiro 下地和宏, Tōji bōeki to Miyako 陶磁交易と宮古, Nichiryū bōeki no reimei 日琉交易の黎明, pp. 327–346, 2008.
^ Miyako US and British Military History Ref. Declassified US Naval records and National Archives holdings compiled in "Wings over Sakishima" by Fredio Samples, ISBN 978-0-615-39668-2 Author's permission granted.
External links
Media related to Sakishima Islands at Wikimedia Commons
(in Japanese) 八重山地方の歴史 (The history of Yaeyama region) and 宮古地方の歴史 (The history of Miyako region) from mahae plus, Okinawa Convention & Visitors Bureau official website
Authority control databases: National
Germany
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Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimojishima"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tarama,_Okinawa.svg"},{"link_name":"Tarama Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarama,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Minna Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnajima_(Tarama,_Okinawa)"},{"link_name":"Yaeyama Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaeyama_Islands"},{"link_name":"Yaeyama Subprefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaeyama_Subprefecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ishigaki,_Okinawa.svg"},{"link_name":"Ishigaki City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishigaki,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Ishigaki Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishigaki_Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Taketomi,_Okinawa.svg"},{"link_name":"Taketomi Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taketomi,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Aragusuku Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragusuku_Islands"},{"link_name":"Hateruma Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hateruma"},{"link_name":"Iriomote Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriomote"},{"link_name":"Kohama Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohamajima"},{"link_name":"Kuroshima Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuroshima,_Taketomi,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Taketomi Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taketomi"},{"link_name":"Yubu Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yubu_Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Yonaguni,_Okinawa.svg"},{"link_name":"Yonaguni Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonaguni,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Yonaguni Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonaguni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miyako_ikema_bridge.JPG"},{"link_name":"Miyako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyako-jima"},{"link_name":"Ikema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikemajima"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shimojijima-airport.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shimoji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimojishima"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tarama.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarama,_Okinawa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kabira_Bay_Ishigaki_Island39bs3s4500.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ishigaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishigaki_Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Village_in_Taketomi_Island_-_located_at_southwest_Japan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Taketomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taketomi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%BB%92%E5%B3%B6Img499.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kuroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuroshima,_Taketomi,_Okinawa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Funauki_iriomote_island.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iriomote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriomote"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yonaguni_agarizaki.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yonaguni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonaguni"}],"text":"Sakishima IslandsMiyako Islands (former Miyako Subprefecture)\n Miyakojima City\nIkema Island (Ikema-jima)\nIrabu Island (Irabu-jima)\nKurima Island (Kurima-jima)\nMiyako Island (Miyako-jima)\nŌgami Island (Ōgami-jima)\nShimoji Island (Shimoji-shima)\n Tarama Village\nTarama Island (Tarama-jima)\nMinna Island (Minna-jima)\nYaeyama Islands (former Yaeyama Subprefecture)\n Ishigaki City\nIshigaki Island (Ishigaki-jima)\n Taketomi Town\nAragusuku Island (Aragusuku-jima)\nHateruma Island (Hateruma-jima)\nIriomote Island (Iriomote-jima)\nKohama Island (Kohama-jima)\nKuroshima Island (Kuroshima)\nTaketomi Island (Taketomi-jima)\nYubu Island (Yubu-jima)\n Yonaguni Town\nYonaguni Island (Yonaguni-jima)Ikema Bridge, between Miyako and Ikema\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShimoji\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTarama\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIshigaki\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTaketomi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKuroshima\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIriomote\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYonaguni","title":"Inhabited islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shoku Nihongi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoku_Nihongi"},{"link_name":"Dazaifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazaifu,_Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"Amami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amami_%C5%8Cshima"},{"link_name":"Ishigaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishigaki_Island"},{"link_name":"Kume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumejima_Island"},{"link_name":"Iriomote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriomote"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shimoji2008-3"},{"link_name":"History of Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Yuan"},{"link_name":"Wenzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzhou"},{"link_name":"Miyako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyako-jima"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shimoji2008-3"},{"link_name":"shell mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midden"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Island"},{"link_name":"Austronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"aji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aji_(Ryukyu)"},{"link_name":"Satto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satto"},{"link_name":"Chūzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABzan"}],"text":"The Sakishima Islands were first documented in the Shoku Nihongi (797), which says that in 714 Ō no Ason Okeji (太朝臣遠建治) paid tribute to Dazaifu with 52 islanders from Amami (奄美), Shigaki (信覚), Kumi (球美) and other islands. Shigaki is believed to be the current Ishigaki (石垣), Kumi to be the current Kume (久米) or Komi (古見) settlement of Iriomote.[3] The History of Yuan (1370) documented a castaway from Mìyágǔ (密牙古) arrived to Wenzhou in 1317. This is believed to be the first documentation of Miyako (宮古).[3]Stone tools and shell tools from 2,500 years ago have been excavated from shell mounds on the Sakishima Islands. Shell tools of the same era are also found in Taiwan and the Philippines, but not on Okinawa Island or Amami. Thus those islands are thought to have had a stronger or closer cultural relationship with Taiwan, the Philippines, and other regions which are Austronesian-speaking.Local earthenware was made beginning in the 11th century. Many local leaders, known as aji, appeared in the 15th century. At the same time, the political authorities on Okinawa saw the outlying islands as useful stopping points along a maritime trade route, and gradually enhanced their influence. Yohanashiidu Tuyumya (与那覇勢頭豊見親) unified Miyako in 1365, and paid tribute to Satto, the king of the Chūzan kingdom of Okinawa.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oyake Akahachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyake_Akahachi"},{"link_name":"Yaeyama Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaeyama_Islands"},{"link_name":"Ryukyu Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Furusutobaru Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furusutobaru_Castle"},{"link_name":"Yonaguni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonaguni"},{"link_name":"Shō Shin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_Shin"},{"link_name":"Ryukyuan army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_Ryukyu_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Shimazu clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimazu_clan"},{"link_name":"feudal domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(administrative_division)"},{"link_name":"Satsuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsuma_Domain"},{"link_name":"Invasion of Ryukyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Ryukyu"},{"link_name":"Shuri Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuri_Castle"},{"link_name":"Shō Nei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_Nei"},{"link_name":"poll tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_per_head"},{"link_name":"infanticide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanticide"},{"link_name":"Yaeyama earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1771_Great_Yaeyama_Tsunami"},{"link_name":"tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami"},{"link_name":"salination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_salinity"},{"link_name":"Meiji period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_period"}],"sub_title":"Ryukyuan control","text":"In 1500, Oyake Akahachi (遠弥計赤蜂 or 於屋計赤蜂), Aji of Ishigaki, unified most of the Yaeyama Islands and rose up in resistance against the Ryukyu Kingdom by refusing to pay further tribute. As he was planning to invade Miyako, Nakasone Tuyumya (仲宗根豊見親), Aji of Miyako, discovered the plan and launched a preemptive invasion of the Yaeyama Islands. Oyake Akahachi was defeated at Furusutobaru Castle, and Nakasone Tuyumya went on to conquer Yonaguni. King Shō Shin of Ryukyu responded to the initial rebellion by sending troops, but they arrived at Miyako after most of the fighting had ended. The Ryukyuan army consisted of 3,000 soldiers and 100 ships; Nakasone Tuyumya chose to surrender instead of fighting, handing over all of the Sakishima Islands to Ryukyu.The Shimazu clan of the Japanese feudal domain of Satsuma invaded the kingdom during the 1609 Invasion of Ryukyu. Satsuma was able to capture Shuri Castle and King Shō Nei by early May, then sent a message to the Sakishima Islands demanding their surrender, which they complied with. In the following centuries of vassalage to Satsuma, the Ryukyuan government was placed under extreme tax pressure, and instituted a heavy poll tax in the Sakishima Islands. As a result of the extreme economic conditions, infanticide and other methods of population control became common, as they did throughout the Ryukyu Islands; remains of the sites where this took place can still be found throughout the Sakishima Islands. Yaeyama islanders were taxed even more heavily than those of Miyako, as the rebel Oyake Akahachi was from Yaeyama. The kingdom prohibited migration of islanders, isolating them to prevent group resistance. The Yaeyama earthquake in 1771 caused a tsunami which killed 12,000, or a half of the entire Sakishima population. Because the soil was adversely affected by salination, famines were frequent, and the population of the islands further decreased until the early Meiji period.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meiji Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Ryukyu Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Domain"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"most favored nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_favored_nation"},{"link_name":"Sino-Japanese Treaty of Amity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Japanese_Treaty_of_Amity&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Li Hongzhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Hongzhang"},{"link_name":"Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule"},{"link_name":"Western Standard Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B8"},{"link_name":"UTC+9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yaeyama_Islands_Notice_board_in_1945.JPG"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Kamikaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikaze"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"escort carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort_carrier"},{"link_name":"fast carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fast_carrier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"British Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"on Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"Naval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"八重山自治会","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%B1%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E4%BC%9A"}],"sub_title":"Japanese control","text":"After the Meiji Restoration, in 1872, the Japanese government unilaterally declared that the Ryukyu Kingdom was then Ryukyu Domain and began incorporating the islands as a part of Japan. In 1879, after the Ryukyuan government resisted and disobeyed orders from Tokyo, Japan abolished the domain, deposed the king, and established Okinawa Prefecture. The Qing dynasty of China, however, opposed the action, claiming sovereignty over the former kingdom. Japan proposed to cede the Sakishima Islands, provided China add \"most favored nation\" status of Japan to the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Amity. China agreed at first, but after objections from Viceroy Li Hongzhang, the agreement was not made. China effectively conceded its claims to sovereignty over Ryukyu, including the Sakishima Islands, following its defeat by Japan in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95.The modernization of Sakishima by the Japanese government was slow compared with Japan or even Okinawa. The heavy poll tax continued until as late as 1903. Meanwhile, the islands, as well as Taiwan, used Western Standard Time (UTC+8) until 1937, 1 hour behind the Central Standard Time of Japan (UTC+9).A notice board by the Yaeyama Community Association, December 1945During World War II, there was an air battle waged against the Sakishima Islands' two largest islands that lasted for 82 days in order to neutralize Kamikaze airfields.[4] Twenty-five US escort carriers, five larger fast carriers with their air groups consisting of fighters and torpedo bombers along with heavy naval patrol bombers and an assortment of DD-Destroyers and DE-Destroyer Escorts along with the British Pacific Fleet bombed, rocketed and fired their guns at runways and other targets daily while the land battle raged on Okinawa 175 miles away. This was the least publicized battle for its size that took place involving the Americans and British during the war. The thirty-two thousand seasoned Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and Naval (IJN) troops on Miyako did not surrender until 27 days after Japan formally surrendered. The amount of ordnance expended against the Sakishima Islands may have exceeded the ordnance spent on the island of Iwo Jima. The Sakishima Islands did not suffer a ground invasion during World War II, although a great deal of anti-submarine warfare and convoy battles took place in the waters immediately surrounding the archipelago in the years leading up to the Okinawa campaign. A number of American and Japanese submarines were lost on the approaches to these islands as they formed a vital outlying defense to the Empire's shipping bottlenecks in the Formosa (Taiwan) and Luzon Straits.[citation needed]In June 1945, the Japanese government ordered locals to evacuate to northern Ishigaki and Iriomote, where 3,647 of them lost their lives to malaria. In contrast, air raids killed much fewer: 174. After the Imperial Japanese Army was defeated on Okinawa later that month, there was a vacuum of military and government control in the Sakishima Islands. Some garrison troops robbed crops from farms or engaged in violence against locals. To counter them, the residents of Ishigaki formed the Yaeyama Community Association (八重山自治会). Since it acted as a temporary local government, some historians later described the association as the Yaeyama Republic (八重山共和国).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Occupation authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands"},{"link_name":"Miyako Subprefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyako_Subprefecture"},{"link_name":"Yaeyama Subprefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaeyama_Subprefecture"},{"link_name":"Treaty of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco"}],"sub_title":"American control","text":"United States Occupation authorities declared the establishment of military rule in December 1945, restoring Miyako Subprefecture and Yaeyama Subprefecture. The local association ceased operation. In 1952, the Treaty of San Francisco confirmed these islands to be under American control. Malaria was eradicated from the island in 1961. The islands were returned to Japan in 1972, along with the rest of Okinawa Prefecture.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senkaku Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkaku_Islands"},{"link_name":"Japanese Self Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Self_Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"Japan Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Coast_Guard"}],"sub_title":"Today","text":"Today the Sakishima Islands enjoy a thriving tourist industry. As part of the Sakishima Islands are the Senkaku Islands, which fall under Okinawa Prefecture and Ishigaki City politically. The Japanese Self Defense Force and Japan Coast Guard maintain a large presence in the Sakishima Islands.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miyako language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyako_language"},{"link_name":"Yonaguni language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonaguni_language"},{"link_name":"Yaeyama language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaeyama_language"},{"link_name":"Southern Ryukyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ryukyuan_languages"},{"link_name":"Ryukyuan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages"},{"link_name":"Japonic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonic_languages"},{"link_name":"Japanese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Okinawan Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_Japanese"}],"text":"There are three native languages on the islands; Miyako language on the Miyako Islands, Yonaguni language on Yonaguni, and Yaeyama language on the other Yaeyama Islands. All these languages belong to the Southern Ryukyuan branch of the Ryukyuan languages group, which in turn belong to the Japonic languages group. These languages are not mutually intelligible. As on Okinawa, therefore, standard Japanese language is used in formal situations, while Okinawan Japanese, that is, standard Japanese with native Ryukyuan words, pronunciation changes, etc. mixed in, is quite commonly used as well.","title":"Culture"}]
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[{"image_text":"View of the Sakishima Islands from the ISS","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sakishima_Islands_ISS039.jpg/250px-Sakishima_Islands_ISS039.jpg"},{"image_text":"A notice board by the Yaeyama Community Association, December 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Yaeyama_Islands_Notice_board_in_1945.JPG/220px-Yaeyama_Islands_Notice_board_in_1945.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1771_Great_Yaeyama_Tsunami"}]
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[{"reference":"平成22年 全国都道府県市区町村別面積調 [2010 National Administrative Divisions Area Measurements Key] (PDF) (in Japanese). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120515084250/http://www.gsi.go.jp/common/000064535.pdf","url_text":"平成22年 全国都道府県市区町村別面積調"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geospatial_Information_Authority_of_Japan","url_text":"Geospatial Information Authority of Japan"},{"url":"http://www.gsi.go.jp/common/000064535.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"平成22年国勢調査確報値 沖縄県の人口、世帯、住居 [2010 National Census Confirmed Population Data Values for Okinawa Prefecture, Households, Dwellings] (in Japanese). Okinawa Prefecture Planning Department Statistics Division. 2010.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_County_Borough_Council_election
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2022 Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council election
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["1 Ward results","1.1 Aberaman","1.2 Abercynon","1.3 Aberdare East","1.4 Aberdare West & Llwydcoed","1.5 Beddau & Tyn-y-Nant","1.6 Brynna and Llanharan","1.7 Church Village","1.8 Cilfynydd","1.9 Cwm Clydach","1.10 Cwmbach","1.11 Cymer","1.12 Ferndale & Maerdy","1.13 Gilfach-Goch","1.14 Glyn-Coch","1.15 Graig & Pontypridd West","1.16 Hawthorn & Lower Rhydfelen","1.17 Hirwaun, Penderyn and Rhigos","1.18 Llanharry","1.19 Llantrisant & Talbot Green","1.20 Llantwit Fardre","1.21 Llwyn-y-Pia","1.22 Mountain Ash","1.23 Penrhiw-Ceibr","1.24 Pentre","1.25 Pen-y-Graig","1.26 Pen-y-Waun","1.27 Pontyclun Central","1.28 Pontyclun East","1.29 Pontyclun West","1.30 Pontypridd Town","1.31 Porth","1.32 Rhydfelen Central","1.33 Taff’s Well","1.34 Ton-Teg","1.35 Tonypandy","1.36 Tonyrefail East","1.37 Tonyrefail West","1.38 Trallwng","1.39 Trealaw","1.40 Treforest","1.41 Treherbert","1.42 Treorchy","1.43 Tylorstown & Ynyshir","1.44 Upper Rhydfelen & Glyn-Taf","1.45 Ynysybwl","1.46 Ystrad","2 References"]
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The 2022 Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough election took place on 5 May 2022 to elect 54 members across 46 wards to Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council. On the same day, elections were to the other 21 local authorities and to community councils in Wales as part of the 2022 Welsh local elections. The previous Rhondda Cynon Taf all-council election took place in 2017 and future elections will take place every five years.
Ward results
Statements of persons nominated were published on 6 April. Results were counted on 6 May 2022. Incumbent councillors are marked with an asterisk (*).
Aberaman
Aberaman (3 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Julie Cook
1,518
64.3
Labour
Tina Williams
1,472
62.3
Labour
Sheryl Evans
1,447
61.3
Plaid Cymru
Julie Williams
870
36.8
Conservative
Andrew Clarke
320
13.5
Turnout
2,362
Abercynon
Abercynon (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Rhys Lewis
918
70.6
Labour
Marcia Rees-Jones
851
65.4
Plaid Cymru
Matt Skinner
234
18.0
Propel
Vicky Jenkins
192
14.8
Conservative
Craig Ford
154
11.8
Turnout
1,301
Aberdare East
Aberdare East (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Steve Bradwick
1,147
68.7
Labour
Victoria Dunn
1,000
59.9
Plaid Cymru
Geraint Benny
444
26.6
Conservative
Andrew Abraham
231
13.8
Turnout
1,669
Aberdare West & Llwydcoed
Aberdare West & Llwydcoed (3 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Ann Crimmings
1,667
67.7
Labour
Gareth Jones
1,435
58.3
Labour
Sharon Rees
1,413
57.4
Plaid Cymru
Elaine Owen
690
28.0
Conservative
Davy Barton
519
21.1
Turnout
2,463
Beddau & Tyn-y-Nant
Beddau & Tyn-y-Nant (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Julie Barton
1,168
73.9
Labour
Ricky Yeo
900
56.9
Plaid Cymru
Rhys Gronow
277
17.5
Conservative
Paul Thomas
257
16.3
Conservative
Stephanie Trask
257
16.3
Turnout
1,581
Brynna and Llanharan
Brynna and Llanharan (3 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Independent
David Evans
1,105
49.9
Labour
Geraint Hopkins
1,011
45.7
Labour
Janine Turner
965
43.6
Plaid Cymru
Helen Jane Donnan
616
27.8
Conservative
Parmindra Pannu
297
13.4
Liberal Democrats
Lee Nigel Thacker
219
9.9
Britain First
Carl Burgess
191
8.6
Turnout
2,213
Church Village
Church Village (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Graham Stacey
807
46.9
Labour
Lesley Gaynor Warren
720
41.9
Plaid Cymru
Emma Thomposon
459
26.7
Plaid Cymru
Ioan Rhys Bellin
396
23.0
Independent
Sally Gillard
413
24.0
Conservative
Simon Schofield
345
20.1
Turnout
1,719
Cilfynydd
Cilfynydd (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Plaid Cymru
Hywel Gronow
354
41.2
Labour
Barrie Morgan
306
35.6
Independent
Stephen Belzak
134
15.6
Independent
Stephen Powell
65
7.6
Turnout
859
Cwm Clydach
Cwm Clydach (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Mark Alan Norris
424
67.8
Plaid Cymru
Kyle William Robert Luckwell
201
32.2
Turnout
625
Cwmbach
Cwmbach (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Jeffrey Alan Elliott
663
54.9
Labour
Mustapha Maohoub
513
42.5
Plaid Cymru
Dot Jones
375
31.1
Independent
Kevin Jeremy Waddingham
371
30.7
Green
John Matthews
177
14.7
Turnout
1,207
Cymer
Cymer (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Gareth Caple
995
72.8
Labour
Ryan Evens
836
61.2
Plaid Cymru
Nicole Griffiths
385
28.2
Plaid Cymru
Owen George Cutler
314
23.0
Turnout
1,366
Ferndale & Maerdy
Ferndale & Maerdy (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Susan Morgans
1,368
62.4
Labour
Jayne Smith
878
40.0
Independent
Phil Howe
820
37.4
Conservative
Lloyd Griffiths
127
5.8
Liberal Democrats
Robert Butler
80
3.6
Turnout
2,193
Gilfach-Goch
Gilfach-Goch (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Susan Morgans
734
92.2
Conservative
Lloyd Griffiths
62
7.8
Turnout
796
Glyn-Coch
Glyn-Coch (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Doug Williams
291
67.2
Plaid Cymru
Daniel Anthony Baish
71
16.4
Gwlad
Aled Maughan
71
16.4
Turnout
433
Graig & Pontypridd West
Graig & Pontypridd West (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Jayne Brencher
921
55.3
Labour
Tina Leyshon
896
53.8
Plaid Cymru
Richard Michael Reast
439
26.4
Plaid Cymru
Alaw Griffiths
354
21.2
Independent
Ashley Lloyd Evans
207
12.4
Conservative
Beth Price
176
10.6
TUSC
Mariam Victoria Kamish
38
2.3
Turnout
1,666
Hawthorn & Lower Rhydfelen
Hawthorn & Lower Rhydfelen (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Independent
Cathy Lisles
503
63.2
Labour
Carl Andrew Thomas
293
36.8
Turnout
796
Hirwaun, Penderyn and Rhigos
Hirwaun, Penderyn and Rhigos (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Plaid Cymru
Karen Morgan
1,012
62.0
Plaid Cymru
Adam Owain Rogers
811
49.7
Labour
Rhian Grundy
471
28.9
Labour
Richard Jones
464
28.4
Conservative
Tara Robinson
164
10.1
Turnout
1,631
Llanharry
Llanharry (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Barry Stephens
401
46.1
Independent
Sian Assiratti
296
34.0
Plaid Cymru
Lindsay Hugh Doyle
76
8.7
Conservative
Chris Oakes
60
6.9
Independent
Paul Beach
23
2.6
Independent
Paula Beach
14
1.6
Turnout
870
Llantrisant & Talbot Green
Llantrisant & Talbot Green (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Glynne Holmes
927
39.3
Labour
Sarah Jane Davies
882
37.4
Independent
Kate Libby Jones
800
33.9
Conservative
Adam Joseph Leo Robinson
619
26.2
Independent
Paul Baccara
498
21.1
Plaid Cymru
Dafydd Rhys Roberts
445
18.8
Turnout
2,361
Llantwit Fardre
Llantwit Fardre (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Sam Trask
966
47.7
Conservative
Karl Johnson
944
46.6
Labour
Mal Davies
687
33.9
Labour
Rob McCracken
658
32.5
Plaid Cymru
Haydn Owen
321
15.8
Plaid Cymru
Scott Bevan
314
15.5
Turnout
2,026
Llwyn-y-Pia
Llwyn-y-Pia (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Wendy Lewis
534
67.6
Plaid Cymru
Cerys Walker
152
19.2
Propel
Jeffrey Gregory
104
13.2
Turnout
790
Mountain Ash
Mountain Ash (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Andrew Morgan
1,547
73.6
Labour
Elizabeth Wendy Treeby
1,016
48.3
Plaid Cymru
Pauline Jarman
897
42.7
Conservative
Kurt Thomson
168
8.0
TUSC
Mia Hollsing
107
5.1
Turnout
2,102
Jarman had been a councillor for 46 years, but lost her seat at this election as a result of the ward boundary changes.
Penrhiw-Ceibr
Penrhiw-ceibr (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Ross Williams*
960
77.6
Labour
Adam Fox*
934
75.5
Plaid Cymru
Lea Michael Dempsey
255
20.6
Turnout
1,237
Pentre
Pentre (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Georgina Elizabeth Williams
870
55.8
Labour
Norman Howell Morgan
822
52.8
Plaid Cymru
Geoff Rees
589
37.8
Plaid Cymru
Lucy Purrington
509
32.7
Conservative
Rob Green
113
7.3
Turnout
1,558
Pen-y-Graig
Pen-y-Graig (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Lisa Ellis
660
53.8
Labour
Craig Middle
638
52.0
Plaid Cymru
Joshua Rhys Davies
357
29.1
Plaid Cymru
Christine Margaret Karadeniz
258
21.0
Independent
Shawn Anthony Stevens
109
8.9
Conservative
Jerry Cobb
79
6.4
Turnout
1,227
Pen-y-Waun
Pen-y-Waun (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Louisa Addiscott
391
77.3
Plaid Cymru
Laura Anne Owen
63
12.5
Conservative
Daniel James
52
10.3
Turnout
506
Pontyclun Central
Pontyclun Central (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Martin Douglas Ashford
346
31.1
Conservative
Jamie Ethan Daniel
331
29.7
Independent
Susan Owen
300
27.0
Plaid Cymru
James Williams
108
9.7
Liberal Democrats
Jade Smith
28
2.5
Turnout
1,113
Pontyclun East
Pontyclun East (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Independent
Paul Binning
240
23.8
Conservative
Lewis Hooper
239
23.7
Liberal Democrats
Steven Rajam
212
21.0
Labour
Lewis Matthew
177
17.5
Plaid Cymru
Ann Carole Willis
141
14.0
Turnout
1,009
Pontyclun West
Pontyclun West (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Independent
Wayne Owen
727
58.2
Labour
David Lloyd Francis
299
23.9
Conservative
Stefania Milani
182
14.6
Liberal Democrats
David Richard Payne
41
3.3
Turnout
1,249
Pontypridd Town
Pontypridd Town (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Plaid Cymru
Dawn Susan Wood
565
53.9
Labour
Steve Carter
380
36.2
Conservative
Cheryl Lavington
104
9.9
Turnout
1,049
Porth
Porth (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Sarah Hickman
835
49.9
Labour
Ros Davis
791
47.2
Plaid Cymru
Julie Williams
706
42.1
Plaid Cymru
Alun Cox
661
39.5
Green
Rachel Pedley
71
4.2
Propel
Melanie Hill
49
2.9
Turnout
1,675
Rhydfelen Central
Rhydfelen Central (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Maureen Webber
450
76.4
Plaid Cymru
Brooke Webb
139
23.6
Turnout
589
Taff’s Well
Taff's Well (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Jill Bonetto
604
56.5
Plaid Cymru
Christopher Edwards
329
30.1
Conservative
Joyce Burbidge
135
12.6
Turnout
1,068
Ton-Teg
Ton-Teg (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Cai Preedy
445
39.1
Independent
Clive Johnson
439
38.6
Conservative
Lauren Bowen
253
22.3
Turnout
1,137
Tonypandy
Tonypandy (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Gareth Hughes
618
64.3
Plaid Cymru
Wendy Allsop
280
29.1
Conservative
Dan Jones
37
3.9
Independent
Kevin Thomas
26
2.7
Turnout
961
Tonyrefail East
Tonyrefail East (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Plaid Cymru
Danny Grehan
870
53.7
Labour
Dan Owen-Jones
838
51.7
Labour
Linda Michel
667
41.1
Plaid Cymru
Geraint Day
346
21.3
Conservative
Natalie Bowen
139
8.6
Turnout
1,621
Tonyrefail West
Tonyrefail West (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Dawn Parkin
773
50.7
Labour
Karen Webb
650
42.7
Independent
Martin Barron
371
24.3
Plaid Cymru
Richard Grabham
368
24.1
Plaid Cymru
Matthew Enticott
304
19.9
Conservative
Emyr Wilkinson
119
7.8
Liberal Democrats
Gerald Francis
77
5.1
Turnout
1,524
Trallwng
Trallwng (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Independent
Mike Powell
646
51.2
Labour
Ann Davies
468
37.1
Plaid Cymru
Kevin Harry
112
8.9
Conservative
Adam Porter
36
2.9
Turnout
1,262
Trealaw
Trealaw (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Wyn Hughes
805
80.1
Plaid Cymru
Kevin Harry
200
19.9
Turnout
1,005
Treforest
Treforest (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Steve Powderhill
405
67.3
Plaid Cymru
Richard Martin
95
15.8
Conservative
Norma Edwards
58
9.6
Green
Jeffrey Baxter
43
7.1
Turnout
601
Treherbert
Treherbert (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Independent
Will Jones
1,148
59.5
Labour
Scott Emanuel
1,029
53.3
Labour
Celia Villa-Landa
422
21.9
Plaid Cymru
Percy Jones
405
21.0
Plaid Cymru
Trish Denning
251
13.0
Turnout
1,930
Treorchy
Treorchy (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Bob Harris
1,407
57.6
Plaid Cymru
Sera Evans
1,004
41.1
Plaid Cymru
Emyr Webster
998
40.9
Labour
James Watt-Rees
978
40.0
Conservative
Huw Padgett
139
5.7
Turnout
2,442
Tylorstown & Ynyshir
Tylorstown & Ynyshir (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Julie Edwards
1,254
69.9
Labour
Rob Bevan
1,186
66.1
Plaid Cymru
Philip Lewis
476
26.5
Conservative
Merfyn Rea
151
8.4
Turnout
1,794
Upper Rhydfelen & Glyn-Taf
Upper Rhydfelen & Glyn-Taf (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Loretta Tomkinson
389
74.6
Independent
Ellis Thomas
132
25.3
Turnout
521
Ynysybwl
Ynysybwl (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Plaid Cymru
Amanda Ellis
629
51.2
Plaid Cymru
Tony Burnell
581
47.3
Labour
Richard Flowerdew
392
31.9
Labour
Mark Adams
372
30.3
Gwlad
Clayton Jones
112
9.1
Gwlad
Jessica O’Donovan
92
7.5
Conservative
Andrew Williams-Jones
70
5.7
Turnout
1,229
Ystrad
Ystrad (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Emma Dunning
973
61.0
Labour
Geraint Jones
865
54.2
Plaid Cymru
Larraine Jones
663
41.5
Plaid Cymru
Louise Evans
532
33.3
Turnout
1,596
References
^ "Local Government Election" (PDF). Rhondda Cynon Taf Council. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
^ "Local elections Statement of Persons Nominated". Rhondda Cynon Taf Council. Retrieved 2022-04-09.
^ a b "Rhondda Cynon Taf local elections 2022: Labour remains in control as councillor loses her seat after 46 years". Wales Online. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
^ "County Borough Council Election Results 2022 - Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council". www.rctcbc.gov.uk. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
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Abolished
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2022 Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wales_Online_results-3"}],"text":"Statements of persons nominated were published on 6 April.[2] Results were counted on 6 May 2022.[3] Incumbent councillors are marked with an asterisk (*).","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Aberaman","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Abercynon","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Aberdare East","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Aberdare West & Llwydcoed","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Beddau & Tyn-y-Nant","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Brynna and Llanharan","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Church Village","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cilfynydd","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cwm Clydach","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cwmbach","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cymer","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ferndale & Maerdy","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gilfach-Goch","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Glyn-Coch","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Graig & Pontypridd West","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hawthorn & Lower Rhydfelen","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hirwaun, Penderyn and Rhigos","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanharry","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llantrisant & Talbot Green","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llantwit Fardre","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llwyn-y-Pia","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wales_Online_results-3"}],"sub_title":"Mountain Ash","text":"Jarman had been a councillor for 46 years, but lost her seat at this election as a result of the ward boundary changes.[3]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Penrhiw-Ceibr","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pentre","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pen-y-Graig","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pen-y-Waun","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pontyclun Central","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pontyclun East","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pontyclun West","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pontypridd Town","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Porth","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rhydfelen Central","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Taff’s Well","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ton-Teg","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tonypandy","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tonyrefail East","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tonyrefail West","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Trallwng","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Trealaw","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Treforest","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Treherbert","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Treorchy","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tylorstown & Ynyshir","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Upper Rhydfelen & Glyn-Taf","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ynysybwl","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ystrad","title":"Ward results"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Local Government Election\" (PDF). Rhondda Cynon Taf Council. Retrieved 13 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rctcbc.gov.uk/EN/Council/Votingandelections/RelatedDocuments/NoticeofElections/NOTICEOFELECTIONRhonddaCynonTafCountyBoroughCouncil.pdf","url_text":"\"Local Government Election\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local elections Statement of Persons Nominated\". Rhondda Cynon Taf Council. Retrieved 2022-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rctcbc.gov.uk/EN/Council/Votingandelections/Noticeofelections/StatementsofPersonsNominated.aspx","url_text":"\"Local elections Statement of Persons Nominated\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rhondda Cynon Taf local elections 2022: Labour remains in control as councillor loses her seat after 46 years\". Wales Online. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/rhondda-cynon-taf-local-elections-23845600","url_text":"\"Rhondda Cynon Taf local elections 2022: Labour remains in control as councillor loses her seat after 46 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"County Borough Council Election Results 2022 - Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council\". www.rctcbc.gov.uk. Retrieved 2022-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rctcbc.gov.uk/EN/Council/Votingandelections/Electionresults/ElectionResults2022/CountyBoroughCouncilElectionResults2022.aspx","url_text":"\"County Borough Council Election Results 2022 - Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Sulawesi_superbolide
|
2009 Sulawesi superbolide
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Atmospheric fireball blast over Indonesia
Watamponeclass=notpageimage| 2009 Sulawesi superbolide
The 2009 Sulawesi superbolide was an atmospheric fireball blast over Indonesia on October 8, 2009, at approximately 03:00 UTC (11:00 local time), near the coastal city of Watampone in South Sulawesi, island of Sulawesi. The meteoritic impactor broke up at an estimated height of 15–20 km. The impact energy of the bolide was estimated in the 10 to 50 kiloton TNT equivalent range, with the higher end of this range being more likely. The likely size of the impactor was 5–10 m diameter.
Comparison of approximate sizes of notable impactors with the Hoba meteorite, a Boeing 747 and a New Routemaster bus
References
^ "Asteroid Impactor Reported over Indonesia". NASA. 23 October 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-11-02.
^ "Asteroid explosion over Indonesia raises fears about Earth's defences". The Telegraph. 27 October 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-10-29.
^ "Asteroid explosion was a whopper for Earth". NBC News. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-08-25.
^ "Huge Explosion Was Biggest Space Rock to Strike Earth Since 1994". Space.com. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-01-30.
External links
"Amateur video footage". YouTube. Archived from the original on October 31, 2010.
vteModern impact eventsOn EarthPre-2000
1490 Qingyang
1783 Great Meteor
1860 Great Meteor
1908 Tunguska
1913 Great Meteor Procession
1930 Curuçá River
1938 Chicora meteor
1947 Sikhote-Alin meteor
1969 Murchison meteor
1972 Great Daylight Fireball
1990 Earth-grazing meteoroid
Post-2000
2002 Eastern Mediterranean event
2007 Carancas impact event
2008 TC3 impact
2008 Buzzard Coulee meteor
2009 Sulawesi superbolide
2012 Sutter's Mill meteor
2012 United Kingdom meteoroid
2012 Novato meteor
2013 Chelyabinsk meteor
Chelyabinsk meteorite
2013 Braunschweig meteor
2014 AA impact
2014 Ontario fireball
2015 Kerala meteoroid
2015 Thailand bolide
WT1190F impact
2017 China bolide
2018 LA impact
2018 Kamchatka meteor
2019 MO impact
2020 China bolide
2021 Winchcombe meteor
2022 EB5 impact
2022 WJ1 impact
2023 CX1 impact
2024 BX1 impact
On MarsImpact events on MarsOn Jupiter
Impact events on Jupiter
1994 Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
2009 Jupiter impact
2010 Jupiter impact
2016 Jupiter impact
Lists
Predicted asteroid impacts on Earth
Asteroid close approaches to Earth
Comets
Bolides
Meteor air bursts
Meteorite falls
Minor planets
Asteroids crossing Earth's orbit
See also
Asteroid impact prediction
Asteroid impact avoidance
Bolide
Earth-grazing fireball
Meteor procession
Meteor shower
Meteorite
Meteoroid
Near-Earth object
Potentially hazardous object
This meteoroid-, meteor-, or meteorite-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Comparison of approximate sizes of notable impactors with the Hoba meteorite, a Boeing 747 and a New Routemaster bus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Meteoroid_size_comparison.svg/220px-Meteoroid_size_comparison.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Asteroid Impactor Reported over Indonesia\". NASA. 23 October 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091102151757/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news165.html","url_text":"\"Asteroid Impactor Reported over Indonesia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"},{"url":"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news165.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Asteroid explosion over Indonesia raises fears about Earth's defences\". The Telegraph. 27 October 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091029051403/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/6444895/Asteroid-explosion-over-Indonesia-raises-fears-about-Earths-defences.html","url_text":"\"Asteroid explosion over Indonesia raises fears about Earth's defences\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/6444895/Asteroid-explosion-over-Indonesia-raises-fears-about-Earths-defences.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Asteroid explosion was a whopper for Earth\". NBC News. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/33540411/ns/technology_and_science-space","url_text":"\"Asteroid explosion was a whopper for Earth\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130825142803/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/33540411/ns/technology_and_science-space","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Huge Explosion Was Biggest Space Rock to Strike Earth Since 1994\". Space.com. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.space.com/7464-huge-explosion-biggest-space-rock-strike-earth-1994.html","url_text":"\"Huge Explosion Was Biggest Space Rock to Strike Earth Since 1994\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110130064252/http://www.space.com/7464-huge-explosion-biggest-space-rock-strike-earth-1994.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Amateur video footage\". YouTube. Archived from the original on October 31, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101031011827/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yeQBzTkJNhs","url_text":"\"Amateur video footage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yeQBzTkJNhs&videos=jkRJgbXY-90","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_gum
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Eucalyptus odorata
|
["1 Description","2 Taxonomy and naming","3 Distribution","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References"]
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Species of plant
Peppermint box
Eucalyptus odorata near Gawler
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Myrtales
Family:
Myrtaceae
Genus:
Eucalyptus
Species:
E. odorata
Binomial name
Eucalyptus odorataBehr
Synonyms
Eucalyptus fruticetorum F.Muell. ex Miq. p.p.
Eucalyptus odorata var. angustifolia Blakely
Eucalyptus odorata var. erythrandra F.Muell. ex Miq.
Eucalyptus odorata Behr var. odorata
Eucalyptus odorata var. refracta Blakely
Eucalyptus polybractea auct. non R.T.Baker
flower buds and flowers
Eucalyptus odorata, commonly known as peppermint box, is a species of mallee or a small tree that is endemic to South Australia. It has rough, hard bark on the trunk and larger branches, smooth greyish bark on the thinner branches, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and eleven, white flowers and cylindrical or barrel-shaped fruit.
Description
Eucalyptus odorata is a mallee or small tree that typically grows to a height of 2–12 m (6 ft 7 in – 39 ft 4 in) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, hard, fissured bar on the trank and branches thicker than 50–100 mm (2.0–3.9 in), smooth, grey or brownish bark above. Young plants and coppice regrowth have lance-shaped leaves that are 40–105 mm (1.6–4.1 in) long and 4–23 mm (0.16–0.91 in) wide. Adult leaves are the same shade of glossy green on both sides when mature, lance-shaped, 55–140 mm (2.2–5.5 in) long and 6–20 mm (0.24–0.79 in) wide, tapering to a petiole 5–15 mm (0.20–0.59 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven, nine or eleven on an unbranched peduncle, the individual buds sessile or on pedicels up to 6 mm (0.24 in) long. Mature buds are spindle-shaped to oval, 4–8 mm (0.16–0.31 in) long and 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) wide with a conical to beaked operculum. Flowering occurs between March and October and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody cylindrical or barrel-shaped capsule 4–8 mm (0.16–0.31 in) long and 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) wide with the valves near rim level.
Taxonomy and naming
Eucalyptus odorata was first formally described in 1847 by Hans Hermann Behr in the journal Linnaea. The specific epithet (odorata) is from the Latin odoratus meaning "having a smell", referring to the scent of the leaves when crushed.
Distribution
Peppermint box is widely distributed in South Australia, between the southern Flinders Ranges and Bordertown and Lake Alexandrina, and on the lower Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Island. It also occurs in north-western Victoria and there are a few records from the Cobar region of New South Wales. It grows in a variety of habitats but most commonly on undulating country.
Gallery
Illustration/Historical Images
Images from the Forest Flora of New South Wales (1913) by J.H Maiden (Government botanist and director of the Botanical Gardens Sydney). Publication Details: Sydney: W. A. Gullick, 1902–1925. Copyright Status: Public domain.
See also
List of Eucalyptus species
References
^ a b "Eucalyptus odorata". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
^ a b Brooker, M.I.H.; Kleinig, D.A. (2006). Field Guide to Eucalypts (Volume 1: South-eastern Australia) (3 ed.). Melbourne: Bloomings Books. p. 219. ISBN 1876473525.
^ "Eucalyptus odorata". Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
^ Chippendale, George M. "Eucalyptus odorata". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
^ a b c Nicolle, Dean (2013). Native Eucalypts of South Australia. Adelaide: Lane Print and Post. pp. 184–185.
^ "Eucalyptus odorata". APNI. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
^ Behr, Hans Hermann; von Schlechtendal, Diedrich Franz Leonhard (ed.) (1847). "Sudaustralische Pflanzen. II. Bestimmung und Beschreibung der von Dr Behr in Sudaustralien gesammelten Pflanzen". Linnaea: Ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde 20. 20: 657–658. Retrieved 19 November 2019. {{cite journal}}: |first2= has generic name (help)
^ a b "Eucalyptus odorata, Behr and Schlecht". The Forest Flora of New South Wales. University of Sydney. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
^ Maiden, J. H.; Flockton, Margaret (1913). "The Forest Flora of New South Wales". Biodiversity Heritage Library. W. A. Gullick. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
Taxon identifiersEucalyptus odorata
Wikidata: Q7212982
Wikispecies: Eucalyptus odorata
APNI: 114382
CoL: 3BQ9Y
eFloraSA: Eucalyptus_odorata
EoL: 637219
FoAO2: Eucalyptus odorata
GBIF: 3176237
GRIN: 401253
iNaturalist: 785613
IPNI: 593184-1
IRMNG: 11414912
ITIS: 835063
IUCN: 133381243
NCBI: 2660570
NSWFlora: Eucalyptus~odorata
Open Tree of Life: 3936238
Plant List: kew-73480
PLANTS: EUOD3
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:593184-1
Tropicos: 50291525
WFO: wfo-0000955473
Authority control databases: National
Israel
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eucalyptus_odorata_buds.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooker-2"},{"link_name":"mallee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallee_(habit)"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"}],"text":"flower buds and flowersEucalyptus odorata, commonly known as peppermint box,[2] is a species of mallee or a small tree that is endemic to South Australia. It has rough, hard bark on the trunk and larger branches, smooth greyish bark on the thinner branches, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and eleven, white flowers and cylindrical or barrel-shaped fruit.","title":"Eucalyptus odorata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lignotuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignotuber"},{"link_name":"coppice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppice"},{"link_name":"petiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_(botany)"},{"link_name":"axils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/axil"},{"link_name":"peduncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peduncle_(botany)"},{"link_name":"sessile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessility_(botany)"},{"link_name":"pedicels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)"},{"link_name":"operculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_(botany)"},{"link_name":"capsule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooker-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CANBR-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABRS-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicolle-5"}],"text":"Eucalyptus odorata is a mallee or small tree that typically grows to a height of 2–12 m (6 ft 7 in – 39 ft 4 in) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, hard, fissured bar on the trank and branches thicker than 50–100 mm (2.0–3.9 in), smooth, grey or brownish bark above. Young plants and coppice regrowth have lance-shaped leaves that are 40–105 mm (1.6–4.1 in) long and 4–23 mm (0.16–0.91 in) wide. Adult leaves are the same shade of glossy green on both sides when mature, lance-shaped, 55–140 mm (2.2–5.5 in) long and 6–20 mm (0.24–0.79 in) wide, tapering to a petiole 5–15 mm (0.20–0.59 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven, nine or eleven on an unbranched peduncle, the individual buds sessile or on pedicels up to 6 mm (0.24 in) long. Mature buds are spindle-shaped to oval, 4–8 mm (0.16–0.31 in) long and 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) wide with a conical to beaked operculum. Flowering occurs between March and October and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody cylindrical or barrel-shaped capsule 4–8 mm (0.16–0.31 in) long and 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) wide with the valves near rim level.[2][3][4][5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hans Hermann Behr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hermann_Behr"},{"link_name":"Linnaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linnaea_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APNI-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schltdl.-7"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicolle-5"}],"text":"Eucalyptus odorata was first formally described in 1847 by Hans Hermann Behr in the journal Linnaea.[6][7] The specific epithet (odorata) is from the Latin odoratus meaning \"having a smell\", referring to the scent of the leaves when crushed.[5]","title":"Taxonomy and naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flinders Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Bordertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordertown,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Lake Alexandrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Alexandrina_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Eyre Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Kangaroo Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_Island"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UOS-8"},{"link_name":"Cobar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobar"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UOS-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicolle-5"}],"text":"Peppermint box is widely distributed in South Australia, between the southern Flinders Ranges and Bordertown and Lake Alexandrina, and on the lower Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Island.[8] It also occurs in north-western Victoria and there are a few records from the Cobar region of New South Wales.[8] It grows in a variety of habitats but most commonly on undulating country.[5]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Botanical_Illustration_of_Eucalyptus_odorata.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Historical_image_-_Eucalyptus_odorata.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Forest_Flora_of_New_South_Wales_-_Eucalyptus_odorata.jpg"},{"link_name":"J.H Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Maiden"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Illustration/Historical ImagesImages from the Forest Flora of New South Wales (1913) by J.H Maiden (Government botanist and director of the Botanical Gardens Sydney). Publication Details: Sydney: W. A. Gullick, 1902–1925. Copyright Status: Public domain.[9]","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"flower buds and flowers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Eucalyptus_odorata_buds.jpg/225px-Eucalyptus_odorata_buds.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of Eucalyptus species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Eucalyptus_species"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Eucalyptus odorata\". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 19 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/97075","url_text":"\"Eucalyptus odorata\""}]},{"reference":"Brooker, M.I.H.; Kleinig, D.A. (2006). Field Guide to Eucalypts (Volume 1: South-eastern Australia) (3 ed.). Melbourne: Bloomings Books. p. 219. ISBN 1876473525.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1876473525","url_text":"1876473525"}]},{"reference":"\"Eucalyptus odorata\". Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research. Retrieved 31 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.lucidcentral.org/euclid/text/entities/eucalyptus_odorata.htm","url_text":"\"Eucalyptus odorata\""}]},{"reference":"Chippendale, George M. \"Eucalyptus odorata\". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra. Retrieved 19 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Eucalyptus%20odorata","url_text":"\"Eucalyptus odorata\""}]},{"reference":"Nicolle, Dean (2013). Native Eucalypts of South Australia. Adelaide: Lane Print and Post. pp. 184–185.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Eucalyptus odorata\". APNI. Retrieved 19 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/456085","url_text":"\"Eucalyptus odorata\""}]},{"reference":"Behr, Hans Hermann; von Schlechtendal, Diedrich Franz Leonhard (ed.) (1847). \"Sudaustralische Pflanzen. II. Bestimmung und Beschreibung der von Dr Behr in Sudaustralien gesammelten Pflanzen\". Linnaea: Ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde 20. 20: 657–658. Retrieved 19 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10864#page/660/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Sudaustralische Pflanzen. II. Bestimmung und Beschreibung der von Dr Behr in Sudaustralien gesammelten Pflanzen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eucalyptus odorata, Behr and Schlecht\". The Forest Flora of New South Wales. University of Sydney. Retrieved 22 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://adc.library.usyd.edu.au/view?docId=split/ozlit/xml-main-texts/p00108v5-source-bibl-3.xml;chunk.id=item-3;toc.depth=1;toc.id=item-3;database=;collection=;brand=default","url_text":"\"Eucalyptus odorata, Behr and Schlecht\""}]},{"reference":"Maiden, J. H.; Flockton, Margaret (1913). \"The Forest Flora of New South Wales\". Biodiversity Heritage Library. W. A. Gullick. Retrieved 12 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/237980#page/32/mode/1up","url_text":"\"The Forest Flora of New South Wales\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/97075","external_links_name":"\"Eucalyptus odorata\""},{"Link":"https://apps.lucidcentral.org/euclid/text/entities/eucalyptus_odorata.htm","external_links_name":"\"Eucalyptus odorata\""},{"Link":"https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Eucalyptus%20odorata","external_links_name":"\"Eucalyptus odorata\""},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/456085","external_links_name":"\"Eucalyptus odorata\""},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10864#page/660/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Sudaustralische Pflanzen. II. Bestimmung und Beschreibung der von Dr Behr in Sudaustralien gesammelten Pflanzen\""},{"Link":"http://adc.library.usyd.edu.au/view?docId=split/ozlit/xml-main-texts/p00108v5-source-bibl-3.xml;chunk.id=item-3;toc.depth=1;toc.id=item-3;database=;collection=;brand=default","external_links_name":"\"Eucalyptus odorata, Behr and Schlecht\""},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/237980#page/32/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"The Forest Flora of New South Wales\""},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/114382","external_links_name":"114382"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3BQ9Y","external_links_name":"3BQ9Y"},{"Link":"http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Eucalyptus_odorata","external_links_name":"Eucalyptus_odorata"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/637219","external_links_name":"637219"},{"Link":"https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Eucalyptus%20odorata","external_links_name":"Eucalyptus odorata"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3176237","external_links_name":"3176237"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=401253","external_links_name":"401253"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/785613","external_links_name":"785613"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/593184-1","external_links_name":"593184-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11414912","external_links_name":"11414912"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=835063","external_links_name":"835063"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/133381243","external_links_name":"133381243"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2660570","external_links_name":"2660570"},{"Link":"https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Eucalyptus~odorata","external_links_name":"Eucalyptus~odorata"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3936238","external_links_name":"3936238"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-73480","external_links_name":"kew-73480"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=EUOD3","external_links_name":"EUOD3"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A593184-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:593184-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50291525","external_links_name":"50291525"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000955473","external_links_name":"wfo-0000955473"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007574738305171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirameku_Namida_wa_Hoshi_ni
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Kirameku Namida wa Hoshi ni
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["1 Track listing","2 References"]
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2006 single by Sachi Tainaka"Kirameku Namida wa Hoshi ni"Single by Sachi Tainakafrom the album Dear… B-sideShōnen no Yume (少年の夢)ReleasedMay 31, 2006GenreJ-popLabelSistus RecordsSongwriter(s)KATESachi Tainaka singles chronology
"disillusion" (2006)
"Kirameku Namida wa Hoshi ni" (2006)
"Saikō no Kataomoi" (2006)
"Kirameku Namida wa Hoshi ni" (きらめく涙は星に) is Sachi Tainaka's second single and was released on May 31, 2006. The title track was used as the second opening theme for the Japanese animation Fate/stay night from episodes 15 to 23.
The single reached number nine in Japan. The CD's catalog number is GNCX-0003.
Track listing
Kirameku Namida wa Hoshi ni (きらめく涙は星に)
Shounen no Yume (少年の夢)
Kirameku Namida wa Hoshi ni -instrumental- (きらめく涙は星に)
Shounen no Yume -instrumental- (少年の夢)
References
^ Chart listing at Oricon
vteSachi TainakaAlbums
Dear...
Love Is...
Singles
"Kirameku Namida wa Hoshi ni"
"Saikō no Kataomoi"
"Itoshii Hito e"
"Lipstick/Ichiban Boshi"
"Visit of Love"
"Mō Kiss Sarechatta"
"Mata Ashita ne/Code"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
This 2000s Japanese single–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sachi Tainaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachi_Tainaka"},{"link_name":"Japanese animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Fate/stay night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate/stay_night"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"Kirameku Namida wa Hoshi ni\" (きらめく涙は星に) is Sachi Tainaka's second single and was released on May 31, 2006. The title track was used as the second opening theme for the Japanese animation Fate/stay night from episodes 15 to 23.The single reached number nine in Japan.[1] The CD's catalog number is GNCX-0003.","title":"Kirameku Namida wa Hoshi ni"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Kirameku Namida wa Hoshi ni (きらめく涙は星に)\nShounen no Yume (少年の夢)\nKirameku Namida wa Hoshi ni -instrumental- (きらめく涙は星に)\nShounen no Yume -instrumental- (少年の夢)","title":"Track listing"}]
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.oricon.co.jp/music/release/d/650878/1/","external_links_name":"Chart listing"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/bd9247f4-3345-3b94-a345-d516e6df5155","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirameku_Namida_wa_Hoshi_ni&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Government
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Government of Kerala
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["1 Executive branch","1.1 Kerala Council of Ministers","1.2 Governor","2 Council of Ministers","3 Legislative branch","4 Administrative divisions","5 Departments","6 State insignias","7 Elections","8 Politics","9 Awards and honours","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
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Indian State Government
Government of Keralaകേരള സർക്കാർSeat of GovernmentKerala Government Secretariat, ThiruvananthapuramWebsitekerala.gov.inLegislative branchAssemblyKerala Legislative AssemblySpeakerA. N. Shamseer, CPI(M)Deputy SpeakerChittayam Gopakumar, (CPI)Members in Assembly140Meeting placeNiyamasabha Mandiram, ThiruvananthapuramExecutive branchGovernor(Head of the state)Arif Mohammad KhanChief Minister (Head of the government)Pinarayi Vijayan, CPI(M)Chief SecretaryV. Venu, IASHeadquartersKerala Government Secretariat, ThiruvananthapuramDepartments44JudiciaryHigh CourtHigh Court of KeralaChief JusticeAshish Jitendra DesaiSeatKochi, Ernakulam
The Government of Kerala (abbreviated as GoK), also known as the Kerala Government, is the administrative body responsible for governing Indian state of Kerala. The government is led by a chief minister, who selects all the other ministers. The chief minister and their most senior ministers belong to the supreme decision-making committee, known as the cabinet.
Ministers of the Kerala government are responsible to the Kerala Legislative Assembly; they make statements in the assembly and take questions from members of the assembly. The government is dependent on Kerala Legislative Assembly to make primary legislation. Legislative assembly elections are held every five years to elect a new assembly, unless there is a successful vote of no confidence in the government or a two-thirds vote for a snap election in the assembly, in which case an election may be held sooner. After an election, the governor selects as chief minister the leader of the party most likely to command the confidence of the assembly, usually by possessing a majority of MLAs.
Under the Indian constitution, executive authority lies with the governor, although this authority is exercised only by, or on the advice of, the chief minister and the cabinet. In most cases, the cabinet members exercise power directly as leaders of the government departments, though some cabinet positions are sinecures to a greater or lesser degree.
Executive branch
The city of Thiruvananthapuram serves as the administrative headquarters of Kerala.
Kerala Council of Ministers
See also: List of Chief Ministers of Kerala
Main article: Kerala Council of Ministers
Main article: List of Kerala Ministers
The Government Secretariat Complex in Thiruvananthapuram, which houses offices of ministers and secretaries
Like in other Indian states, the executive arm of the state is responsible for the day-to-day management of the state. It consists of the governor, the chief minister and the Council of Ministers. The chief minister and the council of ministers also have been appointed by the governor. The governor summons prorogues and dissolves the legislature. He can close the legislative assembly on the recommendation of the chief minister. Judiciary has been separated from the executive in Kerala like other Indian states.
The executive authority is headed by the Chief Minister of Kerala, who is the de facto head of state and is vested with most of the executive powers; the Legislative Assembly's majority party leader is appointed to this position by the Governor. The present Chief Minister is Pinarayi Vijayan, who took office on 25 May 2016. Generally, the winning party decides the chief minister. In many cases, the party focuses a chief ministerial candidate during the election.
The Council of Ministers, which answers to the Legislative Assembly, has its members appointed by the Governor; the appointments receive input from the Chief Minister. They are collectively responsible to the legislative assembly of the State. Generally, the winning party and its chief minister chooses the ministers list and submit the list for the Governor's approval.
Governor
See also: Governors of Kerala
The governor is appointed by the President for a term of five years. The executive and legislative powers lie with the Chief Minister and his council of ministers, who are appointed by the governor. The governors of the states and territories of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as that of the president of India at the national level. Only Indian citizens above 35 years of age are eligible for appointment. Governors discharge all constitutional functions, such as the appointment of the chief minister, sending reports to the president about failure of constitutional machinery in a state, or with respect to issues relating to the assent to a bill passed by legislature, exercise or their own opinion.
Thumbnail map of India with Kerala highlighted.
Arif Mohammad Khan is the present governor.
The governor enjoys many different types of powers:
Executive powers related to administration, appointments, and removals
Legislative powers related to lawmaking and the state legislature
Discretionary powers to be carried out according to the discretion of the governor
Council of Ministers
This section is transcluded from Kerala Council of Ministers#Present Council of Ministers. (edit | history)
The incumbent chief minister of Kerala is serving his second consecutive term, and was sworn into power on 20 May 2021. The oath-taking ceremony was held at the Central Stadium. The Kerala Governor administered the oath of office and secrecy to the new members. In December 2023, the Kerala Cabinet underwent a reshuffle as part of a mutual agreement among member parties. The reshuffling is in accordance with a pre-election agreement within the Left Democratic Front (LDF) coalition. Transport Minister Antony Raju and Ports and Archaeology Minister Ahmed Devarkovil resigned, leading to the appointment of K.B Ganesh Kumar as the new Minister for Transport and Kadannappalli Ramachandran as the Minister for Registration and Archeology.
S.No
Name
Portrait
Constituency
Designation
Department
Party
State Car Number
Chief Minister
1.
Pinarayi Vijayan
Dharmadom
Chief Minister
Chief Minister
Home
Vigilance
General Administration
All India Services (IAS, IPS, IFS)
Planning and Economic Affairs
Science, Technology and Environment
Pollution Control
Scientific Institutes
Personnel and Administrative Reforms
Election
Integration
Information Technology
Sainik Welfare
Distress Relief
State Hospitality
Airports
Metro Rail
Inter - State River Waters
Coastal Shipping and Inland Navigation
Kerala State Inland Navigation Corporation
Information and Public Relations
Non- Resident Keralites’ Affairs
Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice
Fire and Rescue Services
Prisons
Printing and Stationery
Environment
Disaster Management
Other departments not allocated to any Minister.
CPI(M)
1
Cabinet Ministers
2.
Adv. K. Rajan
Ollur
Minister for Revenue and Housing
Land Revenue
Survey and Land Records
Housing
Land Reforms
CPI
2
3.
Roshy Augustine
Idukki
Minister for Water Resources
Irrigation
Command Area Development Authority
Ground Water Department
Water Supply and Sanitation
KCM
3
4.
K. Krishnankutty
Chittur
Minister for Electricity
Electricity
ANERT
JD(S) Kerala
4
5.
A. K. Saseendran
Elathur
Minister for Forest and Wildlife
Forests
Wild life Protection
NCP
5
6.
Kadannappalli Ramachandran
Kannur
Minister for Registration,Museum Archaeology & Archives
Registration
Museums
Archaeology
Archives
Congress (S)
6
7.
K. B. Ganesh Kumar
Pathanapuram
Minister for Transport
Road Transport
Motor Vehicles Department
State Water Transport Department
KSRTC
KC(B)
7
8.
V. Abdurahiman
Tanur
Minister for Sports, Wakf and Haj Pilgrimage, Minority welfare
Sports
Wakf and Haj Pilgrimage
Post and Telegraphs
Railways
Minority Welfare
9.
G. R. Anil
Nedumangad
Minister for Food and Civil Supplies
Food and Civil Supplies
Consume Affairs
Legal Metrology
CPI
19
10.
K. N. Balagopal
Kottarakkara
Minister for Finance
Finance
National Savings.
Stores Purchase.
Commercial Taxes.
Treasuries.Lotteries.
State Audit.
Kerala Financial Corporation.
KSFE.State Insurance.
Stamps And Stamp Duties.
CPI(M)
10
11.
R. Bindu
Irinjalakuda
Minister for Higher Education and Social Justice
Collegiate Education
Technical Education
Universities (Except Agriculture, Veterinary, Fisheries, Medical and Digital Universities)
Entrance Examinations
National Cadet Corps
Additional Skill Acquisition Programme (ASAP)
Social Justice
CPI(M)
18
12.
J. Chinchu Rani
Chadayamangalam
Minister for Animal Husbandry and Dairy Development
Animal Husbandry
Dairy Development, Milk Co-operatives
Zoos
Kerala Veterinary & Animal Sciences University
CPI
14
13.
M.B Rajesh
Thrithala
Minister for Local Self Governments, Rural Development and Excise
Local Self Governments
Excise
Kerala Institute of Local Administration.
CPI(M)
9
14.
P. A. Mohammed Riyas
Beypore
Minister for Public Works and Tourism
Public Works Department
Tourism
CPI(M)
17
15.
P. Prasad
Cherthala
Minister for Agriculture
Agriculture
Soil Survey & Soil Conservation
Kerala Agriculture University
Warehousing Corporation
CPI
13
16.
K Radhakrishnan
Chelakkara
Minister for Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes and Devaswoms
Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes
Devaswoms
Parliamentary Affairs.
CPI(M)
17.
P Rajeev
Kalamassery
Minister for Law, Industries and Coir
Law
Industries (Including Industrial co-operatives)
Commerce
Mining and Geology
Handlooms and Textiles
Khadi and Village Industries
Coir
Cashew Industry
Plantation Directorate
CPI(M)
11
18.
V. Sivankutty
Nemom
Minister for General Education and Labour
General Education
Literacy Movement
Labour
Employment and Training
Skills, Rehabilitation
Factories and Boilers
Insurance Medical Service
Industrial Tribunals
Labour Courts
CPI(M)
16
19.
V. N. Vasavan
Ettumanoor
Minister for Co-operation
Co-operation
Port
CPI(M)
20.
Veena George
Aranmula
Minister for Health and Woman and Child Development
Health
Family Welfare
Medical Education
Medical University
Indigenous Medicine
AYUSH
Drugs Control
Woman & Child Welfare
CPI(M)
20
Legislative branch
The state assembly building in Thiruvananthapuram.
Main article: Kerala Legislature
The legislature comprises the governor and the legislative assembly, which is the highest political organ in the state. The governor has the power to summon the assembly or to close the same. All members of the legislative assembly are directly elected, normally once in every five years by the eligible voters who are above 18 years of age. The current assembly consists of 140 elected members and one member nominated by the governor from the Anglo-Indian community. The elected members select one of its own members as its chairman who is called the speaker. The speaker is assisted by the deputy speaker who is also elected by the members. The conduct of a meeting in the house is the responsibility of the speaker.
The main function of the assembly is to pass laws and rules. Every bill passed by the house has to be finally approved by the governor before it becomes applicable.
The normal term of the legislative assembly is five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. But while a proclamation of state of emergency is in operation, the said period will be extended by Parliament by Laws for a period not exceeding one year at a time.
Administrative divisions
See also: Corporations, Municipalities and Taluks of Kerala; Local government in Kerala; and Administrative divisions of Kerala
State administrative structure
Administrative divisions
Total
Districts
14
Revenue Divisions
27
Taluks
75
Revenue Villages
1453
Local-Self Governments
Numbers
District Panchayats
14
Block Panchayats
152
Grama Panchayats
941
Municipal Corporations
6
Municipalities
87
Electoral constituencies
Numbers
Lok Sabha constituencies
20
Legislative assembly constituencies
140
For administrative convenience, Kerala State has been divided into 14 districts, 27 revenue divisions, 75 taluks, 152 CD blocks, and 1453 revenue villages. For local governance, the state has 941 gram panchayats, 152 block panchayats, 14 district panchayats, 6 corporations, and 87 municipalities.
Departments
The business of the state government is transacted through the various secretariat departments based on the rules of business. Each department consists of secretary to the government, who is the official head of the department and such other deputy secretaries, under secretaries, junior secretaries, officers, and staffs subordinate to him/her. The Chief secretary superintending control over the whole secretariat and staff attached to the ministers.
The department is further divided into sections, each of which is under the charge of a section officer. Apart from these sections, dealing with the subjects allotted to them, there are other offices sections, assigned with specific duties. When there is more than one secretary in a department, there shall be a clear separation of work.
At present there are 44 Secretariat Departments as below:
Agricultural Development and Farmers Welfare Department
Animal Husbandry Department
Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH) Department
Archaeology Department
Backward Communities Development Department
Department of Coastal Shipping and Inland Navigation
Co-operation Department
Department of Consumer Affairs
Department of Cultural Affairs
Department of Diary Development
Department of Environment
Department of Election
Department of Electronics and Information Technology
Excise Department
Finance Department
Fisheries and Ports Department
Forests and Wildlife Department
Food and Civil Supplies Department
General Education Department
General Administration Department
Higher Education Department
Home Department
Health and Family Welfare Department
Housing Department
Industries and Commerce Department
Information & Public Relations Department
Labour and Skills Department
Law Department
Local Self-Government Department
Minority Welfare Department
Non Resident Keralites Affairs (NORKA) Department
Planning and Economic Affairs Department
Personnel & Administrative Reforms Department
Parliamentary Affairs Department
Power Department
Public Works Department
Registration Department
Revenue Department
Sainik Welfare Department
Science & Technology Department
Social Justice Department
Sports & Youth Affairs Department
Scheduled Castes Development Department
Scheduled Tribes Development Department
Stores Purchase Department
Taxes Department
Tourism Department
Transport Department
Vigilance Department
Water Resources Department
Women and Child Development Department
Western Ghats Cell
Out of these 44 Secretariat Departments, 42 (aside from the Finance and Law Departments) are commonly referred to as Administrative Departments and are referred to as Administrative Secretariat collectively for administrative convenience and in light of the functions that are distributed among them.
The Secretaries in charge of various departments are typically All India Service officers who are members of the Indian Administrative Service and may have the rank of Additional Chief Secretary, Principal Secretary, or Secretary.
In addition to the Secretariat department, the State Government operates various field departments that function under the purview of their respective Secretariat department. These field departments form an integral part of the administrative structure, working in conjunction with the Secretariat to effectively implement government policies and initiatives at the grassroots level. Line departments (field departments) which are distinct from the Secretariat but operate under almost the same name as the Secretariat dept are commonly known as Directorates and Commissionerates.
State insignias
Symbols of KeralaEmblem of KeralaLanguageMalayalamBirdGreat Indian hornbillFishPearlspot (karimeen)FlowerCassia fistula (Indian laburnum)FruitJackfruitMammalElephantTreeCoconutCostumeMundum neriyathum (women)Mundu (men)
Main article: Seal of Kerala
The Kerala State Emblem is a derivative version of the royal coat of arms of the Kingdom of Travancore. The state emblem symbolises two elephants guarding the Imperial Shanku, or conch, in its imperial crest. This crest was the insignia of Lord Sree Padmanabha (a form of Lord Vishnu) - the national deity of Travancore. Shanku was considered one of the common emblems of a majority of the Kerala feudal kingdoms. The Kingdom of Cochin and Zamorin's Malabar also had conch as state emblems. When the kingdoms of Cochin and Travancore merged in 1949, for a brief period, the crest carried a wheel or chakra in the centre with Shanku on top of it. With the accession of Malabar into Travancore-Cochin, the state of Kerala was formed in 1957. During this time, the royal coat of arms of the Travancore kingdom was modified by placing the "Lion Capital of Ashoka" on top of the imperial conch. The Travancore Royal Family uses the erstwhile Royal Coat of Arms of Travancore today, whereas Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple of Trivandrum uses only the imperial conch crest as its coat of arms.
The state animal of Kerala is the elephant, and the government emblem has two elephants in it. The state bird is the great Indian hornbill (ML:മലമ്പുഴക്കി വേഴാമ്പല്). The state flower is the golden shower (ML:കണിക്കൊന്ന), and the state tree is the coconut. The state fish is the pearlspot or karimeen (കരിമീന്).
Elections
Main article: Elections in Kerala
Elections to the state assembly are held every five years. Elections are generally held for Parliament, State assembly and regional panchayats. Due to the large numbers of eligible voters, over 21 million, elections are usually held on several dates. Like all other Indian states, the minimum age of registration of a voter is 18 years.
Politics
Main article: Politics of Kerala
Kerala has a unique position in India as one of the most politicised states. It has the nation's largest politically aware population, which actively participates in state politics.
Politics in Kerala is dominated by two political fronts: the Communist Party of India (Marxist)-led Left Democratic Front (LDF) and the Indian National Congress-led United Democratic Front (UDF) since late 1970s. These two coalitions have alternated in power since 1982, although this pattern was broken in 2021. According to the 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election, the LDF has a majority in the state assembly (99/140).
The political alliance has strongly stabilised and, with rare exceptions, most of the coalition partners maintain loyalty to the alliance. As a result of this, power has alternated between these two fronts since 1979.
In terms of individual parties, the state has strong leanings towards socialism and thus Communist parties have made strong inroads in Kerala. The Malabar region, particularly Kannur and Palakkad, are considered the heartland of the Communist parties. The Kollam and Alapuzha districts, where trade unions have a strong presence, are generally inclined to Left parties, though several times the UDF has won. The CPI(M) led LDF did a clean sweep of 11–0 over UDF and NDA in Kollam district during 2016 Local body election. The largest Communist party is the CPIM and the second largest is the CPI.
The Indian National Congress, which leads the UDF coalition, has had a very strong presence in Kerala since pre-Independence days. The Congress party has great popularity in the Thrissur, Ernakulam, Kottayam, Pathanamthitta and Thiruvananthapuram regions, whereas it has a strong influence in some parts of Idukki regions.
The Bharatiya Janata Party (the Party that currently leads the Government of India) is also active in Kerala, but is not part of either coalition. It does not have any elected Parliament member, and has lost its one Legislative Assembly member in the 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election and selected members in all the Corporations, several Municipal Councils and a large number of Local Panchayats. The party enjoys popularity in the districts of Thiruvananthapuram and Kasaragod.
Other popular regional parties are:
The Kerala Congress, which has more than four denominations after breaking away from the original party. It has strong influence among settlement populations in hilly regions. The various Kerala Congress denominations are primarily patronized by the Syrian Christian community and Nair populations, mostly in Central Travancore areas like Kottayam, Idukki and Pathanamthitta. Today, most of Kerala Congress parties are with the UDF.
The Indian Union Muslim League is a powerful pro-Muslim community-oriented party, which was started as the Muslim League prior to Independence, yet decided to transfer their allegiance to the Indian Union after Independence, when the original Muslim League went to Pakistan. The IUML-Kerala unit is the only Muslim League group to declare its allegiance and loyalty to India and hence become a state party in post-Independence India. The party has strongholds mostly in Muslim-dominated districts like Kozhikode, Malappuram and Kasargod. They form the second largest party within the UDF.
Socialist groups, consisting of several small fragmented parties like the NCP (SP), SJD-S, JDS, and Congress-S, are mainly centre-left socialist parties having very limited influence in a few pocket areas. Most of the socialist groups are with the LDF, though in a few instances, some of them changed their loyalties to the UDF.
Communist parties consist of various groups which have broken away from the CPIM. They are mostly centre-left parties, though a few are extreme-left. While a few centre-left parties like the RSP have joined with the UDF, those that broke away from the CPIM, like the CMP and JSS, led by erstwhile CPIM veterans who were expelled from CPIM, have joined with the UDF.
The Bharath Dharma Jana Sena or BDJS is a new political party formed in 2015 led by Thushar Vellapally. The party's primary vote base is among Ezhava and Thiyya community. It is politically and ideologically aligned towards the BJP and is a part of National Democratic Alliance.
Awards and honours
Kerala was declared as the first complete digitally administered state of India on 27 February 2016. The India Corruption Survey 2019 by Transparency International declared Kerala the least-corrupt state in India. The state topped in the country to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals according to the annual report of NITI Aayog published in 2019. The Public Affairs Index-2020 released by the Public Affairs Centre, India, designated Kerala as the best governed Indian state.
References
^ >pages gad.kerala.gov.in/index.php/contact-us>pages
^ "The States". Government of India. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008.
^ "Kerala's Transport, Ports ministers resign, pave way for cabinet reshuffle". India Today. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
^ "Kerala Government - Legislature". Kerala Niyamasabha. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
^ "Local Self Government Institutions | Deparyment of Panchayats". dop.lsgkerala.gov.in. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
^ "Local Self Government". Archived from the original on 11 April 2011.
^ "Organizational and functional details of the Government Secretariat". The official website, Government of Kerala. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010.
^ "Karshika Keralam – Department of Agriculture Development and Farmers' Welfare" (in Malayalam). Retrieved 7 February 2022.
^ "AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha & Homoeopathy) – National Health Mission". Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
^ "Home - NORKA". www.norkaroots.org. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
^ "Kerala State Portal". kerala.gov.in. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
^ "Kerala Symbols". kerenvis.nic.in. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008.
^ "Red wave trounces UDF in Kerala". The Hindu. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
^ Special currespondent (28 February 2016). "Kerala the first digital State". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
^ India Corruption Survey 2019 - Report (PDF). Transparency International India. 2019. p. 22.
^ Gireesh Chandra Prasad (30 December 2019). "Kerala tops sustainable development goals index". Livemint. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
^ PTI (30 October 2020). "Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Goa best governed States: report". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
Further reading
Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala (PDF), Thiruvananthapuram: Secratriat of Kerala Legislature, 2018
Chandran, VP (2018). Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam Edition). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode.
Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007). A Survey of Kerala History. DC Books. ISBN 9788126415786.
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Council_of_Ministers"},{"link_name":"responsible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_government"},{"link_name":"Kerala Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"dependent on Kerala Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_of_powers"},{"link_name":"primary legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_legislation"},{"link_name":"vote of no confidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence"},{"link_name":"snap election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap_election"},{"link_name":"Indian constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_constitution"},{"link_name":"executive authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)"},{"link_name":"sinecures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinecure"}],"text":"The Government of Kerala (abbreviated as GoK), also known as the Kerala Government, is the administrative body responsible for governing Indian state of Kerala. The government is led by a chief minister, who selects all the other ministers. The chief minister and their most senior ministers belong to the supreme decision-making committee, known as the cabinet.Ministers of the Kerala government are responsible to the Kerala Legislative Assembly; they make statements in the assembly and take questions from members of the assembly. The government is dependent on Kerala Legislative Assembly to make primary legislation. Legislative assembly elections are held every five years to elect a new assembly, unless there is a successful vote of no confidence in the government or a two-thirds vote for a snap election in the assembly, in which case an election may be held sooner. After an election, the governor selects as chief minister the leader of the party most likely to command the confidence of the assembly, usually by possessing a majority of MLAs.Under the Indian constitution, executive authority lies with the governor, although this authority is exercised only by, or on the advice of, the chief minister and the cabinet. In most cases, the cabinet members exercise power directly as leaders of the government departments, though some cabinet positions are sinecures to a greater or lesser degree.","title":"Government of Kerala"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pattom_Skyline_panoramo_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pattom_Skyline_panoramo_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thiruvananthapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram"}],"text":"The city of Thiruvananthapuram serves as the administrative headquarters of Kerala.","title":"Executive branch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Chief Ministers of Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Kerala"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_Secretariat,_Kerala.jpg"},{"link_name":"Government Secretariat Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Government_Secretariat"},{"link_name":"Thiruvananthapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram"},{"link_name":"legislative assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_assembly"},{"link_name":"Judiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"Pinarayi Vijayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinarayi_Vijayan"}],"sub_title":"Kerala Council of Ministers","text":"See also: List of Chief Ministers of KeralaThe Government Secretariat Complex in Thiruvananthapuram, which houses offices of ministers and secretariesLike in other Indian states, the executive arm of the state is responsible for the day-to-day management of the state. It consists of the governor, the chief minister and the Council of Ministers. The chief minister and the council of ministers also have been appointed by the governor. The governor summons prorogues and dissolves the legislature. He can close the legislative assembly on the recommendation of the chief minister. Judiciary has been separated from the executive in Kerala like other Indian states.The executive authority is headed by the Chief Minister of Kerala, who is the de facto head of state and is vested with most of the executive powers; the Legislative Assembly's majority party leader is appointed to this position by the Governor. The present Chief Minister is Pinarayi Vijayan, who took office on 25 May 2016. Generally, the winning party decides the chief minister. In many cases, the party focuses a chief ministerial candidate during the election.The Council of Ministers, which answers to the Legislative Assembly, has its members appointed by the Governor; the appointments receive input from the Chief Minister. They are collectively responsible to the legislative assembly of the State. Generally, the winning party and its chief minister chooses the ministers list and submit the list for the Governor's approval.","title":"Executive branch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governors of Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_Kerala"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister"},{"link_name":"states and territories of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"constitutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional"},{"link_name":"bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India-KERALA.svg"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Arif Mohammad Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arif_Mohammad_Khan"}],"sub_title":"Governor","text":"See also: Governors of KeralaThe governor is appointed by the President for a term of five years. The executive and legislative powers lie with the Chief Minister and his council of ministers, who are appointed by the governor. The governors of the states and territories of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as that of the president of India at the national level. Only Indian citizens above 35 years of age are eligible for appointment. Governors discharge all constitutional functions, such as the appointment of the chief minister, sending reports to the president about failure of constitutional machinery in a state, or with respect to issues relating to the assent to a bill passed by legislature, exercise or their own opinion.[2]Thumbnail map of India with Kerala highlighted.Arif Mohammad Khan is the present governor.The governor enjoys many different types of powers:Executive powers related to administration, appointments, and removals\nLegislative powers related to lawmaking and the state legislature\nDiscretionary powers to be carried out according to the discretion of the governor","title":"Executive branch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transcluded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Transclusion"},{"link_name":"Kerala Council of Ministers#Present Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Council_of_Ministers#Present_Council_of_Ministers"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Council_of_Ministers&action=edit#Present_Council_of_Ministers"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Council_of_Ministers&action=history#Present_Council_of_Ministers"},{"link_name":"Central Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Stadium_(Thiruvananthapuram)"},{"link_name":"Left Democratic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front"},{"link_name":"Antony Raju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Raju"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Devarkovil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahamed_Devarkovil"},{"link_name":"K.B Ganesh Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._B._Ganesh_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Kadannappalli Ramachandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadannappalli_Ramachandran"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This section is transcluded from Kerala Council of Ministers#Present Council of Ministers. (edit | history)The incumbent chief minister of Kerala is serving his second consecutive term, and was sworn into power on 20 May 2021. The oath-taking ceremony was held at the Central Stadium. The Kerala Governor administered the oath of office and secrecy to the new members. In December 2023, the Kerala Cabinet underwent a reshuffle as part of a mutual agreement among member parties. The reshuffling is in accordance with a pre-election agreement within the Left Democratic Front (LDF) coalition. Transport Minister Antony Raju and Ports and Archaeology Minister Ahmed Devarkovil resigned, leading to the appointment of K.B Ganesh Kumar as the new Minister for Transport and Kadannappalli Ramachandran as the Minister for Registration and Archeology.[3]","title":"Council of Ministers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kerala_Legislative_Assembly,_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thiruvananthapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram"},{"link_name":"legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Indian"},{"link_name":"speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_(politics)"},{"link_name":"assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"state of emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_emergency_in_India"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The state assembly building in Thiruvananthapuram.The legislature comprises the governor and the legislative assembly, which is the highest political organ in the state. The governor has the power to summon the assembly or to close the same. All members of the legislative assembly are directly elected, normally once in every five years by the eligible voters who are above 18 years of age. The current assembly consists of 140 elected members and one member nominated by the governor from the Anglo-Indian community. The elected members select one of its own members as its chairman who is called the speaker. The speaker is assisted by the deputy speaker who is also elected by the members. The conduct of a meeting in the house is the responsibility of the speaker.The main function of the assembly is to pass laws and rules. Every bill passed by the house has to be finally approved by the governor before it becomes applicable.The normal term of the legislative assembly is five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. But while a proclamation of state of emergency is in operation, the said period will be extended by Parliament by Laws for a period not exceeding one year at a time.[4]","title":"Legislative branch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corporations, Municipalities and Taluks of Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporations,_Municipalities_and_Taluks_of_Kerala"},{"link_name":"Local government in Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Kerala"},{"link_name":"Administrative divisions of Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kerala"},{"link_name":"corporations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_corporation_(India)"},{"link_name":"municipalities.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_council_(India)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"See also: Corporations, Municipalities and Taluks of Kerala; Local government in Kerala; and Administrative divisions of KeralaFor administrative convenience, Kerala State has been divided into 14 districts, 27 revenue divisions, 75 taluks, 152 CD blocks, and 1453 revenue villages. For local governance, the state has 941 gram panchayats, 152 block panchayats, 14 district panchayats, 6 corporations, and 87 municipalities.[6]","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Agricultural Development and Farmers Welfare Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_Development_%26_Farmers%27_Welfare_(Kerala)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"AYUSH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_AYUSH"},{"link_name":"Archaeology Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_State_Department_of_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Department of Cultural Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Cultural_Affairs_(Kerala)"},{"link_name":"Excise Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Excise"},{"link_name":"Finance Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Finance_(Kerala)"},{"link_name":"Forests and Wildlife Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Forests_and_Wildlife_(Kerala)"},{"link_name":"Food and Civil Supplies Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Food_and_Civil_Supplies_(Kerala)"},{"link_name":"General Education Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_General_and_Higher_Education_(Kerala)"},{"link_name":"Home Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Home_(Kerala)"},{"link_name":"Health and Family Welfare Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare_(Kerala)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Industries and Commerce Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Industries_(Kerala)"},{"link_name":"Information & Public Relations Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Information_and_Public_Relations_(Kerala)"},{"link_name":"Law Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Law_(Kerala)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Local Self-Government Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Self_Government_Department,_Kerala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Non Resident Keralites Affairs (NORKA) Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Non_Resident_Keralites_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Power Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_State_Electricity_Board"},{"link_name":"Public Works Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Public_Works_(Kerala)"},{"link_name":"Registration Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Registration_Department_(Kerala)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Revenue Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Revenue_and_Land_Survey"},{"link_name":"Tourism Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Tourism_(Kerala)"},{"link_name":"Vigilance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilance_%26_Anti-Corruption_Bureau,_Kerala"},{"link_name":"Water Resources Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Water_Resources,_Irrigation_and_Inland_Navigation,_Government_of_Kerala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Indian Administrative Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service"},{"link_name":"Principal Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_Secretary_(India)"}],"text":"The business of the state government is transacted through the various secretariat departments based on the rules of business. Each department consists of secretary to the government, who is the official head of the department and such other deputy secretaries, under secretaries, junior secretaries, officers, and staffs subordinate to him/her. The Chief secretary superintending control over the whole secretariat and staff attached to the ministers.The department is further divided into sections, each of which is under the charge of a section officer. Apart from these sections, dealing with the subjects allotted to them, there are other offices sections, assigned with specific duties. When there is more than one secretary in a department, there shall be a clear separation of work.[7]At present there are 44 Secretariat Departments as below:Agricultural Development and Farmers Welfare Department[8]\nAnimal Husbandry Department\nAyurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy[9] (AYUSH) Department\nArchaeology Department\nBackward Communities Development Department\nDepartment of Coastal Shipping and Inland Navigation\nCo-operation Department\nDepartment of Consumer Affairs\nDepartment of Cultural Affairs\nDepartment of Diary Development\nDepartment of Environment\nDepartment of Election\nDepartment of Electronics and Information Technology\nExcise Department\nFinance Department\nFisheries and Ports Department\nForests and Wildlife Department\nFood and Civil Supplies Department\nGeneral Education Department\nGeneral Administration Department\nHigher Education Department\n\nHome Department\nHealth and Family Welfare Department\nHousing Department\nIndustries and Commerce Department\nInformation & Public Relations Department\nLabour and Skills Department\n\nLaw Department\nLocal Self-Government Department\nMinority Welfare Department\nNon Resident Keralites Affairs (NORKA) Department[10]\nPlanning and Economic Affairs Department\nPersonnel & Administrative Reforms Department\nParliamentary Affairs Department\nPower Department\nPublic Works Department\nRegistration Department\nRevenue Department\nSainik Welfare Department\nScience & Technology Department\n\nSocial Justice Department\nSports & Youth Affairs Department\nScheduled Castes Development Department\nScheduled Tribes Development Department\nStores Purchase Department\nTaxes Department\nTourism Department\nTransport Department\nVigilance Department\nWater Resources Department[11]\nWomen and Child Development Department\nWestern Ghats CellOut of these 44 Secretariat Departments, 42 (aside from the Finance and Law Departments) are commonly referred to as Administrative Departments and are referred to as Administrative Secretariat collectively for administrative convenience and in light of the functions that are distributed among them.\nThe Secretaries in charge of various departments are typically All India Service officers who are members of the Indian Administrative Service and may have the rank of Additional Chief Secretary, Principal Secretary, or Secretary.In addition to the Secretariat department, the State Government operates various field departments that function under the purview of their respective Secretariat department. These field departments form an integral part of the administrative structure, working in conjunction with the Secretariat to effectively implement government policies and initiatives at the grassroots level. Line departments (field departments) which are distinct from the Secretariat but operate under almost the same name as the Secretariat dept are commonly known as Directorates and Commissionerates.","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kerala State Emblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_of_Kerala"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Travancore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Travancore"},{"link_name":"Shanku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conch"},{"link_name":"Sree Padmanabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_Temple"},{"link_name":"Cochin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin"},{"link_name":"chakra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakra"},{"link_name":"Malabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_district"},{"link_name":"Lion Capital of Ashoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka"},{"link_name":"elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_elephant"},{"link_name":"emblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_of_Kerala"},{"link_name":"great Indian hornbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Indian_hornbill"},{"link_name":"ML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"golden shower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_shower_tree"},{"link_name":"ML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"coconut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_tree"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"pearlspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_chromide"}],"text":"The Kerala State Emblem is a derivative version of the royal coat of arms of the Kingdom of Travancore. The state emblem symbolises two elephants guarding the Imperial Shanku, or conch, in its imperial crest. This crest was the insignia of Lord Sree Padmanabha (a form of Lord Vishnu) - the national deity of Travancore. Shanku was considered one of the common emblems of a majority of the Kerala feudal kingdoms. The Kingdom of Cochin and Zamorin's Malabar also had conch as state emblems. When the kingdoms of Cochin and Travancore merged in 1949, for a brief period, the crest carried a wheel or chakra in the centre with Shanku on top of it. With the accession of Malabar into Travancore-Cochin, the state of Kerala was formed in 1957. During this time, the royal coat of arms of the Travancore kingdom was modified by placing the \"Lion Capital of Ashoka\" on top of the imperial conch. The Travancore Royal Family uses the erstwhile Royal Coat of Arms of Travancore today, whereas Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple of Trivandrum uses only the imperial conch crest as its coat of arms.The state animal of Kerala is the elephant, and the government emblem has two elephants in it. The state bird is the great Indian hornbill (ML:മലമ്പുഴക്കി വേഴാമ്പല്). The state flower is the golden shower (ML:കണിക്കൊന്ന), and the state tree is the coconut.[12] The state fish is the pearlspot or karimeen (കരിമീന്).","title":"State insignias"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India"},{"link_name":"State assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_assembly"},{"link_name":"panchayats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayati_Raj"},{"link_name":"voters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voters"},{"link_name":"million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million"}],"text":"Elections to the state assembly are held every five years. Elections are generally held for Parliament, State assembly and regional panchayats. Due to the large numbers of eligible voters, over 21 million, elections are usually held on several dates. Like all other Indian states, the minimum age of registration of a voter is 18 years.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communist Party of India (Marxist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)"},{"link_name":"Left Democratic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"United Democratic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(India)"},{"link_name":"2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"state assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"Communist parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party"},{"link_name":"Kannur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannur"},{"link_name":"Palakkad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palakkad"},{"link_name":"Kollam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam"},{"link_name":"Alapuzha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alapuzha"},{"link_name":"CPI(M)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)"},{"link_name":"LDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)"},{"link_name":"UDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)"},{"link_name":"NDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)"},{"link_name":"Kollam district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam_district"},{"link_name":"2016 Local body election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"CPIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)"},{"link_name":"CPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Thrissur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrissur"},{"link_name":"Ernakulam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernakulam"},{"link_name":"Kottayam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottayam"},{"link_name":"Pathanamthitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathanamthitta"},{"link_name":"Thiruvananthapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram"},{"link_name":"Idukki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idukki"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"Thiruvananthapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram"},{"link_name":"Kasaragod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaragod"},{"link_name":"Kerala Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Congress"},{"link_name":"Nair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nair"},{"link_name":"Kottayam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottayam"},{"link_name":"Idukki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idukki"},{"link_name":"Pathanamthitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathanamthitta"},{"link_name":"Indian Union Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"Kozhikode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode"},{"link_name":"Malappuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malappuram"},{"link_name":"Kasargod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasargod"},{"link_name":"NCP (SP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party_(Sharadchandra_Pawar)"},{"link_name":"SJD-S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Janata_(Democratic)_Party"},{"link_name":"JDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dal_(Secular)"},{"link_name":"Congress-S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Socialist)"},{"link_name":"CPIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)"},{"link_name":"RSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)"},{"link_name":"CMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Marxist_Party"},{"link_name":"JSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janathipathiya_Samrakshana_Samithy"},{"link_name":"Bharath Dharma Jana Sena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharath_Dharma_Jana_Sena"},{"link_name":"National Democratic Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)"}],"text":"Kerala has a unique position in India as one of the most politicised states. It has the nation's largest politically aware population, which actively participates in state politics.Politics in Kerala is dominated by two political fronts: the Communist Party of India (Marxist)-led Left Democratic Front (LDF) and the Indian National Congress-led United Democratic Front (UDF) since late 1970s. These two coalitions have alternated in power since 1982, although this pattern was broken in 2021. According to the 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election, the LDF has a majority in the state assembly (99/140).The political alliance has strongly stabilised and, with rare exceptions, most of the coalition partners maintain loyalty to the alliance. As a result of this, power has alternated between these two fronts since 1979.In terms of individual parties, the state has strong leanings towards socialism and thus Communist parties have made strong inroads in Kerala. The Malabar region, particularly Kannur and Palakkad, are considered the heartland of the Communist parties. The Kollam and Alapuzha districts, where trade unions have a strong presence, are generally inclined to Left parties, though several times the UDF has won. The CPI(M) led LDF did a clean sweep of 11–0 over UDF and NDA in Kollam district during 2016 Local body election.[13] The largest Communist party is the CPIM and the second largest is the CPI.The Indian National Congress, which leads the UDF coalition, has had a very strong presence in Kerala since pre-Independence days. The Congress party has great popularity in the Thrissur, Ernakulam, Kottayam, Pathanamthitta and Thiruvananthapuram regions, whereas it has a strong influence in some parts of Idukki regions.The Bharatiya Janata Party (the Party that currently leads the Government of India) is also active in Kerala, but is not part of either coalition. It does not have any elected Parliament member, and has lost its one Legislative Assembly member in the 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election and selected members in all the Corporations, several Municipal Councils and a large number of Local Panchayats. The party enjoys popularity in the districts of Thiruvananthapuram and Kasaragod.Other popular regional parties are:The Kerala Congress, which has more than four denominations after breaking away from the original party. It has strong influence among settlement populations in hilly regions. The various Kerala Congress denominations are primarily patronized by the Syrian Christian community and Nair populations, mostly in Central Travancore areas like Kottayam, Idukki and Pathanamthitta. Today, most of Kerala Congress parties are with the UDF.\nThe Indian Union Muslim League is a powerful pro-Muslim community-oriented party, which was started as the Muslim League prior to Independence, yet decided to transfer their allegiance to the Indian Union after Independence, when the original Muslim League went to Pakistan. The IUML-Kerala unit is the only Muslim League group to declare its allegiance and loyalty to India and hence become a state party in post-Independence India. The party has strongholds mostly in Muslim-dominated districts like Kozhikode, Malappuram and Kasargod. They form the second largest party within the UDF.\nSocialist groups, consisting of several small fragmented parties like the NCP (SP), SJD-S, JDS, and Congress-S, are mainly centre-left socialist parties having very limited influence in a few pocket areas. Most of the socialist groups are with the LDF, though in a few instances, some of them changed their loyalties to the UDF.\nCommunist parties consist of various groups which have broken away from the CPIM. They are mostly centre-left parties, though a few are extreme-left. While a few centre-left parties like the RSP have joined with the UDF, those that broke away from the CPIM, like the CMP and JSS, led by erstwhile CPIM veterans who were expelled from CPIM, have joined with the UDF.\nThe Bharath Dharma Jana Sena or BDJS is a new political party formed in 2015 led by Thushar Vellapally. The party's primary vote base is among Ezhava and Thiyya community. It is politically and ideologically aligned towards the BJP and is a part of National Democratic Alliance.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Transparency International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_International"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sustainable Development Goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals"},{"link_name":"NITI Aayog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NITI_Aayog"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Kerala was declared as the first complete digitally administered state of India on 27 February 2016.[14] The India Corruption Survey 2019 by Transparency International declared Kerala the least-corrupt state in India.[15] The state topped in the country to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals according to the annual report of NITI Aayog published in 2019.[16] The Public Affairs Index-2020 released by the Public Affairs Centre, India, designated Kerala as the best governed Indian state.[17]","title":"Awards and honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf"},{"link_name":"Thiruvananthapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram"},{"link_name":"Kerala Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"A Survey of Kerala History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788126415786","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126415786"}],"text":"Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala (PDF), Thiruvananthapuram: Secratriat of Kerala Legislature, 2018\nChandran, VP (2018). Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam Edition). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode.\nMenon, A. Sreedhara (2007). A Survey of Kerala History. DC Books. ISBN 9788126415786.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Government Secretariat Complex in Thiruvananthapuram, which houses offices of ministers and secretaries","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Government_Secretariat%2C_Kerala.jpg/250px-Government_Secretariat%2C_Kerala.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thumbnail map of India with Kerala highlighted.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/India-KERALA.svg/150px-India-KERALA.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The state assembly building in Thiruvananthapuram.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly%2C_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg/250px-Kerala_Legislative_Assembly%2C_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"The States\". Government of India. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080323155549/https://india.gov.in/knowindia/the_states.php","url_text":"\"The States\""},{"url":"https://india.gov.in/knowindia/the_states.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kerala's Transport, Ports ministers resign, pave way for cabinet reshuffle\". India Today. Retrieved 31 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/2-new-kerala-ministers-sworn-in-transport-minister-ports-minister-resign-2479865-2023-12-24","url_text":"\"Kerala's Transport, Ports ministers resign, pave way for cabinet reshuffle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kerala Government - Legislature\". Kerala Niyamasabha. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121208011357/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/govt_2.htm","url_text":"\"Kerala Government - Legislature\""},{"url":"https://niyamasabha.org/codes/govt_2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Local Self Government Institutions | Deparyment of Panchayats\". dop.lsgkerala.gov.in. Retrieved 27 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dop.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/article/158","url_text":"\"Local Self Government Institutions | Deparyment of Panchayats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Self Government\". Archived from the original on 11 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110411094016/https://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=93&Itemid=2273","url_text":"\"Local Self Government\""},{"url":"https://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=93&Itemid=2273","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Organizational and functional details of the Government Secretariat\". The official website, Government of Kerala. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101005001534/https://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_sec/index.htm","url_text":"\"Organizational and functional details of the Government Secretariat\""},{"url":"https://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_sec/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Karshika Keralam – Department of Agriculture Development and Farmers' Welfare\" (in Malayalam). Retrieved 7 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://keralaagriculture.gov.in/","url_text":"\"Karshika Keralam – Department of Agriculture Development and Farmers' Welfare\""}]},{"reference":"\"AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha & Homoeopathy) – National Health Mission\". Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220207103653/https://arogyakeralam.gov.in/2020/03/23/ayush-ayurveda-yoga-naturopathy-unani-siddha-homoeopathy/","url_text":"\"AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha & Homoeopathy) – National Health Mission\""},{"url":"https://arogyakeralam.gov.in/2020/03/23/ayush-ayurveda-yoga-naturopathy-unani-siddha-homoeopathy/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home - NORKA\". www.norkaroots.org. Retrieved 7 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.norkaroots.org/","url_text":"\"Home - NORKA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kerala State Portal\". kerala.gov.in. Retrieved 7 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://kerala.gov.in/subsubdetail/MTI0NTAyMDgxLjg4/Njc3NjY5NTUuOTY=","url_text":"\"Kerala State Portal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kerala Symbols\". kerenvis.nic.in. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080307101819/https://www.kerenvis.nic.in/isbeid/kerala-symbols.htm","url_text":"\"Kerala Symbols\""},{"url":"https://www.kerenvis.nic.in/isbeid/kerala-symbols.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Red wave trounces UDF in Kerala\". The Hindu. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala2016/Red-wave-trounces-UDF-in-Kerala/article14328719.ece","url_text":"\"Red wave trounces UDF in Kerala\""}]},{"reference":"Special currespondent (28 February 2016). \"Kerala the first digital State\". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/kerala-the-first-digital-state/article8291466.ece","url_text":"\"Kerala the first digital State\""}]},{"reference":"India Corruption Survey 2019 - Report (PDF). Transparency International India. 2019. p. 22.","urls":[{"url":"https://transparencyindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/India-Corruption-Survey-2019.pdf","url_text":"India Corruption Survey 2019 - Report"}]},{"reference":"Gireesh Chandra Prasad (30 December 2019). \"Kerala tops sustainable development goals index\". Livemint. Retrieved 4 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kerala-tops-sustainable-development-goals-index-11577729046641.html","url_text":"\"Kerala tops sustainable development goals index\""}]},{"reference":"PTI (30 October 2020). \"Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Goa best governed States: report\". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala-goa-and-chandigarh-best-governed-states-ut-report/article32985716.ece","url_text":"\"Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Goa best governed States: report\""}]},{"reference":"Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala (PDF), Thiruvananthapuram: Secratriat of Kerala Legislature, 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf","url_text":"Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram","url_text":"Thiruvananthapuram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly","url_text":"Kerala Legislature"}]},{"reference":"Chandran, VP (2018). Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam Edition). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007). A Survey of Kerala History. DC Books. ISBN 9788126415786.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C","url_text":"A Survey of Kerala History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126415786","url_text":"9788126415786"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Grand_Jury
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Philadelphia Grand Jury
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["1 Biography","1.1 2001-2009: Hope Is for Hopers","1.2 2010-2011: Break up","1.3 2013-present:Summer of Doom","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Singles","3 Awards","3.1 AIR Awards","3.2 J Award","4 References","5 External links"]
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Philadelphia Grand JuryAlso known asThe Philly JaysOriginSydney, AustraliaGenresIndie rock, punk, soulYears active2008–2011; 2013–presentLabelsNormal People Making Hits/Boomtown RecordsMembersSimon BerckelmanJoel BeesonDan WilliamsPast membersSullivan PattenCalvin WelchIvan LisyakWebsitehttp://www.philadelphiagrandjury.com.au
Philadelphia Grand Jury (The Philly Jays) are an Australian trio from Sydney. The band's current line-up consists of Joel "MC Bad Genius" Beeson on bass, keyboard and guitar, Simon "Berkfinger" Berckelman on vocals and guitar and Dan "Dan W. Sweat" Williams on drums. They play a mix of indie, punk and soul.
Biography
2001-2009: Hope Is for Hopers
Beeson originally formed a band called Johnson in 2001 with his friend Berckelman, before creating the indie band label Motherlovin' Records in 2004. Subsequent bands included Malcolm X & the Black Auditorium and Berkfinger and The Sweats, the latter combining to form Philadelphia Grand Jury in early 2008.
In May 2009, the band signed a joint venture deal with Boomtown Records.
In June 2009, the band released "Going to the Casino (Tomorrow Night)" where it received significant play on Triple J and featured on the television mini-series Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities, also appearing on the soundtrack album.
The band's debut album, Hope Is for Hopers, was released on 25 September 2009, reaching No. 34 on the ARIA Albums Chart.
Williams departed from the group in September 2009. Williams' position was temporarily filled by Ivan Lisyak, aka 'Emergency Ivan,' before a permanent replacement – American session musician, Calvin Welch (Earth, Wind and Fire, Sonny Stitt) – joined the band.
At the fourth annual AIR Awards, held on 22 November 2009, Philadelphia Grand Jury won an award for "Best Independent Single or EP" with their single "Going to the Casino".
2010-2011: Break up
In October 2010, the band announced that Welch had left the band, as the 'rigours of the road have proved too arduous for the 55-year-old drummer.' Welch's replacement was Berlin-based/Brisbane-born Sullivan "Susie Dreamboat" Patten (of I Heart Hiroshima), who performed with the band on their tour of the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia. Patten finished touring with the band in January 2011.
In March 2011, news surfaced that the band had abandoned work on the follow-up to Hope is for Hopers. When FasterLouder sought a follow-up, they were met with the following statement in regards to the band's current status. "Philadelphia Grand Jury are on something of a hiatus. No need to make it a bigger deal than it is. Creative individuals tend to have more than one project and Philadelphia Grand Jury is just one of Berkfinger's musical personas. Berkfinger is currently focusing on other projects, including moving his recording gear to Berlin to finish the recordings that he has been working on in the various incarnations of studios that he has built over the years." On 2 November 2011 the band posted on their Facebook page that the band had broken up.
2013-present:Summer of Doom
After the split, Beeson moved onto production and remix work under the moniker of Boyhood, while Berckelman relocated to Berlin and began working on a solo project entitled Feelings. Feelings released their debut album, Be Kind Unwind in October 2013. In 2013, Berckelman assembled Beeson and Williams to join him on tour in Australia under the Feelings moniker. The three playing together for the first time in nearly four years immediately sparked rumours of a Philadelphia Grand Jury reunion, which were confirmed with a midnight performance by the band at the 2013 BIGSOUND Festival in Brisbane. The band then announced a tour for December 2013, incorporating songs for both Feelings and Philadelphia Grand Jury across two sets.
In late 2014, it was revealed the band would be heading to Berlin in 2015 to record new material. The sessions resulted in the band's second studio album, which had the working title of Ulterior Motif. A new single, "Crashing and Burning, Pt. II," was released in August 2015. The album, now titled Summer of Doom, was released in October 2015.
Discography
Albums
Title
Details
Peak chart positions
AUS
Hope Is for Hopers
Released: October 2009
Label: Boomtown (BTR 046)
Format: CD, CD+DVD
34
Summer of Doom
Released: 2015
Label: Normal People Making Hits (Normal003cd, Normal003lp)
Format: CD, LP
—
Singles
Year
Title
Album
2009
"Going to the Casino"
Hope Is for Hopers
"The Good News"
2010
"I Don't Want to Party (Party)"
"Save Our Town"
2015
"Crashing and Burning, Pt. II"
Summer of Doom
2016
"Spend More Time"
2019
"$10K"
Non-album singles
2020
"Nervous Breakdown"
Awards
AIR Awards
The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
AIR Awards of 2009
"Going to the Casino"
Best Independent Single/EP
Won
AIR Awards of 2010
"The Good News"
Best Independent Single/EP
Nominated
Philadelphia Grand Jury
Breakthrough Independent Artist
Nominated
Most Popular Independent Artist
Nominated
J Award
The J Awards are an annual series of Australian music awards that were established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. They commenced in 2005.
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
J Awards of 2009
Hope is for Hopers
Australian Album of the Year
Nominated
References
^ "Triple j Unearthed - Featured Artist". Archived from the original on 18 September 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
^ "Boomtown Records signs Philadelphia Grand Jury". Boomtown Records. 18 May 2009. Archived from the original on 14 September 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
^ "Philadelphia Grand Jury – Going to the Casino". Faster Louder.com.au. 17 July 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
^ "Going to the Casino (Tomorrow Night)". J Play. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
^ "Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities soundtrack". Chaos music. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
^ "Underbelly soundtrack". Channel Nine. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
^ "Philly Jays hit the road". Mess+Noise. 8 September 2009. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
^ Dibbs, Lisa (18 August 2009). "Philadelphia Grand Jury announce debut album". The Dwarf.com.au. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
^ "Hope is for Hopers – Philadelphia Grand Jury". Australian-charts.com. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
^ a b "TheVine Radio Player Feature – Philadelphia Grand Jury". TheVine.com.au. 30 September 2009. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
^ "Philly Jays recruit new drummer". Mess+Noise.com. 23 September 2009. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
^ "2009 Air Awards". AIR. November 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
^ Cashmere, Paul (24 November 2009). "The Drones Take Home The Major Air Award". Undercover.com.au. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
^ "Philly Jays announce drummer No. 4". Mess+Noise.com. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
^ "Industrial Strength: March 16 - Industrial Strength - The Music Network". www.themusicnetwork.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011.
^ "Philadelphia Grand Jury "on hiatus"". 17 March 2011.
^ "Philadelphia Grand Jury on Facebook". Facebook. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022.
^ "Philadelphia Grand Jury on Australian Charts". Australian Charts. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
^ ""Crashing and Burning, Pt. II" - single". Apple Music. August 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
^ ""Spend More Time" - single". Apple Music. May 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
^ ""$10K" - single". Apple Music. March 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
^ "Nervous Breakdown - single". Apple Music. June 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
^ "AIR Nominees". 19 October 2009. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
^ a b "History Wins". Australian Independent Record Labels Association. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
^ "Jagermeister Independent Music Awards Nominations Announced!". 1 September 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philadelphia Grand Jury.
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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They play a mix of indie, punk and soul.[1]","title":"Philadelphia Grand Jury"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Boomtown Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomtown_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Triple J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_J"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly:_A_Tale_of_Two_Cities"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ARIA Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vine-10"},{"link_name":"Earth, Wind and Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth,_Wind_and_Fire"},{"link_name":"Sonny Stitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Stitt"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vine-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"AIR Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIR_Awards"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"2001-2009: Hope Is for Hopers","text":"Beeson originally formed a band called Johnson in 2001 with his friend Berckelman, before creating the indie band label Motherlovin' Records in 2004. Subsequent bands included Malcolm X & the Black Auditorium and Berkfinger and The Sweats, the latter combining to form Philadelphia Grand Jury in early 2008.[citation needed]In May 2009, the band signed a joint venture deal with Boomtown Records.[2]In June 2009, the band released \"Going to the Casino (Tomorrow Night)\"[3] where it received significant play on Triple J[4] and featured on the television mini-series Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities, also appearing on the soundtrack album.[5][6]The band's debut album, Hope Is for Hopers, was released on 25 September 2009,[7][8] reaching No. 34 on the ARIA Albums Chart.[9]Williams departed from the group in September 2009.[10] Williams' position was temporarily filled by Ivan Lisyak, aka 'Emergency Ivan,' before a permanent replacement – American session musician, Calvin Welch (Earth, Wind and Fire, Sonny Stitt) – joined the band.[10][11]At the fourth annual AIR Awards, held on 22 November 2009, Philadelphia Grand Jury won an award for \"Best Independent Single or EP\" with their single \"Going to the Casino\".[12][13]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"2010-2011: Break up","text":"In October 2010, the band announced that Welch had left the band, as the 'rigours of the road have proved too arduous for the 55-year-old drummer.' Welch's replacement was Berlin-based/Brisbane-born Sullivan \"Susie Dreamboat\" Patten (of I Heart Hiroshima),[14] who performed with the band on their tour of the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia. Patten finished touring with the band in January 2011.In March 2011, news surfaced that the band had abandoned work on the follow-up to Hope is for Hopers.[15] When FasterLouder sought a follow-up, they were met with the following statement in regards to the band's current status.[16] \"Philadelphia Grand Jury are on something of a hiatus. No need to make it a bigger deal than it is. Creative individuals tend to have more than one project and Philadelphia Grand Jury is just one of Berkfinger's musical personas. Berkfinger is currently focusing on other projects, including moving his recording gear to Berlin to finish the recordings that he has been working on in the various incarnations of studios that he has built over the years.\" On 2 November 2011 the band posted on their Facebook page that the band had broken up.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"2013-present:Summer of Doom","text":"After the split, Beeson moved onto production and remix work under the moniker of Boyhood, while Berckelman relocated to Berlin and began working on a solo project entitled Feelings. Feelings released their debut album, Be Kind Unwind in October 2013. In 2013, Berckelman assembled Beeson and Williams to join him on tour in Australia under the Feelings moniker. The three playing together for the first time in nearly four years immediately sparked rumours of a Philadelphia Grand Jury reunion, which were confirmed with a midnight performance by the band at the 2013 BIGSOUND Festival in Brisbane. The band then announced a tour for December 2013, incorporating songs for both Feelings and Philadelphia Grand Jury across two sets.[17]In late 2014, it was revealed the band would be heading to Berlin in 2015 to record new material. The sessions resulted in the band's second studio album, which had the working title of Ulterior Motif. A new single, \"Crashing and Burning, Pt. II,\" was released in August 2015. The album, now titled Summer of Doom, was released in October 2015.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AIR Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIR_Awards"}],"sub_title":"AIR Awards","text":"The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_Awards"},{"link_name":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Triple J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_J"}],"sub_title":"J Award","text":"The J Awards are an annual series of Australian music awards that were established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. They commenced in 2005.","title":"Awards"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Triple j Unearthed - Featured Artist\". Archived from the original on 18 September 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090918035141/http://www.triplejunearthed.com/Artists/FeaturedArtist.aspx?artistid=23528","url_text":"\"Triple j Unearthed - Featured Artist\""},{"url":"http://www.triplejunearthed.com/Artists/FeaturedArtist.aspx?artistid=23528","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Boomtown Records signs Philadelphia Grand Jury\". Boomtown Records. 18 May 2009. Archived from the original on 14 September 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090914161506/http://www.boomtownrecords.com.au/news/boomtown-records-signs-philadelphia-grand-jury/","url_text":"\"Boomtown Records signs Philadelphia Grand Jury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomtown_Records","url_text":"Boomtown Records"},{"url":"http://www.boomtownrecords.com.au/news/boomtown-records-signs-philadelphia-grand-jury/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Philadelphia Grand Jury – Going to the Casino\". Faster Louder.com.au. 17 July 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/reviews/music/19403/Philadelphia-Grand-Jury--Going-To-The-Casino-EP.htm","url_text":"\"Philadelphia Grand Jury – Going to the Casino\""}]},{"reference":"\"Going to the Casino (Tomorrow Night)\". J Play. Retrieved 10 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jplay.com.au/JSite/ViewSong.aspx?SongID=19391","url_text":"\"Going to the Casino (Tomorrow Night)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities soundtrack\". Chaos music. Retrieved 10 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://chaos.com/product/underbelly_a_tale_of_two_cities_3384488_3412.html","url_text":"\"Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities soundtrack\""}]},{"reference":"\"Underbelly soundtrack\". Channel Nine. Retrieved 10 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://channelnine.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=771015","url_text":"\"Underbelly soundtrack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Network","url_text":"Channel Nine"}]},{"reference":"\"Philly Jays hit the road\". Mess+Noise. 8 September 2009. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. 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Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091003053400/http://www.thevine.com.au/music/articles/thevine-radio-player-feature-_-philadelphia-grand-jury.aspx","url_text":"\"TheVine Radio Player Feature – Philadelphia Grand Jury\""},{"url":"http://www.thevine.com.au/music/articles/thevine-radio-player-feature-_-philadelphia-grand-jury.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Philly Jays recruit new drummer\". Mess+Noise.com. 23 September 2009. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714075136/http://m.messandnoise.com/news/3753377","url_text":"\"Philly Jays recruit new drummer\""},{"url":"http://m.messandnoise.com/news/3753377","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Air Awards\". AIR. November 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100716122508/http://www.airawards.com.au/","url_text":"\"2009 Air Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Independent_Record_Labels_Association","url_text":"AIR"},{"url":"http://www.airawards.com.au/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cashmere, Paul (24 November 2009). \"The Drones Take Home The Major Air Award\". Undercover.com.au. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121205153545/http://www.undercover.com.au/News-Story.aspx?id=9567_The_Drones_Take_Home_The_Major_Air_Award","url_text":"\"The Drones Take Home The Major Air Award\""},{"url":"http://www.undercover.com.au/News-Story.aspx?id=9567_The_Drones_Take_Home_The_Major_Air_Award","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Philly Jays announce drummer No. 4\". Mess+Noise.com. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.messandnoise.com/news/4081955","url_text":"\"Philly Jays announce drummer No. 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"Industrial Strength: March 16 - Industrial Strength - The Music Network\". www.themusicnetwork.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110320025803/http://www.themusicnetwork.com/music-news/industrial-strength/2011/03/16/industrial-strength-march-16","url_text":"\"Industrial Strength: March 16 - Industrial Strength - The Music Network\""},{"url":"http://www.themusicnetwork.com/music-news/industrial-strength/2011/03/16/industrial-strength-march-16/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Philadelphia Grand Jury \"on hiatus\"\". 17 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/news/local/27805/Philadelphia-Grand-Jury-on-hiatus","url_text":"\"Philadelphia Grand Jury \"on hiatus\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Philadelphia Grand Jury on Facebook\". Facebook. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/84677998940/10151889209828941","url_text":"\"Philadelphia Grand Jury on Facebook\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"},{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/philadelphiagrandjury/posts/10151889209828941","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Philadelphia Grand Jury on Australian Charts\". Australian Charts. Retrieved 17 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://australian-charts.com/search.asp?search=Philadelphia+Grand+Jury+&cat=a","url_text":"\"Philadelphia Grand Jury on Australian Charts\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Crashing and Burning, Pt. II\" - single\". Apple Music. August 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/au/album/crashing-burning-pt-ii-single/1035220316","url_text":"\"\"Crashing and Burning, Pt. II\" - single\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Spend More Time\" - single\". Apple Music. May 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/au/album/spend-more-time-2016-version-single/1117413327","url_text":"\"\"Spend More Time\" - single\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"$10K\" - single\". Apple Music. March 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/au/album/%2410k-single/1455991193","url_text":"\"\"$10K\" - single\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nervous Breakdown - single\". Apple Music. June 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/au/album/nervous-breakdown-single/1513788501","url_text":"\"Nervous Breakdown - single\""}]},{"reference":"\"AIR Nominees\". 19 October 2009. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200918230557/https://www.auspop.com.au/2009/10/air-nominees/","url_text":"\"AIR Nominees\""},{"url":"https://www.auspop.com.au/2009/10/air-nominees/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History Wins\". Australian Independent Record Labels Association. Retrieved 18 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.air.org.au/awards/history","url_text":"\"History Wins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Independent_Record_Labels_Association","url_text":"Australian Independent Record Labels Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Jagermeister Independent Music Awards Nominations Announced!\". 1 September 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theaureview.com/music/jagermeister-independent-music-awards-nominations-announced/","url_text":"\"Jagermeister Independent Music Awards Nominations Announced!\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_Friends_(novel)
|
Circle of Friends (novel)
|
["1 Synopsis","2 Development","3 Themes","4 Reception","5 Adaptations","6 References"]
|
1990 novel by Maeve Binchy
Circle of Friends First editionAuthorMaeve BinchyLanguageEnglishGenreDramaPublisherCenturyPublication placeDublin, IrelandPublished in English1990Media typePrint (Hardback & Paperback)ISBN978-0-385-34173-8
Circle of Friends is a 1990 novel by the Irish author Maeve Binchy. Set in Dublin, as well as in the fictitious town of Knockglen in rural Ireland during the 1950s, the story centres on a group of university students. The novel was adapted into a 1995 feature film directed by Pat O'Connor.
Synopsis
In the fictional small Irish town of Knockglen in 1950, an unlikely friendship blossoms between ten-year-old Bernadette 'Benny' Hogan – an overweight, big-hearted, only child of a local merchant – and wiry orphan Eve Malone, raised from birth by nuns in a Catholic convent after her late mother's upper-class Protestant family rejected her. The friendship endures into their teens, as they both attend University College Dublin. There their loyalty to each other is tested by the introduction of more students to their circle, including rugby player Jack Foley and the beautiful and ambitious social climber, Nan Mahon. Benny surprises everyone by winning the heart of the handsome Jack, but things turn sour when Nan attempts to use Eve's family connections to her own advantage. When her plan to snare Eve's wealthy cousin Simon Westward goes awry, Nan is forced into a new plan, one which will break Benny's heart.
A key subplot involves the future of the Hogan family business, Hogan's Gentlemen's Outfitters, thrown into turmoil when Benny's father dies suddenly. Forced to abandon his plan to marry into the business, the efficient but unpleasant Sean Walsh demands a partnership, but Eddie Hogan dies before the agreement is signed. Benny reluctantly plans to honour the agreement; however, when she looks more closely at the business accounts, it reveals Sean may not be the model employee he seems.
Development
Binchy drew from her own experience at University College Dublin for characterization and plot. Like Benny, Binchy had been overweight and clueless about boyfriends upon her arrival at UCD. She too had to return to her parents' home each night rather than stay on campus. As in her experience, campus social life revolved around the student lounge called the Annexe. There Binchy discovered that talking with boys was not as fearful as she had thought, and conveys that experience in her depiction of Benny and Jack becoming friends.
Themes
Among the themes the novel explores are happiness, friendship and love, commerce, and small-town Irish mores. Los Angeles Times reviewer Carolyn See describes:
Is "love" what life is about? Is marriage the cat's meow? Forget what women want—do men even want it? What if people got together for fun instead of love? What if friendship were the highest of all values? ... This is a madly subversive book. It purports to answer such harmless questions as: "What shall I wear?" but is, in fact, an almost perfect handbook on: "How shall I live?"
Binchy similarly counterpoints the commercial aspirations of long-time merchants in the town against the newfangled ideas of two young entrepreneurs. And she pokes fun at Irish small-town life with many vignettes of townspeople "playing telephone", recording their disparate reactions to what is going on around them.
Reception
Circle of Friends was one of Binchy's most popular novels, and one for which she was best known in the United States. Reviewers commended it for its storytelling quality and description of ordinary events with "extraordinary straightforwardness and insight". Publishers Weekly cited the book's "seductive readability". Susan Isaacs in her review for The New York Times concluded: "There is nothing fancy about 'Circle of Friends.' There is no torrid sex, no profound philosophy. There are no stunning metaphors. There is just a wonderfully absorbing story about people worth caring about."
Adaptations
Binchy's cousin, the actress Kate Binchy, narrated an audiobook of the novel in 1991.
A 1995 feature film adaptation was written by Andrew Davies and directed by Pat O'Connor. Binchy attended the Irish premiere at the Savoy Cinema.
References
^ a b "Kirkus Review". Kirkus Reviews. May 20, 2010. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
^ a b c "Circle Of Friends". Publishers Weekly. December 1, 1990. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
^ a b c See, Carolyn (January 14, 1991). "BOOK REVIEW : Subversive Lessons in a 'Circle of Friends'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
^ Dudgeon, Piers (July 29, 2013). "A circle of friends and unreliable men". The Independent. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
^ O'Clery, Conor (July 31, 2012). "Maeve Binchy obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
^ West, Kelly. "Circle Of Friends Author Maeve Binchy Dies At 72". CinemaBlend. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
^ a b Isaacs, Susan (December 30, 1990). "Three Little Girls From School". The New York Times. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
^ "Circle of friends / Maeve Binchy; read by Kate Binchy". National Library of Australia. 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
^ Howe, Desson (March 24, 1995). "'Circle of Friends'". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
^ "The Times We Lived In: Maeve Binchy and her circle of friends". Irish Times. May 11, 1995. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
vteMaeve BinchyPlaysDeeply Regretted By... (1978)Selected short fiction
The Lilac Bus (1984)
Chestnut Street (2014)
Selected novels
Light a Penny Candle (1982)
Echoes (1985)
Firefly Summer (1987)
Silver Wedding (1988)
Circle of Friends (1990)
The Copper Beech (1992)
The Glass Lake (1994)
Evening Class (1996)
Tara Road (1998)
Scarlet Feather (2000)
Quentins (2002)
Nights of Rain and Stars (2004)
Whitethorn Woods (2006)
Heart and Soul (2008)
Minding Frankie (2010)
A Week in Winter (2012)
Selected non-fiction
Aches and Pains (1999)
Related
Gordon Snell (husband)
William Binchy (brother)
|
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The novel was adapted into a 1995 feature film directed by Pat O'Connor.","title":"Circle of Friends (novel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirkus-1"},{"link_name":"University College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pub-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pub-2"}],"text":"In the fictional small Irish town of Knockglen in 1950, an unlikely friendship blossoms between ten-year-old Bernadette 'Benny' Hogan – an overweight, big-hearted, only child of a local merchant – and wiry orphan Eve Malone, raised from birth by nuns in a Catholic convent after her late mother's upper-class Protestant family rejected her.[1] The friendship endures into their teens, as they both attend University College Dublin. There their loyalty to each other is tested by the introduction of more students to their circle, including rugby player Jack Foley and the beautiful and ambitious social climber, Nan Mahon.[2][3] Benny surprises everyone by winning the heart of the handsome Jack, but things turn sour when Nan attempts to use Eve's family connections to her own advantage. When her plan to snare Eve's wealthy cousin Simon Westward goes awry, Nan is forced into a new plan, one which will break Benny's heart.[2]A key subplot involves the future of the Hogan family business, Hogan's Gentlemen's Outfitters, thrown into turmoil when Benny's father dies suddenly. Forced to abandon his plan to marry into the business, the efficient but unpleasant Sean Walsh demands a partnership, but Eddie Hogan dies before the agreement is signed. Benny reluctantly plans to honour the agreement; however, when she looks more closely at the business accounts, it reveals Sean may not be the model employee he seems.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Binchy drew from her own experience at University College Dublin for characterization and plot. Like Benny, Binchy had been overweight and clueless about boyfriends upon her arrival at UCD. She too had to return to her parents' home each night rather than stay on campus. As in her experience, campus social life revolved around the student lounge called the Annexe. There Binchy discovered that talking with boys was not as fearful as she had thought, and conveys that experience in her depiction of Benny and Jack becoming friends.[4]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Carolyn See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_See"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-3"},{"link_name":"playing telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirkus-1"}],"text":"Among the themes the novel explores are happiness, friendship and love, commerce, and small-town Irish mores. Los Angeles Times reviewer Carolyn See describes:Is \"love\" what life is about? Is marriage the cat's meow? Forget what women want—do men even want it? What if people got together for fun instead of love? What if friendship were the highest of all values? ... This is a madly subversive book. It purports to answer such harmless questions as: \"What shall I wear?\" but is, in fact, an almost perfect handbook on: \"How shall I live?\"[3]Binchy similarly counterpoints the commercial aspirations of long-time merchants in the town against the newfangled ideas of two young entrepreneurs.[3] And she pokes fun at Irish small-town life with many vignettes of townspeople \"playing telephone\", recording their disparate reactions to what is going on around them.[1]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-7"},{"link_name":"Publishers Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pub-2"},{"link_name":"Susan Isaacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Isaacs"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-7"}],"text":"Circle of Friends was one of Binchy's most popular novels,[5] and one for which she was best known in the United States.[6] Reviewers commended it for its storytelling quality and description of ordinary events with \"extraordinary straightforwardness and insight\".[7] Publishers Weekly cited the book's \"seductive readability\".[2] Susan Isaacs in her review for The New York Times concluded: \"There is nothing fancy about 'Circle of Friends.' There is no torrid sex, no profound philosophy. There are no stunning metaphors. There is just a wonderfully absorbing story about people worth caring about.\"[7]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"1995 feature film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_Friends_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Pat O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_O%27Connor_(director)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Savoy Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Cinema"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-it-10"}],"text":"Binchy's cousin, the actress Kate Binchy, narrated an audiobook of the novel in 1991.[8]A 1995 feature film adaptation was written by Andrew Davies and directed by Pat O'Connor.[9] Binchy attended the Irish premiere at the Savoy Cinema.[10]","title":"Adaptations"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howe_of_Fife_and_Tay_Coast_(ward)
|
Howe of Fife and Tay Coast (ward)
|
["1 Councillors","2 Election Results","2.1 2022 Election","3 References"]
|
Location of the ward Howe of Fife and Tay Coast is one of the 22 wards used to elect members of the Fife council. It elects three Councillors.
Councillors
Election
Councillors
2007
David MacDiarmid(SNP)
Donald Lothian(Liberal Democrats)
Andrew Arbuckle(Liberal Democrats)
2012
Andy Heer(Conservative)
2017
2022
Gary Holt(Liberal Democrats)
Election Results
2022 Election
2022 Fife Council election
Howe of Fife and Tay Coast - 3 seats
Party
Candidate
FPv%
Count
1
2
3
4
5
6
SNP
David MacDiarmid (incumbent)
31%
1,871
Liberal Democrats
Donald Lothian (incumbent)
24%
1,448
1,508.1
Liberal Democrats
Gary Holt
20.9%
1,261
1,280
1,280.1
1,290.5
1,306.4
1,594.9
Conservative
Andy Heer (incumbent)
14.6%
880
888.7
888.7
905.9
914.7
944.2
Scottish Green
Malcolm Jack
7.6%
458
627.8
627.8
637.5
679.4
Alba
Jackie Anderson
1%
58
91.6
91.6
95.8
Scottish Family
Alan Brown
0.9%
54
57.9
57.9
Electorate: 11,317 Valid: 6,030 Spoilt: 74 Quota: 1,508 Turnout: 53.9%
References
^ "Scottish Boundary Commission | The Boundary Commission for Scotland is responsible for reviews of UK Parliament constituencies in Scotland".
^ "Candidate Votes Per Stage Report - Ward 16 - Howe Of Fife and Tay Coast" (PDF). Fife Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
vteWards of Fife
Buckhaven, Methil and Wemyss Villages
Burntisland, Kinghorn and Western Kirkcaldy
Cowdenbeath
Cupar
Dunfermline Central
Dunfermline North
Dunfermline South
East Neuk and Landward
Glenrothes Central and Thornton
Glenrothes North, Leslie and Markinch
Glenrothes West and Kinglassie
Howe of Fife and Tay Coast
Inverkeithing and Dalgety Bay
Kirkcaldy Central
Kirkcaldy East
Kirkcaldy North
Leven, Kennoway and Largo
Lochgelly, Cardenden and Benarty
Rosyth
St Andrews
Tay Bridgehead
West Fife and Coastal Villages
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.lgbc-scotland.gov.uk/5th-reviews-ward-maps","external_links_name":"\"Scottish Boundary Commission | The Boundary Commission for Scotland is responsible for reviews of UK Parliament constituencies in Scotland\""},{"Link":"https://www.fife.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/362274/CandidateVotesPerStageReport_V0001_Ward-16-Howe-Of-Fife-and-Tay-Coast_06052022_143531.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Candidate Votes Per Stage Report - Ward 16 - Howe Of Fife and Tay Coast\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangiella_dermatitidis
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Exophiala dermatitidis
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["1 Appearance and general description","2 Geographic distribution","3 Pathophysiology","3.1 Local and superficial infections","3.2 Systemic infections","3.3 Immune response","3.4 Treatment","4 References"]
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Species of fungus
Exophiala dermatitidis
histopathologic changes in phaeohyphomycosis due to Exophiala dermatitidis, formerly Wangiella dermatitidis using PAS stain
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Eurotiomycetes
Order:
Chaetothyriales
Family:
Herpotrichiellaceae
Genus:
Exophiala
Species:
E. dermatitidis
Binomial name
Exophiala dermatitidis(Kano) de Hoog (1977)
Synonyms
Hormiscium dermatitidis Kano (1934)
Fonsecaea dermatitidis (Kano) Carrion (1950)
Hormodendrum dermatitidis (Kano) Conant (1954)
Phialophora dermatitidis (Kano) C.W.Emmons (1963)
Rhinocladiella dermatitidis Schol-Schwarz (1968)
Wangiella dermatitidis (Kano) McGinnis (1977)
Exophiala dermatitidis is a thermophilic black yeast, and a member of the Herpotrichiellaceae. While the species is only found at low abundance in nature, metabolically active strains are commonly isolated in saunas, steam baths, and dish washers. Exophiala dermatitidis only rarely causes infection in humans, however cases have been reported around the world. In East Asia, the species has caused lethal brain infections in young and otherwise healthy individuals. The fungus has been known to cause cutaneous and subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, and as a lung colonist in people with cystic fibrosis in Europe. In 2002, an outbreak of systemic E. dermatitidis infection occurred in women who had received contaminated steroid injections at North Carolina hospitals.
Appearance and general description
Exophiala dermatitidis forms slow growing, brown or black colonies. As is common amongst black yeasts, E. dermatitidis is an anamorphic fungus with multiple conidial forms. This morphological plasticity has complicated taxonomic determination based solely on physical appearance. Young colonies are described as waxy, mucoid, smooth, and yeastlike. Over time pigmented aerial hyphae develop, and older colonies are described as appearing filamentous and velvety. Conidia are between globular and elliptical in shape, and form at the mouth of short annellidic conidiogenous cells. Annellations can only be observed by electron microscopy. Prior to analysis by scanning electron microscope, the conidiogenous cells were observed to form from non-annelated phialides and phialides without collarettes. These observations caused the species to be erroneously provided with its own monotypic genus, Wangiella. The species name Wangiella dermatitidis is still commonly used in the scientific literature.
The black fungus also takes on diverse morphologies in vivo. Infected tissues contain mixtures of ovoid yeast-like cells, short septate hyphae that may be branched or unbranched, toruloid hyphae, as well as isotopically enlarged sclerotic (muriform-like) cells that resemble those found in chromoblastomycosis. The muriform-like cells isolated from E. dermatitidis infections have thinner walls than those found in chromoblastomycosis, and cells are divided along a single plane.
A sexual form of E. dermatitidis has not been observed. However, the occurrence of two mating type idiomorphs in approximately equal numbers among clinical and environmental isolates suggests that E. dermatitidis reproduces sexually. Sequencing of rDNA has shown that clinical isolates of E. dermatitidis are very closely related to Capronia mansonii, and It has been predicted that the ascospores and ascomata of an E. dermatitidis teleomorph would therefore resemble those of C. mansonii.
Ideal growth conditions for E. dermatitidis occur between 40 °C (104 °F) and 42 °C (108 °F), however E. dermatitidis can tolerate temperatures as high as 47 °C (117 °F). Metabolically active fungus is highly abundant in Turkish steam baths that routinely reach temperatures of over 60 °C (140 °F), but is typically not found in more hot and dry sauna facilities, or in cool environments surrounding steam baths. It is thought that extracellular polysaccharides may protect the species from stress in hot and moist environments, as this feature is typical of strains isolated from steam baths. Exophiala dermatitidis has carotenoid pigments in its cell wall that may serve a role in protecting E. dermatitidis from UV damage.
Thermophilicity, negative potassium nitrate assimilation, negative melezitose assimilation, and an ability to decompose tyrosine are used to distinguish E. dermatitidis from other black yeasts. An exoantigen test is useful in species determination, and DNA analysis can also be performed. The fungus has been selectively isolated using high temperature incubation (at 40 °C) on media containing cycloheximide.
Studies suggest that colonies of E. dermatitidis and related fungi growing within the ruins of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant may be able to metabolize ionizing radiation.
Geographic distribution
Exophiala dermatitidis has been isolated around the world in low abundance from a variety of environmental sources, including soil, decaying timber, and wasp nests. The thermophilicity and acid tolerance of E. dermatitidis suggests passage through warm-blooded animals, and it is hypothesized that its ecological niche might be associated with tropical, frugivorous bird and bat species. An ability to utilize nutrients in diverse environments, to adhere to fruit surfaces, and progress through different morphological phases are considered to provide further evidence for this theory. Clinical isolates tend to harbor strains that are found only rarely in nature. It may be the case that traits linked to halotolerance have predisposed these strains towards infecting humans.
While E. dermatitidis has been found only in low abundance in nature, the species is well suited to survive in a number of warm and wet man made niches. Metabolically active strains are isolated in high abundance from surfaces inside saunas, steam baths and humidifiers. E. dermatitidis is one of the most common fungal species to inhabit dishwashers, and has been found in dishwashers around the world.
Pathophysiology
Exophiala dermatitidis is typically considered a human opportunistic pathogen, as those affected by E. dermatitidis often have underlying health conditions. An exception to this is the neurotropic clinical presentation, which is typically found in young and otherwise healthy individuals.
While over 100 fungal species can cause phaeohyphomycosis, E. dermatitidis is one of the two fungi most frequently implicated, along with another Exophiala species, E. jeanselmei. Exophiala dermatitidis is considered to be one of the most pathogenic fungi in the genus Exophiala, and is highly deadly, with a fatality rate of over 40%. The high fatality rate is primarily due to an ability to form systemic and neurotropic infections, which represent approximately half of reported E. dermatitidis cases.
Local and superficial infections
Exophiala dermatitidis forms cutaneous and subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, which most commonly affect the face and neck. Indeed, the fungus was originally isolated from the skin of a patient with lesions on their cheek, neck, and ear. Cells isolated from cutaneous infections are often spherical, and may form toruloid or moniliform chains. Exophiala dermatitidis has been implicated various superficial infections including onychomycosis, otitis externa, and eye infections causing keratitis.
In Europe E. dermatitidis tends to be associated with cystic fibrosis, and is frequently found to have colonized the lungs of CF patients. In one study, E. dermatitidis could be isolated from 6.2% of cystic fibrosis patients using erythritol-chloramphenicol agar culture dishes. Exophiala dermatitidis has also been reported as the etiological agent of lung infections causing pneumonia.
Systemic infections
Exophiala dermatitidis forms neurotrophic infections, and is the black yeast that most commonly causes life-threatening phaeohyphomycosis. Conditions that might predispose people towards an invasive opportunistic infection include diabetes mellitus, lymphocytic leukemia, bronchiectasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and catheterization. Systemic infections are often reported to be without cutaneous or subcutaneous involvement.
Systemic E. dermatitidis infections can include cerebral metastases. The fatality rate for such infections is reported to be over 90%. Central nervous system phaeohyphomycosis is rare, and for unknown reasons primarily arise in East Asia, despite a cosmopolitan distribution of the fungus. Within East Asian populations, young and otherwise healthy people have developed cerebral infections. Lung infections in European CF patients and neurotropic mycosis in East Asia are caused by E. dermatitidis strains that are genetically similar, and host factors such as immunological differences may be responsible for the different infection patterns. Exophiala dermatitidis occurs at very high frequency in both Asian and European saunas, and absence of neurotrophic mycosis in Europe isn't explained by reduced exposure to the fungus.
In 2002 a small outbreak of systemic E. dermatitidis infection occurred in North Carolina hospitals, involving five women who received steroid injections for pain management. In one of women the infection wasn't evident until 152 days after injection of the contaminated solution. Isolates from these patients were found by the FDA to be susceptible to all of voriconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B. In one patient the infection caused sacroiliitis, while the remaining four developed meningitis. Meningitis eventually caused death in one patient, while voriconazole was successful in treating infection in the four other patients. The outbreak was traced back to a single compounding pharmacy, which was found by the FDA to have inadequately controlled for sterility of its products.
Immune response
Exophiala dermatitidis typically causes a non-specific and granulomatous inflammatory response. Lymphocytes, histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells and neutrophils are recruited. The host responses are highly variable, often include cyst formation, and vary from weak reaction to an intense inflammatory response that results in tissue necrosis.
As with other black yeasts that cause phaeohyphomycosis, melanin appears to have defensive purpose, and helps protect E. dermatitidis from death within human neutrophils. Pathogenic strains of E. dermatitidis contain five times more melanin than saprophytic E. dermatitidis, while melanin deficient mutants of pathogenic strains have dramatically reduced virulence.
Treatment
A diagnosis of E. dermatitidis infection of the CNS can only be reliably achieved following biopsy. For systemic infections there are few treatment options, and E. dermatitidis is described as "notoriously resistant" to antifungal drugs. During the North Carolina outbreak, treatment with voriconazole was effective in four out of the five patients, and all of voriconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B were found to be effective in vitro. Terbinafine has also been found to be effective in vitro, and combinations of antifungal drugs can have a synergistic effect against E. dermatitidis. A 2012 article found that of reported cases, 44% of patients responded to amphotericin B treatment, 50% responded to voriconazole treatment, and 71.4% responded to itraconazole therapy.
For small and local infections surgery may be an option. As E. dermatitidis infections are believed to be caused by traumatic implantation of the fungus, surgeons must be exceedingly careful to not re-introduce infection during operation. Despite the high heat tolerance of E. dermatitidis, heat treatment of cutaneous lesions have been effective.
References
^ Kano K. (1934). "A new pathogenic Hormiscium Kunze causing chromoblastomycosis". Aichi Igakkai Zasshi (in Japanese). 41: 1657–73.
^ Carrión AL. (1950). "Yeastlike dematiaceous fungi infecting the human skin: Special reference to so-called Hormiscium dermatitidis". Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology. 61 (6): 996–1009. doi:10.1001/archderm.1950.01530130114017. PMID 15419816.
^ Conant NF, Smith DT, Baker RD, Callaway JL, Martin DS (1954). Manual of Clinical Mycology (2 ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: WB Saunders. p. 276.
^ Emmons CW, Binford CH, Utz JP (1963). "Medical Mycology". London, UK: Henry Kimpton: 291. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Schol-Schwarz, Marie Beatrice (1968). "Rhinocladiella, its synonym Fonsecaea and its relation to Phialophora". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 34 (2): 119–152. doi:10.1007/BF02046424. PMID 5301320. S2CID 43876060.
^ McGinnis MR. (1977). "Wangiella dermatitidis, a correction". Mycotaxon. 6 (2): 367–9.
^ "Exophiala dermatitidis (Kano) de Hoog 1977". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
^ a b c Untereiner, Wendy A.; Naveau, Francoise A. (1999). "Molecular Systematics of the Herpotrichiellaceae with an Assessment of the Phylogenetic Positions of Exophiala dermatitidis and Phialophora americana". Mycologia. 91 (1): 67–83. doi:10.2307/3761194. JSTOR 3761194.
^ a b c d e f g h i Reiss E, Shadomy HJ (2011). Fundamentals of Medical Mycology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-470-17791-4.
^ a b c Zalar, P.; Novak, M.; de Hoog, G.S.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2011). "Dishwashers – A man-made ecological niche accommodating human opportunistic fungal pathogens". Fungal Biology. 115 (10): 997–1007. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.04.007. PMID 21944212.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m de Hoog, G. S.; Guarro, J.; Gené, J.; Figueras, M. J. (2000). Atlas of clinical fungi (2. ed.). Utrecht: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures ISBN 90-70351-43-9.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Howard, Dexter H. (2003). Pathogenic fungi in humans and animals (2nd ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0203909100.
^ a b c d e f g h i Kwon-Chung, K.J.; Bennett, John E. (1992). Medical mycology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. ISBN 0-8121-1463-9.
^ a b c d e f Gunde-Cimerman, Nina; Plemenitaš, Ana; Oren, Aharon (2005). Adaptation to life at high salt concentrations in archaea, bacteria, and eukarya. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 384–388. ISBN 1402036329.
^ a b c Richardson, Malcolm; Warnock, David W. (2010). Fungal infection : diagnosis and management (4th ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 387. ISBN 978-1405170567. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
^ a b c d e f g Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (13 December 2002). "Exophiala infection from contaminated injectable steroids prepared by a compounding pharmacy – United States, July–November 2002". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 51 (49): 1109–12. PMID 12530707. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
^ a b c d e f Anaissie, Elias J.; McGinnis, Michael R.; Pfaller, Michael A. (2009). Clinical Mycology (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 334. ISBN 978-1416056805. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
^ Georgiev, Vassil St. (1998). Infectious diseases in immunocompromised hosts. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 909. ISBN 0849385539. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Matsumoto, T; Matsuda, T; McGinnis, MR; Ajello, L (1993). "Clinical and mycological spectra of Wangiella dermatitidis infections". Mycoses. 36 (5–6): 145–55. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.1993.tb00743.x. PMID 8264710. S2CID 27029853.
^ a b Tille, Patricia (2013). Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 766.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Matsumoto, T.; Ajello, L.; Matsuda, T.; Szaniszlo, P.J.; Walsh, T.J. (1994). "Developments in hyalohyphomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis". Medical Mycology. 32 (s1): 329–349. doi:10.1080/02681219480000951. PMID 7722796.
^ "Wangiella (Exophiala) dermatitidis". Broad Institute. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
^ Metin B, Döğen A, Yıldırım E, de Hoog GS, Heitman J, Ilkit M. Mating type (MAT) locus and possible sexuality of the opportunistic pathogen Exophiala dermatitidis. Fungal Genet Biol. 2019 Mar;124:29–38. doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.12.011. Epub 2019 Jan 3. PMID 30611834
^ a b c d e Matos, T.; de Hoog, G. S.; de Boer, A. G.; de Crom, I.; Haase, G. (November 2002). "High prevalence of the neurotrope and related oligotrophic black yeasts in sauna facilities". Mycoses. 45 (9–10): 373–377. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0507.2002.00779.x. PMID 12421284. S2CID 4842988.
^ Dadachova E; et al. (2007). Rutherford, Julian (ed.). "Ionizing Radiation Changes the Electronic Properties of Melanin and Enhances the Growth of Melanized Fungi". PLOS ONE. 2 (5): e457. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2..457D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000457. PMC 1866175. PMID 17520016.
^ a b Sudhadham, M.; Prakitsin, S.; Sivichai, S.; Chaiyarat, R.; Dorrestein, G.M; Menken, S.B.J.; de Hoog, G.S. (2008). "The neurotropic black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis has a possible origin in the tropical rain forest". Studies in Mycology. 61: 145–155. doi:10.3114/sim.2008.61.15. PMC 2610309. PMID 19287537.
^ a b Johnson, Malcolm D.; Richardson, Elizabeth M. (2006). The pocket guide to fungal infection (2nd ed.). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub. pp. 134–138. ISBN 9780470757734.
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Taxon identifiersExophiala dermatitidis
Wikidata: Q5420632
AusFungi: 60018614
CoL: 3DNYT
EoL: 192437
Fungorum: 314039
GBIF: 2598450
IRMNG: 10481627
MycoBank: 314039
NBN: BMSSYS0000006737
NCBI: 5970
NZOR: 33831f32-d26f-452d-aecf-f7c66b9f1219
Open Tree of Life: 129117
Hormiscium dermatitidis
Wikidata: Q59504731
AusFungi: 60018615
CoL: 3MPLG
Fungorum: 118937
GBIF: 2598453
IRMNG: 10784184
MycoBank: 118937
NZOR: 076e1867-5500-4f75-8667-b3b04919d369
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electron microscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope"},{"link_name":"phialides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phialide"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kwon-chung_1992-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kwon-chung_1992-13"},{"link_name":"chromoblastomycosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromoblastomycosis"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1994-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broad_Institute-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1994-21"},{"link_name":"sexual form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleomorph"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Untereiner_1999-8"},{"link_name":"mating type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating_type"},{"link_name":"reproduces sexually","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_reproduction"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"ascospores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascospore"},{"link_name":"ascomata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascoma"},{"link_name":"teleomorph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleomorph"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Untereiner_1999-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoog_2000-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kwon-chung_1992-13"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matos_2002-24"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zalar_2011-10"},{"link_name":"Turkish steam baths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_bath"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matos_2002-24"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiss_2011-9"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matos_2002-24"},{"link_name":"carotenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid"},{"link_name":"protecting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_DNA_damage"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1993-19"},{"link_name":"potassium nitrate assimilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_assimilation"},{"link_name":"melezitose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melezitose"},{"link_name":"tyrosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoog_2000-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard_2003-12"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1993-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tille_2013-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1993-19"},{"link_name":"cycloheximide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloheximide"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiss_2011-9"},{"link_name":"Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant"},{"link_name":"ionizing radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Exophiala dermatitidis forms slow growing, brown or black colonies.[11][12] As is common amongst black yeasts, E. dermatitidis is an anamorphic fungus with multiple conidial forms.[17][18][19] This morphological plasticity has complicated taxonomic determination based solely on physical appearance.[19] Young colonies are described as waxy,[11] mucoid,[17] smooth,[11][12] and yeastlike.[12][13] Over time pigmented aerial hyphae develop, and older colonies are described as appearing filamentous and velvety.[12][13][17][20] Conidia are between globular and elliptical in shape, and form at the mouth of short annellidic conidiogenous cells. Annellations can only be observed by electron microscopy.[12][13][17] Prior to analysis by scanning electron microscope, the conidiogenous cells were observed to form from non-annelated phialides and phialides without collarettes.[13] These observations caused the species to be erroneously provided with its own monotypic genus, Wangiella.[13] The species name Wangiella dermatitidis is still commonly used in the scientific literature.The black fungus also takes on diverse morphologies in vivo. Infected tissues contain mixtures of ovoid yeast-like cells, short septate hyphae that may be branched or unbranched, toruloid hyphae, as well as isotopically enlarged sclerotic (muriform-like) cells that resemble those found in chromoblastomycosis.[21][22] The muriform-like cells isolated from E. dermatitidis infections have thinner walls than those found in chromoblastomycosis, and cells are divided along a single plane.[21]A sexual form of E. dermatitidis has not been observed.[8] However, the occurrence of two mating type idiomorphs in approximately equal numbers among clinical and environmental isolates suggests that E. dermatitidis reproduces sexually.[23] Sequencing of rDNA has shown that clinical isolates of E. dermatitidis are very closely related to Capronia mansonii, and It has been predicted that the ascospores and ascomata of an E. dermatitidis teleomorph would therefore resemble those of C. mansonii.[8]Ideal growth conditions for E. dermatitidis occur between 40 °C (104 °F) and 42 °C (108 °F),[11][13][24] however E. dermatitidis can tolerate temperatures as high as 47 °C (117 °F).[10] Metabolically active fungus is highly abundant in Turkish steam baths that routinely reach temperatures of over 60 °C (140 °F), but is typically not found in more hot and dry sauna facilities, or in cool environments surrounding steam baths.[24] It is thought that extracellular polysaccharides may protect the species from stress in hot and moist environments, as this feature is typical of strains isolated from steam baths.[9][24] Exophiala dermatitidis has carotenoid pigments in its cell wall that may serve a role in protecting E. dermatitidis from UV damage.[19]Thermophilicity, negative potassium nitrate assimilation, negative melezitose assimilation, and an ability to decompose tyrosine are used to distinguish E. dermatitidis from other black yeasts.[11][12][19][20] An exoantigen test is useful in species determination, and DNA analysis can also be performed.[19] The fungus has been selectively isolated using high temperature incubation (at 40 °C) on media containing cycloheximide.[9]Studies suggest that colonies of E. dermatitidis and related fungi growing within the ruins of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant may be able to metabolize ionizing radiation.[25]","title":"Appearance and general description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiss_2011-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kwon-chung_1992-13"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1994-21"},{"link_name":"frugivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frugivorous"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunde-Cimerman_2005-14"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sudhadham_2008-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sudhadham_2008-26"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunde-Cimerman_2005-14"},{"link_name":"halotolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halotolerance"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunde-Cimerman_2005-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiss_2011-9"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matos_2002-24"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zalar_2011-10"}],"text":"Exophiala dermatitidis has been isolated around the world in low abundance from a variety of environmental sources, including soil, decaying timber, and wasp nests.[9][13][21] The thermophilicity and acid tolerance of E. dermatitidis suggests passage through warm-blooded animals, and it is hypothesized that its ecological niche might be associated with tropical, frugivorous bird and bat species.[14][26] An ability to utilize nutrients in diverse environments, to adhere to fruit surfaces, and progress through different morphological phases are considered to provide further evidence for this theory.[26] Clinical isolates tend to harbor strains that are found only rarely in nature.[14] It may be the case that traits linked to halotolerance have predisposed these strains towards infecting humans.[14]While E. dermatitidis has been found only in low abundance in nature, the species is well suited to survive in a number of warm and wet man made niches. Metabolically active strains are isolated in high abundance from surfaces inside saunas, steam baths and humidifiers.[9][24] E. dermatitidis is one of the most common fungal species to inhabit dishwashers, and has been found in dishwashers around the world.[10]","title":"Geographic distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"opportunistic pathogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_infection"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoog_2000-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard_2003-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoog_2000-11"},{"link_name":"phaeohyphomycosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeohyphomycosis"},{"link_name":"E. jeanselmei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophiala_jeanselmei"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson_2006-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Domer_2004-28"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunde-Cimerman_2005-14"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1993-19"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patel_2013-29"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1993-19"}],"text":"Exophiala dermatitidis is typically considered a human opportunistic pathogen, as those affected by E. dermatitidis often have underlying health conditions.[11][12] An exception to this is the neurotropic clinical presentation, which is typically found in young and otherwise healthy individuals.[11]While over 100 fungal species can cause phaeohyphomycosis, E. dermatitidis is one of the two fungi most frequently implicated, along with another Exophiala species, E. jeanselmei.[27][28] Exophiala dermatitidis is considered to be one of the most pathogenic fungi in the genus Exophiala,[14] and is highly deadly, with a fatality rate of over 40%.[19][29] The high fatality rate is primarily due to an ability to form systemic and neurotropic infections, which represent approximately half of reported E. dermatitidis cases.[19]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoog_2000-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard_2003-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kwon-chung_1992-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anaissie_2009-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1993-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1994-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1993-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1993-19"},{"link_name":"onychomycosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychomycosis"},{"link_name":"otitis externa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otitis_externa"},{"link_name":"keratitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratitis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoog_2000-11"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1993-19"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Domer_2004-28"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunde-Cimerman_2005-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anaissie_2009-17"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horr%C3%A9_2004-30"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoog_2000-11"}],"sub_title":"Local and superficial infections","text":"Exophiala dermatitidis forms cutaneous and subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, which most commonly affect the face and neck.[11][12][13][17][19][21] Indeed, the fungus was originally isolated from the skin of a patient with lesions on their cheek, neck, and ear.[19] Cells isolated from cutaneous infections are often spherical, and may form toruloid or moniliform chains.[19] Exophiala dermatitidis has been implicated various superficial infections including onychomycosis, otitis externa, and eye infections causing keratitis.[11][19][28]In Europe E. dermatitidis tends to be associated with cystic fibrosis,[14] and is frequently found to have colonized the lungs of CF patients.[17] In one study, E. dermatitidis could be isolated from 6.2% of cystic fibrosis patients using erythritol-chloramphenicol agar culture dishes.[30] Exophiala dermatitidis has also been reported as the etiological agent of lung infections causing pneumonia.[11]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoog_2000-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard_2003-12"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1994-21"},{"link_name":"diabetes mellitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus"},{"link_name":"lymphocytic leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocytic_leukemia"},{"link_name":"bronchiectasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiectasis"},{"link_name":"rheumatoid arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis"},{"link_name":"catheterization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheterization"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szaniszlo_2002-31"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1994-21"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoog_2000-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard_2003-12"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patel_2013-29"},{"link_name":"cosmopolitan distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiss_2011-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiss_2011-9"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uijthof_2009-32"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matos_2002-24"},{"link_name":"steroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richardson_2010-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDC_2002-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDC_2002-16"},{"link_name":"FDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDA"},{"link_name":"voriconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voriconazole"},{"link_name":"itraconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itraconazole"},{"link_name":"amphotericin B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphotericin_B"},{"link_name":"sacroiliitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacroiliitis"},{"link_name":"meningitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDC_2002-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDC_2002-16"},{"link_name":"compounding pharmacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compounding"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richardson_2010-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDC_2002-16"}],"sub_title":"Systemic infections","text":"Exophiala dermatitidis forms neurotrophic infections, and is the black yeast that most commonly causes life-threatening phaeohyphomycosis.[11][12][21] Conditions that might predispose people towards an invasive opportunistic infection include diabetes mellitus, lymphocytic leukemia, bronchiectasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and catheterization.[31] Systemic infections are often reported to be without cutaneous or subcutaneous involvement.[21]Systemic E. dermatitidis infections can include cerebral metastases.[11][12] The fatality rate for such infections is reported to be over 90%.[29] Central nervous system phaeohyphomycosis is rare, and for unknown reasons primarily arise in East Asia, despite a cosmopolitan distribution of the fungus.[9] Within East Asian populations, young and otherwise healthy people have developed cerebral infections.[9] Lung infections in European CF patients and neurotropic mycosis in East Asia are caused by E. dermatitidis strains that are genetically similar, and host factors such as immunological differences may be responsible for the different infection patterns.[32] Exophiala dermatitidis occurs at very high frequency in both Asian and European saunas, and absence of neurotrophic mycosis in Europe isn't explained by reduced exposure to the fungus.[24]In 2002 a small outbreak of systemic E. dermatitidis infection occurred in North Carolina hospitals, involving five women who received steroid injections for pain management.[15][16] In one of women the infection wasn't evident until 152 days after injection of the contaminated solution.[16] Isolates from these patients were found by the FDA to be susceptible to all of voriconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B. In one patient the infection caused sacroiliitis, while the remaining four developed meningitis.[16] Meningitis eventually caused death in one patient, while voriconazole was successful in treating infection in the four other patients.[16] The outbreak was traced back to a single compounding pharmacy, which was found by the FDA to have inadequately controlled for sterility of its products.[15][16]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-specific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system"},{"link_name":"granulomatous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granuloma"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1994-21"},{"link_name":"Lymphocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocytes"},{"link_name":"histiocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histiocytes"},{"link_name":"multinucleated giant cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_cell"},{"link_name":"neutrophils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophils"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1994-21"},{"link_name":"cyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyst"},{"link_name":"necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1994-21"},{"link_name":"black yeasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_yeast"},{"link_name":"melanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin"},{"link_name":"neutrophils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophils"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiss_2011-9"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson_2006-27"},{"link_name":"saprophytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saprotrophic_nutrition"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1993-19"}],"sub_title":"Immune response","text":"Exophiala dermatitidis typically causes a non-specific and granulomatous inflammatory response.[21] Lymphocytes, histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells and neutrophils are recruited.[21] The host responses are highly variable, often include cyst formation, and vary from weak reaction to an intense inflammatory response that results in tissue necrosis.[21]As with other black yeasts that cause phaeohyphomycosis, melanin appears to have defensive purpose, and helps protect E. dermatitidis from death within human neutrophils.[9][27] Pathogenic strains of E. dermatitidis contain five times more melanin than saprophytic E. dermatitidis, while melanin deficient mutants of pathogenic strains have dramatically reduced virulence.[19]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1994-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1993-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1994-21"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDC_2002-16"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Acton_2012-33"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patel_2013-29"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1993-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1993-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto_1993-19"}],"sub_title":"Treatment","text":"A diagnosis of E. dermatitidis infection of the CNS can only be reliably achieved following biopsy.[21] For systemic infections there are few treatment options, and E. dermatitidis is described as \"notoriously resistant\" to antifungal drugs.[19][21] During the North Carolina outbreak, treatment with voriconazole was effective in four out of the five patients, and all of voriconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B were found to be effective in vitro.[16] Terbinafine has also been found to be effective in vitro, and combinations of antifungal drugs can have a synergistic effect against E. dermatitidis.[33] A 2012 article found that of reported cases, 44% of patients responded to amphotericin B treatment, 50% responded to voriconazole treatment, and 71.4% responded to itraconazole therapy.[29]For small and local infections surgery may be an option.[19] As E. dermatitidis infections are believed to be caused by traumatic implantation of the fungus, surgeons must be exceedingly careful to not re-introduce infection during operation.[19] Despite the high heat tolerance of E. dermatitidis, heat treatment of cutaneous lesions have been effective.[19]","title":"Pathophysiology"}]
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[{"reference":"Kano K. (1934). \"A new pathogenic Hormiscium Kunze causing chromoblastomycosis\". Aichi Igakkai Zasshi (in Japanese). 41: 1657–73.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carrión AL. (1950). \"Yeastlike dematiaceous fungi infecting the human skin: Special reference to so-called Hormiscium dermatitidis\". Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology. 61 (6): 996–1009. doi:10.1001/archderm.1950.01530130114017. PMID 15419816.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchderm.1950.01530130114017","url_text":"10.1001/archderm.1950.01530130114017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15419816","url_text":"15419816"}]},{"reference":"Conant NF, Smith DT, Baker RD, Callaway JL, Martin DS (1954). Manual of Clinical Mycology (2 ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: WB Saunders. p. 276.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Emmons CW, Binford CH, Utz JP (1963). \"Medical Mycology\". London, UK: Henry Kimpton: 291.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schol-Schwarz, Marie Beatrice (1968). \"Rhinocladiella, its synonym Fonsecaea and its relation to Phialophora\". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 34 (2): 119–152. doi:10.1007/BF02046424. PMID 5301320. S2CID 43876060.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02046424","url_text":"10.1007/BF02046424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5301320","url_text":"5301320"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43876060","url_text":"43876060"}]},{"reference":"McGinnis MR. (1977). \"Wangiella dermatitidis, a correction\". Mycotaxon. 6 (2): 367–9.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0006/002/0367.htm","url_text":"\"Wangiella dermatitidis, a correction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exophiala dermatitidis (Kano) de Hoog 1977\". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 22 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=10192&Fields=All","url_text":"\"Exophiala dermatitidis (Kano) de Hoog 1977\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MycoBank","url_text":"MycoBank"}]},{"reference":"Untereiner, Wendy A.; Naveau, Francoise A. (1999). \"Molecular Systematics of the Herpotrichiellaceae with an Assessment of the Phylogenetic Positions of Exophiala dermatitidis and Phialophora americana\". Mycologia. 91 (1): 67–83. doi:10.2307/3761194. JSTOR 3761194.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3761194","url_text":"10.2307/3761194"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3761194","url_text":"3761194"}]},{"reference":"Reiss E, Shadomy HJ (2011). Fundamentals of Medical Mycology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-470-17791-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X8CYuF2jHAwC&pg=PA500","url_text":"Fundamentals of Medical Mycology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-17791-4","url_text":"978-0-470-17791-4"}]},{"reference":"Zalar, P.; Novak, M.; de Hoog, G.S.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2011). \"Dishwashers – A man-made ecological niche accommodating human opportunistic fungal pathogens\". Fungal Biology. 115 (10): 997–1007. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.04.007. 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Infectious diseases in immunocompromised hosts. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 909. ISBN 0849385539. Retrieved 16 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=73QOP6Xqh6EC&q=exophiala+dermatitidis&pg=PA936","url_text":"Infectious diseases in immunocompromised hosts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0849385539","url_text":"0849385539"}]},{"reference":"Matsumoto, T; Matsuda, T; McGinnis, MR; Ajello, L (1993). \"Clinical and mycological spectra of Wangiella dermatitidis infections\". Mycoses. 36 (5–6): 145–55. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.1993.tb00743.x. PMID 8264710. 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(2008). \"The neurotropic black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis has a possible origin in the tropical rain forest\". Studies in Mycology. 61: 145–155. doi:10.3114/sim.2008.61.15. PMC 2610309. PMID 19287537.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610309","url_text":"\"The neurotropic black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis has a possible origin in the tropical rain forest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3114%2Fsim.2008.61.15","url_text":"10.3114/sim.2008.61.15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610309","url_text":"2610309"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19287537","url_text":"19287537"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Malcolm D.; Richardson, Elizabeth M. (2006). The pocket guide to fungal infection (2nd ed.). 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Mycoses. 56 (3): 365–372. doi:10.1111/myc.12009. PMID 23013169. S2CID 40764387.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmyc.12009","url_text":"10.1111/myc.12009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23013169","url_text":"23013169"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40764387","url_text":"40764387"}]},{"reference":"Horré, R.; Schaal, K.P.; Siekmeier, R.; Sterzik, B.; de Hoog, G.S.; Schnitzler, N. (2004). \"Isolation of Fungi, Especially Exophiala dermatitidis, in Patients Suffering from Cystic Fibrosis\". Respiration. 71 (4): 360–366. doi:10.1159/000079640. PMID 15316209. S2CID 4832528.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000079640","url_text":"10.1159/000079640"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15316209","url_text":"15316209"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4832528","url_text":"4832528"}]},{"reference":"Szaniszlo PJ. (2002). \"Molecular genetic studies of the model dematiaceous pathogen Wangiella dermatitidis\". International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 292 (5–6): 381–90. doi:10.1078/1438-4221-00221. PMID 12452284.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1078%2F1438-4221-00221","url_text":"10.1078/1438-4221-00221"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12452284","url_text":"12452284"}]},{"reference":"Uijthof, J. M. J.; Hoog, G. S.; Cock, A. W. A. M.; Takeo, K.; Nishimura, K. (24 April 2009). \"Pathogenicity of strains of the black yeast Exophiala (Wangiella) dermatitidis: an evaluation based on polymerase chain reaction\". Mycoses. 37 (7–8): 235–242. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.1994.tb00419.x. PMID 7739652. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallu
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Wallu
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Finnish cartoonist
For the locality in Australia, see Wallu, Queensland.
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Harri Sakari Vaalio (born 1956 in Järvelä, Kärkölä, Finland), also known by his artist name Wallu, is a Finnish cartoonist. He is known for his strip Punaniska (Finnish for "redneck") comic albums and his strips in Finnish magazines such as the Mikrokivikausi (Finnish for "Micro Stone Age") strip in the computer magazine MikroBitti. He has also written and drawn 12 Winnie the Pooh stories for the Finnish Winnie the Pooh magazine in 1986–1988. His other comics includes Hessu-kissa (1985–), Armas, also known as Lämsänperäläiset (1977–), and KyöPelit (1993–). In the early 1980s he was a teacher in the local elementary school, now known as Vuokkoharjun ala-aste.
References
External links
Vaalio's website
Lambiek Comiclopedia article
Authority control databases
VIAF
This article about a Finnish writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Finnish artist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This profile of a European comics creator, writer, or artist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Campbell_Reeve
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Robert Campbell Reeve
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["1 Childhood","2 Barnstorming days","3 South America","4 Alaska","5 Reputation earned","6 Tilly","7 Expedition","8 The war years","9 Personal life","10 Aircraft","10.1 Boeing 80A","10.2 Hamilton Metalplane","10.3 Lockheed Vega 5B","10.4 Fairchild 51","10.5 Fairchild 71","10.6 Fairchild FC-2W-2","10.7 Ford Tri-motor","11 References","12 Further reading"]
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American pilot
Robert Campbell ReeveBob ReeveBornRobert Campbell Reeve(1902-03-27)March 27, 1902Waunakee, WisconsinDiedAugust 25, 1980(1980-08-25) (aged 78)NationalityAmericanOccupation(s)Pilot, Airline ownerKnown forFounding Reeve Aleutian AirwaysPolitical partyRepublicanSpouseJanice ("Tilly") MorisetteChildrenRichard, Roberta, Janice, David, WhithamParent(s)Hubert and Mae ReeveRelativesDonald Sheldon (son-in-law)
Robert Campbell Reeve (March 27, 1902 – August 25, 1980) was an American pilot, who was the founder of Reeve Aleutian Airways. He was the Republican nominee for the 1952 House election against incumbent Bob Bartlett.
Childhood
Reeve was born in Waunakee, Wisconsin, on March 27, 1902. He was one of twins, his brother was Richard. Their parents were Hubert and Mae Reeve. Mae died in 1904, and their father remarried, leaving the boys to fend for themselves. Bob and Richard went their separate ways early in life. Reeve was fascinated by aviation from an early age, and studied all he could on the subject. He enlisted in the US Army aged 15 in 1917. Discharged from the Army at the end of the war, Reeve had reached the rank of sergeant. He wanted to re-enlist, but his father was against this so Reeve returned to school, but dropped out after a few months and went to San Francisco. From there he got passage as an ordinary seaman to Shanghai, where he took a job in the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, serving on the Yangtze and Taku rivers. In 1921, Reeve was working in Vladivostok, USSR, but returned home as a result of his father's pleading.
Reeve finished high school, and then entered the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1922, his brother already being there. A picture of the aviator Carl Ben Eielson was on the wall at the fraternity house, this inspired Reeve, George Gardner, Monk MacKinnon and Ora McMurray to skip classes to spend time at Madison airfield, where Cash Chamberlain had a Curtiss Jenny. Six months short of graduation, all four were expelled from the university. This pushed them further into aviation, with Gardner and MacKinnon becoming president and vice-president respectively of Northwest Airlines.
Barnstorming days
Reeve headed to Florida, then to Beaumont, Texas, where he joined a pair of barnstormers—"Hazard" and "Maverick". In exchange for two months' work at the airfield, Reeve got three hours flying instruction (which was called five) and soloed. When the Air Commerce Act of 1926 came into force, he got one of the first Engine and Aircraft Mechanic's Licenses and his Commercial Pilot's License. Reeve joined the Army Air Corps at March Field, but was discharged after a short time.
South America
Ford Trimotor
Lockheed Vega 5B
By the late 1920s, barnstorming wasn't a viable way to make a living. Pan Am teamed up with W. R. Grace and Company to bid for an airmail contract in South America. The new airline, Pan American-Grace Airways (Panagra) flew weekly airmail from the US to Lima, Peru via the Canal Zone. A Ford Trimotor was purchased and Reeve trained with the Ford Motor Company on these aircraft, delivering the first to Lima in August 1929. Panagra offered Reeve the chance to fly Airmail Route 9 from Lima to Santiago, Chile, at this time the longest aviation route in the world at 1,900 miles (3,100 km). In 1930 the route was extended to Montevideo, Uruguay. It was during this time that Reeve learned about bush flying, developing techniques to avoid coastal fog, which later served him in Alaska, and mountain flying skills. He established a speed record between Santiago and Lima, covering the 1,900 miles in 20 hours. In January 1932, he crashed a Lockheed Vega of Panagra at Santiago, and quit before he was fired.
Alaska
Reeve's move to Alaska came as the result of unrelated incidents. He had met a Klondike prospector, Swiftwater Bill, in Chile, who had told him of the Gold Rush thirty years earlier. He had also talked to Eddie Craig, a mining engineer at the Kennicott Copper Mine in Alaska in the early 1900s. These stories, and the idea that there was new country to conquer pulled Reeve north. He returned home to Wisconsin, where he suffered a slight attack of polio, which affected one of his legs slightly.
Reeve stowed away on a steamship, arriving in Alaska with $2 in his pocket, and Valdez, Alaska, with 20¢. At Valdez airfield, Owen Meals had a wrecked Eaglerock aircraft with a Wright J-5 engine that had been a spare for Sir Hubert Wilkins when he made his flight across the North Pole to Spitsbergen.
Reeve worked for a month at $1 an hour repairing the plane, and then leased the plane from Meals at $10 an hour. Having created a landing strip, Reeve was in business. His first charter was to Middleton Island, where the beach looked fine to land on, but the aircraft sank up to its wheels in the soft sand. An old block and tackle was found and used to rescue the aircraft from the incoming tide. Reeve managed to take off, and attempted to fly back to Valdez, but was forced to land at Seward owing to a storm. When he eventually got back to Valdez his tanks were almost empty, and he hadn't earned a cent. Reeve said this trip was worth $1,000 in experience. Reeve quickly learnt that the bush pilot's biggest worry was paying for gas, which could be $0.25 a gallon in one place, and $1.50 in another.
That winter, Reeve was hired to fly supplies to Chisana at 20¢/lb, his base for this was at Christochina, where a small airstrip had been created with high obstacles each end of the runway. Oil in the aircraft engines had to be drained each night, and warmed up on a stove each morning before being returned to the engine, as it was so cold that the oil would freeze. Reeve made a $2,000 profit on the Chisana route and had heard of a Fairchild 51 for sale in Fairbanks. This was the type of aircraft he had used in the Andes. He bought it for $3,500, with $1,500 down and the balance within two years.
Reputation earned
Reeve's first trip in the Fairchild was to fly Mr and Mrs Ole Hay and their two children, aged 4 and 4 months, to Nome. Just out of McGrath, they ran into dense ice-fog, a complete white out, so Reeve landed on the frozen Kateel River and then made camp. After 25 hours, conditions had improved sufficiently for them to continue as far as Shaktoolik. It took three days to get to Nome, and another ten days before he could leave for Valdez, picking up a medical emergency in Shaktoolik on the way. Again Reeve had to land because of the weather, this time landing on the Skwentna River. Reeve flew the patient to Seward the next day, and when he eventually returned to Valdez, Reeve found that stories of his outward trip were in the newspapers.
Tilly
In March 1933, Reeve took an order into Chisana. On the way back to Valdez his engine quit and he made a forced landing by Mount Wrangell. He and his passenger used snowshoes to walk the 20 miles (32 km) to the Nabesna Mine, where owner Carl Whitham assisted them. They returned to Valdez for help, got the spare parts to repair the engine and flew back to the plane, where the three men repaired the engine, using a tree to hoist it clear of the aircraft.
During the Great Depression, there was constant talk of reopening the gold mines. One of the biggest was the Big Four Mine on the Brevier Glacier, only 30 miles (48 km) from Valdez, but at an elevation of 6,000 feet (1,800 m). Clarence Poy of San Francisco said he would buy the mine if Reeve flew his supplies and men in. Reeve took the current owner, Jack Cook to the mine to inspect it. The landing spot turned out not to be as good as had been claimed, but although the aircraft was partially buried in soft snow, no damage was done. Reeve later marked out a landing strip with flags and lamp black.
Reeve's success with supplying the Big Four Mine let to further contracts with other mines; the Mayfield, Little Giant and Ramsay Rutherford. During this time, Reeve learned more about assessing suitability of landing sites from the air, and developed the technique of dropping supplies by air. Miners being so keen on getting their supplies that they would pay for another load if supplies were damaged when dropped. In 1934, the price of gold almost doubled under the New Deal Gold Reserve Act and Valdez boomed. In the summer of 1934, Reeve's exploits, including landing on mudflats (having manufactured skis from stainless steel to fit to his aircraft) regularly reached the papers. He received some fan letters, including one from Miss Janice Morisette, who asked if he needed an extra hand. Janice lived about 30 miles from Reeve's hometown. They corresponded for a few months and Janice flew to Valdez in June 1935. Reeve left on a prospecting trip to Canada, but his curiosity got the better of him and he returned within a month. When he first saw her she reminded him of "Tilly the Toiler" and thus the nickname stuck.
Fairchild 71
Reeve tried his hand at mining, and joined with prospector Andy Thompson to prospect the Ruff & Tuff Mine. He went to Canada in 1936 to try placer mining to finance the Ruff & Tuff. The mining didn't pay, so Reeve returned to Valdez flying supplies. He earned enough money to buy basic equipment for the Ruff & Tuff and later he and Thompson sold the mine, with Reeve getting the contract to supply it. Morisette had returned to San Francisco in the meantime, but she returned in April 1936. Reeve decided that despite his sporadic income, he would marry Morisette and so they were married in Fairbanks. Reeve bought another plane, a Fairchild 71, to celebrate.
Expedition
Reeve made several modifications to his plane, which he tried to keep from the local inspector. When questioned about these, his answers resulted in official approval from the inspector for the modifications.
Reeve received a letter from Bradford Washburn in January 1937 asking if he could fly a party of climbers to the glacier at the base of Mount Lucania in Canada. Reeve agreed to undertake the task. In April, the bulk of the supplies were flown in. When he flew Washburn and Robert Bates to the site, the weather had turned unseasonably warm and the plane sank up to its belly in slush. It was over a week before Reeve could take off, after the temperature had dropped sufficiently for a crust of ice to form over the slush. The trip was described by Reeve as the "most hazardous" of his career, but he had set a new world record of 8,750 feet (2,670 m) for the highest landing on skis, more than 1,800 feet (550 m) higher than any in either the Arctic or Antarctic.
The day after the Washburn trip, the engine of the Fairchild 51 quit. Reeve spent eight months repairing the Wright Whirlwind engine, but never put it back in the aircraft. He was now back to only one. Reeve made his last glacier landing in 1938, when he flew Brad Washburn to the Mount Marcus Glacier. His brother Richard was killed in a plane crash in 1938 and in the spring of 1939 a storm overturned the Fairchild 71. He spent all summer repairing it, only for the hangar to burn down with the aircraft inside. Reeve bought another Fairchild 71 and spent a further month repairing it. At this time, the CAA came in to regulate flying in Alaska. Pilots were assigned routes under a "grandfather rights" scheme based on the territory they had served for four months prior to August 22, 1938. Reeve was given a small area around Copper River. The work available would not support a growing family (at this time they had two children, Richard and Roberta) so they left Valdez in January 1941 for Fairbanks.
The war years
Reeve arrived in Fairbanks and had to borrow $65 to pay his first month's rent. Noel Wien gave Reeve his first charter, and a lifelong friendship was formed. In April 1941, Reeve was one of a few pilots in Alaska without a certified route, and was hired by the CAA to survey the many new airfields planned to be built as part of Hap Arnold's master plan for Alaska's defense. While the Army and Navy concentrated on building bases at Anchorage and in the Aleutian Islands, the CAA was responsible for constructing the airfields in the interior.
The first to be built was the airfield at Northway, 100 miles (160 km) east of Fairbanks. The contractors were the Morrison-Knudsen company (M-K). Supplies were trucked via the Richardson Highway and a summer trail to the Nasbena Mines, 60 miles from the airfield site, and then flown by Reeve to Northway, where an airstrip had been hacked out of the woods. Some items had to be cut into two or three pieces and re-welded at the destination as they were too big or heavy for the Fairchild.
Although Reeve was working from dawn to dusk, he couldn't keep up with demand for supplies at Northway, and a backlog built up at Nabesna. M-K ordered a Boeing 80A and Reeve was sent to Seattle to collect it. It took five weeks to modify the plane, and when he returned with it to Northway, found a 3,000 feet (910 m) runway at what was now Reeve Field. The 80A was designed to haul 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) but Reeve soon found he could haul 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg) in it. Reeve was again flying from dawn to dusk, sometimes on only two engines.
With the money earned from the CAA contract, Reeve ordered three more aircraft. He bought another Boeing 80A, a Hamilton Metalplane and another Fairchild 71. The army wanted him to survey a route for a railroad from Prince George, BC, to Nome. Reeve took the surveyors along the route but on the homeward trip the aircraft—a Fairchild—broke through the ice on the Kluane Lake. The aircraft was abandoned but the mission successfully completed. The pass was named Reeve Pass, it is located between Francis Lake and the Salmon River. The Fairchild was left at Burwash Landing, and Reeve hired a pilot to fly the Hamilton from Washington to Alaska. The plane crashed in Washington, killing the pilot and Reeve was broke again, not having enough money even to buy the fuel to fly the Boeing to Alaska. He managed to borrow money from the Pacific National Bank despite them having a rule never to lend to bush pilots.
Fairchild FC-2W-2
Reeve flew back to Juneau unannounced, and was almost shot down because he didn't identify himself. He returned to working for the CAA, now earning $80 an hour with fuel supplied flying supplies, materials and workers to the new airfields being constructed at Big Delta, Tanacross, Galena, Moses Point and Nome, doing all the flying and maintenance himself and regularly working 15-hour days. In November 1942 Reeve signed a contract with the Alaska Communications System (ACS) and moved his family to Anchorage. The contract with ACS involved flying all over Alaska, the Aleutians and western Canada. On July 5, 1943, Reeve was flying radar equipment and four technicians from Cold Bay to Amchitka when he ran into zero-zero visibility conditions. During 1942 Reeve purchased a Fairchild FC-2W-2. A forced landing was made 20 miles east of Cold Bay. Reeve managed to salvage his radio, but the uninsured plane was written off. The delay in the delivery of the radar parts allowed the Japanese to evacuate Kiska undetected, which may have saved American lives, as when US forces landed on Kiska they found it deserted. Previously the Battle of Attu had cost 500 lives.
Reeve's thoughts turned to post-war activities. He knew he would need bigger, faster planes and thought his best hope would be to pick an area that no one else wanted. Reeve bought a hardware store on Fourth Avenue, Anchorage. An old friend, Carl Whitham came to Anchorage, and they formed a partnership to develop some of Whitham's old prospects. Whitham died of cancer in the spring and Reeve's prospecting days were over.
In 1946, Reeve formed Reeve Aleutian Airways and was its president until his death in 1980. He allowed his pilot's license to lapse in 1948 after he caught himself missing an item on a checklist. Reeve was invited to run for territorial governor of Alaska in 1952, but decided against this due to a conflict of interests. Reeve received an honorary doctor of science degree at the University of Alaska in 1963. Reeve was named "Alaskan of the Year" in 1972 and inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1975. He was made honorary mayor of Shemya in 1978. He died on August 25, 1980, and in that year was inducted into the International Aerospace Hall of Fame. The Alaska Aviation Heritage Museum inducted Reeve into the Alaska Aviation Pioneer Hall of Fame on February 25, 2005. The Bob Reeve High School in Adak, Alaska was named after him.
In 1980, Reeve was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.
Personal life
Bob and Tilly Reeve had five children: Richard, Roberta, Janice, David, and Whitham. Richard became President of Reeve Aleutian upon the death of his father, Janice remained as a vice president of the airline, Roberta married famed bush pilot Don Sheldon, Whitham formed his own engineering business, and David became Senior Vice President of Midwest Airlines and President/CEO of Skyway Airlines in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Aircraft
Reeve's aircraft included:
Boeing 80A
NC224M c/n 1082. Ex Boeing Air Transport (United Air Lines). Rebuilt as an 80A-1 in 1930. To Monterey Peninsula Airways in 1939, then via Charles H Babb to the Morrison-Knudsen Construction Company. Accident on March 21, 1943, at Anchorage, repaired with parts from NC229M. Given to Reeve in 1946, sat outside Reeve's hangar until 1960 when hauled to the Anchorage landfill. Rescued before being buried and passed to Boeing Management Association. Aircraft and spares flown to McChord Air Base near Seattle and stored. Eventually restored by Pacific Northwest Aviation Historical Foundation at Auburn and displayed at the Museum of Flight, Seattle. It is the sole surviving Boeing 80.
NC229M c/n 1087. Parts from this aircraft were used to repair NC224M after that aircraft had been involved in an accident on March 21, 1943, at Anchorage.
NC793K c/n 1081. Purchased 1942, written off near Cold Bay, Alaska July 5, 1943.
Hamilton Metalplane
Reeve purchased a Hamilton Metalplane, but it crashed on the delivery flight.
Lockheed Vega 5B
N9424 Reeve flew a Lockheed Vega when with Panagra in South America. An accident at Santiago led to his resignation and move to Alaska. He is pictured in front of N9424 in Flying Beats Work.
Fairchild 51
NC5364 c/n 102.
Fairchild 71
NC119H c/n 675. Ex Marine Airways. Bought in the winter if 1939/40 to replace NC9745.
NC9745 c/n 611. This was the aircraft that was blown over, then destroyed in a hangar fire when repairs were nearly complete.
Fairchild FC-2W-2
NC7034 c/n 136. Ex Utah Oil Refining Company. Bought by Reeve in 1941/42, the frame of the fuselage is currently on display at the Alaska Aviation Heritage Museum.
Ford Tri-motor
NC8416 c/n 54.
References
^ a b c Cohen, Stan (1988). "Chapter 1". Flying Beats Work: The Story of Reeve Aleutian Airways. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN 0-933126-98-0.
^ a b Hall of Fame Inductee: Robert C. Reeve. Wisconsin Aviation Hall of Fame.
^ a b c Cohen, Stan (1988). "Chapter 2". Flying Beats Work The Story of Reeve Aleutian Airways. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN 0-933126-98-0.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cohen, Stan (1988). "Chapter 3". Flying Beats Work: The Story of Reeve Aleutian Airways. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN 0-933126-98-0.
^ a b c d e f g h Cohen, Stan (1988). "Chapter 4". Flying Beats Work: The Story of Reeve Aleutian Airways. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN 0-933126-98-0.
^ geocities Reeve fleet list.
^ Cohen, Stan (1988). "Epilogue". Flying Beats Work: The Story of Reeve Aleutian Airways. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN 0-933126-98-0.
^ Alaska Journal of Commerce Story Archived March 13, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
^ Air Force Magazine Archived December 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ Allstar Archived 2007-12-21 at the Wayback Machine International Aerospace HoF entry.
^ Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. ISBN 978-1-57864-397-4.
^ Ruud Leeuw Photo of restored aircraft.
^ a b Ed Coates Photo
^ a b Aerofiles Registration details.
^ geocities
^ Airliners.net Photo of a similar aircraft.
^ Aerofiles Registration details.
^ Alaska.edu Photograph of aircraft.
^ a b 1000 Aircraft photos Picture of NC119H.
^ Aerofiles Registration details.
^ 1000 Aircraft photos Color photo of aircraft.
^ Aerofiles Registration details.
Further reading
Romulo, Beth Day. Glacier pilot: The Story of Bob Reeve and the flyers who Pushed Back Alaska's Air Frontiers.
vteCivil aviation in WisconsinPrimary airports
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reeve Aleutian Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeve_Aleutian_Airways"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"1952 House election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska_Territory"},{"link_name":"Bob Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Bartlett"}],"text":"Robert Campbell Reeve (March 27, 1902 – August 25, 1980) was an American pilot, who was the founder of Reeve Aleutian Airways. He was the Republican nominee for the 1952 House election against incumbent Bob Bartlett.","title":"Robert Campbell Reeve"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waunakee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waunakee,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Yangtze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall-2"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"Carl Ben Eielson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ben_Eielson"},{"link_name":"Curtiss Jenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_Jenny"},{"link_name":"Northwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly-1"}],"text":"Reeve was born in Waunakee, Wisconsin, on March 27, 1902. He was one of twins, his brother was Richard. Their parents were Hubert and Mae Reeve. Mae died in 1904, and their father remarried, leaving the boys to fend for themselves. Bob and Richard went their separate ways early in life. Reeve was fascinated by aviation from an early age, and studied all he could on the subject. He enlisted in the US Army aged 15 in 1917. Discharged from the Army at the end of the war, Reeve had reached the rank of sergeant. He wanted to re-enlist, but his father was against this so Reeve returned to school, but dropped out after a few months and went to San Francisco. From there he got passage as an ordinary seaman to Shanghai, where he took a job in the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, serving on the Yangtze and Taku rivers. In 1921, Reeve was working in Vladivostok, USSR, but returned home as a result of his father's pleading.[1][2]Reeve finished high school, and then entered the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1922, his brother already being there. A picture of the aviator Carl Ben Eielson was on the wall at the fraternity house, this inspired Reeve, George Gardner, Monk MacKinnon and Ora McMurray to skip classes to spend time at Madison airfield, where Cash Chamberlain had a Curtiss Jenny. Six months short of graduation, all four were expelled from the university. This pushed them further into aviation, with Gardner and MacKinnon becoming president and vice-president respectively of Northwest Airlines.[1]","title":"Childhood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Beaumont, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas"},{"link_name":"barnstormers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstorming"},{"link_name":"soloed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_solo_flight"},{"link_name":"Air Commerce Act of 1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_government_role_in_civil_aviation"},{"link_name":"Engine and Aircraft Mechanic's Licenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_Maintenance_Technician"},{"link_name":"Commercial Pilot's License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_certification_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Aviation_Branch"},{"link_name":"March Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Field"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly-1"}],"text":"Reeve headed to Florida, then to Beaumont, Texas, where he joined a pair of barnstormers—\"Hazard\" and \"Maverick\". In exchange for two months' work at the airfield, Reeve got three hours flying instruction (which was called five) and soloed. When the Air Commerce Act of 1926 came into force, he got one of the first Engine and Aircraft Mechanic's Licenses and his Commercial Pilot's License. Reeve joined the Army Air Corps at March Field, but was discharged after a short time.[1]","title":"Barnstorming days"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_Trimotor.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lockheed_Vega_5b_Smithsonian.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pan Am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am"},{"link_name":"W. R. Grace and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._R._Grace_and_Company"},{"link_name":"airmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmail"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Pan American-Grace Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American-Grace_Airways"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Canal Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone"},{"link_name":"Ford Trimotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Trimotor"},{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Santiago, Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Vega"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly2-3"}],"text":"Ford TrimotorLockheed Vega 5BBy the late 1920s, barnstorming wasn't a viable way to make a living. Pan Am teamed up with W. R. Grace and Company to bid for an airmail contract in South America. The new airline, Pan American-Grace Airways (Panagra) flew weekly airmail from the US to Lima, Peru via the Canal Zone. A Ford Trimotor was purchased and Reeve trained with the Ford Motor Company on these aircraft, delivering the first to Lima in August 1929. Panagra offered Reeve the chance to fly Airmail Route 9 from Lima to Santiago, Chile, at this time the longest aviation route in the world at 1,900 miles (3,100 km). In 1930 the route was extended to Montevideo, Uruguay. It was during this time that Reeve learned about bush flying, developing techniques to avoid coastal fog, which later served him in Alaska, and mountain flying skills. He established a speed record between Santiago and Lima, covering the 1,900 miles in 20 hours. In January 1932, he crashed a Lockheed Vega of Panagra at Santiago, and quit before he was fired.[3]","title":"South America"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Klondike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Swiftwater Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiftwater_Bill"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Kennicott Copper Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennecott,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"polio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly2-3"},{"link_name":"stowed away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stowaway"},{"link_name":"steamship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamship"},{"link_name":"Valdez, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdez,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Valdez airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdez_Airport"},{"link_name":"Eaglerock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"Wright J-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_J-5"},{"link_name":"Sir Hubert Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Hubert_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"North Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole"},{"link_name":"Spitsbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitsbergen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly3-4"},{"link_name":"Seward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seward,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly3-4"},{"link_name":"Chisana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisana"},{"link_name":"Fairchild 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_51"},{"link_name":"Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairbanks"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly3-4"}],"text":"Reeve's move to Alaska came as the result of unrelated incidents. He had met a Klondike prospector, Swiftwater Bill, in Chile, who had told him of the Gold Rush thirty years earlier. He had also talked to Eddie Craig, a mining engineer at the Kennicott Copper Mine in Alaska in the early 1900s. These stories, and the idea that there was new country to conquer pulled Reeve north. He returned home to Wisconsin, where he suffered a slight attack of polio, which affected one of his legs slightly.[3]Reeve stowed away on a steamship, arriving in Alaska with $2 in his pocket, and Valdez, Alaska, with 20¢. At Valdez airfield, Owen Meals had a wrecked Eaglerock aircraft with a Wright J-5 engine that had been a spare for Sir Hubert Wilkins when he made his flight across the North Pole to Spitsbergen.[4]Reeve worked for a month at $1 an hour repairing the plane, and then leased the plane from Meals at $10 an hour. Having created a landing strip, Reeve was in business. His first charter was to Middleton Island, where the beach looked fine to land on, but the aircraft sank up to its wheels in the soft sand. An old block and tackle was found and used to rescue the aircraft from the incoming tide. Reeve managed to take off, and attempted to fly back to Valdez, but was forced to land at Seward owing to a storm. When he eventually got back to Valdez his tanks were almost empty, and he hadn't earned a cent. Reeve said this trip was worth $1,000 in experience. Reeve quickly learnt that the bush pilot's biggest worry was paying for gas, which could be $0.25 a gallon in one place, and $1.50 in another.[4]That winter, Reeve was hired to fly supplies to Chisana at 20¢/lb, his base for this was at Christochina, where a small airstrip had been created with high obstacles each end of the runway. Oil in the aircraft engines had to be drained each night, and warmed up on a stove each morning before being returned to the engine, as it was so cold that the oil would freeze. Reeve made a $2,000 profit on the Chisana route and had heard of a Fairchild 51 for sale in Fairbanks. This was the type of aircraft he had used in the Andes. He bought it for $3,500, with $1,500 down and the balance within two years.[4]","title":"Alaska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGrath,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"ice-fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog"},{"link_name":"white out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteout_(weather)"},{"link_name":"Shaktoolik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktoolik"},{"link_name":"Skwentna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skwentna_River"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly3-4"}],"text":"Reeve's first trip in the Fairchild was to fly Mr and Mrs Ole Hay and their two children, aged 4 and 4 months, to Nome. Just out of McGrath, they ran into dense ice-fog, a complete white out, so Reeve landed on the frozen Kateel River and then made camp. After 25 hours, conditions had improved sufficiently for them to continue as far as Shaktoolik. It took three days to get to Nome, and another ten days before he could leave for Valdez, picking up a medical emergency in Shaktoolik on the way. Again Reeve had to land because of the weather, this time landing on the Skwentna River. Reeve flew the patient to Seward the next day, and when he eventually returned to Valdez, Reeve found that stories of his outward trip were in the newspapers.[4]","title":"Reputation earned"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Wrangell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Wrangell"},{"link_name":"snowshoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly3-4"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly3-4"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"Gold Reserve Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Reserve_Act"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Tilly the Toiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillie_the_Toiler"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly3-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fairchild_71B_ExCC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fairchild 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_71"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly3-4"}],"text":"In March 1933, Reeve took an order into Chisana. On the way back to Valdez his engine quit and he made a forced landing by Mount Wrangell. He and his passenger used snowshoes to walk the 20 miles (32 km) to the Nabesna Mine, where owner Carl Whitham assisted them. They returned to Valdez for help, got the spare parts to repair the engine and flew back to the plane, where the three men repaired the engine, using a tree to hoist it clear of the aircraft.[4]During the Great Depression, there was constant talk of reopening the gold mines. One of the biggest was the Big Four Mine on the Brevier Glacier, only 30 miles (48 km) from Valdez, but at an elevation of 6,000 feet (1,800 m). Clarence Poy of San Francisco said he would buy the mine if Reeve flew his supplies and men in. Reeve took the current owner, Jack Cook to the mine to inspect it. The landing spot turned out not to be as good as had been claimed, but although the aircraft was partially buried in soft snow, no damage was done. Reeve later marked out a landing strip with flags and lamp black.[4]Reeve's success with supplying the Big Four Mine let to further contracts with other mines; the Mayfield, Little Giant and Ramsay Rutherford. During this time, Reeve learned more about assessing suitability of landing sites from the air, and developed the technique of dropping supplies by air. Miners being so keen on getting their supplies that they would pay for another load if supplies were damaged when dropped. In 1934, the price of gold almost doubled under the New Deal Gold Reserve Act and Valdez boomed. In the summer of 1934, Reeve's exploits, including landing on mudflats (having manufactured skis from stainless steel to fit to his aircraft) regularly reached the papers. He received some fan letters, including one from Miss Janice Morisette, who asked if he needed an extra hand. Janice lived about 30 miles from Reeve's hometown. They corresponded for a few months and Janice flew to Valdez in June 1935. Reeve left on a prospecting trip to Canada, but his curiosity got the better of him and he returned within a month. When he first saw her she reminded him of \"Tilly the Toiler\" and thus the nickname stuck.[4]Fairchild 71Reeve tried his hand at mining, and joined with prospector Andy Thompson to prospect the Ruff & Tuff Mine. He went to Canada in 1936 to try placer mining to finance the Ruff & Tuff. The mining didn't pay, so Reeve returned to Valdez flying supplies. He earned enough money to buy basic equipment for the Ruff & Tuff and later he and Thompson sold the mine, with Reeve getting the contract to supply it. Morisette had returned to San Francisco in the meantime, but she returned in April 1936. Reeve decided that despite his sporadic income, he would marry Morisette and so they were married in Fairbanks. Reeve bought another plane, a Fairchild 71, to celebrate.[4]","title":"Tilly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly3-4"},{"link_name":"Bradford Washburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Washburn"},{"link_name":"Mount Lucania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lucania"},{"link_name":"Robert Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bates_(mountaineer)"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly3-4"},{"link_name":"Wright Whirlwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Whirlwind"},{"link_name":"Mount Marcus Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Marcus_Baker"},{"link_name":"CAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Administration_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"grandfather rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandfather_rights"},{"link_name":"Copper River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_River_(Alaska)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly3-4"}],"text":"Reeve made several modifications to his plane, which he tried to keep from the local inspector. When questioned about these, his answers resulted in official approval from the inspector for the modifications.[4]Reeve received a letter from Bradford Washburn in January 1937 asking if he could fly a party of climbers to the glacier at the base of Mount Lucania in Canada. Reeve agreed to undertake the task. In April, the bulk of the supplies were flown in. When he flew Washburn and Robert Bates to the site, the weather had turned unseasonably warm and the plane sank up to its belly in slush. It was over a week before Reeve could take off, after the temperature had dropped sufficiently for a crust of ice to form over the slush. The trip was described by Reeve as the \"most hazardous\" of his career, but he had set a new world record of 8,750 feet (2,670 m) for the highest landing on skis, more than 1,800 feet (550 m) higher than any in either the Arctic or Antarctic.[4]The day after the Washburn trip, the engine of the Fairchild 51 quit. Reeve spent eight months repairing the Wright Whirlwind engine, but never put it back in the aircraft. He was now back to only one. Reeve made his last glacier landing in 1938, when he flew Brad Washburn to the Mount Marcus Glacier. His brother Richard was killed in a plane crash in 1938 and in the spring of 1939 a storm overturned the Fairchild 71. He spent all summer repairing it, only for the hangar to burn down with the aircraft inside. Reeve bought another Fairchild 71 and spent a further month repairing it. At this time, the CAA came in to regulate flying in Alaska. Pilots were assigned routes under a \"grandfather rights\" scheme based on the territory they had served for four months prior to August 22, 1938. Reeve was given a small area around Copper River. The work available would not support a growing family (at this time they had two children, Richard and Roberta) so they left Valdez in January 1941 for Fairbanks.[4]","title":"Expedition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noel Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Wien"},{"link_name":"Hap Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hap_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Aleutian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly4-5"},{"link_name":"Morrison-Knudsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrison-Knudsen"},{"link_name":"Richardson Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson_Highway"},{"link_name":"Northway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northway,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"airstrip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstrip"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly4-5"},{"link_name":"Boeing 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_80"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly4-5"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Metalplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_H-47"},{"link_name":"railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad"},{"link_name":"Prince George, BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George,_BC"},{"link_name":"Kluane Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluane_Lake"},{"link_name":"Burwash Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burwash_Landing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly4-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fairchild_FC-2W_ExCC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Juneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneau"},{"link_name":"Big Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Delta"},{"link_name":"Tanacross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanacross,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Galena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galena,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska Communications System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Communications_System"},{"link_name":"Anchorage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage"},{"link_name":"Amchitka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amchitka"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Kiska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiska"},{"link_name":"Battle of Attu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly4-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleet-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly4-5"},{"link_name":"Reeve Aleutian Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeve_Aleutian_Airways"},{"link_name":"University of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"National Aviation Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Shemya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shemya"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly5-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fame-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fame2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fame3-10"},{"link_name":"International Air & Space Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_%26_Space_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"San Diego Air & Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Air_%26_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Reeve arrived in Fairbanks and had to borrow $65 to pay his first month's rent. Noel Wien gave Reeve his first charter, and a lifelong friendship was formed. In April 1941, Reeve was one of a few pilots in Alaska without a certified route, and was hired by the CAA to survey the many new airfields planned to be built as part of Hap Arnold's master plan for Alaska's defense. While the Army and Navy concentrated on building bases at Anchorage and in the Aleutian Islands, the CAA was responsible for constructing the airfields in the interior.[5]The first to be built was the airfield at Northway, 100 miles (160 km) east of Fairbanks. The contractors were the Morrison-Knudsen company (M-K). Supplies were trucked via the Richardson Highway and a summer trail to the Nasbena Mines, 60 miles from the airfield site, and then flown by Reeve to Northway, where an airstrip had been hacked out of the woods. Some items had to be cut into two or three pieces and re-welded at the destination as they were too big or heavy for the Fairchild.[5]Although Reeve was working from dawn to dusk, he couldn't keep up with demand for supplies at Northway, and a backlog built up at Nabesna. M-K ordered a Boeing 80A and Reeve was sent to Seattle to collect it. It took five weeks to modify the plane, and when he returned with it to Northway, found a 3,000 feet (910 m) runway at what was now Reeve Field. The 80A was designed to haul 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) but Reeve soon found he could haul 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg) in it. Reeve was again flying from dawn to dusk, sometimes on only two engines.[5]With the money earned from the CAA contract, Reeve ordered three more aircraft. He bought another Boeing 80A, a Hamilton Metalplane and another Fairchild 71. The army wanted him to survey a route for a railroad from Prince George, BC, to Nome. Reeve took the surveyors along the route but on the homeward trip the aircraft—a Fairchild—broke through the ice on the Kluane Lake. The aircraft was abandoned but the mission successfully completed. The pass was named Reeve Pass, it is located between Francis Lake and the Salmon River. The Fairchild was left at Burwash Landing, and Reeve hired a pilot to fly the Hamilton from Washington to Alaska. The plane crashed in Washington, killing the pilot and Reeve was broke again, not having enough money even to buy the fuel to fly the Boeing to Alaska. He managed to borrow money from the Pacific National Bank despite them having a rule never to lend to bush pilots.[5]Fairchild FC-2W-2Reeve flew back to Juneau unannounced, and was almost shot down because he didn't identify himself. He returned to working for the CAA, now earning $80 an hour with fuel supplied flying supplies, materials and workers to the new airfields being constructed at Big Delta, Tanacross, Galena, Moses Point and Nome, doing all the flying and maintenance himself and regularly working 15-hour days. In November 1942 Reeve signed a contract with the Alaska Communications System (ACS) and moved his family to Anchorage. The contract with ACS involved flying all over Alaska, the Aleutians and western Canada. On July 5, 1943, Reeve was flying radar equipment and four technicians from Cold Bay to Amchitka when he ran into zero-zero visibility conditions. During 1942 Reeve purchased a Fairchild FC-2W-2. A forced landing was made 20 miles east of Cold Bay. Reeve managed to salvage his radio, but the uninsured plane was written off. The delay in the delivery of the radar parts allowed the Japanese to evacuate Kiska undetected, which may have saved American lives, as when US forces landed on Kiska they found it deserted. Previously the Battle of Attu had cost 500 lives.[5][6]Reeve's thoughts turned to post-war activities. He knew he would need bigger, faster planes and thought his best hope would be to pick an area that no one else wanted. Reeve bought a hardware store on Fourth Avenue, Anchorage. An old friend, Carl Whitham came to Anchorage, and they formed a partnership to develop some of Whitham's old prospects. Whitham died of cancer in the spring and Reeve's prospecting days were over.[5]In 1946, Reeve formed Reeve Aleutian Airways and was its president until his death in 1980. He allowed his pilot's license to lapse in 1948 after he caught himself missing an item on a checklist. Reeve was invited to run for territorial governor of Alaska in 1952, but decided against this due to a conflict of interests. Reeve received an honorary doctor of science degree at the University of Alaska in 1963. Reeve was named \"Alaskan of the Year\" in 1972 and inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1975. He was made honorary mayor of Shemya in 1978. He died on August 25, 1980, and in that year was inducted into the International Aerospace Hall of Fame. The Alaska Aviation Heritage Museum inducted Reeve into the Alaska Aviation Pioneer Hall of Fame on February 25, 2005. The Bob Reeve High School in Adak, Alaska was named after him.[2][7][8][9][10]In 1980, Reeve was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.[11]","title":"The war years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Sheldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Sheldon"},{"link_name":"Midwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Skyway Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyway_Airlines"}],"text":"Bob and Tilly Reeve had five children: Richard, Roberta, Janice, David, and Whitham. Richard became President of Reeve Aleutian upon the death of his father, Janice remained as a vice president of the airline, Roberta married famed bush pilot Don Sheldon, Whitham formed his own engineering business, and David became Senior Vice President of Midwest Airlines and President/CEO of Skyway Airlines in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Reeve's aircraft included:","title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing Air Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Air_Transport"},{"link_name":"Museum of Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Flight"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly4-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leeuw-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coates-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reg4-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly4-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reg4-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coates-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geo-15"}],"sub_title":"Boeing 80A","text":"NC224M c/n 1082. Ex Boeing Air Transport (United Air Lines). Rebuilt as an 80A-1 in 1930. To Monterey Peninsula Airways in 1939, then via Charles H Babb to the Morrison-Knudsen Construction Company. Accident on March 21, 1943, at Anchorage, repaired with parts from NC229M. Given to Reeve in 1946, sat outside Reeve's hangar until 1960 when hauled to the Anchorage landfill. Rescued before being buried and passed to Boeing Management Association. Aircraft and spares flown to McChord Air Base near Seattle and stored. Eventually restored by Pacific Northwest Aviation Historical Foundation at Auburn and displayed at the Museum of Flight, Seattle. It is the sole surviving Boeing 80.[5][12][13][14]\nNC229M c/n 1087. Parts from this aircraft were used to repair NC224M after that aircraft had been involved in an accident on March 21, 1943, at Anchorage.[5][14]\nNC793K c/n 1081. Purchased 1942, written off near Cold Bay, Alaska July 5, 1943.[13][15]","title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Air-16"}],"sub_title":"Hamilton Metalplane","text":"Reeve purchased a Hamilton Metalplane, but it crashed on the delivery flight.[16]","title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly2-3"}],"sub_title":"Lockheed Vega 5B","text":"N9424 Reeve flew a Lockheed Vega when with Panagra in South America. An accident at Santiago led to his resignation and move to Alaska. He is pictured in front of N9424 in Flying Beats Work.[3]","title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reg3-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alaska-18"}],"sub_title":"Fairchild 51","text":"NC5364 c/n 102.[17][18]","title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thou-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thou-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reg2-20"}],"sub_title":"Fairchild 71","text":"NC119H c/n 675. Ex Marine Airways. Bought in the winter if 1939/40 to replace NC9745.[19]\nNC9745 c/n 611. This was the aircraft that was blown over, then destroyed in a hangar fire when repairs were nearly complete.[19][20]","title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fuselage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuselage"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thou2-21"}],"sub_title":"Fairchild FC-2W-2","text":"NC7034 c/n 136. Ex Utah Oil Refining Company. Bought by Reeve in 1941/42, the frame of the fuselage is currently on display at the Alaska Aviation Heritage Museum.[21]","title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reg-22"}],"sub_title":"Ford Tri-motor","text":"NC8416 c/n 54.[22]","title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aviation_in_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Aviation_in_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation_in_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Appleton International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleton_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Central Wisconsin Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Wisconsin_Airport"},{"link_name":"Chippewa Valley Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippewa_Valley_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Dane County Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_County_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Green Bay–Austin Straubel International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay%E2%80%93Austin_Straubel_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"La Crosse Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Crosse_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Mitchell_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Rhinelander–Oneida County Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinelander%E2%80%93Oneida_County_Airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WI-Icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Air Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Midstate Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midstate_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Midwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Central Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Airlines"},{"link_name":"EAA Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAA_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Mitchell Gallery of Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Gallery_of_Flight"},{"link_name":"Champion Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"EAA AirVenture Oshkosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAA_AirVenture_Oshkosh"},{"link_name":"Experimental Aircraft Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Aircraft_Association"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Air and Water Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Air_and_Water_Show"},{"link_name":"Sonex Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonex_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Cirrus VK-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrus_VK-30"},{"link_name":"Paul Poberezny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Poberezny"},{"link_name":"Tom Poberezny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Poberezny"},{"link_name":"Robert Campbell Reeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Skiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Skiles"},{"link_name":"Steve Wittman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wittman"},{"link_name":"Aviation in Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_in_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"List of airports in Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15485871#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1718529/"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/72919006"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJp9rJ8qHtFyXyWhtYmDbd"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n87873533"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6p31mj2"}],"text":"Romulo, Beth Day. Glacier pilot: The Story of Bob Reeve and the flyers who Pushed Back Alaska's Air Frontiers.vteCivil aviation in WisconsinPrimary airports\nAppleton International Airport\nCentral Wisconsin Airport\nChippewa Valley Regional Airport\nDane County Regional Airport\nGreen Bay–Austin Straubel International Airport\nLa Crosse Regional Airport\nMilwaukee Mitchell International Airport\nRhinelander–Oneida County Airport\nAirlines\nAir Wisconsin\nMidstate Airlines\nMidwest Airlines\nWisconsin Central Airlines\nMuseums\nEAA Aviation Museum\nMitchell Gallery of Flight\nAviation related\nChampion Aircraft\nEAA AirVenture Oshkosh\nExperimental Aircraft Association\nMilwaukee Air and Water Show\nSonex Aircraft\nCirrus VK-30\nPeople\nPaul Poberezny\nTom Poberezny\nRobert Campbell Reeve\nJeffrey Skiles\nSteve Wittman\n\nAviation in Wisconsin\nList of airports in WisconsinAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Ford Trimotor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ford_Trimotor.jpg/220px-Ford_Trimotor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lockheed Vega 5B","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lockheed_Vega_5b_Smithsonian.jpg/220px-Lockheed_Vega_5b_Smithsonian.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fairchild 71","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fairchild_71B_ExCC.jpg/220px-Fairchild_71B_ExCC.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fairchild FC-2W-2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fairchild_FC-2W_ExCC.jpg/220px-Fairchild_FC-2W_ExCC.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Cohen, Stan (1988). \"Chapter 1\". Flying Beats Work: The Story of Reeve Aleutian Airways. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN 0-933126-98-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933126-98-0","url_text":"0-933126-98-0"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Stan (1988). \"Chapter 2\". Flying Beats Work The Story of Reeve Aleutian Airways. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN 0-933126-98-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933126-98-0","url_text":"0-933126-98-0"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Stan (1988). \"Chapter 3\". Flying Beats Work: The Story of Reeve Aleutian Airways. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN 0-933126-98-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933126-98-0","url_text":"0-933126-98-0"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Stan (1988). \"Chapter 4\". Flying Beats Work: The Story of Reeve Aleutian Airways. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN 0-933126-98-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933126-98-0","url_text":"0-933126-98-0"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Stan (1988). \"Epilogue\". Flying Beats Work: The Story of Reeve Aleutian Airways. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN 0-933126-98-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933126-98-0","url_text":"0-933126-98-0"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.wisconsinaviationhalloffame.org/inductees/reeve.htm","external_links_name":"Hall of Fame Inductee: Robert C. Reeve"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010414010616/http://www.geocities.com/alaskanheritage/REEVEFLEET.html","external_links_name":"geocities"},{"Link":"http://www.alaskajournal.com/stories/022005/hom_20050220002.shtml","external_links_name":"Alaska Journal of Commerce"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050313234430/http://www.alaskajournal.com/stories/022005/hom_20050220002.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.afa.org/magazine/hall_of_fame/","external_links_name":"Air Force Magazine"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071218080317/http://www.afa.org/magazine/hall_of_fame/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/reeve.htm","external_links_name":"Allstar"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071221080210/http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/reeve.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ruudleeuw.com/spl-olddays.htm","external_links_name":"Ruud Leeuw"},{"Link":"http://www.edcoatescollection.com/ac3/Airline/Reeve%20Airways%20Boeing%2080A.html","external_links_name":"Ed Coates"},{"Link":"http://www.aerofiles.com/regs-m.html","external_links_name":"Aerofiles"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010414010616/http://www.geocities.com/alaskanheritage/REEVEFLEET.html","external_links_name":"geocities"},{"Link":"http://www.airliners.net/open.file?id=0617819&WxsIERv=Unzvygba%20Zrgnycynar%20U47&Wm=0&WdsYXMg=Abegujrfg%20Nveyvarf&QtODMg=Fbhgu%20Fg%20Cnhy%20Zhavpvcny%20%96%20Syrzvat%20Svryq%20%28FTF%29&ERDLTkt=HFN%20-%20Zvaarfbgn&ktODMp=Whar%2022%2C%202004&BP=1&WNEb25u=Enycu%20Z.%20Crggrefra&xsIERvdWdsY=AP879U&MgTUQtODMgKE=Uvqqra%20njnl%20va%20n%20unatne%20V%20sbhaq%20guvf%20trz%20bs%20na%20nvecynar.%20Abegujrfg%20Nveyvarf%20syrj%20gurz%20va%20gur%201920%27f%2F30%27f.&YXMgTUQtODMgKERD=2332&NEb25uZWxs=2004-07-10%2000%3A00%3A00&ODJ9dvCE=&O89Dcjdg=65&static=yes&width=1024&height=717&sok=JURER%20%20%28nvepensg%20%3D%20%27Unzvygba%20Zrgnycynar%20U47%27%29%20%20BEQRE%20OL%20cubgb_vq%20QRFP&photo_nr=1&prev_id=&next_id=0617818","external_links_name":"Airliners.net"},{"Link":"http://www.aerofiles.com/regs-5000.html","external_links_name":"Aerofiles"},{"Link":"http://vilda.alaska.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/cdmg13&CISOPTR=1186&REC=20","external_links_name":"Alaska.edu"},{"Link":"http://1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/Opland/4440.htm","external_links_name":"1000 Aircraft photos"},{"Link":"http://www.aerofiles.com/regs-9000.html","external_links_name":"Aerofiles"},{"Link":"http://1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/Opland/6968.htm","external_links_name":"1000 Aircraft photos"},{"Link":"http://www.aerofiles.com/regs-8000.html","external_links_name":"Aerofiles"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1718529/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/72919006","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJp9rJ8qHtFyXyWhtYmDbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87873533","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6p31mj2","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Geelong
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HM Prison Geelong
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["1 History","1.1 Timeline","2 Notable prisoners","3 Executions","4 In media","5 See also","6 References"]
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Coordinates: 38°9′14″S 144°21′56″E / 38.15389°S 144.36556°E / -38.15389; 144.36556Former maximum security prison in central Geelong
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HM Prison GeelongLocationGeelong, VictoriaCoordinates38°9′14″S 144°21′56″E / 38.15389°S 144.36556°E / -38.15389; 144.36556StatusClosedSecurity classMaximum (male)Capacity86Opened1864Closed1991Managed byCorrections Victoria
HM Prison Geelong was a maximum security Australia prison located on the corner of Myers Street and Swanston Street in Geelong, Victoria, Australia. The prison was built in stages from 1849 to 1864. Its panopticon design is based on Pentonville Prison in England. The prison was officially closed in 1991 and prisoners were moved to the newly built HM Prison Barwon in Lara. The building now functions as a museum for the history of the prison.
History
The gaol was built by prisoners who slept on high security barges on Corio Bay during construction. The three-storey central block is cruciform with east and west wings serving as cells, the north wing as an administration block, and the southern wing as a kitchen, hospital and a tailoring workshop. The Australian Army used the prison as a detention barracks during, and for a few years after, World War II.
The government closed the gaol in 1991 and the site now operates as a museum. It is open to the public on Saturdays, Sundays and daily during public and school holidays. The gaol remains mostly unchanged. A gallows exhibit recreates the 1863 hanging of James Murphy, who battered Constable Daniel O'Boyle to death at the Warrnambool court house. Cell 47 is of special interest as it contains a mural painted on a wall by a prisoner, titled Window of Freedom. In 2021, buildings constructed in the 1970s were removed to restore the site to a more historic look.
Timeline
1853–1865: Gaol for convicts and prisoners
1865–1872: Industrial school for girls (typically those convicted of vagrancy)
1877–1940: Hospital gaol
1940–1947: Army detention barracks during World War II
1947–1958: Hospital gaol
1958–1991: Training prison
2011–current: Guided tours.
Notable prisoners
Frank McCallum (alias Captain Melville) – Australian bushranger
Mark "Chopper" Read
Angus Murray – an associate of gangster Squizzy Taylor who escaped in 1923 only to be executed for his role in a murder in Melbourne shortly after. He was in cell 74 and the hole in the floor that was caused when he dropped a brick upon leaving still remains.
Executions
Name
Date of Execution
Crime
George Roberts
16 December 1854
Poisoned George Scott
John Gunn
9 November 1854
Murder
James Ross
22 April 1856
Murder
Owen McQueeny
20 October 1858
Murder of Elizabeth Lowe, aka the "Green Tent Murder"
James Murphy
6 November 1863
Murder of a policeman at Warrnambool Court House
Thomas Menard
28 October 1865
Murder of an Irishman named Sweeney
In media
The 1994 film Everynight ... Everynight was shot at the prison. In 2015, the prison also served as a location for Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race.
See also
Marngoneet Correctional Centre, 300 bed prison in Lara, Victoria, opened in 2006.
Pirra Homestead
References
vtePrisons and youth detention centres in VictoriaOperational facilities for adults
Barwon
Beechworth
Dame Phyllis Frost
Dhurringile
Fulham
Hopkins
Ivanhoe Hostel
Langi Kal Kal
Loddon
Marngoneet
Melbourne Assessment Prison
Melbourne Custody Centre
Metropolitan Remand Centre
Mirallee Reception Centre
Port Phillip
Ravenhall Correctional Centre
Tarrengower
Operational facilities for juveniles
Acheron
Hillside
Illoura Children's Home
Malmsbury Youth Justice Centre
Melbourne Youth Justice Centre
Nalu at Fulham Correctional Centre
Closed facilities
Allambie
Ashendene
Ballarat
HM Prison Beechworth
Bendigo
Castlemaine
Fairlea
Geelong
J Ward
Kilmore
Melbourne
Morwell River
Pentridge
Pirra Homestead
Sale
Winlaton
Won Wron
Planned facilities
Youth Justice Facility near Cherry Creek
See also: List of Australian prisons
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison"},{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"panopticon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon"},{"link_name":"Pentonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentonville_(HM_Prison)"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"HM Prison Barwon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Barwon"},{"link_name":"Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara,_Victoria"}],"text":"Former maximum security prison in central GeelongHM Prison Geelong was a maximum security Australia prison located on the corner of Myers Street and Swanston Street in Geelong, Victoria, Australia. The prison was built in stages from 1849 to 1864. Its panopticon design is based on Pentonville Prison in England. The prison was officially closed in 1991 and prisoners were moved to the newly built HM Prison Barwon in Lara. The building now functions as a museum for the history of the prison.","title":"HM Prison Geelong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barges"},{"link_name":"Corio Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corio_Bay"},{"link_name":"cruciform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciform"},{"link_name":"Australian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Army"},{"link_name":"barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracks"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Warrnambool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrnambool,_Victoria"}],"text":"The gaol was built by prisoners who slept on high security barges on Corio Bay during construction. The three-storey central block is cruciform with east and west wings serving as cells, the north wing as an administration block, and the southern wing as a kitchen, hospital and a tailoring workshop. The Australian Army used the prison as a detention barracks during, and for a few years after, World War II.The government closed the gaol in 1991 and the site now operates as a museum. It is open to the public on Saturdays, Sundays and daily during public and school holidays. The gaol remains mostly unchanged. A gallows exhibit recreates the 1863 hanging of James Murphy, who battered Constable Daniel O'Boyle to death at the Warrnambool court house. Cell 47 is of special interest as it contains a mural painted on a wall by a prisoner, titled Window of Freedom. In 2021, buildings constructed in the 1970s were removed to restore the site to a more historic look.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"sub_title":"Timeline","text":"1853–1865: Gaol for convicts and prisoners\n1865–1872: Industrial school for girls (typically those convicted of vagrancy)\n1877–1940: Hospital gaol\n1940–1947: Army detention barracks during World War II\n1947–1958: Hospital gaol\n1958–1991: Training prison\n2011–current: Guided tours.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank McCallum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_McCallum"},{"link_name":"bushranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushranger"},{"link_name":"Mark \"Chopper\" Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Brandon_Read"},{"link_name":"Angus Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angus_Murray&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Squizzy Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squizzy_Taylor"}],"text":"Frank McCallum (alias Captain Melville) – Australian bushranger\nMark \"Chopper\" Read\nAngus Murray – an associate of gangster Squizzy Taylor who escaped in 1923 only to be executed for his role in a murder in Melbourne shortly after. He was in cell 74 and the hole in the floor that was caused when he dropped a brick upon leaving still remains.","title":"Notable prisoners"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Executions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Everynight ... Everynight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everynight_..._Everynight"},{"link_name":"Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Drama_Presents:_The_Ridonculous_Race"}],"text":"The 1994 film Everynight ... Everynight was shot at the prison. In 2015, the prison also served as a location for Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race.","title":"In media"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Marngoneet Correctional Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marngoneet_Correctional_Centre"},{"title":"Lara, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara,_Victoria"},{"title":"Pirra Homestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirra_Homestead"}]
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[]
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