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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_tren_de_la_libertad
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El tren de la libertad
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["1 History","2 \"Because it's my choice\"","3 Protest march development","4 References"]
|
Spanish social movement
The Freedom Train"Tren de la libertad" in ValladolidNative name El tren de la libertadEnglish namethe freedom trainDateFebruary 1, 2014 (2014-02-01)LocationMadrid
El tren de la libertad (The Freedom Train in English) is a movement in defense of the sexual and reproductive rights of women. In late 2013, the conservative-led Spanish government proposed dramatically restricting access to abortion in the country.
History
In 2010, the socialist government led by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero reformed the Law of Abortion originally passed by the Congress of Deputies on December 19, 2009, which decriminalized abortion during the first fourteen weeks. The law was passed on July 5, 2010, replacing the Ley Orgánica 9/1985. The conservative Partido Popular filed an appeal with the Supreme Court in June 2010, and included the modification of the law as part of their 2011 electoral platform.
On February 1, 2014, the group hosted a massive demonstration in Madrid calling for the withdrawal of the preliminary draft of the abortion law presented by Justice Minister Alberto Ruíz Gallardón and demanding his resignation, as well as defending the existing law, which had been in use since 2010. The protest was an initiative that emerged in Asturias from the Feminist Tertulia Les Comadres and the organization Women for Equality of Barredos. It was joined by numerous women's organizations, feminist organizations, and entities involved in the fight for sexual and reproductive rights throughout Spain, which chartered trains and buses to bring participants to the central event of the Madrid Summit. The event was also supported by opposition parties and unions. The demonstration began at Paseo del Prado and traveled all the way to the Congress of Deputies, where a group of feminist representatives presented the manifesto "Because I decide" — written by Alicia Miyares, a respected philosopher and feminist writer, and detailing the demands of the marchers - to the Registration of the Congress in the name of the President of the Government, the Congress, the Minister of Health, Ana Mato, and the Minister of Justice, Alberto Ruiz Gallardón.
Tens of thousands of people participated in the mobilization of the Freedom Train. At the time it was considered the largest feminist protest in the history of Spain, a distinction it held until 2015.
Supporters of the effort also staged demonstrations in several European capitals (Edinburgh, Rome, Paris, Luxembourg) and Latin American (Buenos Aires).
The protest's growth and development was recorded in the documentary es:Yo decido. El tren de la libertad (in English: My Choice. The Freedom Train,I Decide: The Train of Freedom,Because it's my choice. The Freedom Train).Over 80 filmmakers and professionals from the audiovisual world participated in the project, including Gracia Querejeta, Ángeles González-Sinde, Mabel Lozano, Icíar Bollaín, Isabel Coixet, Georgina Cisquella and Virginia Yagüe.
As a consequence of The Freedom Train movement, the Spanish government had to abandon plans to tighten abortion law, ending months of speculation and prompting Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón, the justice minister and architect of the abortion proposal, to resign, charged with enacting some of the toughest legislation on the issue in Europe.
"Because it's my choice"
"Because it's my choice" ("Porque yo decido" in Spanish) is a text written by feminist philosopher Alicia Miyares, given to Congress and dedicated to Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy, Minister of Justice Alberto Ruiz Gallardón, as well as Minister of Health Ana Mato.
Protest march development
The route of the march was from Asturias to Madrid, and the people joined it from different Spain cities: Andalucia, Canarias, Catalonia, Valencian Community, Castilla-La Mancha, Extremadura, Galicia, Murcia and Pais Vasco. In the afternoon, they organized an assembly, where different delegation representatives attended the movement.
Several Europeans cities joined the march, including Paris, Rome, London, Luxembourg and Edinburgh. In Latin America, the participation of Buenos Aires was important.
References
^ Kassam, Ashifa (February 12, 2014). "Spain's tough new abortion law advances after secret vote". The Guardian. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ "Spain government backs tougher abortion law". The Guardian. December 20, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ "Spain's Alarming Abortion Debate". The New York Times. January 17, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ Kassam, Ashifa (January 31, 2014). "Spanish abortion bill expected to spark massive protest". The Guardian. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ Garea, Fernando (December 17, 2009). "El Congreso aprueba la reforma de la ley del aborto". El País. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
^ Kassam, Ashifa (February 1, 2014). "Thousands of pro-abortion protesters gather in Spain". The Guardian. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ "Freedom Train (El Tren de la libertad) activists marched with ARC". February 1, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ a b "Porque yo decido" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-03-02.
^ womenareurope (2014-01-26). "PORQUE YO DECIDO – PERCHE' IO DECIDO". womenareurope (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-03-02.
^ "Spanish abortion law prompts women's group protests". BBC. February 3, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ Frayer, Lauren (September 25, 2014). "Spain's Abortion Debate Shakes Government That Pledged To Ban It". npr. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ Larrañeta (February 7, 2014). «The abortion right connects the feminists by first time: from traditional to Femmen». 20 Minutos. Consulted November 23, 2015
^ Burridge, Tom (February 3, 2014). "Spain protesters rally against tougher abortion law Published". BBC. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ "Abortion bill finds Spain a changed country". BBC. February 1, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ Minder, Raphael (January 19, 2014). "Thousands of pro-abortion protesters gather in Spain". The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ "Protesta frente a embajada española en argentina contra reforma del aborto". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2014-01-30. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
^ "Yo decido. El tren de la libertad".
^ "YO DECIDO. EL TREN DE LA LIBERTAD".
^ "EVENT (Glasgow)".
^ Bermudez, Silvia; Geist, Anthony L. (28 May 2019). Cartographies of Madrid. ISBN 9780826522160.
^ "'Yo decido. El tren de la libertad', la película colectiva sobre el aborto, se estrena en 90 ciudades". 20minutos. 2014-10-07. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
^ Bermudez, Silvia; Johnson, Roberta (5 February 2018). A New History of Iberian Feminisms. ISBN 9781487510299.
^ "GMB Glasgow General Apex Branch Yo Decido: El Tren De La Libertad (I Decide: The Train of Freedom)".
^ "¿Quieres ver el documental 'Yo decido. El tren de la libertad'? Aquí tienes el vídeo íntegro".
^ "Cineteca Madrid".
^ "Yo decido. El Tren de la Libertad".
^ "'YO DECIDO. EL TREN DE LA LIBERTAD', SE ESTRENA HOY GRATIS EN TODA ESPAÑA".
^ "CIMA".
^ "DOCUMENTAL: Yo decido. El tren de la libertad". elDiario.es. 2014-07-11. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
^ "'Yo decido. El Tren de la libertad', las cineastas españolas dan un paso al frente".
^ "Spain abortion: Rajoy scraps tighter law". September 23, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ Kassam, Ashifa (September 23, 2014). "Spain abandons plan to introduce tough new abortion laws". The Guardian. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ Román, David; Crellin, Olivia (September 23, 2014). "Spain Scraps Plan to Tighten Abortion Law Ruling Party Withdraws Bill After Widespread Criticism". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ Buck, Tobias (September 23, 2014). "Mariano Rajoy scraps plan to tighten Spain's abortion laws". Financial Times. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ "El Tren de la Libertad llega a Madrid". Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ Rudel, Alina (February 1, 2022). "Fue la primera manifestación que sintonizó a las nuevas generaciones de mujeres con las anteriores que históricamente lucharon por esos derechos sexuales y reproductivos". Amecopress. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ Cappa, Maria (February 1, 2014). "La marea violeta inunda Madrid para frenar la reforma del aborto de Gallardón". Lamarea. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ M. Puga, Jessica (January 13, 2014). "El 'Tren de la libertad' calienta motores para movilizarse contra la ley del aborto". El Comercio. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ "Convocan protesta en Madrid el 1 de febrero contra la reforma del aborto". Europa Press. January 14, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ Muñoz, Lourdes (February 27, 2014). "Tren de la libertad de las mujeres". ElDiario.es. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
^ Álvarez, Rafael J. (January 2, 2014). "El convoy del albedrío". Retrieved February 11, 2017.
|
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In late 2013, the conservative-led Spanish government proposed dramatically restricting access to abortion in the country.[1][2][3][4]","title":"El tren de la libertad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturias"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Congress of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Alicia Miyares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Miyares_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ana Mato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Mato"},{"link_name":"Alberto Ruiz Gallardón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Ruiz-Gallard%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"es:Yo decido. 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The event was also supported by opposition parties and unions.[7] The demonstration began at Paseo del Prado and traveled all the way to the Congress of Deputies, where a group of feminist representatives presented the manifesto \"Because I decide\"[8][9] — written by Alicia Miyares, a respected philosopher and feminist writer,[citation needed] and detailing the demands of the marchers - to the Registration of the Congress in the name of the President of the Government, the Congress, the Minister of Health, Ana Mato, and the Minister of Justice, Alberto Ruiz Gallardón.[10][11][8]Tens of thousands of people participated in the mobilization of the Freedom Train. 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The Freedom Train).[23][24][25]Over 80 filmmakers and professionals from the audiovisual world participated in the project,[26][27] including Gracia Querejeta, Ángeles González-Sinde, Mabel Lozano, Icíar Bollaín, Isabel Coixet, Georgina Cisquella and Virginia Yagüe.[28][29][30]As a consequence of The Freedom Train movement, the Spanish government had to abandon plans to tighten abortion law, ending months of speculation and prompting Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón, the justice minister and architect of the abortion proposal, to resign, charged with enacting some of the toughest legislation on the issue in Europe.[31][32][33][34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alicia Miyares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Miyares_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Mariano Rajoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Rajoy"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"\"Because it's my choice\" (\"Porque yo decido\" in Spanish) is a text written by feminist philosopher Alicia Miyares, given to Congress and dedicated to Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy, Minister of Justice Alberto Ruiz Gallardón, as well as Minister of Health Ana Mato.[35][36][37][38][39][40]","title":"\"Because it's my choice\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturias"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Andalucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Castilla-La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilla-La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"Extremadura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremadura"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Murcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murcia"},{"link_name":"Pais Vasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_City"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"}],"text":"The route of the march was from Asturias to Madrid, and the people joined it from different Spain cities: Andalucia, Canarias, Catalonia, Valencian Community, Castilla-La Mancha, Extremadura, Galicia, Murcia and Pais Vasco.[41] In the afternoon, they organized an assembly, where different delegation representatives attended the movement.Several Europeans cities joined the march, including Paris, Rome, London, Luxembourg and Edinburgh. In Latin America, the participation of Buenos Aires was important.","title":"Protest march development"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"Kassam, Ashifa (February 12, 2014). \"Spain's tough new abortion law advances after secret vote\". The Guardian. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/12/spain-tough-new-abortion-law-secret-vote","url_text":"\"Spain's tough new abortion law advances after secret vote\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spain government backs tougher abortion law\". The Guardian. December 20, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25473146","url_text":"\"Spain government backs tougher abortion law\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spain's Alarming Abortion Debate\". The New York Times. January 17, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/18/opinion/spains-alarming-abortion-debate.html","url_text":"\"Spain's Alarming Abortion Debate\""}]},{"reference":"Kassam, Ashifa (January 31, 2014). \"Spanish abortion bill expected to spark massive protest\". The Guardian. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/31/spanish-abortion-bill-massive-protest","url_text":"\"Spanish abortion bill expected to spark massive protest\""}]},{"reference":"Garea, Fernando (December 17, 2009). \"El Congreso aprueba la reforma de la ley del aborto\". El País. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2009/12/17/actualidad/1261004406_850215.html","url_text":"\"El Congreso aprueba la reforma de la ley del aborto\""}]},{"reference":"Kassam, Ashifa (February 1, 2014). \"Thousands of pro-abortion protesters gather in Spain\". The Guardian. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/01/thousands-pro-abortion-protesters-spain-madrid","url_text":"\"Thousands of pro-abortion protesters gather in Spain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freedom Train (El Tren de la libertad) activists marched with ARC\". February 1, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abortionrightscampaign.ie/freedom-train-el-tren-de-la-libertad-activists-marched-with-arc/","url_text":"\"Freedom Train (El Tren de la libertad) activists marched with ARC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Porque yo decido\" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eltrendelalibertad.com/p/porque-yo-decido.html","url_text":"\"Porque yo decido\""}]},{"reference":"womenareurope (2014-01-26). \"PORQUE YO DECIDO – PERCHE' IO DECIDO\". womenareurope (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://womenareurope.wordpress.com/2014/01/26/porque-yo-decido-perche-io-decido/","url_text":"\"PORQUE YO DECIDO – PERCHE' IO DECIDO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spanish abortion law prompts women's group protests\". BBC. February 3, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-europe-26013394","url_text":"\"Spanish abortion law prompts women's group protests\""}]},{"reference":"Frayer, Lauren (September 25, 2014). \"Spain's Abortion Debate Shakes Government That Pledged To Ban It\". npr. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/09/25/351511970/spains-abortion-debate-shakes-government-that-pledged-to-ban-it","url_text":"\"Spain's Abortion Debate Shakes Government That Pledged To Ban It\""}]},{"reference":"Burridge, Tom (February 3, 2014). \"Spain protesters rally against tougher abortion law Published\". BBC. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25936542","url_text":"\"Spain protesters rally against tougher abortion law Published\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abortion bill finds Spain a changed country\". BBC. February 1, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26000528","url_text":"\"Abortion bill finds Spain a changed country\""}]},{"reference":"Minder, Raphael (January 19, 2014). \"Thousands of pro-abortion protesters gather in Spain\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/20/world/europe/proposed-abortion-restrictions-in-spain-face-backlash.html","url_text":"\"Thousands of pro-abortion protesters gather in Spain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Protesta frente a embajada española en argentina contra reforma del aborto\". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2014-01-30. Retrieved 2023-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20140130/54400679262/protesta-frente-a-embajada-espanola-en-argentina-contra-reforma-del-aborto.html","url_text":"\"Protesta frente a embajada española en argentina contra reforma del aborto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yo decido. El tren de la libertad\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.es/barcelona/es/que-hacer/yo-decido-el-tren-de-la-libertad","url_text":"\"Yo decido. El tren de la libertad\""}]},{"reference":"\"YO DECIDO. EL TREN DE LA LIBERTAD\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sansebastianfestival.com/2014/news/1/4350/in","url_text":"\"YO DECIDO. EL TREN DE LA LIBERTAD\""}]},{"reference":"\"EVENT (Glasgow)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://abortionrights.org.uk/event-glasgow-film-screening-at-the-cca-on-210515/","url_text":"\"EVENT (Glasgow)\""}]},{"reference":"Bermudez, Silvia; Geist, Anthony L. (28 May 2019). Cartographies of Madrid. ISBN 9780826522160.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L_GZDwAAQBAJ&dq=Yo+decido.+El+tren+de+la+libertad+documentary+I+decide&pg=PA156","url_text":"Cartographies of Madrid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826522160","url_text":"9780826522160"}]},{"reference":"\"'Yo decido. El tren de la libertad', la película colectiva sobre el aborto, se estrena en 90 ciudades\". 20minutos. 2014-10-07. Retrieved 2023-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/2189642/0/yo-decido-el-tren-de-la-libertad/pelicula-aborto/estreno/","url_text":"\"'Yo decido. El tren de la libertad', la película colectiva sobre el aborto, se estrena en 90 ciudades\""}]},{"reference":"Bermudez, Silvia; Johnson, Roberta (5 February 2018). A New History of Iberian Feminisms. ISBN 9781487510299.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oMdtDwAAQBAJ&dq=Yo+decido.+El+tren+de+la+libertad+documentary+I+decide&pg=PA350","url_text":"A New History of Iberian Feminisms"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781487510299","url_text":"9781487510299"}]},{"reference":"\"GMB Glasgow General Apex Branch Yo Decido: El Tren De La Libertad (I Decide: The Train of Freedom)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cca-glasgow.com/programme/gmb-glasgow-general-apex-branch-yo-decido-el-tren-de-la-libertad-i-decide-the-train-of-freedom","url_text":"\"GMB Glasgow General Apex Branch Yo Decido: El Tren De La Libertad (I Decide: The Train of Freedom)\""}]},{"reference":"\"¿Quieres ver el documental 'Yo decido. El tren de la libertad'? Aquí tienes el vídeo íntegro\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.es/news/tren-de-la-libertad-yo-decido-video-completo","url_text":"\"¿Quieres ver el documental 'Yo decido. El tren de la libertad'? Aquí tienes el vídeo íntegro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cineteca Madrid\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinetecamadrid.com/programacion/yo-decido-el-tren-de-la-libertad","url_text":"\"Cineteca Madrid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yo decido. El Tren de la Libertad\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lavanguardia.com/peliculas-series/peliculas/yo-decido-el-tren-de-la-libertad-305654","url_text":"\"Yo decido. El Tren de la Libertad\""}]},{"reference":"\"'YO DECIDO. EL TREN DE LA LIBERTAD', SE ESTRENA HOY GRATIS EN TODA ESPAÑA\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fotogramas.es/noticias-cine/a683922/yo-decido-el-tren-de-la-libertad-se-estrena-hoy-gratis-en-toda-espana/","url_text":"\"'YO DECIDO. EL TREN DE LA LIBERTAD', SE ESTRENA HOY GRATIS EN TODA ESPAÑA\""}]},{"reference":"\"CIMA\".","urls":[{"url":"https://cimamujerescineastas.es/tag/yo-decido-el-tren-de-la-libertad/","url_text":"\"CIMA\""}]},{"reference":"\"DOCUMENTAL: Yo decido. El tren de la libertad\". elDiario.es. 2014-07-11. Retrieved 2023-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eldiario.es/sociedad/documental-decido-tren-libertad_1_4766414.html","url_text":"\"DOCUMENTAL: Yo decido. El tren de la libertad\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Yo decido. El Tren de la libertad', las cineastas españolas dan un paso al frente\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publico.es/culturas/decido-tren-libertad-cineastas-espanolas.html","url_text":"\"'Yo decido. El Tren de la libertad', las cineastas españolas dan un paso al frente\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spain abortion: Rajoy scraps tighter law\". September 23, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-29322561","url_text":"\"Spain abortion: Rajoy scraps tighter law\""}]},{"reference":"Kassam, Ashifa (September 23, 2014). \"Spain abandons plan to introduce tough new abortion laws\". The Guardian. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/23/spain-abandons-plan-introduce-tough-new-abortion-laws","url_text":"\"Spain abandons plan to introduce tough new abortion laws\""}]},{"reference":"Román, David; Crellin, Olivia (September 23, 2014). \"Spain Scraps Plan to Tighten Abortion Law Ruling Party Withdraws Bill After Widespread Criticism\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/spain-scraps-plan-to-tighten-abortion-law-1411481671","url_text":"\"Spain Scraps Plan to Tighten Abortion Law Ruling Party Withdraws Bill After Widespread Criticism\""}]},{"reference":"Buck, Tobias (September 23, 2014). \"Mariano Rajoy scraps plan to tighten Spain's abortion laws\". Financial Times. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/b9d984e8-4326-11e4-9a58-00144feabdc0","url_text":"\"Mariano Rajoy scraps plan to tighten Spain's abortion laws\""}]},{"reference":"\"El Tren de la Libertad llega a Madrid\". Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mpdl.org/noticias/espana/derechos-humanos/tren-libertad-llega-madrid#sthash.lYSUE6uf.dpbs","url_text":"\"El Tren de la Libertad llega a Madrid\""}]},{"reference":"Rudel, Alina (February 1, 2022). \"Fue la primera manifestación que sintonizó a las nuevas generaciones de mujeres con las anteriores que históricamente lucharon por esos derechos sexuales y reproductivos\". Amecopress. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://amecopress.net/Fue-la-primera-manifestacion-que-sintonizo-a-las-nuevas-generaciones-de-mujeres-con-las-anteriores-que-historicamente-lucharon-por-esos-derechos","url_text":"\"Fue la primera manifestación que sintonizó a las nuevas generaciones de mujeres con las anteriores que históricamente lucharon por esos derechos sexuales y reproductivos\""}]},{"reference":"Cappa, Maria (February 1, 2014). \"La marea violeta inunda Madrid para frenar la reforma del aborto de Gallardón\". Lamarea. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lamarea.com/2014/02/01/la-marea-violeta-inunda-madrid-para-frenar-la-reforma-del-aborto-de-gallardon/","url_text":"\"La marea violeta inunda Madrid para frenar la reforma del aborto de Gallardón\""}]},{"reference":"M. Puga, Jessica (January 13, 2014). \"El 'Tren de la libertad' calienta motores para movilizarse contra la ley del aborto\". El Comercio. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elcomercio.es/20140113/mas-actualidad/sociedad/tren-libertad-calienta-motores-201401131348_amp.html","url_text":"\"El 'Tren de la libertad' calienta motores para movilizarse contra la ley del aborto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convocan protesta en Madrid el 1 de febrero contra la reforma del aborto\". Europa Press. January 14, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europapress.es/sociedad/noticia-organizaciones-protestaran-madrid-febrero-contra-reforma-defensa-derecho-decidir-20140114182353.html","url_text":"\"Convocan protesta en Madrid el 1 de febrero contra la reforma del aborto\""}]},{"reference":"Muñoz, Lourdes (February 27, 2014). \"Tren de la libertad de las mujeres\". ElDiario.es. Retrieved January 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eldiario.es/catalunya/dones-en-xarxa/tren-libertad-mujeres_132_5054369.html","url_text":"\"Tren de la libertad de las mujeres\""}]},{"reference":"Álvarez, Rafael J. (January 2, 2014). \"El convoy del albedrío\". Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2014/02/01/52ec118d22601d76718b4586.html","url_text":"\"El convoy del albedrío\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/12/spain-tough-new-abortion-law-secret-vote","external_links_name":"\"Spain's tough new abortion law advances after secret vote\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25473146","external_links_name":"\"Spain government backs tougher abortion law\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/18/opinion/spains-alarming-abortion-debate.html","external_links_name":"\"Spain's Alarming Abortion Debate\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/31/spanish-abortion-bill-massive-protest","external_links_name":"\"Spanish abortion bill expected to spark massive protest\""},{"Link":"http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2009/12/17/actualidad/1261004406_850215.html","external_links_name":"\"El Congreso aprueba la reforma de la ley del aborto\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/01/thousands-pro-abortion-protesters-spain-madrid","external_links_name":"\"Thousands of pro-abortion protesters gather in Spain\""},{"Link":"https://www.abortionrightscampaign.ie/freedom-train-el-tren-de-la-libertad-activists-marched-with-arc/","external_links_name":"\"Freedom Train (El Tren de la libertad) activists marched with ARC\""},{"Link":"http://www.eltrendelalibertad.com/p/porque-yo-decido.html","external_links_name":"\"Porque yo decido\""},{"Link":"https://womenareurope.wordpress.com/2014/01/26/porque-yo-decido-perche-io-decido/","external_links_name":"\"PORQUE YO DECIDO – PERCHE' IO DECIDO\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-europe-26013394","external_links_name":"\"Spanish abortion law prompts women's group protests\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/09/25/351511970/spains-abortion-debate-shakes-government-that-pledged-to-ban-it","external_links_name":"\"Spain's Abortion Debate Shakes Government That Pledged To Ban It\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25936542","external_links_name":"\"Spain protesters rally against tougher abortion law Published\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26000528","external_links_name":"\"Abortion bill finds Spain a changed country\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/20/world/europe/proposed-abortion-restrictions-in-spain-face-backlash.html","external_links_name":"\"Thousands of pro-abortion protesters gather in Spain\""},{"Link":"https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20140130/54400679262/protesta-frente-a-embajada-espanola-en-argentina-contra-reforma-del-aborto.html","external_links_name":"\"Protesta frente a embajada española en argentina contra reforma del aborto\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeout.es/barcelona/es/que-hacer/yo-decido-el-tren-de-la-libertad","external_links_name":"\"Yo decido. El tren de la libertad\""},{"Link":"https://www.sansebastianfestival.com/2014/news/1/4350/in","external_links_name":"\"YO DECIDO. EL TREN DE LA LIBERTAD\""},{"Link":"https://abortionrights.org.uk/event-glasgow-film-screening-at-the-cca-on-210515/","external_links_name":"\"EVENT (Glasgow)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L_GZDwAAQBAJ&dq=Yo+decido.+El+tren+de+la+libertad+documentary+I+decide&pg=PA156","external_links_name":"Cartographies of Madrid"},{"Link":"https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/2189642/0/yo-decido-el-tren-de-la-libertad/pelicula-aborto/estreno/","external_links_name":"\"'Yo decido. El tren de la libertad', la película colectiva sobre el aborto, se estrena en 90 ciudades\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oMdtDwAAQBAJ&dq=Yo+decido.+El+tren+de+la+libertad+documentary+I+decide&pg=PA350","external_links_name":"A New History of Iberian Feminisms"},{"Link":"https://www.cca-glasgow.com/programme/gmb-glasgow-general-apex-branch-yo-decido-el-tren-de-la-libertad-i-decide-the-train-of-freedom","external_links_name":"\"GMB Glasgow General Apex Branch Yo Decido: El Tren De La Libertad (I Decide: The Train of Freedom)\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.es/news/tren-de-la-libertad-yo-decido-video-completo","external_links_name":"\"¿Quieres ver el documental 'Yo decido. El tren de la libertad'? Aquí tienes el vídeo íntegro\""},{"Link":"https://www.cinetecamadrid.com/programacion/yo-decido-el-tren-de-la-libertad","external_links_name":"\"Cineteca Madrid\""},{"Link":"https://www.lavanguardia.com/peliculas-series/peliculas/yo-decido-el-tren-de-la-libertad-305654","external_links_name":"\"Yo decido. El Tren de la Libertad\""},{"Link":"https://www.fotogramas.es/noticias-cine/a683922/yo-decido-el-tren-de-la-libertad-se-estrena-hoy-gratis-en-toda-espana/","external_links_name":"\"'YO DECIDO. EL TREN DE LA LIBERTAD', SE ESTRENA HOY GRATIS EN TODA ESPAÑA\""},{"Link":"https://cimamujerescineastas.es/tag/yo-decido-el-tren-de-la-libertad/","external_links_name":"\"CIMA\""},{"Link":"https://www.eldiario.es/sociedad/documental-decido-tren-libertad_1_4766414.html","external_links_name":"\"DOCUMENTAL: Yo decido. El tren de la libertad\""},{"Link":"https://www.publico.es/culturas/decido-tren-libertad-cineastas-espanolas.html","external_links_name":"\"'Yo decido. El Tren de la libertad', las cineastas españolas dan un paso al frente\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-29322561","external_links_name":"\"Spain abortion: Rajoy scraps tighter law\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/23/spain-abandons-plan-introduce-tough-new-abortion-laws","external_links_name":"\"Spain abandons plan to introduce tough new abortion laws\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/spain-scraps-plan-to-tighten-abortion-law-1411481671","external_links_name":"\"Spain Scraps Plan to Tighten Abortion Law Ruling Party Withdraws Bill After Widespread Criticism\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/b9d984e8-4326-11e4-9a58-00144feabdc0","external_links_name":"\"Mariano Rajoy scraps plan to tighten Spain's abortion laws\""},{"Link":"http://www.mpdl.org/noticias/espana/derechos-humanos/tren-libertad-llega-madrid#sthash.lYSUE6uf.dpbs","external_links_name":"\"El Tren de la Libertad llega a Madrid\""},{"Link":"https://amecopress.net/Fue-la-primera-manifestacion-que-sintonizo-a-las-nuevas-generaciones-de-mujeres-con-las-anteriores-que-historicamente-lucharon-por-esos-derechos","external_links_name":"\"Fue la primera manifestación que sintonizó a las nuevas generaciones de mujeres con las anteriores que históricamente lucharon por esos derechos sexuales y reproductivos\""},{"Link":"https://www.lamarea.com/2014/02/01/la-marea-violeta-inunda-madrid-para-frenar-la-reforma-del-aborto-de-gallardon/","external_links_name":"\"La marea violeta inunda Madrid para frenar la reforma del aborto de Gallardón\""},{"Link":"https://www.elcomercio.es/20140113/mas-actualidad/sociedad/tren-libertad-calienta-motores-201401131348_amp.html","external_links_name":"\"El 'Tren de la libertad' calienta motores para movilizarse contra la ley del aborto\""},{"Link":"https://www.europapress.es/sociedad/noticia-organizaciones-protestaran-madrid-febrero-contra-reforma-defensa-derecho-decidir-20140114182353.html","external_links_name":"\"Convocan protesta en Madrid el 1 de febrero contra la reforma del aborto\""},{"Link":"https://www.eldiario.es/catalunya/dones-en-xarxa/tren-libertad-mujeres_132_5054369.html","external_links_name":"\"Tren de la libertad de las mujeres\""},{"Link":"http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2014/02/01/52ec118d22601d76718b4586.html","external_links_name":"\"El convoy del albedrío\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Southern_Expeditionary_Fleet
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Southern Expeditionary Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)
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["1 Organization","1.1 Southern Expeditionary Fleet/1st Southern Expeditionary Fleet","1.2 2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet","1.3 3rd Southern Expeditionary Fleet","1.4 4th Southern Expeditionary Fleet","2 Bibliography"]
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This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Southern Expeditionary Fleet (南遣艦隊, Nanken Kantai) was a fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy, their roles were invasion and maintenance of the public order in southwestern area the French Indochina, Philippines, British Malaya and Dutch East Indies.
Organization
Southern Expeditionary Fleet/1st Southern Expeditionary Fleet
The Southern Expeditionary Fleet was organized for Invasion of French Indochina on 31 July 1941. Describe the 1st Southern Expeditionary Fleet (第一南遣艦隊, Dai-Ichi Nanken Kantai) also. Their jurisdiction area was French Indochina, Singapore and westward.
Structure (extract)
Date
Highest unit
Higher unit
Fleet name
Lower units, vessels and elements
31 July 1941 (original)
Imperial General Headquarters
Southern Expeditionary Fleet
Cruiser Kashii, Coast defence ship Shimushu
10 December 1941
Combined Fleet
Southern Expeditionary Fleet
Cruiser Kashii, Coast defence ship Shimushu, 9th Base Force, 11th Special Base Force
3 January 1942
Combined Fleet
1st Southern Expeditionary Fleet(renamed)
Cruiser Kashii, Coast defence ship Shimushu, 9th Base Force, 11th Special Base Force
10 April 1942
Combined Fleet
Southwest Area Fleet
1st Southern Expeditionary Fleet
Cruiser Kashii, Coast defence ship Shimushu, Minelayer Katsuriki, C.M. Seaplane tender Sagara Maru,5th Destroyer Division, 9th Base Force, 10th Special Base Force, 11th Special Base Force, 12th Special Base Force,40th Naval Air Group, 3rd Surveying Unit
1 November 1942
Combined Fleet
Southwest Area Fleet
1st Southern Expeditionary Fleet
Cruiser Kashii, Escort ship Shimushu, Survey ship Katsuriki, C.M. Seaplane tender Sagara Maru,5th Destroyer Division, 9th Special Base Force, 10th Special Base Force, 11th Special Base Force, 12th Special Base Force,936th Naval Air Group, 3rd Surveying Unit
15 August 1944
Combined Fleet
Southwest Area Fleet
1st Southern Expeditionary Fleet
Minelayer Yaeyama, Destroyer Amatsukaze9th Special Base Force, 10th Special Base Force, 11th Special Base Force, 12th Special Base Force, 13th Special Base Force,15th Base Force, 11th Naval Air Group, 12th Naval Air Group, 13th Naval Air Group, 936th Naval Air Group
5 February 1945
Combined Fleet
10th Area Fleet
1st Southern Expeditionary Fleet
Cruiser Myōkō, Takao, Destroyer Amatsukaze, Auxiliary submarine chaser No. 59,9th Special Base Force, 10th Special Base Force, 11th Special Base Force, 12th Special Base Force, 13th Special Base Force,15th Base Force
12 September 1945
Surrendered.
Commander in chief
Rank
Name
Date
Note, additional post
1
Vice-Admiral
Noboru Hirata
31 July 1941
2
Vice-Admiral
Jisaburō Ozawa
18 October 1941
3
Vice-Admiral
Denshichi Ōkawachi
14 July 1942
4
Vice-Admiral
Minoru Tayui
20 September 19438 January 1945
Commander in chief of the 13th Air Fleet
5
Vice-Admiral
Shigeru Fukudome
13 January 19455 February 1945
Commander in chief of the 13th Air FleetCommander of the 10th Area Fleet and 13th Air Fleet
Chief of staff
Rank
Name
Date
Note, additional post
1
CaptainRear-Admiral
Torao Sawada
31 July 194115 October 1941
2
CaptainRear-Admiral
Kiyoshi Hamada
20 June 19421 November 1942
3
Rear-Admiral
Shin'ichi Torigoe
27 August 1943
4
Rear-Admiral
Bunji Asakura
16 August 19448 January 19455 February 1945
Chief of staff of the 13th Air FleetChief of staff of the 10th Area Fleet and 13th Air Fleet
2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet
The 2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet (第二南遣艦隊, Dai-Ni Nanken Kantai) was reorganized from 3rd Fleet on 10 March 1942. Describe 3rd Fleet about predecessor of the 2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet. Their jurisdiction area was Dutch East Indies.
Structure (extract)
Date
Highest unit
Higher unit
Fleet name
Lower units, vessels and elements
10 April 1941 (original)
Combined Fleet
3rd Fleet
16th Division, 17th Division, 5th Torpedo Division, 12th Air Flotilla, 1st Base Force, 2nd Base Force
10 December 1941
Combined Fleet
3rd Fleet
16th Division, 17th Division, 5th Torpedo Division, 6th Submarine Squadron, 12th Air Flotilla,1st Base Force, 2nd Base Force, 32nd Special Base Force,C.M. Repair ship Yamabiko Maru, C.M. Water supply ship Kōan Maru, C.M. Freighter Senkō Maru
10 March 1942
Combined Fleet
Southwest Area Fleet
2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet(renamed and reorganized)
Cruiser Ashigara, Minelayer Itsukushima, Survey ship Tsukushi, 16th Division, 2nd Gunboat Division,21st Special Base Force, 22nd Special Base Force, 23rd Special Base Force, 24th Special Base Force,C.M. Seaplane tender San'yō Maru, 9th Surveying Unit
1 September 1943
Combined Fleet
Southwest Area Fleet
2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet
Minelayer Itsukushima, Patrol boat No. 102, No. 104, 16th Division, 21st Special Base Force, 22nd Special Base Force,23rd Special Base Force, 24th Special Base Force, 25th Special Base Force,C.M. Gunboat Ban'yō Maru, Okuyō Maru, Taikō Maru, 934th Naval Air Group
5 February 1945
Combined Fleet
10th Area Fleet
2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet
Patrol boat No. 102, No. 106, No. 109, 21st Special Base Force, 22nd Special Base Force, 23rd Special Base Force,C.M. Gunboat Ban'yō Maru, 31st Naval Air Group
3 September 1945
Surrendered.
Commander in chief
Rank
Name
Date
Note, additional post
1
Vice-Admiral
Ibō Takahashi
10 April 194110 March 1942
Commander in chief of the Southwest Area Fleet
2
Vice-Admiral
Shirō Takasu
15 September 1942
Commander in chief of the Southwest Area Fleet
3
Vice-Admiral
Seiichi Iwamura
15 April 1943
4
Vice-Admiral
Gun'ichi Mikawa
3 September 1943
5
Vice-Admiral
Shiro Kawase
18 June 1944
6
Vice-Admiral
Yaichirō Shibata
29 January 1945
Chief of staff
Rank
Name
Date
Note, additional post
1
Rear-Admiral
Toshihisa Nakamura
10 April 194110 March 1942
Chief of staff of the Southwest Area Fleet
2
Rear-Admiral
Takeo Tada
10 April 1942
Chief of staff of the Southwest Area Fleet
3
CaptainRear-Admiral
Akira Matsuzaki
15 April 19431 May 1943
4
Rear-Admiral
Shinzaburō Hase
19 January 1945
3rd Southern Expeditionary Fleet
The 3rd Southern Expeditionary Fleet (第三南遣艦隊, Dai-San Nanken Kantai) was organized on 3 January 1942 for invasion of the Philippines.
Structure (extract)
Date
Highest unit
Higher unit
Lower units, vessels and elements
3 January 1942 (original)
Combined Fleet
Cruiser Kuma, Minelayer Yaeyama, 1st Escort Division, 31st Special Base Force, 32nd Special Base Force,C.M. Seaplane tender Sanuki Maru, C.M. Minelayer Nichiyū Maru, C.M. Survey ship Kyōodō Maru No. 36
14 July 1942
Combined Fleet
Southwest Area Fleet
Cruiser Kuma, 31st Special Base Force, 32nd Special Base Force,C.M. Seaplane tender Sanuki Maru, C.M. Minelayer Nichiyū Maru, C.M. Survey ship Kyōodō Maru No. 36,31st Naval Air Group, 2nd Surveying Unit
1 September 1943
Combined Fleet
Southwest Area Fleet
Minelayer Yaeyama, Gunboat Karatsu, 32nd Special Base Force,954th Naval Air Group, 31st Guard Unit, 31st Communication Unit
15 August 1944
Combined Fleet
Southwest Area Fleet
Minelayer Tsugaru, Gunboat Karatsu, Torpedo boat Hayabusa, Patrol boat No. 103, No. 105,Submarine chaser No. 36, No. 45, No. 46, C.M. Gunboat Kiso Maru,30th Special Base Force, 32nd Special Base Force, 33rd Special Base Force,31st Naval Air Group, 32nd Naval Air Group, 31st Guard Unit, 31st Communication Unit
1 June 1945
Supreme Headquarter of the Navy
Southwest Area Fleet
30th Special Base Force, 31st Special Base Force, 32nd Special Base Force, 33rd Special Base Force,21st Submarine chaser Division, 955th Naval Air Group
3 September 1945
Surrendered.
Commander in chief
Rank
Name
Date
Note, additional post
1
Vice-Admiral
Rokuzō Sugiyama
3 January 1942
2
Vice-Admiral
Taiji Ōta
1 December 1942
3
Vice-Admiral
Arata Oka
20 September 1943
4
Vice-Admiral
Gun'ichi Mikawa
15 August 1944
Commander in chief of the Southweat Area Fleet and 13th Air Fleet
5
Vice-Admiral
Denshichi Ōkawachi
1 November 19448 January 1945
Commander in chief of the Southweat Area Fleet and 13th Air FleetCommander in chief of the Southweat Area Fleet
Chief of staff
Rank
Name
Date
Note, additional post
1
Rear-Admiral
Yasuichirō Kondō
3 January 1942
2
CaptainRear-Admiral
Shōzō Hashimoto
11 August 19431 May 1943
3
Rear-Admiral
Hisagorō Shimamoto
27 July 1944
4
Rear-Admiral
Kaoru Arima
1 November 194417 November 19445 February 1945
Chief of staff of the Southwest Area Fleet, 13th Air Fleet and commander of the 32nd Special Base ForceChief of staff of the Southwest Area Fleet and 13th Air FleetChief of staff of the Southwest Area Fleet
4th Southern Expeditionary Fleet
The 4th Southern Expeditionary Fleet (第四南遣艦隊, Dai-Yon Nanken Kantai) was independent from 2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet for maintenance of the public order in western New Guinea on 30 November 1943. Dissolved on 10 March 1945, their remaining units were unified to 10th Area Fleet.
Structure (extract)
Date
Highest unit
Higher unit
Lower units, vessels and elements
30 November 1943 (original)
Combined Fleet
Southwest Area Fleet
Minelayer Itsukushima, 24th Special Base Force, 25th Special Base Force, 26th Special Base Force,934th Naval Air Group
1 March 1945
Combined Fleet
Southwest Area Fleet
25th Special Base Force, 26th Special Base Force, 28th Special Base Force
10 March 1945
Dissolved.
Commander in chief
Rank
Name
Date
Note, additional post
1
Vice-Admiral
Seigō Yamagata
30 November 1943
Chief of staff
Rank
Name
Date
Note, additional post
1
Rear-Admiral
Tametsugu Okada
30 November 1943
Bibliography
Senshi Sōsho, Asagumo Simbun (Japan)
Vol. 91, Combined Fleet #1, "Until outbreak of war", 1975
Vol. 80, Combined Fleet #2, "Until June 1942", 1975
Vol. 77, Combined Fleet #3, "Until February 1943", 1974
Vol. 39, Combined Fleet #4, "First part of the Third step Operations", 1970
Vol. 71, Combined Fleet #5, "Middle part of the Third step Operations", 1974
Vol. 45, Combined Fleet #6, "Latter part of the Third step Operations", 1971
Vol. 93, Combined Fleet #7, "Last part of the War", 1976
Rekishi Dokuhon, Special issue No. 33 Overview of admirals of the Imperial Japanese Navy, Shin-Jinbutsuōraisha, 1999
The Japanese Modern Historical Manuscripts Association, Organizations, structures and personnel affairs of the Imperial Japanese Army & Navy, University of Tokyo Press, 1971 ISBN 978-4-13-036009-8
vteImperial Japanese Navy
Minister of the Navy
General Staff
Admirals
Ranks
Fleets
Warship Units
Air Units
Ships
Aircraft
Weapons
Battles
vte Imperial Japanese Navy warship unitsArea Fleet
China
Southwest
Southeast
Northeast
Central Pacific
Fleet
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Expeditionary Fleet
China
Southern
Battleship Division
1
2
3
4
5
Cruiser Division
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
21
22
24
Carrier Divisions
1
2
3
4
5
50
51
Seaplane Tender Division
6
7
11
12
17
Destroyer Squadron
1
2
3
4
5
6
10
11
31
Submarine Squadron
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
11
Minelayer Squadron
17
18
19
Escort ship Squadron
51
81
101
102
103
104
105
|
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Their jurisdiction area was Dutch East Indies.Structure (extract)Commander in chiefChief of staff","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"3rd Southern Expeditionary Fleet","text":"The 3rd Southern Expeditionary Fleet (第三南遣艦隊, Dai-San Nanken Kantai) was organized on 3 January 1942 for invasion of the Philippines.Structure (extract)Commander in chiefChief of staff","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"}],"sub_title":"4th Southern Expeditionary Fleet","text":"The 4th Southern Expeditionary Fleet (第四南遣艦隊, Dai-Yon Nanken Kantai) was independent from 2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet for maintenance of the public order in western New Guinea on 30 November 1943. 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Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carrier_Divisions_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Carrier_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Carrier_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Carrier_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Carrier_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Carrier_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)"},{"link_name":"50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=50th_Carrier_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=51st_Carrier_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Seaplane Tender 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Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Destroyer_Squadrons_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_Destroyer_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd_Destroyer_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3rd_Destroyer_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4th_Destroyer_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5th_Destroyer_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th_Destroyer_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th_Destroyer_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=11th_Destroyer_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=31st_Destroyer_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Submarine Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Submarine_Squadrons_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_Submarine_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd_Submarine_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3rd_Submarine_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4th_Submarine_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5th_Submarine_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th_Submarine_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th_Submarine_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Submarine_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=11th_Submarine_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Minelayer Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Minesweeper_Squadrons_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=17th_Minelayer_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Cruiser_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=19th_Minelayer_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Escort ship Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Escort_ship_Squadrons_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=51st_Escort_ship_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=81st_Escort_ship_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=101st_Escort_ship_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=102nd_Escort_ship_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=103rd_Escort_ship_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=104th_Escort_ship_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=105th_Escort_ship_Squadron_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Senshi Sōsho, Asagumo Simbun (Japan)\nVol. 91, Combined Fleet #1, \"Until outbreak of war\", 1975\nVol. 80, Combined Fleet #2, \"Until June 1942\", 1975\nVol. 77, Combined Fleet #3, \"Until February 1943\", 1974\nVol. 39, Combined Fleet #4, \"First part of the Third step Operations\", 1970\nVol. 71, Combined Fleet #5, \"Middle part of the Third step Operations\", 1974\nVol. 45, Combined Fleet #6, \"Latter part of the Third step Operations\", 1971\nVol. 93, Combined Fleet #7, \"Last part of the War\", 1976\nRekishi Dokuhon, Special issue No. 33 Overview of admirals of the Imperial Japanese Navy, Shin-Jinbutsuōraisha, 1999\nThe Japanese Modern Historical Manuscripts Association, Organizations, structures and personnel affairs of the Imperial Japanese Army & Navy, University of Tokyo Press, 1971 ISBN 978-4-13-036009-8vteImperial Japanese Navy\nMinister of the Navy\nGeneral Staff\nAdmirals\nRanks\nFleets\nWarship Units\nAir Units\nShips\nAircraft\nWeapons\nBattlesvte Imperial Japanese Navy warship unitsArea Fleet\nChina\nSouthwest\nSoutheast\nNortheast\nCentral Pacific\nFleet\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\nExpeditionary Fleet\nChina\nSouthern\nBattleship Division\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\nCruiser Division\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n12\n14\n16\n18\n21\n22\n24\nCarrier Divisions\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n50\n51\nSeaplane Tender Division\n6\n7\n11\n12\n17\nDestroyer Squadron\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n10\n11\n31\nSubmarine Squadron\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n11\nMinelayer Squadron\n17\n18\n19\nEscort ship Squadron\n51\n81\n101\n102\n103\n104\n105","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambika_Statue_from_Dhar
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Ambika Statue from Dhar
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["1 Provenance","2 Iconography","3 Inscription","4 References","5 Further reading"]
|
Ambika Statue from DharJain yakṣiṇī Ambikā from DhārMaterialMarbleSize1.28 metres HighWeight250 kgWritingNāgarīCreated1034 ADPresent locationBritish Museum, LondonRegistration1909,1224.1
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The Ambikā Statue from Dhār is a marble figure in high relief of the Jain goddess Ambikā in the collection of the British Museum, London. The sculpture was discovered in the city of Dhār, central India, in the nineteeth century. The figure is famous for its inscription in Sanskrit on the base that provides a link to the Paramara dynasty and the court of king Bhoja (c. 1010–1055). The Ambikā has been part of the British Museum's collection since 1909.
Provenance
Dhār (Madhya Pradesh). Plan of the old city showing location of the old city palace, findspot of the Ambikā
The statue was found on the site of the old city palace in Dhār, Madhya Pradesh, in 1875 when the building was being reconstructed. Shortly after it was found, the sculpture was brought to the attention of William Kincaid (Indian Civil Service) who had been working in central India since 1866. He brought the sculpture to Britain in 1886 when he returned from India and in 1891 deposited it with Augustus Wollaston Franks (1826-1897) at the British Museum. In 1909, when Kincaid died, the sculpture became part of the British Museum collections.
Iconography
Sehore (Madhya Pradesh). Ambikā, 11th century. Now in the Collector's Office, Sehore.
The goddess Ambika is carved from white marble in high relief and wears a tiered headdress with her hair tied to one side. The ends of two of the four arms of the goddess are missing; in the two complete arms, she clasps an elephant goad (aṅkuśa) and either a noose or the stalk of a plant. On the base are various other deities or spirit attendants in relief.
On the stepped face of the base, below the goddess's feet, is a small kneeling female donor, engraved in outline form.
A close parallet to the Dhār image is found in a sandstone sculpture in Sehore that dates to the eleventh century. This sculpture is also damaged, with arms and attributes missing, but preserves a seated Jina at the top. At the base there are similar figures of a bearded sage and a youth riding a tiger.
Inscription
The Nāgarī inscription records the creation of the Ambika statue by Vararuci, after he had made a figure of the goddess Sarasvati and three Jinas. It has been suggested that Vararuci is in fact the Jain scholar Dhanapāla, who held a prominent place at the court of king Bhoja during the eleventh century. Bhoja belonged to the Paramara dynasty who took Dhar as their sometime capital, along with Ujjain.
The inscription, critical edition and translation are visible online but given here for ready reference:
(1) auṃ | srīmadbhojanāreṃdracaṃdranagarīvidyādharī rmmadhīḥ yo ----- khalu sukhaprasthāpanā- (2) y=āp(sa)rāḥ vāgdevī prathama vidhāya jananī pas āj jinānāṃtrayīm ambā nityaphalā(d)ikāṃ vararuciḥ (m)ūrttim subhā ni- (3) rmmame iti subhaṃ || sūtradhāra sahirasutamaṇathaleṇa ghaṭitaṃ || vinika sivadevena likhitam iti || (4) saṃvat 100 91
Auṃ. Vararuci, who is intent on the dharma of the Candranagarī and Vidyādharī of srīmad Bhoja the king, the apsaras for the easy removal , that Vararuci, having first fashioned Vāgdevī the mother afterwards a triad of Jinas, made this beautiful image of Ambā, ever abundant in fruit. Blessings! It was executed by Maṇathala, son of the sūtradhāra Sahira. It was written by Śivadeva the proficient. Year 1091.
References
^ H. V. Trivedi, Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandellas, Kachchhapaghātas and Two Minor Dynasties, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, volume 7 (New Delhi, 1978-91). The inscription, text and translation are accessible online: Trustees of the British Museum. (2023). • Dhār धार (District Dhār, Madhya Pradesh). Inscription of the time of Bhoja on an image of the Jain goddess Ambikā dated saṃvat 1091. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8190634. Retrieved 04 Apr 2024.
^ British Museum collection online, Jaina yakṣiṇī Ambikā, https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1909-1224-1. Retrieved 04 Apr 2024.
^ The findspot is record in , Parmar Inscriptions in Dhar State, 875-1310 AD, Dhar State. Historical record series, v. 1 (Dhar: ), iii.
^ Dhār धार (District Dhār, Madhya Pradesh). Votive figure on one of stepped faces of the image base.
^ M. Willis, "New Discoveries from Old Finds: A Jain Sculpture in the British Museum," CoJS Newsletter 6 (2011): 34-36. Available online: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2544721. Retrieved 02 April 2024.
^ H. V. Trivedi, Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandellas, Kachchhapaghātas and Two Minor Dynasties, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, volume 7 (New Delhi, 1978-91).
^ Dhār धार (District Dhār, Madhya Pradesh). Image of Ambikā with an inscription of Bhoja dated saṃvat 1091, photograph and further links.
Further reading
M Willis, "Dhār, Bhoja and Sarasvatī: from Indology to Political Mythology and Back," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 22, no. 1 (2012): 129-153. Available online: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1154197. Retrieved 02 April 2024.
M. Willis, "New Discoveries from Old Finds: A Jain Sculpture in the British Museum," CoJS Newsletter 6 (2011): 34-36. Available online: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2544721. Retrieved 02 April 2024.
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The figure is famous for its inscription in Sanskrit on the base that provides a link to the Paramara dynasty and the court of king Bhoja (c. 1010–1055).[1] The Ambikā has been part of the British Museum's collection since 1909.[2]","title":"Ambika Statue from Dhar"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dhar_old_city_plan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dhār","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhar"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"William Kincaid (Indian Civil Service)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kincaid_(Indian_Civil_Service)"},{"link_name":"Augustus Wollaston Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Wollaston_Franks"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"}],"text":"Dhār (Madhya Pradesh). Plan of the old city showing location of the old city palace, findspot of the AmbikāThe statue was found on the site of the old city palace in Dhār, Madhya Pradesh, in 1875 when the building was being reconstructed.[3] Shortly after it was found, the sculpture was brought to the attention of William Kincaid (Indian Civil Service) who had been working in central India since 1866. He brought the sculpture to Britain in 1886 when he returned from India and in 1891 deposited it with Augustus Wollaston Franks (1826-1897) at the British Museum. In 1909, when Kincaid died, the sculpture became part of the British Museum collections.","title":"Provenance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sehore_Ambika.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ambika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambika_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"aṅkuśa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B9%85ku%C5%9Ba"},{"link_name":"relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief"},{"link_name":"donor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sehore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehore"}],"text":"Sehore (Madhya Pradesh). Ambikā, 11th century. Now in the Collector's Office, Sehore.The goddess Ambika is carved from white marble in high relief and wears a tiered headdress with her hair tied to one side. The ends of two of the four arms of the goddess are missing; in the two complete arms, she clasps an elephant goad (aṅkuśa) and either a noose or the stalk of a plant. On the base are various other deities or spirit attendants in relief.On the stepped face of the base, below the goddess's feet, is a small kneeling female donor, engraved in outline form.[4]A close parallet to the Dhār image is found in a sandstone sculpture in Sehore that dates to the eleventh century. This sculpture is also damaged, with arms and attributes missing, but preserves a seated Jina at the top. At the base there are similar figures of a bearded sage and a youth riding a tiger.","title":"Iconography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vararuci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vararuci"},{"link_name":"Sarasvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasvati"},{"link_name":"Jinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara"},{"link_name":"Dhanapāla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanap%C4%81la"},{"link_name":"Bhoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoja"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Paramara dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramara_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Dhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhar"},{"link_name":"Ujjain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujjain"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Nāgarī inscription records the creation of the Ambika statue by Vararuci, after he had made a figure of the goddess Sarasvati and three Jinas. It has been suggested that Vararuci is in fact the Jain scholar Dhanapāla, who held a prominent place at the court of king Bhoja during the eleventh century.[5] Bhoja belonged to the Paramara dynasty who took Dhar as their sometime capital, along with Ujjain.[6]The inscription, critical edition and translation are visible online but given here for ready reference:[7](1) auṃ | srīmadbhojanāreṃdracaṃdranagarīvidyādharī[*dha] rmmadhīḥ yo ----- [damaged portion] khalu sukhaprasthāpanā- (2) y=āp(sa)rāḥ [*|] vāgdevī[*ṃ] prathama[*ṃ] vidhāya jananī[m] pas[c] āj jinānāṃtrayīm ambā[ṃ] nityaphalā(d)ikāṃ vararuciḥ (m)ūrttim subhā[ṃ] ni- (3) rmmame [||] iti subhaṃ || sūtradhāra sahirasutamaṇathaleṇa ghaṭitaṃ || vi[jñā]nika sivadevena likhitam iti || (4) saṃvat 100 91 [||*]Auṃ. Vararuci, who is intent on the dharma of the Candranagarī and Vidyādharī [branches of the Jain religion] of srīmad Bhoja the king, the apsaras [as it were] for the easy removal [of ignorance? by...?], that Vararuci, having first fashioned Vāgdevī the mother [and] afterwards a triad of Jinas, made this beautiful image of Ambā, ever abundant in fruit. Blessings! It was executed by Maṇathala, son of the sūtradhāra Sahira. It was written by Śivadeva the proficient. Year 1091.","title":"Inscription"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society"},{"link_name":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1154197","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1154197"},{"link_name":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2544721","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2544721"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:British_Museum"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:British_Museum"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Museum"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Great Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Great_Court"},{"link_name":"King's Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Library"},{"link_name":"Round Reading 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Cameo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacas_Cameo"},{"link_name":"Boscoreale Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boscoreale_Treasure"},{"link_name":"Boy with Thorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_with_Thorn"},{"link_name":"Braganza Brooch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braganza_Brooch"},{"link_name":"Bronze head of Hypnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Head_of_Hypnos_from_Civitella_d%27Arna"},{"link_name":"Burgon vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgon_vase"},{"link_name":"Bursa Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa_Treasure"},{"link_name":"Campo Iemini Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_Iemini_Venus"},{"link_name":"Carthage Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage_Treasure"},{"link_name":"Caubiac Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caubiac_Treasure"},{"link_name":"Chaourse Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaourse_Treasure"},{"link_name":"Chatsworth Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatsworth_Head"},{"link_name":"Chatuzange Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatuzange_Treasure"},{"link_name":"Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choiseul-Gouffier_Apollo"},{"link_name":"Demeter of Knidos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter_of_Knidos"},{"link_name":"Dionysus Sardanapalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus_Sardanapalus"},{"link_name":"Elgin Amphora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin_Amphora"},{"link_name":"Elgin Marbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin_Marbles"},{"link_name":"Esquiline Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquiline_Treasure"},{"link_name":"Euphorbos plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbos_plate"},{"link_name":"Farnese Diadumenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnese_Diadumenos"},{"link_name":"Guilford Puteal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford_Puteal"},{"link_name":"Harpy Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpy_Tomb"},{"link_name":"Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculean_Sarcophagus_of_Genzano"},{"link_name":"Isis Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis_Tomb,_Vulci"},{"link_name":"Jennings Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennings_Dog"},{"link_name":"Lion of Knidos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_of_Knidos"},{"link_name":"Lycurgus Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycurgus_Cup"},{"link_name":"Macmillan aryballos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_aryballos"},{"link_name":"Mâcon Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2con_Treasure"},{"link_name":"Mainz Gladius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz_Gladius"},{"link_name":"Meroë Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mero%C3%AB_Head"},{"link_name":"Minoan Bull-leaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_Bull-leaper"},{"link_name":"Nereid Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nereid_Monument"},{"link_name":"Oscan Tablet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscan_Tablet"},{"link_name":"Papyri of Oxyrhynchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri"},{"link_name":"84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_84"},{"link_name":"85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_85"},{"link_name":"102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_102"},{"link_name":"103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_103"},{"link_name":"Paramythia Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramythia_Hoard"},{"link_name":"Perciles bust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericles_with_the_Corinthian_helmet"},{"link_name":"Petelia Gold Tablet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petelia_Gold_Tablet"},{"link_name":"Piranesi Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piranesi_Vase"},{"link_name":"Portland Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Vase"},{"link_name":"Priene dedicatory inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene_inscription_of_Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Priene edict inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great%27s_edict_to_Priene"},{"link_name":"San Sosti Axe-Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sosti_Axe-Head"},{"link_name":"Sant'Angelo Muxaro Patera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Angelo_Muxaro_Patera"},{"link_name":"Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcophagus_of_Seianti_Hanunia_Tlesnasa"},{"link_name":"Satala Aphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satala_Aphrodite"},{"link_name":"Stony Stratford Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Stratford_Hoard"},{"link_name":"Strangford Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangford_Apollo"},{"link_name":"Tomb of Payava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Payava"},{"link_name":"Antinous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townley_Antinous"},{"link_name":"Caryatid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townley_Caryatid"},{"link_name":"Discobolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townley_Discobolus"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townley_Hadrian"},{"link_name":"Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townley_Vase"},{"link_name":"Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townley_Venus"},{"link_name":"Uerdingen Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uerdingen_Hoard"},{"link_name":"Vaison Diadumenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaison_Diadumenos"},{"link_name":"Warren Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Cup"},{"link_name":"Xanten Horse-Phalerae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanten_Horse-Phalerae"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_the_Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Ain Sakhri figurine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Sakhri_figurine"},{"link_name":"Assyrian lion weights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_lion_weights"},{"link_name":"Balawat Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balawat_Gates"},{"link_name":"Blacas ewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacas_ewer"},{"link_name":"Uruk Trough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk_Trough"},{"link_name":"Blau Monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blau_Monuments"},{"link_name":"Palmer Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Cup"},{"link_name":"Standard of Ur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_Ur"},{"link_name":"Ram in a Thicket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_in_a_Thicket"},{"link_name":"Lyres of Ur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyres_of_Ur"},{"link_name":"Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_al-%27Ubaid_Copper_Lintel"},{"link_name":"White Obelisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Obelisk"},{"link_name":"Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III"},{"link_name":"Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kition_Necropolis_Phoenician_inscriptions"},{"link_name":"Burney Relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burney_Relief"},{"link_name":"Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complaint_tablet_to_Ea-n%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ir"},{"link_name":"Tablet of Shamash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_of_Shamash"},{"link_name":"Statue of Idrimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Idrimi"},{"link_name":"Babylonian Map of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_Map_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"Rassam cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassam_cylinder"},{"link_name":"Cylinders of Nabonidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinders_of_Nabonidus"},{"link_name":"Cyrus Cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder"},{"link_name":"Flood tablet (Gilgamesh)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth"},{"link_name":"Jar of Xerxes I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar_of_Xerxes_I"},{"link_name":"Library of Ashurbanipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Ashurbanipal"},{"link_name":"Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal"},{"link_name":"Oxus Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxus_Treasure"},{"link_name":"Taylor Prism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib%27s_Annals"},{"link_name":"Lachish reliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish_reliefs"},{"link_name":"Babylonian Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Ur Box inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur_Box_inscription"},{"link_name":"Kurkh Monoliths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurkh_Monoliths"},{"link_name":"Antiochus cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_cylinder"},{"link_name":"Nimrud ivories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrud_ivories"},{"link_name":"Phoenician metal bowls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_metal_bowls"},{"link_name":"Prehistoryand Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Prehistory_and_Europe"},{"link_name":"Boxwood altar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_altar_(WB.232)"},{"link_name":"Franks Casket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks_Casket"},{"link_name":"Holy Thorn Reliquary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary"},{"link_name":"Hoxne Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoxne_Hoard"},{"link_name":"Lewis chessmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_chessmen"},{"link_name":"Lindow Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindow_Man"},{"link_name":"Mildenhall Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildenhall_Treasure"},{"link_name":"Ringlemere Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringlemere_Cup"},{"link_name":"Royal Gold Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"Seax of Beagnoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seax_of_Beagnoth"},{"link_name":"Sutton Hoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoo"},{"link_name":"Sutton Hoo helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet"},{"link_name":"Sutton Hoo purse-lid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_purse-lid"},{"link_name":"Swimming Reindeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_Reindeer"},{"link_name":"Hedwig glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_glass"},{"link_name":"Vindolanda Tablets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindolanda_tablets"},{"link_name":"Lampsacus Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampsacus_Treasure"},{"link_name":"Prints andDrawings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Prints_and_Drawings"},{"link_name":"Dürer's Rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCrer%27s_Rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Epifania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifania_(Michelangelo_drawing)"},{"link_name":"I Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Modi"},{"link_name":"Isabella Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Brant_(drawing)"},{"link_name":"The Ancient of Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ancient_of_Days"},{"link_name":"The Disasters of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Disasters_of_War"},{"link_name":"The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_The_Flopsy_Bunnies#Illustrations"},{"link_name":"Triumphal Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphal_Arch_(woodcut)"},{"link_name":"Coins and Medals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Coins_and_Medals"},{"link_name":"Conservation and Scientific Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Conservation_and_Scientific_Research"},{"link_name":"Libraries and Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Libraries_and_Archives"},{"link_name":"Portable Antiquities and Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Antiquities_Scheme"},{"link_name":"Rondanini Faun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondanini_Faun"},{"link_name":"A History of the World in 100 Objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_the_World_in_100_Objects"},{"link_name":"Blythe House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blythe_House"},{"link_name":"British Museum Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum_Act"},{"link_name":"Dingwall Beloe Lectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingwall_Beloe_Lecture_Series"},{"link_name":"Films shot at the British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_shot_at_the_British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Private Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Case"},{"link_name":"Repatriation controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum#Artefacts_from_other_countries"},{"link_name":"Secretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretum_(British_Museum)"},{"link_name":"Directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_directors_of_the_British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_British_Museum_Friends"},{"link_name":"Keepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_keepers_of_the_British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Royal Commission on the British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Trustees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trustees_of_the_British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:British_Museum"}],"text":"M Willis, \"Dhār, Bhoja and Sarasvatī: from Indology to Political Mythology and Back,\" Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 22, no. 1 (2012): 129-153. Available online: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1154197. Retrieved 02 April 2024.\nM. Willis, \"New Discoveries from Old Finds: A Jain Sculpture in the British Museum,\" CoJS Newsletter 6 (2011): 34-36. Available online: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2544721. Retrieved 02 April 2024.vteBritish MuseumBuilding\nGreat Court\nKing's Library\nRound Reading Room\nDepartmentsand objectsAfrica, Oceaniaand Americas\nAkan Drum\nAubin Codex\nBenin Bronzes\nBriggs Enigma\nBronze Head from Ife\nCodex Kingsborough\nDouble-headed serpent\nHoa Hakananai'a\nThrone of Weapons\nKayung totem pole\nTree of Life\nYaxchilan Lintel 24\nAncient Egyptand Sudan\nBattlefield Palette\nColossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III\nColossal head of Amenhotep III\nEl-Amra clay model of cattle\nGebelein predynastic mummies\nHornedjitef\nHunters Palette\nMacGregor plaque\nMin Palette\nPapyrus of Ani\nPrudhoe Lions\nRhind Mathematical Papyrus\nRosetta Stone\nSphinx of Taharqo\nAmun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa\nYounger Memnon\nAsia\nAdmonitions Scroll\nAphsad inscription of Ādityasena\nAmaravati Marbles\nAmbika Statue from Dhar\nAmitābha Buddha from Hancui\nBimaran casket\nBuddhapad Hoard\nMogao Christian painting\nDavid Vases\nDhaneswar Khera Buddha image inscription\nHephthalite silver bowl\nHuixian Bronze Hu\nJade terrapin from Allahabad\nKakiemon elephants\nKang Hou gui\nKanishka casket\nKlang Bell\nKulu Vase\nMathura lion capital\nPercival David Foundation of Chinese Art\nSeated Buddha from Gandhara\nStamp seal (BM 119999)\nStatue of Tara\nThe Great Wave off Kanagawa\nVishnu Nicolo Seal\nWardak Vase\nGreeceand Rome\nAegina Treasure\nAineta aryballos\nApollo of Cyrene\nArchangel ivory\nArcisate Treasure\nArmento Rider\nArundel Head\nAsclepius of Milos\nBarber Cup and Crawford Cup\nBassae Frieze\nBeaurains Treasure\nBlacas Cameo\nBoscoreale Treasure\nBoy with Thorn\nBraganza Brooch\nBronze head of Hypnos\nBurgon vase\nBursa Treasure\nCampo Iemini Venus\nCarthage Treasure\nCaubiac Treasure\nChaourse Treasure\nChatsworth Head\nChatuzange Treasure\nChoiseul-Gouffier Apollo\nDemeter of Knidos\nDionysus Sardanapalus\nElgin Amphora\nElgin Marbles\nEsquiline Treasure\nEuphorbos plate\nFarnese Diadumenos\nGuilford Puteal\nHarpy Tomb\nHerculean Sarcophagus of Genzano\nIsis Tomb\nJennings Dog\nLion of Knidos\nLycurgus Cup\nMacmillan aryballos\nMâcon Treasure\nMainz Gladius\nMeroë Head\nMinoan Bull-leaper\nNereid Monument\nOscan Tablet\nPapyri of Oxyrhynchus\n84\n85\n102\n103\nParamythia Hoard\nPerciles bust\nPetelia Gold Tablet\nPiranesi Vase\nPortland Vase\nPriene dedicatory inscription\nPriene edict inscription\nSan Sosti Axe-Head\nSant'Angelo Muxaro Patera\nSarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa\nSatala Aphrodite\nStony Stratford Hoard\nStrangford Apollo\nTomb of Payava\nTownley collection\nAntinous\nCaryatid\nDiscobolus\nHadrian\nVase\nVenus\nUerdingen Hoard\nVaison Diadumenos\nWarren Cup\nXanten Horse-Phalerae\nMiddle East\nAin Sakhri figurine\nAssyrian lion weights\nBalawat Gates\nBlacas ewer\nUruk Trough\nBlau Monuments\nPalmer Cup\nStandard of Ur\nRam in a Thicket\nLyres of Ur\nTell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel\nWhite Obelisk\nBlack Obelisk of Shalmaneser III\nKition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions\nBurney Relief\nComplaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir\nTablet of Shamash\nStatue of Idrimi\nBabylonian Map of the World\nRassam cylinder\nCylinders of Nabonidus\nCyrus Cylinder\nFlood tablet (Gilgamesh)\nJar of Xerxes I\nLibrary of Ashurbanipal\nLion Hunt of Ashurbanipal\nOxus Treasure\nTaylor Prism\nLachish reliefs\nBabylonian Chronicles\nUr Box inscription\nKurkh Monoliths\nAntiochus cylinder\nNimrud ivories\nPhoenician metal bowls\nPrehistoryand Europe\nBoxwood altar\nFranks Casket\nHoly Thorn Reliquary\nHoxne Hoard\nLewis chessmen\nLindow Man\nMildenhall Treasure\nRinglemere Cup\nRoyal Gold Cup\nSeax of Beagnoth\nSutton Hoo\nSutton Hoo helmet\nSutton Hoo purse-lid\nSwimming Reindeer\nHedwig glass\nVindolanda Tablets\nLampsacus Treasure\nPrints andDrawings\nDürer's Rhinoceros\nEpifania\nI Modi\nIsabella Brant\nThe Ancient of Days\nThe Disasters of War\nThe Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies\nTriumphal Arch\nOther\nCoins and Medals\nConservation and Scientific Research\nLibraries and Archives\nPortable Antiquities and Treasure\nRondanini Faun\nA History of the World in 100 Objects\nOther\nBlythe House\nBritish Museum Acts\nDingwall Beloe Lectures\nFilms shot at the British Museum\nPrivate Case\nRepatriation controversy\nSecretum\nStaff\nDirectors\nFriends\nKeepers\nRoyal Commission on the British Museum\nTrustees\n\n Category","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Dhār (Madhya Pradesh). Plan of the old city showing location of the old city palace, findspot of the Ambikā","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dhar_old_city_plan.jpg/220px-Dhar_old_city_plan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sehore (Madhya Pradesh). Ambikā, 11th century. Now in the Collector's Office, Sehore.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sehore_Ambika.jpg/220px-Sehore_Ambika.jpg"}]
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[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8190634","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8190634"},{"Link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1909-1224-1","external_links_name":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1909-1224-1"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3661024","external_links_name":"Dhār धार (District Dhār, Madhya Pradesh). Votive figure on one of stepped faces of the image base."},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2544721","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2544721"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8189712","external_links_name":"Dhār धार (District Dhār, Madhya Pradesh). Image of Ambikā with an inscription of Bhoja dated saṃvat 1091, photograph and further links."},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1154197","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1154197"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2544721","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2544721"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eochaid_mac_Domnaill
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Eochaid mac Domnaill
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["1 Notes","2 References","3 External links"]
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Irish king
Eochaid mac Domnaill (died 572), also Eochaid Find ("the fair"), was an Irish king who is included in some lists as a High King of Ireland. He was the son of Domnall Ilchelgach (died 566) and grandson of Muirchertach mac Muiredaig (died 534), also considered high kings. He was a member of the Cenél nEógain branch of the northern Uí Néill. He ruled in Ailech from 565 to 571.
The high kingship of Ireland rotated between the Cenél nEógain and Cenél Conaill branches in the late 6th century. Eochaid ruled jointly with his uncle Báetán mac Muirchertaig (died 572) from 569. The middle Irish king lists have misplaced their reign putting it earlier than the annalistic tradition but other king lists have them in the correct order. They are also omitted from the earliest list of Kings of Tara, the Baile Chuind (The Ecstasy of Conn), a late 7th-century Irish poem. It is possible that the Ulaid king, Báetán mac Cairill (died 581), was the actual high king at this time.
In 572 the two kings were defeated and slain by Crónán mac Tigernaig, king of the Cianachta Glenn Geimin in modern County Londonderry.
Notes
^ T.M. Charles-Edwards, Early Christian Ireland, Appendix V
^ he is given a reign of 6 years in the Laud Synchronisms
^ Charles-Edwards, pg.494-495
^ they are given a reign of three years in the Book of Leinster and one year in the Laud Synchronisms.
^ Charles-Edwards, pg.484-487
^ Francis J.Byrne, Irish Kings and High-Kings, pg.114
^ Annals of Ulster AU 572.1; Annals of Tigernach AT 571.1
References
Annals of Ulster at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
Annals of Tigernach at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
Byrne, Francis John (2001), Irish Kings and High-Kings, Dublin: Four Courts Press, ISBN 978-1-85182-196-9
Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2000), Early Christian Ireland, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-36395-0
Geoffrey Keating, History of Ireland at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
vteKings of Ireland, circa 549–1175Kings of Tara
Diarmait mac Cerbaill
Forggus mac Muirchertaig and Domnall Ilchelgach
Ainmuire
Báetán mac Muirchertaig and Eochaid mac Domnaill
Báetán mac Cairill
Áed mac Ainmuirech
Fiachnae mac Báetáin
Áed Sláine and Colmán Rímid
Áed Uaridnach
Máel Coba
Suibne Menn
Óengus mac Colmáin
Domnall mac Áedo
Congal Cáech
Cellach and Conall Cóel
Diarmait and Blathmac
Sechnassach
Cenn Fáelad
Fínsnechta Fledach
Loingsech
Congal Cennmagair
Fergal mac Máele Dúin
Cathal mac Finguine
Fogartach
Cináed
Flaithbertach
Áed Allán
Domnall Midi
Niall Frossach
Donnchad Midi
Áed Oirdnide
Conchobar mac Donnchada
Fedelmid mac Crimthainn
Niall Caille
Kings of Ireland
Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid
Áed Findliath
Flann Sinna
Niall Glúndub
Donnchad Donn
Congalach Cnogba (Ruaidrí ua Canannáin)
Domnall ua Néill
Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill
Brian Bóruma
Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó
Toirdelbach Ua Briain
Muirchertach Ua Briain
Domnall Ua Lochlainn
Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair
Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn
Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair
This biography of a member of an Irish royal house is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[{"Link":"http://celt.ucc.ie/index.html","external_links_name":"CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts"},{"Link":"http://www.ucc.ie/","external_links_name":"University College Cork"},{"Link":"http://celt.ucc.ie/index.html","external_links_name":"CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts"},{"Link":"http://www.ucc.ie/","external_links_name":"University College Cork"},{"Link":"http://celt.ucc.ie/index.html","external_links_name":"CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts"},{"Link":"http://www.ucc.ie/","external_links_name":"University College Cork"},{"Link":"http://celt.ucc.ie/index.html","external_links_name":"CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts"},{"Link":"http://www.ucc.ie/","external_links_name":"University College Cork"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eochaid_mac_Domnaill&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Local_State_Administration_(Ukraine)
|
Chief of local state administration
|
["1 Origin and overview","2 Appointment and termination","3 Role and powers","4 Notable heads of RSA","5 List of governors","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Ukrainian regional chief executive posts
Politics of Ukraine
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vte
In Ukraine, the title chief (head) of local (regional) state administration (Ukrainian: Голова місцевої державної адміністрації) refers to the chief executive of each of the administrative divisions of Ukraine: region (includes autonomous republic, oblasts), raion (district) or city, in case of Kyiv and Sevastopol.
Informally the position of the head of regional state administration or more commonly oblast state administration (for oblasts) is referred to as governor. However, its function is very different from a traditional gubernatorial position.
The heads of local state administrations are appointed and dismissed by the President of Ukraine on the submission of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine for the term of office of the head of the state.
Origin and overview
The position derived from the institute of presidential representatives that was introduced during the presidency of Leonid Kravchuk in 1992. After the resignation of Leonid Kravchuk as the President of Ukraine in 1993, most of presidential representatives positions in regions were discontinued and their functions were performed by chairmen of executive committee in each regional council. In the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, which during dissolution of the Soviet Union was transformed from Crimean Oblast to Crimean ASSR, also changed its regional (oblast) executive committee into Council of Ministers of the Crimean ASSR. The chief of Crimean regional executive committee became the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Crimean ASSR. Introduction of the institute of presidential representatives in Crimea in early 1990s was blocked due to situation in Crimea when the Russian Federation failed to take full control over the peninsula.
Earlier before fall of the Soviet Union, chairmen of executive committee, that existed since the establishment of the Soviet regime in Ukraine, were completely overshadowed by the first secretaries and party offices of regional committees of the Communist Party of Ukraine which was a constituent part of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union due to the leading role of the Party in the Soviet Union. Previously, there existed chairman of executive committee (ispolkom) at governorate (province) level, raion (district) level, okruha (district) level, and oblast (province) level.
Beside the local state administration all local (regional, district, city) councils have their own executive committees.
There are two offices of a head of city-state administration one for Kyiv and another for Sevastopol. The head of Kyiv City State Administration (governor) usually is served by the Kyiv city mayor elected by the popular vote. The head of Sevastopol City State Administration (governor) is appointed by the president on petition of the prime minister. Sevastopol is the only city in Ukraine that does not have a mayoral position.
Due to the 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation the post of the head of Sevastopol City State Administration is currently suspended, while the Presidential representative in Crimea continues to function in the continental Ukraine along with other Crimean office of executive power.
Appointment and termination
The chiefs of local state administrations are appointed by the President of Ukraine with the recommendation from the Prime Minister of Ukraine. The role and powers of the position are defined in the Chapter 2 (Articles 8 - 12) of the Law of Ukraine "On Local State Administration" (Law № 586-XIV, parliament, April 9, 1999). Candidates on the position of the chief of district state administration are recommended to the Prime Minister of Ukraine by the chiefs of the respected regional state administrations.
The appointment is terminated in case of violation of the Constitution of Ukraine and laws of Ukraine, loss of citizenship or discovery of dual citizenship, recognition of incompetency by a court, emigration for a residence abroad, gaining a court conviction by a legal force, violation of compatibility requirements, declaring no confidence by the two-thirds of the relevant council composition, filing a request for dismissal from office at own will. The appointment may also be terminated by the President of Ukraine in case of accepting the resignation of the Chief of Regional State Administration, petition of Prime Minister of Ukraine on the grounds prescribed by the legislation about the State Service, declaring no confidence by the majority of the relevant council composition, other circumstances foreseen by this or other laws of Ukraine, on initiative of the President of Ukraine. According to Article 118 of the Constitution of Ukraine, the heads of the local administrations are appointed and dismissed by the President of Ukraine on the proposal of the Cabinet of Ministers. According to the Ukrainian Constitution they should also resign after a new President is elected.
The authority of the chiefs of local state administrations is terminated also upon their death. In case of election of the new President of Ukraine the chiefs of local state administrations continue to exercise their powers until appointment of the new chiefs of local state administrations in established order.
Role and powers
The chief thus heads the executive branch in each region, district, or city. The chief forms the composition of the local State Administration as well as its structure depending upon the budget allocations and requirements to the Article XVIII of the Law of Ukraine "On the Principles of Regulatory Policy in Economic Activity" (Law № 1160-IV, parliament, September 11, 2003).
To execute the Constitution of Ukraine, laws of Ukraine, acts of the President of Ukraine, Cabinet of Ukraine, other bodies of executive power as well as own and delegated powers the chief issues orders. The orders of the chief adopted within his/her competence are mandatory for execution on respective territory by all authorities, companies, institutions and organizations, officials and citizens.
Notable heads of RSA
Viktor Yanukovych, governor of Donetsk Oblast who later served as the Prime Minister of Ukraine and the President of Ukraine
Pavlo Lazarenko, governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast who later served as the Prime Minister of Ukraine
Yuriy Yekhanurov, governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast who later served as the Prime Minister of Ukraine
Mikheil Saakashvili, former President of Georgia who later served as the governor of Odesa Oblast
List of governors who also served as government ministers: Serhiy Tulub, Mykhailo Kaskevych, Heorhiy Filipchuk, Mykola Derkach, Volodymyr Yatsuba, Viktor Bondar, Oleksandr Vilkul, Dmytro Kolyesnikov, Serhiy Polyakov, Anatoliy Blyznyuk, others.
List of governors who also served as governors in several regions: Volodymyr Shcherban, Mykola Lavryk, Volodymyr Kulish, Volodymyr Yatsuba, Valentyn Reznichenko, Pavlo Zhebrivskyi, others.
List of governors
Governor of Cherkasy Oblast
Governor of Chernihiv Oblast
Governor of Chernivtsi Oblast
Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
Governor of Donetsk Oblast
Governor of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
Governor of Kharkiv Oblast
Governor of Kherson Oblast
Governor of Khmelnytskyi Oblast
Governor of Kyiv Oblast
Governor of Kirovohrad Oblast
Governor of Luhansk Oblast
Governor of Lviv Oblast
Governor of Mykolaiv Oblast
Governor of Odesa Oblast
Governor of Poltava Oblast
Governor of Rivne Oblast
Governor of Sumy Oblast
Governor of Ternopil Oblast
Governor of Vinnytsia Oblast
Governor of Volyn Oblast
Governor of Zakarpattia Oblast
Governor of Zaporizhzhia Oblast
Governor of Zhytomyr Oblast
Governor of Sevastopol, temporarily abolished
Governor of Kyiv, often served by Mayor of Kyiv (for more information, see Kyiv City State Administration)
Representatives of the President of Ukraine in Crimea
Prime Minister of Crimea, temporarily abolished
See also
Governor
Administrative divisions of Ukraine
References
^ History of creation of the Presidential representatives. Presidential Representative of Ukraine in Crimea website
^ Kuzio, T. Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation. M.E.Sharpe, Inc., 1998
^ (in Ukrainian) City Champion. How Klitschko kept Kyiv, Ukrayinska Pravda (30 January 2020)
External links
vteCurrent heads of first-level administrative divisions of Ukraine
Cherkasy Oblast: Taburets
Chernihiv Oblast: Chaus
Chernivtsi Oblast: Zaparanyuk
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast: Lysak
Donetsk Oblast2: Filashkin
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast: Onyschuk
Kharkiv Oblast: Syniehubov
Kherson Oblast: Prokudin
Khmelnytskyi Oblast: Tiurin
Kyiv Oblast: Kravchenko
Kirovohrad Oblast: Raykovych
Luhansk Oblast2: Lysohor
Lviv Oblast: Kozytskyi
Mykolaiv Oblast: Kim
Odesa Oblast: Kiper
Poltava Oblast: Pronin
Rivne Oblast: Koval
Sumy Oblast: Artyukh
Ternopil Oblast: TBA
Vinnytsia Oblast: Borzov
Volyn Oblast: Pohulyayko
Zakarpattia Oblast: Mykyta
Zaporizhzhia Oblast: Fedorov
Zhytomyr Oblast: Bunechko
Cities with special status
Kyiv: Klitschko
Sevastopol1: vacant
Autonomous republic
Crimea1: vacant
1Claimed and controlled by Russia as the Republic of Crimea and the Federal City of Sevastopol 2Regions are partly controlled by Russia as the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic
vte Chairmen of regional state administrations of UkraineOblasts
Cherkasy
Chernihiv
Chernivtsi
Dnipropetrovsk
Donetsk
Ivano-Frankivsk
Kharkiv
Kherson
Khmelnytskyi
Kyiv
Kirovohrad
Luhansk
Lviv
Mykolaiv
Odesa
Poltava
Rivne
Sumy
Ternopil
Vinnytsia
Volyn
Zakarpattia
Zaporizhzhia
Zhytomyr
Cities with special status
Kyiv
Sevastopol1
Autonomous republic
Crimea (PM)1
1Claimed and controlled by Russia
|
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However, its function is very different from a traditional gubernatorial position.The heads of local state administrations are appointed and dismissed by the President of Ukraine on the submission of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine for the term of office of the head of the state. [citation needed]","title":"Chief of local state administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leonid Kravchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Kravchuk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Leonid Kravchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Kravchuk"},{"link_name":"President of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Republic of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Crimean Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Oblast"},{"link_name":"fall of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"ispolkom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ispolkom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation"}],"text":"The position derived from the institute of presidential representatives that was introduced during the presidency of Leonid Kravchuk in 1992.[1] After the resignation of Leonid Kravchuk as the President of Ukraine in 1993, most of presidential representatives positions in regions were discontinued and their functions were performed by chairmen of executive committee in each regional council. In the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, which during dissolution of the Soviet Union was transformed from Crimean Oblast to Crimean ASSR, also changed its regional (oblast) executive committee into Council of Ministers of the Crimean ASSR. The chief of Crimean regional executive committee became the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Crimean ASSR. Introduction of the institute of presidential representatives in Crimea in early 1990s was blocked due to situation in Crimea when the Russian Federation failed to take full control over the peninsula.Earlier before fall of the Soviet Union, chairmen of executive committee, that existed since the establishment of the Soviet regime in Ukraine, were completely overshadowed by the first secretaries and party offices of regional committees of the Communist Party of Ukraine which was a constituent part of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union due to the leading role of the Party in the Soviet Union. Previously, there existed chairman of executive committee (ispolkom) at governorate (province) level, raion (district) level, okruha (district) level, and oblast (province) level.Beside the local state administration all local (regional, district, city) councils have their own executive committees.[2]There are two offices of a head of city-state administration one for Kyiv and another for Sevastopol. The head of Kyiv City State Administration (governor) usually is served by the Kyiv city mayor elected by the popular vote. The head of Sevastopol City State Administration (governor) is appointed by the president on petition of the prime minister. Sevastopol is the only city in Ukraine that does not have a mayoral position.Due to the 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation the post of the head of Sevastopol City State Administration is currently suspended, while the Presidential representative in Crimea continues to function in the continental Ukraine along with other Crimean office of executive power.","title":"Origin and overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Law of Ukraine \"On Local State Administration\" (Law № 586-XIV, parliament, April 9, 1999)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/586-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ministers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Constitution"},{"link_name":"new President is elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_elections"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7238815CLSAChampion-3"}],"text":"The chiefs of local state administrations are appointed by the President of Ukraine with the recommendation from the Prime Minister of Ukraine. The role and powers of the position are defined in the Chapter 2 (Articles 8 - 12) of the Law of Ukraine \"On Local State Administration\" (Law № 586-XIV, parliament, April 9, 1999). Candidates on the position of the chief of district state administration are recommended to the Prime Minister of Ukraine by the chiefs of the respected regional state administrations.The appointment is terminated in case of violation of the Constitution of Ukraine and laws of Ukraine, loss of citizenship or discovery of dual citizenship, recognition of incompetency by a court, emigration for a residence abroad, gaining a court conviction by a legal force, violation of compatibility requirements, declaring no confidence by the two-thirds of the relevant council composition, filing a request for dismissal from office at own will.[citation needed] The appointment may also be terminated by the President of Ukraine in case of accepting the resignation of the Chief of Regional State Administration, petition of Prime Minister of Ukraine on the grounds prescribed by the legislation about the State Service, declaring no confidence by the majority of the relevant council composition, other circumstances foreseen by this or other laws of Ukraine, on initiative of the President of Ukraine. [citation needed] According to Article 118 of the Constitution of Ukraine, the heads of the local administrations are appointed and dismissed by the President of Ukraine on the proposal of the Cabinet of Ministers. [citation needed] According to the Ukrainian Constitution they should also resign after a new President is elected.[3]The authority of the chiefs of local state administrations is terminated also upon their death. In case of election of the new President of Ukraine the chiefs of local state administrations continue to exercise their powers until appointment of the new chiefs of local state administrations in established order.","title":"Appointment and termination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Article XVIII of the Law of Ukraine \"On the Principles of Regulatory Policy in Economic Activity\" (Law № 1160-IV, parliament, September 11, 2003)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1160-15"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ukraine"}],"text":"The chief thus heads the executive branch in each region, district, or city. The chief forms the composition of the local State Administration as well as its structure depending upon the budget allocations and requirements to the Article XVIII of the Law of Ukraine \"On the Principles of Regulatory Policy in Economic Activity\" (Law № 1160-IV, parliament, September 11, 2003).To execute the Constitution of Ukraine, laws of Ukraine, acts of the President of Ukraine, Cabinet of Ukraine, other bodies of executive power as well as own and delegated powers the chief issues orders. The orders of the chief adopted within his/her competence are mandatory for execution on respective territory by all authorities, companies, institutions and organizations, officials and citizens.","title":"Role and powers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viktor Yanukovych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych"},{"link_name":"Pavlo Lazarenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlo_Lazarenko"},{"link_name":"Yuriy Yekhanurov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriy_Yekhanurov"},{"link_name":"Mikheil Saakashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili"},{"link_name":"Volodymyr Yatsuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Yatsuba"},{"link_name":"Viktor Bondar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Bondar"},{"link_name":"Oleksandr Vilkul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksandr_Vilkul"},{"link_name":"Volodymyr Shcherban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherban"},{"link_name":"Volodymyr Kulish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Kulish"},{"link_name":"Volodymyr Yatsuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Yatsuba"},{"link_name":"Pavlo Zhebrivskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlo_Zhebrivskyi"}],"text":"Viktor Yanukovych, governor of Donetsk Oblast who later served as the Prime Minister of Ukraine and the President of Ukraine\nPavlo Lazarenko, governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast who later served as the Prime Minister of Ukraine\nYuriy Yekhanurov, governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast who later served as the Prime Minister of Ukraine\nMikheil Saakashvili, former President of Georgia who later served as the governor of Odesa OblastList of governors who also served as government ministers: Serhiy Tulub, Mykhailo Kaskevych, Heorhiy Filipchuk, Mykola Derkach, Volodymyr Yatsuba, Viktor Bondar, Oleksandr Vilkul, Dmytro Kolyesnikov, Serhiy Polyakov, Anatoliy Blyznyuk, others.List of governors who also served as governors in several regions: Volodymyr Shcherban, Mykola Lavryk, Volodymyr Kulish, Volodymyr Yatsuba, Valentyn Reznichenko, Pavlo Zhebrivskyi, others.","title":"Notable heads of RSA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governor of Cherkasy Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Cherkasy_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Chernihiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Chernihiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Chernivtsi Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Chernivtsi_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Donetsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Donetsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Kharkiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Kharkiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Kherson Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Kherson_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Khmelnytskyi Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Khmelnytskyi_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Kyiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Kyiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Kirovohrad Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Kirovohrad_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Luhansk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Luhansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Lviv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Lviv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Mykolaiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Mykolaiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Odesa Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Odesa_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Poltava Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Poltava_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Rivne Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Rivne_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Sumy Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Sumy_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Ternopil Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Ternopil_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Vinnytsia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Vinnytsia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Volyn Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Volyn_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Zakarpattia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Zakarpattia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Zaporizhzhia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Zhytomyr Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Zhytomyr_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Governor of Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Sevastopol_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"Governor of Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Kyiv City State Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_City_State_Administration"},{"link_name":"Representatives of the President of Ukraine in Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_representative_of_Ukraine_in_Crimea"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Crimea"}],"text":"Governor of Cherkasy Oblast\nGovernor of Chernihiv Oblast\nGovernor of Chernivtsi Oblast\nGovernor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast\nGovernor of Donetsk Oblast\nGovernor of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast\nGovernor of Kharkiv Oblast\nGovernor of Kherson Oblast\nGovernor of Khmelnytskyi Oblast\nGovernor of Kyiv Oblast\nGovernor of Kirovohrad Oblast\nGovernor of Luhansk Oblast\nGovernor of Lviv Oblast\nGovernor of Mykolaiv Oblast\nGovernor of Odesa Oblast\nGovernor of Poltava Oblast\nGovernor of Rivne Oblast\nGovernor of Sumy Oblast\nGovernor of Ternopil Oblast\nGovernor of Vinnytsia Oblast\nGovernor of Volyn Oblast\nGovernor of Zakarpattia Oblast\nGovernor of Zaporizhzhia Oblast\nGovernor of Zhytomyr Oblast\nGovernor of Sevastopol, temporarily abolished\nGovernor of Kyiv, often served by Mayor of Kyiv (for more information, see Kyiv City State Administration)\nRepresentatives of the President of Ukraine in Crimea\nPrime Minister of Crimea, temporarily abolished","title":"List of governors"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor"},{"title":"Administrative divisions of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/586-14","external_links_name":"Law of Ukraine \"On Local State Administration\" (Law № 586-XIV, parliament, April 9, 1999)"},{"Link":"http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1160-15","external_links_name":"the Article XVIII of the Law of Ukraine \"On the Principles of Regulatory Policy in Economic Activity\" (Law № 1160-IV, parliament, September 11, 2003)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150128204846/http://www.ppu.gov.ua/history","external_links_name":"History of creation of the Presidential representatives"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tedMMgz3RV8C&dq=Sevastopol++appointed+by+the+President+of+Ukraine&pg=PA44","external_links_name":"Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation"},{"Link":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2020/01/30/7238815/","external_links_name":"City Champion. How Klitschko kept Kyiv"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Hart_Nibbrig
|
Ferdinand Hart Nibbrig
|
["1 Biography","2 Selected paintings","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
|
Dutch painter (1866–1915)
Ferdinand Hart NibbrigPortrait by Johan Cohen GosschalkBorn5 April 1866Amsterdam, NetherlandsDied12 October 1915(1915-10-12) (aged 49)Laren, NetherlandsNationalityDutchMovementLuminismSpouseJohanna Bartruida Moltzer
Ferdinand Hart Nibbrig (5 April 1866 – 12 October 1915) was a Dutch painter and Theosophist. He was one of the first artists who introduced luminism to the Netherlands. Hart was his mother's maiden name. He adopted it in 1884 when all of her brothers had died without issue. During his student years he was a renowned amateur racing cyclist.
Biography
Hart Nibbrig was born to a family of merchants. His grandfather, who had several well-known artists as friends, noticed Ferdinand's talent for drawing and advised his father to have him given lessons by Johan Adolph Rust (1828–1915), a noted marine painter who taught at the local technical school. His formal artistic training began at the Quellinusschool from 1881 to 1883, followed by five years at the Rijksakademie. This was followed by a year in Paris at the Académie Julian and the Atelier Cormon.
Self-portrait with his wife, Johanna
Initially, he painted in the style of Amsterdam Impressionism but, while in Paris, came under the influence of Vincent van Gogh and Georges Seurat and adopted Pointillism. His first studio, in Amsterdam, had originally belonged to Jozef Israëls. Later, he lived in Laren, North Holland, but worked throughout the Netherlands, especially in Vlieland and Zoutelande. He also travelled to Germany and Algeria, which proved to be a disappointment because it was too hot to work and he could not find any models.
In 1895, he married Johanna Bartruida Moltzer (1869–1957), whom he met while doing portraits of her family. After 1906, he began to feel that Laren was losing its character and moved to Rhenen, Utrecht. During this time, he reverted to older styles of painting.
He returned to Laren a year later, however; in 1910, he built a house, designed by Georg Sturm . He also took numerous students; most notably Jacoba van Heemskerck.
In 1908, his wife left the Dutch Reformed Church to become a Theosophist. Ferdinand followed suit, joining the lodge in the Gooi and hosting meetings in their home. After his death, Johanna moved to Dornach, Switzerland, where Rudolf Steiner had established a private institute.
A permanent exhibition of his paintings, drawings and lithographs was established at the Singer Museum in 1981. A street is named after him in the Overtoomse Veld neighbourhood of Amsterdam; an area which features streets named after 19th- and 20th-century Dutch painters.
Selected paintings
Harvest (1894)
On the dunes in Zandvoort (1892)
Zoutelande (c.1910)
The Ferry at Rhenen (1907)
References
^ a b c Brief biography @ Schilderijen Site.
^ "Ferdinand Hart-Nibbrig's Palmares at CyclingRanking.com". CyclingRanking.com.
^ a b c d Brief biography @ Studio2000.
Further reading
Dominique Colen and Denise Willemstein, Ferdinand Hart Nibbrig 1886-1915, WBooks 1996 ISBN 90-400-9849-2
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ferdinand Hart Nibbrig.
Simonis & Buunk: More works by Nibbrig.
Biography and appreciation @ the De Valk Lexicon kunstenaars Laren-Blaricum
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Artists
RKD Artists
ULAN
People
Netherlands
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC
|
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He adopted it in 1884 when all of her brothers had died without issue.[1] During his student years he was a renowned amateur racing cyclist.[2]","title":"Ferdinand Hart Nibbrig"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U-3"},{"link_name":"Quellinusschool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quellinusschool"},{"link_name":"Rijksakademie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksakademie"},{"link_name":"Académie Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Julian"},{"link_name":"Atelier Cormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelier_Cormon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nibbrig-Selfportrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Georges Seurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat"},{"link_name":"Pointillism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointillism"},{"link_name":"Jozef Israëls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_Isra%C3%ABls"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S-1"},{"link_name":"Laren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laren,_North_Holland"},{"link_name":"Vlieland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlieland"},{"link_name":"Zoutelande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoutelande"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U-3"},{"link_name":"Rhenen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenen"},{"link_name":"Georg Sturm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Sturm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Sturm"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U-3"},{"link_name":"Jacoba van Heemskerck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacoba_van_Heemskerck"},{"link_name":"Dutch Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"Gooi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gooi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U-3"},{"link_name":"Dornach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornach"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner"},{"link_name":"Singer Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singer_Museum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S-1"},{"link_name":"Overtoomse Veld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtoomse_Veld"}],"text":"Hart Nibbrig was born to a family of merchants. His grandfather, who had several well-known artists as friends, noticed Ferdinand's talent for drawing and advised his father to have him given lessons by Johan Adolph Rust (1828–1915), a noted marine painter who taught at the local technical school.[3] His formal artistic training began at the Quellinusschool from 1881 to 1883, followed by five years at the Rijksakademie. This was followed by a year in Paris at the Académie Julian and the Atelier Cormon.Self-portrait with his wife, JohannaInitially, he painted in the style of Amsterdam Impressionism but, while in Paris, came under the influence of Vincent van Gogh and Georges Seurat and adopted Pointillism. His first studio, in Amsterdam, had originally belonged to Jozef Israëls.[1] Later, he lived in Laren, North Holland, but worked throughout the Netherlands, especially in Vlieland and Zoutelande. He also travelled to Germany and Algeria, which proved to be a disappointment because it was too hot to work and he could not find any models.[3]In 1895, he married Johanna Bartruida Moltzer (1869–1957), whom he met while doing portraits of her family. After 1906, he began to feel that Laren was losing its character and moved to Rhenen, Utrecht. During this time, he reverted to older styles of painting.He returned to Laren a year later, however; in 1910, he built a house, designed by Georg Sturm [nl].[3] He also took numerous students; most notably Jacoba van Heemskerck.In 1908, his wife left the Dutch Reformed Church to become a Theosophist. Ferdinand followed suit, joining the lodge in the Gooi and hosting meetings in their home.[3] After his death, Johanna moved to Dornach, Switzerland, where Rudolf Steiner had established a private institute.A permanent exhibition of his paintings, drawings and lithographs was established at the Singer Museum in 1981.[1] A street is named after him in the Overtoomse Veld neighbourhood of Amsterdam; an area which features streets named after 19th- and 20th-century Dutch painters.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hart_Nibbrig_Oogstmaand_1894.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Hart_Nibbrig,_On_the_dunes_in_Zandvoort.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zandvoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zandvoort"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zoutelande2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nibbrig-Ferry.jpg"}],"text":"Harvest (1894)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOn the dunes in Zandvoort (1892)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZoutelande (c.1910)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Ferry at Rhenen (1907)","title":"Selected paintings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-400-9849-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-400-9849-2"}],"text":"Dominique Colen and Denise Willemstein, Ferdinand Hart Nibbrig 1886-1915, WBooks 1996 ISBN 90-400-9849-2","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Self-portrait with his wife, Johanna","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nibbrig-Selfportrait.jpg/150px-Nibbrig-Selfportrait.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Ferdinand Hart-Nibbrig's Palmares at CyclingRanking.com\". CyclingRanking.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingranking.com/rider/95077/ferdinand-hart-nibbrig","url_text":"\"Ferdinand Hart-Nibbrig's Palmares at CyclingRanking.com\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.schilderijen-site.nl/woordenboek/f-hart-nibbrig/","external_links_name":"Brief biography"},{"Link":"https://www.cyclingranking.com/rider/95077/ferdinand-hart-nibbrig","external_links_name":"\"Ferdinand Hart-Nibbrig's Palmares at CyclingRanking.com\""},{"Link":"http://studio2000.nl/kunstenaar/a/ferdinand-hart-nibbrig-91/#.Vo8KeHnlvow","external_links_name":"Brief biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083507/http://www.simonis-buunk.com/sold/artist/Ferdinand_Hart_Nibbrig_1678.aspx","external_links_name":"Simonis & Buunk: More works by Nibbrig."},{"Link":"http://www.devalk.com/kunstenaars/hartnibbrig/hartnibbrig.html","external_links_name":"Biography and appreciation"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/39279733","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb134984214","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb134984214","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/174313268","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr96042768","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/224445","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500015942","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/01471306","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd174313268.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x946r5","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Davis_(placekicker)
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Tyler Davis (placekicker)
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["1 Early life","2 College career","3 Professional career","4 References"]
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American football player (born 1994)
This article is about the placekicker. For the tight end, see Tyler Davis (tight end).
American football player
Tyler DavisNo. 9Position:PlacekickerPersonal informationBorn: (1994-09-29) September 29, 1994 (age 29)St. Charles, Illinois, U.S.Height:5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Weight:192 lb (87 kg)Career informationHigh school:St. Charles North(St. Charles, Illinois)College:Penn StateUndrafted:2018Career history
Buffalo Bills (2018)*
* Offseason and/or practice squad member only
Career highlights and awards
Vlade Award (2016)
First-team All-Big Ten (2016)
Fiesta Bowl champion (2017)
Tyler Dale Davis (born September 29, 1994) is an American former football placekicker. He played college football at Penn State of the Big Ten Conference.
Early life
Davis went to St. Charles North High School in St. Charles, Illinois, but did not participate in football. However, he played for his high school soccer team, and participated at the U.S. Soccer Development Academy. During his sophomore year of high school, he had to sit out the year due to a car crash. He came back in his junior year and scored a school record with 25 goals.
College career
Davis started his college career at Bradley University, where he did not play football but soccer. After a year at Bradley, Tyler transferred to Penn State, where he walked on to the football team as a placekicker.
During the 2015 season, Davis went a perfect 8 for 8 on field goals and 11 for 11 for extra points. He shared kicking duties that year with freshman Joey Julius. During his junior season, he went 22 for 24 on FGs (both misses being blocked), and remained perfect with extra points going 55/55. He finished the regular season with 121 points in total and received All-Big Ten honors.
In his senior season, Davis struggled only going 9 of 17 and only making two kicks from 40 yards or beyond. In the Fiesta Bowl, Penn State was up a touchdown and Davis had a chance to secure the Penn State win with a 45-yard field goal, but pulled the kick. Penn State went on to win the game.
Professional career
Pre-draft measurables
Height
Weight
Arm length
Hand span
5 ft 9+7⁄8 in(1.77 m)
192 lb(87 kg)
28+1⁄8 in(0.71 m)
8+7⁄8 in(0.23 m)
All values from Pro Day
After going undrafted in the 2018 NFL draft, Davis signed with the Buffalo Bills as an undrafted free agent on May 11, 2018. He was waived on August 21, 2018.
References
^ "Tyler Davis at PSU". GoPSUsports. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
^ a b McGonigal, John (October 28, 2016). "One Icy Night: The story of Tyler Davis' car accident". Centre Daily Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
^ "Tyler Davis Stats".
^ "2018 NFL Draft Scout Tyler Davis College Football Profile". DraftScout.com. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
^ "What you need to know about the Bills undrafted free agents". BuffaloBills.com. May 11, 2018. Archived from the original on May 11, 2018.
^ Brown, Chris (August 21, 2018). "Bills sign free agent P Jon Ryan". BuffaloBills.com.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"placekicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placekicker"},{"link_name":"tight end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_end"},{"link_name":"Tyler Davis (tight end)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Davis_(tight_end)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"placekicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placekicker"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Penn State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football"},{"link_name":"Big Ten Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This article is about the placekicker. For the tight end, see Tyler Davis (tight end).American football playerTyler Dale Davis (born September 29, 1994) is an American former football placekicker. He played college football at Penn State of the Big Ten Conference.[1]","title":"Tyler Davis (placekicker)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Charles North High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Charles_North_High_School"},{"link_name":"St. Charles, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Charles,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"U.S. Soccer Development Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Soccer_Development_Academy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Davis went to St. Charles North High School in St. Charles, Illinois, but did not participate in football.[2] However, he played for his high school soccer team, and participated at the U.S. Soccer Development Academy.[citation needed] During his sophomore year of high school, he had to sit out the year due to a car crash. He came back in his junior year and scored a school record with 25 goals.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bradley University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_University"},{"link_name":"Penn State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State"},{"link_name":"placekicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placekicker"},{"link_name":"2015 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team"},{"link_name":"field goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_goals"},{"link_name":"extra points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_point"},{"link_name":"Joey Julius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Julius"},{"link_name":"Fiesta Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Fiesta_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Davis started his college career at Bradley University, where he did not play football but soccer. After a year at Bradley, Tyler transferred to Penn State, where he walked on to the football team as a placekicker.During the 2015 season, Davis went a perfect 8 for 8 on field goals and 11 for 11 for extra points. He shared kicking duties that year with freshman Joey Julius. During his junior season, he went 22 for 24 on FGs (both misses being blocked), and remained perfect with extra points going 55/55. He finished the regular season with 121 points in total and received All-Big Ten honors.In his senior season, Davis struggled only going 9 of 17 and only making two kicks from 40 yards or beyond. In the Fiesta Bowl, Penn State was up a touchdown and Davis had a chance to secure the Penn State win with a 45-yard field goal, but pulled the kick. Penn State went on to win the game.[3]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2018 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"After going undrafted in the 2018 NFL draft, Davis signed with the Buffalo Bills as an undrafted free agent on May 11, 2018.[5] He was waived on August 21, 2018.[6]","title":"Professional career"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Tyler Davis at PSU\". GoPSUsports. Retrieved December 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gopsusports.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/tyler_davis_944890.html","url_text":"\"Tyler Davis at PSU\""}]},{"reference":"McGonigal, John (October 28, 2016). \"One Icy Night: The story of Tyler Davis' car accident\". Centre Daily Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.centredaily.com/sports/college/penn-state-university/psu-football/article111180412.html","url_text":"\"One Icy Night: The story of Tyler Davis' car accident\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Daily_Times","url_text":"Centre Daily Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170411011639/http://www.centredaily.com/sports/college/penn-state-university/psu-football/article111180412.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tyler Davis Stats\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/college-football/player/stats/_/id/3791111/tyler-davis","url_text":"\"Tyler Davis Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 NFL Draft Scout Tyler Davis College Football Profile\". DraftScout.com. Retrieved January 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1019513&DraftYear=2018","url_text":"\"2018 NFL Draft Scout Tyler Davis College Football Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"What you need to know about the Bills undrafted free agents\". BuffaloBills.com. May 11, 2018. Archived from the original on May 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180511180507/https://www.buffalobills.com/news/article-1/What-you-need-to-know-about-the-Bills-undrafted-free-agents/4198d44f-b0d6-4b45-a8f4-699f9bef5070","url_text":"\"What you need to know about the Bills undrafted free agents\""},{"url":"http://www.buffalobills.com/news/article-1/What-you-need-to-know-about-the-Bills-undrafted-free-agents/4198d44f-b0d6-4b45-a8f4-699f9bef5070","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Chris (August 21, 2018). \"Bills sign free agent P Jon Ryan\". BuffaloBills.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-sign-free-agent-p-jon-ryan","url_text":"\"Bills sign free agent P Jon Ryan\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_rimpatriata
|
The Reunion (1963 film)
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Critical reception","4 References","5 External links"]
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1963 film
The ReunionFilm posterDirected byDamiano DamianiWritten byDamiano DamianiUgo LiberatoreVittoriano PetrilliEnrico RibulsiStarringWalter ChiariCinematographyAlessandro D'EvaEdited byGiuseppe VariRelease date
June 1963 (1963-06)
Running time110 minutesCountryItalyLanguageItalian
The Reunion (Italian: La rimpatriata) is a 1963 Italian film directed by Damiano Damiani. It was entered into the 13th Berlin International Film Festival. The film is about a group of old friends in Milan, all men in their late thirties, celebrating a chance reunion at a cinema in the suburbs (managed by one of them), and looking for encounters with women.
Plot
Alberto and Sandrino, two old friends, meet by chance on the streets of Milan after many years. After a moment of embarrassment, memories and the light-heartedness of the past resurface. Sandrino offers to track down the others - Cesarino, Nino and Livio - and spend an evening like in the good old days.
Cesarino, who back in the old days was the animator of the group who got them into contact with girls, has not lost much in this sense although he faces economic difficulties. He manages a small cinema in the suburbs for his uncle, where the other friends go after having dinner. The evening passes between telephone calls of a pranky nature, car rides, and meetings of bizarre character.
In the early morning, Cesarino decides to track down Lara, who had spent time with the group. As the friends now find out, she had gotten arrested for a diamond robbery which she committed shortly after leaving the group, spent two years in jail, and now has become a street prostitute. Cesarino reaffirms her love for her, but when she sees the other friends watching them kiss, she runs away and joins her regular customers, the truckers. In wanting to redeem her, Cesarino runs after the truck and jumps on it. A fistfight with two truckers ensues, and Cesarino ends up beaten up and bleeding. Lara, saddened by this, still stays with the truckers, and Cesarino is taken care of by his friends. He finally leaves the group in a sad mood. Alberto promises he will ring him up, but although Cesarino appreciates the gesture, it feels as though he suspects he never will do so.
Cast
Walter Chiari as Cesarino
Letícia Román as Carla
Francisco Rabal as Alberto
Riccardo Garrone as Sandrino
Dominique Boschero as Tina (la triste)
Mino Guerrini as Nino
Paul Guers as Livio
Gastone Moschin as Toro
Jacqueline Pierreux as Lara (il Larone)
Mimma Di Terlizzi as Maria
Critical reception
According to Giuseppe Previti, the film's narration is "insightful and full of melancholy, enriched by a perfect performance by Walter Chiari, and at ease in representing the losers of the boom era" (Italian: acuta e piena di malinconia, impreziosita anche della interpretazione perfetta di Walter Chiari, a suo agio nel rappresentare gli sconfitti dell'era del boom).
References
^ "IMDB.com: Awards for The Reunion". imdb.com. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ Previti, Giuseppe (2014). Almanacco del giallo e del noir 2013 (in Italian). Youcanprint. p. 119. ISBN 9788891141675. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
External links
The Reunion at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Damiano Damiani
Lipstick (1960)
Blood Feud (1961)
Arturo's Island (1962)
The Reunion (1963)
The Empty Canvas (1963)
La strega in amore (1966)
A Bullet for the General (1967)
The Day of the Owl (1968)
A Complicated Girl (1969)
The Most Beautiful Wife (1970)
Confessions of a Police Captain (1971)
The Case Is Closed, Forget It (1971)
The Assassin of Rome (1972)
The Devil Is a Woman (1974)
How to Kill a Judge (1975)
A Genius, Two Partners and a Dupe (1975)
I Am Afraid (1977)
Goodbye & Amen (1978)
A Man on His Knees (1980)
The Warning (1980)
Amityville II: The Possession (1982)
Pizza Connection (1985)
The Inquiry (1986)
Massacre Play (1989)
The Dark Sun (1990)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Damiano Damiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damiano_Damiani"},{"link_name":"13th Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-1"}],"text":"The Reunion (Italian: La rimpatriata) is a 1963 Italian film directed by Damiano Damiani. It was entered into the 13th Berlin International Film Festival.[1] The film is about a group of old friends in Milan, all men in their late thirties, celebrating a chance reunion at a cinema in the suburbs (managed by one of them), and looking for encounters with women.","title":"The Reunion (1963 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"street prostitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_prostitution"},{"link_name":"truckers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucker"}],"text":"Alberto and Sandrino, two old friends, meet by chance on the streets of Milan after many years. After a moment of embarrassment, memories and the light-heartedness of the past resurface. Sandrino offers to track down the others - Cesarino, Nino and Livio - and spend an evening like in the good old days.Cesarino, who back in the old days was the animator of the group who got them into contact with girls, has not lost much in this sense although he faces economic difficulties. He manages a small cinema in the suburbs for his uncle, where the other friends go after having dinner. The evening passes between telephone calls of a pranky nature, car rides, and meetings of bizarre character.In the early morning, Cesarino decides to track down Lara, who had spent time with the group. As the friends now find out, she had gotten arrested for a diamond robbery which she committed shortly after leaving the group, spent two years in jail, and now has become a street prostitute. Cesarino reaffirms her love for her, but when she sees the other friends watching them kiss, she runs away and joins her regular customers, the truckers. In wanting to redeem her, Cesarino runs after the truck and jumps on it. A fistfight with two truckers ensues, and Cesarino ends up beaten up and bleeding. Lara, saddened by this, still stays with the truckers, and Cesarino is taken care of by his friends. He finally leaves the group in a sad mood. Alberto promises he will ring him up, but although Cesarino appreciates the gesture, it feels as though he suspects he never will do so.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Chiari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Chiari"},{"link_name":"Letícia Román","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia_Rom%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Francisco Rabal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Rabal"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Garrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Garrone_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Dominique Boschero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Boschero"},{"link_name":"Mino Guerrini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mino_Guerrini"},{"link_name":"Paul Guers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Guers"},{"link_name":"Gastone Moschin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastone_Moschin"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Pierreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Pierreux"},{"link_name":"Mimma Di Terlizzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mimma_Di_Terlizzi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Walter Chiari as Cesarino\nLetícia Román as Carla\nFrancisco Rabal as Alberto\nRiccardo Garrone as Sandrino\nDominique Boschero as Tina (la triste)\nMino Guerrini as Nino\nPaul Guers as Livio\nGastone Moschin as Toro\nJacqueline Pierreux as Lara (il Larone)\nMimma Di Terlizzi as Maria","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Chiari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Chiari"},{"link_name":"boom era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"According to Giuseppe Previti, the film's narration is \"insightful and full of melancholy, enriched by a perfect performance by Walter Chiari, and at ease in representing the losers of the boom era\" (Italian: acuta e piena di malinconia, impreziosita anche della interpretazione perfetta di Walter Chiari, a suo agio nel rappresentare gli sconfitti dell'era del boom).[2]","title":"Critical reception"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"IMDB.com: Awards for The Reunion\". imdb.com. Retrieved 14 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0200031/awards","url_text":"\"IMDB.com: Awards for The Reunion\""}]},{"reference":"Previti, Giuseppe (2014). Almanacco del giallo e del noir 2013 (in Italian). Youcanprint. p. 119. ISBN 9788891141675. Retrieved 22 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ7MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA119","url_text":"Almanacco del giallo e del noir 2013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788891141675","url_text":"9788891141675"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0200031/awards","external_links_name":"\"IMDB.com: Awards for The Reunion\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ7MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA119","external_links_name":"Almanacco del giallo e del noir 2013"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0200031/","external_links_name":"The Reunion"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Caizley
|
Scott Caizley
|
["1 Background and education","2 Career","3 References"]
|
British music educator, pianist and academic.
Scott CaizleyBornScott Andrew Caizley (1993-09-15) 15 September 1993 (age 30)Leeds, West YorkshireNationalityBritishAlma materUniversity of Cambridge University College London King's College LondonOccupation(s)Music EducatorPianistResearcher
Scott Caizley FRSA (born September 1993) is a British music educator, pianist and academic.
Background and education
Caizley was born in Leeds, West Yorkshire. He was raised on a council estate and attended a state-school. In an interview, Scott said he has dedicated his life to ensuring young people from similar backgrounds to himself "face less obstacles when accessing quality music education". Scott completed his undergraduate degree at UCL where he graduated with a first-class honours degree whilst supervised by Professor Claire Maxwell. After UCL, Scott pursued his master's degree at the University of Cambridge where he was supervised by Professor Pamela Burnard before researching for his PhD at King's College London with Dr Ruth Adams. He is also the cousin of English footballer Kevin Caizley.
Career
Scott currently lives in London and is founder and director of Bravo Maestros. He is noted for his research on the inequalities within the classical music industry. He has publicly commented on the lack of state-school students in UK music conservatoires and links his arguments to the wider class issues in the classical music sector. In 2020, Scott's research on the lack of racial diversity in UK music conservatoires and the ABRSM was featured in the media. He remains the first person in the UK media to publicly advocate and research on the widening participation agendas of UK music conservatoires for state-schooled students.
In 2022 he launched the 100 Maestros initiative which "recognises 100 classical musicians from diverse backgrounds each year". He was named the 'Leeds Piano Man' by the Yorkshire Evening Post in 2018 and has had his work on music education referenced in research across Europe, Australia and North America. In 2019, Scott appeared on the BBC Two topical comedy show The Ranganation. He currently serves as a Trustee for the UK charity Open Up Music and also as a Governor at The Courtyard School in Islington. In the 2022 London local elections he was a candidate for the Liberal Democrats for the Bayswater area in the 2022 Westminster City Council election.
References
^ "The 23-year-old fighting to open up classical music to poorer children". inews.co.uk. 2018-03-15. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
^ "A young working-class pianist fights the British system". Slipped Disc. 2018-03-15. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
^ "_The Big 'C' Word - Class and Classical Music : precarioustexts.com". precarioustexts.com. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
^ "Meet the pianist from a Leeds estate helping young classical musicians from working class backgrounds". www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
^ "Homerton College Annual Review 2019 by Homerton College - Issuu". issuu.com. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
^ "Scott Caizley - Biography - Research Portal, King's College, London". kclpure.kcl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
^ "Diversity in Classical Music". Bravo Maestros!. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
^ "Meet the pianist from a Leeds estate helping young classical musicians from working class backgrounds". www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
^ "The 23-year-old fighting to open up classical music to poorer children". inews.co.uk. 2018-03-15. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
^ "Pianist fights to take the class divide out of classical music". www.yorkshirepost.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
^ Kapital, Urban (2020-07-17). "UK royal schools of music exam board must address the colonial legacy". Urban Kapital News. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
^ "The Conservatoire Crisis: suggestions from Oxbridge". HEPI. 2019-05-22. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
^ "UK royal schools of music exam board urged to address colonial legacy". The Guardian. 2020-07-15. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
^ "ABRSM must include more black and BAME composers in exam syllabus, music leaders urge". Classic FM. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
^ Holder, Nate (2020-07-16). "On the ABRSM and the legacy of Colonialism". Nate Holder Music. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
^ Middlesex University (8 February 2022). "UK Classical Music Conference" (PDF). Classical Music Business. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
^ "The Conservatoire Crisis: suggestions from Oxbridge". Music Industries Association. 2019-06-11. Retrieved 2022-02-08.
^ Kapital, Urban (2020-07-17). "UK royal schools of music exam board must address the colonial legacy". Urban Kapital News. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
^ "Bravo Maestros launches nominations for 100 Maestros initiative". Classical Music. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
^ Rivas, Javier; Sparey, Rhys; Davies, Jonathan; Gleason-Mercier, Caroline; Hughes, Sarah; Knights, Susannah; Cavett, Esther (2021-11-01). "Voices from Southwark: Reflections on a collaborative music teaching project in London in the age of COVID-19". International Journal of Community Music. 14 (2–3): 169–189. doi:10.1386/ijcm_00043_1. S2CID 246416371.
^ Rivas, Javier (2021-01-02). "A view from below: some thoughts on musicology and EDI work as acts of care". Ethnomusicology Forum. 30 (1): 63–81. doi:10.1080/17411912.2021.1938624. ISSN 1741-1912. S2CID 236163220.
^ Adams, Olivia (2021-05-20). She's Still Sounding: Working Towards Inclusion of Gender, Race, and Intersectionality in Piano Curriculum (Thesis thesis). Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa.
^ Comunian, Roberta. "SpringerBriefs in Regional Science The Economics of Talent". ouci.dntb.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-04-24.
^ "BBC Two - The Ranganation". BBC. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
^ "Patrons and Trustees". Open Up Music. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
^ "St Mary Magdalene Academy: the Courtyard - GOV.UK". get-information-schools.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
^ "Governors - The Courtyard - St Mary Magdalene Academy". smmathecourtyard.org. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
^ "Westminster local election: The 9 candidates in Bayswater". Who Can I Vote For? by Democracy Club. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Arts"}],"text":"Scott Caizley FRSA (born September 1993) is a British music educator, pianist and academic.","title":"Scott Caizley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leeds, West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"UCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"Claire Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Maxwell_(sociologist)"},{"link_name":"UCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kevin Caizley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Caizley"}],"text":"Caizley was born in Leeds, West Yorkshire. He was raised on a council estate and attended a state-school.[1][2][3] In an interview, Scott said he has dedicated his life to ensuring young people from similar backgrounds to himself \"face less obstacles when accessing quality music education\".[4] Scott completed his undergraduate degree at UCL where he graduated with a first-class honours degree whilst supervised by Professor Claire Maxwell. After UCL, Scott pursued his master's degree at the University of Cambridge[5] where he was supervised by Professor Pamela Burnard before researching for his PhD at King's College London with Dr Ruth Adams.[6] He is also the cousin of English footballer Kevin Caizley.","title":"Background and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Bravo Maestros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bravo_Maestros&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"ABRSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABRSM"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"widening participation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widening_participation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"The Ranganation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ranganation"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Open Up Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_Up_Music&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"The Courtyard School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Courtyard_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington"},{"link_name":"2022 London local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_London_local_elections"},{"link_name":"candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott_caizley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Bayswater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayswater"},{"link_name":"2022 Westminster City Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Westminster_City_Council_election"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Scott currently lives in London and is founder and director of Bravo Maestros.[7] He is noted for his research on the inequalities within the classical music industry.[8][9][10][11] He has publicly commented on the lack of state-school students in UK music conservatoires[12] and links his arguments to the wider class issues in the classical music sector. In 2020, Scott's research on the lack of racial diversity in UK music conservatoires and the ABRSM was featured in the media.[13][14][15] He remains the first person in the UK media to publicly advocate and research on the widening participation agendas of UK music conservatoires for state-schooled students.[16][17][18]In 2022 he launched the 100 Maestros initiative which \"recognises 100 classical musicians from diverse backgrounds each year\".[19] He was named the 'Leeds Piano Man' by the Yorkshire Evening Post in 2018 and has had his work on music education referenced in research across Europe, Australia and North America.[20][21][22][23] In 2019, Scott appeared on the BBC Two topical comedy show The Ranganation.[24] He currently serves as a Trustee for the UK charity Open Up Music[25] and also as a Governor at The Courtyard School[26][27] in Islington. In the 2022 London local elections he was a candidate for the Liberal Democrats for the Bayswater area in the 2022 Westminster City Council election.[28]","title":"Career"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equating
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Equating
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["1 Purpose","2 Equating in item response theory","3 Classical approaches to equating","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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For the mathematical technique of solving a functional equation, see Equating coefficients.
Test equating traditionally refers to the statistical process of determining comparable scores on different forms of an exam. It can be accomplished using either classical test theory or item response theory.
In item response theory, equating is the process of placing scores from two or more parallel test forms onto a common score scale. The result is that scores from two different test forms can be compared directly, or treated as though they came from the same test form. When the tests are not parallel, the general process is called linking. It is the process of equating the units and origins of two scales on which the abilities of students have been estimated from results on different tests. The process is analogous to equating degrees Fahrenheit with degrees Celsius by converting measurements from one scale to the other. The determination of comparable scores is a by-product of equating that results from equating the scales obtained from test results.
Purpose
Suppose that Dick and Jane both take a test to become licensed in a certain profession. Because the high stakes (you get to practice the profession if you pass the test) may create a temptation to cheat, the organization that oversees the test creates two forms. If we know that Dick scored 60% on form A and Jane scored 70% on form B, do we know for sure which one has a better grasp of the material? What if form A is composed of very difficult items, while form B is relatively easy? Equating analyses are performed to address this very issue, so that scores are as fair as possible.
Equating in item response theory
Figure 1: Test characteristic curves showing the relationship between total score and person location for two different tests in relation to a common scale. In this example a total of 37 on Assessment 1 equates to a total of 34.9 on Assessment 2 as shown by the vertical line
In item response theory, person "locations" (measures of some quality being assessed by a test) are estimated on an interval scale; i.e., locations are estimated in relation to a unit and origin. It is common in educational assessment to employ tests in order to assess different groups of students with the intention of establishing a common scale by equating the origins, and when appropriate also the units, of the scales obtained from response data from the different tests. The process is referred to as equating or test equating.
In item response theory, two different kinds of equating are horizontal and vertical equating. Vertical equating refers to the process of equating tests administered to groups of students with different abilities, such as students in different grades (years of schooling). Horizontal equating refers the equating of tests administered to groups with similar abilities; for example, two tests administered to students in the same grade in two consecutive calendar years. Different tests are used to avoid practice effects.
In terms of item response theory, equating is just a special case of the more general process of scaling, applicable when more than one test is used. In practice, though, scaling is often implemented separately for different tests and then the scales subsequently equated.
A distinction is often made between two methods of equating; common person and common item equating. Common person equating involves the administration of two tests to a common group of persons. The mean and standard deviation of the scale locations of the groups on the two tests are equated using a linear transformation. Common item equating involves the use of a set of common items referred to as the anchor test embedded in two different tests. The mean item location of the common items is equated.
Classical approaches to equating
In classical test theory, mean equating simply adjusts the distribution of scores so that the mean of one form is comparable to the mean of the other form. While mean equating is attractive because of its simplicity, it lacks flexibility, namely accounting for the possibility that the standard deviations of the forms differ.
Linear equating adjusts so that the two forms have a comparable mean and standard deviation. There are several types of linear equating that differ in the assumptions and mathematics used to estimate parameters. The Tucker and Levine Observed Score methods estimate the relationship between observed scores on the two forms, while the Levine True Score method estimates the relationship between true scores on the two forms.
Equipercentile equating determines the equating relationship as one where a score could have an equivalent percentile on either form. This relationship can be nonlinear.
Unlike with item response theory, equating based on classical test theory is somewhat distinct from scaling. Equating is a raw-to-raw transformation in that it estimates a raw score on Form B that is equivalent to each raw score on the base Form A. Any scaling transformation used is then applied on top of, or with, the equating.
See also
Grading on a curve
References
^ a b c Kolen, M.J., & Brennan, R.L. (1995). Test Equating. New York: Spring.
^ National Council on Measurement in Education http://www.ncme.org/ncme/NCME/Resource_Center/Glossary/NCME/Resource_Center/Glossary1.aspx?hkey=4bb87415-44dc-4088-9ed9-e8515326a061#anchorE Archived 2017-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
^ Baker, F. (1983). Comparison of ability metrics obtained under two latent trait theory procedures. Applied Psychological Measurement, 7, 97-110.
^ Baker, F. (1984). Ability metric transformations involved in vertical equating under item response theory. Applied Psychological Measurement, 8(3), 261-271.
External links
Equating and the SAT
Equating and AP Tests
IRTEQ:Windows Application that Implements IRT Scaling and Equating
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Equating coefficients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equating_coefficients"},{"link_name":"exam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KolenBrennan-1"},{"link_name":"classical test theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_test_theory"},{"link_name":"item response theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Item_response_theory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the mathematical technique of solving a functional equation, see Equating coefficients.Test equating traditionally refers to the statistical process of determining comparable scores on different forms of an exam.[1] It can be accomplished using either classical test theory or item response theory.In item response theory, equating[2] is the process of placing scores from two or more parallel test forms onto a common score scale. The result is that scores from two different test forms can be compared directly, or treated as though they came from the same test form. When the tests are not parallel, the general process is called linking. It is the process of equating the units and origins of two scales on which the abilities of students have been estimated from results on different tests. The process is analogous to equating degrees Fahrenheit with degrees Celsius by converting measurements from one scale to the other. The determination of comparable scores is a by-product of equating that results from equating the scales obtained from test results.","title":"Equating"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-stakes_testing"}],"text":"Suppose that Dick and Jane both take a test to become licensed in a certain profession. Because the high stakes (you get to practice the profession if you pass the test) may create a temptation to cheat, the organization that oversees the test creates two forms. If we know that Dick scored 60% on form A and Jane scored 70% on form B, do we know for sure which one has a better grasp of the material? What if form A is composed of very difficult items, while form B is relatively easy? Equating analyses are performed to address this very issue, so that scores are as fair as possible.","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eq_tests.PNG"},{"link_name":"item response theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Item_response_theory"},{"link_name":"interval scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_scale"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"anchor test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_test"}],"text":"Figure 1: Test characteristic curves showing the relationship between total score and person location for two different tests in relation to a common scale. In this example a total of 37 on Assessment 1 equates to a total of 34.9 on Assessment 2 as shown by the vertical lineIn item response theory, person \"locations\" (measures of some quality being assessed by a test) are estimated on an interval scale; i.e., locations are estimated in relation to a unit and origin. It is common in educational assessment to employ tests in order to assess different groups of students with the intention of establishing a common scale by equating the origins, and when appropriate also the units, of the scales obtained from response data from the different tests. The process is referred to as equating or test equating.In item response theory, two different kinds of equating are horizontal and vertical equating.[3] Vertical equating refers to the process of equating tests administered to groups of students with different abilities, such as students in different grades (years of schooling).[4] Horizontal equating refers the equating of tests administered to groups with similar abilities; for example, two tests administered to students in the same grade in two consecutive calendar years. Different tests are used to avoid practice effects.In terms of item response theory, equating is just a special case of the more general process of scaling, applicable when more than one test is used. In practice, though, scaling is often implemented separately for different tests and then the scales subsequently equated.A distinction is often made between two methods of equating; common person and common item equating. Common person equating involves the administration of two tests to a common group of persons. The mean and standard deviation of the scale locations of the groups on the two tests are equated using a linear transformation. Common item equating involves the use of a set of common items referred to as the anchor test embedded in two different tests. The mean item location of the common items is equated.","title":"Equating in item response theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_distribution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KolenBrennan-1"},{"link_name":"mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean"},{"link_name":"standard deviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KolenBrennan-1"},{"link_name":"percentile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentile"}],"text":"In classical test theory, mean equating simply adjusts the distribution of scores so that the mean of one form is comparable to the mean of the other form. While mean equating is attractive because of its simplicity, it lacks flexibility, namely accounting for the possibility that the standard deviations of the forms differ.[1]Linear equating adjusts so that the two forms have a comparable mean and standard deviation. There are several types of linear equating that differ in the assumptions and mathematics used to estimate parameters. The Tucker and Levine Observed Score methods estimate the relationship between observed scores on the two forms, while the Levine True Score method estimates the relationship between true scores on the two forms.[1]Equipercentile equating determines the equating relationship as one where a score could have an equivalent percentile on either form. This relationship can be nonlinear.Unlike with item response theory, equating based on classical test theory is somewhat distinct from scaling. Equating is a raw-to-raw transformation in that it estimates a raw score on Form B that is equivalent to each raw score on the base Form A. Any scaling transformation used is then applied on top of, or with, the equating.","title":"Classical approaches to equating"}]
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[{"image_text":"Figure 1: Test characteristic curves showing the relationship between total score and person location for two different tests in relation to a common scale. In this example a total of 37 on Assessment 1 equates to a total of 34.9 on Assessment 2 as shown by the vertical line","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eq_tests.PNG/400px-Eq_tests.PNG"}]
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[{"title":"Grading on a curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_on_a_curve"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.ncme.org/ncme/NCME/Resource_Center/Glossary/NCME/Resource_Center/Glossary1.aspx?hkey=4bb87415-44dc-4088-9ed9-e8515326a061#anchorE","external_links_name":"http://www.ncme.org/ncme/NCME/Resource_Center/Glossary/NCME/Resource_Center/Glossary1.aspx?hkey=4bb87415-44dc-4088-9ed9-e8515326a061#anchorE"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170722194028/http://www.ncme.org/ncme/NCME/Resource_Center/Glossary/NCME/Resource_Center/Glossary1.aspx?hkey=4bb87415-44dc-4088-9ed9-e8515326a061#anchorE","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/sat/scores/understanding/equating.html","external_links_name":"Equating and the SAT"},{"Link":"http://collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/exgrd_set.html","external_links_name":"Equating and AP Tests"},{"Link":"http://www.umass.edu/remp/software/irteq/","external_links_name":"IRTEQ:Windows Application that Implements IRT Scaling and Equating"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Damnation_of_Harvey_McHugh
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The Damnation of Harvey McHugh
|
["1 Overview","2 Cast","2.1 Main cast","2.2 Supporting cast","3 Synopsis","4 Critics response","5 References"]
|
Television series
The Damnation of Harvey McHughCreated byJohn MistoStarringAaron BlabeyMonica MaughanPhilip QuastComposerChris NealCountry of originAustraliaOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes12ProductionExecutive producerPenny ChapmanProducerSue MastersProduction locationsMelbourne, AustraliaOriginal releaseNetworkABCRelease2 June (1994-06-02) –18 August 1994 (1994-08-18)
The Damnation of Harvey McHugh was an Australian television miniseries made by the ABC. The series consists of 12 episodes and was first broadcast on the ABC in 1994 from 2 June to 18 August of that year.
Overview
The series was created by John Misto and co-written by Misto, Graeme Koetsveld and Ray Kolle.
It was produced by Penny Chapman and the episodes were variously directed by Michael Carson, Robert Klenner, Geoffrey Nottage and Amanda Smith.
Cast
Main cast
Aaron Blabey as Harvey
Monica Maughan as Harvey’s mother, Mrs McHugh
Philip Quast as ’The Minister’, Michael Muldoon.
Supporting cast
Ronald Faulk as Dr. Voysner
Richard Piper as Gordon Robertson
Roger Oakley as Bernard
Daniel Rigney as Frank
Jane Borghesi as Gina
Bruce Myles as Father Healy
Emma Strand as Diane
Michael Burkett as Morris
Robin Ramsay
Simon Chilvers as Douglass
Frank Gallacher as Sergeant Dale
Synopsis
This sharp black comedy, with strong elements of political satire, follows the misadventures of a naive young clerk, Harvey McHugh, as he tries to secure a permanent position in the Australian Public Service. As his quest progresses, Harvey gains many startling insights into how the Australian government and bureaucracy operates behind the scenes, especially through his dealings with the powerful and manipulative politician, Michael Muldoon—invariably referred to simply as "The Minister"—who heads the department where Harvey is employed.
The production of the series received considerable coverage in the press at the time it was being made. After production had begun, the ABC took the unusual (and costly) step of scrapping several completed episodes, because it was felt that the mood was too 'dark'.
Critics response
The series was well received by critics. Quast was widely praised for his portrayal of the Minister, Blabey won the 1995 AFI Best Actor Award for his portrayal of Harvey and Monica Maughan won a Silver Logie and an AFI Best Actress Award for her performance.
References
^ ABC Content Sales
^ The Damnation of Harvey McHugh - fan website
^ ABC-TV, MDA
vteAACTA Award for Best Television Drama Series
Embassy (1991)
Phoenix (1992)
Home and Away/Phoenix (1993)
The Damnation of Harvey McHugh/Heartland (1994)
Home and Away/Frontline (1995)
Home and Away/Frontline (1996)
Neighbours/Frontline (1997)
Home and Away/Wildside (1998)
All Saints/Wildside (1999)
All Saints/Grass Roots (2000)
Something in the Air/SeaChange (2001)
Kath & Kim (2002)
MDA (2003)
Stingers (2004)
Love My Way (2005)
Love My Way (2006)
Love My Way (2007)
Underbelly (2008)
East West 101 (2009)
Rush (2010)
East West 101 (2011)
Puberty Blues (2012)
Redfern Now (2013)
The Code (2014)
Glitch (2015)
Wentworth (2016)
Top of the Lake: China Girl (2017)
Mystery Road (2018)
Total Control (2019)
Mystery Road (2020)
The Newsreader (2021)
Mystery Road: Origin (2022)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"}],"text":"The Damnation of Harvey McHugh was an Australian television miniseries made by the ABC. The series consists of 12 episodes and was first broadcast on the ABC in 1994 from 2 June to 18 August of that year.","title":"The Damnation of Harvey McHugh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Misto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Misto"},{"link_name":"Graeme Koetsveld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graeme_Koetsveld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ray Kolle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kolle"},{"link_name":"Penny Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Chapman"},{"link_name":"Michael Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Carson_(TV_director)"},{"link_name":"Robert Klenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Klenner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Nottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Nottage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amanda Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amanda_Smith_(TV_director)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The series was created by John Misto and co-written by Misto, Graeme Koetsveld and Ray Kolle.It was produced by Penny Chapman and the episodes were variously directed by Michael Carson, Robert Klenner, Geoffrey Nottage and Amanda Smith.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"[1][2]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aaron Blabey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Blabey"},{"link_name":"Monica Maughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Maughan"},{"link_name":"Philip Quast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Quast"}],"sub_title":"Main cast","text":"Aaron Blabey as Harvey\nMonica Maughan as Harvey’s mother, Mrs McHugh\nPhilip Quast as ’The Minister’, Michael Muldoon.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronald Faulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Faulk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richard Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Piper"},{"link_name":"Roger Oakley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Oakley"},{"link_name":"Daniel Rigney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Rigney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bruce Myles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Myles"},{"link_name":"Robin Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Ramsay_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Simon Chilvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Chilvers"},{"link_name":"Frank Gallacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gallacher"}],"sub_title":"Supporting cast","text":"Ronald Faulk as Dr. Voysner\nRichard Piper as Gordon Robertson\nRoger Oakley as Bernard\nDaniel Rigney as Frank\nJane Borghesi as Gina\nBruce Myles as Father Healy\nEmma Strand as Diane\nMichael Burkett as Morris\nRobin Ramsay\nSimon Chilvers as Douglass\nFrank Gallacher as Sergeant Dale","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_comedy"},{"link_name":"political satire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_satire"},{"link_name":"Australian Public Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Public_Service"}],"text":"This sharp black comedy, with strong elements of political satire, follows the misadventures of a naive young clerk, Harvey McHugh, as he tries to secure a permanent position in the Australian Public Service. As his quest progresses, Harvey gains many startling insights into how the Australian government and bureaucracy operates behind the scenes, especially through his dealings with the powerful and manipulative politician, Michael Muldoon—invariably referred to simply as \"The Minister\"—who heads the department where Harvey is employed.The production of the series received considerable coverage in the press at the time it was being made. After production had begun, the ABC took the unusual (and costly) step of scrapping several completed episodes, because it was felt that the mood was too 'dark'.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AFI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Monica Maughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Maughan"},{"link_name":"Silver Logie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logie_Awards"},{"link_name":"AFI Best Actress Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AFI_Best_Actress_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The series was well received by critics. Quast was widely praised for his portrayal of the Minister, Blabey won the 1995 AFI Best Actor Award for his portrayal of Harvey[3] and Monica Maughan won a Silver Logie and an AFI Best Actress Award for her performance.","title":"Critics response"}]
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/abccontentsales/s1168910.htm","external_links_name":"ABC Content Sales"},{"Link":"http://members.tripod.com/capitan/Minister.htm","external_links_name":"The Damnation of Harvey McHugh - fan website"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/mda/behind/aaron2.htm","external_links_name":"ABC-TV, MDA"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_6118
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NGC 6118
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["1 Supernova 2004dk","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 16h 21m 48.6s, −02° 17′ 00″Galaxy in the constellation Serpens
NGC 6118Almost-true colour image-composite from images made with the Very Large Telescope using its VIMOS imager.Observation data (J2000 epoch)ConstellationSerpensRight ascension16h 21m 48.6sDeclination−02° 17′ 00″Redshift0.005247 (1573 ± 1 km/s)Distance82.9 Mly (25.4 Mpc)Apparent magnitude (V)12.42CharacteristicsTypeSA(s)cdSize110,000 ly (diameter)Apparent size (V)4.7 x 2.0 arcminOther designationsPGC 057924
NGC 6118 is a grand design spiral galaxy located 83 million light-years away in the constellation Serpens (the Snake). It measures roughly 110,000 light-years across; about the same as our own galaxy, the Milky Way. Its shape is classified as "SA(s)cd," meaning that it is unbarred and has several rather loosely wound spiral arms. The large numbers of bright bluish knots are active star-forming regions where some very luminous and young stars can be perceived.
Because NGC 6118 has loosely wound spiral open arms, no clear defined spiral arms like the Milky Way galaxy and lacks a central bar, the galaxy thus does not have a galactic habitable zone like the Milky Way. For the Milky Way, the galactic habitable zone is commonly believed to be an annulus with an outer radius of about 10 kiloparsecs and an inner radius close to the Galactic Center, both of which lack hard boundaries.
NGC 6118 is difficult to see with a small telescope. Amateur astronomers have nicknamed it the "Blinking Galaxy", as it has a tendency to flick in and out of view with different eye positions.
Supernova 2004dk
SN 2004dk was first reported by James Graham and Weidong Li on 1 August 2004. They found the new supernova by studying images produced by the Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS) program with the 76 cm Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope (KAIT) in San Jose, CA.
SN 2004dk was initially classified by European Southern Observatory astronomer Fernando Patat et al. on 4 Aug 2004 as a Type Ic supernova. Type Ib and Ic supernovae are the end result of massive stars (> 8 solar masses) that have run out of nuclear fuel. Normally one would expect to see evidence of hydrogen and helium, but when these supernova occur in a binary system the companion has sometimes gravitationally stripped the outer layers of the progenitor star away, leaving only the heavier elements. Type Ib supernovae have no hydrogen, while Type Ics have neither hydrogen or helium.
Over the following weeks Alexei Filippenko et al. and the University of California at Berkeley discovered prominent He I absorption lines, thus changing the classification of the supernova to Type Ib.
References
^ a b c d e f "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 6118. Retrieved 6 Dec 2008.
^
Conselice, C.J. (Nov 1997). "The Symmetry, Color, and Morphology of Galaxies". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 109: 1251–1255. arXiv:astro-ph/9710234. Bibcode:1997PASP..109.1251C. doi:10.1086/134004. S2CID 119348520.
^ a b
"Explosions in Majestic Spiral Beauties: Very Large Telescope Takes Snapshots of Two Grand-Design Spiral Galaxies". European Southern Observatory. 1 Dec 2004. Archived from the original on 2008-10-02. Retrieved 6 Dec 2008.
^ Universe Today, Supernova in a Distant Galaxy NGC 6118, 24 Mar, 2012, by Fraser Cain
^ "Astro Photo Lab, The Blinking Galaxy". Archived from the original on 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2016-07-20.
^ a b Gowanlock, M. G.; Patton, D. R.; McConnell, S. M. (2011). "A Model of Habitability Within the Milky Way Galaxy". Astrobiology. 11 (9): 855–873. arXiv:1107.1286. Bibcode:2011AsBio..11..855G. doi:10.1089/ast.2010.0555. PMID 22059554. S2CID 851972.
^ Choi, Charles Q. (21 August 2015). "Giant Galaxies May Be Better Cradles for Habitable Planets". Space.com. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
^
"Supernova 2004dk in NGC 6118". IAU Circular. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. 2 Aug 2004. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
^
"Supernova 2004dk in NGC 6118". IAU Circular. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. 4 Aug 2004. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
^
"Supernovae 2004dk, 2004dw, 2004dy, AND 2004eg". IAU Circular. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. 11 Sep 2004. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
External links
Media related to NGC 6118 at Wikimedia Commons
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vteNew General Catalogue 6000 to 6499
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6391
6392
6393
6394
6395
6396
6397
6398
6399
6400
6401
6402
6403
6404
6405
6406
6407
6408
6409
6410
6411
6412
6413
6414
6415
6416
6417
6418
6419
6420
6421
6422
6423
6424
6425
6426
6427
6428
6429
6430
6431
6432
6433
6434
6435
6436
6437
6438
6439
6440
6441
6442
6443
6444
6445
6446
6447
6448
6449
6450
6451
6452
6453
6454
6455
6456
6457
6458
6459
6460
6461
6462
6463
6464
6465
6466
6467
6468
6469
6470
6471
6472
6473
6474
6475
6476
6477
6478
6479
6480
6481
6482
6483
6484
6485
6486
6487
6488
6489
6490
6491
6492
6493
6494
6495
6496
6497
6498
6499
Astronomical catalog
List of NGC objects
vteConstellation of Serpens
List of stars in Serpens
Serpens in Chinese astronomy
StarsBayer
α (Unukalhai)
β (Chow)
γ (Ainalhai)
δ
ε
ζ
η
θ (Alya)
ι
κ (Gudja)
λ
μ
ν
ξ
ο
π
ρ
σ
τ1
τ2
τ3
τ4
τ5
τ6
τ7
τ8
υ
φ
χ
ψ
ω
Flamsteed
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
11 (A1)
14
16
25 (A2)
29
36 (b)
39
40
43
45
46
47
59 (d)
60 (c)
61
64
3 Her
47 Oph
Variable
R
W
X
RT
UZ
VV
VY
WX
AA
AN
AO
AP
AR
AU
BQ
CT
CV
CW
EG
FH
FI
FK
FL
FQ
FR
LV
LW
LX
MR
MS
MT
MV
MY
NN
NO
NQ
NW
OO
OU
PS
QV
QX
QY
V382
V411
HR
5665
5690
5692
5706
5711
5740
5745
5783
5796
5831
5850
5859
5861
5874
5909
5913
5931
5992
6005
6011
6014
6016
6449
6496
6544
6562
6568
6600
6620
6666
6681
6755
6756
6757
6785
6830
6840
6843
6858
6890
6898
6928
6993 (e)
6999
7008
7048
7076
7144
HD
135061
135615
136027
136118
138085
142245
143436
145936
146740
157969
168112
168443
168746 (Alasia)
175541 (Kaveh)
Other
ADS 9544
AS 296
9
11
22
23
27
Gliese 701
Gliese 710
GJ 1224
GX 17+2
IRAS 18418-0440
MWC 297
MWC 922
PG 1510+234
PG 1605+072
PSR B1534+11
PSR J1719−1438
Ross 508
Serpens FIRS 1
Serpens SVS 20
Serpens X-1
W40 IRS 1A South
Exoplanets
CoRoT-9b
CoRoT-11b
CoRoT-22b
CoRoT-23b
CoRoT-27b
HD 168746 b (Onasilos)
HD 175541 b (Kavian)
ω Serpentis b
StarclustersNGC
NGC 6535
NGC 6539
NGC 6604
NGC 6605
Other
IC 4756
Messier 5
Messier 16
Serpens OB2
Serpens South
Palomar 5
NebulaeOther
Abell 41
Eagle Nebula
L134
L183
L483
Serpens cloud
Sh2-54
Westerhout 40
Red Square Nebula
S68
GalaxiesNGC
5887
5910
5911
5913
5919
5920
5921
5926
5928
5931
5936
5937
5940
5942
5941
5944
5951
5953
5954
5952
5956
5955
5957
5960
5962
5964
5970
5972
5975
5977
5980
5983
5984
5988
5991
5990
5994
5996
5997
6003
6004
6008
6006
6007
6009
6012
6010
6014
6020
6017
6018
6021
6022
6023
6027
6027a
6027b
6027c
6027d
6027e
6029
6033
6037
6036
6051
6063
6065
6066
6070
6080
6100
6118
6172
Other
317
318
321
323.1
324
326
Arp 72
Arp 220
4C 11.50
CGCG 049-033
Hoag's Object
IC 4537
IC 4588
IRAS 15107+0724
NRAO 530
PDS 456
PG 1553+113
PGC 54493
PKS 1546+027
Galaxy clusters
Abell 2040
Abell 2052
Abell 2063
Abell 2107
AWM 4
MKW 3s
Seyfert's Sextet
Astronomical events
GRB 970111
GRB 050813
GRB 060418
GRB 060526
SN 2004dk
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"16h 21m 48.6s, −02° 17′ 00″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wikisky.org/?ra=16.3635&de=-2.2833333333333&zoom=9&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all"},{"link_name":"grand design spiral galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_design_spiral_galaxy"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-years"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Serpens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpens"},{"link_name":"galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"SA(s)cd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_morphological_classification"},{"link_name":"star-forming regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_II_region"},{"link_name":"young stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_II_stars"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eso6118-3"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"galactic habitable zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gowanlock-2011-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SP-20150821-7"},{"link_name":"annulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulus_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"kiloparsecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiloparsec"},{"link_name":"Galactic Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Center"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gowanlock-2011-6"},{"link_name":"telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eso6118-3"}],"text":"Coordinates: 16h 21m 48.6s, −02° 17′ 00″Galaxy in the constellation SerpensNGC 6118 is a grand design spiral galaxy located 83 million light-years away in the constellation Serpens (the Snake). It measures roughly 110,000 light-years across; about the same as our own galaxy, the Milky Way. Its shape is classified as \"SA(s)cd,\" meaning that it is unbarred and has several rather loosely wound spiral arms. The large numbers of bright bluish knots are active star-forming regions where some very luminous and young stars can be perceived.[3]Because NGC 6118 has loosely wound spiral open arms, no clear defined spiral arms like the Milky Way galaxy and lacks a central bar, the galaxy thus does not have a galactic habitable zone like the Milky Way.[4][5][6][7] For the Milky Way, the galactic habitable zone is commonly believed to be an annulus with an outer radius of about 10 kiloparsecs and an inner radius close to the Galactic Center, both of which lack hard boundaries.[6]NGC 6118 is difficult to see with a small telescope. Amateur astronomers have nicknamed it the \"Blinking Galaxy\", as it has a tendency to flick in and out of view with different eye positions.[3]","title":"NGC 6118"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supernova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova"},{"link_name":"Lick Observatory Supernova Search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lick_Observatory"},{"link_name":"cm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter#SI_prefixed_forms_of_metre"},{"link_name":"Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katzman_Automatic_Imaging_Telescope"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iauc8377-8"},{"link_name":"European Southern Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iauc8379-9"},{"link_name":"Type Ib and Ic supernovae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_Ib_and_Ic_supernovae"},{"link_name":"nuclear fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_sequence"},{"link_name":"binary system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_star"},{"link_name":"gravitationally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation"},{"link_name":"heavier elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallicity"},{"link_name":"Alexei Filippenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Filippenko"},{"link_name":"University of California at Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"He I absorption lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_lines"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iauc8404-10"}],"text":"SN 2004dk was first reported by James Graham and Weidong Li on 1 August 2004. They found the new supernova by studying images produced by the Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS) program with the 76 cm Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope (KAIT) in San Jose, CA.[8]SN 2004dk was initially classified by European Southern Observatory astronomer Fernando Patat et al. on 4 Aug 2004 as a Type Ic supernova.[9] Type Ib and Ic supernovae are the end result of massive stars (> 8 solar masses) that have run out of nuclear fuel. Normally one would expect to see evidence of hydrogen and helium, but when these supernova occur in a binary system the companion has sometimes gravitationally stripped the outer layers of the progenitor star away, leaving only the heavier elements. Type Ib supernovae have no hydrogen, while Type Ics have neither hydrogen or helium.Over the following weeks Alexei Filippenko et al. and the University of California at Berkeley discovered prominent He I absorption lines, thus changing the classification of the supernova to Type Ib.[10]","title":"Supernova 2004dk"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database\". Results for NGC 6118. Retrieved 6 Dec 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/","url_text":"\"NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database\""}]},{"reference":"Conselice, C.J. (Nov 1997). \"The Symmetry, Color, and Morphology of Galaxies\". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 109: 1251–1255. arXiv:astro-ph/9710234. Bibcode:1997PASP..109.1251C. doi:10.1086/134004. S2CID 119348520.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9710234","url_text":"astro-ph/9710234"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PASP..109.1251C","url_text":"1997PASP..109.1251C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F134004","url_text":"10.1086/134004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119348520","url_text":"119348520"}]},{"reference":"\"Explosions in Majestic Spiral Beauties: Very Large Telescope Takes Snapshots of Two Grand-Design Spiral Galaxies\". European Southern Observatory. 1 Dec 2004. Archived from the original on 2008-10-02. Retrieved 6 Dec 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081002194756/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/press-rel/pr-2004/phot-33-04.html","url_text":"\"Explosions in Majestic Spiral Beauties: Very Large Telescope Takes Snapshots of Two Grand-Design Spiral Galaxies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory","url_text":"European Southern Observatory"},{"url":"http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/press-rel/pr-2004/phot-33-04.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Astro Photo Lab, The Blinking Galaxy\". Archived from the original on 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2016-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160815020820/http://www.astrophotolab.com/pr/g1022weo.htm","url_text":"\"Astro Photo Lab, The Blinking Galaxy\""},{"url":"http://www.astrophotolab.com/pr/g1022weo.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gowanlock, M. G.; Patton, D. R.; McConnell, S. M. (2011). \"A Model of Habitability Within the Milky Way Galaxy\". Astrobiology. 11 (9): 855–873. arXiv:1107.1286. Bibcode:2011AsBio..11..855G. doi:10.1089/ast.2010.0555. PMID 22059554. S2CID 851972.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1107.1286","url_text":"1107.1286"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AsBio..11..855G","url_text":"2011AsBio..11..855G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2010.0555","url_text":"10.1089/ast.2010.0555"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22059554","url_text":"22059554"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:851972","url_text":"851972"}]},{"reference":"Choi, Charles Q. (21 August 2015). \"Giant Galaxies May Be Better Cradles for Habitable Planets\". Space.com. Retrieved 24 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.space.com/30335-giant-galaxies-habitable-planets.html","url_text":"\"Giant Galaxies May Be Better Cradles for Habitable Planets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space.com","url_text":"Space.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Supernova 2004dk in NGC 6118\". IAU Circular. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. 2 Aug 2004. Retrieved 2011-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08300/08377.html#Item2","url_text":"\"Supernova 2004dk in NGC 6118\""}]},{"reference":"\"Supernova 2004dk in NGC 6118\". IAU Circular. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. 4 Aug 2004. Retrieved 2011-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08300/08379.html#Item3","url_text":"\"Supernova 2004dk in NGC 6118\""}]},{"reference":"\"Supernovae 2004dk, 2004dw, 2004dy, AND 2004eg\". IAU Circular. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. 11 Sep 2004. Retrieved 2011-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08400/08404.html#Item1","url_text":"\"Supernovae 2004dk, 2004dw, 2004dy, AND 2004eg\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.wikisky.org/?ra=16.3635&de=-2.2833333333333&zoom=9&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all","external_links_name":"16h 21m 48.6s, −02° 17′ 00″"},{"Link":"http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/","external_links_name":"\"NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9710234","external_links_name":"astro-ph/9710234"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PASP..109.1251C","external_links_name":"1997PASP..109.1251C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F134004","external_links_name":"10.1086/134004"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119348520","external_links_name":"119348520"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081002194756/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/press-rel/pr-2004/phot-33-04.html","external_links_name":"\"Explosions in Majestic Spiral Beauties: Very Large Telescope Takes Snapshots of Two Grand-Design Spiral Galaxies\""},{"Link":"http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/press-rel/pr-2004/phot-33-04.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.universetoday.com/10074/supernova-in-a-distant-galaxy-ngc-6118/","external_links_name":"Universe Today, Supernova in a Distant Galaxy NGC 6118, 24 Mar, 2012, by Fraser Cain"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160815020820/http://www.astrophotolab.com/pr/g1022weo.htm","external_links_name":"\"Astro Photo Lab, The Blinking Galaxy\""},{"Link":"http://www.astrophotolab.com/pr/g1022weo.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1107.1286","external_links_name":"1107.1286"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AsBio..11..855G","external_links_name":"2011AsBio..11..855G"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2010.0555","external_links_name":"10.1089/ast.2010.0555"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22059554","external_links_name":"22059554"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:851972","external_links_name":"851972"},{"Link":"http://www.space.com/30335-giant-galaxies-habitable-planets.html","external_links_name":"\"Giant Galaxies May Be Better Cradles for Habitable Planets\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08300/08377.html#Item2","external_links_name":"\"Supernova 2004dk in NGC 6118\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08300/08379.html#Item3","external_links_name":"\"Supernova 2004dk in NGC 6118\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08400/08404.html#Item1","external_links_name":"\"Supernovae 2004dk, 2004dw, 2004dy, AND 2004eg\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidodactylus_listeri
|
Lepidodactylus listeri
|
["1 Geographic range","2 Etymology","3 Description","4 Evolutionary relationships","5 Decline","6 Conservation efforts","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading"]
|
Species of lizard
Lister's gecko
L. listeri, figure 1 (centre).
Conservation status
Extinct in the Wild (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Reptilia
Order:
Squamata
Family:
Gekkonidae
Genus:
Lepidodactylus
Species:
L. listeri
Binomial name
Lepidodactylus listeri(Boulenger,1889)
Synonyms
Gecko listeri Boulenger, 1889
Lepidodactylus listeri — Kluge, 1968
Lepidodactylus listeri, also known commonly as Lister's gecko or the Christmas Island chained gecko, is a species of gecko, a lizard in the family Gekkonidae, endemic to Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. It is currently extinct in the wild.
Geographic range
L. listeri is endemic to Christmas Island.
Etymology
Both the specific name, listeri, and one of the common names, Lister's gecko, are in honour of British naturalist Joseph Jackson Lister.
Description
Lister's gecko is a brown lizard growing to a snout-vent length (SVL) of 5 cm (2.0 in). It has a broad, pale fawn/grey vertebral stripe which expands to cover the top of the head and matches the colour and pattern of the tail. It has a whitish belly. The body is covered with small, smooth scales.
L. listeri was most abundant in primary rainforest on the plateau, but also occurs in disturbed secondary forest growth. It was absent from mined areas on the island.
Evolutionary relationships
The closest relatives of L. listeri are species of Lepidodactylus belonging to the lugubris group, native to the Mollucas and the Philippines, with the estimated divergence between L. listeri and the lugubris group taking place around 26 million years ago. Unlike L. lugubris, which can be triploid and reproduce through parthenogenesis, L. listeri is a diploid, sexually reproducing species.
Decline
L. listeri was considered to be generally common in 1979, and was widespread across the island, but population declines were noted by researchers starting in 1998. Further decline was noted in 2004 and in 2008. By 2009, it was recognized that the species was in imminent danger of extinction, and a captive breeding program was established. The last record of L. listeri in its native habitat on Christmas Island was in October 2012.
The decline of L. listeri was concurrent with the widespread decline of most endemic mammal and reptile species on Christmas Island, and it is considered that this decline was the result of a common cause, or a combination thereof. The causes of this decline are not well understood. However it is believed that predation by introduced species, particularly the wolf snake (Lycodon capucinus), may have played a significant role. The wolf snake was introduced around 1982, which is within the timeframe that the population decline began.
Conservation efforts
Prior to the extirpation of this species from Christmas Island, 43 individuals were taken into captivity, starting in August 2009, in order to establish a breeding population. This proved successful with a total population of over 1500 individuals as of July 2022. However, reintroduction is unlikely to occur in the near future, invasive threats are not yet controlled on Christmas Island, and assisted colonization is not yet feasible due to widespread gecko L. lugubris, which has an unknown conservation status.
The genome of the L. listeri was sequenced in 2022 (along with the Christmas Island blue-tailed skink), making it one of the earliest chromosome-level gecko genomes. The genome was genetically diverse, reflective of large historical population sizes. Despite the captive population being founded from just 43 individuals, there was not evidence of inbreeding in the genome.
See also
List of reptiles of Christmas Island
References
^ Cogger, H.; Mitchell, N.M.; Woinarski, J.C.Z. (2017). "Lepidodactylus listeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T11559A83321765. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T11559A83321765.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ Species Lepidodactylus listeri at The Reptile Database
. www.reptile-database.org.
^ Brown, Walter Creighton ; Parker, Fred (1977). "Lizards of the genus Lepidodactylus (Gekkonidae) from the Indo-Australian archipelago and the islands of the Pacific, with descriptions of new species / by Walter C. Brown and Fred Parker". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. Fourth Series. 41 (8): 253–265. NLA 4495205.
^ Beolens, Bo; Grayson, Michael; Watkins, Michael (2011). "Lepidodactylus listeri". The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles (PDF). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-4214-0227-7. OCLC 794700413.xiii + 296 pp.
^ Cogger, Harold G. (2000). Reptiles and amphibians of Australia (6 ed.). Sydney: Reed New Holland. p. 808. ISBN 1-876334-33-9. OCLC 43580360.
^ Cogger HG, Sadlier RA (1999). The terrestrial reptiles of Christmas Island – a reappraisal of their status. Sydney: Australian Museum.
^ Cogger, H.G.; Cameron, E.E.; Sadlier, R.A.; Eggler, P. (1993). "The action plan for Australian reptiles". 155.187.2.69. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
^ Oliver, Paul M.; Blom, Mozes P. K.; Cogger, Harold G.; Fisher, Robert N.; Richmond, Jonathan Q.; Woinarski, John C. Z. (30 June 2018). "Insular biogeographic origins and high phylogenetic distinctiveness for a recently depleted lizard fauna from Christmas Island, Australia". Biology Letters. 14 (6): 20170696. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0696. PMC 6030605. PMID 29899126.
^ a b Smith, Michael J.; Cogger, H.; Tiernan, B.; Maple, D.; Boland, C.; Napier, F.; Detto, T.; Smith, P. "An oceanic island reptile community under threat: the decline of reptiles on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean" (PDF). Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 7 (2): 206–218. S2CID 83084235.
^ a b c d e f Andrew, Paul; Cogger, Hal; Driscoll, Don; Flakus, Samantha; Harlow, Peter; Maple, Dion; Misso, Mike; Pink, Caitlin; Retallick, Kent; Rose, Karrie; Tiernan, Brendan; West, Judy; Woinarski, John C.Z. (2018). "Somewhat saved: A captive breeding programme for two endemic Christmas Island lizard species, now extinct in the wild". Oryx. 52: 171–174. doi:10.1017/S0030605316001071. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30090399. S2CID 89447993.
^ Geyle, Hayley M.; Tingley, Reid; Amey, Andrew P.; Cogger, Hal; Couper, Patrick J.; Cowan, Mark; Craig, Michael D.; Doughty, Paul; Driscoll, Don A.; Ellis, Ryan J.; Emery, Jon-Paul; Fenner, Aaron; Gardner, Michael G.; Garnett, Stephen T.; Gillespie, Graeme R.; Greenlees, Matthew J.; Hoskin, Conrad J.; Keogh, J. Scott; Lloyd, Ray; Melville, Jane; McDonald, Peter J.; Michael, Damian R.; Mitchell, Nicola J.; Sanderson, Chris; Shea, Glenn M.; Sumner, Joanna; Wapstra, Erik; Woinarski, John C. Z.; Chapple, David G. (2021). "Reptiles on the brink: Identifying the Australian terrestrial snake and lizard species most at risk of extinction". Pacific Conservation Biology. 27: 3. doi:10.1071/PC20033. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30143616. S2CID 225209280.
^ a b Dodge, Tristram O.; Farquharson, Katherine A.; Ford, Claire; Cavanagh, Lisa; Schubert, Kristen; Schumer, Molly; Belov, Katherine; Hogg, Carolyn J. (2023). "Genomes of two Extinct‐in‐the‐Wild reptiles from Christmas Island reveal distinct evolutionary histories and conservation insights". Molecular Ecology Resources: 1755–0998.13780. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13780. ISSN 1755-098X. PMID 36872490. S2CID 257363487.
Further reading
Boulenger GA (1889). "On the Reptiles of Christmas Island". Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1888: 534–536. (Gecko listeri, new species, p. 535).
Taxon identifiersLepidodactylus listeri
Wikidata: Q924069
Wikispecies: Lepidodactylus listeri
ADW: Lepidodactylus_listeri
AFD: Lepidodactylus_listeri
CoL: 3TBNQ
EoL: 1056169
GBIF: 5221634
iNaturalist: 34352
IRMNG: 10907839
ITIS: 818805
IUCN: 11559
NCBI: 747221
Observation.org: 100393
Open Tree of Life: 974654
RD: listeri
SPRAT: 1711
uBio: 196544
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commonly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_name"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"gecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Gekkonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekkonidae"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island"},{"link_name":"extinct in the wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild"}],"text":"Lepidodactylus listeri, also known commonly as Lister's gecko or the Christmas Island chained gecko, is a species of gecko, a lizard in the family Gekkonidae, endemic to Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. It is currently extinct in the wild.","title":"Lepidodactylus listeri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown1977-3"}],"text":"L. listeri is endemic to Christmas Island.[3]","title":"Geographic range"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"specific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Jackson Lister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jackson_Lister_(naturalist)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Both the specific name, listeri, and one of the common names, Lister's gecko, are in honour of British naturalist Joseph Jackson Lister.[4]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"vertebral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cogger2000-5"},{"link_name":"rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest"},{"link_name":"forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cogger&Sadlier1999-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cogger1993-7"}],"text":"Lister's gecko is a brown lizard growing to a snout-vent length (SVL) of 5 cm (2.0 in). It has a broad, pale fawn/grey vertebral stripe which expands to cover the top of the head and matches the colour and pattern of the tail. It has a whitish belly. The body is covered with small, smooth scales.[5]L. listeri was most abundant in primary rainforest on the plateau, but also occurs in disturbed secondary forest growth. It was absent from mined areas on the island.[6][7]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lepidodactylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidodactylus"},{"link_name":"lugubris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidodactylus_lugubris"},{"link_name":"Mollucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollucas"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oliver2018-8"},{"link_name":"L. lugubris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidodactylus_lugubris"},{"link_name":"triploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploidy"},{"link_name":"parthenogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenogenesis"},{"link_name":"diploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploidy"}],"text":"The closest relatives of L. listeri are species of Lepidodactylus belonging to the lugubris group, native to the Mollucas and the Philippines, with the estimated divergence between L. listeri and the lugubris group taking place around 26 million years ago.[8] Unlike L. lugubris, which can be triploid and reproduce through parthenogenesis, L. listeri is a diploid, sexually reproducing species.","title":"Evolutionary relationships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decline-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-captive-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-captive-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-captive-10"},{"link_name":"Lycodon capucinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycodon_capucinus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decline-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-captive-10"}],"text":"L. listeri was considered to be generally common in 1979, and was widespread across the island, but population declines were noted by researchers starting in 1998. Further decline was noted in 2004 and in 2008. By 2009, it was recognized that the species was in imminent danger of extinction, and a captive breeding program was established.[9][10] The last record of L. listeri in its native habitat on Christmas Island was in October 2012.[10]The decline of L. listeri was concurrent with the widespread decline of most endemic mammal and reptile species on Christmas Island, and it is considered that this decline was the result of a common cause, or a combination thereof. The causes of this decline are not well understood.[10] However it is believed that predation by introduced species, particularly the wolf snake (Lycodon capucinus), may have played a significant role.[9] The wolf snake was introduced around 1982, which is within the timeframe that the population decline began.[10]","title":"Decline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-captive-10"},{"link_name":"L. lugubris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidodactylus_lugubris"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-captive-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brink-11"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island blue-tailed skink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptoblepharus_egeriae"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"}],"text":"Prior to the extirpation of this species from Christmas Island, 43 individuals were taken into captivity, starting in August 2009, in order to establish a breeding population. This proved successful with a total population of over 1500 individuals as of July 2022.[10] However, reintroduction is unlikely to occur in the near future, invasive threats are not yet controlled on Christmas Island, and assisted colonization is not yet feasible due to widespread gecko L. lugubris, which has an unknown conservation status.[10][11]The genome of the L. listeri was sequenced in 2022 (along with the Christmas Island blue-tailed skink), making it one of the earliest chromosome-level gecko genomes.[12] The genome was genetically diverse, reflective of large historical population sizes. Despite the captive population being founded from just 43 individuals, there was not evidence of inbreeding in the genome.[12]","title":"Conservation efforts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boulenger GA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Albert_Boulenger"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q924069","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924069"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Lepidodactylus listeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lepidodactylus_listeri"},{"link_name":"ADW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web"},{"link_name":"Lepidodactylus_listeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepidodactylus_listeri/"},{"link_name":"AFD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory"},{"link_name":"Lepidodactylus_listeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Lepidodactylus_listeri"},{"link_name":"CoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"3TBNQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3TBNQ"},{"link_name":"EoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life"},{"link_name":"1056169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eol.org/pages/1056169"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"5221634","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/5221634"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"34352","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/34352"},{"link_name":"IRMNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera"},{"link_name":"10907839","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10907839"},{"link_name":"ITIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"818805","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=818805"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"11559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/11559"},{"link_name":"NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"747221","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=747221"},{"link_name":"Observation.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation.org"},{"link_name":"100393","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//observation.org/species/100393/"},{"link_name":"Open Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"974654","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=974654"},{"link_name":"RD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile_Database"},{"link_name":"listeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?url_prefix=https%3A%2F%2Freptile-database.reptarium.cz%2Fspecies%3F&id=genus%3DLepidodactylus%26species%3Dlisteri"},{"link_name":"SPRAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Profile_and_Threats_Database"},{"link_name":"1711","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=1711"},{"link_name":"196544","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=196544"}],"text":"Boulenger GA (1889). \"On the Reptiles of Christmas Island\". Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1888: 534–536. (Gecko listeri, new species, p. 535).Taxon identifiersLepidodactylus listeri\nWikidata: Q924069\nWikispecies: Lepidodactylus listeri\nADW: Lepidodactylus_listeri\nAFD: Lepidodactylus_listeri\nCoL: 3TBNQ\nEoL: 1056169\nGBIF: 5221634\niNaturalist: 34352\nIRMNG: 10907839\nITIS: 818805\nIUCN: 11559\nNCBI: 747221\nObservation.org: 100393\nOpen Tree of Life: 974654\nRD: listeri\nSPRAT: 1711\nuBio: 196544","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of reptiles of Christmas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_Christmas_Island"}]
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[{"reference":"Cogger, H.; Mitchell, N.M.; Woinarski, J.C.Z. (2017). \"Lepidodactylus listeri\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T11559A83321765. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T11559A83321765.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/11559/83321765","url_text":"\"Lepidodactylus listeri\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T11559A83321765.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T11559A83321765.en"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Walter Creighton [in French]; Parker, Fred (1977). \"Lizards of the genus Lepidodactylus (Gekkonidae) from the Indo-Australian archipelago and the islands of the Pacific, with descriptions of new species / by Walter C. Brown and Fred Parker\". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. Fourth Series. 41 (8): 253–265. NLA 4495205.","urls":[{"url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Creighton_Brown","url_text":"Brown, Walter Creighton"}]},{"reference":"Beolens, Bo; Grayson, Michael; Watkins, Michael (2011). \"Lepidodactylus listeri\". The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles (PDF). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-4214-0227-7. OCLC 794700413.","urls":[{"url":"https://biostor.org/pdfproxy.php?url=https://archive.org/download/biostor-49161/biostor-49161.pdf","url_text":"The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0227-7","url_text":"978-1-4214-0227-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794700413","url_text":"794700413"}]},{"reference":"Cogger, Harold G. (2000). Reptiles and amphibians of Australia (6 ed.). Sydney: Reed New Holland. p. 808. ISBN 1-876334-33-9. OCLC 43580360.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Cogger","url_text":"Cogger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876334-33-9","url_text":"1-876334-33-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43580360","url_text":"43580360"}]},{"reference":"Cogger, H.G.; Cameron, E.E.; Sadlier, R.A.; Eggler, P. (1993). \"The action plan for Australian reptiles\". 155.187.2.69. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180914022658/http://155.187.2.69/biodiversity/threatened/publications/action/reptiles/index.html","url_text":"\"The action plan for Australian reptiles\""},{"url":"http://155.187.2.69/biodiversity/threatened/publications/action/reptiles/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Oliver, Paul M.; Blom, Mozes P. K.; Cogger, Harold G.; Fisher, Robert N.; Richmond, Jonathan Q.; Woinarski, John C. Z. (30 June 2018). \"Insular biogeographic origins and high phylogenetic distinctiveness for a recently depleted lizard fauna from Christmas Island, Australia\". Biology Letters. 14 (6): 20170696. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0696. PMC 6030605. PMID 29899126.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6030605","url_text":"\"Insular biogeographic origins and high phylogenetic distinctiveness for a recently depleted lizard fauna from Christmas Island, Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2017.0696","url_text":"10.1098/rsbl.2017.0696"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6030605","url_text":"6030605"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29899126","url_text":"29899126"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Michael J.; Cogger, H.; Tiernan, B.; Maple, D.; Boland, C.; Napier, F.; Detto, T.; Smith, P. \"An oceanic island reptile community under threat: the decline of reptiles on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean\" (PDF). Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 7 (2): 206–218. S2CID 83084235.","urls":[{"url":"http://herpconbio.org/Volume_7/Issue_2/Smith_etal_2012.pdf","url_text":"\"An oceanic island reptile community under threat: the decline of reptiles on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83084235","url_text":"83084235"}]},{"reference":"Andrew, Paul; Cogger, Hal; Driscoll, Don; Flakus, Samantha; Harlow, Peter; Maple, Dion; Misso, Mike; Pink, Caitlin; Retallick, Kent; Rose, Karrie; Tiernan, Brendan; West, Judy; Woinarski, John C.Z. (2018). \"Somewhat saved: A captive breeding programme for two endemic Christmas Island lizard species, now extinct in the wild\". Oryx. 52: 171–174. doi:10.1017/S0030605316001071. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30090399. S2CID 89447993.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605316001071","url_text":"\"Somewhat saved: A captive breeding programme for two endemic Christmas Island lizard species, now extinct in the wild\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605316001071","url_text":"10.1017/S0030605316001071"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10536%2FDRO%2FDU%3A30090399","url_text":"10536/DRO/DU:30090399"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:89447993","url_text":"89447993"}]},{"reference":"Geyle, Hayley M.; Tingley, Reid; Amey, Andrew P.; Cogger, Hal; Couper, Patrick J.; Cowan, Mark; Craig, Michael D.; Doughty, Paul; Driscoll, Don A.; Ellis, Ryan J.; Emery, Jon-Paul; Fenner, Aaron; Gardner, Michael G.; Garnett, Stephen T.; Gillespie, Graeme R.; Greenlees, Matthew J.; Hoskin, Conrad J.; Keogh, J. Scott; Lloyd, Ray; Melville, Jane; McDonald, Peter J.; Michael, Damian R.; Mitchell, Nicola J.; Sanderson, Chris; Shea, Glenn M.; Sumner, Joanna; Wapstra, Erik; Woinarski, John C. Z.; Chapple, David G. (2021). \"Reptiles on the brink: Identifying the Australian terrestrial snake and lizard species most at risk of extinction\". Pacific Conservation Biology. 27: 3. doi:10.1071/PC20033. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30143616. S2CID 225209280.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FPC20033","url_text":"\"Reptiles on the brink: Identifying the Australian terrestrial snake and lizard species most at risk of extinction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FPC20033","url_text":"10.1071/PC20033"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10536%2FDRO%2FDU%3A30143616","url_text":"10536/DRO/DU:30143616"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225209280","url_text":"225209280"}]},{"reference":"Dodge, Tristram O.; Farquharson, Katherine A.; Ford, Claire; Cavanagh, Lisa; Schubert, Kristen; Schumer, Molly; Belov, Katherine; Hogg, Carolyn J. (2023). \"Genomes of two Extinct‐in‐the‐Wild reptiles from Christmas Island reveal distinct evolutionary histories and conservation insights\". Molecular Ecology Resources: 1755–0998.13780. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13780. ISSN 1755-098X. PMID 36872490. S2CID 257363487.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1755-0998.13780","url_text":"\"Genomes of two Extinct‐in‐the‐Wild reptiles from Christmas Island reveal distinct evolutionary histories and conservation insights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1755-0998.13780","url_text":"10.1111/1755-0998.13780"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1755-098X","url_text":"1755-098X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36872490","url_text":"36872490"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257363487","url_text":"257363487"}]}]
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Ocean\""},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83084235","external_links_name":"83084235"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605316001071","external_links_name":"\"Somewhat saved: A captive breeding programme for two endemic Christmas Island lizard species, now extinct in the wild\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605316001071","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0030605316001071"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10536%2FDRO%2FDU%3A30090399","external_links_name":"10536/DRO/DU:30090399"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:89447993","external_links_name":"89447993"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FPC20033","external_links_name":"\"Reptiles on the brink: Identifying the Australian terrestrial snake and lizard species most at risk of 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Bridge
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Summit Bridge
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
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This article is about the bridge. For the community, see Summit Bridge, Delaware.
Bridge in Summit Bridge, DelawareSummit BridgeView of the bridge in April 2021Coordinates39°32′27″N 75°44′19″W / 39.540786°N 75.738544°W / 39.540786; -75.738544Carries
4 lanes of DE 71 / DE 896 / Bike Route 1
CrossesChesapeake & Delaware CanalLocaleSummit Bridge, DelawareMaintained byU.S. Army Corps of EngineersCharacteristicsDesignCantilever truss bridgeClearance above135'HistoryOpenedJanuary 9, 1960Location
The Summit Bridge carries Delaware Routes 71 and 896 across the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal. The bridge also carries Delaware Bicycle Route 1, a bicycle route that spans the length of the state of Delaware, across the canal. The Summit Bridge opened to traffic on January 9, 1960, replacing a lift bridge. Before the bridge opened to traffic, a dedication ceremony was held, with U.S. Senator J. Allen Frear Jr. in attendance. The Summit Bridge was the second four-lane high-level crossing in Delaware and was designed to carry an eventual US 301 freeway, however that planned freeway was never built on the alignment utilizing the Summit Bridge. US 301 did use the bridge when it was routed along surface roads from 1961 to 2019, at which time it was rerouted onto a new toll freeway. The current bridge replaces a former swing span structure that was demolished when the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers rerouted the canal to a new sea-level channel south of Lums Pond State Park. A construction project on the approaches to the bridge was completed in Fall of 2012.
See also
Transport portal
Engineering portal
List of crossings of the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal
References
^ a b "New Year-And New Bridge Over The Canal". Newark Post. January 7, 1960. p. 1.
External links
Media related to Summit Bridge at Wikimedia Commons
Bridges of the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal
WestChesapeake City Bridge
Summit Bridge
EastChesapeake & Delaware Canal Lift BridgeDelmarva Central Railroad
This article about a bridge in Delaware is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Summit Bridge, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Bridge,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Delaware Routes 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_71"},{"link_name":"896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_896"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake & Delaware Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_%26_Delaware_Canal"},{"link_name":"Delaware Bicycle Route 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Bicycle_Route_1"},{"link_name":"lift bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_bridge"},{"link_name":"J. Allen Frear Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Allen_Frear_Jr."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-post1760-1"},{"link_name":"US 301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_301_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Lums Pond State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lums_Pond_State_Park"}],"text":"This article is about the bridge. For the community, see Summit Bridge, Delaware.Bridge in Summit Bridge, DelawareThe Summit Bridge carries Delaware Routes 71 and 896 across the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal. The bridge also carries Delaware Bicycle Route 1, a bicycle route that spans the length of the state of Delaware, across the canal. The Summit Bridge opened to traffic on January 9, 1960, replacing a lift bridge. Before the bridge opened to traffic, a dedication ceremony was held, with U.S. Senator J. Allen Frear Jr. in attendance.[1] The Summit Bridge was the second four-lane high-level crossing in Delaware and was designed to carry an eventual US 301 freeway, however that planned freeway was never built on the alignment utilizing the Summit Bridge. US 301 did use the bridge when it was routed along surface roads from 1961 to 2019, at which time it was rerouted onto a new toll freeway. The current bridge replaces a former swing span structure that was demolished when the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers rerouted the canal to a new sea-level channel south of Lums Pond State Park. A construction project on the approaches to the bridge was completed in Fall of 2012.","title":"Summit Bridge"}]
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[]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg"},{"title":"Transport portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Transport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg"},{"title":"Engineering portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Engineering"},{"title":"List of crossings of the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_%26_Delaware_Canal#Crossings"}]
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[{"reference":"\"New Year-And New Bridge Over The Canal\". Newark Post. January 7, 1960. p. 1.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Summit_Bridge¶ms=39.540786_N_75.738544_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"39°32′27″N 75°44′19″W / 39.540786°N 75.738544°W / 39.540786; -75.738544"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Summit_Bridge&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Bazaar
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Philip Bazaar
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["1 Biography","2 Medal of Honor citation","3 Awards and decorations","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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US Navy seaman who received the Medal of Honor during the American Civil War
Philip BazaarBornChileAllegiance United States of AmericaUnionService/branch United States NavyRankOrdinary SeamanUnitUSS Santiago de CubaBattles/warsAmerican Civil War*Battle of Fort FisherAwards Medal of Honor Navy Civil War Campaign Medal
Seaman Philip Bazaar, born in Chile, South America, was a United States Navy seaman who was awarded the Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration of the United States for valor in combat. According to the citation he distinguished himself during the battle for Fort Fisher of the American Civil War.
Biography
USS Santiago de Cuba
Bazaar, a resident of Massachusetts, was an immigrant from Chile who joined the Union Navy at New Bedford, Massachusetts. Bazaar was assigned to the USS Santiago de Cuba during the American Civil War. Santiago de Cuba was a wooden, brigantine-rigged, side-wheel steamship under the command of Rear Admiral David D. Porter.
In the later part of 1864, Union General Ulysses S. Grant ordered an assault on Fort Fisher, a stronghold of the Confederate States of America. It protected the vital trading routes of Wilmington's port, at North Carolina. Rear Admiral Porter was in charge of the naval assault and General Benjamin F. Butler was in charge of the land assault. After the failure of the first assault, Butler was replaced by Major General Alfred Terry. A second assault was ordered for January 1865. Bazaar was aboard the USS Santiago de Cuba and served in both assaults on the fort. On January 12, 1865, both ground and naval Union forces attempted the second assault. Bazaar and 5 other crew members, under the direct orders from Rear Admiral Porter, carried dispatches during the battle while under heavy fire from the Confederates to Major General Alfred Terry. Bazaar and his comrades were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions.
Medal of Honor citation
BAZAAR, PHILIP
Rank and organization: Ordinary Seaman, U.S. Navy
Accredited to: Massachusetts
Born: Chile, South America
G.O. No.: 59, June 22, 1865
Citation: On board the U.S.S. Santiago de Cuba during the assault on Fort Fisher on 15 January 1865. As one of a boat crew detailed to one of the generals on shore, O.S. Bazaar bravely entered the fort in the assault and accompanied his party in carrying dispatches at the height of the battle. He was 1 of 6 men who entered the fort in the assault from the fleet.
Awards and decorations
Bazaar's awards and decorations include the following:
Medal of Honor(Navy version)
Navy Civil War Campaign Medal
See also
Biography portalAmerican Civil War portal
List of Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F
Hispanics in the American Civil War
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Second Battle of Fort Fisher
Hispanics in the United States Navy
References
^ a b c d "Hispanic Heritage Month – Philip Bazaar – MOH". United States Department of Defense.
^ "Santiago de Cuba". Department of the Navy – Naval Historical Center.
^ a b c d "Historical Foundation".
External links
"USS Santiago de Cuba (1861–1865)". Naval History & Heritage Command, Department of the Navy.
"Navy Medal of Honor: Civil War 1861–65". Naval History & Heritage Command, Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2006-12-23.
|
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|
[{"image_text":"USS Santiago de Cuba","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/USS_Santiago_de_Cuba.jpg/180px-USS_Santiago_de_Cuba.jpg"}]
|
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|
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|
[{"Link":"http://www.defense.gov/specials/Hispanic2001/bazaar.html","external_links_name":"\"Hispanic Heritage Month – Philip Bazaar – MOH\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s5/santiago_de_cuba.htm","external_links_name":"\"Santiago de Cuba\""},{"Link":"http://www.navyhistory.org/2015/01/cracking-gibraltar-part-i/Natval","external_links_name":"\"Historical Foundation\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-s/s-d-cuba.htm","external_links_name":"\"USS Santiago de Cuba (1861–1865)\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/moh/moh1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Navy Medal of Honor: Civil War 1861–65\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Boschetti
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Isabella Boschetti
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["1 Life","2 References"]
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Isabella Boschetti or Boschetto (c.1502 – ?) was a Mantuan noblewoman and lover of Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua. She was nicknamed 'La bella Boschetta' (the beautiful Boschetta).
Life
She was the second daughter of Giacomo Boschetti, a courtier and soldier in the Gonzaga court who fought at Fornovo. Her mother was a sister of Baldassarre Castiglione. A few years after she became Federico's mistress she married a nobleman at his court, Francesco Cauzzi Gonzaga, conte di Calvisano, who suffered a violent death in mysterious circumstances. In 1542 she remarried to count Filippo Tornielli.
In 1517 Anna d'Alençon managed to get a betrothal between Federico and her eldest daughter Maria Paleologa, but this was broken off when she was accused of trying to poison Isabella. Federico built the Palazzo Te for Isabella from 1525 onwards, where she entertained and received famous guests. The couple had two children, Alessandro (1520–1580), who became State Councillor of the Duchy of Mantua and served in the Spanish army in Flanders during the Dutch Revolt, and Emilia (1517–1573) who married Carlo Gonzaga (1523–1555) signore di Gazzuolo, with whom she had ten children.
In 1531 Federico commissioned Correggio's Danaë, apparently intended for the Sala di Ovidio di Palazzo Te, intended for Isabella. Her year of death is unknown.
References
^ "^^Marchesi Monferrato: Layout".
^ "Boschetti linea comitale". Archived from the original on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
This biography of an Italian noble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Isabella Boschetti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"Fornovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fornovo"},{"link_name":"Baldassarre Castiglione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassarre_Castiglione"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Anna d'Alençon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_d%27Alen%C3%A7on"},{"link_name":"Maria Paleologa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Paleologa"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Te","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Te"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Dutch Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Gazzuolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazzuolo"},{"link_name":"Correggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correggio"},{"link_name":"Danaë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana%C3%AB_(Correggio)"}],"text":"She was the second daughter of Giacomo Boschetti, a courtier and soldier in the Gonzaga court who fought at Fornovo. Her mother was a sister of Baldassarre Castiglione. A few years after she became Federico's mistress she married a nobleman at his court, Francesco Cauzzi Gonzaga, conte di Calvisano,[1] who suffered a violent death in mysterious circumstances. In 1542 she remarried to count Filippo Tornielli.[2]In 1517 Anna d'Alençon managed to get a betrothal between Federico and her eldest daughter Maria Paleologa, but this was broken off when she was accused of trying to poison Isabella. Federico built the Palazzo Te for Isabella from 1525 onwards, where she entertained and received famous guests. The couple had two children, Alessandro (1520–1580), who became State Councillor of the Duchy of Mantua and served in the Spanish army in Flanders during the Dutch Revolt, and Emilia (1517–1573) who married Carlo Gonzaga (1523–1555) signore di Gazzuolo, with whom she had ten children.In 1531 Federico commissioned Correggio's Danaë, apparently intended for the Sala di Ovidio di Palazzo Te, intended for Isabella. Her year of death is unknown.","title":"Life"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"^^Marchesi Monferrato: Layout\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marchesimonferrato.com/web2007/_pages/gen_summary.php?DR=all&URL=marchesidelmonferrato.com&LNG=IT&L=3&C=6&T=news&D=IT%7BE01D4F89-36D4-0712-79DB-C80E1FA3A8E3%7D&A=0","url_text":"\"^^Marchesi Monferrato: Layout\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boschetti linea comitale\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2011-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120330224402/http://www.sancesario.net/boschetti%20linea%20comitale.html","url_text":"\"Boschetti linea comitale\""},{"url":"http://www.sancesario.net/boschetti%20linea%20comitale.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.marchesimonferrato.com/web2007/_pages/gen_summary.php?DR=all&URL=marchesidelmonferrato.com&LNG=IT&L=3&C=6&T=news&D=IT%7BE01D4F89-36D4-0712-79DB-C80E1FA3A8E3%7D&A=0","external_links_name":"\"^^Marchesi Monferrato: Layout\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120330224402/http://www.sancesario.net/boschetti%20linea%20comitale.html","external_links_name":"\"Boschetti linea comitale\""},{"Link":"http://www.sancesario.net/boschetti%20linea%20comitale.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/75052356","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/133803074","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isabella_Boschetti&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisa_Serrami%C3%A0
|
Elisa Serramià
|
["1 Amateur career","2 Professional career","3 Amateur wins","4 Professional wins (1)","4.1 Symetra Tour (1)","5 Team appearances","6 References"]
|
Spanish professional golfer
Elisa SerramiàElisa Serramia in 2021Personal informationFull nameElisa Serramià NeundorfBorn (1984-09-07) 7 September 1984 (age 39)Barcelona, SpainHeight175 cm (5 ft 9 in)Sporting nationality SpainCareerTurned professional2004Former tour(s)Ladies European Tour (joined 2005)Symetra Tour (joined 2009)LPGA Tour (joined 2012)Professional wins1Number of wins by tourEpson Tour1Best results in LPGA major championshipsChevron ChampionshipDNPWomen's PGA C'shipDNPU.S. Women's OpenDNPWomen's British OpenT46: 2003Achievements and awardsSmyth Salver2003LET Rookie of the Year2005
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Serramià and the second or maternal family name is Neundorf.
Elisa Serramià Neundorf (born 7 September 1984) is a Spanish professional golfer who played on the Ladies European Tour and the U.S-based LPGA Tour. She won British Ladies Amateur in 2003 and was LET Rookie of the Year in 2005.
Amateur career
Serramià was member of the National Team between 2001 and 2004, and was part of the Spanish teams that won the European Girls' Team Championship in 2001 and the European Ladies' Team Championship in 2003. She represented Europe at the 2002 Junior Solheim Cup and the 2003 Vagliano Trophy, and Spain at the 2004 Espirito Santo Trophy together with María Hernández and Beatriz Recari.
Serramià won the 2003 British Ladies Amateur earning a spot at the 2003 Women's British Open, where she was the low amateur. In 2004, she won the French International Lady Juniors Amateur Championship and was runner-up at the European Ladies Amateur Championship.
Professional career
Serramià turned professional in late 2004 and joined the Ladies European Tour in 2005, where she finished tied 7th in her first tournament, the Samsung Ladies Masters in Singapore, and ended the season LET Rookie of the Year. In 2006, she was T3 at the Ladies Italian Open and T4 at the Open De España Femenino, to finish 32nd on the Order of Merit.
In 2009, Serramià joined the Symetra Tour, where she made 11 out of 14 cuts and won her first professional title, the Mercedes-Benz of Kansas City Championship. She was successful at the 2011 LPGA Final Qualifying Tournament and joined the LPGA Tour in 2012.
Amateur wins
2003 British Ladies Amateur
2004 French International Lady Juniors Amateur Championship
Professional wins (1)
Symetra Tour (1)
2009 Mercedes-Benz of Kansas City Championship
Team appearances
Amateur
European Girls' Team Championship (representing Spain): 2001 (winners)
Junior Solheim Cup (representing Europe): 2002
Vagliano Trophy (representing the Continent of Europe): 2003
European Ladies' Team Championship (representing Spain): 2003 (winners)
European Lady Junior's Team Championship (representing Spain): 2002, 2004 (winners)
Espirito Santo Trophy (representing Spain): 2004
References
^ a b "Player Profile Elisa Serramià". Symetra Tour. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
^ "European Team Championships". European Golf Association. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
^ "2009 LET Media Guide". Ladies European Tour. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
^ "Player Profile Elisa Serramià". Golfdata. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"professional golfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_golfer"},{"link_name":"Ladies European Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_European_Tour"},{"link_name":"LPGA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"British Ladies Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ladies_Amateur"},{"link_name":"LET Rookie of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LET_Rookie_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Serramià and the second or maternal family name is Neundorf.Elisa Serramià Neundorf (born 7 September 1984) is a Spanish professional golfer who played on the Ladies European Tour and the U.S-based LPGA Tour. She won British Ladies Amateur in 2003 and was LET Rookie of the Year in 2005.[1]","title":"Elisa Serramià"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Girls' Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Girls%27_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Ladies' Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Ladies%27_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"Junior Solheim Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Solheim_Cup"},{"link_name":"Vagliano Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagliano_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2004 Espirito Santo Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Espirito_Santo_Trophy"},{"link_name":"María Hernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Hern%C3%A1ndez_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Beatriz Recari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatriz_Recari"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"British Ladies Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ladies_Amateur"},{"link_name":"2003 Women's British Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Women%27s_British_Open"},{"link_name":"low amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_British_Open#Smyth_Salver"},{"link_name":"French International Lady Juniors Amateur Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_International_Lady_Juniors_Amateur_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Ladies Amateur Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Ladies_Amateur_Championship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Serramià was member of the National Team between 2001 and 2004, and was part of the Spanish teams that won the European Girls' Team Championship in 2001 and the European Ladies' Team Championship in 2003. She represented Europe at the 2002 Junior Solheim Cup and the 2003 Vagliano Trophy, and Spain at the 2004 Espirito Santo Trophy together with María Hernández and Beatriz Recari.[2]Serramià won the 2003 British Ladies Amateur earning a spot at the 2003 Women's British Open, where she was the low amateur. In 2004, she won the French International Lady Juniors Amateur Championship and was runner-up at the European Ladies Amateur Championship.[3]","title":"Amateur career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ladies European Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_European_Tour"},{"link_name":"Samsung Ladies Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Ladies_Masters"},{"link_name":"LET Rookie of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LET_Rookie_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Ladies Italian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_Italian_Open"},{"link_name":"Open De España Femenino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_De_Espa%C3%B1a_Femenino"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Symetra Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symetra_Tour"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz of Kansas City Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_of_Kansas_City_Championship"},{"link_name":"LPGA Final Qualifying Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPGA_Final_Qualifying_Tournament"},{"link_name":"LPGA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"}],"text":"Serramià turned professional in late 2004 and joined the Ladies European Tour in 2005, where she finished tied 7th in her first tournament, the Samsung Ladies Masters in Singapore, and ended the season LET Rookie of the Year. In 2006, she was T3 at the Ladies Italian Open and T4 at the Open De España Femenino, to finish 32nd on the Order of Merit.[4]In 2009, Serramià joined the Symetra Tour, where she made 11 out of 14 cuts and won her first professional title, the Mercedes-Benz of Kansas City Championship. She was successful at the 2011 LPGA Final Qualifying Tournament and joined the LPGA Tour in 2012.[1]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Ladies Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ladies_Amateur"},{"link_name":"French International Lady Juniors Amateur Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_International_Lady_Juniors_Amateur_Championship"}],"text":"2003 British Ladies Amateur\n2004 French International Lady Juniors Amateur Championship","title":"Amateur wins"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional wins (1)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Duramed_Futures_Tour"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz of Kansas City Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_of_Kansas_City_Championship"}],"sub_title":"Symetra Tour (1)","text":"2009 Mercedes-Benz of Kansas City Championship","title":"Professional wins (1)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Girls' Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Girls%27_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"Junior Solheim Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Solheim_Cup"},{"link_name":"Vagliano Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagliano_Trophy"},{"link_name":"European Ladies' Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Ladies%27_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Lady Junior's Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Lady_Junior%27s_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"Espirito Santo Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espirito_Santo_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Espirito_Santo_Trophy"}],"text":"AmateurEuropean Girls' Team Championship (representing Spain): 2001 (winners)\nJunior Solheim Cup (representing Europe): 2002\nVagliano Trophy (representing the Continent of Europe): 2003\nEuropean Ladies' Team Championship (representing Spain): 2003 (winners)\nEuropean Lady Junior's Team Championship (representing Spain): 2002, 2004 (winners)\nEspirito Santo Trophy (representing Spain): 2004","title":"Team appearances"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Player Profile Elisa Serramià\". Symetra Tour. Retrieved 2 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epsontour.com/players/elisa-serramia/88156/bio","url_text":"\"Player Profile Elisa Serramià\""}]},{"reference":"\"European Team Championships\". European Golf Association. Retrieved 2 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ega-golf.ch/page/european-team-championships","url_text":"\"European Team Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"2009 LET Media Guide\". Ladies European Tour. Retrieved 2 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/janejordan/docs/let-media-guide-2009","url_text":"\"2009 LET Media Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Player Profile Elisa Serramià\". Golfdata. Retrieved 2 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://golfdata.se/guide/Profil_startsida.asp?nr=18418","url_text":"\"Player Profile Elisa Serramià\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Moraz%C3%A1n
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Puerto Morazán
|
["1 International relations","1.1 Twin towns – Sister cities","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 12°51′N 87°11′W / 12.850°N 87.183°W / 12.850; -87.183Municipality in Chinandega, NicaraguaPuerto MorazánMunicipalityPuerto MorazánLocation in NicaraguaCoordinates: 12°57′N 87°11′W / 12.950°N 87.183°W / 12.950; -87.183Country NicaraguaDepartmentChinandegaPopulation (2005) • Municipality13,328 • Urban5,949
Puerto Morazán (Spanish pronunciation: ) is a municipality in the Chinandega department of Nicaragua.
International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Nicaragua
Twin towns – Sister cities
Puerto Morazán is twinned with:
Bristol, United Kingdom
References
Notes
^ 2005 Census - Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos
^ "Bristol City - Town twinning". © 2009 Bristol City Council. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2009-07-17. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
12°51′N 87°11′W / 12.850°N 87.183°W / 12.850; -87.183
vte Chinandega DepartmentCapital: ChinandegaMunicipalities
Chichigalpa
Chinandega
San Juan de Cinco Pinos
Corinto
El Realejo
El Viejo
Posoltega
Puerto Morazán
San Francisco del Norte
San Pedro del Norte
Santo Tomás del Norte
Somotillo
Villanueva
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
This Nicaragua location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈpweɾto moɾaˈsan]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Chinandega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinandega_(department)"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"}],"text":"Municipality in Chinandega, NicaraguaPuerto Morazán (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpweɾto moɾaˈsan]) is a municipality in the Chinandega department of Nicaragua.","title":"Puerto Morazán"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Central_America#Nicaragua"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Nicaragua","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Twin towns – Sister cities","text":"Puerto Morazán is twinned with:","title":"International relations"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chinandega_Department_in_Nicaragua.svg/120px-Chinandega_Department_in_Nicaragua.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Bristol City - Town twinning\". © 2009 Bristol City Council. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2009-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728084457/http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/leisure-and-culture/tourism-and-travel/town-twinning/","url_text":"\"Bristol City - Town twinning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright","url_text":"©"},{"url":"http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/portal/","url_text":"Bristol City Council"},{"url":"http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/leisure-and-culture/tourism-and-travel/town-twinning/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_South_Indian_International_Movie_Awards
|
8th South Indian International Movie Awards
|
["1 Honorary awards","2 Main awards","2.1 Film","2.2 Acting","2.3 Debut awards","2.4 Music","3 Technical awards","4 Critics' choice awards","5 Special Jury Awards","6 Generation Next Awards","7 Presenters","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Indian annual film awards event
8th South Indian International Movie AwardsAwarded forExcellence in South Indian cinema and MusicDate15–16 August 2019SiteLusail Sports Arena, Doha, QatarHosted byRahul Ramakrishna, Suma Kanakala, Priyadarshi Pulikonda, Mirchi Shiva, Anupama Gowda, Pearle MaaneyProduced byVibri Media GroupOrganized byVibri Media GroupHighlightsMost awardsRangasthalam , K.G.F: Chapter 1 (8)Television coverageChannelGemini TV (Telugu)Sun TV (Tamil)Surya TV (Malayalam)Udaya TV (Kannada)NetworkSun TV Network
← 7th
South Indian International Movie Awards
9th →
The 8th South Indian International Movie Awards is an awards event held at Qatar on 15–16 August 2019. SIIMA 2019 recognized the best films and performances from the Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada films and music released in 2018, along with special honors for lifetime contributions and a few special awards. The nomination list for the main awards was announced in July 2019.
Honorary awards
Suresh Kumar & Menaka Sureshkumar (Lifetime Achievement Award)
Main awards
Film
Best Film
Telugu
Tamil
Mahanati – Vyjayanthi Movies
Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava – Haarika & Hasinee Creations
Bharat Ane Nenu – DVV Entertainments
Geetha Govindam – GA2 Pictures
Rangasthalam – Mythri Movie Makers
Pariyerum Perumal – Neelam Productions
96 – Madras Enterprises
Kadaikutty Singam – 2D Entertainment
Sarkar – Sun Pictures
Vada Chennai – Wunderbar Films
Kannada
Malayalam
K.G.F: Chapter 1 – Hombale Films
Ayogya – Crystal Park Cinemas
Raambo 2 – Ladoo Cinema House & De Arte Studios
Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai – Rishab Shetty Films
Tagaru – Venus Entertainers
Sudani from Nigeria – Happy Hours Entertainments
Aravindante Athidhikal – Pathiyara Entertainments & Big Bang Entertainments
Ee.Ma.Yau – OPM Cinemas & RGK Cinemas
Kayamkulam Kochunni – Sree Gokulam Movies
Varathan – Fahadh Faasil & Friends & Amal Neerad Productions
SIIMA Award for Best Director
Telugu
Tamil
Sukumar – Rangasthalam
Indraganti Mohan Krishna – Sammohanam
Nag Ashwin – Mahanati
Parasuram – Geetha Govindam
Trivikram Srinivas – Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava
Pandiraj – Kadaikutty Singam
Ajay Gnanamuthu – Imaikka Nodigal
A. R. Murugadoss – Sarkar
Shankar – 2.0
Vetrimaaran – Vada Chennai
Kannada
Malayalam
Prashanth Neel – K.G.F: Chapter 1
Anil Kumar – Raambo 2
Dayal Padmanabhan– Aa Karaala Ratri
Duniya Soori – Tagaru
Rishab Shetty – Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai
Sathyan Anthikkad- Njan Prakashan
Amal Neerad – Varathan
Lijo Jose Pellissery – Ee.Ma.Yau
Rosshan Andrews – Kayamkulam Kochunni
Zakariya- Sudani from Nigeria
Best Cinematographer
Telugu
Tamil
R Rathnavelu – Rangasthalam
Dani Sanclez-Lopez – Mahanati
George C Williams – Tholi Prema
Jay Kay – Padi Padi Leche Manasu
Shaneil Deo – Goodachari
R. D. Rajasekhar – Imaikkaa Nodigal
Nirav Shah – 2.0
Sivakumar Vijayan – Kolamavu Kokila
Velraj – Vada Chennai
S. Venkatesh – Tik Tik Tik
Kannada
Malayalam
Bhuvan Gowda – K.G.F: Chapter 1
Mahendra Simmha – Tagaru
PKH Das – Aa Karaala Ratri
Sudhakar Raj – Raambo 2
Venkatesh Anguraj – Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai
Gireesh Gangadharan –Swathanthryam Ardharathriyil
Binod Pradhan – Kayamkulam Kochunni
Littil Swayamp – Varathan
Nikhil S Praveen – Bhayanakam
Shyju Khalid – Sudani From Nigeria,Ee.Ma.Yau
Acting
Best Actor
Telugu
Tamil
Ram Charan Teja – Rangasthalam
Mahesh Babu – Bharat Ane Nenu
NTR Jr. – Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava
Dulquer Salmaan – Mahanati
Vijay Devarakonda – Geetha Govindam
Dhanush – Vada Chennai
Vijay – Sarkar
Karthi – Kadaikutty Singam
Jayam Ravi – Adanga Maru
Vijay Sethupathi – 96
Kannada
Malayalam
Yash – K.G.F: Chapter 1
Ananth Nag – Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai
Sathish Ninasam – Ayogya
Sharan – Raambo 2
Shiva Rajkumar – Tagaru
Tovino Thomas – Various films
Jayasurya – Captain
Joju George – Joseph
Mohanlal – Odiyan
Nivin Pauly – Kayamkulam Kochunni
Best Actress
Telugu
Tamil
Keerthy Suresh – Mahanati
Aditi Rao Hydari – Sammohanam
Anushka Shetty – Bhaagamathie
Rashmika Mandanna – Geetha Govindam
Samantha Akkineni – Rangasthalam
Trisha Krishnan – 96
Aishwarya Rajesh – Kanaa
Jyothika – Kaatrin Mozhi
Nayanthara – Kolamavu Kokila
Samantha Akkineni – Irumbu Thirai
Kannada
Malayalam
Rachita Ram – Ayogya
Ashika Ranganath – Raambo 2
Manvitha Harish – Tagaru
Shruti Hariharan – Nathicharami
Sonu Gowda – Gultoo
Aishwarya Lekshmi – Varathan
Anu Sithara – Captain
Nikhila Vimal – Aravindante Athidhikal
Nimisha Sajayan – Eeda
Trisha Krishnan – Hey Jude
SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Telugu
Tamil
Rajendra Prasad – Mahanati
Aadhi Pinisetty – Rangasthalam
Murali Sharma – Vijetha
Naresh – Sammohanam
Ramki – RX 100
Prakash Raj – 60 Vayadu Maaniram
Ameer – Vada Chennai
Samuthirakani – Kaala
Sathyaraj – Kanaa
Silambarasan – Chekka Chivantha Vaanam
Kannada
Malayalam
Achyuth Kumar – K.G.F: Chapter 1
Karthik Jayaram – Aa Karaala Ratri
Radhakrishna Urala – Ammachi Yemba Nenapu
Roger Narayan – Humble Politician Nograj
Vasishta N. Simha – Tagaru
Roshan Mathew – Koode
Arjun Ashokan – B.Tech
Dileesh Pothan – Joseph/Ee.Ma.Yau
K. T. C. Abdullah – Sudani from Nigeria
Siddharth – Kammara Sambhavam
SIIMA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role
Telugu
Tamil
Anasuya Bharadwaj – Rangasthalam
Asha Sarath – Bhaagamathie
Jayasudha – Srinivasa Kalyanam
Ramya Krishnan – Sailaja Reddy Alludu
Supriya – Goodachari
Easwari Rao – Kaala
Andrea Jeremiah – Vada Chennai
Ramya Krishnan – Thaanaa Serndha Koottam
Saranya Ponvannan – Kolamavu Kokila
Poorna – Savarakathi
Kannada
Malayalam
Archana Jois – K.G.F: Chapter 1
Ashvithi Shetty – Ananthu Vs Nusrath
Bhavana Menon – Tagaru
Kavya Sha – Loud Speaker
Shreya Anchan – Katheyondu Shuruvagide
Lena – Aadhi
Muthumani – Uncle
Mala Parvathy – Koode
Savithri Sreedharan – Sudani from Nigeria
Urvashi – Aravindante Athidhikal
SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role
Telugu
Tamil
Sarathkumar – Naa Peru Surya, Naa Illu India
Jagapati Babu – Rangasthalam
Jayaram – Bhaagamathie
Kunal Kapoor – Devadas
R. Madhavan – Savyasachi
Varalaxmi Sarathkumar – Sarkar
Akshay Kumar – 2.0
Anurag Kashyap – Imaikka Nodigal
Arjun – Irumbu Thirai
Simran – Seema Raja
Kannada
Malayalam
Dhananjay – Tagaru
Balakrishna. P – Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai
Danny – Tharakasura
Ramachandra Raju – K.G.F: Chapter 1
P. Ravishankar – Ayogya
Sharafudheen – Varathan
Ganesh Venkatraman – My Story
Jagapathi Babu – Aadhi
Joju George – Njan Marykutty
Prakash Raj – Odiyan
SIIMA Award for Best Comedian
Telugu
Tamil
Sathya – Chalo
Prudhvi Raj – Sailaja Reddy Alludu
Sunil – Amar Akbar Anthony
Vennela Kishore – Chi La Sow
Vishnu – Taxiwala
Yogi Babu – Kolamavu Kokila
Revathi – Gulaebaghavali
Sathish – Tamizh Padam 2
Shiva – Kalakalappu 2
Soori – Kadaikutty Singam
Kannada
Malayalam
Prakash Thuminad – Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai
Chikkanna – Raambo 2
Kuri Prathap – Ayogya
Sadhu Kokila – Victory 2
Vijay Chendoor – Humble Politician Nograj
Aju Varghese – Aravindante Athidhikal
Dharmajan – Kuttanadan Marpappa
Hareesh Perumanna – Ente Ummante Peru
Navas Vallikkunnu – Sudani from Nigeria
Sharafudheen– Johny Johny Yes Papa
Debut awards
SIIMA Award for Best Debut Actor
Telugu
Tamil
Kalyaan Dhev – Vijetha
Aashish Gandhi – Natakam
Rahul Vijay – Ee Maaya Peremito
Srinivasa Sayee – Subhalekha + Lu
Sumanth Sailendra – Brand Babu
Dinesh – Oru Kuppa Kathai
Adhithya Bhaskar – 96
Anthony – Merku Thodarchi Malai
Darshan – Kanaa
Saravanan – Raatchasan
Kannada
Malayalam
Danish Sait – Humble Politician Nograj
Naveen Shankar – Gultoo
Niranjan Sudhindra – Second Half
Prakyath Paramesh – Naduve Antharavirali
Vaibhav – Tharakasura
Pranav Mohanlal – Aadhi
Bibin George – Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha
Druvan Druv – Queen
Kalidas Jayaram – Poomaram
Senthil Krishna – Chalakkudykkaran Changathy
SIIMA Award for Best Debut Actress
Telugu
Tamil
Payal Rajput – RX 100
Ashima Narwal – Natakam
Kiara Advani – Bharat Ane Nenu
Nabha Natesh – Nannu Dochukunduvate
Nidhi Agerwal – Savyasachi
Ruhani Sharma – Chi La Sow
Raiza Wilson – Pyaar Prema Kaadhal
Amritha Aiyer – Padaiveeran
Ditya – Lakshmi
Gouri G. Kishan – 96
Ivana – Naachiyaar
Kannada
Malayalam
Anupama Gowda – Aa Karaala Ratri
Aishwarya Arjun – Prema Baraha
Nishvika Naidu – Amma I Love You
Sonal Monteiro – Abhisaarike
Sonika Gowda – Shathaya Gathaya
Srinidhi Shetty – K.G.F: Chapter 1
Saniya Iyappan – Queen
Devika Sanjay – Njan Prakashan
Neeta Pillai – Poomaram
Saranya R. Nair – Maradona
Surabhi Santhosh – Kuttanadan Marpappa
SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director
Telugu
Tamil
Ajay Bhupathi – RX 100
Rahul Ravindran – Chi La Sow
Venky Atluri – Tholi Prema
Venky Kudumula – Chalo
Venu Udugula – Needi Naadi Oke Katha
Nelson – Kolamavu Kokila
Arunraja Kamaraj – Kanaa
C. Premkumar – 96
Lenin Bharathi – Merku Thodarchi Malai
Mari Selvaraj – Pariyerum Perumal
Kannada
Malayalam
S. Mahesh Kumar – Ayogya
Janardhan Chikkanna – Gultoo
Raveen Kumara – Naduve Antaravirali
Saad Khan – Humble Politician Nograj
Senna Hegde – Katheyondu Shuruvagide
Zakariya – Sudani from Nigeria
Dijo Jose Anthony – Queen
Prajesh Sen – Captain
Rathish Ambat – Kammara Sambhavam
Va Shrikumar Menon – Odiyan
Music
SIIMA Award for Best Music Director
Telugu
Tamil
Devi Sri Prasad – Rangasthalam
Chaitan Bharadwaj – RX 100
Gopi Sundar – Geetha Govindam
Mickey J Meyer – Mahanati
S. Thaman – Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava
Anirudh Ravichander – Kolamavu Kokila
A. R. Rahman – Chekka Chivantha Vaanam
Govind Vasantha – 96
Santhosh Narayanan – Pariyerum Perumal
Yuvan Shankar Raja – Pyaar Prema Kaadhal
Kannada
Malayalam
Ravi Basrur – K.G.F: Chapter 1
Arjun Janya – Ayogya
Charan Raj – Tagaru
Judah Sandhy – Thayige Thakka Maga
Vasuki Vaibhav – Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai
Sushin Shyam – Varathan, Maradona
Kailas Menon – Theevandi
Ranjan Raj – Joseph
Rex Vijayan – Sudani from Nigeria
Shaan Rahman – Aravindante Athidhikal
SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist
Telugu
Tamil
Chandrabose – "Yentha Sakkagunnave" from Rangasthalam
Anantha Sriram – "Inkem Inkem" from Geetha Govindam
Krishnakanth – "Maate Vinadugaa" from Taxiwaala
Ramajogayya Sastry – "Peniviti" from Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava
Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry – "Mooga Manasulu" from Mahanati
Vignesh Shivan – "Naana Thaana" from Thaanaa Serndha Koottam
Karthik Netha – "Kadhale Kadhale" from 96
Madhan Karky – "Kurumba" from Tik Tik Tik
Na. Muthukumar – "Pulinangal" from 2.0
Viveka – "Pottakattil Poovasam" from Pariyerum Perumal
Kannada
Malayalam
Chethan Kumar – "Yenammi Yenammi" from Ayogya
K. Kalyan – "Hey Sharadhe" from Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai
Prem – "Hey Jaleela" from Ambi Ning Vayassaytho
Siddhu Kodipura – "Eega Thaane Jaariyagide" from Ananthu Vs Nusrath
V. Nagendra Prasad – "Salaam Rocky Bhai" from K.G.F: Chapter 1
Vinayak Sasikumar – "Nilapakshikal" from Maradona
Ajesh Dasan – "Neramayi" from Poomaram
Anwar Ali – "Mizhi Niranju" from Eeda
B. K. Harinarayanan – "Jeevamshamayi" from Theevandi
Rafeeq Ahamed – "Kondoram" from Odiyan
SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer
Telugu
Tamil
Anurag Kulkarni – "Pillaa Raa" from RX 100
Kaala Bhairava – "Peniviti" from Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava
Kailash Kher – "Vochadayyo Saami" from Bharat Ane Nenu
Rahul Sipligunj – "Ranga Ranga" from Rangasthalam
Sid Sriram – "Inkem Inkem" from Geetha Govindam
Anthony Daasan – "Sodukku Mela" from Thaanaa Serndha Koottam
Anirudh Ravichander – "Kalyana Vayasu" from Kolamavu Kokila
A. R. Rahman – "Mazhai Kuruvi" from Chekka Chivantha Vaanam
Pradeep Kumar – "The Life of Ram" from 96
Sid Sriram – "High on Love" from Pyaar Prema Kaadhal
Kannada
Malayalam
H.S Srinivasa Murthy, Mohan, Puneeth Rudranag, Sachin Basrur, Santhosh Venky, Vijay Prakash, Vijay Urs – "Salaam Rocky Bhai" from K.G.F: Chapter 1
Anthony Daasan – "Tagaru Tagaru" from Tagaru
Naveen Sajju – "Yenne Namdu" from Kanaka
Sanjith Hegde – "Shakunthale Sikkalu" from Naduve Antaravirali
Vasuki Vaibhav – "Dadda Song" from Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai
Vijay Yesudas – "Poomuthole" from Joseph
Biju Narayanan – "Doore" from Njan Marykutty
K. S. Harisankar – "Jeevamshamayi" from Theevandi
Karthik – "Vaanaville" from Koode / "Neramayi" from Poomaram
Shahabaz Aman – "Kurrah" from Sudani from Nigeria
SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer
Telugu
Tamil
M. M. Manasi – "Rangamma Mangamma" from Rangasthalam
Chinmayi – "Yenti Yenti" from Geetha Govindam
Shreya Ghoshal – "Allasani Vari" from Tholi Prema
Shreya Gopuraju – "Tik Tik Tik" from Savyasachi
Sunitha Upadrashta – "Chivaraku Migiledi" from Mahanati
Dhee – "Rowdy Baby" from Maari 2
Andrea Jeremiah – "Saadhi Madham" from Vishwaroopam 2
Chinmayi – "Kadhale Kadhale" from 96
Shakthisree Gopalan – "Bhoomi Bhoomi" from Chekka Chivantha Vaanam
Shweta Mohan – "Poovukku" from Nimir
Kannada
Malayalam
Ananya Bhat – "Hold On" from Tagaru
Asha – "Hey Sharadhe" from Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai
Airaa Acharya – "Jokae Naanu" from K.G.F: Chapter 1
Palak Muchhal – "Yenammi Yenammi" from Ayogya
Shamita Malnad – "Chuttu Chuttu" from Raambo 2
Sithara Krishnakumar – "Maarivil" from Eeda
Anne Amie – "Aaraaro" from Koode
K. S. Chithra – "Mrudumandahaasam" from Poomaram
Prarthana Indrajith – "Laletta" from Mohanlal
Shreya Ghoshal – "Neermathalam" from Aami
Technical awards
Best Art Director – Sabbani Rama Krishna for Rangasthalam
Critics' choice awards
Telugu cinema
Best Actor – Vijay Deverakonda – Geetha Govindam
Best Actress – Samantha Akkineni – Rangasthalam
Tamil Cinema
Best Actor – Jayam Ravi – Adanga Maru
Best Actress – Aishwarya Rajesh – Kanaa
Kannada cinema
Best Actor – Yash – K.G.F Chapter – 1
Best Actress – Manvitha Harish – Tagaru
Malayalam cinema
Best Actor – Nivin Pauly – Hey Jude
Best Actress – Trisha – Hey Jude
Special Jury Awards
Special Appreciation Jury Award : Sudheer Babu – Sammohanam
Special Jury for Outstanding performance : Kathir – Pariyerum Perumal
Special Jury for Child Artist (Tamil) : Master Aarav Ravi – Tik Tik Tik
Generation Next Awards
Entertainer of the Year : TBA
Generation Next Superstar : TBA
Most Popular Star in the Middle East : Mohanlal
Popular Celebrity on Social Media : Vijay Devarakonda
Style Icon of the Year : Yash and Samantha Akkineni
Presenters
Award
Presenter
SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer (Telugu)
PragnyaJayesh Ranjan
SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer (Telugu)
Nidhhi AgerwalPannagabharana
SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist (Telugu)
Sanjjanaa Galrani
SIIMA Award for Best Music Director (Telugu)
Nidhi
P. Sai Kumar
SIIMA Award for Best Art Director (Telugu)
SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut (Telugu)
Sandeep KishanTejaswini Prakash
SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut (Telugu)
Andrea JeremiahAdusumilli Brinda Prasad
SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director (Telugu)
Vivek KrishnaniInduri Vishnu
SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer (Telugu)
Allu AravindChamundeswari Nathan
SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress (Telugu)
Shriya Saran
SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)
SIIMA Award for Best Comedian (Telugu)
Hebah Patel
SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu)
SIIMA Award for Best Film (Telugu)
Ravindra ReddyRadhika Sarathkumar
SIIMA Award for Best Director (Telugu)
Allu AravindTirumala Reddy
Special Appreciation Jury Award
Style Icon of the Year
Ryan Fernandes
Popular Celebrity on Social Media
Chanditha Nambiar
SIIMA Award for Best Actor (Telugu)
Radhika SarathkumarRyan Fernandes
SIIMA Award for Best Actress (Telugu)
Chanditha Nambiar
References
^ SIIMA Awards 2019: Here’s a complete list of nominees
^ "SIIMA 2019 (South Indian International Movie Awards) on 15th & 16th August in Doha, Qatar". tollywood.net.
^ "SIIMA 2019 FULL nominations list out!". Times Now. 18 July 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
^ "SIIMA Awards 2019: Here's a complete list of nominees". The Times of India. 19 July 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
^ "SIIMA Awards Telugu Winners list". CNN-News18. 16 August 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2020.(in Telugu)
^ "SIIMA Awards 2019 full winners list". Times Now. 17 August 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
External links
Official website Archived 2021-08-17 at the Wayback Machine
vteSouth Indian International Movie AwardsMain awardsTelugu
Best Film
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Actor in a Negative Role
Best Comedian
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Music Director
Best Lyricist
Best Male Playback
Best Female Playback
Tamil
Best Film
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Actor in a Negative Role
Best Comedian
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Music Director
Best Lyricist
Best Male Playback
Best Female Playback
Kannada
Best Film
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Actor in a Negative Role
Best Comedian
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Music Director
Best Lyricist
Best Male Playback
Best Female Playback
Malayalam
Best Film
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Actor in a Negative Role
Best Comedian
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Music Director
Best Lyricist
Best Male Playback
Best Female Playback
Other awardsTelugu
Best Cinematographer
Best Debut Actor
Best Debut Actress
Best Debut Director
Best Debut Producer
Critics Best Actor
Critics Best Actress
Tamil
Best Cinematographer
Best Debut Actor
Best Debut Actress
Best Debut Director
Best Debut Producer
Critics Best Actor
Critics Best Actress
Kannada
Best Cinematographer
Best Debut Actor
Best Debut Actress
Best Debut Director
Best Debut Producer
Critics Best Actor
Critics Best Actress
Malayalam
Best Cinematographer
Best Debut Actor
Best Debut Actress
Best Debut Director
Best Debut Producer
Critics Best Actor
Critics Best Actress
Special Awards
Lifetime Achievement Award
Ceremonies
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019–2020
2021
2022
SIIMA Short Film Awards
|
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The nomination list for the main awards was announced in July 2019.[2]","title":"8th South Indian International Movie Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Menaka Sureshkumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menaka_Sureshkumar"},{"link_name":"Lifetime Achievement Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIIMA_Lifetime_Achievement_Award"}],"text":"Suresh Kumar & Menaka Sureshkumar (Lifetime Achievement Award)","title":"Honorary awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"[3][4][5][6]","title":"Main awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Main awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Acting","title":"Main awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Debut awards","title":"Main awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music","title":"Main awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rangasthalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangasthalam"}],"text":"Best Art Director – Sabbani Rama Krishna for Rangasthalam","title":"Technical awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vijay Deverakonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Deverakonda"},{"link_name":"Geetha Govindam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geetha_Govindam"},{"link_name":"Samantha Akkineni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Akkineni"},{"link_name":"Rangasthalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangasthalam"},{"link_name":"Jayam Ravi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayam_Ravi"},{"link_name":"Adanga Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adanga_Maru"},{"link_name":"Aishwarya Rajesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aishwarya_Rajesh"},{"link_name":"Kanaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaa_(film)"},{"link_name":"Yash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yash_(actor)"},{"link_name":"K.G.F Chapter – 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.G.F:_Chapter_1"},{"link_name":"Manvitha Harish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manvitha_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Tagaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagaru"},{"link_name":"Nivin Pauly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivin_Pauly"},{"link_name":"Hey Jude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Jude_(film)"},{"link_name":"Trisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisha_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Hey Jude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Jude_(film)"}],"text":"Telugu cinemaBest Actor – Vijay Deverakonda – Geetha Govindam\nBest Actress – Samantha Akkineni – RangasthalamTamil CinemaBest Actor – Jayam Ravi – Adanga Maru\nBest Actress – Aishwarya Rajesh – KanaaKannada cinemaBest Actor – Yash – K.G.F Chapter – 1\nBest Actress – Manvitha Harish – TagaruMalayalam cinemaBest Actor – Nivin Pauly – Hey Jude\nBest Actress – Trisha – Hey Jude","title":"Critics' choice awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sudheer Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudheer_Babu"},{"link_name":"Sammohanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammohanam_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"Kathir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathir_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Pariyerum Perumal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariyerum_Perumal"},{"link_name":"Master Aarav Ravi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayam_Ravi"},{"link_name":"Tik Tik Tik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tik_Tik_Tik_(2018_film)"}],"text":"Special Appreciation Jury Award : Sudheer Babu – Sammohanam\nSpecial Jury for Outstanding performance : Kathir – Pariyerum Perumal\nSpecial Jury for Child Artist (Tamil) : Master Aarav Ravi – Tik Tik Tik","title":"Special Jury Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohanlal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohanlal"},{"link_name":"Vijay Devarakonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Deverakonda"},{"link_name":"Yash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yash_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Samantha Akkineni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Akkineni"}],"text":"Entertainer of the Year : TBA\nGeneration Next Superstar : TBA\nMost Popular Star in the Middle East : Mohanlal\nPopular Celebrity on Social Media : Vijay Devarakonda\nStyle Icon of the Year : Yash and Samantha Akkineni","title":"Generation Next Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Presenters"}]
|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shershen
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Shershen
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["1 Description","2 Variants","3 Users","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Belarusian anti-tank guided missile
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Shershen A Shershen on a tripod.TypeATGMPlace of originBelarusUkraineService historyIn service2012-presentUsed bySee UsersProduction historyDesignerCJSC "SRPC" JSC "Peleng" — Guidance device "Luch" Design Bureau — Anti-tank missileDesigned2010ManufacturerCJSC "SRPC"Produced2010 — presentVariantsSee VariantsSpecificationsDetonationmechanismImpact fuzePropellantSolid-fuel rocketGuidancesystemSACLOS laser beam ridingLaunchplatformTripod, vehicle mount on roof
The Shershen (Russian: Шершень; English: Hornet) is a Belarusian third generation anti-tank guided missile (ATGM), based on Belarusian-Ukrainian ATGM Skif but reportedly with additional capabilities. Designed to defeat modern armored vehicles, protected objects (such as bunkers, pillboxes, earth-and-timber emplacements) and low-speed low-altitude targets (helicopters, UAVs).
Description
The "Shershen" base version consists of a tripod, a universal combat module, an anti-tank guided missile, a guidance device (PN-S) and a remote control, which allows the control of the unit from up to 100 m (with a wire channel) and up to 300 m (with radio). The two-man crew's combat task is to assemble "Shershen", find the target and launch. The pre-launch procedures, which include missile installation, PN-S connection and unit switch-on, take less than 2 minutes to complete. Once the missile is fired, the operator controls the "Shershen" and corrects the aim, if necessary, using the joystick on the remote control.
Shershen is designed to destroy armored vehicles equipped with explosive reactive armor (ERA) and can attack stationary and moving targets. Shershen also has automated fire and forget targeting mode that doesn't require manual tracking of a target.
The R-2V missile (can be used with "Shershen-Q" and unified with ATGM "Barier-V" ) extends the maximum range to 7,500m. The ability to use different types of missiles without any system modification, in addition to a wide spectrum of targets makes it possible to consider this system not only as an ATGM, but as a mobile defence-assault fire system for infantry support up to battalion level.
Variants
"Shershen" — base version.
"Shershen-L" — light version (maximum range up to 2.5 km.)
"Shershen-D" — version with two firing channels.
"Shershen-Q" — version with two firing channels and auto lifting system (or without auto lift) for installation on a vehicle.
Users
Belarus
Georgia
Ukraine
Nigeria
Turkmenistan
Gallery
ATGM "Shershen" on position
ATGM "Shershen-D
ATGM "Shershen-Q"
ATGM "Shershen" remote control
ATGM "Shershen" in hot conditions
ATGM "Shershen" on the protection of the coastline
ATGM "Shershen" production site
ATGM "Shershen-DM" on Streit Group Spartan APC
See also
OMTAS – (Turkey)
FGM-148 Javelin – (United States)
Type 01 LMAT – (Japan)
9M133 Kornet – (Russia)
BGM-71 TOW – (United States)
9K115-2 Metis-M – (Russia)
NLAW – (Sweden, United Kingdom)
Stugna-P – (Ukraine)
References
^ "Defense Industry of Belarus presents its Shershen ATGM Anti-Tank Guided Missile at DSA 2016 11804163 | DSA 2016 Official Online Show Daily News | Defence security military exhibition 2016 daily news category".
^ a b c "Shershen Anti-Tank Guided Missile". www.military-today.com.
^ The Modern Weaponry of the World's Armed Forces. 2017-04-24. ISBN 9781946983794.
^ Белорусский ПТРК на вооружении армии Нигерии
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shershen.
"ATGM "Shershen" video presentation" on YouTube
"ATGM "Shershen" launches" on YouTube
"ATGM "Shershen" (Updated "Skif") on TV" on YouTube
Di PRJ Ada 'Perang' Rudal Anti Tank
ATGM "Shershen" in blogs
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[]
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[{"title":"OMTAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMTAS"},{"title":"FGM-148 Javelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGM-148_Javelin"},{"title":"Type 01 LMAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_01_LMAT"},{"title":"9M133 Kornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M133_Kornet"},{"title":"BGM-71 TOW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-71_TOW"},{"title":"9K115-2 Metis-M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K115-2_Metis-M"},{"title":"NLAW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLAW"},{"title":"Stugna-P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skif_(anti-tank_guided_missile)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_Imboden
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Race Imboden
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["1 Personal life","2 Career","2.1 Pan-Am Games protest","3 Modeling","4 Medal Record","4.1 Olympic Games","4.2 World Championship","4.3 Grand Prix","4.4 World Cup","4.5 Pan American Championship","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Former American fencer and current model
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Race ImbodenPersonal informationFull nameRace Alick Reid ImbodenBorn (1993-04-17) April 17, 1993 (age 31)Tampa, Florida, United StatesHeight1.89 m (6 ft 2 in)Weight172 lb (78 kg)SportCountryUnited StatesSportFencingWeaponFoilHandleft-handedClubN/AHead coachN/AFIE rankingN/Acurrent ranking
Medal record
Men's foil
Representing the United States
Olympic Games
2016 Rio de Janeiro
Team
2020 Tokyo
Team
World Championships
2019 Budapest
Team
2013 Budapest
Team
2017 Leipzig
Team
2018 Wuxi
Team
Pan American Games
2019 Lima
Team
2019 Lima
Individual
Pan American Championships
2011 Reno
Individual
2011 Reno
Team
2012 Cancún
Individual
2012 Cancún
Team
2013 Cartagena
Team
2014 San José
Team
2015 Santiago
Individual
2015 Santiago
Team
2016 Panama City
Team
2017 Montreal
Individual
2017 Montreal
Team
2018 Havana
Individual
2018 Havana
Team
2019 Toronto
Individual
2019 Toronto
Team
2013 Cartagena
Individual
2016 Panama City
Individual
National Championships
2011 Portland
Individual
2014 Minneapolis
Individual
Race Alick Reid Imboden (born April 17, 1993) is an American left-handed former foil fencer. He is a nine-time team Pan American champion, six-time individual Pan American champion, and 2019 team world champion. A three-time Olympian, Imboden is a two-time team Olympic bronze medalist. He competed in the 2012 London Olympic Games, the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games, and the 2021 Tokyo Olympic Games.
In addition to his fencing career, Imboden is also a menswear fashion model.
Personal life
Imboden was born in Tampa, Florida. His parents gave him his name after the Jonny Quest character Race Bannon. He moved to Atlanta at a young age. His first sports were inline skating and BMX; an inline skating accident left him with a crooked nose and a scar on his lip. He was playing with a toy sword in a park when a stranger suggested to his parents that he take up fencing. Shortly afterwards his family moved to Park Slope, Brooklyn, New York City.
Imboden joined the Fencer's Club in Manhattan, where he first met Jed Dupree and Dan Kellner, both of whom were foil fencing Olympians at the 2004 Summer Olympics. They worked with him as a student, and Imboden made several connections. One lasting connection was that of the friendship to his long-time colleague Declan MacPherson, who Imboden notably gave an autograph to upon their first meeting. Imboden was educated at the Dwight School, which supported his budding sports career. His debut international competition came at age 14 when he won a bronze medal in the cadet (U17) 2010 world fencing championships. After graduating high school in spring 2011 he reconsidered his earlier signed intent to immediately attend Notre Dame, and took a year to focus on his training. He became a member of the Brooklyn Bridge Fencing Club, in the DUMBO section of Brooklyn, with Dan Kellner as his coach. He finally opted for St. John's University in New York, because it was closer to his family and coach.
Imboden's other passion is hip hop. He interned at independent label Fool's Gold in 2012 and is a DJ in his spare time.
Imboden and French foil fencer Ysaora Thibus met at a party after the Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games and began dating shortly afterward. The couple became engaged at the Pigalle in Paris after the Tokyo Olympic Games.
Career
Imboden (right) with Team USA on the podium of the 2013 World Fencing Championships
Imboden (left) fences against Italy's Andrea Cassarà (right) in the men's foil team final of the 2013 World Fencing Championships 2013 at Syma Hall in Budapest, 12 August 2013.
Imboden joined the national cadet (U17) team in 2010 and capped the year with the Cadet National Championship title. A year later, he was an individual titlist at the Senior National Championship in Portland, Oregon, and team foil titlist at the 2011 and 2012 Pan American Fencing Championships. At the age of 17, he made the senior national team for the 2011 World Championships in Catania. For his first participation to an event of this magnitude, he reached the quarter-finals after seeing off triple world titlist Peter Joppich, but lost to France's Victor Sintès.
At the beginning of the 2011–12 World Cup he stood on the World Cup podium for his bronze medal in the Challenge International de Paris. His good international results qualified him to the US national team to compete at the London 2012 Summer Olympics with the top-ranked team in the Americas zone. Seeded No. 4, he finished 9th after being eliminated in the table of 16 by Andrea Baldini of Italy. In the team event, No. 5 seeded USA prevailed over France, lost to Italy (who would win the gold medal), and a loss followed in the bronze medal match with Germany.
In 2013 Imboden won the gold medal at the 2013 Copa Villa La Habana, his first World Cup title, breaking a 14-year drought of US Foil World Cup titlists. He is now one of two US men's foil fencers to have won a World Cup competition. In June of the same year he won a silver medal in the Pan American fencing Championships in Cartagena after being defeated in the final by his teammate Gerek Meinhardt. At the 2013 World Fencing Championships in Budapest Imboden was defeated in the table of 16 by Ukraine's Rostyslav Hertsyk, who later earned a bronze medal. He took part in the team event for the United States, who lost the final to Italy and took the silver medal. Imboden finished 10th in the 2012–13 FIE world rankings.
Imboden began the 2013–14 season win a silver medal finish in the 2013 World Combat Games. He won his second USA Division-1 National Championship title in April 2014, defeating David Willette 15–6. He placed second in the SK Trophée in Seoul and third in the Prince Takamado World Cup. The World Championships in Kazan were a disappointment as Imboden was defeated in the table of 16 by teammate Gerek Meinhardt. In the team event, No.4 seed USA lost to eventual silver medallist China in the quarter-finals and finished fifth. Imboden finished the season world No.10 for the second time in a row.
In the 2014–15 season Imboden made the quarter-finals in the San Francisco World Cup and proceeded to win gold at the Prince Takamodo World Cup in Tokyo after overcoming Russia's Dmitry Rigin in the final. He posted a third place in the Trofeo Inalpi in Turin, Italy. In January 2015 he achieved a double gold at the Challenge International de Paris: he became the first American to win the individual event after defeating Italy's Daniele Garozzo, then earned a second gold medal in the team event after Team USA prevailed over Italy. Imboden then took a bronze medal in the Havana Grand Prix. In April he won the Master de Fleuret in Melun, prevailing over Ma Jianfei in the final. Two weeks later he earned the gold medal at the 2015 Pan American Championships in Santiago, his third individual Pan American title. The 2015 World Championships in Moscow proved a disappointment: Imboden was defeated in the table of 16 by Olympic champion Lei Sheng. In the team event, the United States lost to Italy in the quarter-finals and finished sixth after the placement rounds. Imboden did, however, ended the season World no.1, ten points ahead of newly crowned world champion Yuki Ota, thus becoming the first American male fencer to win the overall World Cup.
In the 2015–16 season Imboden achieved another double-gold haul at the Paris World Cup, becoming the first fencer since Benjamin Kleibrink in 2006–2007 to win back-to-back editions. Three podiums out of three World Cup competitions sealed the United States' qualification to the team event of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, guaranteeing three American slots in the individual event. Despite a further bronze medal at the Havana Grand Prix and a no.4 world ranking, Imboden was overtaken in the US rankings and qualified to the Olympics only as an alternate for the team event.
At the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima, Peru, Imboden and teammates Gerek Meinhardt and Nick Itkin won gold medals for the US men's foil team.
Imboden again qualified as an alternate to represent the United States in fencing at the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo in 2021 where the US team won its second consecutive bronze medal in the team foil competition.
Pan-Am Games protest
See also: U.S. national anthem protests (2016–present)
Following the U.S. men's foil team victory at the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima, Peru, which earned Imboden and teammates Gerek Meinhardt and Nick Itkin gold medals, Imboden knelt on one knee on the medal podium as the United States national anthem played. Meinhardt and Itkin stood. He stated in a post on Twitter that he had done so as a protest against racism, for gun control, mistreatment of immigrants, and the rhetoric of President Donald Trump. United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee spokesperson Mark Jones criticized Imboden, as all athletes are to commit to refraining from political actions and demonstrations, stating "In this case, Race didn't adhere to the commitment he made to the organizing committee and the USOPC. We respect his rights to express his viewpoints, but we are disappointed that he chose not to honor his commitment." Imboden had previously mounted a similar protest with a teammate at a World Cup event in Egypt in 2017.
We must call for change. This week I am honored to represent Team USA at the Pan Am Games, taking home Gold and Bronze. My pride however has been cut short by the multiple shortcomings of the country I hold so dear to my heart. Racism, Gun Control, mistreatment of immigrants, and a president who spreads hate are at the top of a long list. I chose to sacrifie my moment today at the top of the podium to call attention to issues that I believe need to be addressed. I encourage others to please use your platforms for empowerment and change.— Race Imboden
On 21 August 2019, Imboden was placed on a twelve-month probation by the U.S. Olympic and Paralympic Committee for his protest at the Pan American Games.
Modeling
He began modelling for Quest Models after being scouted by an agent during the London Olympics. In 2013 he made models.com's "hot list" of the most in-demand newcomers in the business. In 2015 he began working with Wilhelmina Models. He left school during his first year to concentrate on his modelling and international career, as under NCAA rules he could not take part in collegiate fencing while being paid to model. Imboden is currently represented by The Society Management New York.
Medal Record
Olympic Games
Year
Location
Event
Position
2016
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Team Men's Foil
3rd
2021
Tokyo, Japan
Team Men's Foil
3rd
World Championship
Year
Location
Event
Position
2013
Budapest, Hungary
Team Men's Foil
2nd
2017
Leipzig, Germany
Team Men's Foil
2nd
2018
Wuxi, China
Team Men's Foil
2nd
2019
Budapest, Hungary
Team Men's Foil
1st
Grand Prix
Date
Location
Event
Position
2014-05-03
Tokyo, Japan
Individual Men's Foil
3rd
2014-11-28
Turin, Italy
Individual Men's Foil
3rd
2015-03-13
Havana, Cuba
Individual Men's Foil
3rd
2016-03-11
Havana, Cuba
Individual Men's Foil
3rd
2018-03-16
Anaheim, California
Individual Men's Foil
1st
2018-05-19
Shanghai, China
Individual Men's Foil
3rd
2019-02-08
Turin, Italy
Individual Men's Foil
1st
2020-02-07
Turin, Italy
Individual Men's Foil
3rd
2021-03-26
Doha, Qatar
Individual Men's Foil
3rd
World Cup
Date
Location
Event
Position
2012-01-27
Paris, France
Individual Men's Foil
3rd
2012-05-18
Seoul, South Korea
Individual Men's Foil
3rd
2013-05-24
Havana, Cuba
Individual Men's Foil
1st
2014-04-25
Seoul, South Korea
Individual Men's Foil
2nd
2014-11-07
Tokyo, Japan
Individual Men's Foil
1st
2015-01-16
Paris, France
Individual Men's Foil
1st
2016-01-15
Paris, France
Individual Men's Foil
1st
2016-10-21
Cairo, Egypt
Individual Men's Foil
1st
2017-02-10
Bonn, Germany
Individual Men's Foil
3rd
2017-10-20
Cairo, Egypt
Individual Men's Foil
3rd
2019-01-11
Paris, France
Individual Men's Foil
3rd
2019-01-25
Tokyo, Japan
Individual Men's Foil
2nd
Pan American Championship
Year
Location
Event
Position
2011
Reno, Nevada
Individual Men's Foil
1st
2011
Reno, Nevada
Team Men's Foil
1st
2012
Cancún, Mexico
Individual Men's Foil
1st
2012
Cancún, Mexico
Team Men's Foil
1st
2013
Cartagena, Colombia
Individual Men's Foil
2nd
2013
Cartagena, Colombia
Team Men's Foil
1st
2014
San José, Costa Rica
Team Men's Foil
1st
2015
Santiago, Chile
Individual Men's Foil
1st
2015
Santiago, Chile
Team Men's Foil
1st
2016
Panama City, Panama
Individual Men's Foil
3rd
2016
Panama City, Panama
Team Men's Foil
1st
2017
Montreal, Canada
Individual Men's Foil
1st
2017
Montreal, Canada
Team Men's Foil
1st
2018
Havana, Cuba
Individual Men's Foil
1st
2018
Havana, Cuba
Team Men's Foil
1st
2019
Toronto, Canada
Individual Men's Foil
1st
2019
Toronto, Canada
Team Men's Foil
1st
See also
List of USFA Division I National Champions
References
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
^ a b Greg Wyshynski (July 26, 2012). "Race Imboden: U.S. fencing's rising star and Brooklyn hipster DJ". Yahoo! Sports.
^ a b William Van Meter (March 19, 2013). "One to Watch: Mr Race Imboden". Mr Porter Journal.
^ a b c John Otis (May 7, 2012). "For a Young American Fencer, It Started With Toy Swords". The New York Times.
^ a b "Race Imboden, USA Fencing". TeamUSA.org. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012.
^ "Olympic Fencers Race Imboden and Ysaora Thibus Are Engaged! All About His Creative Proposal". PEOPLE.com. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
^ Men's Individual Foil, London 2012.
^ SportAccord Combat Games (ed.). "Szasz wins gold in women's epee for Hungary, Kruse takes the title in men's foil for Great Britain". Archived from the original on October 29, 2013.
^ Nicole Jomantas (April 12, 2014). "Imboden Earns Second Men's Foil National Championship". US Fencing.
^ G. Allen Johnson (October 19, 2014). "And He's Off: Race Imboden Starts Fencing Season On High Note". TeamUSA.org. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014.
^ "Scherma, coppa del Mondo di fioretto: bis della Errigo, primo podio per Cassarà" (in Italian). Gasport. November 8, 2014.
^ Alessandro Gennari (January 17, 2015). "Mamma che Garozzo!". Pianeta Scherma (in Italian).
^ Alessandro Gennari (January 18, 2015). "Quel dommage!". Pianeta Scherma (in Italian).
^ "Race Imboden, maître de Melun". Le Parisien (in French). April 4, 2015.
^ Nicole Jomantas (April 19, 2015). "Race Imboden wins third individual Pan Am title, Team USA takes five medals on opening day". US Fencing.
^ US Fencing Association (July 17, 2015). "Men's team foil at the 2015 World Fencing Championships". teamUSA.org. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015.
^ Nicole Jomantas (August 5, 2015). "Race Imboden Becomes First U.S. Man to Win Overall World Cup Title". US Fencing. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
^ Daniel Etchelis (January 17, 2016). "United States' Imboden claims gold at men's foil Fencing World Cup in Paris". Inside the Games.
^ Nicole Jomantas (March 15, 2016). "U.S. Men's Foil Team Finalized for Rio Olympic Games". US Fencing.
^ a b c Baer, Jack (August 10, 2019). "Champion U.S. fencer takes knee on medal podium during national anthem, calls for social change". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
^ Price, Karen (March 28, 2021). "FOIL FENCING TEAMS FINALIZE OLYMPIC ROSTERS". teamusa.org. Retrieved August 2, 2021.
^ a b "Race Imboden, Olympic fencer, takes knee on Pan Am Games podium". NBC Sports. August 10, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
^ @Race_Imboden (August 10, 2019). "We must call for change. This week I am honored to represent Team USA at the Pan Am Games, taking home Gold and Br…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ "Pan Am Games Protesters Put On Probation For 12 Months". KDKA-TV. August 21, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
^ "The Hot List (Men)". models.com.
^ Maggie Hendricks (February 26, 2016). "Race Imboden balances life of fencing and modeling". USA Today.
^ https://www.thesocietymanagement.com/society-men/9344-race-imboden
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
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^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
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^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
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^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
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^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Race Imboden.
Race Imboden at the International Fencing Federation
Race Imboden at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)
Have Foil, Will Travel, Imboden's personal blog
Profile on USfencing.org
Profile on Models.com
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"foil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foil_(fencing)"},{"link_name":"fencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Olympian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"2012 London Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2021 Tokyo Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"Race Alick Reid Imboden (born April 17, 1993) is an American left-handed former foil fencer.[1] He is a nine-time team Pan American champion, six-time individual Pan American champion, and 2019 team world champion. A three-time Olympian, Imboden is a two-time team Olympic bronze medalist. He competed in the 2012 London Olympic Games, the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games, and the 2021 Tokyo Olympic Games.In addition to his fencing career, Imboden is also a menswear fashion model.","title":"Race Imboden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tampa, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Jonny Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Quest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YS-2"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"inline skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline_skating"},{"link_name":"BMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMX"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mrporter-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-4"},{"link_name":"Park Slope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Slope"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Jed Dupree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedediah_Dupree"},{"link_name":"Dan Kellner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Kellner"},{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-4"},{"link_name":"Dwight School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-teamusa-5"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame"},{"link_name":"DUMBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DUMBO"},{"link_name":"St. John's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_University_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YS-2"},{"link_name":"Ysaora Thibus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysaora_Thibus"},{"link_name":"Pigalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Pigalle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Imboden was born in Tampa, Florida. His parents gave him his name after the Jonny Quest character Race Bannon.[2] He moved to Atlanta at a young age. His first sports were inline skating and BMX; an inline skating accident left him with a crooked nose and a scar on his lip.[3] He was playing with a toy sword in a park when a stranger suggested to his parents that he take up fencing.[4] Shortly afterwards his family moved to Park Slope, Brooklyn, New York City.Imboden joined the Fencer's Club in Manhattan, where he first met Jed Dupree and Dan Kellner, both of whom were foil fencing Olympians at the 2004 Summer Olympics. They worked with him as a student, and Imboden made several connections. One lasting connection was that of the friendship to his long-time colleague Declan MacPherson, who Imboden notably gave an autograph to upon their first meeting.[4] Imboden was educated at the Dwight School, which supported his budding sports career.[4] His debut international competition came at age 14 when he won a bronze medal in the cadet (U17) 2010 world fencing championships.[5] After graduating high school in spring 2011 he reconsidered his earlier signed intent to immediately attend Notre Dame, and took a year to focus on his training. He became a member of the Brooklyn Bridge Fencing Club, in the DUMBO section of Brooklyn, with Dan Kellner as his coach. He finally opted for St. John's University in New York, because it was closer to his family and coach.[citation needed]Imboden's other passion is hip hop. He interned at independent label Fool's Gold in 2012 and is a DJ in his spare time.[2]Imboden and French foil fencer Ysaora Thibus met at a party after the Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games and began dating shortly afterward. The couple became engaged at the Pigalle in Paris after the Tokyo Olympic Games.[6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_podium_2013_Fencing_WCH_FMS-EQ_t213631.jpg"},{"link_name":"2013 World Fencing Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Fencing_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Final_2013_Fencing_WCH_FMS-EQ_t194733.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrea Cassarà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Cassar%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-teamusa-5"},{"link_name":"2011 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_World_Fencing_Championships"},{"link_name":"quarter-finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_foil_at_the_2011_World_Fencing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Peter 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Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Pan_American_Fencing_Championships"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"2015 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_World_Fencing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"table of 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_foil_at_the_2015_World_Fencing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Lei Sheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_Sheng"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"team event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_team_foil_at_the_2015_World_Fencing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Yuki Ota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuki_Ota"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usfencing.org-17"},{"link_name":"2015–16 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Fencing_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Kleibrink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Kleibrink"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Qualification"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"2019 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Gerek Meinhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerek_Meinhardt"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kneel-20"},{"link_name":"United States in fencing at the 2020 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics#Fencing"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Imboden (right) with Team USA on the podium of the 2013 World Fencing ChampionshipsImboden (left) fences against Italy's Andrea Cassarà (right) in the men's foil team final of the 2013 World Fencing Championships 2013 at Syma Hall in Budapest, 12 August 2013.Imboden joined the national cadet (U17) team in 2010 and capped the year with the Cadet National Championship title. A year later, he was an individual titlist at the Senior National Championship in Portland, Oregon, and team foil titlist at the 2011 and 2012 Pan American Fencing Championships.[5] At the age of 17, he made the senior national team for the 2011 World Championships in Catania. For his first participation to an event of this magnitude, he reached the quarter-finals after seeing off triple world titlist Peter Joppich, but lost to France's Victor Sintès.At the beginning of the 2011–12 World Cup he stood on the World Cup podium for his bronze medal in the Challenge International de Paris. His good international results qualified him to the US national team to compete at the London 2012 Summer Olympics with the top-ranked team in the Americas zone. Seeded No. 4, he finished 9th after being eliminated in the table of 16 by Andrea Baldini of Italy.[7] In the team event, No. 5 seeded USA prevailed over France, lost to Italy (who would win the gold medal), and a loss followed in the bronze medal match with Germany.In 2013 Imboden won the gold medal at the 2013 Copa Villa La Habana, his first World Cup title, breaking a 14-year drought of US Foil World Cup titlists. He is now one of two US men's foil fencers to have won a World Cup competition. In June of the same year he won a silver medal in the Pan American fencing Championships in Cartagena after being defeated in the final by his teammate Gerek Meinhardt. At the 2013 World Fencing Championships in Budapest Imboden was defeated in the table of 16 by Ukraine's Rostyslav Hertsyk, who later earned a bronze medal. He took part in the team event for the United States, who lost the final to Italy and took the silver medal. Imboden finished 10th in the 2012–13 FIE world rankings.Imboden began the 2013–14 season win a silver medal finish in the 2013 World Combat Games.[8] He won his second USA Division-1 National Championship title in April 2014, defeating David Willette 15–6.[9] He placed second in the SK Trophée in Seoul and third in the Prince Takamado World Cup. The World Championships in Kazan were a disappointment as Imboden was defeated in the table of 16 by teammate Gerek Meinhardt. In the team event, No.4 seed USA lost to eventual silver medallist China in the quarter-finals and finished fifth. Imboden finished the season world No.10 for the second time in a row.In the 2014–15 season Imboden made the quarter-finals in the San Francisco World Cup[10] and proceeded to win gold at the Prince Takamodo World Cup in Tokyo after overcoming Russia's Dmitry Rigin in the final.[11] He posted a third place in the Trofeo Inalpi in Turin, Italy. In January 2015 he achieved a double gold at the Challenge International de Paris: he became the first American to win the individual event after defeating Italy's Daniele Garozzo,[12] then earned a second gold medal in the team event after Team USA prevailed over Italy.[13] Imboden then took a bronze medal in the Havana Grand Prix. In April he won the Master de Fleuret in Melun, prevailing over Ma Jianfei in the final.[14] Two weeks later he earned the gold medal at the 2015 Pan American Championships in Santiago, his third individual Pan American title.[15] The 2015 World Championships in Moscow proved a disappointment: Imboden was defeated in the table of 16 by Olympic champion Lei Sheng.[16] In the team event, the United States lost to Italy in the quarter-finals and finished sixth after the placement rounds. Imboden did, however, ended the season World no.1, ten points ahead of newly crowned world champion Yuki Ota, thus becoming the first American male fencer to win the overall World Cup.[17]In the 2015–16 season Imboden achieved another double-gold haul at the Paris World Cup, becoming the first fencer since Benjamin Kleibrink in 2006–2007 to win back-to-back editions.[18] Three podiums out of three World Cup competitions sealed the United States' qualification to the team event of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, guaranteeing three American slots in the individual event. Despite a further bronze medal at the Havana Grand Prix and a no.4 world ranking, Imboden was overtaken in the US rankings and qualified to the Olympics only as an alternate for the team event.[19]At the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima, Peru, Imboden and teammates Gerek Meinhardt and Nick Itkin won gold medals for the US men's foil team.[20]Imboden again qualified as an alternate to represent the United States in fencing at the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo in 2021[21] where the US team won its second consecutive bronze medal in the team foil competition.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. national anthem protests (2016–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._national_anthem_protests_(2016%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"2019 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Gerek Meinhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerek_Meinhardt"},{"link_name":"United States national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kneel-20"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"gun control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_control"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbc-22"},{"link_name":"United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Olympic_%26_Paralympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kneel-20"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbc-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Probation-24"}],"sub_title":"Pan-Am Games protest","text":"See also: U.S. national anthem protests (2016–present)Following the U.S. men's foil team victory at the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima, Peru, which earned Imboden and teammates Gerek Meinhardt and Nick Itkin gold medals, Imboden knelt on one knee on the medal podium as the United States national anthem played. Meinhardt and Itkin stood.[20] He stated in a post on Twitter that he had done so as a protest against racism, for gun control, mistreatment of immigrants, and the rhetoric of President Donald Trump.[22] United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee spokesperson Mark Jones criticized Imboden, as all athletes are to commit to refraining from political actions and demonstrations, stating \"In this case, Race didn't adhere to the commitment he made to the organizing committee and the USOPC. We respect his rights to express his viewpoints, but we are disappointed that he chose not to honor his commitment.\"[20] Imboden had previously mounted a similar protest with a teammate at a World Cup event in Egypt in 2017.[22]We must call for change. This week I am honored to represent Team USA at the Pan Am Games, taking home Gold and Bronze. My pride however has been cut short by the multiple shortcomings of the country I hold so dear to my heart. Racism, Gun Control, mistreatment of immigrants, and a president who spreads hate are at the top of a long list. I chose to sacrifie [sic: read sacrifice] my moment today at the top of the podium to call attention to issues that I believe need to be addressed. I encourage others to please use your platforms for empowerment and change.— Race Imboden [23]On 21 August 2019, Imboden was placed on a twelve-month probation by the U.S. Olympic and Paralympic Committee for his protest at the Pan American Games.[24]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"modelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(profession)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mrporter-3"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmina Models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_Models"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"He began modelling for Quest Models after being scouted by an agent during the London Olympics.[3] In 2013 he made models.com's \"hot list\" of the most in-demand newcomers in the business.[25] In 2015 he began working with Wilhelmina Models. He left school during his first year to concentrate on his modelling and international career, as under NCAA rules he could not take part in collegiate fencing while being paid to model.[26] Imboden is currently represented by The Society Management New York.[27]","title":"Modeling"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medal Record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Olympic Games","title":"Medal Record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World Championship","title":"Medal Record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Grand Prix","title":"Medal Record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World Cup","title":"Medal Record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pan American Championship","title":"Medal Record"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Imboden (right) with Team USA on the podium of the 2013 World Fencing Championships","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/USA_podium_2013_Fencing_WCH_FMS-EQ_t213631.jpg/220px-USA_podium_2013_Fencing_WCH_FMS-EQ_t213631.jpg"},{"image_text":"Imboden (left) fences against Italy's Andrea Cassarà (right) in the men's foil team final of the 2013 World Fencing Championships 2013 at Syma Hall in Budapest, 12 August 2013.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Final_2013_Fencing_WCH_FMS-EQ_t194733.jpg/220px-Final_2013_Fencing_WCH_FMS-EQ_t194733.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of USFA Division I National Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_USFA_Division_I_National_Champions"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved May 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/athletes/23013","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"Greg Wyshynski (July 26, 2012). \"Race Imboden: U.S. fencing's rising star and Brooklyn hipster DJ\". Yahoo! Sports.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/olympics-fourth-place-medal/race-imboden-u-fencing-rising-star-brooklyn-hipster-095758590--oly.html","url_text":"\"Race Imboden: U.S. fencing's rising star and Brooklyn hipster DJ\""}]},{"reference":"William Van Meter (March 19, 2013). \"One to Watch: Mr Race Imboden\". Mr Porter Journal.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mrporter.com/journal/journal_issue106/1#1","url_text":"\"One to Watch: Mr Race Imboden\""}]},{"reference":"John Otis (May 7, 2012). \"For a Young American Fencer, It Started With Toy Swords\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://london2012.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/07/for-a-young-american-fencer-it-started-with-toy-swords/","url_text":"\"For a Young American Fencer, It Started With Toy Swords\""}]},{"reference":"\"Race Imboden, USA Fencing\". TeamUSA.org. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425012456/http://www.teamusa.org/Athletes/IM/Race-Imboden.aspx","url_text":"\"Race Imboden, USA Fencing\""},{"url":"http://www.teamusa.org/Athletes/IM/Race-Imboden.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Fencers Race Imboden and Ysaora Thibus Are Engaged! All About His Creative Proposal\". PEOPLE.com. Retrieved September 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/sports/olympic-fencers-race-imboden-ysaora-thibus-engaged/","url_text":"\"Olympic Fencers Race Imboden and Ysaora Thibus Are Engaged! All About His Creative Proposal\""}]},{"reference":"SportAccord Combat Games (ed.). \"Szasz wins gold in women's epee for Hungary, Kruse takes the title in men's foil for Great Britain\". Archived from the original on October 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195136/http://media.sportaccord.com/article/view/Szasz-wins-gold-in-women-s-epee-for-Hungary-Kruse-takes-the-title-in-men-s-foil-for-Great-Britain","url_text":"\"Szasz wins gold in women's epee for Hungary, Kruse takes the title in men's foil for Great Britain\""},{"url":"http://media.sportaccord.com/article/view/Szasz-wins-gold-in-women-s-epee-for-Hungary-Kruse-takes-the-title-in-men-s-foil-for-Great-Britain","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nicole Jomantas (April 12, 2014). \"Imboden Earns Second Men's Foil National Championship\". US Fencing.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usfencing.org/news_article/show/375577?referrer_id=669372-usa-fencing-news","url_text":"\"Imboden Earns Second Men's Foil National Championship\""}]},{"reference":"G. Allen Johnson (October 19, 2014). \"And He's Off: Race Imboden Starts Fencing Season On High Note\". TeamUSA.org. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141020155734/http://www.teamusa.org/News/2014/October/19/And-Hes-Off-Race-Imboden-Starts-Fencing-Season-On-High-Note","url_text":"\"And He's Off: Race Imboden Starts Fencing Season On High Note\""},{"url":"http://www.teamusa.org/News/2014/October/19/And-Hes-Off-Race-Imboden-Starts-Fencing-Season-On-High-Note","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Scherma, coppa del Mondo di fioretto: bis della Errigo, primo podio per Cassarà\" (in Italian). Gasport. November 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazzetta.it/Sport-Vari/Scherma/08-11-2014/scherma-coppa-mondo-fioretto-bis-errigo-primo-podio-cassara-90979385144.shtml","url_text":"\"Scherma, coppa del Mondo di fioretto: bis della Errigo, primo podio per Cassarà\""}]},{"reference":"Alessandro Gennari (January 17, 2015). \"Mamma che Garozzo!\". Pianeta Scherma (in Italian).","urls":[{"url":"http://pianetascherma.com/2015/01/17/mamma-che-garozzo/","url_text":"\"Mamma che Garozzo!\""}]},{"reference":"Alessandro Gennari (January 18, 2015). \"Quel dommage!\". Pianeta Scherma (in Italian).","urls":[{"url":"http://pianetascherma.com/2015/01/18/cipparigi-prova-a-squadre-fioretto-maschile/","url_text":"\"Quel dommage!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Race Imboden, maître de Melun\". Le Parisien (in French). April 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leparisien.fr/espace-premium/seine-et-marne-77/race-imboden-maitre-de-melun-04-04-2015-4664373.php#xtref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F","url_text":"\"Race Imboden, maître de Melun\""}]},{"reference":"Nicole Jomantas (April 19, 2015). \"Race Imboden wins third individual Pan Am title, Team USA takes five medals on opening day\". US Fencing.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usfencing.org/news_article/show/505269?referrer_id=669372","url_text":"\"Race Imboden wins third individual Pan Am title, Team USA takes five medals on opening day\""}]},{"reference":"US Fencing Association (July 17, 2015). \"Men's team foil at the 2015 World Fencing Championships\". teamUSA.org. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151025045023/http://www.teamusa.org/News/2015/July/17/Team-USA-Wins-Three-Individual-Foil-Medals-At-Fencing-Worlds","url_text":"\"Men's team foil at the 2015 World Fencing Championships\""},{"url":"http://www.teamusa.org/News/2015/July/17/Team-USA-Wins-Three-Individual-Foil-Medals-At-Fencing-Worlds","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nicole Jomantas (August 5, 2015). \"Race Imboden Becomes First U.S. Man to Win Overall World Cup Title\". US Fencing. Retrieved August 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usfencing.org/news_article/show/540995?referrer_id=669372","url_text":"\"Race Imboden Becomes First U.S. Man to Win Overall World Cup Title\""}]},{"reference":"Daniel Etchelis (January 17, 2016). \"United States' Imboden claims gold at men's foil Fencing World Cup in Paris\". Inside the Games.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1033365/united-states-imboden-claims-gold-at-mens-foil-fencing-world-cup-in-paris","url_text":"\"United States' Imboden claims gold at men's foil Fencing World Cup in Paris\""}]},{"reference":"Nicole Jomantas (March 15, 2016). \"U.S. Men's Foil Team Finalized for Rio Olympic Games\". US Fencing.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usfencing.org/news_article/show/625911?referrer_id=669372-usa-fencing-news","url_text":"\"U.S. Men's Foil Team Finalized for Rio Olympic Games\""}]},{"reference":"Baer, Jack (August 10, 2019). \"Champion U.S. fencer takes knee on medal podium during national anthem, calls for social change\". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved August 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.yahoo.com/fencer-race-imboden-knee-anthem-protest-000323757.html","url_text":"\"Champion U.S. fencer takes knee on medal podium during national anthem, calls for social change\""}]},{"reference":"Price, Karen (March 28, 2021). \"FOIL FENCING TEAMS FINALIZE OLYMPIC ROSTERS\". teamusa.org. Retrieved August 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teamusa.com/news/2021/march/28/foil-fencing-teams-finalize-olympic-rosters","url_text":"\"FOIL FENCING TEAMS FINALIZE OLYMPIC ROSTERS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Race Imboden, Olympic fencer, takes knee on Pan Am Games podium\". NBC Sports. August 10, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2019/08/10/race-imboden-fencer-national-anthem-protest-knee/","url_text":"\"Race Imboden, Olympic fencer, takes knee on Pan Am Games podium\""}]},{"reference":"@Race_Imboden (August 10, 2019). \"We must call for change. This week I am honored to represent Team USA at the Pan Am Games, taking home Gold and Br…\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/Race_Imboden/status/1159988039902466049","url_text":"\"We must call for change. This week I am honored to represent Team USA at the Pan Am Games, taking home Gold and Br…\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Pan Am Games Protesters Put On Probation For 12 Months\". KDKA-TV. August 21, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2019/08/21/pan-am-games-protesters-put-on-probation-for-12-months/","url_text":"\"Pan Am Games Protesters Put On Probation For 12 Months\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDKA-TV","url_text":"KDKA-TV"}]},{"reference":"\"The Hot List (Men)\". models.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://models.com/rankings/ui/TheHotListMen/12452#12452","url_text":"\"The Hot List (Men)\""}]},{"reference":"Maggie Hendricks (February 26, 2016). \"Race Imboden balances life of fencing and modeling\". USA Today.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftw.usatoday.com/2016/02/race-imboden-balances-life-of-fencing-and-modeling","url_text":"\"Race Imboden balances life of fencing and modeling\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved April 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2016/250?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved August 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2021/250","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved April 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2013/250?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved April 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fie.org/competitions/2017/250?tab=results","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-International
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AS-International
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["1 History","2 Member services","3 References","4 External links"]
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Nonprofit trade association
AS-InternationalCompany typeMember organizationtrade associationFounded1991FounderCompanies:Balluff, Festo,ifm electronic,Leuze Electronic,Pepperl+Fuchs,Sick, Siemens,Turck, Visolux (now part of the Pepperl+Fuchs group),Baumer, ElestaHeadquartersGelnhausen, DeutschlandArea servedWorldwide with representations in Belgium, Brazil, China, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Korea, The Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, USAWebsiteas-international
AS-International is the nonprofit trade association for AS-Interface (Actuator/Sensor-Interface, short: AS-i) users worldwide.
AS-International is the sole owner of the registered trademark AS-Interface, and only members may develop and sell products using AS-Interface technology. The association also controls the certification process, and grants the right to use the AS-Interface logo on printed and electronic material as well as the products themselves. AS-International represents a worldwide community of approximately 350 members. At this time, in addition to the headquarters in Gelnhausen, Germany, 13 independently structured local organizations on three continents exist.
History
In 1990, eleven German (Balluff, Festo, ifm electronic, Leuze electronic, Pepperl+Fuchs, Sick, Siemens, Turck, Visolux (now part of the Pepperl+Fuchs group) and Swiss (Baumer, and Elesta) companies conceived a bus system for networking sensors and actuators. These industrial companies, with different strategic and economic interests, and frequently competing, jointly conceived the AS-Interface technology. Funded in part by the BMBF (formerly BMFT- German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology,) their goal was the development of a simple and low-cost system. In 1991, after the completion of this work, an independent, nonprofit user organization, the Association for Promotion of Bus-compatible Interfaces e.V., now doing business as AS-International e.V., was founded. This was necessary to address legislation concerning anti-competitive business practices. The developing companies effectively relinquished their rights in the core technology. Consequently and as stated in its constitution, AS-International is the owner and guardian of the trademark AS-Interface®, and owns the rights and the specification to the AS-Interface technology. Therefore, any company producing technology with AS-Interface products is required to be a member of AS-International Association. Additionally, the organization represents the technology in international regulatory bodies, organizes and hosts educational seminars, and promotes advancements of the technology. According to AS-International, the organization's mission is the promotion of bus-able interfaces for sensors and actuators.
In the fall of 1991, the detailed specification was approved, allowing AS-International members to start developing slave components.
By mid 1992, the electro-mechanical specification was released, defining the AS-Interface flat-cable, an essential component to addressing the goal of simple network installations.
Mid 1992, the master specification was released, resulting in the development of a number of bus masters with and without interfaces to other higher-level ‘’fieldbus’’ solutions.
In the fall of 1993, the first application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) became available, simplifying slave development and passing performance testing.
In early 1994, the first fully functional circuit and prototypes became available.
Mid 1994, FZI Forschungszentrum Informatik in Karlsruhe – research institute for computer science in Karlsruhe) developed the first systems with master.
In 1999, AS-Interface is standardized in EN 50295 and IEC 62026-2 (revised in 2012.)
In 2010, AS-International introduced AS-Interface Power 24V, enabling the use of almost any 24V power supply for AS-Interface.
In July 2012, the Developer Kit for AS-Interface to create a fully functional as-Interface network was released.
Member services
As a trade association based on common interest, AS-International offers its members:
Certification of AS-Interface products
Market and technology information
Use of the logo and the name AS-Interface
Updates concerning technical documentation
Technical support
User seminars and presentations, workshops, trade shows, press conferences, advertisements
References
^ "AS-Interface bestaetigt Akkreditierung zweier Pruefungslabore". OpenAutomation.de. 2010-08-23.
^ Kai Binder (2012-11-09). "Einfach – sicher – international". SPS Magazin.
^ Rolf Becker (2009-09-09). "AS-Interface erschliesst neue Anwendungen". SPS Magazin.
^ Kai Binder (2010-04-08). "AS-I Power 24V". SPS Magazin.
^ Gary Mintchell (2012-07-23). "AS-Interface Developer Kit". Automation World.
External links
AS-International
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nonprofit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"trade association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_association"},{"link_name":"AS-Interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-Interface"},{"link_name":"Actuator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuator"},{"link_name":"Sensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor"},{"link_name":"registered trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"AS-Interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-Interface"},{"link_name":"AS-Interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-Interface"},{"link_name":"certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gelnhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelnhausen"}],"text":"AS-International is the nonprofit trade association for AS-Interface (Actuator/Sensor-Interface, short: AS-i) users worldwide.AS-International is the sole owner of the registered trademark AS-Interface, and only members may develop and sell products using AS-Interface technology. The association also controls the certification process, and grants the right to use the AS-Interface logo on printed and electronic material as well as the products themselves.[1] AS-International represents a worldwide community of approximately 350 members. At this time, in addition to the headquarters in Gelnhausen, Germany, 13 independently structured local organizations on three continents exist.","title":"AS-International"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bus system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_bus"},{"link_name":"sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensors"},{"link_name":"actuators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuators"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"BMBF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMBF"},{"link_name":"nonprofit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"anti-competitive business practices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices"},{"link_name":"trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"specification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification"},{"link_name":"AS-Interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-Interface"},{"link_name":"AS-Interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-Interface"},{"link_name":"specification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification"},{"link_name":"slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master/slave_(technology)"},{"link_name":"electro-mechanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanics"},{"link_name":"specification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification"},{"link_name":"master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master/slave_(technology)"},{"link_name":"specification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification"},{"link_name":"fieldbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieldbus"},{"link_name":"application-specific integrated circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit"},{"link_name":"slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master/slave_(technology)"},{"link_name":"prototypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype"},{"link_name":"FZI Forschungszentrum Informatik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FZI_Forschungszentrum_Informatik"},{"link_name":"master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master/slave_(technology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1990, eleven German (Balluff, Festo, ifm electronic, Leuze electronic, Pepperl+Fuchs, Sick, Siemens, Turck, Visolux (now part of the Pepperl+Fuchs group) and Swiss (Baumer, and Elesta) companies conceived a bus system for networking sensors and actuators.[2] These industrial companies, with different strategic and economic interests, and frequently competing, jointly conceived the AS-Interface technology. Funded in part by the BMBF (formerly BMFT- German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology,) their goal was the development of a simple and low-cost system. In 1991, after the completion of this work, an independent, nonprofit user organization, the Association for Promotion of Bus-compatible Interfaces e.V., now doing business as AS-International e.V., was founded. This was necessary to address legislation concerning anti-competitive business practices. The developing companies effectively relinquished their rights in the core technology. Consequently and as stated in its constitution, AS-International is the owner and guardian of the trademark AS-Interface®, and owns the rights and the specification to the AS-Interface technology. Therefore, any company producing technology with AS-Interface products is required to be a member of AS-International Association. Additionally, the organization represents the technology in international regulatory bodies, organizes and hosts educational seminars, and promotes advancements of the technology. According to AS-International, the organization's mission is the promotion of bus-able interfaces for sensors and actuators.In the fall of 1991, the detailed specification was approved, allowing AS-International members to start developing slave components.By mid 1992, the electro-mechanical specification was released, defining the AS-Interface flat-cable, an essential component to addressing the goal of simple network installations.Mid 1992, the master specification was released, resulting in the development of a number of bus masters with and without interfaces to other higher-level ‘’fieldbus’’ solutions.In the fall of 1993, the first application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) became available, simplifying slave development and passing performance testing.In early 1994, the first fully functional circuit and prototypes became available.Mid 1994, FZI Forschungszentrum Informatik in Karlsruhe – research institute for computer science in Karlsruhe) developed the first systems with master.In 1999, AS-Interface is standardized in EN 50295 and IEC 62026-2 (revised in 2012.)In 2010, AS-International introduced AS-Interface Power 24V, enabling the use of almost any 24V power supply for AS-Interface.[3][4]In July 2012, the Developer Kit for AS-Interface to create a fully functional as-Interface network was released.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trade association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_association"},{"link_name":"Certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification"},{"link_name":"AS-Interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-Interface"},{"link_name":"AS-Interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-Interface"}],"text":"As a trade association based on common interest, AS-International offers its members:Certification of AS-Interface products\nMarket and technology information\nUse of the logo and the name AS-Interface\nUpdates concerning technical documentation\nTechnical support\nUser seminars and presentations, workshops, trade shows, press conferences, advertisements","title":"Member services"}]
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[{"reference":"\"AS-Interface bestaetigt Akkreditierung zweier Pruefungslabore\". OpenAutomation.de. 2010-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.openautomation.de/1806-0-as-international-bestaetigt-akkreditierung-zweier-prueflabore.html","url_text":"\"AS-Interface bestaetigt Akkreditierung zweier Pruefungslabore\""}]},{"reference":"Kai Binder (2012-11-09). \"Einfach – sicher – international\". SPS Magazin.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sps-magazin.de/?inc=artikel/article_show&nr=71886","url_text":"\"Einfach – sicher – international\""}]},{"reference":"Rolf Becker (2009-09-09). \"AS-Interface erschliesst neue Anwendungen\". SPS Magazin.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sps-magazin.de/?inc=artikel/article_show&nr=46175","url_text":"\"AS-Interface erschliesst neue Anwendungen\""}]},{"reference":"Kai Binder (2010-04-08). \"AS-I Power 24V\". SPS Magazin.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sps-magazin.de/?inc=artikel/article_show&nr=53882","url_text":"\"AS-I Power 24V\""}]},{"reference":"Gary Mintchell (2012-07-23). \"AS-Interface Developer Kit\". Automation World.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.automationworld.com/information-management/interface-developer-kit","url_text":"\"AS-Interface Developer Kit\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.balluff.com/","external_links_name":"Balluff"},{"Link":"http://www.festo.com/","external_links_name":"Festo"},{"Link":"http://www.ifm.com/","external_links_name":"ifm electronic"},{"Link":"http://www.leuzeusa.com/","external_links_name":"Leuze Electronic"},{"Link":"http://pepperl-fuchs.us/","external_links_name":"Pepperl+Fuchs"},{"Link":"http://www.sick.com/","external_links_name":"Sick"},{"Link":"https://www.siemens.com/","external_links_name":"Siemens"},{"Link":"http://www.turck.com/","external_links_name":"Turck"},{"Link":"http://www.baumer.com/","external_links_name":"Baumer"},{"Link":"http://www.elestarelays.com/","external_links_name":"Elesta"},{"Link":"http://www.as-interface.net/","external_links_name":"as-international"},{"Link":"http://www.openautomation.de/1806-0-as-international-bestaetigt-akkreditierung-zweier-prueflabore.html","external_links_name":"\"AS-Interface bestaetigt Akkreditierung zweier Pruefungslabore\""},{"Link":"http://www.sps-magazin.de/?inc=artikel/article_show&nr=71886","external_links_name":"\"Einfach – sicher – international\""},{"Link":"http://www.sps-magazin.de/?inc=artikel/article_show&nr=46175","external_links_name":"\"AS-Interface erschliesst neue Anwendungen\""},{"Link":"http://www.sps-magazin.de/?inc=artikel/article_show&nr=53882","external_links_name":"\"AS-I Power 24V\""},{"Link":"http://www.automationworld.com/information-management/interface-developer-kit","external_links_name":"\"AS-Interface Developer Kit\""},{"Link":"http://www.as-interface.net/as-international","external_links_name":"AS-International"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-gay_hate_groups
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List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBT hate groups
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["1 Types of hate groups","1.1 Tracking of hate groups: commendation and criticism","1.2 History of the LGBT list","2 Notable groups listed","2.1 Abiding Truth Ministries","2.2 Alamo Christian Foundation","2.3 Alliance Defending Freedom","2.4 American Family Association","2.5 American Vision","2.6 Americans for Truth About Homosexuality","2.7 Atlah Worldwide Church","2.8 Center for Family and Human Rights","2.9 Chalcedon Foundation","2.10 Church Militant","2.11 Dove World Outreach Center","2.12 Faithful Word Baptist Church","2.13 Family Research Council","2.14 Family Research Institute","2.15 Heterosexuals Organized for a Moral Environment","2.16 Illinois Family Institute","2.17 Liberty Counsel","2.18 MassResistance","2.19 Mission: America","2.20 Pacific Justice Institute","2.21 Parents Action League","2.22 Public Advocate of the United States","2.23 SaveCalifornia.com","2.24 Stedfast Baptist Church","2.25 Traditional Values Coalition","2.26 United Families International","2.27 Westboro Baptist Church","2.28 World Congress of Families","2.29 You Can Run But You Cannot Hide International","3 See also","4 Footnotes","5 External links"]
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The following is a list of notable U.S.-based organizations classified by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), an American civil rights organization, as anti-LGBT hate groups. The SPLC defines hate groups as those that "... have beliefs or practices that attack or malign an entire class of people, typically for their immutable characteristics." The SPLC states that hate group activities may include speeches, marches, rallies, meetings, publishing, leafleting, and criminal acts such as violence.
The SPLC classifies organizations that propagate "known falsehoods – claims about LGBT people that have been thoroughly discredited by scientific authorities – and repeated, groundless name-calling" as anti-LGBT hate groups. The SPLC states that "viewing homosexuality as unbiblical does not qualify organizations to be listed as hate groups." SPLC President J. Richard Cohen clarified "y 'known falsehoods,' we mean such things as asserting that gays and lesbians are more disposed to molesting children than heterosexuals – which the overwhelming weight of credible scientific research has determined is patently untrue. Nowhere in our report do we equate taking a position against same-sex marriage with hate speech."
Types of hate groups
Main article: List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups
The SPLC reported that 926 hate groups were active in the United States in 2008, up from 888 in 2007. These included:
186 separate Ku Klux Klan (KKK) groups (race hate)
196 neo-Nazi groups
111 white nationalist groups
98 white power skinhead groups
39 Christian Identity groups
93 neo-Confederate groups
113 black separatist groups
159 patriot movement groups
90 general hate groups subdivided into anti-gay, anti-immigrant, Holocaust denial, white power music, radical traditionalist Catholic groups, and other groups espousing a variety of hateful doctrines.
Tracking of hate groups: commendation and criticism
The Southern Poverty Law Center has provided the FBI with information on hate groups. Since 1981, the SPLC has published a quarterly Intelligence Report that provides updates on its monitoring of what it describes as radical right hate groups and extremists in the United States, providing information on the organizational efforts and tactics of these groups. It has been cited by scholars as a reliable source on right-wing extremism and hate groups. The SPLC also publishes a newsletter, the HateWatch Weekly, and maintains a blog, HateWatch, which monitor the extreme right. Rory McVeigh, Chair of the University of Notre Dame Sociology Department, described the SPLC as "an excellent source of information for social scientists who study hate groups."
The SPLC's data on hate groups was questioned by journalist Ken Silverstein who argues that the organization sometimes exaggerates the threats posed by certain groups. In the wake of an August 2012 shooting at the headquarters of the Family Research Council, Washington Post columnist Dana Milbank criticized the SPLC's listing of the Family Research Council as an anti-gay hate group while others, including Americablog's former editor John Aravosis, defended the categorization.
History of the LGBT list
In November 2010, thirteen groups were added: American Family Association, Family Research Council, Illinois Family Institute, Americans for Truth about Homosexuality, Heterosexuals Organized for a Moral Environment, Family Research Institute, Abiding Truth Ministries, American Vision, Chalcedon Foundation, Dove World Outreach Center, Faithful Word Baptist Church, Traditional Values Coalition, and MassResistance. With these new groups SPLC stated that gays remain the minority most targeted by hate crimes.
In March 2012, the SPLC added eleven groups to the listing: United Families International, SaveCalifornia.com, Sons of Thundr (a.k.a. Faith Baptist Church), You Can Run But You Cannot Hide International, Parents Action League, Jewish Political Action Committee, Mission: America, Windsor Hills Baptist Church, True Light Pentecost Church, Tom Brown Ministries, and Public Advocate of the United States.
In early 2014, the SPLC added seven groups: World Congress of Families/Howard Center For Family, Religion and Society, based in Rockford, Illinois, the Catholic Family and Human Rights institute (C-FAM), the Ruth Institute, the Pray in Jesus Name Project, Pacific Justice Institute, Mission: America and the Liberty Counsel.
Notable groups listed
Anti-LGBT, against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) people, or anti-gay can refer to activities in certain categories (or combination of categories): attitudes against or discrimination against LGBTQ people, violence against LGBT people, LGBTQ rights opposition and religious opposition to LGBTQ people. In its Winter 2010 Intelligence Report the SPLC noted that for thirty years going back to Anita Bryant's Christian fundamentalists Save Our Children campaign, the first organized opposition to the gay rights movement defeating an ordinance banning discrimination in areas of housing, employment, and public accommodation based on sexual orientation, "hard-line elements of the religious right have been searching for ways to demonize gay people – or, at a minimum, to find arguments that will prevent their normalization in society." These groups utilize anti-gay myths to "form the basis of its claim that homosexuality is a social evil that must be suppressed – an opinion rejected by virtually all relevant medical and scientific authorities." The SPLC notes these anti-gay myths "almost certainly contribute to hate crime violence directed at the LGBT community, which is more targeted for such attacks than any other minority group in America."
Abiding Truth Ministries
Abiding Truth Ministries is a conservative Christian organization located in Temecula, California. Their president, Scott Lively, is an American author, attorney and activist, noted for his opposition to LGBT rights and his involvement in the ex-gay movement. Lively has called for the criminalization of "the public advocacy of homosexuality" as far back as 2007. He is also directly linked to pending anti-gay legislation in Uganda, which would, if passed, make homosexual conduct punishable by a lengthy prison sentence or death.
Along with Kevin E. Abrams, he co-authored the book The Pink Swastika, which states in the preface that "homosexuals the true inventors of Nazism and the guiding force behind many Nazi atrocities." In fact, under Nazi Germany, gays and lesbians were sent to concentration camps and several historians have questioned the book's claims and selective use of research. Lively is the former state director for the California branch of the American Family Association and formed Watchmen on the Walls based in Riga, Latvia. According to a January 2011 profile, Lively "has not changed his view that gays are 'agents of America's moral decline' but has refocused his approach to fit his flock in Springfield, Massachusetts" and "is toning down his antigay rhetoric and shifting his focus to helping the downtrodden."
The SPLC regards Abiding Truth Ministries as a hate group. Lively has responded with his blog.
Alamo Christian Foundation
Main article: Alamo Christian FoundationThe Alamo Christian Foundation was a cult founded by Tony Alamo and one of his wives, Susan Alamo in 1969 in Hollywood, California and later relocated to Dyer, Arkansas. The cult was plagued with legal troubles stemming from allegations of member abuse and tax troubles with the IRS. The cult dissolved when Tony Alamo was arrested and convicted on ten counts of child sexual abuse in 2009.
Alliance Defending Freedom
In 2013, the SPLC described the Alliance Defending Freedom (ADF) as a "virulently anti-gay" organization. According to the SPLC, the ADF advocates in favor of the criminalization of homosexuality, opposes equal rights for LGBT people, including marriage equality, and makes false claims about the lives of LGBT people. In 2003, the ADF filed an unsuccessful amicus brief in Lawrence v. Texas asking the Supreme Court to uphold Texas' criminal prohibition of sodomy. It has also published documents intended for school distribution stating that "there are moral, social, and medical reasons why homosexual behavior should not be affirmed," and citing medical studies and crime statistics indicating that homosexuals frequently engage in promiscuous behavior, and have a high rate of violent crime and mental illness. Conservative columnist and professor Mike Adams criticized the SPLC for the designation because "Their reason for the characterization was simply that the ADF opposes efforts of the LGBT community to impose its agenda on those who disagree with them for religious reasons." ADF has responded to some media use of SPLC's "hate group" designation against them as defamatory and a discredit to the media profession.
American Family Association
The American Family Association (AFA) is a United States non-profit organization that promotes conservative fundamentalist Christian values. They oppose same-sex marriage, pornography, and abortion. It was founded in 1977 by Donald Wildmon as the National Federation for Decency and is headquartered in Tupelo, Mississippi.
The AFA defined itself as "a Christian organization promoting the Biblical ethic of decency in American society with primary emphasis on television and other media," later switching their stated emphasis to "moral issues that impact the family". It engages in activism efforts, including boycotts, buycotts, action alert emails, publications on the AFA's web sites or in the AFA Journal, broadcasts on American Family Radio, and lobbying. The organization has an annual budget of US$14 million and owns 180 American Family Radio stations in 28 states.
As of November 2010, AFA has been listed as a hate group by the SPLC for the "propagation of known falsehoods" and the use of "demonizing propaganda" against LGBT people. AFA countered with the claim that the SPLC is not a reliable source.
American Vision
American Vision is a United States nonprofit organization founded in 1978 by Steve Schiffman. It operates as a Christian ministry, and calls for "equipping and empowering Christians to restore America's biblical foundation." Gary DeMar has been the organization's president since 1984. Their website promotes Christian Reconstructionism and Postmillennialism, and opposes dispensationalism.
The Southern Poverty Law Center labels American Vision an anti-gay hate group due to its support of the "death penalty for practicing homosexuals".
Americans for Truth About Homosexuality
Americans for Truth about Homosexuality (AFTAH) is an organization founded by Peter LaBarbera, which describes itself as "dedicated to exposing the homosexual activist agenda". In 2010, AFTAH was designated an anti-gay hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), which said "AFTAH is notable for its posting of the utterly discredited work of Paul Cameron (of the Family Research Institute), who has claimed that gays and lesbians live vastly shorter lives than heterosexuals".
Atlah Worldwide Church
Further information: Atlah Worldwide Church
Center for Family and Human Rights
The Center for Family and Human Rights (C-Fam) is a United States-based research institute/think tank, founded in 1997, in order to monitor and affect the policy debate at the United Nations and other international institutions. It was formerly known as the Catholic Family and Human Rights Institute. The 501(c)(3) organization describes its own mission as "to defend life and family at international institutions and to publicize the debate".
The SPLC has characterized the institute as being "heavily focused on global anti-LGBT work", citing its opposition to United Nations efforts to protect LGBT rights and to study and prevent anti-LGBT violence, and praise of American anti-gay activist Scott Lively.
Chalcedon Foundation
The Chalcedon Foundation is an American Christian Reconstructionist organization founded by Rousas John Rushdoony. It is named after the Council of Chalcedon.
The Chalcedon Foundation has been listed by the SPLC in 2012. The SPLC notes that The Institutes of Biblical Law, written by Rushdoony in 1973, called for strict biblical law that would "mean the death penalty for 'practicing homosexuals,' among many other 'abominators.'"
Church Militant
Church Militant, also known as Saint Michael's Media, was founded by ex-gay traditionalist Catholic Michael Voris, is an "Ultra-orthodox Catholic propaganda outlet" which pushes an "anti-LGBT agenda" according to the Southern Poverty Law Center.
Hatewatch's 2018 article details that:Church Militant has also advocated for so-called reparative therapy, better known as gay conversion therapy, which seeks to "cure" homosexuals of their gayness. After the Southern Poverty Law Center sued a New Jersey-based conversion therapy organization and won, the court ruling that Jews Offering New Alternatives to Healing (JONAH) must cease its operations, Church Militant decried the ruling, calling the plaintiffs guilty of dishonesty.The group has been repudiated by the Catholic Church and has no official affiliation with them and is not an approved Catholic ministry or apostolate.
Dove World Outreach Center
Dove World Outreach Center is a 50-member non-denominational charismatic Christian church in Gainesville, Florida led by pastor Terry Jones and his wife, Sylvia. The church first gained notice during the late 2000s for its public displays and criticism of Islam and gays, and was designated as a hate group by the SPLC.
In 2012, after President Obama's endorsement of gay marriage, the church hanged an Obama effigy with a rainbow flag on its lawn. In January 2013 effigies of President Obama and President Clinton were burned to protest their abortion and pro-LGBT policies. The Gainesville Sun reported that Terry Jones was fined by the city for the unauthorized fire.
Faithful Word Baptist Church
Faithful Word Baptist Church is a United States-based fundamentalist Baptist church in Tempe, Arizona. The church is King James Bible only with regard to the Bible, and the church's members meet in an office space located in a strip mall. Steven L. Anderson established the church in December 2005 and remains its pastor. In August 2009, the church received national attention when Anderson shared that he was praying for the death of President Barack Obama in his sermons.
The SPLC has listed the church as an anti-gay hate group, noting that Pastor Anderson described gays as "sodomites" who "recruit through rape", and "recruit through molestation". In explaining the hate group designation, the SPLC said that Anderson suggests that homosexuals should be killed, and in a sermon he stated, "The biggest hypocrite in the world is the person who believes in the death penalty for murderers but not for homosexuals." A few days after the listing, Pastor Anderson stated "I do hate homosexuals, and if hating homosexuals makes our church a hate group, then that's what we are."
Family Research Council
The Family Research Council (FRC) is an American conservative Christian group and lobbying organization formed in the United States in 1981 by James Dobson. It was incorporated in 1983. In the late 1980s, the FRC officially became a division of Dobson's main organization, Focus on the Family, but after an administrative separation, the FRC became an independent entity in 1992. Tony Perkins is the current president.
The FRC promotes what it considers to be traditional family values, by advocating and lobbying for socially conservative policies. It opposes and lobbies against LGBT rights, abortion, divorce, embryonic stem-cell research, and pornography. The FRC is affiliated with a 501(c)(4) lobbying PAC known as FRC Action.
In May 2010, Sprigg publicly suggested that repealing Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy would encourage molestation of heterosexual service members. In November FRC President Perkins was asked about Sprigg's comments regarding the criminalization of same-sex behavior: he responded that criminalizing homosexuality is not a goal of the Family Research Council. Perkins repeated the FRC's association of gay men with pedophilia, saying that "If you look at the American College of Pediatricians, they say the research is overwhelming that homosexuality poses a danger to children." The American College of Pediatricians is an advocacy group, not a medical association.
Southern Poverty Law Center first designated the FRC as a hate group in 2010. Thereafter the FRC disputed the designation, with President Tony Perkins posting a comment on FRC's website.
Family Research Institute
The Family Research Institute (FRI), originally known as the Institute for the Scientific Investigation of Sexuality (ISIS), is an American non-profit organization based in Colorado Springs, Colorado, which states that it has "...one overriding mission: to generate empirical research on issues that threaten the traditional family, particularly homosexuality, AIDS, sexual social policy, and drug abuse". The FRI is part of a movement of small, often faith-based organizations (sometimes called the Christian right) which seek to influence the political debate in the United States. They seek "...to restore a world where marriage is upheld and honored, where children are nurtured and protected, and where homosexuality is not taught and accepted, but instead is discouraged and rejected at every level." The Boston Globe reported that the FRI's 2005 budget was less than $200,000.
The FRI is run by Paul Cameron, who earned a doctorate in psychology at the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1966. Cameron founded the Institute for the Scientific Investigation of Sexuality in 1982, and this institute later became the FRI.
The Family Research Institute is designated a hate group by the SPLC for propagating falsehoods about LGBT people. Paul Cameron's studies about homosexuals have been "utterly discredited". Cameron has been removed from professional and scholarly organizations and his studies have been met with formal resolutions passed against him. LaBarbera has endorsed Cameron's research and has said that ways should be found "to bring back shame" for homosexual behavior.
Heterosexuals Organized for a Moral Environment
Heterosexuals Organized for a Moral Environment (HOME or H.O.M.E.) is an anti-homosexuality organization founded by Wayne Lela and based in Downers Grove, Illinois, United States. The organization's aim is "to use science, logic, and natural law to expose all the flaws in the arguments homosexuals (and bisexuals) use to try to justify homosexual activity." On November 22, 2010, the SPLC designated the organization an anti-gay hate group "based on their propagation of known falsehoods". According to the SPLC, Heterosexuals Organized for a Moral Environment "is entirely focused on the alleged evils of homosexuality attacks gay people on a wide variety of levels."
Illinois Family Institute
The Illinois Family Institute (IFI) is a 501(c)(3) Christian organization based in Carol Stream, Illinois. Founded in 1992, its mission is focused on "upholding and re-affirming marriage, family, life and liberty in Illinois," and is affiliated with the American Family Association. The organization also has a sister organization, Illinois Family Action, founded in 2010 it is active as a 501(c)(4) lobbying organization in the state of Illinois. The organization's executive director is David E. Smith, who succeeded Peter LaBarbera in 2006.
The Illinois Family Institute was designated an anti-gay hate group in 2009 by the SPLC, on the grounds that it is "heavily focused on attacking gay people and homosexuality in general."
In its Intelligence Report, the SPLC states the designation was based on the association with Paul Cameron, a researcher whose studies about the lives of homosexuals have been "utterly discredited", and on the association with LaBarbera who repeats the disproved link between gay men and pedophilia. Cameron has been removed from professional and scholarly organizations and his studies have been met with formal resolutions passed against him. LaBarbera has endorsed Cameron's research and has said that ways should be found "to bring back shame" for homosexual behavior. As well, Higgins' words were linked to the hate group designation, including her comparison of homosexuality to Nazism.
Liberty Counsel
Further information: Liberty Counsel
Liberty Counsel is a Christian conservative legal advocacy group. Liberty Counsel filed a federal lawsuit against charity rating company GuideStar for marking Liberty Counsel's profile page with the words "This organization was flagged as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center". The court dismissed the lawsuit, ruling that GuideStar's adding of the labels was not commercial speech prohibited by the Lanham Act.
MassResistance
MassResistance is a Massachusetts anti-gay group that promotes socially conservative positions primarily on issues surrounding homosexuality, the transgender community and same-sex marriage. It was formed in 1995 as a consolidation of the Parents' Rights Coalition, turned into the Article 8 Alliance in 2003, and adopted the current name in 2006. The group has criticized former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney for not opposing same-sex marriage, and says it fights against students in public schools being taught about homosexuality.
Since March 2008, the SPLC has listed MassResistance as an anti-gay "Active U.S. Hate Group" based on "their propagation of known falsehoods – claims about LGBT people that have been thoroughly discredited by scientific authorities."
Mission: America
Mission: America is an organization started in 1995 by Linda Harvey which the group's mission states is "cover the latest cultural and social trends in our country and what they might mean for Christians." A particular focus of the organization's articles is on the issue of homosexuality. The SPLC designated Mission: America as a hate group in March 2012 based on its particular anti-LGBT rights stances.
Pacific Justice Institute
Further information: Pacific Justice Institute
Pacific Justice Institute is a conservative legal advocacy organization based in Sacramento, California, active in anti-LGBT and anti-vaccination issues. PJI was declared an anti-LGBT hate group in 2014 by the Southern Poverty Law Center due to the group's long history of anti-LGBT rhetoric through its founder.
Parents Action League
Parents Action League is an organization started in 2010 to protest proposed changes in the Anoka-Hennepin (Minnesota) School District 11 policy which had limited discussions of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) issues in district classrooms. The SPLC designated the organization as an anti-gay hate group in March 2012 because it spread damaging propaganda about LGBT people.
Public Advocate of the United States
Public Advocate of the United States is an organization founded in 1981 by Eugene Delgaudio. It advocates conservative policies in American politics.
As of 2012, the Public Advocate of the United States has been designated as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center for its anti-gay activism.
SaveCalifornia.com
SaveCalifornia.com is a United States nonprofit organization founded by Randy Thomasson in 1999, with a stated goal of "defending and representing the values of parents, grandparents and concerned citizens who want what's best for this generation and future generations." Thomasson has been involved in influencing social policies in government since 1994, through various media outlets.
SaveCalifornia.com opposed California's FAIR Education Act. In 2011, Thomasson described the bill as "Sexual brainwashing" and called for "parents to remove their children from the government school system, and get them into the safe havens of church schooling and home schooling." In March 2012, the SPLC added SaveCalifornia.com to its list of anti-gay hate groups.
Stedfast Baptist Church
The Stedfast Baptist Church is an American church based in Fort Worth, Texas, with a satellite church in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The church promotes extremist positions on issues surrounding feminism, homosexuality, same-sex marriage, and alcohol and drug use. The SPLC has designated the church an anti-LGBT hate group. Its founder and pastor, Donnie Romero, garnered national attention in 2016 for celebrating the Pulse nightclub shooting in Orlando, a location popular with LGBT people, stating that God should finish the job, and referring to the murdered patrons as "sodomites", "perverts" and "pedophiles".
In January 2019, pastor Romero resigned from his position after an internal investigation revealed that he had broken church doctrine by hiring prostitutes, cheating on his wife, engaging in gambling, and consuming alcohol and drugs. He was replaced by pastor Jonathan Shelley.
In June 2022, pastor Dillon Awes conducted a hate sermon where he openly stated all gay people should be executed immediately by a gun shot to the back of the head.
Traditional Values Coalition
The Traditional Values Coalition (TVC) is an American conservative Christian organization that represents, by its estimate, over 43,000 Christian churches throughout the United States. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., its belief is in Bible-based traditional values as " moral code and behavior based upon the Old and New Testaments." The group considers traditional values to include a belief "that Jesus Christ is the Son of God and that the Lord has given us a rule book to live by: The Bible" and a commitment to "living, as far as it is possible, by the moral precepts taught by Jesus Christ and by the whole counsel of God as revealed in the Bible." The organization was founded by the Reverend Louis P. Sheldon who is the current chairman. His daughter Andrea Sheldon Lafferty is the executive director.
The Traditional Values Coalition has been labeled an anti-gay hate group for spreading "known falsehoods – claims about LGBT people that have been thoroughly discredited by scientific authorities – and repeated, groundless name-calling". The Family Research Council organized a petition against the designation.
United Families International
United Families International (UFI) is a United States nonprofit organization founded in 1978 by Susan Roylance UFI works on an international scale to influence public policy toward "maintaining and strengthening the family". The organization is not affiliated with any religious organizations, governments or political parties. UFI has NGO status with ECOSOC and works to educate United Nations (UN) ambassadors and delegates on family related issues. UFI also operates a website, DefendMarriage.org.
UFI under Roylance was actively involved in promoting "traditional family values" at the Beijing Conference in the mid-1990s. Roylance characterized the conference as a "wakeup call for those who believe the traditional family unit to be an important basic unit of society".
The SPLC designated United Families International as an anti-gay hate group in March 2012.
In their Guide to Family Issues, UFI, considered by some to be part of the Christian right and a Mormon organization, makes a number of claims about homosexuality, including:
"Discrimination on the basis of gender or race is vastly different from discrimination on the basis of sexual practice."
"Pedophilia is widespread among the homosexual community."
"Reputable studies and decades of successful treatment show that homosexual behavior can be changed."
"It is not marriage, but women in marriage, that help to contain and channel the male sexual appetite."
"In fact it is more compassionate to discourage homosexuality than to tolerate it."
Westboro Baptist Church
Picketing in Topeka, with the group's signature rainbow-colored picket signs
The Westboro Baptist Church (WBC) is an American church based in Topeka, Kansas, founded by Fred Phelps. The Westboro Baptist Church is known for its extreme ideologies, especially for those which are against homosexuality. The church is widely described as a hate group and it is monitored as such by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and the Southern Poverty Law Center. It primarily consists of members of the large family of its founder, the late Fred Phelps; in 2011, the church stated that it had about 40 members. The church is headquartered in a residential neighborhood on the west side of Topeka about three miles west of the Kansas State Capitol. Its first public service was held on the afternoon of Sunday, November 27, 1955.
The church has been actively involved in the anti-gay movement since at least 1991 when it sought a crackdown on homosexual activity in Gage Park six blocks northwest of the church. In addition to anti-gay protests at military funerals, the organization pickets other celebrity funerals and public events that are likely to give it media attention.
The WBC is not affiliated with any known Baptist convention or association and the two largest Baptist denominations, the Baptist World Alliance and the Southern Baptist Convention have both denounced the WBC over the years. The church describes itself as following Primitive Baptist and Calvinist principles.
The church runs numerous Web sites including GodHatesFags.com and GodHatesAmerica.com, which all condemn homosexuality. The group bases its work around its belief which is expressed in its best known slogan and the address of its primary Web site, God Hates Fags, which asserts that every tragedy in the world is linked to homosexuality – specifically society's increasing tolerance and acceptance of the so-called homosexual agenda. The group believes that God hates gays above all other kinds of "sinners" and it also believes that homosexuality should be a capital crime. Its views on homosexuality are partially based on teachings which are found in the Old Testament, specifically in Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13, which they interpret to mean that homosexual behavior is detestable.
The ADL describes the Westboro Baptist Church as being "virulently homophobic", but according to the ADL, its anti-homosexual rhetoric is often a cover for antisemitism, anti-Americanism, racism, and anti-Catholicism. The SPLC added the Westboro Baptist Church to its list of hate groups in 2010.
World Congress of Families
World Congress of Families is a United States organization that promotes Christian right values internationally. It opposes same-sex marriage, pornography, and abortion, while supporting a society built on "the voluntary union of a man and a woman in a lifelong covenant of marriage". WCF comprises organizations in several countries, and most of its member partners are strongly active campaigners for pro-life positions and specific Christian views on marriage that oppose same-sex marriage. WCF was formed in 1997 and is active worldwide, regularly organizing "large international 'pro-family' conventions". Its opposition to gay marriage and abortion has attracted criticism. It was added to the list of anti-LGBT hate groups in February 2014 for its involvement with the 2013 Russian LGBT propaganda law and opposing LGBT rights internationally.
You Can Run But You Cannot Hide International
You Can Run But You Cannot Hide International (YCRBYCHI) is a United States-based organization which identifies itself as a Christian youth ministry that holds assemblies, including music concerts and discussions with students, in public schools. Founded by Bradlee Dean, the organization is based in Annandale, Minnesota. YCRBYCHI's mission statement is: "To reshape America by re-directing the current and future generations both morally and spiritually through education, media, and the Judeo-Christian values found in our U.S. Constitution."
The organization has garnered letters of support from school personnel, as well as some religious and political figures. It has also drawn controversy for using assemblies for religious purposes, misleading school administrators about the nature of the program, and proselytizing its views on abortion and homosexuality.
The SPLC designated the organization as an anti-gay hate group in March 2012. In addition to "rhetoric about executing gays and lesbians", You Can Run But You Cannot Hide's president and CEO, Bradlee Dean, has stated that homosexuals "on average, they molest 117 people before they're found out. How many kids have been destroyed, how many adults have been destroyed because of crimes against nature?" In response to media coverage, Dean has written an editorial alleging that his statements were taken out of context, and produced a video which sought to rebut the media's reporting on his statements. The SPLC linked Dean, among other anti-gay hate group leaders, to nativist movements that made an increase in numbers on their hate groups list.
See also
Christianity and homosexuality
Hate crime
Hate group
Hate speech
Homophobia
Homosexuality and religion
Societal attitudes toward homosexuality
International Bill of Human Rights
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
List of Ku Klux Klan organizations
List of neo-Nazi organizations
List of white nationalist organizations
Footnotes
^ "Hate Map". Archived from the original on March 5, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
^ a b Louwagie, Pam (August 12, 2012). "Trying to track hate, in Minnesota and around the country". Star Tribune. Minneapolis, MN. Retrieved September 8, 2012. In the case of groups the center considers anti-gay ... the center says listings are based on 'propagation of known falsehoods – claims about LGBT people that have been thoroughly discredited by scientific authorities – and repeated, groundless name-calling. Viewing homosexuality as unbiblical does not qualify organizations for listing as hate groups.'
^ Cohen, Richard (December 23, 2010). "SPLC's Anti-Gay Hate List Compiled With Diligence and Clear Standards". SPLC Newsletter. Archived from the original on September 1, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017. We do, however, feel it is important to point out when claims being made are demonstrably false, and when disparaging, emotion-provoking stereotypes are used in place of facts and logic. When we designate an organization as a hate group, it isn't to suppress debate; it is to sound a warning alarm: 'This debater isn't being honest about the facts – and we can prove it.'
^ "Hate groups active in 2008". Intelligence Report. Spring 2009. pp. 52–58, 59–65. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
^ Michael, George (2012). Lone Wolf Terror and the Rise of Leaderless Resistance. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8265-1855-2.
^ Intelligence Report Get Informed web page Retrieved December 18, 2010,
^ Citations include:
David Mark Chalmers (2005). Backfire: How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 188. ISBN 0-7425-2311-X.
Brett A. Barnett (2007). Untangling the web of hate: are online 'hate sites' deserving of First Amendment Protection?. Youngstown, NY: Cambria Press. ISBN 978-1-9340-4391-2. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
"Illinois Association for Cultural Diversity reading list". Western Illinois University. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
^ "Hatewatch Weekly". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on August 21, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
^ Rory McVeigh. Structured Ignorance and Organized Racism in the United States. Social Forces, Vol. 82, No. 3, (Mar. 2004), p. 913 JSTOR
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^ Towle, Andy (November 22, 2010). "Southern Poverty Law Center Updates List of Anti-Gay Hate Groups, Adding AFA, FRC, Others..." Archived from the original on August 4, 2014. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
^ "Gays Remain Minority Most Targeted by Hate Crimes". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
^ Hurst, Evan (March 13, 2012). "SPLC adds 11 anti-gay hate groups". The Windy City Times. Archived from the original on January 14, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
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^ HatewatchWatch. Blogspot.
^ Extremist Files: Alliance Defending Freedom. Southern Poverty Law Center.
^ For the Intelligence Report articles, see:
Nelson, Leah (February 27, 2013). "The Last Word: The War On Krishna: Religious-right activists, fresh from the front lines of the War on Christmas, take on a new and dangerous pagan threat". Intelligence Report (Spring 2013). SPLC. Retrieved May 2, 2017. and Active Hate Groups 2016, Intelligence Report (February 15, 2017).
For the criticism see:
Adams, Mike (July 7, 2014). "The Intellectual Poverty Law Center". townhall.com. Townhall. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
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^ "American Family Association Attacks Ford's Family-Friendly Policies After Failed Disney Boycott". Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. GLADD. June 1, 2005. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2007.
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Lane, Ray (June 14, 2009). "Anti-Gay Hate Group Targets Seattle Churches". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
McLaughlin, Mike & Einhorn, Erin (September 27, 2009). "Kansas Hate Group Westboro Baptist Church Protest Brooklyn Synagogues". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
Williams, Reed & Young, Chris I. (March 3, 2010). "Opponents Rally against Westboro Baptist Hate Group". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia. Archived from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
"Hate group protests this week". The Temple News. Philadelphia: Temple University. March 30, 2010. Archived from the original on April 6, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
Fitzgerald, W.V. (June 16, 2010). "Interview with Westboro Baptist Church: Hate in the Name of God". DigitalJournal.com. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
^ John Blake (March 14, 2010). "'Most-hated', anti-gay preacher once fought for civil rights". CNN. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
^ "You Are Still Alive: NOW Is The Time To Repent". Westboro Baptist Church. October 27, 2011. Archived from the original on January 10, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
^ "Sermon preached by Fred Phelps". 1987. Archived from the original on December 8, 2006. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
^ Jones, K. Ryan (2008), Fall from Grace (documentary)
^ Wing, Nick (December 9, 2010). "Elizabeth Edwards Funeral To Be Picketed By Westboro Baptist Church". The Huffington Post.
^ "Baptists Denounce Latest Westboro Stunt". Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ "About Westboro Baptist Church". God Hates Fags. Westboro Baptist Church. Retrieved October 14, 2010.
^ "Westboro Baptist Church FAQ".
^ "Outlaw Sodomy" Archived August 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, December 3, 2002,
^ "Westboro Baptist Church". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on March 8, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
^ "Westboro Baptist Church". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
^ "The Year in Hate, 2005". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
^ "Active U.S. Hate Groups" (Kansas) Archived February 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
^ Doris Buss; Didi Herman (2003). Globalizing Family Values: The Christian Right in International Politics. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-0644-7. As quoted in "About World Congress of Families 9". World Congress of Families. Archived from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved September 1, 2014. Feminist law professors Doris Buss and Didi Herman wrote, "In terms of international activism, it is through deployment of 'natural family' discourse that the has had the most success in forging global alliances with other religious movements."
^ *"American Conservatives Organize Social-Issues Conference in Poland". Fox News/Associated Press. May 10, 2007. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2014. The chief organizer is a Rockford, Illinois-based conservative think tank, the Howard Center. Co-sponsors include more than 20 other U.S. groups allied in opposition to abortion, gay marriage and other policies they blame for weakening traditional families in Western Europe.See also DAVID CRARY (March 25, 2014). "US Conservatives Suspend Plans for Moscow Meeting". Associated Press. A U.S.-based conservative group that supports Russia's efforts to curtail gay rights and abortion is suspending its plans for an international conference in Moscow
^ "worldcongress.org :: Home". worldcongress.org.
^ Davidson, Kevin. "Kevin Andrews books out parliament room for anti-gay marriage conference: Social services minister won't attend 'strengthening the family' conference which has links to controversial Christian group". The Guardian. Retrieved August 29, 2014. The World Congress of Families is the global conservative Christian organisation which was scheduled to hold a controversial regional event in Melbourne this weekend
^ Kyle Mantyla (June 8, 2008). "The World Congress of Families Chooses Its Destination". Right Wing Watch. People for the American Way. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
^ Di Stefano, Mark (August 22, 2014). "World Congress Of Families Throws Support Behind Anti-Gay Marriage Summit In Australian Parliament". Buzzfeed. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
^ "HRC report examines World Congress of Families' anti-gay influence, extremism". LGBTQ Nation. August 25, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
^ See, for example, this list of articles from Catholics for Choice: "Reports on Meetings Held by the World Congress of Families". CatholicsforChoice.org. Catholics for Choice. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014. and this one from RH Reality Check, which dates back to 2007: "World Congress of Families". RHRealityCheck.org. RH Reality Check. Retrieved August 30, 2014. Similarly, SIECUS has been following WFC since at least 2004: "The Third World Congress of Families Convenes in Mexico". siecus.org. Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
^ "World Congress of Families Suspends Russia Conference". splcenter.org. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
^ "SPLC Adds Seven New Organizations To Anti-Gay Hate Group List22". Truth Wins Out. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
^ Michaelson, Jay (July 19, 2014). "The Kremlin's Favorite Anti-Gay Hate Group is Coming to Utah". The Daily Beast. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
^ "World Congress of Families Suspends Russia Conference". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
^ "About Us". You Can Run International. Archived from the original on September 29, 2009. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
^ Sauer, Abe (October 13, 2010). "'My War': Bradlee Dean's Popular Struggle Against Those Criminal, Child-Molesting Gays". The Awl.
^ Fecke, Jeff (November 3, 2007). "Because God said: Youth ministry uses deception to gain access to public schools". Minnesota Independent. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
^ Birkey, Andy (September 30, 2009). "Bachmann to raise funds for controversial Christian punk ministry". Minnesota Independent. Archived from the original on October 20, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
^ Steffen, Amie (March 13, 2012). "Dunkerton principal to announce resignation Monday". Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier. Archived from the original on March 19, 2012.
^ Birkey, Andy (May 25, 2010). "GOP-linked punk rock ministry says executing gays is 'moral'". Minnesota Independent. Archived from the original on October 8, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
^ YouCanRunIntl. "Bradlee Dean Debunks Homosexuals/Target Lies – Rachel Maddow!". YouTube. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
^ "Pols, Nativists Make Common Cause With Gay-Bashers". Intelligence Report. Vol. 139. 2010. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
External links
Southern Poverty Law Center website
ABC News, "Hate Groups Grow as Racial Tipping Point Changes Demographics"
The Raw Story, "Hate groups associated with Wal-Mart stores: study"
The Huffington Post, Latino Voices, "Hate Groups In The U.S.: Will The Changing Face Of The Nation Spur Hate Group Participation?"
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Poverty Law Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center"},{"link_name":"anti-LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric"},{"link_name":"hate groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_groups"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hatemap-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Louwagie-2"},{"link_name":"J. Richard Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Richard_Cohen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The following is a list of notable U.S.-based organizations classified by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), an American civil rights organization, as anti-LGBT hate groups. The SPLC defines hate groups as those that \"... have beliefs or practices that attack or malign an entire class of people, typically for their immutable characteristics.\" The SPLC states that hate group activities may include speeches, marches, rallies, meetings, publishing, leafleting, and criminal acts such as violence.[1]The SPLC classifies organizations that propagate \"known falsehoods – claims about LGBT people that have been thoroughly discredited by scientific authorities – and repeated, groundless name-calling\" as anti-LGBT hate groups. The SPLC states that \"viewing homosexuality as unbiblical does not qualify organizations to be listed as hate groups.\"[2] SPLC President J. Richard Cohen clarified \"[B]y 'known falsehoods,' we mean such things as asserting that gays and lesbians are more disposed to molesting children than heterosexuals – which the overwhelming weight of credible scientific research has determined is patently untrue. Nowhere in our report do we equate taking a position against same-sex marriage with hate speech.\"[3]","title":"List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBT hate groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"neo-Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Nazi"},{"link_name":"white nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_nationalism"},{"link_name":"white power skinhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_power_skinheads"},{"link_name":"Christian Identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Identity"},{"link_name":"neo-Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Confederate"},{"link_name":"black separatist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_separatism"},{"link_name":"patriot movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_movement"},{"link_name":"anti-gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_opposition"},{"link_name":"anti-immigrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativism_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Holocaust denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_denial"},{"link_name":"white power music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_power_music"},{"link_name":"radical traditionalist Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism#Radical_traditional_Catholicism-critique"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"text":"The SPLC reported that 926 hate groups were active in the United States in 2008, up from 888 in 2007. These included:186 separate Ku Klux Klan (KKK) groups (race hate)\n196 neo-Nazi groups\n111 white nationalist groups\n98 white power skinhead groups\n39 Christian Identity groups\n93 neo-Confederate groups\n113 black separatist groups\n159 patriot movement groups\n90 general hate groups subdivided into anti-gay, anti-immigrant, Holocaust denial, white power music, radical traditionalist Catholic groups, and other groups espousing a variety of hateful doctrines.[4][failed verification]","title":"Types of hate groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"radical right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLC-hatewatch-8"},{"link_name":"University of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McVeigh-9"},{"link_name":"Ken Silverstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Silverstein"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Family Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"Americablog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americablog"},{"link_name":"John Aravosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aravosis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Tracking of hate groups: commendation and criticism","text":"The Southern Poverty Law Center has provided the FBI with information on hate groups.[5] Since 1981, the SPLC has published a quarterly Intelligence Report that provides updates on its monitoring of what it describes as radical right hate groups and extremists in the United States, providing information on the organizational efforts and tactics of these groups.[6] It has been cited by scholars as a reliable source on right-wing extremism and hate groups.[7] The SPLC also publishes a newsletter, the HateWatch Weekly, and maintains a blog, HateWatch, which monitor the extreme right.[8] Rory McVeigh, Chair of the University of Notre Dame Sociology Department, described the SPLC as \"an excellent source of information for social scientists who study hate groups.\"[9]The SPLC's data on hate groups was questioned by journalist Ken Silverstein who argues that the organization sometimes exaggerates the threats posed by certain groups.[10] In the wake of an August 2012 shooting at the headquarters of the Family Research Council, Washington Post columnist Dana Milbank criticized the SPLC's listing of the Family Research Council as an anti-gay hate group while others, including Americablog's former editor John Aravosis, defended the categorization.[11][12]","title":"Types of hate groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Family Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Family_Association"},{"link_name":"Family Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"Illinois Family Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Family_Institute"},{"link_name":"Americans for Truth about Homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_for_Truth_about_Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"Heterosexuals Organized for a Moral Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosexuals_Organized_for_a_Moral_Environment"},{"link_name":"Family Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"Abiding Truth Ministries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiding_Truth_Ministries"},{"link_name":"American Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Vision"},{"link_name":"Chalcedon Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Dove World Outreach Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove_World_Outreach_Center"},{"link_name":"Faithful Word Baptist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithful_Word_Baptist_Church"},{"link_name":"Traditional Values Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Values_Coalition"},{"link_name":"MassResistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MassResistance"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-troad-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spl1-14"},{"link_name":"United Families International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Families_International"},{"link_name":"SaveCalifornia.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SaveCalifornia.com"},{"link_name":"You Can Run But You Cannot Hide International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Can_Run_But_You_Cannot_Hide_International"},{"link_name":"Parents Action League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents_Action_League"},{"link_name":"Mission: America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission:_America"},{"link_name":"Public Advocate of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Advocate_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-splcwindy-15"},{"link_name":"World Congress of Families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Congress_of_Families"},{"link_name":"Pray in Jesus Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pray_in_Jesus_Name"},{"link_name":"Pacific Justice Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute"},{"link_name":"Mission: America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission:_America"},{"link_name":"Liberty Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Counsel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"History of the LGBT list","text":"In November 2010, thirteen groups were added: American Family Association, Family Research Council, Illinois Family Institute, Americans for Truth about Homosexuality, Heterosexuals Organized for a Moral Environment, Family Research Institute, Abiding Truth Ministries, American Vision, Chalcedon Foundation, Dove World Outreach Center, Faithful Word Baptist Church, Traditional Values Coalition, and MassResistance.[13] With these new groups SPLC stated that gays remain the minority most targeted by hate crimes.[14]In March 2012, the SPLC added eleven groups to the listing: United Families International, SaveCalifornia.com, Sons of Thundr (a.k.a. Faith Baptist Church), You Can Run But You Cannot Hide International, Parents Action League, Jewish Political Action Committee, Mission: America, Windsor Hills Baptist Church, True Light Pentecost Church, Tom Brown Ministries, and Public Advocate of the United States.[15]In early 2014, the SPLC added seven groups: World Congress of Families/Howard Center For Family, Religion and Society, based in Rockford, Illinois, the Catholic Family and Human Rights institute (C-FAM), the Ruth Institute, the Pray in Jesus Name Project, Pacific Justice Institute, Mission: America and the Liberty Counsel.[16]","title":"Types of hate groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anti-LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_opposition"},{"link_name":"lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexual"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"queer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer"},{"link_name":"questioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ"},{"link_name":"violence against LGBT people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_LGBT_people"},{"link_name":"religious opposition to LGBTQ people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_matters_and_religion"},{"link_name":"Christian fundamentalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_fundamentalists"},{"link_name":"Save Our Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_Our_Children"},{"link_name":"gay rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_social_movements"},{"link_name":"sexual orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"},{"link_name":"hate crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agmyths-17"}],"text":"Anti-LGBT, against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) people, or anti-gay can refer to activities in certain categories (or combination of categories): attitudes against or discrimination against LGBTQ people, violence against LGBT people, LGBTQ rights opposition and religious opposition to LGBTQ people. In its Winter 2010 Intelligence Report the SPLC noted that for thirty years going back to Anita Bryant's Christian fundamentalists Save Our Children campaign, the first organized opposition to the gay rights movement defeating an ordinance banning discrimination in areas of housing, employment, and public accommodation based on sexual orientation, \"hard-line elements of the religious right have been searching for ways to demonize gay people – or, at a minimum, to find arguments that will prevent their normalization in society.\" These groups utilize anti-gay myths to \"form the basis of its claim that homosexuality is a social evil that must be suppressed – an opinion rejected by virtually all relevant medical and scientific authorities.\" The SPLC notes these anti-gay myths \"almost certainly contribute to hate crime violence directed at the LGBT community, which is more targeted for such attacks than any other minority group in America.\"[17]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abiding Truth Ministries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiding_Truth_Ministries"},{"link_name":"conservative Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism"},{"link_name":"Temecula, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temecula,_California"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Scott Lively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Lively"},{"link_name":"opposition to LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_opposition"},{"link_name":"ex-gay movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-gay_movement"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"anti-gay legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-21"},{"link_name":"The Pink Swastika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pink_Swastika"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"sent to concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jensen-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"American Family Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Family_Association"},{"link_name":"Watchmen on the Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchmen_on_the_Walls"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waddington-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Abiding Truth Ministries","text":"Abiding Truth Ministries is a conservative Christian organization located in Temecula, California.[18] Their president, Scott Lively, is an American author, attorney and activist, noted for his opposition to LGBT rights and his involvement in the ex-gay movement. Lively has called for the criminalization of \"the public advocacy of homosexuality\" as far back as 2007.[19][20] He is also directly linked to pending anti-gay legislation in Uganda, which would, if passed, make homosexual conduct punishable by a lengthy prison sentence or death.[21]Along with Kevin E. Abrams, he co-authored the book The Pink Swastika, which states in the preface that \"homosexuals [are] the true inventors of Nazism and the guiding force behind many Nazi atrocities.\"[22] In fact, under Nazi Germany, gays and lesbians were sent to concentration camps and several historians have questioned the book's claims and selective use of research.[23][24][25][26][27] Lively is the former state director for the California branch of the American Family Association and formed Watchmen on the Walls based in Riga, Latvia.[28] According to a January 2011 profile, Lively \"has not changed his view that gays are 'agents of America's moral decline' but has refocused his approach to fit his flock in Springfield, Massachusetts\" and \"is toning down his antigay rhetoric and shifting his focus to helping the downtrodden.\"[29]The SPLC regards Abiding Truth Ministries as a hate group.[30] Lively has responded with his blog.[31]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"child sexual abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse"}],"sub_title":"Alamo Christian Foundation","text":"The Alamo Christian Foundation was a cult founded by Tony Alamo and one of his wives, Susan Alamo in 1969 in Hollywood, California and later relocated to Dyer, Arkansas. The cult was plagued with legal troubles stemming from allegations of member abuse and tax troubles with the IRS. The cult dissolved when Tony Alamo was arrested and convicted on ten counts of child sexual abuse in 2009.","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alliance Defending Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom"},{"link_name":"criminalization of homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country"},{"link_name":"marriage equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_equality"},{"link_name":"amicus brief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae"},{"link_name":"Lawrence v. Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas"},{"link_name":"criminal prohibition of sodomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomy_law"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLC-ADF-32"},{"link_name":"Mike Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Adams_(columnist)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Alliance Defending Freedom","text":"In 2013, the SPLC described the Alliance Defending Freedom (ADF) as a \"virulently anti-gay\" organization. According to the SPLC, the ADF advocates in favor of the criminalization of homosexuality, opposes equal rights for LGBT people, including marriage equality, and makes false claims about the lives of LGBT people. In 2003, the ADF filed an unsuccessful amicus brief in Lawrence v. Texas asking the Supreme Court to uphold Texas' criminal prohibition of sodomy. It has also published documents intended for school distribution stating that \"there are moral, social, and medical reasons why homosexual behavior should not be affirmed,\" and citing medical studies and crime statistics indicating that homosexuals frequently engage in promiscuous behavior, and have a high rate of violent crime and mental illness.[32] Conservative columnist and professor Mike Adams criticized the SPLC for the designation because \"Their reason for the characterization was simply that the ADF opposes efforts of the LGBT community to impose its agenda on those who disagree with them for religious reasons.\"[33] ADF has responded to some media use of SPLC's \"hate group\" designation against them as defamatory and a discredit to the media profession.[34]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Family Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Family_Association"},{"link_name":"non-profit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)(3)"},{"link_name":"conservative fundamentalist Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_right"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALA1-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediatrans-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-pornography_movement"},{"link_name":"abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-life_movement"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afagen-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Donald Wildmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wildmon"},{"link_name":"Tupelo, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupelo,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"buycotts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buycott"},{"link_name":"action alert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_alert"},{"link_name":"American Family Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Family_Radio"},{"link_name":"lobbying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stonevaida-47"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBT_hate_groups&action=edit"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCActive-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"American Family Association","text":"The American Family Association (AFA) is a United States non-profit organization that promotes conservative fundamentalist Christian values.[35][36][37][38][39][40] They oppose same-sex marriage, pornography, and abortion.[41][42] It was founded in 1977 by Donald Wildmon as the National Federation for Decency and is headquartered in Tupelo, Mississippi.The AFA defined itself as \"a Christian organization promoting the Biblical ethic of decency in American society with primary emphasis on television and other media,\" later switching their stated emphasis to \"moral issues that impact the family\".[43][44][45] It engages in activism efforts, including boycotts, buycotts, action alert emails, publications on the AFA's web sites or in the AFA Journal, broadcasts on American Family Radio, and lobbying.[46] The organization has an annual budget of US$14 million and owns 180 American Family Radio stations in 28 states.[47]As of November 2010[update], AFA has been listed as a hate group by the SPLC for the \"propagation of known falsehoods\" and the use of \"demonizing propaganda\" against LGBT people.[48] AFA countered with the claim that the SPLC is not a reliable source.[49]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Vision"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Gary DeMar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_DeMar"},{"link_name":"Christian Reconstructionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Reconstructionism"},{"link_name":"Postmillennialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmillennialism"},{"link_name":"dispensationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensationalism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"death penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCliners-52"}],"sub_title":"American Vision","text":"American Vision is a United States nonprofit organization founded in 1978 by Steve Schiffman. It operates as a Christian ministry, and calls for \"equipping and empowering Christians to restore America's biblical foundation.\" Gary DeMar has been the organization's president since 1984. Their website promotes Christian Reconstructionism and Postmillennialism, and opposes dispensationalism.[citation needed]The Southern Poverty Law Center labels American Vision an anti-gay hate group due to its support of the \"death penalty for practicing homosexuals\".[50][51][52]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Americans for Truth about Homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_for_Truth_about_Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"Peter LaBarbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_LaBarbera"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Family Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCActive-48"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Americans for Truth About Homosexuality","text":"Americans for Truth about Homosexuality (AFTAH) is an organization founded by Peter LaBarbera, which describes itself as \"dedicated to exposing the homosexual activist agenda\".[53] In 2010, AFTAH was designated an anti-gay hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), which said \"AFTAH is notable for its posting of the utterly discredited work of Paul Cameron (of the Family Research Institute), who has claimed that gays and lesbians live vastly shorter lives than heterosexuals\".[48][54]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlah Worldwide Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlah_Worldwide_Church"}],"sub_title":"Atlah Worldwide Church","text":"Further information: Atlah Worldwide Church","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Center for Family and Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Family_and_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"research institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_institute"},{"link_name":"think tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"501(c)(3) organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)(3)_organization"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights"},{"link_name":"Scott Lively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Lively"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-splc-57"}],"sub_title":"Center for Family and Human Rights","text":"The Center for Family and Human Rights (C-Fam) is a United States-based research institute/think tank, founded in 1997, in order to monitor and affect the policy debate at the United Nations and other international institutions. It was formerly known as the Catholic Family and Human Rights Institute.[55] The 501(c)(3) organization describes its own mission as \"to defend life and family at international institutions and to publicize the debate\".[56]The SPLC has characterized the institute as being \"heavily focused on global anti-LGBT work\", citing its opposition to United Nations efforts to protect LGBT rights and to study and prevent anti-LGBT violence, and praise of American anti-gay activist Scott Lively.[57]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chalcedon Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Christian Reconstructionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Reconstructionism"},{"link_name":"Rousas John Rushdoony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rousas_John_Rushdoony"},{"link_name":"Council of Chalcedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waddington-30"},{"link_name":"The Institutes of Biblical Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Institutes_of_Biblical_Law"},{"link_name":"biblical law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_old_covenant"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chalcsplc-59"}],"sub_title":"Chalcedon Foundation","text":"The Chalcedon Foundation is an American Christian Reconstructionist organization founded by Rousas John Rushdoony. It is named after the Council of Chalcedon.[58]The Chalcedon Foundation has been listed by the SPLC in 2012.[30] The SPLC notes that The Institutes of Biblical Law, written by Rushdoony in 1973, called for strict biblical law that would \"mean the death penalty for 'practicing homosexuals,' among many other 'abominators.'\"[59]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church Militant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Militant_(website)"},{"link_name":"ex-gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-gay_movement"},{"link_name":"Michael Voris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Voris"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"apostolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolate"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Church Militant","text":"Church Militant, also known as Saint Michael's Media, was founded by ex-gay traditionalist Catholic Michael Voris, is an \"Ultra-orthodox Catholic propaganda outlet\" which pushes an \"anti-LGBT agenda\"[60] according to the Southern Poverty Law Center.[61]Hatewatch's 2018 article[62] details that:Church Militant has also advocated for so-called reparative therapy, better known as gay conversion therapy, which seeks to \"cure\" homosexuals of their gayness. After the Southern Poverty Law Center sued a New Jersey-based conversion therapy organization and won, the court ruling that Jews Offering New Alternatives to Healing (JONAH) must cease its operations, Church Militant decried the ruling, calling the plaintiffs guilty of dishonesty.The group has been repudiated by the Catholic Church and has no official affiliation with them and is not an approved Catholic ministry or apostolate.[63]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dove World Outreach Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove_World_Outreach_Center"},{"link_name":"non-denominational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational_Christianity"},{"link_name":"charismatic Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Gainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Terry Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Jones_(pastor)"},{"link_name":"criticism of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"gays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gays"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCActive-48"},{"link_name":"effigy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effigy"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Dove World Outreach Center","text":"Dove World Outreach Center is a 50-member non-denominational charismatic Christian church in Gainesville, Florida led by pastor Terry Jones and his wife, Sylvia. The church first gained notice during the late 2000s for its public displays and criticism of Islam and gays, and was designated as a hate group by the SPLC.[48]In 2012, after President Obama's endorsement of gay marriage, the church hanged an Obama effigy with a rainbow flag on its lawn.[64] In January 2013 effigies of President Obama and President Clinton were burned to protest their abortion and pro-LGBT policies.[65][66] The Gainesville Sun reported that Terry Jones was fined by the city for the unauthorized fire.[67]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faithful Word Baptist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithful_Word_Baptist_Church"},{"link_name":"fundamentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"Tempe, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FWBC_HomePage-68"},{"link_name":"King James Bible only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Only_movement"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FWBC_HomePage-68"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"strip mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_mall"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-69"},{"link_name":"Steven L. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Anderson_(pastor)"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCliners-52"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-15-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WashTimes-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNT-72"},{"link_name":"sodomites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomy"},{"link_name":"rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"molestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCliners-52"},{"link_name":"homosexuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCliners-52"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nmi-73"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-15-70"}],"sub_title":"Faithful Word Baptist Church","text":"Faithful Word Baptist Church is a United States-based fundamentalist Baptist church in Tempe, Arizona.[68] The church is King James Bible only[68] with regard to the Bible, and the church's members meet in an office space located in a strip mall.[69] Steven L. Anderson established the church in December 2005 and remains its pastor. In August 2009, the church received national attention when Anderson shared that he was praying for the death of President Barack Obama in his sermons.The SPLC has listed the church as an anti-gay hate group,[52][70][71][72] noting that Pastor Anderson described gays as \"sodomites\" who \"recruit through rape\", and \"recruit through molestation\".[52] In explaining the hate group designation, the SPLC said that Anderson suggests that homosexuals should be killed, and in a sermon he stated, \"The biggest hypocrite in the world is the person who believes in the death penalty for murderers but not for homosexuals.\"[52][73] A few days after the listing, Pastor Anderson stated \"I do hate homosexuals, and if hating homosexuals makes our church a hate group, then that's what we are.\"[70]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Family Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"conservative Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_right"},{"link_name":"James Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dobson"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FRCHistory-74"},{"link_name":"Focus on the Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family"},{"link_name":"Tony Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Perkins_(politician)"},{"link_name":"family values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_values"},{"link_name":"socially conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socially_conservative"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights"},{"link_name":"abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"divorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce"},{"link_name":"embryonic stem-cell research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_controversy"},{"link_name":"pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography"},{"link_name":"501(c)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)"},{"link_name":"PAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action_committee"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Don't Ask, Don't Tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nov29Hardball-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkinssortof-78"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nov29Hardball-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkinssortof-78"},{"link_name":"American College of Pediatricians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_College_of_Pediatricians"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"Family Research Council","text":"The Family Research Council (FRC) is an American conservative Christian group and lobbying organization formed in the United States in 1981 by James Dobson. It was incorporated in 1983.[74] In the late 1980s, the FRC officially became a division of Dobson's main organization, Focus on the Family, but after an administrative separation, the FRC became an independent entity in 1992. Tony Perkins is the current president.The FRC promotes what it considers to be traditional family values, by advocating and lobbying for socially conservative policies. It opposes and lobbies against LGBT rights, abortion, divorce, embryonic stem-cell research, and pornography. The FRC is affiliated with a 501(c)(4) lobbying PAC known as FRC Action.[75]In May 2010, Sprigg publicly suggested that repealing Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy would encourage molestation of heterosexual service members.[76] In November FRC President Perkins was asked about Sprigg's comments regarding the criminalization of same-sex behavior: he responded that criminalizing homosexuality is not a goal of the Family Research Council.[77][78] Perkins repeated the FRC's association of gay men with pedophilia, saying that \"If you look at the American College of Pediatricians, they say the research is overwhelming that homosexuality poses a danger to children.\"[77][78] The American College of Pediatricians is an advocacy group, not a medical association.Southern Poverty Law Center first designated the FRC as a hate group in 2010.[79] Thereafter the FRC disputed the designation, with President Tony Perkins posting a comment on FRC's website.[80]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Family Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"non-profit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"},{"link_name":"drug abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FRI-81"},{"link_name":"Christian right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_right"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FRI-81"},{"link_name":"$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BG-82"},{"link_name":"Paul Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cameron"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"University of Colorado at Boulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BG-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCActive-48"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCliners-52"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-splcenter-85"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCliners-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCliners-52"}],"sub_title":"Family Research Institute","text":"The Family Research Institute (FRI), originally known as the Institute for the Scientific Investigation of Sexuality (ISIS), is an American non-profit organization based in Colorado Springs, Colorado, which states that it has \"...one overriding mission: to generate empirical research on issues that threaten the traditional family, particularly homosexuality, AIDS, sexual social policy, and drug abuse\".[81] The FRI is part of a movement of small, often faith-based organizations (sometimes called the Christian right) which seek to influence the political debate in the United States. They seek \"...to restore a world where marriage is upheld and honored, where children are nurtured and protected, and where homosexuality is not taught and accepted, but instead is discouraged and rejected at every level.\"[81] The Boston Globe reported that the FRI's 2005 budget was less than $200,000.[82]The FRI is run by Paul Cameron, who earned a doctorate in psychology at the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1966. Cameron founded the Institute for the Scientific Investigation of Sexuality in 1982, and this institute later became the FRI.[82]The Family Research Institute is designated a hate group by the SPLC for propagating falsehoods about LGBT people.[83][84] Paul Cameron's studies about homosexuals have been \"utterly discredited\".[48][52][85] Cameron has been removed from professional and scholarly organizations and his studies have been met with formal resolutions passed against him.[52] LaBarbera has endorsed Cameron's research and has said that ways should be found \"to bring back shame\" for homosexual behavior.[52]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heterosexuals Organized for a Moral Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosexuals_Organized_for_a_Moral_Environment"},{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"Downers Grove, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downers_Grove,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hurst-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sturges-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Konecky-89"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCActive-48"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wertheimer-90"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCActive-48"}],"sub_title":"Heterosexuals Organized for a Moral Environment","text":"Heterosexuals Organized for a Moral Environment (HOME or H.O.M.E.) is an anti-homosexuality organization founded by Wayne Lela and based in Downers Grove, Illinois, United States. The organization's aim is \"to use science, logic, and natural law to expose all the flaws in the arguments homosexuals (and bisexuals) use to try to justify homosexual activity.\"[86] On November 22, 2010,[87] the SPLC designated the organization an anti-gay hate group[88][89] \"based on their propagation of known falsehoods\".[48][90] According to the SPLC, Heterosexuals Organized for a Moral Environment \"is entirely focused on the alleged evils of homosexuality [and] attacks gay people on a wide variety of levels.\"[48]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illinois Family Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Family_Institute"},{"link_name":"501(c)(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)(3)"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Carol Stream, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Stream,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"American Family Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Family_Association"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Illinois Family Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Family_Action"},{"link_name":"501(c)(4)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)(4)"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Peter LaBarbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_LaBarbera"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCliners-52"},{"link_name":"Paul Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cameron"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"pedophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophilia"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCActive-48"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCliners-52"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-splcenter-85"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCliners-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCliners-52"},{"link_name":"Nazism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCliners-52"}],"sub_title":"Illinois Family Institute","text":"The Illinois Family Institute (IFI) is a 501(c)(3) Christian organization based in Carol Stream, Illinois. Founded in 1992, its mission is focused on \"upholding and re-affirming marriage, family, life and liberty in Illinois,\" and is affiliated with the American Family Association.[91] The organization also has a sister organization, Illinois Family Action, founded in 2010 it is active as a 501(c)(4) lobbying organization in the state of Illinois.[92] The organization's executive director is David E. Smith, who succeeded Peter LaBarbera in 2006.[93][94]The Illinois Family Institute was designated an anti-gay hate group in 2009 by the SPLC, on the grounds that it is \"heavily focused on attacking gay people and homosexuality in general.\"[52]In its Intelligence Report, the SPLC states the designation was based on the association with Paul Cameron, a researcher whose studies about the lives of homosexuals have been \"utterly discredited\", and on the association with LaBarbera who repeats the disproved link between gay men and pedophilia.[48][52][85] Cameron has been removed from professional and scholarly organizations and his studies have been met with formal resolutions passed against him.[52] LaBarbera has endorsed Cameron's research and has said that ways should be found \"to bring back shame\" for homosexual behavior.[52] As well, Higgins' words were linked to the hate group designation, including her comparison of homosexuality to Nazism.[52]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Christian conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_right"},{"link_name":"GuideStar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GuideStar"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"sub_title":"Liberty Counsel","text":"Further information: Liberty CounselLiberty Counsel is a Christian conservative legal advocacy group. Liberty Counsel filed a federal lawsuit against charity rating company GuideStar for marking Liberty Counsel's profile page with the words \"This organization was flagged as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center\". The court dismissed the lawsuit, ruling that GuideStar's adding of the labels was not commercial speech prohibited by the Lanham Act.[95][96]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MassResistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MassResistance"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-splcenter2-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baywindows_shocker-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"socially conservative positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"Parents' Rights Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents%27_Rights_Coalition"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCliners-52"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Mitt Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-splcenter2-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baywindows_shocker-98"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCliners-52"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"MassResistance","text":"MassResistance is a Massachusetts anti-gay group[97][98][99][100] that promotes socially conservative positions primarily on issues surrounding homosexuality, the transgender community and same-sex marriage. It was formed in 1995 as a consolidation of the Parents' Rights Coalition, turned into the Article 8 Alliance in 2003, and adopted the current name in 2006.[52][101] The group has criticized former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney for not opposing same-sex marriage,[102] and says it fights against students in public schools being taught about homosexuality.[103]Since March 2008, the SPLC has listed MassResistance as an anti-gay \"Active U.S. Hate Group\" based on \"their propagation of known falsehoods – claims about LGBT people that have been thoroughly discredited by scientific authorities.\"[97][98][104][52][105]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mission: America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission:_America"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCActive-48"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atowle-108"}],"sub_title":"Mission: America","text":"Mission: America is an organization started in 1995 by Linda Harvey which the group's mission states is \"cover[ing] the latest cultural and social trends in our country and what they might mean for Christians.\"[106] A particular focus of the organization's articles is on the issue of homosexuality.[107] The SPLC designated Mission: America as a hate group in March 2012 based on its particular anti-LGBT rights stances.[48][108]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific Justice Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute"},{"link_name":"anti-vaccination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccination"},{"link_name":"anti-LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_opposition"},{"link_name":"Southern Poverty Law Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center"},{"link_name":"anti-LGBT rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"sub_title":"Pacific Justice Institute","text":"Further information: Pacific Justice InstitutePacific Justice Institute is a conservative legal advocacy organization based in Sacramento, California, active in anti-LGBT and anti-vaccination issues. PJI was declared an anti-LGBT hate group in 2014 by the Southern Poverty Law Center due to the group's long history of anti-LGBT rhetoric through its founder.[109]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parents Action League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents_Action_League"},{"link_name":"Anoka-Hennepin (Minnesota) School District 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoka-Hennepin_School_District_11"},{"link_name":"lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexual"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faq-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birkey-111"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Louwagie-2"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCActive-48"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atowle-108"}],"sub_title":"Parents Action League","text":"Parents Action League is an organization started in 2010 to protest proposed changes in the Anoka-Hennepin (Minnesota) School District 11 policy which had limited discussions of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) issues in district classrooms.[110][111] The SPLC designated the organization as an anti-gay hate group in March 2012 because it spread damaging propaganda about LGBT people.[2][48][108]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Public Advocate of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Advocate_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Eugene Delgaudio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Delgaudio"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"American politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_politics"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PAUSE_ABOUT-112"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBT_hate_groups&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atowle-108"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP_2012-03-26-113"}],"sub_title":"Public Advocate of the United States","text":"Public Advocate of the United States is an organization founded in 1981 by Eugene Delgaudio. It advocates conservative policies in American politics.[112]As of 2012[update], the Public Advocate of the United States has been designated as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center for its anti-gay activism.[108][113]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SaveCalifornia.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SaveCalifornia.com"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-115"},{"link_name":"FAIR Education Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAIR_Education_Act"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khadaroo-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Towle-117"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLCActive-48"}],"sub_title":"SaveCalifornia.com","text":"SaveCalifornia.com is a United States nonprofit organization founded by Randy Thomasson in 1999, with a stated goal of \"defending and representing the values of parents, grandparents and concerned citizens who want what's best for this generation and future generations.\"[114] Thomasson has been involved in influencing social policies in government since 1994, through various media outlets.[115]SaveCalifornia.com opposed California's FAIR Education Act. In 2011, Thomasson described the bill as \"Sexual brainwashing\" and called for \"parents to remove their children from the government school system, and get them into the safe havens of church schooling and home schooling.\"[116] In March 2012, the SPLC added SaveCalifornia.com to its list of anti-gay hate groups.[117][48]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas"},{"link_name":"satellite church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-site_church"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"extremist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremism"},{"link_name":"feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stedfast1-118"},{"link_name":"Pulse nightclub shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_nightclub_shooting"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stedfast2-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stedfast3-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stedfast4-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stedfast6-122"}],"sub_title":"Stedfast Baptist Church","text":"The Stedfast Baptist Church is an American church based in Fort Worth, Texas, with a satellite church in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The church promotes extremist positions on issues surrounding feminism, homosexuality, same-sex marriage, and alcohol and drug use. The SPLC has designated the church an anti-LGBT hate group.[118] Its founder and pastor, Donnie Romero, garnered national attention in 2016 for celebrating the Pulse nightclub shooting in Orlando, a location popular with LGBT people, stating that God should finish the job, and referring to the murdered patrons as \"sodomites\", \"perverts\" and \"pedophiles\".[119]In January 2019, pastor Romero resigned from his position after an internal investigation revealed that he had broken church doctrine by hiring prostitutes, cheating on his wife, engaging in gambling, and consuming alcohol and drugs.[120][121] He was replaced by pastor Jonathan Shelley.In June 2022, pastor Dillon Awes conducted a hate sermon where he openly stated all gay people should be executed immediately by a gun shot to the back of the head.[122]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Traditional Values Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Values_Coalition"},{"link_name":"American conservative Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_right"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Louis P. Sheldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_P._Sheldon"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waddington-30"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"}],"sub_title":"Traditional Values Coalition","text":"The Traditional Values Coalition (TVC) is an American conservative Christian organization that represents, by its estimate, over 43,000 Christian churches throughout the United States. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., its belief is in Bible-based traditional values as \"[a] moral code and behavior based upon the Old and New Testaments.\" The group considers traditional values to include a belief \"that Jesus Christ is the Son of God and that the Lord has given us a rule book to live by: The Bible\" and a commitment to \"living, as far as it is possible, by the moral precepts taught by Jesus Christ and by the whole counsel of God as revealed in the Bible.\" The organization was founded by the Reverend Louis P. Sheldon who is the current chairman. His daughter Andrea Sheldon Lafferty is the executive director.[123]The Traditional Values Coalition has been labeled an anti-gay hate group for spreading \"known falsehoods – claims about LGBT people that have been thoroughly discredited by scientific authorities – and repeated, groundless name-calling\".[30] The Family Research Council organized a petition against the designation.[124]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Families International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Families_International"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UFI-30-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roylance-126"},{"link_name":"NGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO"},{"link_name":"ECOSOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECOSOC"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UFI-Overview-127"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DM-About-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tetreault-129"},{"link_name":"why?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPLC-Hate-Map-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Towle120308-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hendley-132"},{"link_name":"Christian right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_right"},{"link_name":"Mormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tetreault-129"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buss-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFI-Guide-134"}],"sub_title":"United Families International","text":"United Families International (UFI) is a United States nonprofit organization founded in 1978 by Susan Roylance[125][126] UFI works on an international scale to influence public policy toward \"maintaining and strengthening the family\". The organization is not affiliated with any religious organizations, governments or political parties. UFI has NGO status with ECOSOC and works to educate United Nations (UN) ambassadors and delegates on family related issues.[127] UFI also operates a website, DefendMarriage.org.[clarification needed][128]UFI under Roylance was actively involved in promoting \"traditional family values\" at the Beijing Conference in the mid-1990s. Roylance characterized the conference as a \"wakeup call for those who believe the traditional family unit to be an important basic unit of society\".[129]The SPLC designated United Families International as an anti-gay hate group in March 2012.[why?][130][131][132]In their Guide to Family Issues, UFI, considered by some to be part of the Christian right and a Mormon organization,[129][133] makes a number of claims about homosexuality, including:[134]\"Discrimination on the basis of gender or race is vastly different from discrimination on the basis of sexual practice.\"\n\"Pedophilia is widespread among the homosexual community.\"\n\"Reputable studies and decades of successful treatment show that homosexual behavior can be changed.\"\n\"It is not marriage, but women in marriage, that help to contain and channel the male sexual appetite.\"\n\"In fact it is more compassionate to discourage homosexuality than to tolerate it.\"","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WBC_20051202_sacco-topeka5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Topeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topeka"},{"link_name":"Westboro Baptist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church"},{"link_name":"Topeka, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Fred Phelps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Phelps"},{"link_name":"against homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_opposition"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Anti-Defamation League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League"},{"link_name":"Southern Poverty Law Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBCBlog20111027-139"},{"link_name":"public service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_service"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-date-sermon-140"},{"link_name":"Gage Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gage_Park,_Topeka"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"Baptist World Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Southern Baptist Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Primitive Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Calvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"homosexual agenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexual_agenda"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wbc-faq-145"},{"link_name":"capital crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"homophobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobia"},{"link_name":"antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"anti-Americanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Americanism"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"anti-Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Catholicism"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adl-phelps-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-splc-hate-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"}],"sub_title":"Westboro Baptist Church","text":"Picketing in Topeka, with the group's signature rainbow-colored picket signsThe Westboro Baptist Church (WBC) is an American church based in Topeka, Kansas, founded by Fred Phelps. The Westboro Baptist Church is known for its extreme ideologies, especially for those which are against homosexuality.[135][136] The church is widely described as a hate group[137] and it is monitored as such by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and the Southern Poverty Law Center. It primarily consists of members of the large family of its founder, the late Fred Phelps;[138] in 2011, the church stated that it had about 40 members.[139] The church is headquartered in a residential neighborhood on the west side of Topeka about three miles west of the Kansas State Capitol. Its first public service was held on the afternoon of Sunday, November 27, 1955.[140]The church has been actively involved in the anti-gay movement since at least 1991 when it sought a crackdown on homosexual activity in Gage Park six blocks northwest of the church.[141] In addition to anti-gay protests at military funerals, the organization pickets other celebrity funerals and public events that are likely to give it media attention.[142]The WBC is not affiliated with any known Baptist convention or association and the two largest Baptist denominations, the Baptist World Alliance and the Southern Baptist Convention have both denounced the WBC over the years.[143] The church describes itself as following Primitive Baptist and Calvinist principles.[144]The church runs numerous Web sites including GodHatesFags.com and GodHatesAmerica.com, which all condemn homosexuality. The group bases its work around its belief which is expressed in its best known slogan and the address of its primary Web site, God Hates Fags, which asserts that every tragedy in the world is linked to homosexuality – specifically society's increasing tolerance and acceptance of the so-called homosexual agenda. The group believes that God hates gays above all other kinds of \"sinners\"[145] and it also believes that homosexuality should be a capital crime.[146] Its views on homosexuality are partially based on teachings which are found in the Old Testament, specifically in Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13, which they interpret to mean that homosexual behavior is detestable.The ADL describes the Westboro Baptist Church as being \"virulently homophobic\", but according to the ADL, its anti-homosexual rhetoric is often a cover for antisemitism, anti-Americanism, racism, and anti-Catholicism.[147] The SPLC added the Westboro Baptist Church to its list of hate groups in 2010.[148][149][150]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Congress of Families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Congress_of_Families"},{"link_name":"Christian right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_right"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_pornography"},{"link_name":"abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fox2007-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"pro-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-life"},{"link_name":"Christian views on marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bfwcf-156"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lgbtq-157"},{"link_name":"abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Russian LGBT propaganda law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_LGBT_propaganda_law"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"}],"sub_title":"World Congress of Families","text":"World Congress of Families is a United States organization that promotes Christian right values internationally.[151] It opposes same-sex marriage, pornography, and abortion, while supporting a society built on \"the voluntary union of a man and a woman in a lifelong covenant of marriage\".[152][153][154][155] WCF comprises organizations in several countries, and most of its member partners are strongly active campaigners for pro-life positions and specific Christian views on marriage that oppose same-sex marriage.[156][unreliable source?] WCF was formed in 1997 and is active worldwide, regularly organizing \"large international 'pro-family' conventions\".[157] Its opposition to gay marriage and abortion has attracted criticism.[158] It was added to the list of anti-LGBT hate groups in February 2014 for its involvement with the 2013 Russian LGBT propaganda law and opposing LGBT rights internationally.[159][160][161][162]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"You Can Run But You Cannot Hide International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Can_Run_But_You_Cannot_Hide_International"},{"link_name":"youth ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_ministry"},{"link_name":"public schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)"},{"link_name":"Annandale, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annandale,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Judeo-Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Christian"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about_us-163"},{"link_name":"abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minnesotaindependent1-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minnesotaindependent2-166"},{"link_name":"hate group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_group"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Courier-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"nativist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativism_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"}],"sub_title":"You Can Run But You Cannot Hide International","text":"You Can Run But You Cannot Hide International (YCRBYCHI) is a United States-based organization which identifies itself as a Christian youth ministry that holds assemblies, including music concerts and discussions with students, in public schools. Founded by Bradlee Dean, the organization is based in Annandale, Minnesota. YCRBYCHI's mission statement is: \"To reshape America by re-directing the current and future generations both morally and spiritually through education, media, and the Judeo-Christian values found in our U.S. Constitution.\"[163]The organization has garnered letters of support from school personnel, as well as some religious and political figures. It has also drawn controversy for using assemblies for religious purposes, misleading school administrators about the nature of the program, and proselytizing its views on abortion and homosexuality.[164][165][166]The SPLC designated the organization as an anti-gay hate group in March 2012.[167] In addition to \"rhetoric about executing gays and lesbians\", You Can Run But You Cannot Hide's president and CEO, Bradlee Dean, has stated that homosexuals \"on average, they molest 117 people before they're found out. How many kids have been destroyed, how many adults have been destroyed because of crimes against nature?\"[168] In response to media coverage, Dean has written an editorial alleging that his statements were taken out of context, and produced a video[169] which sought to rebut the media's reporting on his statements. The SPLC linked Dean, among other anti-gay hate group leaders, to nativist movements that made an increase in numbers on their hate groups list.[170]","title":"Notable groups listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hatemap_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Hate Map\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.splcenter.org/get-informed/hate-map"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110305121253/http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/hate-map"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Louwagie_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Louwagie_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Trying to track hate, in Minnesota and around the country\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.startribune.com/printarticle/?id=165871936"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"SPLC's Anti-Gay Hate List Compiled With Diligence and Clear Standards\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.splcenter.org/news/2010/12/23/splc%E2%80%99s-anti-gay-hate-list-compiled-diligence-and-clear-standards"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170901183638/https://www.splcenter.org/news/2010/12/23/splc%E2%80%99s-anti-gay-hate-list-compiled-diligence-and-clear-standards"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Hate groups active in 2008\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.splcenter.org/news/item.jsp?aid=366"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8265-1855-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1855-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Intelligence Report Get Informed web page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Backfire: How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tlvs7498TJMC&q=Southern%2520Poverty%2520Law%2520reliable&pg=PA188"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7425-2311-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-2311-X"},{"link_name":"Untangling the web of hate: are online 'hate sites' deserving of First Amendment Protection?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=iuQSNj5NxioC&q=Southern%20Poverty%20Law%20reliable%20source&pg=PA20"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-9340-4391-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9340-4391-2"},{"link_name":"\"Illinois Association for Cultural Diversity reading list\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080515070740/http://www.wiu.edu/ISCDA/resources.shtml"},{"link_name":"Western Illinois University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Illinois_University"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wiu.edu/ISCDA/resources.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SPLC-hatewatch_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"Hatewatch Weekly\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070821215135/http://www.splcenter.org/intel/hatewatch/hatewatch.jsp"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.splcenter.org/intel/hatewatch/hatewatch.jsp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McVeigh_9-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"'Hate,' Immigration, and the Southern Poverty Law Center\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.harpers.org/archive/2010/03/hbc-90006753"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Aravosis, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aravosis"},{"link_name":"\"Why the Family Research Council is a hate group\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//americablog.com/2012/08/why-the-family-research-council-is-a-hate-group-2.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Dana Milbank, Washington Post Writer, Slams LGBT Activists, SPLC For FRC's 'Hate Group' Label\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130126012804/http://huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/22dana-milbank-washington-post-family-research-council-hate-group_n_1822805.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/22dana-milbank-washington-post-family-research-council-hate-group_n_1822805.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-troad_13-0"},{"link_name":"\"Southern Poverty Law Center Updates List of Anti-Gay Hate Groups, Adding AFA, FRC, Others...\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.towleroad.com/2010/11/southern-poverty-law-center-updates-list-of-anti-gay-hate-groups-adding-afa-frc-others.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140804071334/http://www.towleroad.com/2010/11/southern-poverty-law-center-updates-list-of-anti-gay-hate-groups-adding-afa-frc-others.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-spl1_14-0"},{"link_name":"\"Gays Remain Minority Most Targeted by Hate Crimes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/winter/under-attack-gays-remain-minority-mos"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-splcwindy_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"SPLC adds 11 anti-gay hate groups\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/SPLC-adds-11-anti-gay-hate-groups/36596.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150114125748/http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/SPLC-adds-11-anti-gay-hate-groups/36596.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Seven more groups now designated by SPLC as anti-gay hate groups\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lgbtqnation.com/2014/03/seven-more-groups-now-designated-by-splc-as-anti-gay-hate-groups-2/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141210030230/http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2014/03/seven-more-groups-now-designated-by-splc-as-anti-gay-hate-groups-2/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-agmyths_17-0"},{"link_name":"\"10 Anti-Gay Myths Debunked\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/winter/10-myths"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Scott Lively's Bio\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.defendthefamily.com/pfrc/archives.php?id=1139692"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Letter to the Russian People\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.defendthefamily.com/pfrc/archives.php?id=5225300"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Scott Lively Advocated 'Criminalizing Homosexuality' as Far Back as 2007\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.huffingtonpost.com/alvin-mcewen/scott-lively-advocated-cr_b_497845.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nyt_21-0"},{"link_name":"\"Americans' Role Seen in Uganda Anti-Gay Push\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2010/01/04/world/africa/04uganda.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"The Pink Swastika: Homosexuality in the Nazi Party: Preface to the Fourth 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Homosexuals/Target Lies – Rachel Maddow!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Hhmg2rKyco"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-170"},{"link_name":"\"Pols, Nativists Make Common Cause With Gay-Bashers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/fall/pols-nativists-make-common-cause-with-g"}],"text":"^ \"Hate Map\". Archived from the original on March 5, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2014.\n\n^ a b Louwagie, Pam (August 12, 2012). \"Trying to track hate, in Minnesota and around the country\". Star Tribune. Minneapolis, MN. Retrieved September 8, 2012. In the case of groups the center considers anti-gay ... the center says listings are based on 'propagation of known falsehoods – claims about LGBT people that have been thoroughly discredited by scientific authorities – and repeated, groundless name-calling. Viewing homosexuality as unbiblical does not qualify organizations for listing as hate groups.'\n\n^ Cohen, Richard (December 23, 2010). \"SPLC's Anti-Gay Hate List Compiled With Diligence and Clear Standards\". SPLC Newsletter. Archived from the original on September 1, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017. We do, however, feel it is important to point out when claims being made are demonstrably false, and when disparaging, emotion-provoking stereotypes are used in place of facts and logic. When we designate an organization as a hate group, it isn't to suppress debate; it is to sound a warning alarm: 'This debater isn't being honest about the facts – and we can prove it.'\n\n^ \"Hate groups active in 2008\". Intelligence Report. Spring 2009. pp. 52–58, 59–65. Retrieved March 10, 2009.\n\n^ Michael, George (2012). Lone Wolf Terror and the Rise of Leaderless Resistance. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8265-1855-2.\n\n^ Intelligence Report Get Informed web page Retrieved December 18, 2010,\n\n^ Citations include:\nDavid Mark Chalmers (2005). Backfire: How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 188. ISBN 0-7425-2311-X.\nBrett A. Barnett (2007). Untangling the web of hate: are online 'hate sites' deserving of First Amendment Protection?. Youngstown, NY: Cambria Press. ISBN 978-1-9340-4391-2. Retrieved January 24, 2012.\n\"Illinois Association for Cultural Diversity reading list\". Western Illinois University. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2009.\n\n^ \"Hatewatch Weekly\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on August 21, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2007.\n\n^ Rory McVeigh. Structured Ignorance and Organized Racism in the United States. Social Forces, Vol. 82, No. 3, (Mar. 2004), p. 913 JSTOR\n\n^ Conover, Ted (March 2010). \"'Hate,' Immigration, and the Southern Poverty Law Center\". harpers.org. Retrieved May 13, 2013.\n\n^ Aravosis, John (August 18, 2012). \"Why the Family Research Council is a hate group\". americablog.com. Retrieved April 5, 2017.\n\n^ \"Dana Milbank, Washington Post Writer, Slams LGBT Activists, SPLC For FRC's 'Hate Group' Label\". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013.\n\n^ Towle, Andy (November 22, 2010). \"Southern Poverty Law Center Updates List of Anti-Gay Hate Groups, Adding AFA, FRC, Others...\" Archived from the original on August 4, 2014. Retrieved September 3, 2014.\n\n^ \"Gays Remain Minority Most Targeted by Hate Crimes\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved September 3, 2014.\n\n^ Hurst, Evan (March 13, 2012). \"SPLC adds 11 anti-gay hate groups\". The Windy City Times. Archived from the original on January 14, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2014.\n\n^ McCewin, Alvin (March 3, 2014). \"Seven more groups now designated by SPLC as anti-gay hate groups\". Archived from the original on December 10, 2014.\n\n^ Evelyn Schlatter; Robert Steinback (2010). \"10 Anti-Gay Myths Debunked\". Intelligence Report. Vol. 140. Retrieved September 16, 2012.\n\n^ \"Scott Lively's Bio\". The Pro-Family Resource Center of Abiding Truth Ministries. Abiding Truth Ministries. 2002–2008. Retrieved November 13, 2008.\n\n^ \"Letter to the Russian People\". Abiding Truth Ministries. October 15, 2007. Retrieved September 12, 2010.\n\n^ McEwen, Alvin (March 13, 2010). \"Scott Lively Advocated 'Criminalizing Homosexuality' as Far Back as 2007\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved September 12, 2010.\n\n^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (January 3, 2010). \"Americans' Role Seen in Uganda Anti-Gay Push\". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved February 9, 2010.\n\n^ The Pink Swastika: Homosexuality in the Nazi Party: Preface to the Fourth Edition, retrieved April 17, 2010,\n\n^ Erik N. Jensen (January–April 2002). \"The Pink Triangle and Political Consciousness: Gays, Lesbians, and the Memory of Nazi Persecution\". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 11 (1/2): 319–349, pp. 322–323 and n. 19. doi:10.1353/sex.2002.0008. S2CID 142580540.\n\n^ Dorthe Seifert (Fall 2003). \"Between Silence and License: The Representation of the National Socialist Persecution of Homosexuality in Anglo-American Fiction and Film\". History and Memory. 15 (2): 94–129, p. 94. doi:10.2979/HIS.2003.15.2.94.\n\n^ \"The Other Side of the Pink Triangle: Still a Pink Triangle\". October 24, 1994. Retrieved November 8, 2008.\n\n^ \"A historian's analysis of The Pink Swastika, part 1\". Wthrockmorton.com. June 8, 2009. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2012.\n\n^ \"A historian's analysis of The Pink Swastika, part 2\". Wthrockmorton.com. June 9, 2009. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2012.\n\n^ \"Watchmen Not a Hate Group\". Abiding Truth Ministries. November 7, 2007. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2010.\n\n^ \"Shift in mission for religious firebrand – Antigay pastor refocuses on aiding Springfield\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2012.\n\n^ a b c Waddington, Lynda (November 23, 2010). \"Groups that Helped Oust Iowa Judges Earn 'Hate Group' Designation; SPLC Adds American Family Association, Family Research Council to List\". Iowa Independent. Retrieved November 25, 2010.\n\n^ HatewatchWatch. Blogspot.\n\n^ Extremist Files: Alliance Defending Freedom. Southern Poverty Law Center.\n\n^ For the Intelligence Report articles, see:\nNelson, Leah (February 27, 2013). \"The Last Word: The War On Krishna: Religious-right activists, fresh from the front lines of the War on Christmas, take on a new and dangerous pagan threat\". Intelligence Report (Spring 2013). SPLC. Retrieved May 2, 2017. and Active Hate Groups 2016, Intelligence Report (February 15, 2017).\nFor the criticism see:\nAdams, Mike (July 7, 2014). \"The Intellectual Poverty Law Center\". townhall.com. Townhall. Retrieved May 2, 2017.\n\n^ \"Alliance Defending Freedom blasts 'defamatory' Southern Poverty Law Center 'hate group' label\". The Washington Times. Retrieved August 11, 2017.\n\n^ Harmetz, Aljean (August 17, 1988). \"'Last Temptation' to Play in Texas\". New York Times. Retrieved June 13, 2012.\n\n^ Rubia, Richard (July 28, 1988). \"Movie Brings Religious Dispute into Theaters\". Wilmington Morning Star-News. Retrieved June 13, 2012.\n\n^ \"Put On The Virtual Armor.\" AFA Journal. May 2001. Retrieved on September 15, 2007,.\n\n^ \"CyberPatrol Blocks Conservative Christian Site over Anti-Gay Content Archived June 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.\" American Library Association. June 1998. Retrieved on September 15, 2007,.\n\n^ Still Cranky After All These Years Archived December 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.\" Media Transparency. April 19, 2007. Retrieved on June 15, 2007\n\n^ \"Conservative Christian group calls boycott of automaker, charging it has pro-homosexual agenda.\" CNN. June 1, 2006. Retrieved on November 15, 2007.\n\n^ Who is AFA? Archived July 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. American Family Association. Retrieved on June 17, 2007.\n\n^ Sharlet, Jeff (October 27, 2010). \"Is the Tea Party becoming a religious movement?\". CNN. Retrieved June 14, 2012.\n\n^ \"The Religious Right in Washington\". ACLU. June 1, 1995. Archived from the original on April 3, 2007. 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ISBN 978-0-930462-19-2. LCCN 86-050792. Retrieved August 27, 2012.\n\n^ Waddington, Lynda (November 23, 2010). \"Groups that Helped Oust Iowa Judges Earn 'Hate Group' Designation; SPLC Adds American Family Association, Family Research Council to List\". Iowa Independent. Archived from the original on December 2, 2010. Retrieved November 25, 2010.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Schlatter, Evelyn. \"18 Anti-Gay Groups and Their Propaganda\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on November 29, 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2011.\n\n^ \"About Americans for Truth and Founder Peter LaBarbera\". Americans for Truth. Retrieved August 2, 2011.\n\n^ Shapiro, Ari. \"Gay Republicans Feel Heat from the Foley Scandal.\" National Public Radio. October 13, 2006,. Retrieved on February 16, 2011.\n\n^ \"Hate group Alliance Defending Freedom center of anti-LGBTQ industry - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive\". September 28, 2017.\n\n^ \"Mission Statement\". Center for Family and Human Rights. Retrieved October 7, 2015.\n\n^ Beirich, Heidi (Fall 2013). \"Dangerous Liaisons\". Intelligence Report (151). Southern Poverty Law Center.\n\n^ \"Chalcedon Vision Statement\" Archived January 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"A Dozen Major Groups Help Drive the Religious Right's Anti-Gay Crusade\". Intelligence Report. No. 117. Spring 2005. Retrieved August 30, 2012.\n\n^ Staff, Hatewatch. \"Anti-LGBT Activist Explores Pedophilia Myth With Disgraced Far-Right Provocateur\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved September 1, 2022.\n\n^ \"HATE MAP BY IDEOLOGY\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved September 1, 2022.\n\n^ Staff, Hatewatch. \"Ultra-orthodox Catholic propaganda outlet pushes anti-LGBT agenda\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved August 27, 2022.\n\n^ \"Statement regarding Church Militant\". Archdiocese of Detroit. Retrieved August 28, 2022.\n\n^ \"Terry Jones, Quran-Burning Pastor, Hangs Barack Obama Effigy Outside Florida Church\", The Huffington Post, retrieved June 13, 2012,\n\n^ Wong, Curtis M. (January 28, 2013). \"Pastor Terry Jones Burns Obama, Clinton Effigies In Response To Gay Rights Support\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved May 13, 2013.\n\n^ \"Quran-Burning Fla. Pastor Probed by FBI for Hanging Obama Effigy\". The Christian Post. June 11, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2021.\n\n^ Swirko, Cindy (January 19, 2013). \"Terry Jones burns political effigies, gets citation\". gainesville.com. Retrieved May 13, 2013.\n\n^ a b Faithful Word Baptist Church. \"Faithful Word Baptist Church – Phoenix, AZ\". Retrieved July 8, 2012.\n\n^ James, Susan Donaldson (September 7, 2009). \"Protesters Rally Against Pastor's 'Why I Hate Obama' Sermon\". ABC News. Retrieved August 25, 2012. a Faithful Word congregation member who showed up outside of the Phoenix Convention Center toting an assault rifle in August, when Obama spoke there.\n\n^ a b Sign, Christopher. \"New report by national organization labels Tempe church a hate group\". ABC News Channel 15. Archived from the original on September 11, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.\n\n^ Lengell, Sean. \"Family Research Council labeled a 'hate group'\". The Washington Times. Retrieved September 9, 2012.\n\n^ King, James (December 2, 2010). \"Tempe Church Labeled Hate Group; Pastor Tells New Times Government Should Put Homosexuals to Death\". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved September 9, 2012.\n\n^ Doland, Gwyneth (December 4, 2009). \"Kokesh and the guy who brought an assault rifle to an Obama event\". New Mexico Independent. Retrieved August 25, 2012.\n\n^ \"About FRC: History/Mission\". Family Research Council. May 8, 2010. Archived from the original on February 4, 2007.\n\n^ Paul S. Herrnson; Ronald G. Shaiko; Clyde Wilcox (2005). The Interest Group Connection: Electioneering, Lobbying, and Policymaking in Washington. CQ Press. p. 410. ISBN 978-1-56802-922-1. Retrieved November 28, 2010.\n\n^ \"Family Research Council Labeled 'Hate Group' By SPLC Over Anti-Gay Rhetoric\". Talking Points Memo. November 24, 2010. Retrieved November 26, 2010.\n\n^ a b \"Perkins, Potok spar over hate group\". Hardball with Chris Matthews. MSNBC. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved December 8, 2010.\n\n^ a b \"Tony Perkins Defends Family Research Council, Sort Of\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved November 30, 2010.\n\n^ McMorris-Santoro, Evan (November 24, 2010). \"Family Research Council Labeled 'Hate Group' By SPLC Over Anti-Gay Rhetoric\". talkingpointsmemo.com. Talking Points Memo. Retrieved May 3, 2017.\n\n^ Frumin, Ben (November 20, 2010). \"Family Research Council Rips SPLC Over 'Slanderous' Hate Group Designation\". talkingpointsmemo.com. Talking Points Memo. Retrieved May 3, 2017.\n\n^ a b Official website Archived February 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 20-June–2008\n\n^ a b Boston Globe. \"Beliefs drive research agenda of new think tanks\", 31 July 2005\n\n^ Southern Poverty Law Center (2007). \"Active U.S. Hate Groups in 2006: Colorado\". Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved October 22, 2007.\n\n^ Waddington, Lynda (November 23, 2010). \"Groups that helped oust Iowa judges earn 'hate group' designation\". owa Independent. Retrieved November 25, 2010.\n\n^ a b Potok, Mark (April 17, 2009). \"The Illinois Family Institute Again Cites Discredited Research, Briefly\". SPLC Hatewatch. Retrieved August 29, 2012.\n\n^ Heterosexuals Organized for a Moral Environment. \"Why H.O.M.E.?\". Retrieved July 8, 2012.\n\n^ Hurst, Evan (November 22, 2010). \"SPLC Designates American Family Association, Family Research Council, Illinois Family Institute As Hate Groups\". Truth Wins Out. Retrieved September 9, 2012.\n\n^ Sturges, Jenette (March 28, 2010). \"Web site called hateful by civil rights group\". The Sun. Naoerville, IL.\n\n^ Konecky, Gary (December 14, 2010). \"2010: A year of religious hate\". Newark Examiner. Newark, NJ.\n\n^ Wertheimer, Aaron (December 24, 2010). \"Crimes target gays\". Chicago Jewish Star. Intelligence Report compiled data in the same issue on 18 anti-gay groups, two of which are located in Illinois: Heterosexuals Organized for a Moral Environment (HOME, in Downers Grove) and Illinois Family Institute (IFI, in Carol Stream). Both groups are classified by the SPLC as hate groups, \"based on their propagation of known falsehoods.\"\n\n^ Illinois Family Institute. \"About\". Retrieved July 8, 2012.\n\n^ Illinois Family Action (February 6, 2010). \"About\". Retrieved July 8, 2012.\n\n^ Perlman, Quinn Seth (February 1, 2011). \"Quinn signs bill legalizing civil unions\". Southtown Star. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2012.\n\n^ \"Resigned\". The Advocate. September 26, 2006. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2012.\n\n^ Timothy Sandoval, Federal Court Says GuideStar Was Within Legal Bounds to Add 'Hate Group' Labels, Chronicle of Philanthropy (January 24, 2018).\n\n^ Federal Court Dismisses Liberty Counsel's Lawsuit against GuideStar, GuideStar (January 23, 2018).\n\n^ a b \"Active U.S. Hate Groups\". Archived from the original on February 14, 2009. Retrieved October 30, 2008.\n\n^ a b \"Shocker: MassResistance Declared a Hate Group\". Archived from the original on April 14, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2008.\n\n^ Mike Madden (January 14, 2010). \"Scott Brown's ugly friends\". salon.com.\n\n^ \"The Bay Area Reporter Online – Memo links Mass. couple to Prop 22, Mormon strategy\". Bay Area Reporter.\n\n^ \"MassResistance successes!\". massresistance.com. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2012.\n\n^ Helman, Scott (January 10, 2007). \"Mass. Activists Defend Romney Conservative Record; Group Lauds Social Stances\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved October 30, 2008.\n\n^ \"MassResistance\". Retrieved October 31, 2008. End ... homosexual activist recruitment of our children in the public schools!\n\n^ \"Anti-Gay Haters Plan Press Conference Today at SPLC\". Southern Poverty Law Center.\n\n^ \"Anti-LGBT\". Southern Poverty Law Center.\n\n^ Mission: America. \"What is MISSION: AMERICA?\". Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2012.\n\n^ Mission: America. \"Articles\". Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2012.\n\n^ a b c Towle, Andy (March 8, 2012). \"Southern Poverty Law Center Designates 11 New Anti-Gay Hate Groups in Report on Rise of Extremism\". Towleroad. Archived from the original on January 14, 2015. Retrieved September 16, 2012.\n\n^ Balleck, Barry J. (July 8, 2019). Hate Groups and Extremist Organizations in America: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-5751-5.\n\n^ Parents Action League. \"Frequently Asked Questions\". Archived from the original on April 11, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2012.\n\n^ Birkey, Andy (August 22, 2011). \"Parents Action League warns of 'radical homosexual agenda' in Anoka-Hennepin schools\". The Minnesota Independent. Retrieved September 8, 2012.\n\n^ Public Advocate of the United States. \"About Us\". Retrieved July 10, 2012.\n\n^ Gibson, Caitlin (March 26, 2012). \"Loudoun Supervisor Eugene Delgaudio's advocacy organization designated a 'hate group'\". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 24, 2012.\n\n^ \"About\". SaveCalifornia. Retrieved September 26, 2012.\n\n^ \"Randy Thomasson Bio\". SaveCalifornia. Retrieved May 18, 2021.\n\n^ Khadaroo, Stacy Teicher (July 7, 2011). \"Could California Lead Nation in Teaching of Gay History in Schools?\". The Christian Science Monitor.\n\n^ Towle, Andy (March 8, 2012). \"Southern Poverty Law Center Designates 11 New Anti-Gay Hate Groups in Report on Rise of Extremism\". Towleroad. Retrieved September 26, 2012.\n\n^ \"Anti-LGBT Church Splits Amidst Turmoil Following Resignation of Pastor, Reveals Fault Lines in New Anti-LGBT Church Network\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved May 26, 2022.\n\n^ \"LGBT activists protest Fort Worth pastor who wished more would have been killed in Orlando massacre\". The Dallas Morning News. June 26, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2022.\n\n^ \"Texas pastor who heads anti-LGBT hate group resigns after hiring prostitutes\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved May 26, 2022.\n\n^ \"Anti-LGBTQ pastor who called Pulse nightclub victims 'scum' resigns, admits paying for sex\". USA today. Retrieved May 26, 2022.\n\n^ \"Christian hate-preacher Dillon Awes said that the government should execute every gay person. All of them\". Twitter. Retrieved June 7, 2022.\n\n^ \"PFAW\". pfaw.org. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008.\n\n^ Clark, Stephen (March 26, 2015). \"Conservative Organizations Slam Law Center for Labeling Them 'Hate' Groups\". Fox News. Retrieved August 27, 2019.\n\n^ Soelberg, Carol (March 5, 2008). \"UFI Marks 30 Years of Defending Marriage and Family\". United Families International. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2012.\n\n^ \"Susan Roylance\". The Howard Center. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2012.\n\n^ \"UFI Overview\". United Families International. Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved October 3, 2012.\n\n^ \"Overview of Defend Marriage\". United Families International. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2012.\n\n^ a b Tétreault, Mary Ann; Denemark, Robert A. (2004). Gods, Guns, and Globalization: Religious Radicalism and International Political Economy. Lynne Rienner Pub. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-58826-253-0.\n\n^ \"Hate Map\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved October 3, 2012.\n\n^ Towle, Andy (March 8, 2012). \"Southern Poverty Law Center Designates 11 New Anti-Gay Hate Groups in Report on Rise of Extremism\". Towleroad. Retrieved October 3, 2012.\n\n^ Hendley, Matthew (March 9, 2012). \"Andy Biggs, Other Politicos Tied to Gilbert Religious Group Labeled as Anti-Gay \"Hate Group\" by Southern Poverty Law Center\". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved October 3, 2012.\n\n^ Buss, Doris; Herman, Didi (2003). Globalizing Family Values: The Christian Right in International Politics. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4208-3.\n\n^ \"Guide to Family Issues\" (PDF). United Families International. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2012.\n\n^ \"God Hates Fags\". Westboro Baptist Church. Retrieved June 20, 2010.\nWeiner, Rachel (March 18, 2010). \"Westboro Baptist Church Protests Outside Obama Girls' School\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 31, 2010.\nMikulan, Steven (February 25, 2009). \"H8ters L.A. Vacation: Fred Phelps' Antigay Baptists Come Out on Oscar Night\". L.A. Weekly. Archived from the original on August 29, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2009.\nMelloy, Kilian (March 12, 2009). \"Phelps Clan Met with Revelry and Frat Boys in Chicago\". EDGE Boston. Retrieved May 31, 2009.\n\n^ Crowe, Kenneth C. II (November 14, 2009). \"School Plans 'Safe' Show\". Times Union. Albany, NY. Retrieved July 1, 2011.\n\n^ \"Westboro Baptist Church\". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on July 7, 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2010.\n\"Hate Map KS\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved June 20, 2010.\nWestcott, Kathryn (May 25, 2006). \"Hate Group Targeted by Lawmakers\". BBC News. Barre, Vermont. Retrieved June 20, 2010.\nDeLong, Katie (May 21, 2009). \"Hate Group Protests at Hamilton H.S\". Milwaukee: WTMJ-TV. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2010.\nLane, Ray (June 14, 2009). \"Anti-Gay Hate Group Targets Seattle Churches\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved June 20, 2010.\nMcLaughlin, Mike & Einhorn, Erin (September 27, 2009). \"Kansas Hate Group Westboro Baptist Church Protest Brooklyn Synagogues\". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2010.\nWilliams, Reed & Young, Chris I. (March 3, 2010). \"Opponents Rally against Westboro Baptist Hate Group\". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia. Archived from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2010.\n\"Hate group protests this week\". The Temple News. Philadelphia: Temple University. March 30, 2010. Archived from the original on April 6, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2010.\nFitzgerald, W.V. (June 16, 2010). \"Interview with Westboro Baptist Church: Hate in the Name of God\". DigitalJournal.com. Retrieved June 20, 2010.\n\n^ John Blake (March 14, 2010). \"'Most-hated', anti-gay preacher once fought for civil rights\". CNN. Retrieved May 20, 2010.\n\n^ \"You Are Still Alive: NOW Is The Time To Repent\". Westboro Baptist Church. October 27, 2011. Archived from the original on January 10, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2011.\n\n^ \"Sermon preached by Fred Phelps\". 1987. Archived from the original on December 8, 2006. Retrieved January 14, 2012.\n\n^ Jones, K. Ryan (2008), Fall from Grace (documentary)\n\n^ Wing, Nick (December 9, 2010). \"Elizabeth Edwards Funeral To Be Picketed By Westboro Baptist Church\". The Huffington Post.\n\n^ \"Baptists Denounce Latest Westboro Stunt\". Retrieved September 9, 2012.[dead link]\n\n^ \"About Westboro Baptist Church\". God Hates Fags. Westboro Baptist Church. Retrieved October 14, 2010.\n\n^ \"Westboro Baptist Church FAQ\".\n\n^ \"Outlaw Sodomy\" Archived August 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, December 3, 2002,\n\n^ \"Westboro Baptist Church\". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on March 8, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2011.\n\n^ \"Westboro Baptist Church\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved March 14, 2011.\n\n^ \"The Year in Hate, 2005\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved March 14, 2011.\n\n^ \"Active U.S. Hate Groups\" (Kansas) Archived February 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved March 14, 2011.\n\n^ Doris Buss; Didi Herman (2003). Globalizing Family Values: The Christian Right in International Politics. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-0644-7. As quoted in \"About World Congress of Families 9\". World Congress of Families. Archived from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved September 1, 2014. Feminist law professors Doris Buss and Didi Herman wrote, \"In terms of international activism, it is through deployment of 'natural family' discourse that the [Christian Right] has had the most success in forging global alliances with other religious movements.\"\n\n^ *\"American Conservatives Organize Social-Issues Conference in Poland\". Fox News/Associated Press. May 10, 2007. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2014. The chief organizer is a Rockford, Illinois-based conservative think tank, the Howard Center. Co-sponsors include more than 20 other U.S. groups allied in opposition to abortion, gay marriage and other policies they blame for weakening traditional families in Western Europe.See also DAVID CRARY (March 25, 2014). \"US Conservatives Suspend Plans for Moscow Meeting\". Associated Press. A U.S.-based conservative group that supports Russia's efforts to curtail gay rights and abortion is suspending its plans for an international conference in Moscow\n\n^ \"worldcongress.org :: Home\". worldcongress.org.\n\n^ Davidson, Kevin. \"Kevin Andrews books out parliament room for anti-gay marriage conference: Social services minister won't attend 'strengthening the family' conference which has links to controversial Christian group\". The Guardian. Retrieved August 29, 2014. The World Congress of Families is the global conservative Christian organisation which was scheduled to hold a controversial regional event in Melbourne this weekend\n\n^ Kyle Mantyla (June 8, 2008). \"The World Congress of Families Chooses Its Destination\". Right Wing Watch. People for the American Way. Retrieved August 31, 2014.\n\n^ Di Stefano, Mark (August 22, 2014). \"World Congress Of Families Throws Support Behind Anti-Gay Marriage Summit In Australian Parliament\". Buzzfeed. Retrieved August 29, 2014.\n\n^ \"HRC report examines World Congress of Families' anti-gay influence, extremism\". LGBTQ Nation. August 25, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2014.\n\n^ See, for example, this list of articles from Catholics for Choice: \"Reports on Meetings Held by the World Congress of Families\". CatholicsforChoice.org. Catholics for Choice. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014. and this one from RH Reality Check, which dates back to 2007: \"World Congress of Families\". RHRealityCheck.org. RH Reality Check. Retrieved August 30, 2014. Similarly, SIECUS has been following WFC since at least 2004: \"The Third World Congress of Families Convenes in Mexico\". siecus.org. Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.\n\n^ \"World Congress of Families Suspends Russia Conference\". splcenter.org. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved August 29, 2014.\n\n^ \"SPLC Adds Seven New Organizations To Anti-Gay Hate Group List22\". Truth Wins Out. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2014.\n\n^ Michaelson, Jay (July 19, 2014). \"The Kremlin's Favorite Anti-Gay Hate Group is Coming to Utah\". The Daily Beast. Retrieved August 29, 2014.\n\n^ \"World Congress of Families Suspends Russia Conference\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved September 1, 2014.\n\n^ \"About Us\". You Can Run International. Archived from the original on September 29, 2009. Retrieved April 4, 2011.\n\n^ Sauer, Abe (October 13, 2010). \"'My War': Bradlee Dean's Popular Struggle Against Those Criminal, Child-Molesting Gays\". The Awl.\n\n^ Fecke, Jeff (November 3, 2007). \"Because God said: Youth ministry uses deception to gain access to public schools\". Minnesota Independent. Retrieved June 8, 2011.\n\n^ Birkey, Andy (September 30, 2009). \"Bachmann to raise funds for controversial Christian punk ministry\". Minnesota Independent. Archived from the original on October 20, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2011.\n\n^ Steffen, Amie (March 13, 2012). \"Dunkerton principal to announce resignation Monday\". Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier. Archived from the original on March 19, 2012.\n\n^ Birkey, Andy (May 25, 2010). \"GOP-linked punk rock ministry says executing gays is 'moral'\". Minnesota Independent. Archived from the original on October 8, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2012.\n\n^ YouCanRunIntl. \"Bradlee Dean Debunks Homosexuals/Target Lies – Rachel Maddow!\". YouTube. Retrieved August 27, 2012.\n\n^ \"Pols, Nativists Make Common Cause With Gay-Bashers\". Intelligence Report. Vol. 139. 2010. Retrieved September 10, 2012.","title":"Footnotes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Picketing in Topeka, with the group's signature rainbow-colored picket signs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/WBC_20051202_sacco-topeka5.jpg/220px-WBC_20051202_sacco-topeka5.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Christianity and homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality"},{"title":"Hate crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime"},{"title":"Hate group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_group"},{"title":"Hate speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech"},{"title":"Homophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobia"},{"title":"Homosexuality and religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion"},{"title":"Societal attitudes toward homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality"},{"title":"International Bill of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bill_of_Human_Rights"},{"title":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights"},{"title":"International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights"},{"title":"Universal Declaration of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"},{"title":"List of Ku Klux Klan organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ku_Klux_Klan_organizations"},{"title":"List of neo-Nazi organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neo-Nazi_organizations"},{"title":"List of white nationalist organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_white_nationalist_organizations"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Hate Map\". Archived from the original on March 5, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/hate-map","url_text":"\"Hate Map\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110305121253/http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/hate-map","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Louwagie, Pam (August 12, 2012). \"Trying to track hate, in Minnesota and around the country\". Star Tribune. Minneapolis, MN. Retrieved September 8, 2012. In the case of groups the center considers anti-gay ... the center says listings are based on 'propagation of known falsehoods – claims about LGBT people that have been thoroughly discredited by scientific authorities – and repeated, groundless name-calling. Viewing homosexuality as unbiblical does not qualify organizations for listing as hate groups.'","urls":[{"url":"http://www.startribune.com/printarticle/?id=165871936","url_text":"\"Trying to track hate, in Minnesota and around the country\""}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Richard (December 23, 2010). \"SPLC's Anti-Gay Hate List Compiled With Diligence and Clear Standards\". SPLC Newsletter. Archived from the original on September 1, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017. We do, however, feel it is important to point out when claims being made are demonstrably false, and when disparaging, emotion-provoking stereotypes are used in place of facts and logic. When we designate an organization as a hate group, it isn't to suppress debate; it is to sound a warning alarm: 'This debater isn't being honest about the facts – and we can prove it.'","urls":[{"url":"https://www.splcenter.org/news/2010/12/23/splc%E2%80%99s-anti-gay-hate-list-compiled-diligence-and-clear-standards","url_text":"\"SPLC's Anti-Gay Hate List Compiled With Diligence and Clear Standards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170901183638/https://www.splcenter.org/news/2010/12/23/splc%E2%80%99s-anti-gay-hate-list-compiled-diligence-and-clear-standards","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hate groups active in 2008\". Intelligence Report. Spring 2009. pp. 52–58, 59–65. Retrieved March 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.splcenter.org/news/item.jsp?aid=366","url_text":"\"Hate groups active in 2008\""}]},{"reference":"Michael, George (2012). Lone Wolf Terror and the Rise of Leaderless Resistance. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8265-1855-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1855-2","url_text":"978-0-8265-1855-2"}]},{"reference":"David Mark Chalmers (2005). Backfire: How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 188. ISBN 0-7425-2311-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tlvs7498TJMC&q=Southern%2520Poverty%2520Law%2520reliable&pg=PA188","url_text":"Backfire: How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-2311-X","url_text":"0-7425-2311-X"}]},{"reference":"Brett A. Barnett (2007). Untangling the web of hate: are online 'hate sites' deserving of First Amendment Protection?. Youngstown, NY: Cambria Press. ISBN 978-1-9340-4391-2. Retrieved January 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iuQSNj5NxioC&q=Southern%20Poverty%20Law%20reliable%20source&pg=PA20","url_text":"Untangling the web of hate: are online 'hate sites' deserving of First Amendment Protection?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9340-4391-2","url_text":"978-1-9340-4391-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Illinois Association for Cultural Diversity reading list\". Western Illinois University. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080515070740/http://www.wiu.edu/ISCDA/resources.shtml","url_text":"\"Illinois Association for Cultural Diversity reading list\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Illinois_University","url_text":"Western Illinois University"},{"url":"http://www.wiu.edu/ISCDA/resources.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hatewatch Weekly\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on August 21, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070821215135/http://www.splcenter.org/intel/hatewatch/hatewatch.jsp","url_text":"\"Hatewatch Weekly\""},{"url":"http://www.splcenter.org/intel/hatewatch/hatewatch.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Conover, Ted (March 2010). \"'Hate,' Immigration, and the Southern Poverty Law Center\". harpers.org. 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|
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original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903233917/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2007/05/10/american-conservatives-organize-social-issues-conference-in-poland/","external_links_name":"\"American Conservatives Organize Social-Issues Conference in Poland\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/2007/05/10/american-conservatives-organize-social-issues-conference-in-poland/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/us-conservatives-suspend-plans-moscow-meeting-0","external_links_name":"\"US Conservatives Suspend Plans for Moscow Meeting\""},{"Link":"http://worldcongress.org/","external_links_name":"\"worldcongress.org :: Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/27/kevin-andrews-books-parliament-room-anti-gay-marriage-group","external_links_name":"\"Kevin Andrews books out parliament room for anti-gay marriage conference: Social services minister won't attend 'strengthening the family' conference which has links to 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original"},{"Link":"http://rhrealitycheck.org/tag/world-congress-of-families/","external_links_name":"\"World Congress of Families\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140904210007/http://www.siecus.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Feature.showFeature&featureID=1231","external_links_name":"\"The Third World Congress of Families Convenes in Mexico\""},{"Link":"http://www.siecus.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Feature.showFeature&featureID=1231","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.splcenter.org/blog/2014/03/25/world-congress-of-families-suspends-russia-conference/","external_links_name":"\"World Congress of Families Suspends Russia Conference\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141210061345/http://www.truthwinsout.org/news/2014/02/39681/","external_links_name":"\"SPLC Adds Seven New Organizations To Anti-Gay Hate Group List22\""},{"Link":"http://www.truthwinsout.org/news/2014/02/39681/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/07/19/the-kremlin-s-favorite-anti-gay-hate-group-is-coming-to-utah.html","external_links_name":"\"The Kremlin's Favorite Anti-Gay Hate Group is Coming to Utah\""},{"Link":"http://www.splcenter.org/blog/2014/03/25/world-congress-of-families-suspends-russia-conference/","external_links_name":"\"World Congress of Families Suspends Russia Conference\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090929022537/http://youcanruninternational.com/aboutus.html","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"http://youcanruninternational.com/aboutus.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.theawl.com/2010/10/my-war-bradlee-deans-popular-struggle-against-those-criminal-child-molesting-gays","external_links_name":"\"'My War': Bradlee Dean's Popular Struggle Against Those Criminal, Child-Molesting Gays\""},{"Link":"http://minnesotaindependent.com/2652/because-god-said-youth-ministry-uses-deception-to-gain-access-to-public-schools","external_links_name":"\"Because God said: Youth ministry uses deception to gain access to public schools\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101020004725/https://minnesotaindependent.com/45902/michele-bachmann-to-fundraise-for-controversial-ministry","external_links_name":"\"Bachmann to raise funds for controversial Christian punk ministry\""},{"Link":"http://minnesotaindependent.com/45902/michele-bachmann-to-fundraise-for-controversial-ministry","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://wcfcourier.com/news/local/dunkerton-principal-to-announce-resignation-monday/article_97ca118e-6d49-11e1-a5df-0019bb2963f4.html","external_links_name":"\"Dunkerton principal to announce resignation 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Gay-Bashers\""},{"Link":"https://www.splcenter.org/","external_links_name":"Southern Poverty Law Center website"},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/US/militias-hate-groups-grow-response-minority-population-boom/story?id=16370136","external_links_name":"ABC News, \"Hate Groups Grow as Racial Tipping Point Changes Demographics\""},{"Link":"https://www.rawstory.com/2012/04/hate-groups-associated-with-wal-mart-stores/","external_links_name":"The Raw Story, \"Hate groups associated with Wal-Mart stores: study\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/hate-groups-in-us-rising_n_1528787#s326063&title=Mexico_","external_links_name":"The Huffington Post, Latino Voices, \"Hate Groups In The U.S.: Will The Changing Face Of The Nation Spur Hate Group Participation?\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Scholz
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Gene Scholz
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["1 References"]
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American basketball player
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gene Scholz" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Gene ScholzBorn(1917-09-28)28 September 1917Columbus, OhioDied5 March 2005(2005-03-05) (aged 87)Reynoldsburg, OhioOccupation
Basketball Player
Organizations
Columbus Athletic Supply
Dayton Acme Aviators
Columbus Mariners
Eugene Milton Scholz (September 28, 1917 – March 9, 2005) was a professional basketball player. Scholz was born in Columbus, Ohio, and attended South High School. He attended Marietta College in Marietta, Ohio, leaving before graduation to care for his family after the death of his father, Clarence. His playing career consisted of stints with the Columbus Athletic Supply (National Basketball League), the Dayton Acme Aviators (Independent), and the Columbus Mariners (All-American Professional Basketball League), where he served as player-coach. In 1945, Scholz and the Aviators reached the finals of the World Professional Basketball Tournament in Chicago, losing 52-78 to the Ft. Wayne Pistons.
References
^ Known deceased basketball individuals. Association for Professional Basketball Research. Retrieved on January 25, 2009.
^ Robert W. Peterson. Cagers to Jump Shots. University of Nebraska Press, 2002. 125.
^ History of the All-American Professional Basketball League Association for Professional Basketball Research. Retrieved on January 25, 2009.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_pre-history
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Prehistoric Sweden
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["1 Timeline of Swedish history","2 Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic, 12,000–4,000 BC","3 Neolithic, 4,000–1,700 BC","4 Bronze Age, 1,700–500 BC","5 Iron Age, 500 BC – 1,100 AD","5.1 Pre-Roman Iron Age, 500–1 BC","5.2 Roman Iron Age, 1–400 AD","5.3 Migration Period, 400–550 AD","5.4 Vendel Period, 550–800 AD","6 See also","7 References"]
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Time period in present-day Sweden before recorded history
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Prehistoric Sweden" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Part of a series on the
History of Sweden
Prehistoric
Prehistory (12000 BC–800 AD)
Viking Age (800–1050)
Consolidation
Middle Ages (1050–1397)
Kalmar Union (1397–1521)
Early Vasa era (1521–1611)
Great Power
Emerging Great Power (1611–1648)
Swedish Empire (1648–1718)
Enlightenment
Age of Liberty (1718–1772)
Age of Absolutism (1772–1809)
Liberalization
Constitution and Union (1809–1866)
United Kingdoms (1814–1905)
Industrialization (1866–1914)
World War I (1914–1918)
Modern
Interwar period (1918–1939)
World War II (1939–1945)
Postwar period (1945–1967)
Second half of Cold War (1967–1991)
Post-Cold War (1991–present)
Topical
History of the Jews in Sweden
LGBT history in Sweden
Military history of Sweden
Economic history of Sweden
Timeline
Sweden portalvte
Human habitation of present-day Sweden began c. 12000 BC. The earliest known people belonged to the Bromme culture of the Late Palaeolithic, spreading from the south at the close of the Last Glacial Period. Neolithic farming culture became established in the southern regions around 4000 BC, but much later further north. About 1700 BC the Nordic Bronze Age began in the southern regions, based on imported metals; this was succeeded about 500 BC by the Iron Age, for which local ore deposits were exploited. Cemeteries are known mainly from 200 BC onward.
During the 1st century AD, imports of Roman artifacts increased. Agricultural practice spread northward, and permanent field boundaries were constructed in stone. Hillforts became common. A wide range of metalwork, including gold ornaments, are known from the following Migration Period (c. 400–550 AD) and Vendel Period (c. 550–790 AD).
Sweden's Iron Age is considered to extend up to the end of the Viking Age, with the introduction of stone architecture and the Christianization of Scandinavia about 1100 AD. The historical record up to then is sparse and unreliable; the first known Roman reports of Sweden are in Tacitus (98 AD). The runic script was developed in the second century, and the brief inscriptions that remain demonstrate that the people of south Scandinavia then spoke Proto-Norse, a language ancestral to modern Swedish.
Timeline of Swedish history
Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic, 12,000–4,000 BC
Arrival directions of the first people moving to Sweden after the last glacial.
The Pleistocene glaciations scoured the landscape clean and covered much of it in deep quaternary sediments. Therefore, no undisputed Early or Middle Palaeolithic sites or finds are known from Sweden. As far as it is currently known, the country's prehistory begins in the Allerød interstadial c. 12000 BC with Late Palaeolithic hunting camps of the Bromme culture at the edge of the ice in what is now the country's southernmost province. Shortly before the close of the Younger Dryas (c. 9600 BC), the west coast of Sweden (Bohuslän) was visited by hunter-gatherers from northern Germany. This cultural group is commonly referred to as the Ahrensburgian and were engaged in fishing and sealing along the coast of western Sweden during seasonal rounds from the Continent. Currently, we refer to this group as the Hensbacka culture and, in Norway, as the Fosna culture group (see: Oxford Journal Hensbacka Schmitt). During the late Preboreal period, colonization continued as people move towards the north-east as the ice receded. Archaeological, linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that they arrived first from the south-west and, in time, also from the north-east and met half-way. The genomes of early Scandinavian hunter-gatherers show that the group from the south and another one from the northeast eventually mixed in Scandinavia. Besides their cultural differences in e.g. tool making, the two groups also differed in appearance. The populations from the south had darker skin and blue eyes while the groups arriving from the north had light skin and variance in eye color.
An important consequence of de-glaciation was a continual land uplift as the Earth's crust rebounded from the pressure exerted by the ice. This process, which was originally very rapid, continues to this day. It has had the consequence that originally shore-bound sites along much of Sweden's coast are sorted chronologically by elevation. Around the country's capital, for instance, the earliest seal-hunter sites are now on inland mountain tops, and they grow progressively later as one moves downhill toward the sea.
The Late Palaeolithic gave way to the first phase of the Mesolithic in c. 9,600 BC. This age, divided into the Maglemosian, Kongemosian and Ertebølle Periods, was characterised by small bands of hunter-gatherer-fishers with a microlithic flint technology. Where flint was not readily available, quartz and slate were used. In the later Ertebølle, semi-permanent fishing settlements with pottery and large inhumation cemeteries appeared.
Neolithic, 4,000–1,700 BC
Farming and animal husbandry, along with monumental burial, polished flint axes and decorated pottery, arrived from the Continent with the Funnel-beaker Culture in c. 4,000 BC. The Neolithic Funnelbeaker farmers replaced the Ertebølle culture, which had maintained a Mesolithic lifestyle for about 1500 years after farming arrived in Central Europe. Within a century or two, all of Denmark and the southern third of Sweden became neolithised and much of the area became dotted with megalithic tombs. Farmers were capable of rearing calves to collect milk from cows all year round. The people of the country's northern two thirds retained an essentially Mesolithic lifestyle into the first millennium BC. Coastal south-eastern Sweden, likewise, reverted from neolithisation to a hunting and fishing economy after only a few centuries, with the Pitted Ware Culture.
In c. 2,800 BC the Funnel Beaker Culture gave way to the Battle Axe Culture, a regional version of the middle-European Corded Ware phenomenon. The Battle Axe Culture appears to have emerged as a result of a migration of people from the Pontic–Caspian steppe. The Battle Axe and Pitted Ware people then coexisted as distinct archaeological entities until c. 2,400 BC, when they merged into a fairly homogeneous Late Neolithic culture. This culture produced the finest flintwork in Scandinavian Prehistory and the last megalithic tombs.
Bronze Age, 1,700–500 BC
Bronze Age collar, from Stockhult, Scania
Sweden's southern third was part of the stock-keeping and agricultural Nordic Bronze Age Culture's area, most of it being peripheral to the culture's Danish centre. The period began in c. 1,700 BC with the start of bronze importation; first from Ireland and then increasingly from central Europe. Copper mining was never tried locally during this period, and Scandinavia has no tin deposits, so all metal had to be imported though it was largely cast into local designs on arrival. Iron production began locally toward the period's end, apparently as a kind of trade secret among bronze casters: iron was almost exclusively used for tools to make bronze objects. In approximately 800 BC, the coastal area of Middle-Sweden was inhabited by people speaking early Finnic languages with close relations with Southwest Finland and northern Estonia.
Spir Mountain Cairns. The larger of the Spir Mountain Cairns during inventory by archaeologist Carl L. Thunberg 2013.
The Nordic Bronze Age was entirely pre-urban, with people living in hamlets and on farmsteads with single-story wooden long-houses. Geological and topographical conditions were similar to those of today, but the climate was milder.
Rich individual burials attest to increased social stratification in the Early Bronze Age. A correlation between the amount of bronze in burials and the health status of the deceased's bones shows that status was inherited. Battle-worn weapons show that the period was warlike. The elite most likely built its position on control of trade. The period's abundant rock carvings largely portray long rowing ships: these images appear to allude both to trade voyages and to mythological concepts. Areas with rich bronze finds and areas with rich rock art occur separately, suggesting that the latter may represent an affordable alternative to the former.
Bronze Age religion as depicted in rock art centres upon the sun, nature, fertility and public ritual. Wetland sacrifices played an important role. The later part of the period after about 1,100 BC shows many changes: cremation replaced inhumation in burials, burial investment declined sharply and jewellery replaced weaponry as the main type of sacrificial goods.
Iron Age, 500 BC – 1,100 AD
In the absence of any Roman occupation, Sweden's Iron Age is reckoned up to the introduction of stone architecture and monastic orders about 1,100 AD. Much of the period is proto-historical, that is, there are written sources but most hold a very low source-critical quality. The scraps of written matter are either much later than the period in question, written in areas far away, or local and coeval but extremely brief.
Pre-Roman Iron Age, 500–1 BC
The archaeological record for the fifth to third centuries BC is rich in rural settlements and remains of agriculture but very poor in artifacts. This is mainly due to extremely austere burial customs where few people received formal burial and those who did got little in the way of grave goods. There is little indication of any social stratification. Bronze importation ceased almost entirely and local iron production started in earnest.
A typical Clearance cairn from Eglinton Country Park in Scotland
The climate took a turn for the worse, forcing farmers to keep cattle indoors over the winters, leading to an annual build-up of manure that could now for the first time be used systematically for soil improvement. Fields were however still largely impermanent, leading to the gradual coalescence of vast systems of sunken fields or clearance cairns where only small parts were tilled at any one time.
From the second century BC onward, urn cremation cemeteries and weapon burials with various above-ground stone markers appear, beginning a monumental cemetery record that persists unbroken until the end of the Iron Age. Cemeteries of these roughly 13 centuries are by far the most common type of visible ancient monument in Scandinavia. The reappearance of weapon burial after millennium's hiatus suggests a process of increased social stratification similar to the one at the beginning of the Bronze Age.
Roman Iron Age, 1–400 AD
A Roman attempt to move the Imperial border forward from the Rhine to the Elbe was aborted in 9 AD when Germans under Roman-trained leadership defeated the legions of Varus by ambush in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. About this time, a major shift in the material culture of Scandinavia occurred, reflecting increased contact with the Romans. Imported goods, now largely bronze drinking gear, reappear in burials. The early third century sees a brief floruit of very richly equipped graves on a template from Zealand.
Starting in the second century AD, much of southern Sweden's agricultural land was parcelled up with low stone walls. They divided the land into permanent infields and meadows for winter fodder on one side of the wall, and wooded outland where the cattle was grazed on the other side. This principle of landscape organisation survived into the nineteenth century AD.
Hillforts, most of them simple structures on peripheral mountaintops designed as refuges at times of attack, became common toward the end of the Roman Period. War booty finds from western Denmark suggest that warriors from coastal areas of modern Sweden participated in large-scale seaborne raids upon that area and were sometimes soundly defeated.
Sweden enters proto-history with the Germania of Tacitus in 98 AD. Whether any of the brief information he reports about this distant barbaric area was well-founded is uncertain, but he does mention tribal names that appear to correspond with the Swedes and Sami of later centuries. As for literacy in Sweden itself, the runic script was invented among the south Scandinavian elite in the second century, but all that has come down to the present from the Roman Period is curt inscriptions on artefacts, mainly of male names, demonstrating that the people of south Scandinavia spoke Proto-Norse at the time, a language ancestral to modern Swedish and others.
Migration Period, 400–550 AD
The changes in material culture marking the start of the Migration Period appear to coincide with the arrival of the Huns on the continental stage. A brief tumultuous phase ensued during which the Western Roman Empire collapsed and the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) held the barbarians at bay only through enormous peace payments. As a consequence, the Scandinavian elite of the time was inundated with gold. It was used to produce some very fine goldsmith work including filigree collars and bracteate pendants. The memory of this Golden Age reverberates through all the main early Germanic poetry cycles, including Beowulf and the Niebelungenlied.
Another feature of the Migration Period that had far-reaching consequences was the development of the first Scandinavian animal art. Inspired by provincial Roman chip-carved belt mounts decorated with lions and dolphins along the edges, Scandinavian artisans of the Migration Period developed first the Nydam Style, and then the highly abstract and sophisticated Style I from c. 450 AD onward.
The Migration Period was long believed to have been a time of crisis and devastation in Scandinavia. In recent decades, however, scholarship has gravitated to the view that the period was in fact one of prosperity and glorious elite culture, but that it ended with a severe crisis, possibly having to do with the 535‒536 AD atmospheric dust event and the concomitant famine.
Vendel Period, 550–800 AD
Main article: Vendel Period
See also
Prehistory of Sweden topics
References
^ Günther, Torsten; Malmström, Helena; Svensson, Emma M.; Omrak, Ayça; Sánchez-Quinto, Federico; Kılınç, Gülşah M.; Krzewińska, Maja; Eriksson, Gunilla; Fraser, Magdalena; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R. (2018-01-09). "Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation". PLOS Biology. 16 (1): e2003703. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003703. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 5760011. PMID 29315301.
^ Günther, Torsten; Malmström, Helena; Svensson, Emma M.; Omrak, Ayça; Sánchez-Quinto, Federico; Kılınç, Gülşah M.; Krzewińska, Maja; Eriksson, Gunilla; Fraser, Magdalena; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R. (2018-01-09). "Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation". PLOS Biology. 16 (1): e2003703. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003703. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 5760011. PMID 29315301.
^ a b "New study unearths our Scandinavian ancestors". University of Gothenburg. 10 January 2024.
^ Kristian Sjøgren. "First Scandinavian farmers were far more advanced than we thought" 17 August 2015
^ Gron, Kurt J.; Montgomery, Janet; Rowley-Conwy, Peter (2015). "Cattle Management for Dairying in Scandinavia's Earliest Neolithic". PLOS ONE. 10 (7): e0131267. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1031267G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131267. PMC 4492493. PMID 26146989.
^ Lang, Valter (2020). Homo Fennicus – Itämerensuomalaisten etnohistoria. Translated by Oittinen, Hannu. Finnish Literature Society. p. 337. ISBN 9789518581300.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Bromme culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromme_culture"},{"link_name":"Late Palaeolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic"},{"link_name":"Last Glacial Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Nordic Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Hillforts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillfort"},{"link_name":"Migration Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period"},{"link_name":"Vendel Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendel_Period"},{"link_name":"Viking Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age"},{"link_name":"Christianization of Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus"},{"link_name":"runic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runic"},{"link_name":"Proto-Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Norse"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"}],"text":"Human habitation of present-day Sweden began c. 12000 BC. The earliest known people belonged to the Bromme culture of the Late Palaeolithic, spreading from the south at the close of the Last Glacial Period. Neolithic farming culture became established in the southern regions around 4000 BC, but much later further north. About 1700 BC the Nordic Bronze Age began in the southern regions, based on imported metals; this was succeeded about 500 BC by the Iron Age, for which local ore deposits were exploited. Cemeteries are known mainly from 200 BC onward.During the 1st century AD, imports of Roman artifacts increased. Agricultural practice spread northward, and permanent field boundaries were constructed in stone. Hillforts became common. A wide range of metalwork, including gold ornaments, are known from the following Migration Period (c. 400–550 AD) and Vendel Period (c. 550–790 AD).Sweden's Iron Age is considered to extend up to the end of the Viking Age, with the introduction of stone architecture and the Christianization of Scandinavia about 1100 AD. The historical record up to then is sparse and unreliable; the first known Roman reports of Sweden are in Tacitus (98 AD). The runic script was developed in the second century, and the brief inscriptions that remain demonstrate that the people of south Scandinavia then spoke Proto-Norse, a language ancestral to modern Swedish.","title":"Prehistoric Sweden"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline of Swedish history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stone_Age_Scandinavian_populations_movement_after_the_last_glacial.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Middle Palaeolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Palaeolithic"},{"link_name":"interstadial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstadial"},{"link_name":"Bromme culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromme_culture"},{"link_name":"Ahrensburgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahrensburg_culture"},{"link_name":"Hensbacka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosna%E2%80%93Hensbacka_culture"},{"link_name":"Fosna culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosna_culture"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian hunter-gatherers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Hunter-Gatherer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Palaeolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeolithic"},{"link_name":"Mesolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic"},{"link_name":"Maglemosian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglemosian"},{"link_name":"Kongemosian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongemosian"},{"link_name":"Ertebølle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erteb%C3%B8lle"},{"link_name":"microlithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlithic"},{"link_name":"inhumation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhumation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Arrival directions of the first people moving to Sweden after the last glacial.[1]The Pleistocene glaciations scoured the landscape clean and covered much of it in deep quaternary sediments. Therefore, no undisputed Early or Middle Palaeolithic sites or finds are known from Sweden. As far as it is currently known, the country's prehistory begins in the Allerød interstadial c. 12000 BC with Late Palaeolithic hunting camps of the Bromme culture at the edge of the ice in what is now the country's southernmost province. Shortly before the close of the Younger Dryas (c. 9600 BC), the west coast of Sweden (Bohuslän) was visited by hunter-gatherers from northern Germany. This cultural group is commonly referred to as the Ahrensburgian and were engaged in fishing and sealing along the coast of western Sweden during seasonal rounds from the Continent. Currently, we refer to this group as the Hensbacka culture and, in Norway, as the Fosna culture group (see: Oxford Journal Hensbacka Schmitt). During the late Preboreal period, colonization continued as people move towards the north-east as the ice receded. Archaeological, linguistic[citation needed] and genetic evidence suggests that they arrived first from the south-west and, in time, also from the north-east and met half-way. The genomes of early Scandinavian hunter-gatherers show that the group from the south and another one from the northeast eventually mixed in Scandinavia. Besides their cultural differences in e.g. tool making, the two groups also differed in appearance. The populations from the south had darker skin and blue eyes while the groups arriving from the north had light skin and variance in eye color.[2]An important consequence of de-glaciation was a continual land uplift as the Earth's crust rebounded from the pressure exerted by the ice. This process, which was originally very rapid, continues to this day. It has had the consequence that originally shore-bound sites along much of Sweden's coast are sorted chronologically by elevation. Around the country's capital, for instance, the earliest seal-hunter sites are now on inland mountain tops, and they grow progressively later as one moves downhill toward the sea.[citation needed]The Late Palaeolithic gave way to the first phase of the Mesolithic in c. 9,600 BC. This age, divided into the Maglemosian, Kongemosian and Ertebølle Periods, was characterised by small bands of hunter-gatherer-fishers with a microlithic flint technology. Where flint was not readily available, quartz and slate were used. In the later Ertebølle, semi-permanent fishing settlements with pottery and large inhumation cemeteries appeared.[citation needed]","title":"Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic, 12,000–4,000 BC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Funnelbeaker farmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_European_Farmers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study-3"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pitted Ware Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitted_Ware_culture"},{"link_name":"Funnel Beaker Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture"},{"link_name":"Battle Axe Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Axe_Culture"},{"link_name":"Corded Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corded_Ware"},{"link_name":"Pontic–Caspian steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study-3"},{"link_name":"megalithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith"}],"text":"Farming and animal husbandry, along with monumental burial, polished flint axes and decorated pottery, arrived from the Continent with the Funnel-beaker Culture in c. 4,000 BC. The Neolithic Funnelbeaker farmers replaced the Ertebølle culture, which had maintained a Mesolithic lifestyle for about 1500 years after farming arrived in Central Europe.[3] Within a century or two, all of Denmark and the southern third of Sweden became neolithised and much of the area became dotted with megalithic tombs. Farmers were capable of rearing calves to collect milk from cows all year round.[4][5] The people of the country's northern two thirds retained an essentially Mesolithic lifestyle into the first millennium BC. Coastal south-eastern Sweden, likewise, reverted from neolithisation to a hunting and fishing economy after only a few centuries, with the Pitted Ware Culture.In c. 2,800 BC the Funnel Beaker Culture gave way to the Battle Axe Culture, a regional version of the middle-European Corded Ware phenomenon. The Battle Axe Culture appears to have emerged as a result of a migration of people from the Pontic–Caspian steppe.[3] The Battle Axe and Pitted Ware people then coexisted as distinct archaeological entities until c. 2,400 BC, when they merged into a fairly homogeneous Late Neolithic culture. This culture produced the finest flintwork in Scandinavian Prehistory and the last megalithic tombs.","title":"Neolithic, 4,000–1,700 BC"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SHM11217-22682_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nordic Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"Finnic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnic_languages"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spir_Mountain_Cairns.png"},{"link_name":"Spir Mountain Cairns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spir_Mountain_Cairns"},{"link_name":"Carl L. Thunberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_L._Thunberg"},{"link_name":"rock carvings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_carvings"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Bronze Age collar, from Stockhult, ScaniaSweden's southern third was part of the stock-keeping and agricultural Nordic Bronze Age Culture's area, most of it being peripheral to the culture's Danish centre. The period began in c. 1,700 BC with the start of bronze importation; first from Ireland and then increasingly from central Europe. Copper mining was never tried locally during this period, and Scandinavia has no tin deposits, so all metal had to be imported though it was largely cast into local designs on arrival. Iron production began locally toward the period's end, apparently as a kind of trade secret among bronze casters: iron was almost exclusively used for tools to make bronze objects. In approximately 800 BC, the coastal area of Middle-Sweden was inhabited by people speaking early Finnic languages with close relations with Southwest Finland and northern Estonia.[6]Spir Mountain Cairns. The larger of the Spir Mountain Cairns during inventory by archaeologist Carl L. Thunberg 2013.The Nordic Bronze Age was entirely pre-urban, with people living in hamlets and on farmsteads with single-story wooden long-houses. Geological and topographical conditions were similar to those of today, but the climate was milder.Rich individual burials attest to increased social stratification in the Early Bronze Age. A correlation between the amount of bronze in burials and the health status of the deceased's bones shows that status was inherited. Battle-worn weapons show that the period was warlike. The elite most likely built its position on control of trade. The period's abundant rock carvings largely portray long rowing ships: these images appear to allude both to trade voyages and to mythological concepts. Areas with rich bronze finds and areas with rich rock art occur separately, suggesting that the latter may represent an affordable alternative to the former.[citation needed]Bronze Age religion as depicted in rock art centres upon the sun, nature, fertility and public ritual. Wetland sacrifices played an important role. The later part of the period after about 1,100 BC shows many changes: cremation replaced inhumation in burials, burial investment declined sharply and jewellery replaced weaponry as the main type of sacrificial goods.[citation needed]","title":"Bronze Age, 1,700–500 BC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"proto-historical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-history"}],"text":"In the absence of any Roman occupation, Sweden's Iron Age is reckoned up to the introduction of stone architecture and monastic orders about 1,100 AD. Much of the period is proto-historical, that is, there are written sources but most hold a very low source-critical quality. The scraps of written matter are either much later than the period in question, written in areas far away, or local and coeval but extremely brief.","title":"Iron Age, 500 BC – 1,100 AD"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eglinton_clearance_cairn.JPG"},{"link_name":"Clearance cairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearance_cairn"},{"link_name":"Eglinton Country Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton_Country_Park"}],"sub_title":"Pre-Roman Iron Age, 500–1 BC","text":"The archaeological record for the fifth to third centuries BC is rich in rural settlements and remains of agriculture but very poor in artifacts. This is mainly due to extremely austere burial customs where few people received formal burial and those who did got little in the way of grave goods. There is little indication of any social stratification. Bronze importation ceased almost entirely and local iron production started in earnest.[citation needed]A typical Clearance cairn from Eglinton Country Park in ScotlandThe climate took a turn for the worse, forcing farmers to keep cattle indoors over the winters, leading to an annual build-up of manure that could now for the first time be used systematically for soil improvement. Fields were however still largely impermanent, leading to the gradual coalescence of vast systems of sunken fields or clearance cairns where only small parts were tilled at any one time.From the second century BC onward, urn cremation cemeteries and weapon burials with various above-ground stone markers appear, beginning a monumental cemetery record that persists unbroken until the end of the Iron Age. Cemeteries of these roughly 13 centuries are by far the most common type of visible ancient monument in Scandinavia. The reappearance of weapon burial after millennium's hiatus suggests a process of increased social stratification similar to the one at the beginning of the Bronze Age.","title":"Iron Age, 500 BC – 1,100 AD"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of the Teutoburg Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hillforts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillfort"},{"link_name":"Germania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(book)"},{"link_name":"Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus"},{"link_name":"Sami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people"},{"link_name":"runic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runic"},{"link_name":"Proto-Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Norse"}],"sub_title":"Roman Iron Age, 1–400 AD","text":"A Roman attempt to move the Imperial border forward from the Rhine to the Elbe was aborted in 9 AD when Germans under Roman-trained leadership defeated the legions of Varus by ambush in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. About this time, a major shift in the material culture of Scandinavia occurred, reflecting increased contact with the Romans. Imported goods, now largely bronze drinking gear, reappear in burials. The early third century sees a brief floruit of very richly equipped graves on a template from Zealand.[citation needed]Starting in the second century AD, much of southern Sweden's agricultural land was parcelled up with low stone walls. They divided the land into permanent infields and meadows for winter fodder on one side of the wall, and wooded outland where the cattle was grazed on the other side. This principle of landscape organisation survived into the nineteenth century AD.Hillforts, most of them simple structures on peripheral mountaintops designed as refuges at times of attack, became common toward the end of the Roman Period. War booty finds from western Denmark suggest that warriors from coastal areas of modern Sweden participated in large-scale seaborne raids upon that area and were sometimes soundly defeated.Sweden enters proto-history with the Germania of Tacitus in 98 AD. Whether any of the brief information he reports about this distant barbaric area was well-founded is uncertain, but he does mention tribal names that appear to correspond with the Swedes and Sami of later centuries. As for literacy in Sweden itself, the runic script was invented among the south Scandinavian elite in the second century, but all that has come down to the present from the Roman Period is curt inscriptions on artefacts, mainly of male names, demonstrating that the people of south Scandinavia spoke Proto-Norse at the time, a language ancestral to modern Swedish and others.","title":"Iron Age, 500 BC – 1,100 AD"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Migration Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period"},{"link_name":"Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"link_name":"Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Eastern Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"filigree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filigree"},{"link_name":"bracteate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracteate"},{"link_name":"pendants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendant"},{"link_name":"Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf"},{"link_name":"Niebelungenlied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niebelungenlied"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"535‒536 AD atmospheric dust event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changes_of_535-536"}],"sub_title":"Migration Period, 400–550 AD","text":"The changes in material culture marking the start of the Migration Period appear to coincide with the arrival of the Huns on the continental stage. A brief tumultuous phase ensued during which the Western Roman Empire collapsed and the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) held the barbarians at bay only through enormous peace payments. As a consequence, the Scandinavian elite of the time was inundated with gold. It was used to produce some very fine goldsmith work including filigree collars and bracteate pendants. The memory of this Golden Age reverberates through all the main early Germanic poetry cycles, including Beowulf and the Niebelungenlied.[citation needed]Another feature of the Migration Period that had far-reaching consequences was the development of the first Scandinavian animal art. Inspired by provincial Roman chip-carved belt mounts decorated with lions and dolphins along the edges, Scandinavian artisans of the Migration Period developed first the Nydam Style, and then the highly abstract and sophisticated Style I from c. 450 AD onward.The Migration Period was long believed to have been a time of crisis and devastation in Scandinavia. In recent decades, however, scholarship has gravitated to the view that the period was in fact one of prosperity and glorious elite culture, but that it ended with a severe crisis, possibly having to do with the 535‒536 AD atmospheric dust event and the concomitant famine.","title":"Iron Age, 500 BC – 1,100 AD"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vendel Period, 550–800 AD","title":"Iron Age, 500 BC – 1,100 AD"}]
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[{"image_text":"Arrival directions of the first people moving to Sweden after the last glacial.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Stone_Age_Scandinavian_populations_movement_after_the_last_glacial.png/220px-Stone_Age_Scandinavian_populations_movement_after_the_last_glacial.png"},{"image_text":"Bronze Age collar, from Stockhult, Scania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/SHM11217-22682_03.jpg/220px-SHM11217-22682_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spir Mountain Cairns. The larger of the Spir Mountain Cairns during inventory by archaeologist Carl L. Thunberg 2013.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Spir_Mountain_Cairns.png/220px-Spir_Mountain_Cairns.png"},{"image_text":"A typical Clearance cairn from Eglinton Country Park in Scotland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Eglinton_clearance_cairn.JPG/220px-Eglinton_clearance_cairn.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Prehistory of Sweden topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Prehistory_of_Sweden"}]
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[{"reference":"Günther, Torsten; Malmström, Helena; Svensson, Emma M.; Omrak, Ayça; Sánchez-Quinto, Federico; Kılınç, Gülşah M.; Krzewińska, Maja; Eriksson, Gunilla; Fraser, Magdalena; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R. (2018-01-09). \"Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation\". PLOS Biology. 16 (1): e2003703. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003703. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 5760011. PMID 29315301.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5760011","url_text":"\"Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.2003703","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pbio.2003703"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-7885","url_text":"1545-7885"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5760011","url_text":"5760011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29315301","url_text":"29315301"}]},{"reference":"Günther, Torsten; Malmström, Helena; Svensson, Emma M.; Omrak, Ayça; Sánchez-Quinto, Federico; Kılınç, Gülşah M.; Krzewińska, Maja; Eriksson, Gunilla; Fraser, Magdalena; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R. (2018-01-09). \"Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation\". PLOS Biology. 16 (1): e2003703. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003703. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 5760011. PMID 29315301.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5760011","url_text":"\"Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.2003703","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pbio.2003703"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-7885","url_text":"1545-7885"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5760011","url_text":"5760011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29315301","url_text":"29315301"}]},{"reference":"\"New study unearths our Scandinavian ancestors\". University of Gothenburg. 10 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gu.se/en/news/new-study-unearths-our-scandinavian-ancestors","url_text":"\"New study unearths our Scandinavian ancestors\""}]},{"reference":"Gron, Kurt J.; Montgomery, Janet; Rowley-Conwy, Peter (2015). \"Cattle Management for Dairying in Scandinavia's Earliest Neolithic\". PLOS ONE. 10 (7): e0131267. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1031267G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131267. PMC 4492493. PMID 26146989.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4492493","url_text":"\"Cattle Management for Dairying in Scandinavia's Earliest Neolithic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1031267G","url_text":"2015PLoSO..1031267G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0131267","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0131267"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4492493","url_text":"4492493"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26146989","url_text":"26146989"}]},{"reference":"Lang, Valter (2020). Homo Fennicus – Itämerensuomalaisten etnohistoria. Translated by Oittinen, Hannu. Finnish Literature Society. p. 337. ISBN 9789518581300.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789518581300","url_text":"9789518581300"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Prehistoric+Sweden%22","external_links_name":"\"Prehistoric Sweden\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Prehistoric+Sweden%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Prehistoric+Sweden%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Prehistoric+Sweden%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Prehistoric+Sweden%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Prehistoric+Sweden%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5760011","external_links_name":"\"Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.2003703","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pbio.2003703"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-7885","external_links_name":"1545-7885"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5760011","external_links_name":"5760011"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29315301","external_links_name":"29315301"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5760011","external_links_name":"\"Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.2003703","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pbio.2003703"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-7885","external_links_name":"1545-7885"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5760011","external_links_name":"5760011"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29315301","external_links_name":"29315301"},{"Link":"https://www.gu.se/en/news/new-study-unearths-our-scandinavian-ancestors","external_links_name":"\"New study unearths our Scandinavian ancestors\""},{"Link":"http://sciencenordic.com/first-scandinavian-farmers-were-far-more-advanced-we-thought","external_links_name":"First Scandinavian farmers were far more advanced than we thought"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4492493","external_links_name":"\"Cattle Management for Dairying in Scandinavia's Earliest Neolithic\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1031267G","external_links_name":"2015PLoSO..1031267G"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0131267","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0131267"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4492493","external_links_name":"4492493"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26146989","external_links_name":"26146989"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu_Prang_Camp
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Bu Prang Camp
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["1 History","2 Current use","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 12°14′17″N 107°18′58″E / 12.238°N 107.316°E / 12.238; 107.316U.S. military camp in Quang Duc, Vietnam
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bu Prang Camp" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Bu Prang Camp Tuy Đức district, Quang Duc Province in VietnamBu Prang, 21 November 1969Bu Prang CampShown within VietnamCoordinates12°14′17″N 107°18′58″E / 12.238°N 107.316°E / 12.238; 107.316TypeArmy BaseSite informationOperatorArmy of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)United States Army (U.S. Army)ConditionAbandonedSite historyBuilt1967 (1967)In useOctober 1967-1970 (1970)Battles/warsVietnam WarGarrison informationGarrison5th Special Forces Group
Bu Prang Camp (also known as Bu Prang Special Forces Camp) is a former U.S. Army and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) base in Quang Duc Province 5km from the Vietnam-Cambodia border.
History
CIDG Forces at Bu Prang, 23 January 1970
The base was located on Route 14, in Tuy Đức district 5 km south of the Cambodian border. The base was established by the Special Forces II CTZ MIKE Force who secured the site in a parachute assault on 5 October 1967. Once the area was secured, Detachment A-236, 5th Special Forces and CIDG forces were brought in by helicopter to establish the base.: 175
On 28 October 1969 the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 3rd Division began a siege of the Camp, Landing Zone Kate and Duc Lap Camp. On 1 November when Kate was abandoned the forces evacuated towards Bu Prang. On 18 November 1969 PAVN mortar fire destroyed the Camp's ammunition storage bunker. The siege was broken by the ARVN on 16 December 1969.: 323
The base was relocated further east in early 1970 to put it out of range of PAVN artillery fire coming from Cambodia.
Current use
The base has been turned over to farmland.
References
^ a b Kelley, Michael (2002). Where we were in Vietnam. Hellgate Press. p. 5-72. ISBN 978-1555716257.
^ a b c Stanton, Shelby (2008). Special Forces at War: An Illustrated History, Southeast Asia 1957-1975. Zenith Press. p. 165. ISBN 9780760334492.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Army of the Republic of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Quang Duc Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%AFk_N%C3%B4ng_Province"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"}],"text":"U.S. military camp in Quang Duc, VietnamBu Prang Camp (also known as Bu Prang Special Forces Camp) is a former U.S. Army and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) base in Quang Duc Province 5km from the Vietnam-Cambodia border.","title":"Bu Prang Camp"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bu_Prang_Camp.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tuy Đức district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuy_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_district"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelley-1"},{"link_name":"II CTZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Corps_(South_Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"MIKE Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIKE_Force"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanton-2"},{"link_name":"CIDG forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Irregular_Defense_Group_program"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanton-2"},{"link_name":"People's Army of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Landing Zone Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Zone_Kate"},{"link_name":"Duc Lap Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duc_Lap_Camp"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanton-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelley-1"}],"text":"CIDG Forces at Bu Prang, 23 January 1970The base was located on Route 14, in Tuy Đức district 5 km south of the Cambodian border.[1] The base was established by the Special Forces II CTZ MIKE Force who secured the site in a parachute assault on 5 October 1967.[2] Once the area was secured, Detachment A-236, 5th Special Forces and CIDG forces were brought in by helicopter to establish the base.[2]: 175On 28 October 1969 the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 3rd Division began a siege of the Camp, Landing Zone Kate and Duc Lap Camp. On 1 November when Kate was abandoned the forces evacuated towards Bu Prang. On 18 November 1969 PAVN mortar fire destroyed the Camp's ammunition storage bunker. The siege was broken by the ARVN on 16 December 1969.[2]: 323The base was relocated further east in early 1970 to put it out of range of PAVN artillery fire coming from Cambodia.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The base has been turned over to farmland.","title":"Current use"}]
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[{"image_text":"CIDG Forces at Bu Prang, 23 January 1970","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bu_Prang_Camp.jpg/220px-Bu_Prang_Camp.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Kelley, Michael (2002). Where we were in Vietnam. Hellgate Press. p. 5-72. ISBN 978-1555716257.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555716257","url_text":"978-1555716257"}]},{"reference":"Stanton, Shelby (2008). Special Forces at War: An Illustrated History, Southeast Asia 1957-1975. Zenith Press. p. 165. ISBN 9780760334492.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760334492","url_text":"9780760334492"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bu_Prang_Camp¶ms=12.238_N_107.316_E_","external_links_name":"12°14′17″N 107°18′58″E / 12.238°N 107.316°E / 12.238; 107.316"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bu+Prang+Camp%22","external_links_name":"\"Bu Prang Camp\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bu+Prang+Camp%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bu+Prang+Camp%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bu+Prang+Camp%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bu+Prang+Camp%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bu+Prang+Camp%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bu_Prang_Camp¶ms=12.238_N_107.316_E_","external_links_name":"12°14′17″N 107°18′58″E / 12.238°N 107.316°E / 12.238; 107.316"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt.sex.bondage
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alt.sex
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["1 References","2 Further reading","3 External links"]
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Usenet newsgroup
alt.sex is a Usenet newsgroup – a discussion group within the Usenet network – relating to human sexual activity. It was popular in the 1990s. An October 1993 survey by Brian Reid reported an estimated worldwide readership for the alt.sex newsgroup of 3.3 million, that being 8% of the total Usenet readership, with 67% of all Usenet "nodes" (news servers users log in to access the system) carrying the group. At that time, alt.sex had an estimated traffic of 2,300 messages per month.
The newsgroup hierarchy below alt.sex comprises several newsgroups, including alt.sex.stories (which is the biggest newsgroup in the hierarchy after alt.sex itself), alt.sex.pictures, alt.sex.blondes, alt.sex.bondage, alt.sex.bestiality, and alt.sex.rape. The former four newsgroups generally feature text and images similar to the type that can be found in mainstream adult magazines, such as Playboy or Penthouse. The latter three newsgroups exemplify a set of sub-groups that deals in more "extreme" or less socially accepted topics. Other sub-groups include some with intentionally humorous names, such as alt.sex.aluminum.baseball.bat, alt.sex.boredom, and alt.sex.bestiality.hamster.duct-tape. There are more newsgroups on the less mainstream topics or sub-cultures, although as of 1998 they were generally far lower in traffic than those that deal in the more mainstream sexual behaviours. In a 1993 analysis of the alt.sex hierarchy, Maureen Furniss concluded that "sexually oriented boards act as a kind of support group for people who post notices to them, especially individuals whose sexual orientations are very marginalized (those who practice sadomasochism or bestiality, for example)."
The first usenet BDSM newsgroup, alt.sex.bondage, was created in 1991. The term BDSM itself was first recorded on a post in alt.sex.bondage in 1991.
The University of Waterloo in 1994 ceased carrying alt.sex.bondage, alt.sex.bestiality, alt.sex-stories, and alt.sex-stories.d upon the recommendation of its ethics committee, which had expressed concerns that the content of those newsgroups may have violated the Canadian Criminal Code.
alt.sex.cancel is a Usenet newsgroup set up specifically to help combat newsgroup spam cross-posted to the entire alt.sex hierarchy. The newsgroup is a simple "spamtrap" – a trap used to collect samples of unsolicited messages that can then be acted on by an automated anti-spam system. According to its charter, any message posted to alt.sex.cancel may be cancelled automatically.
The well-known mass-mailing macro computer virus called the "Melissa virus" was originally distributed via the alt.sex newsgroup. It was hidden inside a list purporting to contain passwords to pornographic websites. The messages containing the virus were posted with message headers claiming that the post had been written using the America Online (AOL) account of Scott Steinmetz, whose username was "skyroket". Kizza reports that the headers on the post were probably forged by Melissa's author, David L. Smith.
References
^ a b c d Leslie Regan Shade (1996). "Is there Free Speech on the Net? Censorship in the Global Information Infrastructure". In Rob Shields (ed.). Cultures of Internet. Sage Publications. pp. 13–17. ISBN 0-8039-8805-2.
^ Fred H. Cate (1998). The Internet and the First Amendment: Schools and Sexually Explicit Expression. Phi Delta Kappa International. p. 17. ISBN 0-87367-398-0.
^ Kadrey, Richard. "alt.sex.bondage". WIRED. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
^ "BDSM n. (in entry B, n.)". Oxford English Dictionary Online (draft ed.). Oxford University Press. June 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
^ Joseph Migga Kizza (2005). Computer Network Security. Springer. p. 87. ISBN 0-387-20473-3.
Further reading
Brian Reid (1993). "Usenet readership summary report". Palo Alto, California: Network Measurement Project at the DEC Western Research Laboratory. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Maureen Furniss (1993). "Sex with a hard (disk) on: computer bulletin boards and pornography". Wide Angle. 15 (2): 19–37.
External links
alt.sex Newsgroup FAQs
alt.sex.bondage group on Google
vteUsenetHistory
Great Renaming (1987)
Eternal September (1993)
Meow Wars (1996–1998)
Terminology
Backbone cabal
Breidbart Index
Cancelbot
Cleanfeed
Crossposting
Flaming
Godwin's law
Kibology
Kill file
Otherkin
Sock puppet account
Sporgery
Troll
Usenet Death Penalty
Warnock's dilemma
Web-based Usenet
Hierarchies
alt.*
Big 8
comp.*
sci.*
News server
Astraweb
Easynews
Giganews
Newsgroups (List)
news.admin.net-abuse.email
rec.arts.sf.tv.babylon5.moderated
talk.origins
alt.*
atheism
binaries.slack
religion.scientology
sex
sex.stories
suicide.holiday
tv.simpsons
By topic
Cryptography newsgroups
Clients
Google Groups
Newsreaders (List, Comparison)
GrabIt
NewsBin Pro
rn
tin
This list is incomplete.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Usenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet"},{"link_name":"newsgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsgroup"},{"link_name":"human sexual activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexual_activity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shade-1"},{"link_name":"alt.sex.stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt.sex.stories"},{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Penthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penthouse_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shade-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"sadomasochism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochism"},{"link_name":"bestiality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestiality"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shade-1"},{"link_name":"BDSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSM"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"University of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"Criminal Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shade-1"},{"link_name":"newsgroup spam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsgroup_spam"},{"link_name":"cross-posted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossposting"},{"link_name":"spamtrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamtrap"},{"link_name":"charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsgroup_charter"},{"link_name":"cancelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancel_message"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"macro computer virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_virus"},{"link_name":"Melissa virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_virus"},{"link_name":"America Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"alt.sex is a Usenet newsgroup – a discussion group within the Usenet network – relating to human sexual activity. It was popular in the 1990s. An October 1993 survey by Brian Reid reported an estimated worldwide readership for the alt.sex newsgroup of 3.3 million, that being 8% of the total Usenet readership, with 67% of all Usenet \"nodes\" (news servers users log in to access the system) carrying the group. At that time, alt.sex had an estimated traffic of 2,300 messages per month.[1]The newsgroup hierarchy below alt.sex comprises several newsgroups, including alt.sex.stories (which is the biggest newsgroup in the hierarchy after alt.sex itself), alt.sex.pictures, alt.sex.blondes, alt.sex.bondage, alt.sex.bestiality, and alt.sex.rape. The former four newsgroups generally feature text and images similar to the type that can be found in mainstream adult magazines, such as Playboy or Penthouse. The latter three newsgroups exemplify a set of sub-groups that deals in more \"extreme\" or less socially accepted topics. Other sub-groups include some with intentionally humorous names, such as alt.sex.aluminum.baseball.bat, alt.sex.boredom, and alt.sex.bestiality.hamster.duct-tape.[1] There are more newsgroups on the less mainstream topics or sub-cultures, although as of 1998 they were generally far lower in traffic than those that deal in the more mainstream sexual behaviours.[2] In a 1993 analysis of the alt.sex hierarchy, Maureen Furniss concluded that \"sexually oriented boards act as a kind of support group for people who post notices to them, especially individuals whose sexual orientations are very marginalized (those who practice sadomasochism or bestiality, for example).\"[1]The first usenet BDSM newsgroup, alt.sex.bondage, was created in 1991.[3] The term BDSM itself was first recorded on a post in alt.sex.bondage in 1991.[4]The University of Waterloo in 1994 ceased carrying alt.sex.bondage, alt.sex.bestiality, alt.sex-stories, and alt.sex-stories.d upon the recommendation of its ethics committee, which had expressed concerns that the content of those newsgroups may have violated the Canadian Criminal Code.[1]alt.sex.cancel is a Usenet newsgroup set up specifically to help combat newsgroup spam cross-posted to the entire alt.sex hierarchy. The newsgroup is a simple \"spamtrap\" – a trap used to collect samples of unsolicited messages that can then be acted on by an automated anti-spam system. According to its charter, any message posted to alt.sex.cancel may be cancelled automatically.[citation needed]The well-known mass-mailing macro computer virus called the \"Melissa virus\" was originally distributed via the alt.sex newsgroup. It was hidden inside a list purporting to contain passwords to pornographic websites. The messages containing the virus were posted with message headers claiming that the post had been written using the America Online (AOL) account of Scott Steinmetz, whose username was \"skyroket\". Kizza reports that the headers on the post were probably forged by Melissa's author, David L. Smith.[5]","title":"alt.sex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"}],"text":"Brian Reid (1993). \"Usenet readership summary report\". Palo Alto, California: Network Measurement Project at the DEC Western Research Laboratory. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\nMaureen Furniss (1993). \"Sex with a hard (disk) on: computer bulletin boards and pornography\". Wide Angle. 15 (2): 19–37.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Leslie Regan Shade (1996). \"Is there Free Speech on the Net? Censorship in the Global Information Infrastructure\". In Rob Shields (ed.). Cultures of Internet. Sage Publications. pp. 13–17. ISBN 0-8039-8805-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/socialresearchph0000unse/page/13","url_text":"\"Is there Free Speech on the Net? Censorship in the Global Information Infrastructure\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/socialresearchph0000unse/page/13","url_text":"13–17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8039-8805-2","url_text":"0-8039-8805-2"}]},{"reference":"Fred H. Cate (1998). The Internet and the First Amendment: Schools and Sexually Explicit Expression. Phi Delta Kappa International. p. 17. ISBN 0-87367-398-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87367-398-0","url_text":"0-87367-398-0"}]},{"reference":"Kadrey, Richard. \"alt.sex.bondage\". WIRED. Retrieved 2020-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/1994/06/alt-sex-bondage/","url_text":"\"alt.sex.bondage\""}]},{"reference":"\"BDSM n. (in entry B, n.)\". Oxford English Dictionary Online (draft ed.). Oxford University Press. June 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/14168#eid289098363","url_text":"\"BDSM n. (in entry B, n.)\""}]},{"reference":"Joseph Migga Kizza (2005). Computer Network Security. Springer. p. 87. ISBN 0-387-20473-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-20473-3","url_text":"0-387-20473-3"}]},{"reference":"Brian Reid (1993). \"Usenet readership summary report\". Palo Alto, California: Network Measurement Project at the DEC Western Research Laboratory.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Maureen Furniss (1993). \"Sex with a hard (disk) on: computer bulletin boards and pornography\". Wide Angle. 15 (2): 19–37.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/socialresearchph0000unse/page/13","external_links_name":"\"Is there Free Speech on the Net? Censorship in the Global Information Infrastructure\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/socialresearchph0000unse/page/13","external_links_name":"13–17"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/1994/06/alt-sex-bondage/","external_links_name":"\"alt.sex.bondage\""},{"Link":"http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/14168#eid289098363","external_links_name":"\"BDSM n. (in entry B, n.)\""},{"Link":"http://www.faqs.org/faqs/by-newsgroup/alt/alt.sex.html","external_links_name":"alt.sex Newsgroup FAQs"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thompson_(New_Hampshire_settler)
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David Thompson (New Hampshire settler)
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["1 Early life and ancestry","2 Background of founding the New Hampshire colony","3 Disappearance after moving to Boston","4 See also","5 References"]
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Early settler of New England
David ThompsonBorn1588 (1588)Corstorphine, Kingdom of ScotlandDisappeared1628 (1628) (age 39–40)Boston, Massachusetts Bay ColonyOther namesDavid ThomsonEducationUniversity of EdinburghKnown forFounder of New Hampshire, namesake of Thompson IslandSpouse
Amias Cole (m. 1613)Children4Parent(s)Rev. Richard Thomson (father)Agnes Foulis (stepmother)
David Thompson or David Thomson (1588 – disappeared 1628) was an early Scot settler of the New England area, considered the founder and first non-native settler of New Hampshire. He was granted a land patent for Thompson Island in Boston Harbor, which continues to bear his name. According to Burke's Landed Gentry (2010), his family—the Thomsons of Corstorphine—are direct descendants of a great-grandson of King Robert II of Scotland, namely, Sir Thomas Stewart, Master of Mar.
Early life and ancestry
David Thompson or Thomson was born in Corstorphine, a village in the Kingdom of Scotland. His father was the Reverend Richard Thomson (c. 1564-1606), who had received an ecclesiastical appointment from James VI of Scotland (reigned 1567–1625). The identity of David's mother is unknown. His stepmother (Richard Thomson's second wife) was Agnes Foulis.
Richard Thomson was the son of Bernard Thomson and Agnes Balzert. His paternal grandparents were Alexander Thomson (d. 1587) and Janet Gourlay, daughter of Baron William Gourlay, 9th of Kincraig. His great-grandparents were Alexander Thomson (c. 1460–1513) and Margaret Forrester. This Alexander died in combat during the Battle of Flodden (1513). Margaret was reportedly a great-granddaughter of John Forrester of Corstorphine, who had served as Lord High Chamberlain of Scotland.
Alexander Thomson (c. 1460–1513) was thought to be a son or grandson of Thomas Stewart, Master of Mar. The name Thomson is a Scottish patronymic surname, and means "son of Thomas". Thomas Stewart was a son of Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar (d. 1435), grandson to Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, and great-grandson of Robert II of Scotland and Elizabeth Mure.
David Thompson was first mentioned in 1602, when he received a bursary to attend the University of Edinburgh and study philosophy. David was named heir to his father in 1607 during a "Retour", return to Chancery, "an inquest that took place in the court of the sheriffdom of Edinburgh held in the town-house of the same burgh in the presence of Mr. William Stewart Sheriff."
Thomson married Amias Cole, the daughter of Plymouth, England, shipwright William Cole on July 13, 1613. They had three children, Ann, Priscilla, and John, before Thompson returned to New England. A second son, Miles, may have been born on Thompson Island in 1627. In England, Thompson came to know Squanto before his return to Plymouth, Massachusetts, and Thompson sailed with Squanto to New England in 1619. Thompson helped rescue a stranded Native American boy on the Isle of Shoals during his 1619 trip, and the boy was given to Thompson as a servant by the local sachem.
Background of founding the New Hampshire colony
See also: Province of New Hampshire § Early English settlement
The colony that became the state of New Hampshire was founded on a 6,000-acre (2,400 ha) land grant given in 1622 by the Council for New England to Mr. David Thomson, gent. In 1629, following Thomson's death, Captain John Mason (former governor of Newfoundland) and Sir Ferdinando Gorges (who founded Maine) granted the territory to themselves. The colony was named "New Hampshire" by Mason after the English county of Hampshire, one of the first Saxon shires. Though historians have assumed that David Thomson was acting on the behest of Gorges and Mason, he acted independently of them but rather served as an agent to the Council and at times, acted as its attorney.
Thomson's stepmother, Agnes Foulis' niece was married to Thomas Hamilton, the Secretary of State of Scotland. Agnes' nephew, David Foulis, Baron Ingleby, was King James' ambassador to England's Queen Elizabeth I. Following the Queen's death in 1603, Foulis served as the cofferer to Prince Henry Stuart. And David's father, Magister Rev. Richard Thomson, was well known to King James and worked in coordination with the monarch to reign in certain ministers that challenged the King's authority.
David Thompson first settled at Odiorne's Point in Rye (near Portsmouth) with a group of craftsmen and fishermen from England in 1623, just three years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. The settlers built a fort, manor house, and other buildings, some for fish processing, on Flake Hill at the mouth of the Piscataqua River, naming the settlement Pannaway Plantation. In 1623, the English explorer Christopher Levett, an associate of Gorges and a member of the Council for New England, wrote of visiting Thompson at his Pannaway Plantation. Early historians believed the first native-born New Hampshire, John Thompson, was born there; later he was found to have been baptized at St. Andrew's Parish in Plymouth, England, in 1619.
Disappearance after moving to Boston
Thompson Island, Boston Harbor, 2008
David Thompson's grant for 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) was divided into two parts. According to an Indenture signed in Plymouth, England, Thomson received three-quarters of the plantation and one-quarter was held by three former mayors of Plymouth, Abraham Colmer, Nicholas Sherwill, and Leonard Pomery. Thomson was to send out seven men with him on the ship, the Jonathan of Plymouth, and the former lord-mayors who were also merchants, "will this present year, at their charge, provide and send three men more, in the ship Providence, of Plymouth, if they may be so soon gotten, or in some other ship, with the first expedition that may be, to New England; the charges of these three men to be borne equally by all the parties." The Hiltons, Edward, and William may have settled on a portion of the allotment to the three mayors. Thompson moved his family to an island in Boston Harbor (today called Thompson Island in his honor) in 1626, and he may have had a fur trading post on the island before moving there. The Thompsons became some of the first European settlers of Boston, Massachusetts.
David Thompson disappeared in 1628 and was never heard from again. Some historians theorize he was the victim of foul play. Others suggest that he accidentally drowned in Boston Harbor. Thompson's widow, Amias (1596–1672), remarried to Samuel Maverick of Noddle's Island. Thomson's son, John, later successfully recovered ownership of the island from the town of Dorchester, before another party acquired it. John Thomson was among the first settlers in Mendon, Massachusetts. His brother, Miles, settled in Berwick, Maine.
See also
List of people who disappeared mysteriously: pre-1910
New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 78: Odiorne's Point
References
^ a b c d e f g Fraser, Genevieve. "Ancestry of David THOMPSON/THOMSON". www.wellswooster.com. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
^ a b Riley, Nancy (4 September 2016). "My New England Ancestors: David Thomson the Founding Father of New Hampshire".
^ a b "David Thomson: Scottish Founder of New Hampshire, a Gentleman and Scholar by Genevieve Cora Fraser, Published by the Scottish Genealogical Society, 1998, 2000
^ Robinson, J. Dennis. "David Thomson vs. the Pilgrims". www.seacoastnh.com. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
^ Smith, Helen Ainslie (1901-01-01). The Thirteen Colonies: Virginia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 175.
^ Lyford, James Otis (1896-01-01). History of Concord, New Hampshire: From the Original Grant in Seventeen Hundred and Twenty-five to the Opening of the Twentieth Century. Rumford Press. p. 67.
^ Jenness, John Sribner (1873-01-01). The Isles of Shoals: An Historical Sketch. The Riverside press. p. 49.
^ Anderson, Robert Charles (1995). The Great Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England, 1620-1633. Vol. 3. Boston, MA: New England Historic Genealogical Society.
^ Dean, Charles (11 April 1876). Notes on a recently discovered indenture relating to David Thomson of Piscataqua and Massachusetts Bay in New England... Deane, Charles, 1813-1889. Publ. 1876. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ Ralph E. Thompson and Matthew R. Thompson. First Yankee: David Thomson, 1592-1628—The Story of New Hampshire's First Settler
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_people"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"land patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_patent"},{"link_name":"Thompson Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_Island_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"Corstorphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corstorphine"},{"link_name":"Robert II of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Thomas Stewart, Master of Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stewart,_Master_of_Mar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"}],"text":"David Thompson or David Thomson (1588 – disappeared 1628) was an early Scot settler of the New England area, considered the founder and first non-native settler of New Hampshire. He was granted a land patent for Thompson Island in Boston Harbor, which continues to bear his name. According to Burke's Landed Gentry (2010), his family—the Thomsons of Corstorphine—are direct descendants of a great-grandson of King Robert II of Scotland, namely, Sir Thomas Stewart, Master of Mar.[1]","title":"David Thompson (New Hampshire settler)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corstorphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corstorphine"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"the Reverend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reverend"},{"link_name":"James VI of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Flodden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden"},{"link_name":"Lord High Chamberlain of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Chamberlain_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Stewart, Master of Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stewart,_Master_of_Mar"},{"link_name":"Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_(surname)"},{"link_name":"patronymic surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic_surname"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Earl_of_Mar"},{"link_name":"Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Earl_of_Buchan"},{"link_name":"Robert II of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Mure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Mure"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"bursary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursary"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Plymouth, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth,_England"},{"link_name":"Squanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squanto"},{"link_name":"Plymouth, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"},{"link_name":"Isle of Shoals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Shoals"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"}],"text":"David Thompson or Thomson was born in Corstorphine, a village in the Kingdom of Scotland. His father was the Reverend Richard Thomson (c. 1564-1606), who had received an ecclesiastical appointment from James VI of Scotland (reigned 1567–1625).[1] The identity of David's mother is unknown. His stepmother (Richard Thomson's second wife) was Agnes Foulis.[1]Richard Thomson was the son of Bernard Thomson and Agnes Balzert. His paternal grandparents were Alexander Thomson (d. 1587) and Janet Gourlay, daughter of Baron William Gourlay, 9th of Kincraig. His great-grandparents were Alexander Thomson (c. 1460–1513) and Margaret Forrester. This Alexander died in combat during the Battle of Flodden (1513). Margaret was reportedly a great-granddaughter of John Forrester of Corstorphine, who had served as Lord High Chamberlain of Scotland.[1]Alexander Thomson (c. 1460–1513) was thought to be a son or grandson of Thomas Stewart, Master of Mar. The name Thomson is a Scottish patronymic surname, and means \"son of Thomas\".[1] Thomas Stewart was a son of Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar (d. 1435), grandson to Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, and great-grandson of Robert II of Scotland and Elizabeth Mure.[1]David Thompson was first mentioned in 1602, when he received a bursary to attend the University of Edinburgh and study philosophy.[1] David was named heir to his father in 1607 during a \"Retour\", return to Chancery, \"an inquest that took place in the court of the sheriffdom of Edinburgh held in the town-house of the same burgh in the presence of Mr. William Stewart Sheriff.\"Thomson married Amias Cole, the daughter of Plymouth, England, shipwright William Cole on July 13, 1613. They had three children, Ann, Priscilla, and John, before Thompson returned to New England. A second son, Miles, may have been born on Thompson Island in 1627. In England, Thompson came to know Squanto before his return to Plymouth, Massachusetts, and Thompson sailed with Squanto to New England in 1619.[2] Thompson helped rescue a stranded Native American boy on the Isle of Shoals during his 1619 trip, and the boy was given to Thompson as a servant by the local sachem.[2]","title":"Early life and ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Province of New Hampshire § Early English settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire#Early_English_settlement"},{"link_name":"Council for New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_New_England"},{"link_name":"John Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mason_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)"},{"link_name":"Ferdinando Gorges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_Gorges"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_England"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"shires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"David Foulis, Baron Ingleby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_David_Foulis,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"King James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"Prince Henry Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Odiorne's Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiorne_Point_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Rye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pilgrims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)"},{"link_name":"Piscataqua River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscataqua_River"},{"link_name":"Pannaway Plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannaway_Plantation"},{"link_name":"Christopher Levett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Levett"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"See also: Province of New Hampshire § Early English settlementThe colony that became the state of New Hampshire was founded on a 6,000-acre (2,400 ha) land grant given in 1622 by the Council for New England to Mr. David Thomson, gent. In 1629, following Thomson's death, Captain John Mason (former governor of Newfoundland) and Sir Ferdinando Gorges (who founded Maine) granted the territory to themselves. The colony was named \"New Hampshire\" by Mason after the English county of Hampshire, one of the first Saxon shires. Though historians[who?] have assumed that David Thomson was acting on the behest of Gorges and Mason, he acted independently of them but rather served as an agent to the Council and at times, acted as its attorney.[citation needed]Thomson's stepmother, Agnes Foulis' niece was married to Thomas Hamilton, the Secretary of State of Scotland. Agnes' nephew, David Foulis, Baron Ingleby, was King James' ambassador to England's Queen Elizabeth I. Following the Queen's death in 1603, Foulis served as the cofferer to Prince Henry Stuart.[3] And David's father, Magister Rev. Richard Thomson, was well known to King James and worked in coordination with the monarch to reign in certain ministers that challenged the King's authority.David Thompson first settled at Odiorne's Point in Rye (near Portsmouth) with a group of craftsmen and fishermen from England[4] in 1623, just three years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. The settlers built a fort, manor house, and other buildings, some for fish processing, on Flake Hill at the mouth of the Piscataqua River, naming the settlement Pannaway Plantation. In 1623, the English explorer Christopher Levett, an associate of Gorges and a member of the Council for New England, wrote of visiting Thompson at his Pannaway Plantation.[5][6][7] Early historians believed the first native-born New Hampshire, John Thompson, was born there; later he was found to have been baptized at St. Andrew's Parish in Plymouth, England, in 1619.[8]","title":"Background of founding the New Hampshire colony"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thompson_Island_-_Massachusetts.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thompson Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_Island_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Boston Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Thompson Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_Island_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Samuel Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Maverick_(colonist)"},{"link_name":"Noddle's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noddle%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"Dorchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mendon, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendon,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Berwick, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick,_Maine"}],"text":"Thompson Island, Boston Harbor, 2008David Thompson's grant for 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) was divided into two parts. According to an Indenture signed in Plymouth, England, Thomson received three-quarters of the plantation and one-quarter was held by three former mayors of Plymouth, Abraham Colmer, Nicholas Sherwill, and Leonard Pomery. Thomson was to send out seven men with him on the ship, the Jonathan of Plymouth, and the former lord-mayors who were also merchants, \"will this present year, at their charge, provide and send three men more, in the ship Providence, of Plymouth, if they may be so soon gotten, or in some other ship, with the first expedition that may be, to New England; the charges of these three men to be borne equally by all the parties.\" The Hiltons, Edward, and William may have settled on a portion of the allotment to the three mayors.[3][9] Thompson moved his family to an island in Boston Harbor (today called Thompson Island in his honor) in 1626, and he may have had a fur trading post on the island before moving there. The Thompsons became some of the first European settlers of Boston, Massachusetts.David Thompson disappeared in 1628 and was never heard from again. Some historians theorize he was the victim of foul play. Others suggest that he accidentally drowned in Boston Harbor. Thompson's widow, Amias (1596–1672), remarried to Samuel Maverick of Noddle's Island. Thomson's son, John, later successfully recovered ownership of the island from the town of Dorchester, before another party acquired it.[10] John Thomson was among the first settlers in Mendon, Massachusetts. His brother, Miles, settled in Berwick, Maine.","title":"Disappearance after moving to Boston"}]
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[{"image_text":"Thompson Island, Boston Harbor, 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Thompson_Island_-_Massachusetts.jpg/300px-Thompson_Island_-_Massachusetts.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of people who disappeared mysteriously: pre-1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_disappeared_mysteriously:_pre-1910"},{"title":"New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Hampshire_historical_markers_(76%E2%80%93100)#78"}]
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[{"reference":"Fraser, Genevieve. \"Ancestry of David THOMPSON/THOMSON\". www.wellswooster.com. Retrieved 2017-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wellswooster.com/tommies/dtancestry_genevieve.htm","url_text":"\"Ancestry of David THOMPSON/THOMSON\""}]},{"reference":"Riley, Nancy (4 September 2016). \"My New England Ancestors: David Thomson the Founding Father of New Hampshire\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mynewenglandancestors.blogspot.com/2016/09/david-thomson-founding-father-of-new.html","url_text":"\"My New England Ancestors: David Thomson the Founding Father of New Hampshire\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, J. Dennis. \"David Thomson vs. the Pilgrims\". www.seacoastnh.com. Retrieved 2017-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seacoastnh.com/history/as-i-please/david-thomson-vs-the-pilgrims/","url_text":"\"David Thomson vs. the Pilgrims\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Helen Ainslie (1901-01-01). The Thirteen Colonies: Virginia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 175.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/thirteencolonie02smitgoog","url_text":"The Thirteen Colonies: Virginia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/thirteencolonie02smitgoog/page/n197","url_text":"175"}]},{"reference":"Lyford, James Otis (1896-01-01). History of Concord, New Hampshire: From the Original Grant in Seventeen Hundred and Twenty-five to the Opening of the Twentieth Century. Rumford Press. p. 67.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyconcordn00editgoog","url_text":"History of Concord, New Hampshire: From the Original Grant in Seventeen Hundred and Twenty-five to the Opening of the Twentieth Century"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyconcordn00editgoog/page/n89","url_text":"67"}]},{"reference":"Jenness, John Sribner (1873-01-01). The Isles of Shoals: An Historical Sketch. The Riverside press. p. 49.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/islesshoalsanhi00jenngoog","url_text":"The Isles of Shoals: An Historical Sketch"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/islesshoalsanhi00jenngoog/page/n59","url_text":"49"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Robert Charles (1995). The Great Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England, 1620-1633. Vol. 3. Boston, MA: New England Historic Genealogical Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston","url_text":"Boston"}]},{"reference":"Dean, Charles (11 April 1876). Notes on a recently discovered indenture relating to David Thomson of Piscataqua and Massachusetts Bay in New England... Deane, Charles, 1813-1889. Publ. 1876.","urls":[{"url":"https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AAR8205.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext","url_text":"Notes on a recently discovered indenture relating to David Thomson of Piscataqua and Massachusetts Bay in New England... Deane, Charles, 1813-1889. Publ. 1876"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.wellswooster.com/tommies/dtancestry_genevieve.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ancestry of David THOMPSON/THOMSON\""},{"Link":"http://mynewenglandancestors.blogspot.com/2016/09/david-thomson-founding-father-of-new.html","external_links_name":"\"My New England Ancestors: David Thomson the Founding Father of New Hampshire\""},{"Link":"http://www.seacoastnh.com/history/as-i-please/david-thomson-vs-the-pilgrims/","external_links_name":"\"David Thomson vs. the Pilgrims\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/thirteencolonie02smitgoog","external_links_name":"The Thirteen Colonies: Virginia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/thirteencolonie02smitgoog/page/n197","external_links_name":"175"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyconcordn00editgoog","external_links_name":"History of Concord, New Hampshire: From the Original Grant in Seventeen Hundred and Twenty-five to the Opening of the Twentieth Century"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyconcordn00editgoog/page/n89","external_links_name":"67"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/islesshoalsanhi00jenngoog","external_links_name":"The Isles of Shoals: An Historical Sketch"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/islesshoalsanhi00jenngoog/page/n59","external_links_name":"49"},{"Link":"https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AAR8205.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext","external_links_name":"Notes on a recently discovered indenture relating to David Thomson of Piscataqua and Massachusetts Bay in New England... Deane, Charles, 1813-1889. Publ. 1876"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ass_(album)
|
Ass (album)
|
["1 Recording and release delays","2 Release","3 Track listing","3.1 Original release","3.2 1992 CD reissue","3.3 2010 remastered album","4 Personnel","5 Charts","6 References"]
|
1973 studio album by BadfingerAssStudio album by BadfingerReleased26 November 1973Recorded1972–1973Studio
EMI, Olympic, Morgan (London)
The Manor (Oxfordshire)
Genre
Power pop
hard rock
Length39:38LabelAppleProducerChris Thomas, Badfinger;Todd Rundgren (tracks 4 and 9 only)Badfinger chronology
Straight Up(1971)
Ass(1973)
Badfinger(1974)
Singles from Ass
"Apple of My Eye"Released: December 1973
Ass is the fifth studio album by British rock band Badfinger, and their last album released on Apple Records. The opening track, "Apple of My Eye", refers to the band leaving the label to begin its new contract with Warner Bros. Records.
The cover artwork, showing a donkey chasing a distant carrot, alludes to Badfinger's feelings that they had been misled by Apple. The cover was painted by Grammy Award-winning artist Peter Corriston, who would later create album covers for Led Zeppelin (Physical Graffiti) and the Rolling Stones (Some Girls, Tattoo You).
Recording and release delays
Because of the dispute over Joey Molland's copyrights, Apple did not credit the individual writers of the songs on Ass, such as Tom Evans for "Blind Owl", instead crediting the song simply to "Badfinger".
Although recordings for the album began as early as 1972, shortly after the release of Straight Up, Ass was not released until 26 November 1973 in the US and 8 March 1974 in the UK. The album was originally delayed because of production quality, as the band attempted to produce the album themselves after producer Todd Rundgren departed the project with just two songs recorded. After a first version of the album was rejected by the label, Apple engineer Chris Thomas was hired as a first-time producer to improve the overall recordings and make new track selections.
The album was further delayed when a disagreement surfaced between Apple and Badfinger's management on publishing copyrights. Half of the tracks on Ass were written by Joey Molland. Molland never signed a publishing agreement with Apple Music, unlike his three bandmates, who had signed such a publishing agreement when still in The Iveys. Instead, Molland assigned the individual copyrights of his songs that were selected for Badfinger albums to Apple Music after production. Badfinger's then-manager, Stan Polley, attempted to use Apple's lack of a publishing agreement with Molland to block release of the album; he told Molland not to agree to any individual assignments, and Molland obliged. Eventually, to circumvent Polley's strategy, writing credits for all songs on the US and UK album releases of Ass were credited by Apple to "Badfinger", not to the actual author of the song.
Release
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicEncyclopedia of Popular MusicMojoRolling Stone(favourable)Tom HullC+Uncut
Ass peaked at number 122 on the Billboard 200 in the US. The single "Apple of My Eye" only peaked at number 102 on Billboard's "Bubbling Under" chart in America. The release of Ass caused the band's first album for Warner Bros. to be delayed. After the album was deleted from the Apple catalog a large number of heavily discounted copies appeared in cut-out bins at US record stores during the 1970s. The original CD version released in the 1990s is now rare because it was re-released only in a few countries (UK, Canada, and Japan) for a limited period. The album was remastered and re-released in 2010.
A few weeks prior to the 1990s CD release a few Abbey Road Studios mastered C90 cassettes of Ass were distributed to a handful of music industry people. It appears from the track listing on these cassettes that Ass was originally planned to have five bonus tracks: "Dreaming" (Molland), "Piano Red" (Ham), "Rock & Roll" (Evans), "Regular" (Molland) and "Do You Mind" (Molland). This idea was clearly scrapped, as "Do You Mind" was the only one included on that version of the album. (A different version of that song appeared on the 2010 remaster.)
Ass was the Apple Records label's last original album release that was not by an ex-Beatle. From then on, only the Beatles as solo artists were left to release records on the Apple label.
Track listing
Original release
Side one
"Apple of My Eye" (Pete Ham) – 3:06
"Get Away" (Joey Molland) – 3:59
"Icicles" (Molland) – 2:32
"The Winner" (Molland) – 3:18
"Blind Owl" (Tom Evans) – 3:00
Side two
"Constitution" (Molland) – 2:58
"When I Say" (Evans) – 3:05
"Cowboy" (Mike Gibbins) – 2:37
"I Can Love You" (Molland) – 3:33
"Timeless" (Ham) – 7:39
1992 CD reissue
Bonus track
"Do You Mind" (Molland) – 3:36
2010 remastered album
Bonus tracks
"Do You Mind" (Molland) – 3:15
"Apple of My Eye" (Ham) – 3:02
"Blind Owl" (Evans) – 2:52
"Regular" (Molland) – 2:39
"Timeless" (Ham) – 5:27
Supplementary bonus tracks with digital download
"Get Away" (Molland) – 3:32
"When I Say" (Evans) – 3:14
"The Winner" (Molland) – 3:15
"I Can Love You" (Molland) – 3:37
"Piano Red" (Ham) – 3:31
Personnel
Pete Ham – guitars, keyboards, vocals
Tom Evans – bass guitar, vocals
Joey Molland – guitars, keyboards, vocals
Mike Gibbins – drums, vocals
Charts
Chart (1973)
Peakposition
US Billboard 200
122
References
^ a b AllMusic review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine
^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1167
^ Larkin, Colin (2006). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th edn), Volume 1. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 358. ISBN 0-19-531373-9.
^ Harris, John (November 2010). "Strange Fruit: Various, Original Apple albums, 1969–73". Mojo. p. 116.
^ Matovina, Dan (2000). Without You: The Tragic Story of Badfinger (Pbk. 2nd ed.). San Mateo, Calif.: Frances Glover Books. pp. 233–34. ISBN 9780965712224.
^ Hull, Tom (December 2010). "Recycled Goods". Static Multimedia. Retrieved 8 July 2020 – via tomhull.com.
^ Cavanagh, David (November 2010). "The Apple Remasters". Uncut. p. 112.
^ a b Matovina, Dan (2000). Without You: The Tragic Story of Badfinger (Pbk. 2nd ed.). San Mateo, Calif.: Frances Glover Books. p. 233. ISBN 9780965712224.
^ "Badfinger Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
vteBadfinger
Pete Ham
Tom Evans
Joey Molland
Mike Gibbins
Bob Jackson
Tony Kaye
Studio albums
Maybe Tomorrow (as The Iveys)
Magic Christian Music
No Dice
Straight Up
Ass
Badfinger
Wish You Were Here
Airwaves
Say No More
Head First
Live albums
The Concert for Bangladesh (backing band)
Day After Day: Live
BBC in Concert 1972–1973
Singles
"Maybe Tomorrow" (as The Iveys)
"Dear Angie" (as The Iveys)
"Come and Get It"
"No Matter What"
"Day After Day"
"Baby Blue"
"Apple of My Eye"
"Love Is Easy"
"I Miss You"
"Lost Inside Your Love"
"Love Is Gonna Come at Last"
"Hold On"
"I Got You"
"Because I Love You"
Other songs
"Rock of All Ages"
"Carry on Till Tomorrow"
"Without You"
"We're for the Dark"
"Name of the Game"
"Meanwhile Back at the Ranch"/"Should I Smoke"
See also
The Magic Christian
David Garrick
Felina (Breaking Bad)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Peter Corriston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Corriston"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Physical Graffiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Graffiti"},{"link_name":"the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Some Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Girls_(album)"},{"link_name":"Tattoo You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo_You"}],"text":"1973 studio album by BadfingerAss is the fifth studio album by British rock band Badfinger, and their last album released on Apple Records. The opening track, \"Apple of My Eye\", refers to the band leaving the label to begin its new contract with Warner Bros. Records.The cover artwork, showing a donkey chasing a distant carrot, alludes to Badfinger's feelings that they had been misled by Apple. The cover was painted by Grammy Award-winning artist Peter Corriston, who would later create album covers for Led Zeppelin (Physical Graffiti) and the Rolling Stones (Some Girls, Tattoo You).","title":"Ass (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blind_Owl.jpg"},{"link_name":"Straight Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Up_(Badfinger_album)"},{"link_name":"Todd Rundgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Rundgren"},{"link_name":"Chris Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Thomas_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Joey Molland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Molland"}],"text":"Because of the dispute over Joey Molland's copyrights, Apple did not credit the individual writers of the songs on Ass, such as Tom Evans for \"Blind Owl\", instead crediting the song simply to \"Badfinger\".Although recordings for the album began as early as 1972, shortly after the release of Straight Up, Ass was not released until 26 November 1973 in the US and 8 March 1974 in the UK. The album was originally delayed because of production quality, as the band attempted to produce the album themselves after producer Todd Rundgren departed the project with just two songs recorded. After a first version of the album was rejected by the label, Apple engineer Chris Thomas was hired as a first-time producer to improve the overall recordings and make new track selections.The album was further delayed when a disagreement surfaced between Apple and Badfinger's management on publishing copyrights. Half of the tracks on Ass were written by Joey Molland. Molland never signed a publishing agreement with Apple Music, unlike his three bandmates, who had signed such a publishing agreement when still in The Iveys. Instead, Molland assigned the individual copyrights of his songs that were selected for Badfinger albums to Apple Music after production. Badfinger's then-manager, Stan Polley, attempted to use Apple's lack of a publishing agreement with Molland to block release of the album; he told Molland not to agree to any individual assignments, and Molland obliged. Eventually, to circumvent Polley's strategy, writing credits for all songs on the US and UK album releases of Ass were credited by Apple to \"Badfinger\", not to the actual author of the song.","title":"Recording and release delays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WY233-8"},{"link_name":"Apple of My Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_of_My_Eye_(song)"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WY233-8"},{"link_name":"cut-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut-out_(recording_industry)"}],"text":"Ass peaked at number 122 on the Billboard 200 in the US.[8] The single \"Apple of My Eye\" only peaked at number 102 on Billboard's \"Bubbling Under\" chart in America. The release of Ass caused the band's first album for Warner Bros. to be delayed.[8] After the album was deleted from the Apple catalog a large number of heavily discounted copies appeared in cut-out bins at US record stores during the 1970s. The original CD version released in the 1990s is now rare because it was re-released only in a few countries (UK, Canada, and Japan) for a limited period. The album was remastered and re-released in 2010.A few weeks prior to the 1990s CD release a few Abbey Road Studios mastered C90 cassettes of Ass were distributed to a handful of music industry people. It appears from the track listing on these cassettes that Ass was originally planned to have five bonus tracks: \"Dreaming\" (Molland), \"Piano Red\" (Ham), \"Rock & Roll\" (Evans), \"Regular\" (Molland) and \"Do You Mind\" (Molland). This idea was clearly scrapped, as \"Do You Mind\" was the only one included on that version of the album. (A different version of that song appeared on the 2010 remaster.)Ass was the Apple Records label's last original album release that was not by an ex-Beatle. From then on, only the Beatles as solo artists were left to release records on the Apple label.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apple of My Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_of_My_Eye_(song)"},{"link_name":"Pete Ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Ham"},{"link_name":"Joey Molland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Molland"},{"link_name":"Tom Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Evans_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Mike Gibbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gibbins"}],"sub_title":"Original release","text":"Side one\"Apple of My Eye\" (Pete Ham) – 3:06\n\"Get Away\" (Joey Molland) – 3:59\n\"Icicles\" (Molland) – 2:32\n\"The Winner\" (Molland) – 3:18\n\"Blind Owl\" (Tom Evans) – 3:00Side two\"Constitution\" (Molland) – 2:58\n\"When I Say\" (Evans) – 3:05\n\"Cowboy\" (Mike Gibbins) – 2:37\n\"I Can Love You\" (Molland) – 3:33\n\"Timeless\" (Ham) – 7:39","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1992 CD reissue","text":"Bonus track\"Do You Mind\" (Molland) – 3:36","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apple of My Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_of_My_Eye_(song)"}],"sub_title":"2010 remastered album","text":"Bonus tracks\"Do You Mind\" [alternate version] (Molland) – 3:15\n\"Apple of My Eye\" [early mix] (Ham) – 3:02\n\"Blind Owl\" [alternate version] (Evans) – 2:52\n\"Regular\" (Molland) – 2:39\n\"Timeless\" [alternate version] (Ham) – 5:27Supplementary bonus tracks with digital download\"Get Away\" [alternate version] (Molland) – 3:32\n\"When I Say\" [alternate version] (Evans) – 3:14\n\"The Winner\" [alternate version] (Molland) – 3:15\n\"I Can Love You\" [alternate version] (Molland) – 3:37\n\"Piano Red\" [previously unreleased] (Ham) – 3:31","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pete Ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Ham"},{"link_name":"Tom Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Evans_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Joey Molland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Molland"},{"link_name":"Mike Gibbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gibbins"}],"text":"Pete Ham – guitars, keyboards, vocals\nTom Evans – bass guitar, vocals\nJoey Molland – guitars, keyboards, vocals\nMike Gibbins – drums, vocals","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Because of the dispute over Joey Molland's copyrights, Apple did not credit the individual writers of the songs on Ass, such as Tom Evans for \"Blind Owl\", instead crediting the song simply to \"Badfinger\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Blind_Owl.jpg/215px-Blind_Owl.jpg"}]
| null |
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|
[{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/ass-mw0000745047","external_links_name":"AllMusic review"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1167","external_links_name":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1167"},{"Link":"http://tomhull.com/ocston/arch/cg/cg10-12.php","external_links_name":"\"Recycled Goods\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Badfinger/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"Badfinger Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/f152d542-855d-3dd7-ba18-b20d934dd722","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Brown_(virologist)
|
Fred Brown (virologist)
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 References"]
|
English biologist
Fred Brown OBE FRS (31 January 1925 – 20 February 2004) was a British virologist and molecular biologist.
Early life
He was born in Clayton-le-Moors, Lancashire and lived in neighbouring Burnley, where he was educated at Burnley Grammar School and played cricket for Burnley Cricket Club. He went on to study at Manchester University, where he graduated B.Sc. in chemistry in 1944 and received a Ph.D. in 1946.
Career
He stayed at Manchester as an assistant lecturer for two years before taking a post as a lecturer at the Bristol University Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Research Station (1948–50) followed by one as a senior scientific officer at the Hannah Dairy Research Institute, Ayr (1950–53).
A succession of other appointments followed: senior scientific officer at Christie Hospital, Manchester (1953–55), head of the Biochemistry Department at the Animal Virus Research Institute, Pirbright (now the Institute for Animal Health) (1955–83) (deputy director (1980–83)) and head of the Virology Department at Wellcome Biotechnology Laboratories, Beckenham {1983-90}. He was also appointed professorial fellow at Queen's University, Belfast (1986–2004) and professor of microbiology at Surrey University (1989–90) and adjunct professor, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University (1990–2004). He was a visiting scientist at the US Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, New York (1995–2004) and a consultant with the US Department of Agriculture (1990–2004). Most of his efforts were directed towards the study of animal diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease and rabies.
He undertook substantial committee work. He was a member of an international committee on the taxonomy of viruses (1968–1981) (president (1981–1987)), chairman of the comparative virology programme run by WHO and UN, scientific secretary for the International Association of Biological Standardisation (1980); chairman of the Royal Society Biological Education Committee (1983–1987), member of the Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (1990–1998) and honorary member of the Society for General Microbiology (1991). He was also member of council and editor-in-chief of the Journal of General Virology (1975–1980) and took part in the Royal Society Infectious Diseases in Livestock Enquiry.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1981 and delivered their Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1993. He was awarded an OBE in 1999.
He died in Surrey in 2004. He had married Audrey Alice Doherty in 1948: they had two sons.
References
Scholia has a profile for Fred Brown (Q5494705).
^ Rowlands, D. J.; Skehel, J. J. (2007). "Fred Brown. 31 January 1925 -- 20 February 2004: Elected FRS 1981". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 53: 93–108. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2007.0016. PMID 18543464. S2CID 19291587.
^ "Golden Brown!". Lancashire Telegraph. 21 July 1997. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ "Professor Fred Brown". The Independent. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
^ a b c "Library and Archive Catalogue". Royal Society. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
vteFellows of the Royal Society elected in 1981Fellows
John Barker
Eric Barnard
Fraser John Bergersen
Peter Bradshaw
David Brink
Fred Brown
Ian Butterworth
Brandon Carter
Malcolm Clarke
Robert Clayton
John Conway
Rex Dawson
Dennis Evans
Frank Farmer
Ned Franklin
Christopher Graham
Norman Green
Herbert Gutfreund
Allan Hay
John Hill
Kenneth Holmes
Robert Honeycombe
Michael Horne
Yuet Wai Kan
Robert Langlands
Simon Maddrell
Ian McGregor
John Nelder
Mike O'Hara
Autar Singh Paintal
John Phillips
Edward Roy Pike
Walter Plowright
Ken Pounds
Dai Rees
Colin Reese
Edward Reich
Wal Sargent
John Taylor
David Wheeler
Foreign
Britton Chance
Igor Shafarevich
James Watson
Steven Weinberg
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
|
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He was also appointed professorial fellow at Queen's University, Belfast (1986–2004) and professor of microbiology at Surrey University (1989–90) and adjunct professor, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University (1990–2004). He was a visiting scientist at the US Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, New York (1995–2004) and a consultant with the US Department of Agriculture (1990–2004).[4] Most of his efforts were directed towards the study of animal diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease and rabies.He undertook substantial committee work. He was a member of an international committee on the taxonomy of viruses (1968–1981) (president (1981–1987)), chairman of the comparative virology programme run by WHO and UN, scientific secretary for the International Association of Biological Standardisation (1980); chairman of the Royal Society Biological Education Committee (1983–1987), member of the Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (1990–1998) and honorary member of the Society for General Microbiology (1991). He was also member of council and editor-in-chief of the Journal of General Virology (1975–1980) and took part in the Royal Society Infectious Diseases in Livestock Enquiry.[4]He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1981 and delivered their Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1993. He was awarded an OBE in 1999.[4]He died in Surrey in 2004. He had married Audrey Alice Doherty in 1948: they had two sons.","title":"Career"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captiva_Island
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Captiva, Florida
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["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 Economy","4 History","5 Notable residents","6 In media","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 26°31′5″N 82°11′28″W / 26.51806°N 82.19111°W / 26.51806; -82.19111
Census-designated place in Florida, United StatesCaptiva, FloridaCensus-designated placeLocation in Lee County and the state of FloridaCoordinates: 26°31′5″N 82°11′28″W / 26.51806°N 82.19111°W / 26.51806; -82.19111CountryUnited StatesState FloridaCounty LeeArea • Total1.64 sq mi (4.26 km2) • Land1.18 sq mi (3.06 km2) • Water0.46 sq mi (1.20 km2)Elevation7 ft (2 m)Population (2020) • Total318 • Density269.26/sq mi (103.93/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code33924Area code239FIPS code12-10425GNIS feature ID0280017Websitesanibel-captiva.org
A flock of Royal Terns in flight above the western beach of Upper Captiva Island
Captiva is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Lee County, Florida, United States. It is located on Captiva Island. As of the 2020 census, the population was 318, down from 583 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Cape Coral-Fort Myers, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Located just offshore in the Gulf of Mexico, the island is just north of Sanibel Island. Captiva is accessed by a small bridge that crosses Blind Pass from Sanibel Island. There is a toll to use the causeway that goes from the mainland to Sanibel Island.
Many of Captiva's homes, condominiums, and businesses were destroyed during Hurricane Charley in 2004, but the island recovered shortly thereafter. In September 2022, Hurricane Ian caused significant damage to the causeway and to the infrastructure of the island.
Geography
Damage on Captiva Island from Hurricane Charley
Captiva is located in western Lee County at 26°31′5″N 82°11′28″W / 26.51806°N 82.19111°W / 26.51806; -82.19111 (26.518028, -82.191057). The CDP comprises the entire island, bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico and to the east by Pine Island Sound. Captiva Drive is the main road on the island, running from the town center south to the Blind Pass bridge to Sanibel. It is a 13-mile (21 km) drive from Captiva to the Sanibel Causeway and a total of 31 miles (50 km) by road from Captiva to the center of Fort Myers.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Captiva CDP has a total area of 1.7 square miles (4.3 km2), of which 1.2 square miles (3.1 km2) are land and 0.46 square miles (1.2 km2), or 28.15%, are water.
Originally part of neighboring Sanibel Island to the southeast, it was severed in 1926 when a hurricane's storm surge created a new channel, Blind Pass. The channel filled in over subsequent years, but was reopened by dredging in the summer of 2009. Like Sanibel, Captiva is a barrier island to Pine Island (to the east of Captiva and north of Sanibel), however it is much narrower. The only automobile access to Captiva is via the Sanibel Causeway and Sanibel-Captiva Road, which ends in the CDP of Captiva, the island's only CDP. Captiva was homesteaded in 1888 and a tiny cemetery next to The Chapel by the Sea has the grave of the original resident, William Herbert Binder (1850–1932), an Austrian. Half the island is in private ownership, with "Millionaire's Row", luxury homes on the gulf and bay sides of Captiva Drive. The South Seas Island Resort entry gate is at the end of this road. Roosevelt Channel on the east side of the island, is named for Theodore Roosevelt who fished there.
North Captiva Island or Upper Captiva is another island, in turn severed from Captiva in a 1921 hurricane, creating Redfish Pass. North Captiva has power from lines that originate on the north end of Captiva, and is privately owned. The island can only be accessed via boat or small plane.
Captiva was seriously damaged in August 2004 when the eastern eyewall of Hurricane Charley struck North Captiva, immediately before hitting Charlotte Harbor to the north-northeast. Initial reports indicated that 160 buildings were destroyed and another 160 seriously damaged. Reports indicate that the storm surge cut a path 491 yards (449 m) wide across the narrowest part of North Captiva, separating the island. The separation of the two halves of the island began three years earlier during a series of tornadoes caused by Tropical Storm Gabrielle that passed through the area in September 2001. The new pass filled in within a few years and is now back to its pre-Charley state. Most of the invasive Australian pines on the island blew over in the hurricane, making room for native mangroves and sabal palms.
In September 2022, Category 4 Hurricane Ian made landfall in Upper Captiva with sustained winds of 150 mph. The Sanibel Causeway was heavily damaged by the hurricane.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 379 people, 194 households, and 130 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 305.3 inhabitants per square mile (117.9/km2). There were 1,150 housing units at an average density of 926.2 per square mile (357.6/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.42% White, 0.79% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 0.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.79% of the population.
There were 194 households, out of which 10.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.9% were married couples living together, 1.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.5% were non-families. 25.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.25.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 8.2% under the age of 18, 1.1% from 18 to 24, 14.2% from 25 to 44, 44.1% from 45 to 64, and 32.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 58 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $64,821, and the median income for a family was $120,488. Males had a median income of $31,875 versus $44,861 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $76,139. None of the population or families were below the poverty line.
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
2000379—201058353.8%2020318−45.5%U.S. Decennial Census
Economy
Plantation Rd. inside South Seas Island Resort in Captiva
Travel, tourism and hospitality rank as the number one industry on Captiva Island (and its sister island immediately to the south, Sanibel). Noted guests to Captiva include Teddy Roosevelt, Charles Lindbergh (who regularly landed his plane on the beach in front of 'Tween Waters Inn), Anne Morrow Lindbergh and J.N. "Ding" Darling. Both the Old Captiva House restaurant and a number of guest cottages have been designated historically-significant sites by Lee County, Florida.
The Bubble Room was built on Captiva Island in 1979 by the Farquharson family. It is a multi-themed restaurant featuring old toys from the 1930s and 1940s and the collection continues to grow each day. The Bubble Room plays music from the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s. The Bubble Room was one of the first establishments on Captiva Island to originate the bright pastel colors now widely used there.
South Seas Island Resort and Yacht Harbor, a 330-acre (1.3 km2) resort, occupies the northern two miles (3 km) of Captiva Island.
Pepperidge Farm created a cookie in honor of the island. It is a Dark Chocolate Brownie cookie called Captiva.
The Wall Street Journal selected Sanibel and Captiva Islands as one of the 10 Best Places for Second Homes in 2010.
History
According to local folklore, Captiva got its name because the pirate captain José Gaspar (Gasparilla) held his female prisoners on the island for ransom. However, the supposed existence of José Gaspar is sourced from an advertising brochure of an early 20th-century developer, and may be a fabrication.
Around 3000 B.C., the sands of Captiva started to erode, resulting in the eventual formation of Sanibel Island. The Gulf of Mexico waters were eight feet lower than they are today. It is said that the first inhabitants of Captiva were the Calusa Indians. The population of the Calusa is believed to have reached as many as 50,000 people. "Calusa" means "fierce people", and they were described as a war-like people. The Calusa Indians were resistant to colonization and attacked any explorers who came into their territory. Calusa Indians built their houses on stilts without walls. They wove palmetto leaves together to build roves (twisted strands of fibers). The Calusa Indians fished for food on the coast, bays, rivers, and waterways. They did not farm. "The Calusa Indians did not farm like the other Indian tribes in Florida. Instead, they fished for food on the coast, bays, rivers, and waterways. The men and boys of the tribe made nets from palm tree webbing to catch mullet, pinfish, pigfish, and catfish. They used spears to catch eels and turtles. They made fish bone arrowheads to hunt for animals such as deer. The women and children learned to catch shellfish like conchs, crabs, clams, lobsters, and oysters." The Calusa Indians used the shells on the island for utensils, jewelry, tools, weapons, and ornaments.
By the late 1700s most of the Calusa Indians had died out. Many were captured and sold as slaves while others died from diseases such as smallpox and measles.
An Austrian named Binder (b. 1850) was on a German freighter headed to New Orleans when the ship crashed and he was shipwrecked off Boca Grande. He then washed up to shore on what has been since 1921, Upper Captiva. "He lived for several weeks on what the unoccupied island had to offer, built a makeshift raft, and got himself to Pine Island, where he was helped to return to his home. By 1888, due to his having fought with the U.S. Army, he became naturalized, and was allowed to homestead on Captiva in 1888, when he was 38 years old. For 10 years he was Captiva's first and only modern-era inhabitant. He died in 1932."
Notable residents
Captiva was the full-time home of artist Robert Rauschenberg. His home still stands there.
Roy Lichtenstein, American pop artist, also had a home on Captiva.
In media
In the 1997 movie G.I. Jane, Captiva Island is the location for the S.E.R.E. (Survival, Evasion, Resistance, Escape) training for the fictional U.S. Navy Combined Reconnaissance Team.
In the 1986 movie Manhunter, Captiva Island is where FBI psychologist Will Graham has retired to.
References
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
^ "Ian washed away part of Sanibel Causeway, Sanibel and Captiva cut off from mainland". www.cbsnews.com. September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "U.S. Gazetteer Files: 2019: Places: Florida". U.S. Census Bureau Geography Division. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
^ Erickson, Nick (April 6, 2021). "Captiva Island History". Capturing Captiva. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
^ "Hurricane Charley, Coastal Change Hazards: Hurricanes and Extreme Storms". Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
^ "Sanibel Captiva Fishing". Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
^ "The Bubble Room". Archived from the original on October 23, 2006. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
^ "Pepperidge Farm". Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
^ SEARS, STEVEN M. (March 8, 2010). "10 Best Places for Second Homes". Wall Street Journal.
^ "The Calusa: "The Shell Indians"". University of South Florida. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
^ "The Calusa: "The Shell Indians"". fcit.usf.edu.
^ Captiva Civic Association (1984). Voices From the Past...True Tales of Old Captiva. Sutherland Pub. pp. 2, 7. ISBN 0930942051.
^ Lee, Daniel. "The Art of Parallel Purposes", nationalreview.com. 7 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Captiva Island.
Sanibel-Captiva Chamber of Commerce Official website for Sanibel and Captiva Island businesses.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Captiva_terns2.jpg"},{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_community"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Lee County, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cape Coral-Fort Myers, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coral-Fort_Myers,_Florida_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Sanibel Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanibel_Island"},{"link_name":"Blind Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Pass"},{"link_name":"Sanibel Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanibel_Island"},{"link_name":"causeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Charley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Charley"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ian"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Florida, United StatesA flock of Royal Terns in flight above the western beach of Upper Captiva IslandCaptiva is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Lee County, Florida, United States. It is located on Captiva Island. As of the 2020 census, the population was 318,[4] down from 583 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Cape Coral-Fort Myers, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.Located just offshore in the Gulf of Mexico, the island is just north of Sanibel Island. Captiva is accessed by a small bridge that crosses Blind Pass from Sanibel Island. There is a toll to use the causeway that goes from the mainland to Sanibel Island.Many of Captiva's homes, condominiums, and businesses were destroyed during Hurricane Charley in 2004, but the island recovered shortly thereafter. In September 2022, Hurricane Ian caused significant damage to the causeway and to the infrastructure of the island.[5]","title":"Captiva, Florida"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hurricane_Charley_Captiva_Damage.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Charley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Charley"},{"link_name":"26°31′5″N 82°11′28″W / 26.51806°N 82.19111°W / 26.51806; -82.19111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Captiva,_Florida¶ms=26_31_5_N_82_11_28_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-6"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Pine Island Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Island_Sound"},{"link_name":"Sanibel Causeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanibel_Causeway"},{"link_name":"Fort Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer-7"},{"link_name":"Sanibel Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanibel,_Florida"},{"link_name":"hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"storm surge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_surge"},{"link_name":"Blind Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Pass"},{"link_name":"barrier island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_island"},{"link_name":"Pine Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Island_(Lee_County,_Florida)"},{"link_name":"Sanibel Causeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanibel_Causeway"},{"link_name":"CDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"South Seas Island Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Seas_Island_Resort"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"North Captiva Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Captiva_Island"},{"link_name":"Redfish Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redfish_Pass"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"eyewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Charley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Charley"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Harbor_(estuary)"},{"link_name":"storm surge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_surge"},{"link_name":"Tropical Storm Gabrielle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Gabrielle_(2001)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ian"}],"text":"Damage on Captiva Island from Hurricane CharleyCaptiva is located in western Lee County at 26°31′5″N 82°11′28″W / 26.51806°N 82.19111°W / 26.51806; -82.19111 (26.518028, -82.191057).[6] The CDP comprises the entire island, bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico and to the east by Pine Island Sound. Captiva Drive is the main road on the island, running from the town center south to the Blind Pass bridge to Sanibel. It is a 13-mile (21 km) drive from Captiva to the Sanibel Causeway and a total of 31 miles (50 km) by road from Captiva to the center of Fort Myers.According to the United States Census Bureau, the Captiva CDP has a total area of 1.7 square miles (4.3 km2), of which 1.2 square miles (3.1 km2) are land and 0.46 square miles (1.2 km2), or 28.15%, are water.[7]Originally part of neighboring Sanibel Island to the southeast, it was severed in 1926 when a hurricane's storm surge created a new channel, Blind Pass. The channel filled in over subsequent years, but was reopened by dredging in the summer of 2009. Like Sanibel, Captiva is a barrier island to Pine Island (to the east of Captiva and north of Sanibel), however it is much narrower. The only automobile access to Captiva is via the Sanibel Causeway and Sanibel-Captiva Road, which ends in the CDP of Captiva, the island's only CDP. Captiva was homesteaded in 1888 and a tiny cemetery next to The Chapel by the Sea has the grave of the original resident, William Herbert Binder (1850–1932), an Austrian. Half the island is in private ownership, with \"Millionaire's Row\", luxury homes on the gulf and bay sides of Captiva Drive. The South Seas Island Resort entry gate is at the end of this road. Roosevelt Channel on the east side of the island, is named for Theodore Roosevelt who fished there.North Captiva Island or Upper Captiva is another island, in turn severed from Captiva in a 1921 hurricane, creating Redfish Pass.[8] North Captiva has power from lines that originate on the north end of Captiva, and is privately owned. The island can only be accessed via boat or small plane.Captiva was seriously damaged in August 2004 when the eastern eyewall of Hurricane Charley struck North Captiva, immediately before hitting Charlotte Harbor to the north-northeast. Initial reports indicated that 160 buildings were destroyed and another 160 seriously damaged. Reports indicate that the storm surge cut a path 491 yards (449 m) wide across the narrowest part of North Captiva, separating the island. The separation of the two halves of the island began three years earlier during a series of tornadoes caused by Tropical Storm Gabrielle that passed through the area in September 2001.[9] The new pass filled in within a few years and is now back to its pre-Charley state. Most of the invasive Australian pines on the island blew over in the hurricane, making room for native mangroves and sabal palms.In September 2022, Category 4 Hurricane Ian made landfall in Upper Captiva with sustained winds of 150 mph. The Sanibel Causeway was heavily damaged by the hurricane.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-2"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 379 people, 194 households, and 130 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 305.3 inhabitants per square mile (117.9/km2). There were 1,150 housing units at an average density of 926.2 per square mile (357.6/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.42% White, 0.79% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 0.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.79% of the population.There were 194 households, out of which 10.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.9% were married couples living together, 1.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.5% were non-families. 25.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.25.In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 8.2% under the age of 18, 1.1% from 18 to 24, 14.2% from 25 to 44, 44.1% from 45 to 64, and 32.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 58 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $64,821, and the median income for a family was $120,488. Males had a median income of $31,875 versus $44,861 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $76,139. None of the population or families were below the poverty line.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Seas_Island_Resort,_Captiva_Island,_Florida.jpg"},{"link_name":"Teddy Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Charles Lindbergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh"},{"link_name":"Anne Morrow Lindbergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh"},{"link_name":"J.N. \"Ding\" Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.N._%22Ding%22_Darling"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"South Seas Island Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Seas_Island_Resort"},{"link_name":"Pepperidge Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepperidge_Farm"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Plantation Rd. inside South Seas Island Resort in CaptivaTravel, tourism and hospitality rank as the number one industry on Captiva Island (and its sister island immediately to the south, Sanibel). Noted guests to Captiva include Teddy Roosevelt, Charles Lindbergh (who regularly landed his plane on the beach in front of 'Tween Waters Inn), Anne Morrow Lindbergh and J.N. \"Ding\" Darling.[11] Both the Old Captiva House restaurant and a number of guest cottages have been designated historically-significant sites by Lee County, Florida.The Bubble Room was built on Captiva Island in 1979 by the Farquharson family. It is a multi-themed restaurant featuring old toys from the 1930s and 1940s and the collection continues to grow each day. The Bubble Room plays music from the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s. The Bubble Room was one of the first establishments on Captiva Island to originate the bright pastel colors now widely used there.[12]South Seas Island Resort and Yacht Harbor, a 330-acre (1.3 km2) resort, occupies the northern two miles (3 km) of Captiva Island.Pepperidge Farm created a cookie in honor of the island. It is a Dark Chocolate Brownie cookie called Captiva.[13]The Wall Street Journal selected Sanibel and Captiva Islands as one of the 10 Best Places for Second Homes in 2010.[14]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate"},{"link_name":"José Gaspar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar"},{"link_name":"Calusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calusa"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExploringFlorida2002-16"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"According to local folklore, Captiva got its name because the pirate captain José Gaspar (Gasparilla) held his female prisoners on the island for ransom. However, the supposed existence of José Gaspar is sourced from an advertising brochure of an early 20th-century developer, and may be a fabrication.Around 3000 B.C., the sands of Captiva started to erode, resulting in the eventual formation of Sanibel Island. The Gulf of Mexico waters were eight feet lower than they are today. It is said that the first inhabitants of Captiva were the Calusa Indians.[15] The population of the Calusa is believed to have reached as many as 50,000 people. \"Calusa\" means \"fierce people\", and they were described as a war-like people. The Calusa Indians were resistant to colonization and attacked any explorers who came into their territory. Calusa Indians built their houses on stilts without walls. They wove palmetto leaves together to build roves (twisted strands of fibers). The Calusa Indians fished for food on the coast, bays, rivers, and waterways. They did not farm. \"The Calusa Indians did not farm like the other Indian tribes in Florida. Instead, they fished for food on the coast, bays, rivers, and waterways. The men and boys of the tribe made nets from palm tree webbing to catch mullet, pinfish, pigfish, and catfish. They used spears to catch eels and turtles. They made fish bone arrowheads to hunt for animals such as deer. The women and children learned to catch shellfish like conchs, crabs, clams, lobsters, and oysters.\"[16] The Calusa Indians used the shells on the island for utensils, jewelry, tools, weapons, and ornaments.By the late 1700s most of the Calusa Indians had died out. Many were captured and sold as slaves while others died from diseases such as smallpox and measles.An Austrian named Binder (b. 1850) was on a German freighter headed to New Orleans when the ship crashed and he was shipwrecked off Boca Grande. He then washed up to shore on what has been since 1921, Upper Captiva. \"He lived for several weeks on what the unoccupied island had to offer, built a makeshift raft, and got himself to Pine Island, where he was helped to return to his home. By 1888, due to his having fought with the U.S. Army, he became naturalized, and was allowed to homestead on Captiva in 1888, when he was 38 years old. For 10 years he was Captiva's first and only modern-era inhabitant. He died in 1932.\"[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Rauschenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rauschenberg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Roy Lichtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Captiva was the full-time home of artist Robert Rauschenberg. His home still stands there.[18]Roy Lichtenstein, American pop artist, also had a home on Captiva.[citation needed]","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G.I. Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Jane"},{"link_name":"Survival, Evasion, Resistance, Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival,_Evasion,_Resistance,_Escape"},{"link_name":"Manhunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunter_(film)"}],"text":"In the 1997 movie G.I. Jane, Captiva Island is the location for the S.E.R.E. (Survival, Evasion, Resistance, Escape) training for the fictional U.S. Navy Combined Reconnaissance Team.In the 1986 movie Manhunter, Captiva Island is where FBI psychologist Will Graham has retired to.","title":"In media"}]
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[{"image_text":"A flock of Royal Terns in flight above the western beach of Upper Captiva Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Captiva_terns2.jpg/275px-Captiva_terns2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Damage on Captiva Island from Hurricane Charley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hurricane_Charley_Captiva_Damage.jpg/220px-Hurricane_Charley_Captiva_Damage.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plantation Rd. inside South Seas Island Resort in Captiva","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/South_Seas_Island_Resort%2C_Captiva_Island%2C_Florida.jpg/220px-South_Seas_Island_Resort%2C_Captiva_Island%2C_Florida.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Map_of_Florida_highlighting_Lee_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Florida_highlighting_Lee_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_12.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved September 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile/Captiva_CDP,_Florida?g=1600000US1210425","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ian washed away part of Sanibel Causeway, Sanibel and Captiva cut off from mainland\". www.cbsnews.com. September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/hurricane-ian-washed-away-sanibel-causeway-sanibel-captiva/","url_text":"\"Ian washed away part of Sanibel Causeway, Sanibel and Captiva cut off from mainland\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Gazetteer Files: 2019: Places: Florida\". U.S. Census Bureau Geography Division. Retrieved November 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_12.txt","url_text":"\"U.S. Gazetteer Files: 2019: Places: Florida\""}]},{"reference":"Erickson, Nick (April 6, 2021). \"Captiva Island History\". Capturing Captiva. Retrieved February 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://capturingcaptiva.com/area-information/captiva-island-history/","url_text":"\"Captiva Island History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hurricane Charley, Coastal Change Hazards: Hurricanes and Extreme Storms\". Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160401050410/http://coastal.er.usgs.gov:80/hurricanes/charley/trees.html","url_text":"\"Hurricane Charley, Coastal Change Hazards: Hurricanes and Extreme Storms\""},{"url":"https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/hurricanes/charley/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sanibel Captiva Fishing\". Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220629072609/http://sanibelcaptivafishing.com/captiva.php","url_text":"\"Sanibel Captiva Fishing\""},{"url":"http://www.sanibelcaptivafishing.com/captiva.phpcitation","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bubble Room\". Archived from the original on October 23, 2006. Retrieved October 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061023222534/http://www.bubbleroomrestaurant.com/frameset.html","url_text":"\"The Bubble Room\""},{"url":"http://www.bubbleroomrestaurant.com/frameset.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pepperidge Farm\". Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121009044607/http://pepperidgefarm.com/ProductDetail.aspx?catID=724","url_text":"\"Pepperidge Farm\""},{"url":"https://www.pepperidgefarm.com/ProductDetail.aspx?catID=724&prdID=112086","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"SEARS, STEVEN M. (March 8, 2010). \"10 Best Places for Second Homes\". Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704869304575109461496208030","url_text":"\"10 Best Places for Second Homes\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Calusa: \"The Shell Indians\"\". University of South Florida. Retrieved October 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/calusa/calusa1.htm","url_text":"\"The Calusa: \"The Shell Indians\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Calusa: \"The Shell Indians\"\". fcit.usf.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/calusa/calusa1.htm","url_text":"\"The Calusa: \"The Shell Indians\"\""}]},{"reference":"Captiva Civic Association (1984). Voices From the Past...True Tales of Old Captiva. Sutherland Pub. pp. 2, 7. ISBN 0930942051.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0930942051","url_text":"0930942051"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_oscillator
|
Electronic oscillator
|
["1 Harmonic oscillators","1.1 Feedback oscillator","1.2 Negative-resistance oscillator","1.3 List of harmonic oscillator circuits","2 Relaxation oscillator","3 Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)","4 Theory of feedback oscillators","4.1 Frequency of oscillation - the Barkhausen criterion","4.2 Frequency stability","4.3 Tunability","4.4 Startup and amplitude of oscillation","4.5 Design procedure","4.6 Amplitude-stabilized oscillators","4.7 Frequency limitations","5 History","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
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Type of electronic circuit
Simple relaxation oscillator made by feeding back an inverting Schmitt trigger's output voltage through a RC network to its input.
An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating or alternating current (AC) signal, usually a sine wave, square wave or a triangle wave, powered by a direct current (DC) source. Oscillators are found in many electronic devices, such as radio receivers, television sets, radio and television broadcast transmitters, computers, computer peripherals, cellphones, radar, and many other devices.
Oscillators are often characterized by the frequency of their output signal:
A low-frequency oscillator (LFO) is an oscillator that generates a frequency below approximately 20 Hz. This term is typically used in the field of audio synthesizers, to distinguish it from an audio frequency oscillator.
An audio oscillator produces frequencies in the audio range, 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
A radio frequency (RF) oscillator produces signals above the audio range, more generally in the range of 100 kHz to 100 GHz.
Crystal oscillator
There are two general types of electronic oscillators: the linear or harmonic oscillator, and the nonlinear or relaxation oscillator. The two types are fundamentally different in how oscillation is produced, as well as in the characteristic type of output signal that is generated.
The most-common linear oscillator in use is the crystal oscillator, in which the output frequency is controlled by a piezo-electric resonator consisting of a vibrating quartz crystal. Crystal oscillators are ubiquitous in modern electronics, being the source for the clock signal in computers and digital watches, as well as a source for the signals generated in radio transmitters and receivers. As a crystal oscillator’s “native” output waveform is sinusoidal, a signal-conditioning circuit may be used to convert the output to other waveform types, such as the square wave typically utilized in computer clock circuits.
Harmonic oscillators
Block diagram of a feedback linear oscillator; an amplifier A with its output vo fed back into its input vf through a filter, β(jω).
Linear or harmonic oscillators generate a sinusoidal (or nearly-sinusoidal) signal. There are two types:
Feedback oscillator
The most common form of linear oscillator is an electronic amplifier such as a transistor or operational amplifier connected in a feedback loop with its output fed back into its input through a frequency selective electronic filter to provide positive feedback. When the power supply to the amplifier is switched on initially, electronic noise in the circuit provides a non-zero signal to get oscillations started.: p.113–114 The noise travels around the loop and is amplified and filtered until very quickly it converges on a sine wave at a single frequency.
Feedback oscillator circuits can be classified according to the type of frequency selective filter they use in the feedback loop:
In an RC oscillator circuit, the filter is a network of resistors and capacitors. RC oscillators are mostly used to generate lower frequencies, for example in the audio range. Common types of RC oscillator circuits are the phase shift oscillator and the Wien bridge oscillator. LR oscillators, using inductor and resistor filters also exist, however they are much less common due to the required size of an inductor to achieve a value appropriate for use at lower frequencies.
Two common LC oscillator circuits, the Hartley and Colpitts oscillators
In an LC oscillator circuit, the filter is a tuned circuit (often called a tank circuit) consisting of an inductor (L) and capacitor (C) connected together, which acts as a resonator. Charge flows back and forth between the capacitor's plates through the inductor, so the tuned circuit can store electrical energy oscillating at its resonant frequency. The amplifier adds power to compensate for resistive energy losses in the circuit and supplies the power for the output signal. LC oscillators are often used at radio frequencies, when a tunable frequency source is necessary, such as in signal generators, tunable radio transmitters and the local oscillators in radio receivers. Typical LC oscillator circuits are the Hartley, Colpitts and Clapp circuits.
In a crystal oscillator circuit the filter is a piezoelectric crystal (commonly a quartz crystal). The crystal mechanically vibrates as a resonator, and its frequency of vibration determines the oscillation frequency. Crystals have a very high Q-factor and also better temperature stability than tuned circuits, so crystal oscillators have much better frequency stability than LC or RC oscillators. Crystal oscillators are the most common type of linear oscillator, used to stabilize the frequency of most radio transmitters, and to generate the clock signal in computers and quartz clocks. Crystal oscillators often use the same circuits as LC oscillators, with the crystal replacing the tuned circuit; the Pierce oscillator circuit is also commonly used. Quartz crystals are generally limited to frequencies of 30 MHz or below. Other types of resonators, dielectric resonators and surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, are used to control higher frequency oscillators, up into the microwave range. For example, SAW oscillators are used to generate the radio signal in cell phones.
Negative-resistance oscillator
(left) Typical block diagram of a negative resistance oscillator. In some types the negative resistance device is connected in parallel with the resonant circuit. (right) A negative-resistance microwave oscillator consisting of a Gunn diode in a cavity resonator. The negative resistance of the diode excites microwave oscillations in the cavity, which radiate out the aperture into a waveguide.
In addition to the feedback oscillators described above, which use two-port amplifying active elements such as transistors and operational amplifiers, linear oscillators can also be built using one-port (two terminal) devices with negative resistance, such as magnetron tubes, tunnel diodes, IMPATT diodes and Gunn diodes. Negative-resistance oscillators are usually used at high frequencies in the microwave range and above, since at these frequencies feedback oscillators perform poorly due to excessive phase shift in the feedback path.
In negative-resistance oscillators, a resonant circuit, such as an LC circuit, crystal, or cavity resonator, is connected across a device with negative differential resistance, and a DC bias voltage is applied to supply energy. A resonant circuit by itself is "almost" an oscillator; it can store energy in the form of electronic oscillations if excited, but because it has electrical resistance and other losses the oscillations are damped and decay to zero. The negative resistance of the active device cancels the (positive) internal loss resistance in the resonator, in effect creating a resonator with no damping, which generates spontaneous continuous oscillations at its resonant frequency.
The negative-resistance oscillator model is not limited to one-port devices like diodes; feedback oscillator circuits with two-port amplifying devices such as transistors and tubes also have negative resistance. At high frequencies, three terminal devices such as transistors and FETs are also used in negative resistance oscillators. At high frequencies these devices do not need a feedback loop, but with certain loads applied to one port can become unstable at the other port and show negative resistance due to internal feedback. The negative resistance port is connected to a tuned circuit or resonant cavity, causing them to oscillate. High-frequency oscillators in general are designed using negative-resistance techniques.
List of harmonic oscillator circuits
Some of the many harmonic oscillator circuits are listed below:
Amplifying devices used in oscillators and approximate maximum frequencies
Amplifying device
Frequency
Triode vacuum tube
~1 GHz
Bipolar transistor (BJT)
~20 GHz
Heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT)
~50 GHz
Metal–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET)
~100 GHz
Gunn diode, fundamental mode
~100 GHz
Magnetron tube
~100 GHz
High electron mobility transistor (HEMT)
~200 GHz
Klystron tube
~200 GHz
Gunn diode, harmonic mode
~200 GHz
IMPATT diode
~300 GHz
Gyrotron tube
~600 GHz
Armstrong oscillator, a.k.a. Meissner oscillator
Hartley oscillator
Colpitts oscillator
Clapp oscillator
Seiler oscillator
Vackář oscillator
Pierce oscillator
Tri-tet oscillator
Cathode follower oscillator
Wien bridge oscillator
Phase-shift oscillator
Cross-coupled oscillator
Dynatron oscillator
Opto-electronic oscillator
Robinson oscillator
Relaxation oscillator
Main article: Relaxation oscillator
A popular op-amp relaxation oscillator.
A nonlinear or relaxation oscillator produces a non-sinusoidal output, such as a square, sawtooth or triangle wave. It consists of an energy-storing element (a capacitor or, more rarely, an inductor) and a nonlinear switching device (a latch, Schmitt trigger, or negative-resistance element) connected in a feedback loop. The switching device periodically charges the storage element with energy and when its voltage or current reaches a threshold discharges it again, thus causing abrupt changes in the output waveform.
Square-wave relaxation oscillators are used to provide the clock signal for sequential logic circuits such as timers and counters, although crystal oscillators are often preferred for their greater stability. Triangle-wave or sawtooth oscillators are used in the timebase circuits that generate the horizontal deflection signals for cathode ray tubes in analogue oscilloscopes and television sets. They are also used in voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), inverters and switching power supplies, dual-slope analog to digital converters (ADCs), and in function generators to generate square and triangle waves for testing equipment. In general, relaxation oscillators are used at lower frequencies and have poorer frequency stability than linear oscillators.
Ring oscillators are built of a ring of active delay stages. Generally the ring has an odd number of inverting stages, so that there is no single stable state for the internal ring voltages. Instead, a single transition propagates endlessly around the ring.
Some of the more common relaxation oscillator circuits are listed below:
Multivibrator
Pearson–Anson oscillator
Ring oscillator
Delay-line oscillator
Royer oscillator
Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)
Main article: Voltage-controlled oscillator
An oscillator can be designed so that the oscillation frequency can be varied over some range by an input voltage or current. These voltage controlled oscillators are widely used in phase-locked loops, in which the oscillator's frequency can be locked to the frequency of another oscillator. These are ubiquitous in modern communications circuits, used in filters, modulators, demodulators, and forming the basis of frequency synthesizer circuits which are used to tune radios and televisions.
Radio frequency VCOs are usually made by adding a varactor diode to the tuned circuit or resonator in an oscillator circuit. Changing the DC voltage across the varactor changes its capacitance, which changes the resonant frequency of the tuned circuit. Voltage controlled relaxation oscillators can be constructed by charging and discharging the energy storage capacitor with a voltage controlled current source. Increasing the input voltage increases the rate of charging the capacitor, decreasing the time between switching events.
Theory of feedback oscillators
A feedback oscillator circuit consists of two parts connected in a feedback loop; an amplifier
A
{\displaystyle A}
and an electronic filter
β
(
j
ω
)
{\displaystyle \beta (j\omega )}
. The filter's purpose is to limit the frequencies that can pass through the loop so the circuit only oscillates at the desired frequency. Since the filter and wires in the circuit have resistance they consume energy and the amplitude of the signal drops as it passes through the filter. The amplifier is needed to increase the amplitude of the signal to compensate for the energy lost in the other parts of the circuit, so the loop will oscillate, as well as supply energy to the load attached to the output.
Frequency of oscillation - the Barkhausen criterion
Main article: Barkhausen stability criterion
To determine the loop gain, the feedback loop of the oscillator (left) is considered to be broken at some point (right).
To determine the frequency(s)
ω
0
=
2
π
f
0
{\displaystyle \omega _{0}\;=\;2\pi f_{0}}
at which a feedback oscillator circuit will oscillate, the feedback loop is thought of as broken at some point (see diagrams) to give an input and output port. A sine wave is applied to the input
v
i
(
t
)
=
V
i
e
j
ω
t
{\displaystyle v_{i}(t)=V_{i}e^{j\omega t}}
and the amplitude and phase of the sine wave after going through the loop
v
o
=
V
o
e
j
(
ω
t
+
ϕ
)
{\displaystyle v_{o}=V_{o}e^{j(\omega t+\phi )}}
is calculated
v
o
=
A
v
f
{\displaystyle v_{o}=Av_{f}\,}
and
v
f
=
β
(
j
ω
)
v
i
{\displaystyle v_{f}=\beta (j\omega )v_{i}\,}
so
v
o
=
A
β
(
j
ω
)
v
i
{\displaystyle v_{o}=A\beta (j\omega )v_{i}\,}
Since in the complete circuit
v
o
{\displaystyle v_{o}}
is connected to
v
i
{\displaystyle v_{i}}
, for oscillations to exist
v
o
(
t
)
=
v
i
(
t
)
{\displaystyle v_{o}(t)=v_{i}(t)}
The ratio of output to input of the loop,
v
o
v
i
=
A
β
(
j
ω
)
{\displaystyle {v_{o} \over v_{i}}=A\beta (j\omega )}
, is called the loop gain. So the condition for oscillation is that the loop gain must be one: p.3–5
A
β
(
j
ω
0
)
=
1
{\displaystyle A\beta (j\omega _{0})=1\,}
Since
A
β
(
j
ω
)
{\displaystyle A\beta (j\omega )}
is a complex number with two parts, a magnitude and an angle, the above equation actually consists of two conditions:
The magnitude of the gain (amplification) around the loop at ω0 must be unity
|
A
|
|
β
(
j
ω
0
)
|
=
1
(1)
{\displaystyle |A||\beta (j\omega _{0})|=1\,\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad {\text{(1)}}}
so that after a trip around the loop the sine wave is the same amplitude. It can be seen intuitively that if the loop gain were greater than one, the amplitude of the sinusoidal signal would increase as it travels around the loop, resulting in a sine wave that grows exponentially with time, without bound. If the loop gain were less than one, the signal would decrease around the loop, resulting in an exponentially decaying sine wave that decreases to zero.
The sine wave at the end of the loop must be in phase with the wave at the beginning of the loop. Since the sine wave is periodic and repeats every 2π radians, this means that the phase shift around the loop at the oscillation frequency ω0 must be zero or a multiple of 2π radians (360°)
∠
A
+
∠
β
=
2
π
n
n
∈
0
,
1
,
2...
(2)
{\displaystyle \angle A+\angle \beta =2\pi n\qquad n\in 0,1,2...\,\qquad \qquad {\text{(2)}}}
Equations (1) and (2) are called the Barkhausen stability criterion.: p.3–5 It is a necessary but not a sufficient criterion for oscillation, so there are some circuits which satisfy these equations that will not oscillate. An equivalent condition often used instead of the Barkhausen condition is that the circuit's closed loop transfer function (the circuit's complex impedance at its output) have a pair of poles on the imaginary axis.
In general, the phase shift of the feedback network increases with increasing frequency so there are only a few discrete frequencies (often only one) which satisfy the second equation. If the amplifier gain
A
{\displaystyle A}
is high enough that the loop gain is unity (or greater, see Startup section) at one of these frequencies, the circuit will oscillate at that frequency. Many amplifiers such as common-emitter transistor circuits are "inverting", meaning that their output voltage decreases when their input increases. In these the amplifier provides 180° phase shift, so the circuit will oscillate at the frequency at which the feedback network provides the other 180° phase shift.: p.3–5
At frequencies well below the poles of the amplifying device, the amplifier will act as a pure gain
A
{\displaystyle A}
, but if the oscillation frequency
ω
0
{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}
is near the amplifier's cutoff frequency
ω
C
{\displaystyle \omega _{C}}
, within
0.1
ω
C
{\displaystyle 0.1\omega _{C}}
, the active device can no longer be considered a 'pure gain', and it will contribute some phase shift to the loop.: p.3–5
An alternate mathematical stability test sometimes used instead of the Barkhausen criterion is the Nyquist stability criterion.: p.6–7 This has a wider applicability than the Barkhausen, so it can identify some of the circuits which pass the Barkhausen criterion but do not oscillate.
Frequency stability
Temperature changes, aging, and manufacturing tolerances will cause component values to "drift" away from their designed values. Changes in frequency determining components such as the tank circuit in LC oscillators will cause the oscillation frequency to change, so for a constant frequency these components must have stable values. How stable the oscillator's frequency is to other changes in the circuit, such as changes in values of other components, gain of the amplifier, the load impedance, or the supply voltage, is mainly dependent on the Q factor ("quality factor") of the feedback filter. Since the amplitude of the output is constant due to the nonlinearity of the amplifier (see Startup section below), changes in component values cause changes in the phase shift
ϕ
=
∠
A
β
(
j
ω
)
{\displaystyle \phi \;=\;\angle A\beta (j\omega )}
of the feedback loop. Since oscillation can only occur at frequencies where the phase shift is a multiple of 360°,
ϕ
=
360
n
∘
{\displaystyle \phi \;=\;360n^{\circ }}
, shifts in component values cause the oscillation frequency
ω
0
{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}
to change to bring the loop phase back to 360n°. The amount of frequency change
Δ
ω
{\displaystyle \Delta \omega }
caused by a given phase change
Δ
ϕ
{\displaystyle \Delta \phi }
depends on the slope of the loop phase curve at
ω
0
{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}
, which is determined by the
Q
{\displaystyle Q}
d
ϕ
d
ω
|
ω
0
=
−
2
Q
ω
0
{\displaystyle {d\phi \over d\omega }{\Bigg |}_{\omega _{0}}=-{2Q \over \omega _{0}}\,}
so
Δ
ω
=
−
ω
0
2
Q
Δ
ϕ
{\displaystyle \Delta \omega =-{\omega _{0} \over 2Q}\Delta \phi \,}
RC oscillators have the equivalent of a very low
Q
{\displaystyle Q}
, so the phase changes very slowly with frequency, therefore a given phase change will cause a large change in the frequency. In contrast, LC oscillators have tank circuits with high
Q
{\displaystyle Q}
(~102). This means the phase shift of the feedback network increases rapidly with frequency near the resonant frequency of the tank circuit. So a large change in phase causes only a small change in frequency. Therefore the circuit's oscillation frequency is very close to the natural resonant frequency of the tuned circuit, and doesn't depend much on other components in the circuit. The quartz crystal resonators used in crystal oscillators have even higher
Q
{\displaystyle Q}
(104 to 106) and their frequency is very stable and independent of other circuit components.
Tunability
The frequency of RC and LC oscillators can be tuned over a wide range by using variable components in the filter. A microwave cavity can be tuned mechanically by moving one of the walls. In contrast, a quartz crystal is a mechanical resonator whose resonant frequency is mainly determined by its dimensions, so a crystal oscillator's frequency is only adjustable over a very narrow range, a tiny fraction of one percent.: p.39–40
It's frequency can be changed slightly by using a trimmer capacitor in series or parallel with the crystal.: p.39–40
Startup and amplitude of oscillation
The Barkhausen criterion above, eqs. (1) and (2), merely gives the frequencies at which steady-state oscillation is possible, but says nothing about the amplitude of the oscillation, whether the amplitude is stable, or whether the circuit will start oscillating when the power is turned on.: p.5 For a practical oscillator two additional requirements are necessary:
In order for oscillations to start up in the circuit from zero, the circuit must have "excess gain"; the loop gain for small signals must be greater than one at its oscillation frequency: p.3–5
|
A
β
(
j
ω
0
)
|
>
1
{\displaystyle |A\beta (j\omega _{0})|>1\,}
For stable operation, the feedback loop must include a nonlinear component which reduces the gain back to unity as the amplitude increases to its operating value.
A typical rule of thumb is to make the small signal loop gain at the oscillation frequency 2 or 3. When the power is turned on, oscillation is started by the power turn-on transient or random electronic noise present in the circuit.: p.5 : p.113–114 Noise guarantees that the circuit will not remain "balanced" precisely at its unstable DC equilibrium point (Q point) indefinitely. Due to the narrow passband of the filter, the response of the circuit to a noise pulse will be sinusoidal, it will excite a small sine wave of voltage in the loop. Since for small signals the loop gain is greater than one, the amplitude of the sine wave increases exponentially.
During startup, while the amplitude of the oscillation is small, the circuit is approximately linear, so the analysis used in the Barkhausen criterion is applicable. When the amplitude becomes large enough that the amplifier becomes nonlinear, technically the frequency domain analysis used in normal amplifier circuits is no longer applicable, so the "gain" of the circuit is undefined. However the filter attenuates the harmonic components produced by the nonlinearity of the amplifier, so the fundamental frequency component
sin
ω
0
t
{\displaystyle \sin \omega _{0}t}
mainly determines the loop gain (this is the "harmonic balance" analysis technique for nonlinear circuits).
The sine wave cannot grow indefinitely; in all real oscillators some nonlinear process in the circuit limits its amplitude,: p.120 reducing the gain as the amplitude increases, resulting in stable operation at some constant amplitude. In most oscillators this nonlinearity is simply the saturation (limiting or clipping) of the amplifying device, the transistor, vacuum tube or op-amp.: p.5 The maximum voltage swing of the amplifier's output is limited by the DC voltage provided by its power supply. Another possibility is that the output may be limited by the amplifier slew rate.
As the amplitude of the output nears the power supply voltage rails, the amplifier begins to saturate on the peaks (top and bottom) of the sine wave, flattening or "clipping" the peaks. Since the output of the amplifier can no longer increase with increasing input, further increases in amplitude cause the equivalent gain of the amplifier and thus the loop gain to decrease. The amplitude of the sine wave, and the resulting clipping, continues to grow until the loop gain is reduced to unity,
|
A
β
(
j
ω
0
)
|
=
1
{\displaystyle |A\beta (j\omega _{0})|\;=\;1\,}
, satisfying the Barkhausen criterion, at which point the amplitude levels off and steady state operation is achieved, with the output a slightly distorted sine wave with peak amplitude determined by the supply voltage. This is a stable equilibrium; if the amplitude of the sine wave increases for some reason, increased clipping of the output causes the loop gain
|
A
β
(
j
ω
0
)
|
{\displaystyle |A\beta (j\omega _{0})|}
to drop below one temporarily, reducing the sine wave's amplitude back to its unity-gain value. Similarly if the amplitude of the wave decreases, the decreased clipping will cause the loop gain to increase above one, increasing the amplitude.
The amount of harmonic distortion in the output is dependent on how much excess loop gain the circuit has:
If the small signal loop gain is made close to one, just slightly greater, the output waveform will have minimum distortion, and the frequency will be most stable and independent of supply voltage and load impedance. However, the oscillator may be slow starting up, and a small decrease in gain due to a variation in component values may prevent it from oscillating.
If the small signal loop gain is made significantly greater than one, the oscillator starts up faster, but more severe clipping of the sine wave occurs, and thus the resulting distortion of the output waveform increases. The oscillation frequency becomes more dependent on the supply voltage and current drawn by the load.
An exception to the above are high Q oscillator circuits such as crystal oscillators; the narrow bandwidth of the crystal removes the harmonics from the output, producing a 'pure' sinusoidal wave with almost no distortion even with large loop gains.
Design procedure
Since oscillators depend on nonlinearity for their operation, the usual linear frequency domain circuit analysis techniques used for amplifiers based on the Laplace transform, such as root locus and gain and phase plots (Bode plots), cannot capture their full behavior. To determine startup and transient behavior and calculate the detailed shape of the output waveform, electronic circuit simulation computer programs like SPICE are used. A typical design procedure for oscillator circuits is to use linear techniques such as the Barkhausen stability criterion or Nyquist stability criterion to design the circuit, then simulate the circuit on computer to make sure it starts up reliably and to determine the nonlinear aspects of operation such as harmonic distortion. Component values are tweaked until the simulation results are satisfactory. The distorted oscillations of real-world (nonlinear) oscillators are called limit cycles and are studied in nonlinear control theory.
Amplitude-stabilized oscillators
In applications where a 'pure' very low distortion sine wave is needed, such as precision signal generators, a nonlinear component is often used in the feedback loop that provides a 'slow' gain reduction with amplitude. This stabilizes the loop gain at an amplitude below the saturation level of the amplifier, so it does not saturate and "clip" the sine wave. Resistor-diode networks and FETs are often used for the nonlinear element. An older design uses a thermistor or an ordinary incandescent light bulb; both provide a resistance that increases with temperature as the current through them increases.
As the amplitude of the signal current through them increases during oscillator startup, the increasing resistance of these devices reduces the loop gain. The essential characteristic of all these circuits is that the nonlinear gain-control circuit must have a long time constant, much longer than a single period of the oscillation. Therefore over a single cycle they act as virtually linear elements, and so introduce very little distortion. The operation of these circuits is somewhat analogous to an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit in a radio receiver. The Wein bridge oscillator is a widely used circuit in which this type of gain stabilization is used.
Frequency limitations
At high frequencies it becomes difficult to physically implement feedback oscillators because of shortcomings of the components. Since at high frequencies the tank circuit has very small capacitance and inductance, parasitic capacitance and parasitic inductance of component leads and PCB traces become significant. These may create unwanted feedback paths between the output and input of the active device, creating instability and oscillations at unwanted frequencies (parasitic oscillation). Parasitic feedback paths inside the active device itself, such as the interelectrode capacitance between output and input, make the device unstable. The input impedance of the active device falls with frequency, so it may load the feedback network. As a result, stable feedback oscillators are difficult to build for frequencies above 500 MHz, and negative resistance oscillators are usually used for frequencies above this.
History
The first practical oscillators were based on electric arcs, which were used for lighting in the 19th century. The current through an arc light is unstable due to its negative resistance, and often breaks into spontaneous oscillations, causing the arc to make hissing, humming or howling sounds: p.161–165 which had been noticed by Humphry Davy in 1821, Benjamin Silliman in 1822, Auguste Arthur de la Rive in 1846, and David Edward Hughes in 1878. Ernst Lecher in 1888 showed that the current through an electric arc could be oscillatory.
An oscillator was built by Elihu Thomson in 1892 by placing an LC tuned circuit in parallel with an electric arc and included a magnetic blowout. Independently, in the same year, George Francis FitzGerald realized that if the damping resistance in a resonant circuit could be made zero or negative, the circuit would produce oscillations, and, unsuccessfully, tried to build a negative resistance oscillator with a dynamo, what would now be called a parametric oscillator.: p.161–165 The arc oscillator was rediscovered and popularized by William Duddell in 1900. Duddell, a student at London Technical College, was investigating the hissing arc effect. He attached an LC circuit (tuned circuit) to the electrodes of an arc lamp, and the negative resistance of the arc excited oscillation in the tuned circuit.: p.161–165 Some of the energy was radiated as sound waves by the arc, producing a musical tone. Duddell demonstrated his oscillator before the London Institute of Electrical Engineers by sequentially connecting different tuned circuits across the arc to play the national anthem "God Save the Queen".: p.161–165 Duddell's "singing arc" did not generate frequencies above the audio range. In 1902 Danish physicists Valdemar Poulsen and P. O. Pederson were able to increase the frequency produced into the radio range by operating the arc in a hydrogen atmosphere with a magnetic field, inventing the Poulsen arc radio transmitter, the first continuous wave radio transmitter, which was used through the 1920s.
A 120 MHz oscillator from 1938 using a parallel rod transmission line resonator (Lecher line). Transmission lines are widely used for UHF oscillators.
The vacuum-tube feedback oscillator was invented around 1912, when it was discovered that feedback ("regeneration") in the recently invented audion (triode) vacuum tube could produce oscillations. At least six researchers independently made this discovery, although not all of them can be said to have a role in the invention of the oscillator. In the summer of 1912, Edwin Armstrong observed oscillations in audion radio receiver circuits and went on to use positive feedback in his invention of the regenerative receiver. Austrian Alexander Meissner independently discovered positive feedback and invented oscillators in March 1913. Irving Langmuir at General Electric observed feedback in 1913. Fritz Lowenstein may have preceded the others with a crude oscillator in late 1911. In Britain, H. J. Round patented amplifying and oscillating circuits in 1913. In August 1912, Lee De Forest, the inventor of the audion, had also observed oscillations in his amplifiers, but he didn't understand the significance and tried to eliminate it until he read Armstrong's patents in 1914, which he promptly challenged. Armstrong and De Forest fought a protracted legal battle over the rights to the "regenerative" oscillator circuit which has been called "the most complicated patent litigation in the history of radio". De Forest ultimately won before the Supreme Court in 1934 on technical grounds, but most sources regard Armstrong's claim as the stronger one.
The first and most widely used relaxation oscillator circuit, the astable multivibrator, was invented in 1917 by French engineers Henri Abraham and Eugene Bloch. They called their cross-coupled, dual-vacuum-tube circuit a multivibrateur, because the square-wave signal it produced was rich in harmonics, compared to the sinusoidal signal of other vacuum-tube oscillators.
Vacuum-tube feedback oscillators became the basis of radio transmission by 1920. However, the triode vacuum tube oscillator performed poorly above 300 MHz because of interelectrode capacitance. To reach higher frequencies, new "transit time" (velocity modulation) vacuum tubes were developed, in which electrons traveled in "bunches" through the tube. The first of these was the Barkhausen–Kurz oscillator (1920), the first tube to produce power in the UHF range. The most important and widely used were the klystron (R. and S. Varian, 1937) and the cavity magnetron (J. Randall and H. Boot, 1940).
Mathematical conditions for feedback oscillations, now called the Barkhausen criterion, were derived by Heinrich Georg Barkhausen in 1921. The first analysis of a nonlinear electronic oscillator model, the Van der Pol oscillator, was done by Balthasar van der Pol in 1927. He showed that the stability of the oscillations (limit cycles) in actual oscillators was due to the nonlinearity of the amplifying device. He originated the term "relaxation oscillation" and was first to distinguish between linear and relaxation oscillators. Further advances in mathematical analysis of oscillation were made by Hendrik Wade Bode and Harry Nyquist in the 1930s. In 1969 Kaneyuki Kurokawa derived necessary and sufficient conditions for oscillation in negative-resistance circuits, which form the basis of modern microwave oscillator design.
See also
Injection locked oscillator
Numerically controlled oscillator
Extended interaction oscillator
Variable-frequency drive
Thin-film bulk acoustic resonator
References
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^ a b c d Razavi, Behzad (2001). Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits. The McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 482–484. ISBN 7302108862.
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^ Froehlich, Fritz E.; Kent, Allen (1991). The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications, Volume 3. CRC Press. p. 448. ISBN 0824729021.
^ Misra, Devendra (2004). Radio-Frequency and Microwave Communication Circuits: Analysis and Design. John Wiley. p. 494. ISBN 0471478733.
^ Terman, Frederick E. (1943). Radio Engineer's Handbook (PDF). McGraw-Hill. p. 497.
^ "Oscillator Application Notes" (PDF). Support. Frequency Management International, CA. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
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^ Vig, John R. and Ballato, Arthur "Frequency Control Devices" in Thurston, R. N.; Pierce, Allan D.; Papadakis, Emmanuel P. (1998). Reference for Modern Instrumentation, Techniques, and Technology: Ultrasonic Instruments and Devices II. Elsevier. p. 227. ISBN 0080538916.
^ a b c d Stephan, Karl (2015). Analog and Mixed-Signal Electronics. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 187–188. ISBN 978-1119051800.
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^ a b c d Rhea, Randall W. (2014). Discrete Oscillator Design: Linear, Nonlinear, Transient, and Noise Domains. Artech House. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-1608070480.
^ Toumazou, Chris; Moschytz, George S.; Gilbert, Barrie (2004). Trade-Offs in Analog Circuit Design: The Designer's Companion, Part 1. Springer Science and Business Media. pp. 565–566. ISBN 9781402080463.
^ Roberge, James K. (1975). Operational Amplifiers: Theory and Practice (PDF). John Wiley and Sons. pp. 487–488. ISBN 0471725854.
^ van der Tang, J.; Kasperkovitz, Dieter; van Roermund, Arthur (2006). High-Frequency Oscillator Design for Integrated Transceivers. Springer Science and Business Media. p. 51. ISBN 0306487160.
^ Razavi, Behzad (2001) Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, p. 487-489
^ a b c d Hong, Sungook (2001). Wireless: From Marconi's Black-Box to the Audion. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262082983.
^ Silliman, Benjamin (1859). First Principles of Physics: Or Natural Philosophy, Designed for the Use of Schools and Colleges. H.C. Peck & T. Bliss. p. 629. Davy Silliman Hissing.
^ "Wireless telephony, in theory and practice". N.Y. Van Nostrand. 1908.
^ Casperson, L. W (1991). "The humming telephone as an acoustic maser". Optical and Quantum Electronics. 23 (8): 995–1010. doi:10.1007/BF00611436. S2CID 119956732.
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^ "Notes". The Electrical Review. 62 (1578): 812. February 21, 1908. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
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^ Morse 1925, p. 31
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^ US 789449, Poulsen, Valdemar, "Method of Producing Alternating Currents with a High Number of Vibrations", issued 9 May 1905
^ Hempstead, Colin; William E. Worthington (2005). Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology. Vol. 2. Taylor & Francis. p. 648. ISBN 978-1579584641.
^ Hong 2001, p. 156
^ a b c Fleming, John Ambrose (1919). The Thermionic Valve and its Developments in Radiotelegraphy and Telephony. London: The Wireless Press. pp. 148–155.
^ Hong, Sungook (2003). "A history of the regeneration circuit: From invention to patent litigation" (PDF). IEEE. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2012., pp. 9–10
^ Armstrong, Edwin H. (September 1915). "Some recent developments in the Audion receiver" (PDF). Proc. IRE. 3 (9): 215–247. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1915.216677. S2CID 2116636. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
^ a b Hong 2003, p. 13
^ Hong 2003, p. 5
^ Hong 2003, pp. 6–7
^ a b Hijiya, James A. (1992). Lee De Forest and the Fatherhood of Radio. Lehigh University Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-0934223232.
^ Hong 2003, p. 14
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^ Hong 2001, pp. 181–189
^ Hong 2003, p. 2
^ Abraham, H.; E. Bloch (1919). "Measurement of period of high frequency oscillations". Comptes Rendus. 168: 1105.
^ a b Glazebrook, Richard (1922). A Dictionary of Applied Physics, Vol. 2: Electricity. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd. pp. 633–634.
^ a b Calvert, James B. (2002). "The Eccles-Jordan Circuit and Multivibrators". Dr. J. B. Calvert website, Univ. of Denver. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
^ Van der Pol, Balthazar (1927). "On relaxation-oscillations". The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine. 2 (7): 978–992. doi:10.1080/14786442608564127.
^ Nyquist, H. (January 1932). "Regeneration Theory" (PDF). Bell System Tech. J. 11 (1): 126–147. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1932.tb02344.x. S2CID 115002788. Retrieved December 5, 2012. on Alcatel-Lucent website
^ Kurokawa, Kaneyuki (July 1969). "Some Basic Characteristics of Broadband Negative Resistance Oscillator Circuits" (PDF). Bell System Tech. J. 48 (6): 1937–1955. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1969.tb01158.x. Retrieved December 8, 2012. Eq. 10 is a necessary condition for oscillation; eq. 12 is a sufficient condition,
Morse, A. H. (1925), Radio: Beam and Broadcast: Its story and patents, London: Ernest Benn. History of radio in 1925. Oscillator claims 1912; De Forest and Armstrong court case cf p. 45. Telephone hummer/oscillator by A. S. Hibbard in 1890 (carbon microphone has power gain); Larsen "used the same principle in the production of alternating current from a direct current source"; accidental development of vacuum tube oscillator; all at p. 86. Von Arco and Meissner first to recognize application to transmitter; Round for first transmitter; nobody patented triode transmitter at p. 87.
Further reading
Ulrich Rohde, Ajay Poddar, and Georg Bock, The Design of Modern Microwave Oscillators for Wireless Applications: Theory and Optimization, (543 pages) John Wiley & Sons, 2005, ISBN 0-471-72342-8.
E. Rubiola, Phase Noise and Frequency Stability in Oscillators Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-521-88677-2.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electronic oscillators.
Howstuffworks: oscillator.
Oscillator Oddities.
Tutorial on Precision Frequency Generation.
vteElectronic oscillatorsTheory
Barkhausen stability criterion
Harmonic oscillator
Leeson's equation
Nyquist stability criterion
Oscillator phase noise
Phase noise
LC oscillators
Armstrong or Meissner oscillator
Clapp oscillator
Colpitts oscillator
Hartley oscillator
Lampkin oscillator
Meacham bridge oscillator
Seiler oscillator
Vackář oscillator
resonant Royer
RC oscillators
Phase-shift oscillator
Twin-T oscillator
Wien bridge oscillator
Quartz oscillators
Butler oscillator
Pierce oscillator
Tri-tet oscillator
Relaxation oscillators
Blocking oscillator
Multivibrator
Pearson–Anson oscillator
basic Royer
Other
Cavity oscillator
Delay-line oscillator
Opto-electronic oscillator
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Robinson oscillator
Transmission-line oscillator
Klystron oscillator
Cavity magnetron
Gunn oscillator
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Oscillators are found in many electronic devices, such as radio receivers, television sets, radio and television broadcast transmitters, computers, computer peripherals, cellphones, radar, and many other devices.[1]Oscillators are often characterized by the frequency of their output signal:A low-frequency oscillator (LFO) is an oscillator that generates a frequency below approximately 20 Hz. This term is typically used in the field of audio synthesizers, to distinguish it from an audio frequency oscillator.\nAn audio oscillator produces frequencies in the audio range, 20 Hz to 20 kHz.[2]\nA radio frequency (RF) oscillator produces signals above the audio range, more generally in the range of 100 kHz to 100 GHz.[2]Crystal oscillatorThere are two general types of electronic oscillators: the linear or harmonic oscillator, and the nonlinear or relaxation oscillator.[2][4] The two types are fundamentally different in how oscillation is produced, as well as in the characteristic type of output signal that is generated.The most-common linear oscillator in use is the crystal oscillator, in which the output frequency is controlled by a piezo-electric resonator consisting of a vibrating quartz crystal. Crystal oscillators are ubiquitous in modern electronics, being the source for the clock signal in computers and digital watches, as well as a source for the signals generated in radio transmitters and receivers. As a crystal oscillator’s “native” output waveform is sinusoidal, a signal-conditioning circuit may be used to convert the output to other waveform types, such as the square wave typically utilized in computer clock circuits.","title":"Electronic oscillator"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oscillator_diagram1.svg"},{"link_name":"filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_filter"},{"link_name":"Linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_circuit"},{"link_name":"sinusoidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusoidal"}],"text":"Block diagram of a feedback linear oscillator; an amplifier A with its output vo fed back into its input vf through a filter, β(jω).Linear or harmonic oscillators generate a sinusoidal (or nearly-sinusoidal) signal. There are two types:","title":"Harmonic oscillators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electronic amplifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_amplifier"},{"link_name":"transistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor"},{"link_name":"operational amplifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier"},{"link_name":"feedback loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback_loop"},{"link_name":"electronic filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_filter"},{"link_name":"positive feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_feedback"},{"link_name":"electronic noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_noise"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gottlieb-5"},{"link_name":"filtered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"sine wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_wave"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chattopadhyay-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garg-4"},{"link_name":"RC oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_oscillator"},{"link_name":"resistors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor"},{"link_name":"capacitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chattopadhyay-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garg-4"},{"link_name":"phase shift oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_shift_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Wien bridge oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien_bridge_oscillator"},{"link_name":"inductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oscillator_comparison.svg"},{"link_name":"tuned circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuned_circuit"},{"link_name":"inductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor"},{"link_name":"capacitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor"},{"link_name":"resonator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonator"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chattopadhyay-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garg-4"},{"link_name":"resonant frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant_frequency"},{"link_name":"radio frequencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chattopadhyay-2"},{"link_name":"signal generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_generator"},{"link_name":"transmitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter"},{"link_name":"local oscillators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_oscillator"},{"link_name":"radio receivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_receiver"},{"link_name":"Hartley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartley_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Colpitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colpitts_oscillator"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chattopadhyay-2"},{"link_name":"Clapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapp_oscillator"},{"link_name":"crystal oscillator circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator#Crystal_oscillator_circuits"},{"link_name":"piezoelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric"},{"link_name":"quartz crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_crystal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chattopadhyay-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garg-4"},{"link_name":"resonator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonator"},{"link_name":"Q-factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-factor"},{"link_name":"radio transmitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_transmitter"},{"link_name":"clock signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signal"},{"link_name":"quartz clocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_clock"},{"link_name":"tuned circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuned_circuit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chattopadhyay-2"},{"link_name":"Pierce oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_oscillator"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chattopadhyay-2"},{"link_name":"dielectric resonators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_resonator"},{"link_name":"surface acoustic wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_acoustic_wave"},{"link_name":"microwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave"},{"link_name":"cell phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_phone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Feedback oscillator","text":"The most common form of linear oscillator is an electronic amplifier such as a transistor or operational amplifier connected in a feedback loop with its output fed back into its input through a frequency selective electronic filter to provide positive feedback. When the power supply to the amplifier is switched on initially, electronic noise in the circuit provides a non-zero signal to get oscillations started.[5]: p.113–114 The noise travels around the loop and is amplified and filtered until very quickly it converges on a sine wave at a single frequency.Feedback oscillator circuits can be classified according to the type of frequency selective filter they use in the feedback loop:[2][4]In an RC oscillator circuit, the filter is a network of resistors and capacitors.[2][4] RC oscillators are mostly used to generate lower frequencies, for example in the audio range. Common types of RC oscillator circuits are the phase shift oscillator and the Wien bridge oscillator. LR oscillators, using inductor and resistor filters also exist, however they are much less common due to the required size of an inductor to achieve a value appropriate for use at lower frequencies.Two common LC oscillator circuits, the Hartley and Colpitts oscillatorsIn an LC oscillator circuit, the filter is a tuned circuit (often called a tank circuit) consisting of an inductor (L) and capacitor (C) connected together, which acts as a resonator.[2][4] Charge flows back and forth between the capacitor's plates through the inductor, so the tuned circuit can store electrical energy oscillating at its resonant frequency. The amplifier adds power to compensate for resistive energy losses in the circuit and supplies the power for the output signal. LC oscillators are often used at radio frequencies,[2] when a tunable frequency source is necessary, such as in signal generators, tunable radio transmitters and the local oscillators in radio receivers. Typical LC oscillator circuits are the Hartley, Colpitts[2] and Clapp circuits.\nIn a crystal oscillator circuit the filter is a piezoelectric crystal (commonly a quartz crystal).[2][4] The crystal mechanically vibrates as a resonator, and its frequency of vibration determines the oscillation frequency. Crystals have a very high Q-factor and also better temperature stability than tuned circuits, so crystal oscillators have much better frequency stability than LC or RC oscillators. Crystal oscillators are the most common type of linear oscillator, used to stabilize the frequency of most radio transmitters, and to generate the clock signal in computers and quartz clocks. Crystal oscillators often use the same circuits as LC oscillators, with the crystal replacing the tuned circuit;[2] the Pierce oscillator circuit is also commonly used. Quartz crystals are generally limited to frequencies of 30 MHz or below.[2] Other types of resonators, dielectric resonators and surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, are used to control higher frequency oscillators, up into the microwave range. For example, SAW oscillators are used to generate the radio signal in cell phones.[6]","title":"Harmonic oscillators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Negative_resistance_oscillator.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ganna_gjenerators_M31102-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gunn diode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunn_diode"},{"link_name":"cavity resonator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavity_resonator"},{"link_name":"waveguide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveguide"},{"link_name":"two-port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-port_network"},{"link_name":"one-port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_(circuit_theory)"},{"link_name":"negative resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_resistance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chattopadhyay-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garg-4"},{"link_name":"magnetron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetron"},{"link_name":"tunnel diodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_diode"},{"link_name":"IMPATT diodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMPATT_diode"},{"link_name":"Gunn diodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunn_diode"},{"link_name":"microwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave"},{"link_name":"LC circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC_circuit"},{"link_name":"crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator"},{"link_name":"cavity resonator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonator#Cavity_resonators"},{"link_name":"negative differential resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_differential_resistance"},{"link_name":"damped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_oscillator#Damped_harmonic_oscillator"},{"link_name":"resonant frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant_frequency"},{"link_name":"two-port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-port_network"},{"link_name":"tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kung-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raisanen-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellinger-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kung-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raisanen-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maas-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kung-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raisanen-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellinger-9"}],"sub_title":"Negative-resistance oscillator","text":"(left) Typical block diagram of a negative resistance oscillator. In some types the negative resistance device is connected in parallel with the resonant circuit. (right) A negative-resistance microwave oscillator consisting of a Gunn diode in a cavity resonator. The negative resistance of the diode excites microwave oscillations in the cavity, which radiate out the aperture into a waveguide.In addition to the feedback oscillators described above, which use two-port amplifying active elements such as transistors and operational amplifiers, linear oscillators can also be built using one-port (two terminal) devices with negative resistance,[2][4] such as magnetron tubes, tunnel diodes, IMPATT diodes and Gunn diodes. Negative-resistance oscillators are usually used at high frequencies in the microwave range and above, since at these frequencies feedback oscillators perform poorly due to excessive phase shift in the feedback path.In negative-resistance oscillators, a resonant circuit, such as an LC circuit, crystal, or cavity resonator, is connected across a device with negative differential resistance, and a DC bias voltage is applied to supply energy. A resonant circuit by itself is \"almost\" an oscillator; it can store energy in the form of electronic oscillations if excited, but because it has electrical resistance and other losses the oscillations are damped and decay to zero. The negative resistance of the active device cancels the (positive) internal loss resistance in the resonator, in effect creating a resonator with no damping, which generates spontaneous continuous oscillations at its resonant frequency.The negative-resistance oscillator model is not limited to one-port devices like diodes; feedback oscillator circuits with two-port amplifying devices such as transistors and tubes also have negative resistance.[7][8][9] At high frequencies, three terminal devices such as transistors and FETs are also used in negative resistance oscillators. At high frequencies these devices do not need a feedback loop, but with certain loads applied to one port can become unstable at the other port and show negative resistance due to internal feedback. The negative resistance port is connected to a tuned circuit or resonant cavity, causing them to oscillate.[7][8][10] High-frequency oscillators in general are designed using negative-resistance techniques.[7][8][9]","title":"Harmonic oscillators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armstrong oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Hartley oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartley_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Colpitts oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colpitts_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Clapp oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapp_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Seiler oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiler_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Vackář oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vack%C3%A1%C5%99_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Pierce oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Tri-tet oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-tet_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Cathode follower oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_follower_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Wien bridge oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien_bridge_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Phase-shift oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-shift_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Dynatron oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynatron_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Opto-electronic oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opto-electronic_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Robinson oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_oscillator"}],"sub_title":"List of harmonic oscillator circuits","text":"Some of the many harmonic oscillator circuits are listed below:Armstrong oscillator, a.k.a. Meissner oscillator\nHartley oscillator\nColpitts oscillator\nClapp oscillator\nSeiler oscillator\nVackář oscillator\nPierce oscillator\nTri-tet oscillator\nCathode follower oscillator\nWien bridge oscillator\nPhase-shift oscillator\nCross-coupled oscillator\nDynatron oscillator\nOpto-electronic oscillator\nRobinson oscillator","title":"Harmonic oscillators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OpAmpHystereticOscillator.svg"},{"link_name":"op-amp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-amp"},{"link_name":"relaxation oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxation_oscillator#Comparator%E2%80%93based_electronic_relaxation_oscillator"},{"link_name":"relaxation oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxation_oscillator"},{"link_name":"square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_wave"},{"link_name":"sawtooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawtooth_wave"},{"link_name":"triangle wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_wave"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garg-4"},{"link_name":"capacitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor"},{"link_name":"inductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor"},{"link_name":"latch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latch_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"Schmitt trigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmitt_trigger"},{"link_name":"feedback loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback_loop"},{"link_name":"clock signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signal"},{"link_name":"sequential logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_logic"},{"link_name":"counters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_counter"},{"link_name":"crystal oscillators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator"},{"link_name":"cathode ray tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube"},{"link_name":"oscilloscopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscilloscope"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"voltage-controlled oscillators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-controlled_oscillator"},{"link_name":"inverters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverter"},{"link_name":"switching power supplies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switching_power_supply"},{"link_name":"dual-slope analog to digital converters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-slope_ADC"},{"link_name":"function generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_generator"},{"link_name":"Ring oscillators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Multivibrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivibrator"},{"link_name":"Pearson–Anson oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson%E2%80%93Anson_effect"},{"link_name":"Ring oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Delay-line oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay-line_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Royer oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royer_oscillator"}],"text":"A popular op-amp relaxation oscillator.A nonlinear or relaxation oscillator produces a non-sinusoidal output, such as a square, sawtooth or triangle wave.[4] It consists of an energy-storing element (a capacitor or, more rarely, an inductor) and a nonlinear switching device (a latch, Schmitt trigger, or negative-resistance element) connected in a feedback loop. The switching device periodically charges the storage element with energy and when its voltage or current reaches a threshold discharges it again, thus causing abrupt changes in the output waveform.Square-wave relaxation oscillators are used to provide the clock signal for sequential logic circuits such as timers and counters, although crystal oscillators are often preferred for their greater stability. Triangle-wave or sawtooth oscillators are used in the timebase circuits that generate the horizontal deflection signals for cathode ray tubes in analogue oscilloscopes and television sets. They are also used in voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), inverters and switching power supplies, dual-slope analog to digital converters (ADCs), and in function generators to generate square and triangle waves for testing equipment. In general, relaxation oscillators are used at lower frequencies and have poorer frequency stability than linear oscillators.Ring oscillators are built of a ring of active delay stages. Generally the ring has an odd number of inverting stages, so that there is no single stable state for the internal ring voltages. Instead, a single transition propagates endlessly around the ring.Some of the more common relaxation oscillator circuits are listed below:Multivibrator\nPearson–Anson oscillator\nRing oscillator\nDelay-line oscillator\nRoyer oscillator","title":"Relaxation oscillator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voltage controlled oscillators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_controlled_oscillator"},{"link_name":"phase-locked loops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-locked_loop"},{"link_name":"filters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_filter"},{"link_name":"modulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulator"},{"link_name":"demodulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demodulator"},{"link_name":"frequency synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"varactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varactor"},{"link_name":"tuned circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuned_circuit"},{"link_name":"capacitance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitance"},{"link_name":"resonant frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant_frequency"},{"link_name":"current source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_source"}],"text":"An oscillator can be designed so that the oscillation frequency can be varied over some range by an input voltage or current. These voltage controlled oscillators are widely used in phase-locked loops, in which the oscillator's frequency can be locked to the frequency of another oscillator. These are ubiquitous in modern communications circuits, used in filters, modulators, demodulators, and forming the basis of frequency synthesizer circuits which are used to tune radios and televisions.Radio frequency VCOs are usually made by adding a varactor diode to the tuned circuit or resonator in an oscillator circuit. Changing the DC voltage across the varactor changes its capacitance, which changes the resonant frequency of the tuned circuit. Voltage controlled relaxation oscillators can be constructed by charging and discharging the energy storage capacitor with a voltage controlled current source. Increasing the input voltage increases the rate of charging the capacitor, decreasing the time between switching events.","title":"Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"feedback loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback_loop"},{"link_name":"amplifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier"},{"link_name":"electronic filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_filter"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schubert-11"},{"link_name":"resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance"}],"text":"A feedback oscillator circuit consists of two parts connected in a feedback loop; an amplifier \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n and an electronic filter \n \n \n \n β\n (\n j\n ω\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta (j\\omega )}\n \n. The filter's purpose is to limit the frequencies that can pass through the loop so the circuit only oscillates at the desired frequency.[11] Since the filter and wires in the circuit have resistance they consume energy and the amplitude of the signal drops as it passes through the filter. The amplifier is needed to increase the amplitude of the signal to compensate for the energy lost in the other parts of the circuit, so the loop will oscillate, as well as supply energy to the load attached to the output.","title":"Theory of feedback oscillators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oscillator_diagram1.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oscillator_diagram2.svg"},{"link_name":"loop gain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_gain"},{"link_name":"feedback loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback_loop"},{"link_name":"feedback loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback_loop"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sobot-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carr-13"},{"link_name":"loop gain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_gain"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzalez-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carr-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maas2-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lesurf-16"},{"link_name":"complex number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_of_Complex_Number"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Razavi-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lesurf-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carr-13"},{"link_name":"gain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gain_(electromagnetics)"},{"link_name":"amplification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier"},{"link_name":"amplitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude"},{"link_name":"loop gain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_gain"},{"link_name":"grows exponentially","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schubert-11"},{"link_name":"in phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_phase"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carr-13"},{"link_name":"periodic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_function"},{"link_name":"phase shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_shift"},{"link_name":"radians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radian"},{"link_name":"Barkhausen stability criterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkhausen_stability_criterion"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lesurf-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzalez-14"},{"link_name":"closed loop transfer function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_loop_transfer_function"},{"link_name":"impedance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedance"},{"link_name":"poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_(complex_analysis)"},{"link_name":"imaginary axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_axis"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lesurf-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schubert-11"},{"link_name":"transistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Razavi-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carr-13"},{"link_name":"phase shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_shift"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzalez-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carr-13"},{"link_name":"poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_(complex_analysis)"},{"link_name":"cutoff frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutoff_frequency"},{"link_name":"phase shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_shift"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzalez-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter-18"},{"link_name":"Nyquist stability criterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_stability_criterion"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzalez-14"}],"sub_title":"Frequency of oscillation - the Barkhausen criterion","text":"To determine the loop gain, the feedback loop of the oscillator (left) is considered to be broken at some point (right).To determine the frequency(s) \n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n 0\n \n \n \n =\n \n 2\n π\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega _{0}\\;=\\;2\\pi f_{0}}\n \n at which a feedback oscillator circuit will oscillate, the feedback loop is thought of as broken at some point (see diagrams) to give an input and output port. A sine wave is applied to the input \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n i\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n =\n \n V\n \n i\n \n \n \n e\n \n j\n ω\n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{i}(t)=V_{i}e^{j\\omega t}}\n \n and the amplitude and phase of the sine wave after going through the loop \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n o\n \n \n =\n \n V\n \n o\n \n \n \n e\n \n j\n (\n ω\n t\n +\n ϕ\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{o}=V_{o}e^{j(\\omega t+\\phi )}}\n \n is calculated[12][13]v\n \n o\n \n \n =\n A\n \n v\n \n f\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{o}=Av_{f}\\,}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n f\n \n \n =\n β\n (\n j\n ω\n )\n \n v\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{f}=\\beta (j\\omega )v_{i}\\,}\n \n so \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n o\n \n \n =\n A\n β\n (\n j\n ω\n )\n \n v\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{o}=A\\beta (j\\omega )v_{i}\\,}Since in the complete circuit \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n o\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{o}}\n \n is connected to \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{i}}\n \n, for oscillations to existv\n \n o\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n =\n \n v\n \n i\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{o}(t)=v_{i}(t)}The ratio of output to input of the loop, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n o\n \n \n \n v\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n =\n A\n β\n (\n j\n ω\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {v_{o} \\over v_{i}}=A\\beta (j\\omega )}\n \n, is called the loop gain. So the condition for oscillation is that the loop gain must be one[14]: p.3–5 [13][15][16]A\n β\n (\n j\n \n ω\n \n 0\n \n \n )\n =\n 1\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\beta (j\\omega _{0})=1\\,}Since \n \n \n \n A\n β\n (\n j\n ω\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\beta (j\\omega )}\n \n is a complex number with two parts, a magnitude and an angle, the above equation actually consists of two conditions:[17][16][13]The magnitude of the gain (amplification) around the loop at ω0 must be unity|\n \n A\n \n |\n \n \n |\n \n β\n (\n j\n \n ω\n \n 0\n \n \n )\n \n |\n \n =\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (1)\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |A||\\beta (j\\omega _{0})|=1\\,\\qquad \\qquad \\qquad \\qquad \\qquad \\qquad {\\text{(1)}}}\n \n\nso that after a trip around the loop the sine wave is the same amplitude. It can be seen intuitively that if the loop gain were greater than one, the amplitude of the sinusoidal signal would increase as it travels around the loop, resulting in a sine wave that grows exponentially with time, without bound.[11] If the loop gain were less than one, the signal would decrease around the loop, resulting in an exponentially decaying sine wave that decreases to zero.The sine wave at the end of the loop must be in phase with the wave at the beginning of the loop.[13] Since the sine wave is periodic and repeats every 2π radians, this means that the phase shift around the loop at the oscillation frequency ω0 must be zero or a multiple of 2π radians (360°)∠\n A\n +\n ∠\n β\n =\n 2\n π\n n\n \n n\n ∈\n 0\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 2...\n \n \n \n \n (2)\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\angle A+\\angle \\beta =2\\pi n\\qquad n\\in 0,1,2...\\,\\qquad \\qquad {\\text{(2)}}}Equations (1) and (2) are called the Barkhausen stability criterion.[16][14]: p.3–5 It is a necessary but not a sufficient criterion for oscillation, so there are some circuits which satisfy these equations that will not oscillate. An equivalent condition often used instead of the Barkhausen condition is that the circuit's closed loop transfer function (the circuit's complex impedance at its output) have a pair of poles on the imaginary axis.In general, the phase shift of the feedback network increases with increasing frequency so there are only a few discrete frequencies (often only one) which satisfy the second equation.[16][11] If the amplifier gain \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n is high enough that the loop gain is unity (or greater, see Startup section) at one of these frequencies, the circuit will oscillate at that frequency. Many amplifiers such as common-emitter transistor circuits are \"inverting\", meaning that their output voltage decreases when their input increases.[17][13] In these the amplifier provides 180° phase shift, so the circuit will oscillate at the frequency at which the feedback network provides the other 180° phase shift.[14]: p.3–5 [13]At frequencies well below the poles of the amplifying device, the amplifier will act as a pure gain \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n, but if the oscillation frequency \n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega _{0}}\n \n is near the amplifier's cutoff frequency \n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n C\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega _{C}}\n \n, within \n \n \n \n 0.1\n \n ω\n \n C\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0.1\\omega _{C}}\n \n, the active device can no longer be considered a 'pure gain', and it will contribute some phase shift to the loop.[14]: p.3–5 [18]An alternate mathematical stability test sometimes used instead of the Barkhausen criterion is the Nyquist stability criterion.[14]: p.6–7 This has a wider applicability than the Barkhausen, so it can identify some of the circuits which pass the Barkhausen criterion but do not oscillate.","title":"Theory of feedback oscillators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephan1-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vidkjaer-20"},{"link_name":"tank circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_circuit"},{"link_name":"Q factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_factor"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephan1-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephan1-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vidkjaer-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huijsing-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kazimierczuk-22"},{"link_name":"tank circuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_circuit"},{"link_name":"resonant frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant_frequency"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephan1-19"},{"link_name":"tuned circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuned_circuit"},{"link_name":"crystal oscillators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kazimierczuk-22"}],"sub_title":"Frequency stability","text":"Temperature changes, aging, and manufacturing tolerances will cause component values to \"drift\" away from their designed values.[19][20] Changes in frequency determining components such as the tank circuit in LC oscillators will cause the oscillation frequency to change, so for a constant frequency these components must have stable values. How stable the oscillator's frequency is to other changes in the circuit, such as changes in values of other components, gain of the amplifier, the load impedance, or the supply voltage, is mainly dependent on the Q factor (\"quality factor\") of the feedback filter.[19] Since the amplitude of the output is constant due to the nonlinearity of the amplifier (see Startup section below), changes in component values cause changes in the phase shift \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n =\n \n ∠\n A\n β\n (\n j\n ω\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi \\;=\\;\\angle A\\beta (j\\omega )}\n \n of the feedback loop. Since oscillation can only occur at frequencies where the phase shift is a multiple of 360°, \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n =\n \n 360\n \n n\n \n ∘\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi \\;=\\;360n^{\\circ }}\n \n, shifts in component values cause the oscillation frequency \n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega _{0}}\n \n to change to bring the loop phase back to 360n°. The amount of frequency change \n \n \n \n Δ\n ω\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\omega }\n \n caused by a given phase change \n \n \n \n Δ\n ϕ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\phi }\n \n depends on the slope of the loop phase curve at \n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega _{0}}\n \n, which is determined by the \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q}\n \n[19][20][21]\n[22]d\n ϕ\n \n \n d\n ω\n \n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n =\n −\n \n \n \n 2\n Q\n \n \n ω\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {d\\phi \\over d\\omega }{\\Bigg |}_{\\omega _{0}}=-{2Q \\over \\omega _{0}}\\,}\n \n so \n \n \n \n Δ\n ω\n =\n −\n \n \n \n ω\n \n 0\n \n \n \n 2\n Q\n \n \n \n Δ\n ϕ\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\omega =-{\\omega _{0} \\over 2Q}\\Delta \\phi \\,}RC oscillators have the equivalent of a very low \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q}\n \n, so the phase changes very slowly with frequency, therefore a given phase change will cause a large change in the frequency. In contrast, LC oscillators have tank circuits with high \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q}\n \n (~102). This means the phase shift of the feedback network increases rapidly with frequency near the resonant frequency of the tank circuit.[19] So a large change in phase causes only a small change in frequency. Therefore the circuit's oscillation frequency is very close to the natural resonant frequency of the tuned circuit, and doesn't depend much on other components in the circuit. The quartz crystal resonators used in crystal oscillators have even higher \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q}\n \n (104 to 106)[22] and their frequency is very stable and independent of other circuit components.","title":"Theory of feedback oscillators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microwave cavity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_cavity"},{"link_name":"quartz crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator"},{"link_name":"resonator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonator"},{"link_name":"resonant frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant_frequency"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gottlieb-5"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Froehlich-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misra-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terman-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrequencyManagement-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scroggie-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vig-28"},{"link_name":"trimmer capacitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimmer_capacitor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gottlieb-5"}],"sub_title":"Tunability","text":"The frequency of RC and LC oscillators can be tuned over a wide range by using variable components in the filter. A microwave cavity can be tuned mechanically by moving one of the walls. In contrast, a quartz crystal is a mechanical resonator whose resonant frequency is mainly determined by its dimensions, so a crystal oscillator's frequency is only adjustable over a very narrow range, a tiny fraction of one percent.[5]: p.39–40 [23][24][25][26]\n[27]\n[28] It's frequency can be changed slightly by using a trimmer capacitor in series or parallel with the crystal.[5]: p.39–40","title":"Theory of feedback oscillators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barkhausen criterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkhausen_stability_criterion"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephan2-29"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzalez-14"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECE3434-30"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lesurf-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schubert-11"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Razavi-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzalez-14"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECE3434-30"},{"link_name":"nonlinear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_circuit"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lesurf-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schubert-11"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rhea-31"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Razavi-17"},{"link_name":"electronic noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_noise"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzalez-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gottlieb-5"},{"link_name":"Q point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_point"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lesurf-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schubert-11"},{"link_name":"linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_circuit"},{"link_name":"nonlinear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_circuit"},{"link_name":"frequency domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_domain"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toumazou-32"},{"link_name":"harmonic balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_balance"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lesurf-16"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberge-33"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gottlieb-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lesurf-16"},{"link_name":"saturation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limiting"},{"link_name":"clipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipping_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"transistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor"},{"link_name":"vacuum tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube"},{"link_name":"op-amp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-amp"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rhea-31"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tang-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Razavi2-35"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzalez-14"},{"link_name":"slew rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slew_rate"},{"link_name":"power supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply"},{"link_name":"clipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipping_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter-18"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECE3434-30"},{"link_name":"steady state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady_state"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lesurf-16"},{"link_name":"harmonic distortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_distortion"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECE3434-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rhea-31"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter-18"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schubert-11"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter-18"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_factor"},{"link_name":"crystal oscillators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator"}],"sub_title":"Startup and amplitude of oscillation","text":"The Barkhausen criterion above, eqs. (1) and (2), merely gives the frequencies at which steady-state oscillation is possible, but says nothing about the amplitude of the oscillation, whether the amplitude is stable, or whether the circuit will start oscillating when the power is turned on.[29][14]: p.5 [30] For a practical oscillator two additional requirements are necessary:In order for oscillations to start up in the circuit from zero, the circuit must have \"excess gain\"; the loop gain for small signals must be greater than one at its oscillation frequency[16][11][17][14]: p.3–5 [30]|\n \n A\n β\n (\n j\n \n ω\n \n 0\n \n \n )\n \n |\n \n >\n 1\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |A\\beta (j\\omega _{0})|>1\\,}For stable operation, the feedback loop must include a nonlinear component which reduces the gain back to unity as the amplitude increases to its operating value.[16][11]A typical rule of thumb is to make the small signal loop gain at the oscillation frequency 2 or 3.[31][17] When the power is turned on, oscillation is started by the power turn-on transient or random electronic noise present in the circuit.[14]: p.5 [5]: p.113–114 Noise guarantees that the circuit will not remain \"balanced\" precisely at its unstable DC equilibrium point (Q point) indefinitely. Due to the narrow passband of the filter, the response of the circuit to a noise pulse will be sinusoidal, it will excite a small sine wave of voltage in the loop. Since for small signals the loop gain is greater than one, the amplitude of the sine wave increases exponentially.[16][11]During startup, while the amplitude of the oscillation is small, the circuit is approximately linear, so the analysis used in the Barkhausen criterion is applicable. When the amplitude becomes large enough that the amplifier becomes nonlinear, technically the frequency domain analysis used in normal amplifier circuits is no longer applicable, so the \"gain\" of the circuit is undefined. However the filter attenuates the harmonic components produced by the nonlinearity of the amplifier, so the fundamental frequency component \n \n \n \n sin\n \n \n ω\n \n 0\n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sin \\omega _{0}t}\n \n mainly determines the loop gain[32] (this is the \"harmonic balance\" analysis technique for nonlinear circuits).The sine wave cannot grow indefinitely; in all real oscillators some nonlinear process in the circuit limits its amplitude,[16][33][5]: p.120 reducing the gain as the amplitude increases, resulting in stable operation at some constant amplitude.[16] In most oscillators this nonlinearity is simply the saturation (limiting or clipping) of the amplifying device, the transistor, vacuum tube or op-amp.[31][34][35][14]: p.5 The maximum voltage swing of the amplifier's output is limited by the DC voltage provided by its power supply. Another possibility is that the output may be limited by the amplifier slew rate.As the amplitude of the output nears the power supply voltage rails, the amplifier begins to saturate on the peaks (top and bottom) of the sine wave, flattening or \"clipping\" the peaks.[18] Since the output of the amplifier can no longer increase with increasing input, further increases in amplitude cause the equivalent gain of the amplifier and thus the loop gain to decrease.[30] The amplitude of the sine wave, and the resulting clipping, continues to grow until the loop gain is reduced to unity, \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n A\n β\n (\n j\n \n ω\n \n 0\n \n \n )\n \n |\n \n \n =\n \n 1\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |A\\beta (j\\omega _{0})|\\;=\\;1\\,}\n \n, satisfying the Barkhausen criterion, at which point the amplitude levels off and steady state operation is achieved,[16] with the output a slightly distorted sine wave with peak amplitude determined by the supply voltage. This is a stable equilibrium; if the amplitude of the sine wave increases for some reason, increased clipping of the output causes the loop gain \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n A\n β\n (\n j\n \n ω\n \n 0\n \n \n )\n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |A\\beta (j\\omega _{0})|}\n \n to drop below one temporarily, reducing the sine wave's amplitude back to its unity-gain value. Similarly if the amplitude of the wave decreases, the decreased clipping will cause the loop gain to increase above one, increasing the amplitude.The amount of harmonic distortion in the output is dependent on how much excess loop gain the circuit has:[30][31][18][11]If the small signal loop gain is made close to one, just slightly greater, the output waveform will have minimum distortion, and the frequency will be most stable and independent of supply voltage and load impedance. However, the oscillator may be slow starting up, and a small decrease in gain due to a variation in component values may prevent it from oscillating.\nIf the small signal loop gain is made significantly greater than one, the oscillator starts up faster, but more severe clipping of the sine wave occurs, and thus the resulting distortion of the output waveform increases. The oscillation frequency becomes more dependent on the supply voltage and current drawn by the load.[18]An exception to the above are high Q oscillator circuits such as crystal oscillators; the narrow bandwidth of the crystal removes the harmonics from the output, producing a 'pure' sinusoidal wave with almost no distortion even with large loop gains.","title":"Theory of feedback oscillators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frequency domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_domain"},{"link_name":"Laplace transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_transform"},{"link_name":"root locus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_locus"},{"link_name":"Bode plots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bode_plot"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephan2-29"},{"link_name":"electronic circuit simulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuit_simulation"},{"link_name":"SPICE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPICE"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephan2-29"},{"link_name":"Barkhausen stability criterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkhausen_stability_criterion"},{"link_name":"Nyquist stability criterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_stability_criterion"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schubert-11"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephan2-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rhea-31"},{"link_name":"limit cycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_cycle"},{"link_name":"nonlinear control theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_control_theory"}],"sub_title":"Design procedure","text":"Since oscillators depend on nonlinearity for their operation, the usual linear frequency domain circuit analysis techniques used for amplifiers based on the Laplace transform, such as root locus and gain and phase plots (Bode plots), cannot capture their full behavior.[29] To determine startup and transient behavior and calculate the detailed shape of the output waveform, electronic circuit simulation computer programs like SPICE are used.[29] A typical design procedure for oscillator circuits is to use linear techniques such as the Barkhausen stability criterion or Nyquist stability criterion to design the circuit, then simulate the circuit on computer to make sure it starts up reliably and to determine the nonlinear aspects of operation such as harmonic distortion.[11][29][31] Component values are tweaked until the simulation results are satisfactory. The distorted oscillations of real-world (nonlinear) oscillators are called limit cycles and are studied in nonlinear control theory.","title":"Theory of feedback oscillators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"distortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_distortion"},{"link_name":"signal generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_generator"},{"link_name":"FETs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_effect_transistor"},{"link_name":"thermistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor"},{"link_name":"incandescent light bulb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb"},{"link_name":"time constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_constant"},{"link_name":"period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency"},{"link_name":"automatic gain control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_gain_control"},{"link_name":"Wein bridge oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wein_bridge_oscillator"}],"sub_title":"Amplitude-stabilized oscillators","text":"In applications where a 'pure' very low distortion sine wave is needed, such as precision signal generators, a nonlinear component is often used in the feedback loop that provides a 'slow' gain reduction with amplitude. This stabilizes the loop gain at an amplitude below the saturation level of the amplifier, so it does not saturate and \"clip\" the sine wave. Resistor-diode networks and FETs are often used for the nonlinear element. An older design uses a thermistor or an ordinary incandescent light bulb; both provide a resistance that increases with temperature as the current through them increases.As the amplitude of the signal current through them increases during oscillator startup, the increasing resistance of these devices reduces the loop gain. The essential characteristic of all these circuits is that the nonlinear gain-control circuit must have a long time constant, much longer than a single period of the oscillation. Therefore over a single cycle they act as virtually linear elements, and so introduce very little distortion. The operation of these circuits is somewhat analogous to an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit in a radio receiver. The Wein bridge oscillator is a widely used circuit in which this type of gain stabilization is used.","title":"Theory of feedback oscillators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parasitic capacitance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_capacitance"},{"link_name":"parasitic inductance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_inductance"},{"link_name":"parasitic oscillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_oscillation"},{"link_name":"input impedance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_impedance"}],"sub_title":"Frequency limitations","text":"At high frequencies it becomes difficult to physically implement feedback oscillators because of shortcomings of the components. Since at high frequencies the tank circuit has very small capacitance and inductance, parasitic capacitance and parasitic inductance of component leads and PCB traces become significant. These may create unwanted feedback paths between the output and input of the active device, creating instability and oscillations at unwanted frequencies (parasitic oscillation). Parasitic feedback paths inside the active device itself, such as the interelectrode capacitance between output and input, make the device unstable. The input impedance of the active device falls with frequency, so it may load the feedback network. As a result, stable feedback oscillators are difficult to build for frequencies above 500 MHz, and negative resistance oscillators are usually used for frequencies above this.","title":"Theory of feedback oscillators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electric arcs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc"},{"link_name":"arc light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_lamp"},{"link_name":"negative resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_resistance"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hong-36"},{"link_name":"Humphry Davy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Silliman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Silliman"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Auguste Arthur de la Rive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Arthur_de_la_Rive"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"David Edward Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Edward_Hughes"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Ernst Lecher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Lecher"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anders-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cady-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ayrton-42"},{"link_name":"Elihu Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_Thomson"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"LC tuned circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC_circuit"},{"link_name":"George Francis FitzGerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Francis_FitzGerald"},{"link_name":"parametric oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_oscillator"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fitzgerald-45"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hong-36"},{"link_name":"William Duddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Duddell"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"LC circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC_circuit"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hong-36"},{"link_name":"Institute of Electrical Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers"},{"link_name":"God Save the Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Save_the_King"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hong-36"},{"link_name":"Valdemar Poulsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemar_Poulsen"},{"link_name":"Poulsen arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poulsen_arc"},{"link_name":"radio transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_transmitter"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parallel_rod_push-pull_120MHz_oscillator.jpg"},{"link_name":"transmission line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_line"},{"link_name":"Lecher line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecher_line"},{"link_name":"audion (triode)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audion"},{"link_name":"vacuum tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hempstead-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Edwin Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"radio receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_receiver"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleming-53"},{"link_name":"regenerative receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_receiver"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hong2-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armstrong-55"},{"link_name":"Alexander Meissner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Meissner"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleming-53"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hong_2003_13-56"},{"link_name":"Irving Langmuir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hong_2003_13-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleming-53"},{"link_name":"Lee De Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Forest"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hijiya-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nahin-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nahin-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hijiya-59"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nahin-61"},{"link_name":"astable multivibrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astable_multivibrator"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abraham-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glazebrook-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Calvert-66"},{"link_name":"harmonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glazebrook-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Calvert-66"},{"link_name":"triode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Barkhausen–Kurz oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkhausen%E2%80%93Kurz_tube"},{"link_name":"UHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency"},{"link_name":"klystron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klystron"},{"link_name":"magnetron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetron"},{"link_name":"Barkhausen criterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkhausen_stability_criterion"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Georg Barkhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Georg_Barkhausen"},{"link_name":"Van der Pol oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Pol_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Balthasar van der Pol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthasar_van_der_Pol"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_der_Pol-67"},{"link_name":"limit cycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_cycle"},{"link_name":"nonlinearity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_circuit"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Wade Bode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Wade_Bode"},{"link_name":"Harry Nyquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Nyquist"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nyquist-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurokawa-69"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maas-10"}],"text":"The first practical oscillators were based on electric arcs, which were used for lighting in the 19th century. The current through an arc light is unstable due to its negative resistance, and often breaks into spontaneous oscillations, causing the arc to make hissing, humming or howling sounds[36]: p.161–165 which had been noticed by Humphry Davy in 1821, Benjamin Silliman in 1822,[37] Auguste Arthur de la Rive in 1846,[38] and David Edward Hughes in 1878.[39] Ernst Lecher in 1888 showed that the current through an electric arc could be oscillatory.[40][41][42]An oscillator was built by Elihu Thomson in 1892[43][44] by placing an LC tuned circuit in parallel with an electric arc and included a magnetic blowout. Independently, in the same year, George Francis FitzGerald realized that if the damping resistance in a resonant circuit could be made zero or negative, the circuit would produce oscillations, and, unsuccessfully, tried to build a negative resistance oscillator with a dynamo, what would now be called a parametric oscillator.[45][36]: p.161–165 The arc oscillator was rediscovered and popularized by William Duddell in 1900.[46][47] Duddell, a student at London Technical College, was investigating the hissing arc effect. He attached an LC circuit (tuned circuit) to the electrodes of an arc lamp, and the negative resistance of the arc excited oscillation in the tuned circuit.[36]: p.161–165 Some of the energy was radiated as sound waves by the arc, producing a musical tone. Duddell demonstrated his oscillator before the London Institute of Electrical Engineers by sequentially connecting different tuned circuits across the arc to play the national anthem \"God Save the Queen\".[36]: p.161–165 Duddell's \"singing arc\" did not generate frequencies above the audio range. In 1902 Danish physicists Valdemar Poulsen and P. O. Pederson were able to increase the frequency produced into the radio range by operating the arc in a hydrogen atmosphere with a magnetic field, inventing the Poulsen arc radio transmitter, the first continuous wave radio transmitter, which was used through the 1920s.[48][49][50]A 120 MHz oscillator from 1938 using a parallel rod transmission line resonator (Lecher line). Transmission lines are widely used for UHF oscillators.The vacuum-tube feedback oscillator was invented around 1912, when it was discovered that feedback (\"regeneration\") in the recently invented audion (triode) vacuum tube could produce oscillations. At least six researchers independently made this discovery, although not all of them can be said to have a role in the invention of the oscillator.[51][52] In the summer of 1912, Edwin Armstrong observed oscillations in audion radio receiver circuits[53] and went on to use positive feedback in his invention of the regenerative receiver.[54][55] Austrian Alexander Meissner independently discovered positive feedback and invented oscillators in March 1913.[53][56] Irving Langmuir at General Electric observed feedback in 1913.[56] Fritz Lowenstein may have preceded the others with a crude oscillator in late 1911.[57] In Britain, H. J. Round patented amplifying and oscillating circuits in 1913.[53] In August 1912, Lee De Forest, the inventor of the audion, had also observed oscillations in his amplifiers, but he didn't understand the significance and tried to eliminate it[58][59] until he read Armstrong's patents in 1914,[60] which he promptly challenged.[61] Armstrong and De Forest fought a protracted legal battle over the rights to the \"regenerative\" oscillator circuit[61][62] which has been called \"the most complicated patent litigation in the history of radio\".[63] De Forest ultimately won before the Supreme Court in 1934 on technical grounds, but most sources regard Armstrong's claim as the stronger one.[59][61]The first and most widely used relaxation oscillator circuit, the astable multivibrator, was invented in 1917 by French engineers Henri Abraham and Eugene Bloch.[64][65][66] They called their cross-coupled, dual-vacuum-tube circuit a multivibrateur, because the square-wave signal it produced was rich in harmonics,[65][66] compared to the sinusoidal signal of other vacuum-tube oscillators.Vacuum-tube feedback oscillators became the basis of radio transmission by 1920. However, the triode vacuum tube oscillator performed poorly above 300 MHz because of interelectrode capacitance.[citation needed] To reach higher frequencies, new \"transit time\" (velocity modulation) vacuum tubes were developed, in which electrons traveled in \"bunches\" through the tube. The first of these was the Barkhausen–Kurz oscillator (1920), the first tube to produce power in the UHF range. The most important and widely used were the klystron (R. and S. Varian, 1937) and the cavity magnetron (J. Randall and H. Boot, 1940).Mathematical conditions for feedback oscillations, now called the Barkhausen criterion, were derived by Heinrich Georg Barkhausen in 1921. The first analysis of a nonlinear electronic oscillator model, the Van der Pol oscillator, was done by Balthasar van der Pol in 1927.[67] He showed that the stability of the oscillations (limit cycles) in actual oscillators was due to the nonlinearity of the amplifying device. He originated the term \"relaxation oscillation\" and was first to distinguish between linear and relaxation oscillators. Further advances in mathematical analysis of oscillation were made by Hendrik Wade Bode and Harry Nyquist[68] in the 1930s. In 1969 Kaneyuki Kurokawa derived necessary and sufficient conditions for oscillation in negative-resistance circuits,[69] which form the basis of modern microwave oscillator design.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-471-72342-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-72342-8"},{"link_name":"E. Rubiola, Phase Noise and Frequency Stability in Oscillators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521886772"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-88677-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88677-2"}],"text":"Ulrich Rohde, Ajay Poddar, and Georg Bock, The Design of Modern Microwave Oscillators for Wireless Applications: Theory and Optimization, (543 pages) John Wiley & Sons, 2005, ISBN 0-471-72342-8.\nE. Rubiola, Phase Noise and Frequency Stability in Oscillators Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-521-88677-2.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Simple relaxation oscillator made by feeding back an inverting Schmitt trigger's output voltage through a RC network to its input.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Animated_schmitt-trigger-oscillator.gif/220px-Animated_schmitt-trigger-oscillator.gif"},{"image_text":"Crystal oscillator","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Integrierter_Quarzoszillator_%28smial%29.jpg/118px-Integrierter_Quarzoszillator_%28smial%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Block diagram of a feedback linear oscillator; an amplifier A with its output vo fed back into its input vf through a filter, β(jω).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Oscillator_diagram1.svg/220px-Oscillator_diagram1.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Two common LC oscillator circuits, the Hartley and Colpitts oscillators","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oscillator_comparison.svg/400px-Oscillator_comparison.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A popular op-amp relaxation oscillator.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/OpAmpHystereticOscillator.svg/220px-OpAmpHystereticOscillator.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A 120 MHz oscillator from 1938 using a parallel rod transmission line resonator (Lecher line). Transmission lines are widely used for UHF oscillators.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Parallel_rod_push-pull_120MHz_oscillator.jpg/220px-Parallel_rod_push-pull_120MHz_oscillator.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Injection locked oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_locked_oscillator"},{"title":"Numerically controlled oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerically_controlled_oscillator"},{"title":"Extended interaction oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_interaction_oscillator"},{"title":"Variable-frequency drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-frequency_drive"},{"title":"Thin-film bulk acoustic resonator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_bulk_acoustic_resonator"}]
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[{"reference":"Snelgrove, Martin (2011). \"Oscillator\". McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 10th Ed., Science Access online service. McGraw-Hill. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130719125711/http://accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=477900&referURL=http%3A%2F%2Faccessscience.com%2Fcontent.aspx%3Fid%3D477900","url_text":"\"Oscillator\""},{"url":"http://accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=477900&referURL=http%3a%2f%2faccessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fid%3d477900","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chattopadhyay, D. (2006). Electronics (fundamentals And Applications). New Age International. pp. 224–225. ISBN 978-81-224-1780-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n0rf9_2ckeYC&q=%22negative+resistance%22&pg=PA224","url_text":"Electronics (fundamentals And Applications)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1780-7","url_text":"978-81-224-1780-7"}]},{"reference":"Horowitz, Paul; Hill, Winfield (2015). The Art of Electronics. USA. p. 425. ISBN 978-0-521-80926-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80926-9","url_text":"978-0-521-80926-9"}]},{"reference":"Garg, Rakesh Kumar; Ashish Dixit; Pavan Yadav (2008). Basic Electronics. Firewall Media. p. 280. ISBN 978-8131803028.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9SOdnsHA2IYC&pg=PA280","url_text":"Basic Electronics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8131803028","url_text":"978-8131803028"}]},{"reference":"Gottlieb, Irving M. (1997). Practical Oscillator Handbook. Elsevier. ISBN 0080539386.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e_oZ69GAuxAC&dq=pull+pulling&pg=PA40","url_text":"Practical Oscillator Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0080539386","url_text":"0080539386"}]},{"reference":"APITech. \"SAW Technology\". info.apitech.com. Retrieved 2021-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://info.apitech.com/saw-technology-va","url_text":"\"SAW Technology\""}]},{"reference":"Kung, Fabian Wai Lee (2009). \"Lesson 9: Oscillator Design\" (PDF). RF/Microwave Circuit Design. Prof. Kung's website, Multimedia University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150722165131/http://pesona.mmu.edu.my/~wlkung/ADS/rf/lesson9.pdf","url_text":"\"Lesson 9: Oscillator Design\""},{"url":"http://pesona.mmu.edu.my/~wlkung/ADS/rf/lesson9.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Räisänen, Antti V.; Arto Lehto (2003). Radio Engineering for Wireless Communication and Sensor Applications. USA: Artech House. pp. 180–182. ISBN 978-1580535427.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m8Dgkvf84xoC&pg=PA181","url_text":"Radio Engineering for Wireless Communication and Sensor Applications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1580535427","url_text":"978-1580535427"}]},{"reference":"Ellinger, Frank (2008). Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits and Technologies, 2nd Ed. USA: Springer. pp. 391–394. ISBN 978-3540693246.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0pl9xYD0QNMC&pg=PA391","url_text":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits and Technologies, 2nd Ed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3540693246","url_text":"978-3540693246"}]},{"reference":"Maas, Stephen A. (2003). Nonlinear Microwave and RF Circuits, 2nd Ed. Artech House. pp. 542–544. ISBN 978-1580534840.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SSw6gWLG-d4C&pg=PA542","url_text":"Nonlinear Microwave and RF Circuits, 2nd Ed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1580534840","url_text":"978-1580534840"}]},{"reference":"Schubert, Thomas F. Jr.; Kim, Ernest M. (2016). Fundamentals of Electronics. Book 4: Oscillators and Advanced Electronics Topics. Morgan and Claypool. pp. 926–928. ISBN 978-1627055697.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uNQlDAAAQBAJ&dq=nonlinearity&pg=PA927","url_text":"Fundamentals of Electronics. Book 4: Oscillators and Advanced Electronics Topics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1627055697","url_text":"978-1627055697"}]},{"reference":"Sobot, Robert (2012). Wireless Communication Electronics: Introduction to RF Circuits and Design Techniques. Springer Science and Business Media. pp. 221–222. ISBN 978-1461411161.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SdGaiV6iup0C&dq=oscillator+gain+phase+barkhausen&pg=PA221","url_text":"Wireless Communication Electronics: Introduction to RF Circuits and Design Techniques"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1461411161","url_text":"978-1461411161"}]},{"reference":"Carr, Joe (2002). RF Components and Circuits. Newnes. pp. 125–126. ISBN 0080498078.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V9gBTNvt3zIC&dq=barkhausen+inverting*180+%22phase+shift%22&pg=PA126","url_text":"RF Components and Circuits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0080498078","url_text":"0080498078"}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez, Guillermo (2006). Foundations of Oscillator Circuit Design (PDF). Artech House. ISBN 9781596931633.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artechhouse.com/uploads/public/documents/chapters/Gonzalez-162_CH01.pdf","url_text":"Foundations of Oscillator Circuit Design"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781596931633","url_text":"9781596931633"}]},{"reference":"Maas, Stephen A. (2003). Nonlinear Microwave and RF Circuits. Artech House. pp. 537–540. ISBN 1580536115.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SSw6gWLG-d4C&dq=gain+phase&pg=PA537","url_text":"Nonlinear Microwave and RF Circuits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1580536115","url_text":"1580536115"}]},{"reference":"Lesurf, Jim (2006). \"Feedback Oscillators\". The Scots Guide to Electronics. School of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of St. Andrewes, Scotland. Retrieved 28 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_pa/Scots_Guide/RadCom/part4/page1.html","url_text":"\"Feedback Oscillators\""}]},{"reference":"Razavi, Behzad (2001). Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits. The McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 482–484. ISBN 7302108862.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hl6JZ8DKlFwC&dq=Barkhausen&pg=PA483","url_text":"Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/7302108862","url_text":"7302108862"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Bruce; Mancini, Ron (2009). Op Amps for Everyone, 3rd Ed. Elsevier. pp. 345–347. ISBN 9781856175050.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nnCNsjpicJIC&pg=PA346","url_text":"Op Amps for Everyone, 3rd Ed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781856175050","url_text":"9781856175050"}]},{"reference":"Stephan, Karl (2015). Analog and Mixed-Signal Electronics. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 192–193. ISBN 978-1119051800.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cDAABwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192","url_text":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Electronics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119051800","url_text":"978-1119051800"}]},{"reference":"Vidkjaer, Jens. \"Ch. 6: Oscillators\" (PDF). Class Notes: 31415 RF Communications Circuits. Technical Univ. of Denmark. Retrieved October 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://rftoolbox.dtu.dk/book/Ch6.pdf","url_text":"\"Ch. 6: Oscillators\""}]},{"reference":"Huijsing, Johan; van de Plassche, Rudy J.; Sansen, Willy (2013). Analog Circuit Design. Springer Scientific and Business Media. p. 77. ISBN 978-1475724622.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B8fSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77","url_text":"Analog Circuit Design"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1475724622","url_text":"978-1475724622"}]},{"reference":"Kazimierczuk, Marian K. (2014). RF Power Amplifiers, 2nd Ed. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 586–587. ISBN 978-1118844335.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-U7YBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA587","url_text":"RF Power Amplifiers, 2nd Ed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118844335","url_text":"978-1118844335"}]},{"reference":"Froehlich, Fritz E.; Kent, Allen (1991). The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications, Volume 3. CRC Press. p. 448. ISBN 0824729021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QQcfD_iWlPYC&dq=%22crystal+oscillator%22+tuning+stiffness&pg=PA448","url_text":"The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications, Volume 3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824729021","url_text":"0824729021"}]},{"reference":"Misra, Devendra (2004). Radio-Frequency and Microwave Communication Circuits: Analysis and Design. John Wiley. p. 494. ISBN 0471478733.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7nWN_pGQKnMC&dq=%22crystal+oscillator%22+pulling+%22tuning+range%22&pg=PA494","url_text":"Radio-Frequency and Microwave Communication Circuits: Analysis and Design"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471478733","url_text":"0471478733"}]},{"reference":"Terman, Frederick E. (1943). Radio Engineer's Handbook (PDF). McGraw-Hill. p. 497.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itermoionici.it/letteratura_files/Radio-Engineers-Handbook.pdf","url_text":"Radio Engineer's Handbook"}]},{"reference":"\"Oscillator Application Notes\" (PDF). Support. Frequency Management International, CA. Retrieved October 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.frequencymanagement.com/web_pdfs/cat_pdfs_applicationNotes/45-49.PDF","url_text":"\"Oscillator Application Notes\""}]},{"reference":"Scroggie, M. G.; Amos, S. W. (2013). Foundations of Wireless and Electronics. Elsevier. pp. 241–242. ISBN 978-1483105574.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ihABBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22fixed+frequency%22+%22hardly+anything+about+it+that+can+vary%22&pg=PA242","url_text":"Foundations of Wireless and Electronics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1483105574","url_text":"978-1483105574"}]},{"reference":"Thurston, R. N.; Pierce, Allan D.; Papadakis, Emmanuel P. (1998). Reference for Modern Instrumentation, Techniques, and Technology: Ultrasonic Instruments and Devices II. Elsevier. p. 227. ISBN 0080538916.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0lvCkB6y4dwC&dq=%22crystal+oscillator%22+tuning+stiffness&pg=PA227","url_text":"Reference for Modern Instrumentation, Techniques, and Technology: Ultrasonic Instruments and Devices II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0080538916","url_text":"0080538916"}]},{"reference":"Stephan, Karl (2015). Analog and Mixed-Signal Electronics. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 187–188. ISBN 978-1119051800.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cDAABwAAQBAJ&pg=PA188","url_text":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Electronics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119051800","url_text":"978-1119051800"}]},{"reference":"\"Sinusoidal Oscillators\" (DOC). Course notes: ECE3434 Advanced Electronic Circuits. Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., Mississippi State University. Summer 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://courses.ece.msstate.edu/ece3434/notes/oscillators/Oscillator.doc","url_text":"\"Sinusoidal Oscillators\""}]},{"reference":"Rhea, Randall W. (2014). Discrete Oscillator Design: Linear, Nonlinear, Transient, and Noise Domains. Artech House. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-1608070480.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Op56QdHFPUC&pg=PA11","url_text":"Discrete Oscillator Design: Linear, Nonlinear, Transient, and Noise Domains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608070480","url_text":"978-1608070480"}]},{"reference":"Toumazou, Chris; Moschytz, George S.; Gilbert, Barrie (2004). Trade-Offs in Analog Circuit Design: The Designer's Companion, Part 1. Springer Science and Business Media. pp. 565–566. ISBN 9781402080463.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VoBIOvirkiMC&dq=nonlinear&pg=PA565","url_text":"Trade-Offs in Analog Circuit Design: The Designer's Companion, Part 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402080463","url_text":"9781402080463"}]},{"reference":"Roberge, James K. (1975). Operational Amplifiers: Theory and Practice (PDF). John Wiley and Sons. pp. 487–488. ISBN 0471725854.","urls":[{"url":"http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-010-electronic-feedback-systems-spring-2013/textbook/MITRES_6-010S13_chap12.pdf","url_text":"Operational Amplifiers: Theory and Practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471725854","url_text":"0471725854"}]},{"reference":"van der Tang, J.; Kasperkovitz, Dieter; van Roermund, Arthur (2006). 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First Principles of Physics: Or Natural Philosophy, Designed for the Use of Schools and Colleges. H.C. Peck & T. Bliss. p. 629. Davy Silliman Hissing.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/firstprinciples05sillgoog","url_text":"First Principles of Physics: Or Natural Philosophy, Designed for the Use of Schools and Colleges"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/firstprinciples05sillgoog/page/n653","url_text":"629"}]},{"reference":"\"Wireless telephony, in theory and practice\". N.Y. Van Nostrand. 1908.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wirelesstelephon00ruhmrich","url_text":"\"Wireless telephony, in theory and practice\""}]},{"reference":"Casperson, L. W (1991). \"The humming telephone as an acoustic maser\". Optical and Quantum Electronics. 23 (8): 995–1010. doi:10.1007/BF00611436. S2CID 119956732.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Wendel_Casperson","url_text":"Casperson, L. W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_and_Quantum_Electronics","url_text":"Optical and Quantum Electronics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00611436","url_text":"10.1007/BF00611436"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119956732","url_text":"119956732"}]},{"reference":"Anders, André (2009). Cathodic Arcs: From Fractal Spots to Energetic Condensation. Springer Science and Business Media. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0387791081.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rwIUhsbBHQYC&pg=PA31","url_text":"Cathodic Arcs: From Fractal Spots to Energetic Condensation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0387791081","url_text":"978-0387791081"}]},{"reference":"Cady, W. G.; Arnold, H. D. (1907). \"On the electric arc between metallic electrodes\". American Journal of Science. 24 (143): 406. Retrieved April 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0KD0BuvSOokC&pg=PA406","url_text":"\"On the electric arc between metallic electrodes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notes\". The Electrical Review. 62 (1578): 812. February 21, 1908. Retrieved April 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=it9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA312","url_text":"\"Notes\""}]},{"reference":"Larmor, Joseph, ed. (1902). The Scientific Writings of the late George Francis Fitzgerald. London: Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 277–281.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G0bPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA277","url_text":"The Scientific Writings of the late George Francis Fitzgerald"}]},{"reference":"Hempstead, Colin; William E. Worthington (2005). Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology. Vol. 2. Taylor & Francis. p. 648. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Ethniki_1966-67
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1966–67 Alpha Ethniki
|
["1 League table","2 Results","3 Top scorers","4 External links"]
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31st season of top-tier football league in Greece
Football league seasonAlpha EthnikiSeason1966–67ChampionsOlympiacos17th Greek titleRelegatedTrikalaEuropean CupOlympiacosCup Winners' CupPanathinaikosInter-Cities Fairs CupPAOKMatches played240Goals scored586 (2.44 per match)Top goalscorerGiorgos Sideris(24 goals)← 1965–66 1967–68 →
The 1966–67 Alpha Ethniki was the 31st season of the highest football league of Greece. The season began on 23 October 1966 and ended on 18 June 1967. Olympiacos won their second consecutive and 17th Greek title.
The point system was: Win: 3 points - Draw: 2 points - Loss: 1 point.
AEK AthensApollonEgaleoPanathinaikosPanioniosArisIraklisPAOKEthnikosOlympiacosProodeftikiPanserraikosPierikosTrikalaVeriaVyzasclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 1966–67 Alpha Ethniki
League table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification or relegation
1
Olympiacos (C)
30
21
7
2
59
17
+42
79
Qualification for European Cup first round
2
AEK Athens
30
18
10
2
52
21
+31
76
3
Panathinaikos
30
17
7
6
42
24
+18
71
Qualification for Cup Winners' Cup first round
4
PAOK
30
13
11
6
36
20
+16
67
Invitation for Inter-Cities Fairs Cup first round
5
Aris
30
14
5
11
38
30
+8
63
6
Panionios
30
11
9
10
38
36
+2
61
7
Ethnikos Piraeus
30
11
7
12
42
38
+4
59
8
Proodeftiki
30
8
11
11
37
41
−4
57
9
Iraklis
30
7
12
11
25
39
−14
56
10
Vyzas
30
11
4
15
31
50
−19
56
11
Egaleo
30
9
7
14
36
47
−11
55
12
Apollon Athens
30
8
8
14
33
35
−2
54
13
Veria
30
7
9
14
23
37
−14
53
14
Pierikos
30
8
7
15
36
51
−15
52
15
Panserraikos
30
7
8
15
29
46
−17
52
16
Trikala (R)
30
6
6
18
29
54
−25
48
Relegation to Beta Ethniki
Source: RSSSFRules for classification: 1st points; 2nd head-to-head points; 3rd head-to-head goal difference; 4th decision match.(C) Champions; (R) RelegatedNotes:
^ Pierikos were deducted 1 point.
^ a b 14th place playoff: Pierikos–Panserraikos 2–1.
Results
Home \ Away
AEK
APA
ARIS
EGA
ETH
IRA
OLY
PAO
PAN
PNS
PAOK
PIE
PRO
TRI
VER
VYZ
AEK Athens
1–1
3–0
2–1
0–0
3–1
1–0
0–0
3–0
5–1
2–0
3–0
4–3
2–1
2–1
2–0
Apollon Athens
0–1
1–1
0–1
1–0
5–0
0–2
0–1
0–1
1–1
2–0
1–1
2–1
1–2
3–0
2–1
Aris
2–0
1–0
2–0
3–1
1–0
2–2
0–1
2–2
2–0
1–0
3–0
2–1
3–1
2–0
4–1
Egaleo
0–2
2–6
0–1
2–1
4–2
0–0
2–4
1–1
3–1
1–2
2–1
0–0
1–0
3–1
2–1
Ethnikos Piraeus
1–2
3–0
3–0
3–1
0–2
3–3
0–2
0–1
1–0
0–0
5–3
1–1
4–3
1–0
2–0
Iraklis
0–0
0–0
2–0
1–1
1–1
0–1
1–2
3–2
2–0
0–0
3–2
1–0
1–0
1–1
0–1
Olympiacos
1–1
3–0
1–0
1–0
2–1
6–0
4–0
3–0
3–0
3–2
2–1
2–0
2–0
1–0
3–1
Panathinaikos
0–0
2–1
3–2
2–1
2–0
2–0
0–1
1–1
3–1
0–0
3–0
1–2
2–0
0–1
2–0
Panionios
0–1
1–1
2–0
1–2
1–0
1–1
0–0
0–2
4–1
1–0
2–0
2–1
3–0
2–1
3–1
Panserraikos
1–1
1–0
1–0
0–0
1–2
0–0
0–0
2–0
1–1
1–1
2–1
2–3
1–0
4–0
3–1
PAOK
1–0
2–1
0–0
3–1
2–0
0–0
2–0
0–0
2–1
2–0
0–0
1–0
6–0
3–1
5–2
Pierikos
4–4
1–1
0–0
1–0
0–0
2–0
0–2
0–2
3–2
3–0
2–0
0–0
3–1
0–2
4–1
Proodeftiki
1–1
1–1
1–0
2–2
0–5
2–2
0–4
1–1
3–1
2–2
0–1
6–1
1–0
0–0
2–1
Trikala
1–2
0–2
2–1
2–2
2–2
1–0
1–2
2–3
1–1
2–1
1–1
2–1
0–0
2–1
0–2
Veria
0–0
2–0
1–3
1–0
1–2
0–0
1–1
1–1
1–1
2–1
0–0
1–2
1–0
1–0
1–1
Vyzas
0–4
2–0
1–0
3–1
2–0
1–1
1–4
1–0
1–0
1–0
0–0
1–0
0–3
2–2
1–0
Source: Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.Notes:
^ Pierikos-Olympiacos 0-0, forfait 0-2.
^ awarded 2–0 for Vyzas due to illegal participation of a Trikala player and the latter were zeroed.
Top scorers
Rank
Player
Club
Goals
1
Giorgos Sideris
Olympiacos
24
2
Vasilis Kyriakou
Apollon Athens
21
3
Sakis Kouvas
Vyzas
15
Giannis Frantzis
Proodeftiki
5
Georgios Dedes
Panionios
14
6
Panagiotis Ventouris
AEK Athens
13
7
Alekos Alexiadis
Aris
12
Giannis Kalaitzidis
Panathinaikos
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vte1966–67 in Greek football « 1965–66 1967–68 » League competitions
Alpha Ethniki
Beta Ethniki
C National Amateur Division
Cup competitions
Greek Cup (Final)
European competitions
European Cup
Cup Winners' Cup
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
Balkans Cup
Related to national team
UEFA Euro 1968 (Qualification: Group 3)
Panos Markovic
Club seasonsAlpha Ethniki
AEK Athens
Apollon Athens
Aris
Egaleo
Ethnikos Piraeus
Iraklis
Olympiacos
Panathinaikos
Panionios
Panserraikos
PAOK
Pierikos
Proodeftiki
Trikala
Veria
Vyzas
vte1966–67 in European football (UEFA) « 1965–66 1967–68 » Domestic leagues
Albania
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czechoslovakia
Denmark '66 '67
England
Faroe Islands '66 '67
Finland '66 '67
France
East Germany
West Germany
Greece
Hungary '66 '67
Iceland '66 '67
Israel
Italy
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '66 '67
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
Scotland
Soviet Union '66 '67
Spain
Sweden '66 '67
Switzerland
Turkey
Yugoslavia
Domestic cups
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
England
Faroe Islands '66 '67
Finland '66 '67
France
East Germany
West Germany
Greece
Hungary '66 '67
Iceland '66 '67
Israel
Italy
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '66 '67
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
San Marino
Scotland
Soviet Union
Spain
Sweden '67
Switzerland
Turkey
Wales
Yugoslavia
League cups
England
Scotland
UEFA competitions
European Cup (Final)
Cup Winners' Cup (Final)
Non-UEFA competitions
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (Final)
Intertoto Cup
Balkans Cup
Mitropa Cup
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alpha Ethniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_Greece"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Olympiacos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greece_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"AEK Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEK_Athens_F.C."},{"link_name":"Apollon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollon_Smyrnis_F.C."},{"link_name":"Egaleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egaleo_F.C."},{"link_name":"Panathinaikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C."},{"link_name":"Panionios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panionios_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aris_Thessaloniki_F.C."},{"link_name":"Iraklis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraklis_Thessaloniki_F.C."},{"link_name":"PAOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAOK_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ethnikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnikos_Piraeus_F.C."},{"link_name":"Olympiacos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C."},{"link_name":"Proodeftiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proodeftiki_F.C."},{"link_name":"Panserraikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panserraikos_F.C."},{"link_name":"Pierikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.F.K._Pierikos_(football)"},{"link_name":"Trikala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikala_F.C."},{"link_name":"Veria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veria_F.C."},{"link_name":"Vyzas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyzas_F.C."},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greece_location_map.svg"}],"text":"Football league seasonThe 1966–67 Alpha Ethniki was the 31st season of the highest football league of Greece. The season began on 23 October 1966 and ended on 18 June 1967. Olympiacos won their second consecutive and 17th Greek title.The point system was: Win: 3 points - Draw: 2 points - Loss: 1 point.AEK AthensApollonEgaleoPanathinaikosPanioniosArisIraklisPAOKEthnikosOlympiacosProodeftikiPanserraikosPierikosTrikalaVeriaVyzasclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 1966–67 Alpha Ethniki","title":"1966–67 Alpha Ethniki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RSSSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rsssf.org/tablesg/grkhist.html#67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_PIE0.015637046664784_1-0"},{"link_name":"Pierikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.F.K._Pierikos_(football)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_PIE0.015637046664784_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_PIE0.015637046664784_2-1"}],"text":"Source: RSSSFRules for classification: 1st points; 2nd head-to-head points; 3rd head-to-head goal difference; 4th decision match.(C) Champions; (R) RelegatedNotes:^ Pierikos were deducted 1 point.\n\n^ a b 14th place playoff: Pierikos–Panserraikos 2–1.","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AEK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEK_Athens_F.C."},{"link_name":"APA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollon_Smyrnis_F.C."},{"link_name":"ARIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aris_Thessaloniki_F.C."},{"link_name":"EGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egaleo_F.C."},{"link_name":"ETH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnikos_Piraeus_F.C."},{"link_name":"IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraklis_F.C._(Thessaloniki)"},{"link_name":"OLY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C."},{"link_name":"PAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C."},{"link_name":"PAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panionios_F.C."},{"link_name":"PNS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panserraikos_F.C."},{"link_name":"PAOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAOK_FC"},{"link_name":"PIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.F.K._Pierikos_(football)"},{"link_name":"PRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proodeftiki_F.C."},{"link_name":"TRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikala_F.C."},{"link_name":"VER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veria_F.C."},{"link_name":"VYZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyzas_F.C."},{"link_name":"AEK Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEK_Athens_F.C."},{"link_name":"Apollon Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollon_Smyrnis_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aris_Thessaloniki_F.C."},{"link_name":"Egaleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egaleo_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ethnikos Piraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnikos_Piraeus_F.C."},{"link_name":"Iraklis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraklis_F.C._(Thessaloniki)"},{"link_name":"Olympiacos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C."},{"link_name":"Panathinaikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C."},{"link_name":"Panionios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panionios_F.C."},{"link_name":"Panserraikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panserraikos_F.C."},{"link_name":"PAOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAOK_FC"},{"link_name":"Pierikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.F.K._Pierikos_(football)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-table_note_1_PIE_OLY0.10214931056935-3"},{"link_name":"Proodeftiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proodeftiki_F.C."},{"link_name":"Trikala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikala_F.C."},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-table_note_1_TRI_VYZ0.10214931056935-4"},{"link_name":"Veria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veria_F.C."},{"link_name":"Vyzas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyzas_F.C."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_1_PIE_OLY0.10214931056935_3-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_1_TRI_VYZ0.10214931056935_4-0"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nAEK\n\nAPA\n\nARIS\n\nEGA\n\nETH\n\nIRA\n\nOLY\n\nPAO\n\nPAN\n\nPNS\n\nPAOK\n\nPIE\n\nPRO\n\nTRI\n\nVER\n\nVYZ\n\n\nAEK Athens\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n5–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n4–3\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n\nApollon Athens\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n5–0\n\n0–2\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n\nAris\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n4–1\n\n\nEgaleo\n\n0–2\n\n2–6\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n4–2\n\n0–0\n\n2–4\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n\nEthnikos Piraeus\n\n1–2\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–1\n\n\n\n0–2\n\n3–3\n\n0–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n5–3\n\n1–1\n\n4–3\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n\nIraklis\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n3–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n\nOlympiacos\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n6–0\n\n\n\n4–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n\nPanathinaikos\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n\nPanionios\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n\n\n4–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n\nPanserraikos\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–3\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n3–1\n\n\nPAOK\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n6–0\n\n3–1\n\n5–2\n\n\nPierikos\n\n4–4\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–2[a]\n\n0–2\n\n3–2\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n0–2\n\n4–1\n\n\nProodeftiki\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–5\n\n2–2\n\n0–4\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n6–1\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n\nTrikala\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n0–2[b]\n\n\nVeria\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n\nVyzas\n\n0–4\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–4\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–3\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n\n\nSource: [citation needed]Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.Notes:\n\n^ Pierikos-Olympiacos 0-0, forfait 0-2.\n\n^ awarded 2–0 for Vyzas due to illegal participation of a Trikala player and the latter were zeroed.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Top scorers"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.rsssf.org/tablesg/grkhist.html#67","external_links_name":"RSSSF"},{"Link":"https://el.wikipedia.org/","external_links_name":"Greek Wikipedia"},{"Link":"http://www.epo.gr/","external_links_name":"Official Greek FA Site"},{"Link":"http://www.superleaguegreece.net/","external_links_name":"Greek SuperLeague official Site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613222837/http://www.galanissportsdata.com/sdatesgr.asp","external_links_name":"SuperLeague Statistics"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_Liberation_March
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Queer Liberation March
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["1 Background","2 Organization","3 Participation","4 Gallery","5 Special themes","6 See also","7 References"]
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Annual protest march in New York City since 2019
Queer Liberation MarchEvent logo used in 2019FrequencyannualLocation(s)New York CityInauguratedJune 30, 2019 (2019-06-30)Next eventJune 30, 2024Organized byReclaim Pride Coalition
The Queer Liberation March is an annual LGBT protest march in Manhattan, organized by the Reclaim Pride Coalition as an anti-corporate alternative to the NYC Pride March.
A grassroots collective of queer rights activists and supporters held the first Queer Liberation March to coincide with WorldPride NYC, which marked the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots. A year later the coalition marched in solidarity with Black Lives Matter, and against police brutality, only to see the non-violent demonstration met with NYPD using pepper spray on protesters.
Background
Posters for the Queer Liberation March 2021
There has been a large annual march and parade in New York City since 1970, first organized by the Christopher Street Liberation Day Committee, to mark the one-year anniversary of the Stonewall riots. Since 1984, the growing event was produced by the nonprofit Heritage of Pride. Criticism of the increasingly corporate and rules-heavy event reached a tipping point in 1994 (the 25th anniversary of the Stonewall riots), resulting in the first Drag March (1994).
The Queer Liberation March was organized in protest of the corporate-focused sponsorship and participation requirements of the larger march, resulting in dueling Manhattan LGBT marches on the same day in 2019. The Queer Liberation March proceeded uptown on Sixth Avenue in Manhattan, following the path of the original 1970 demonstration.
Protestors with banner on 6th avenue, 2019; a pacifist sign reads "Queers Against U.S. Global Military Empire".
As a result of following the 1970 route, the first Queer Liberation March proceeded in the opposite direction of the New York City Pride March, which travels downtown on Fifth Avenue through most of its route.
Organization
The Queer Liberation March was organized by the Reclaim Pride Coalition and was endorsed by activist and grassroots organizations including ACT UP NY, God's Love We Deliver, Housing Works, NYC Democratic Socialists of America, and SAGE. Civil rights attorney Norman Siegel worked with the City of New York for an agreement to hold the march on the same day as the larger NYC Pride March.
The march sought to embrace the activist intentions some believe have been lost in the larger, celebratory event.
Participation
The 2019 march began with 8,000 participants at the Stonewall National Monument and grew to 45,000 people as others joined along the way.
The theme of the 2023 march was "Trans & Queer: Forever Here!" Activist Qween Jean was among the leaders.
Gallery
A Marxist sign reading "Queer Liberation, Not Rainbow Capitalism," 2019
Die-in during the march, at 6th Avenue and 23rd Street, 2019
A member of the Gay Liberation Front stands beside the banner; a sign condems "rainbow merchandise" in favor of "basic civil rights," 2019
Special themes
2020: Queer Liberation March for Black Lives and Against Police Brutality
2022: Queer Liberation March for Trans and BIPOC Freedom, Reproductive Justice, and Bodily Autonomy
2023: Trans & Queer: Forever Here!
See also
Critical pride
LGBT culture in New York City
Night pride
Pink capitalism
Police abolition movement
References
^ "Reclaim Pride To Hold 5th Annual March June 25". West Village, NY Patch. June 5, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
^ Silvers, Mara; WNYC (May 15, 2019). "LGBTQ Group Plans Alternative 'Queer Liberation March' On Pride Day". Gothamist. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
^ "'Queer Liberation March' sets stage for dueling NYC gay pride events". NBC News. May 15, 2019. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
^ Goicichea, Julia (August 16, 2017). "Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers". The Culture Trip. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
^ Rosenberg, Eli (June 24, 2016). "Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement". The New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
^ "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
^ Gaffney, Emma. "No Cops, No Sponsors: 50 Years After Stonewall, Pride Goes Back to its Roots".
^ Manzella, Sam (June 26, 2020). "How the March Gets Made: Reclaim Pride Organizers Share Their Wisdom". LOGO News. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
^ Schulman, Michael. "A Radical Challenger to New York City's Pride March". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
^ Osborne, Duncan (June 28, 2020). "Peaceful Queer Liberation March Ends With Pepper Spray at Washington Square". Gay City News. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
^ Kornhaber, Spencer (June 30, 2020). "Pride Can't Go Back to What It Was Before". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
^ "archives.nypl.org -- Christopher Street Liberation Day Committee records". archives.nypl.org. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
^ The New York Public Library. "Christopher Street Liberation Day 1970". 1969: The Year of Gay Liberation. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
^ The Associated Press (May 14, 2019). "NYC Activists Plan Alternative Gay Pride March for Same Day". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
^ "'Queer Liberation March' sets stage for dueling NYC gay pride events". NBC News. May 15, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
^ "Endorsements". Reclaim Pride Coalition. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
^ Assunção, Muri (May 14, 2019). "LGBTQ activists plan an alternative march to celebrate 50 years of Stonewall". nydailynews.com. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
^ "There's a Corporation-Free Queer Liberation March Happening in NYC". www.out.com. May 1, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
^ Santus, Rex (May 14, 2019). "Cops and Corporations Aren't Welcome at This Radical Alternative to NYC's Pride Parade". Vice News. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
^ "The Queer Liberation March: 50th Anniversary of the Stonewall Uprising". Incandescere. July 8, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
^ Factora, James (July 10, 2019). "The 2019 Queer Liberation March Reclaimed the Resistance of Pride". them. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
^ Wood, Olivia (July 2019). "45,000 Reclaim Stonewall at NYC's Queer Liberation March". Left Voice. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
^ Teeman, Tim; Rogers, Sarah; Miller, Justin (July 1, 2019). "Stonewall 50: 50 Faces, 50 Stories, From New York City's LGBT World Pride". Daily Beast. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
^ a b Russell, John (June 20, 2023). "NYC's Queer Liberation March may be the most important protest & celebration this year". LGBTQ Nation. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
^ a b Tracy, Matt (April 24, 2023). "Reclaim Pride unveils theme for fifth annual Queer Liberation March". gaycitynews.com. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
^ Tracy, Matt (June 26, 2023). "Trans and queer rights take center stage at intersectional Queer Liberation March". gaycitynews.com. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
^ Tracy, Matt (June 23, 2023). "Reclaim Pride Coalition looks ahead to Queer Liberation March". gaycitynews.com. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
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The Violet Quill
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LGBT protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_social_movements"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Reclaim Pride Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaim_Pride_Coalition"},{"link_name":"anti-corporate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism"},{"link_name":"NYC Pride March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYC_Pride_March"},{"link_name":"grassroots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"WorldPride NYC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_50_%E2%80%93_WorldPride_NYC_2019"},{"link_name":"Stonewall riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_riots"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GayGreenwichVillage1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GayGreenwichVillage2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GayGreenwichVillage3-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Black Lives Matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manzella_2020-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchulmanNewYorker-9"},{"link_name":"police brutality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality"},{"link_name":"NYPD using pepper spray on protesters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department_corruption_and_misconduct"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Osborne2020-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kornhaber2020-11"}],"text":"The Queer Liberation March is an annual LGBT protest march in Manhattan, organized by the Reclaim Pride Coalition as an anti-corporate alternative to the NYC Pride March.A grassroots collective[1] of queer rights activists and supporters held the first Queer Liberation March to coincide with WorldPride NYC, which marked the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots.[2][3][4][5][6][7] A year later the coalition marched in solidarity with Black Lives Matter,[8][9] and against police brutality, only to see the non-violent demonstration met with NYPD using pepper spray on protesters.[10][11]","title":"Queer Liberation March"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYC_Queer_Liberation_March_posters,_2021.jpg"},{"link_name":"march and parade in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYC_Pride_March"},{"link_name":"Christopher Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Street"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Stonewall riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_riots"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Heritage of Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_of_Pride"},{"link_name":"Drag March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Drag_March"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sixth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:68.QueerMarch.CP.6Ave.NYC.30June2019_(48364666191).jpg"},{"link_name":"6th avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"pacifist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism"},{"link_name":"U.S. Global Military Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_imperialism"},{"link_name":"Fifth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue"}],"text":"Posters for the Queer Liberation March 2021There has been a large annual march and parade in New York City since 1970, first organized by the Christopher Street Liberation Day Committee,[12] to mark the one-year anniversary of the Stonewall riots.[13] Since 1984, the growing event was produced by the nonprofit Heritage of Pride. Criticism of the increasingly corporate and rules-heavy event reached a tipping point in 1994 (the 25th anniversary of the Stonewall riots), resulting in the first Drag March (1994).The Queer Liberation March was organized in protest of the corporate-focused sponsorship and participation requirements of the larger march, resulting in dueling Manhattan LGBT marches on the same day in 2019.[14][15] The Queer Liberation March proceeded uptown on Sixth Avenue in Manhattan, following the path of the original 1970 demonstration.Protestors with banner on 6th avenue, 2019; a pacifist sign reads \"Queers Against U.S. Global Military Empire\".As a result of following the 1970 route, the first Queer Liberation March proceeded in the opposite direction of the New York City Pride March, which travels downtown on Fifth Avenue through most of its route.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reclaim Pride Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaim_Pride_Coalition"},{"link_name":"ACT UP NY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_UP"},{"link_name":"God's Love We Deliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God%27s_Love_We_Deliver"},{"link_name":"Housing Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_Works"},{"link_name":"NYC Democratic Socialists of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America"},{"link_name":"SAGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_%26_Advocacy_for_GLBT_Elders"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reclaim-endorse-16"},{"link_name":"Civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights"},{"link_name":"Norman Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Siegel"},{"link_name":"NYC Pride March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_LGBT_Pride_March"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Incandescere2019-20"}],"text":"The Queer Liberation March was organized by the Reclaim Pride Coalition and was endorsed by activist and grassroots organizations including ACT UP NY, God's Love We Deliver, Housing Works, NYC Democratic Socialists of America, and SAGE.[16] Civil rights attorney Norman Siegel worked with the City of New York for an agreement to hold the march on the same day as the larger NYC Pride March.[17]The march sought to embrace the activist intentions some believe have been lost in the larger, celebratory event.[18][19][20]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stonewall National Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_National_Monument"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-25"},{"link_name":"Qween Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qween_Jean"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The 2019 march began with 8,000 participants at the Stonewall National Monument and grew to 45,000 people as others joined along the way.[21][22][23]The theme of the 2023 march was \"Trans & Queer: Forever Here!\"[24][25] Activist Qween Jean was among the leaders.[26][27]","title":"Participation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queer_Liberation,_Not_Rainbow_Capitalism.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"Queer Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_liberation"},{"link_name":"Rainbow Capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_capitalism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Die-in_at_the_Queer_Liberation_March_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Die-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die-in"},{"link_name":"6th Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"23rd Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:315a.QueerMarch.NYC.30June2019_(50027834368).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gay Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:We_Resist_at_the_Queer_Liberation_March.jpg"}],"text":"A Marxist sign reading \"Queer Liberation, Not Rainbow Capitalism,\" 2019\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDie-in during the march, at 6th Avenue and 23rd Street, 2019\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA member of the Gay Liberation Front stands beside the banner; a sign condems \"rainbow merchandise\" in favor of \"basic civil rights,\" 2019","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-25"}],"text":"2020: Queer Liberation March for Black Lives and Against Police Brutality\n2022: Queer Liberation March for Trans and BIPOC Freedom, Reproductive Justice, and Bodily Autonomy\n2023: Trans & Queer: Forever Here![24][25]","title":"Special themes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Posters for the Queer Liberation March 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/NYC_Queer_Liberation_March_posters%2C_2021.jpg/126px-NYC_Queer_Liberation_March_posters%2C_2021.jpg"},{"image_text":"Protestors with banner on 6th avenue, 2019; a pacifist sign reads \"Queers Against U.S. Global Military Empire\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/68.QueerMarch.CP.6Ave.NYC.30June2019_%2848364666191%29.jpg/248px-68.QueerMarch.CP.6Ave.NYC.30June2019_%2848364666191%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Critical pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_pride"},{"title":"LGBT culture in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City"},{"title":"Night pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_pride"},{"title":"Pink capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_capitalism"},{"title":"Police abolition movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_abolition_movement"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Reclaim Pride To Hold 5th Annual March June 25\". West Village, NY Patch. June 5, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://patch.com/new-york/west-village/reclaim-pride-hold-5th-annual-march-june-25","url_text":"\"Reclaim Pride To Hold 5th Annual March June 25\""}]},{"reference":"Silvers, Mara; WNYC (May 15, 2019). \"LGBTQ Group Plans Alternative 'Queer Liberation March' On Pride Day\". Gothamist. Retrieved May 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://gothamist.com/2019/05/15/lgbtq_queer_liberation_march.php","url_text":"\"LGBTQ Group Plans Alternative 'Queer Liberation March' On Pride Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Queer Liberation March' sets stage for dueling NYC gay pride events\". NBC News. May 15, 2019. Retrieved May 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/queer-liberation-march-sets-stage-dueling-nyc-gay-pride-events-n1006006","url_text":"\"'Queer Liberation March' sets stage for dueling NYC gay pride events\""}]},{"reference":"Goicichea, Julia (August 16, 2017). \"Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers\". The Culture Trip. Retrieved February 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/","url_text":"\"Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers\""}]},{"reference":"Rosenberg, Eli (June 24, 2016). \"Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement\". The New York Times. 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Retrieved June 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/queer-liberation-march-a-radical-challenger-to-new-york-city-pride","url_text":"\"A Radical Challenger to New York City's Pride March\""}]},{"reference":"Osborne, Duncan (June 28, 2020). \"Peaceful Queer Liberation March Ends With Pepper Spray at Washington Square\". Gay City News. Retrieved June 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gaycitynews.com/peaceful-queer-liberation-march-ends-with-pepper-spray-at-washington-square/","url_text":"\"Peaceful Queer Liberation March Ends With Pepper Spray at Washington Square\""}]},{"reference":"Kornhaber, Spencer (June 30, 2020). \"Pride Can't Go Back to What It Was Before\". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2020/06/nyc-queer-liberation-march-showed-future-pride/613648/","url_text":"\"Pride Can't Go Back to What It Was Before\""}]},{"reference":"\"archives.nypl.org -- Christopher Street Liberation Day Committee records\". archives.nypl.org. Retrieved May 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.nypl.org/mss/540","url_text":"\"archives.nypl.org -- Christopher Street Liberation Day Committee records\""}]},{"reference":"The New York Public Library. \"Christopher Street Liberation Day 1970\". 1969: The Year of Gay Liberation. Retrieved May 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://web-static.nypl.org/exhibitions/1969/christopher.html","url_text":"\"Christopher Street Liberation Day 1970\""}]},{"reference":"The Associated Press (May 14, 2019). \"NYC Activists Plan Alternative Gay Pride March for Same Day\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. 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Retrieved June 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://reclaimpridenyc.org/endorsements","url_text":"\"Endorsements\""}]},{"reference":"Assunção, Muri (May 14, 2019). \"LGBTQ activists plan an alternative march to celebrate 50 years of Stonewall\". nydailynews.com. Retrieved May 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-lgbtq-reclaim-pride-queer-liberation-march-20190515-z3mpfpugtjhfthymyitm5pdaly-story.html","url_text":"\"LGBTQ activists plan an alternative march to celebrate 50 years of Stonewall\""}]},{"reference":"\"There's a Corporation-Free Queer Liberation March Happening in NYC\". www.out.com. May 1, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.out.com/news/2019/5/01/theres-corporation-free-queer-liberation-march-happening-nyc","url_text":"\"There's a Corporation-Free Queer Liberation March Happening in NYC\""}]},{"reference":"Santus, Rex (May 14, 2019). \"Cops and Corporations Aren't Welcome at This Radical Alternative to NYC's Pride Parade\". 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[{"Link":"https://patch.com/new-york/west-village/reclaim-pride-hold-5th-annual-march-june-25","external_links_name":"\"Reclaim Pride To Hold 5th Annual March June 25\""},{"Link":"http://gothamist.com/2019/05/15/lgbtq_queer_liberation_march.php","external_links_name":"\"LGBTQ Group Plans Alternative 'Queer Liberation March' On Pride Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/queer-liberation-march-sets-stage-dueling-nyc-gay-pride-events-n1006006","external_links_name":"\"'Queer Liberation March' sets stage for dueling NYC gay pride events\""},{"Link":"https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/","external_links_name":"\"Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/25/nyregion/stonewall-inn-named-national-monument-a-first-for-gay-rights-movement.html","external_links_name":"\"Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement\""},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/diversity/stonewall.htm","external_links_name":"\"Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562\""},{"Link":"https://indypendent.org/2019/06/no-cops-no-sponsors-50-years-after-stonewall-pride-goes-back-to-its-roots/","external_links_name":"\"No Cops, No Sponsors: 50 Years After Stonewall, Pride Goes Back to its Roots\""},{"Link":"http://www.newnownext.com/queer-liberation-march-reclaim-pride/06/2020/","external_links_name":"\"How the March Gets Made: Reclaim Pride Organizers Share Their Wisdom\""},{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/queer-liberation-march-a-radical-challenger-to-new-york-city-pride","external_links_name":"\"A Radical Challenger to New York City's Pride March\""},{"Link":"https://www.gaycitynews.com/peaceful-queer-liberation-march-ends-with-pepper-spray-at-washington-square/","external_links_name":"\"Peaceful Queer Liberation March Ends With Pepper Spray at Washington Square\""},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2020/06/nyc-queer-liberation-march-showed-future-pride/613648/","external_links_name":"\"Pride Can't Go Back to What It Was Before\""},{"Link":"http://archives.nypl.org/mss/540","external_links_name":"\"archives.nypl.org -- Christopher Street Liberation Day Committee records\""},{"Link":"http://web-static.nypl.org/exhibitions/1969/christopher.html","external_links_name":"\"Christopher Street Liberation Day 1970\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/05/14/us/ap-us-lgbt-pride-alternative-march.html","external_links_name":"\"NYC Activists Plan Alternative Gay Pride March for Same Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/queer-liberation-march-sets-stage-dueling-nyc-gay-pride-events-n1006006","external_links_name":"\"'Queer Liberation March' sets stage for dueling NYC gay pride events\""},{"Link":"https://reclaimpridenyc.org/endorsements","external_links_name":"\"Endorsements\""},{"Link":"https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-lgbtq-reclaim-pride-queer-liberation-march-20190515-z3mpfpugtjhfthymyitm5pdaly-story.html","external_links_name":"\"LGBTQ activists plan an alternative march to celebrate 50 years of Stonewall\""},{"Link":"https://www.out.com/news/2019/5/01/theres-corporation-free-queer-liberation-march-happening-nyc","external_links_name":"\"There's a Corporation-Free Queer Liberation March Happening in NYC\""},{"Link":"https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/kzm73w/cops-and-corporations-arent-welcome-at-this-radical-alternative-to-nycs-pride-parade","external_links_name":"\"Cops and Corporations Aren't Welcome at This Radical Alternative to NYC's Pride Parade\""},{"Link":"https://incandescere.com/the-queer-liberation-march-50th-anniversary-of-the-stonewall-uprising/","external_links_name":"\"The Queer Liberation March: 50th Anniversary of the Stonewall Uprising\""},{"Link":"https://www.them.us/story/queer-liberation-march-nyc-2019","external_links_name":"\"The 2019 Queer Liberation March Reclaimed the Resistance of Pride\""},{"Link":"http://www.leftvoice.org/45000-reclaim-stonewall-at-nycs-queer-liberation-march","external_links_name":"\"45,000 Reclaim Stonewall at NYC's Queer Liberation March\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/stonewall-50-50-faces-50-stories-from-new-york-citys-lgbt-world-pride","external_links_name":"\"Stonewall 50: 50 Faces, 50 Stories, From New York City's LGBT World Pride\""},{"Link":"https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2023/06/nycs-queer-liberation-march-may-be-the-most-important-protest-celebration-this-year/","external_links_name":"\"NYC's Queer Liberation March may be the most important protest & celebration this year\""},{"Link":"https://gaycitynews.com/reclaim-pride-theme-fifth-annual-queer-liberation-march-2023/","external_links_name":"\"Reclaim Pride unveils theme for fifth annual Queer Liberation March\""},{"Link":"https://gaycitynews.com/queer-liberation-march-trans-queer-rights-intersectional/","external_links_name":"\"Trans and queer rights take center stage at intersectional Queer Liberation March\""},{"Link":"https://gaycitynews.com/reclaim-pride-coalition-nyc-queer-liberation-march/","external_links_name":"\"Reclaim Pride Coalition looks ahead to Queer Liberation March\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_effect
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Dawn phenomenon
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["1 Physiology","2 Treatment","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Observed increase in glucose levels in the early-morning
The dawn phenomenon, sometimes called the dawn effect, is an observed increase in blood sugar (glucose) levels that takes place in the early-morning, often between 2 a.m. and 8 a.m. First described by Schmidt in 1981 as an increase of blood glucose or insulin demand occurring at dawn, this naturally occurring phenomenon is frequently seen among the general population and is clinically relevant for patients with diabetes as it can affect their medical management. In contrast to Chronic Somogyi rebound, the dawn phenomenon is not associated with nocturnal hypoglycemia.
Physiology
Although not yet completely understood, the dawn phenomenon is thought to be caused by an exaggeration of the normal physiologic hormonal processes that occur overnight. Overnight, the human body sees increased levels of several hormones, most notably growth hormone and catecholamines, that lead to increased rates of glucose production and release from the liver. These hormones also inhibit the effects of insulin, leading to an overall increase in circulating blood glucose. This effect is amplified in patients with islet β-cell dysfunction such as diabetics. Notably throughout this process glucagon levels remain unchanged and the increased levels of cortisol observed overnight do not appear to be involved. Observed hyperglycemia secondary to the dawn phenomenon is often defined as an increase in blood glucose of at least >1.1mmol/L (20mg/dL) between the lowest level at night and the highest level before breakfast; however, actual ranges may vary.
The physiologic process involved in causing the dawn phenomenon has been shown to occur in most people. In non-diabetic patients, there is a modest increase in insulin secretion just before dawn which compensates for the increased glucose being released from the liver to prevent hyperglycemia. However, studies have shown that diabetic patients fail to compensate for this transiently increased blood glucose release, resulting in hyperglycemia. This resulting hyperglycemia is clinically relevant in diabetic patients as its lasting effects can lead to overall poor glycemic control. In Type 1 diabetics hyperglycemia due to the dawn phenomenon can persist despite adequate insulin compensation overnight, while in Type 2 diabetics the dawn phenomenon has been shown to be resistant to treatment with both oral medications and diet modifications.
An "extended" dawn phenomenon has also been observed in which the abnormal increase in blood glucose levels continues after breakfast. This prolonged duration is thought to be caused by the compounding effects of absorbing and metabolizing breakfast carbohydrates during this period. Both the dawn phenomenon and its extended period have been shown to be significantly more difficult to control when a patient's HbA1c is greater than 7%.
Treatment
Management of the dawn phenomenon varies by patient and thus should be done with regular assistance from a patient's physician. Some treatment options include, but are not limited to, dietary modifications, increased exercise before breakfast and during the evening, and oral anti-hyperglycemic medications if a patient's HbA1c is > 7%. Insulin pumps can also be used to provide continuous subcutaneous infusions and are regarded as the gold standard for managing the dawn phenomenon in type 1 diabetics.
See also
Cortisol awakening response
References
^ Schmidt, M. I.; Hadji-Georgopoulos, A.; Rendell, M.; Margolis, S.; Kowarski, A. (1981-11-01). "The Dawn Phenomenon, an Early Morning Glucose Rise: Implications for Diabetic Intraday Blood Glucose Variation". Diabetes Care. 4 (6): 579–585. doi:10.2337/diacare.4.6.579. ISSN 0149-5992. PMID 6751733. S2CID 13046401.
^ Campbell, Peter J.; Bolli, Geremia B.; Cryer, Philip E.; Gerich, John E. (1985-06-06). "Pathogenesis of the Dawn Phenomenon in Patients with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus". New England Journal of Medicine. 312 (23): 1473–1479. doi:10.1056/NEJM198506063122302. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 2859524.
^ a b c Zheng, Xin; Qi, Yanyan; Bi, Lina; Shi, Wenli; Zhang, Yan; Zhao, Dan; Hu, Su; Li, Meixin; Li, Qin (2020). "Effects of Exercise on Blood Glucose and Glycemic Variability in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Dawn Phenomenon". BioMed Research International. 2020: 1–6. doi:10.1155/2020/6408724. PMC 7057022. PMID 32149118.
^ Bright, G. M.; Melton, T. W.; Rogol, A. D.; Clarke, W. L. (1980-08-01). "Failure of Cortisol Blockade to Inhibit Early Morning Increases in Basal Insulin Requirements in Fasting Insulin-dependent Diabetics". Diabetes. 29 (8): 662–664. doi:10.2337/diab.29.8.662. ISSN 0012-1797. PMID 7002678.
^ Skor, D. A.; White, N. H.; Thomas, L.; Shah, S. D.; Cryer, P. E.; Santiago, J. V. (1983-05-01). "Examination of the role of the pituitary-adrenocortical axis, counterregulatory hormones, and insulin clearance in variable nocturnal insulin requirements in insulin-dependent diabetes". Diabetes. 32 (5): 403–407. doi:10.2337/diabetes.32.5.403. ISSN 0012-1797. PMID 6341122.
^ a b Porcellati, F.; Lucidi, P.; Bolli, G. B.; Fanelli, C. G. (2013-11-21). "Thirty Years of Research on the Dawn Phenomenon: Lessons to Optimize Blood Glucose Control in Diabetes". Diabetes Care. 36 (12): 3860–3862. doi:10.2337/dc13-2088. ISSN 0149-5992. PMC 3836156. PMID 24265365.
^ a b c Monnier, L.; Colette, C.; Dunseath, G. J.; Owens, D. R. (2007-01-26). "The Loss of Postprandial Glycemic Control Precedes Stepwise Deterioration of Fasting With Worsening Diabetes". Diabetes Care. 30 (2): 263–269. doi:10.2337/dc06-1612. ISSN 0149-5992. PMID 17259492.
^ a b Carr, Richard D.; Alexander, Charles M. (2014-06-24). "Comment on Monnier et al. Magnitude of the Dawn Phenomenon and Its Impact on the Overall Glucose Exposure in Type 2 Diabetes: Is This of Concern? Diabetes Care 2013;36:4057–4062". Diabetes Care. 37 (7): e161–e162. doi:10.2337/dc14-0352. ISSN 0149-5992. PMID 24963116.
^ Rybicka, Malwina. (2011). "The dawn phenomenon and the Somogyi effect : two phenomena of morning hyperglycaemia". Endokrynologia Polska. 62 (3): 276–84. OCLC 998912305. PMID 21717414.
^ Janež, Andrej; Guja, Cristian; Mitrakou, Asimina; Lalic, Nebojsa; Tankova, Tsvetalina; Czupryniak, Leszek; Tabák, Adam G.; Prazny, Martin; Martinka, Emil; Smircic-Duvnjak, Lea (2020-01-04). "Insulin Therapy in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: a Narrative Review". Diabetes Therapy. 11 (2): 387–409. doi:10.1007/s13300-019-00743-7. ISSN 1869-6953. PMC 6995794. PMID 31902063.
External links
Mayo Clinic - The 'dawn phenomenon': What causes it?
Diabetes Self Management - Dawn Phenomenon
Dawn Phenomenon (Liver Dump)
Spiritual and scientific benefits of waking up before Dawn
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In contrast to Chronic Somogyi rebound, the dawn phenomenon is not associated with nocturnal hypoglycemia.","title":"Dawn phenomenon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hormonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone"},{"link_name":"growth hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone"},{"link_name":"catecholamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholamine"},{"link_name":"glucose production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluconeogenesis"},{"link_name":"release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogenolysis"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"islet β-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_islets"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"glucagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon"},{"link_name":"cortisol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"hyperglycemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperglycemia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Type 1 diabetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1_diabetes"},{"link_name":"Type 2 diabetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"HbA1c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycated_hemoglobin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"}],"text":"Although not yet completely understood, the dawn phenomenon is thought to be caused by an exaggeration of the normal physiologic hormonal processes that occur overnight. Overnight, the human body sees increased levels of several hormones, most notably growth hormone and catecholamines, that lead to increased rates of glucose production and release from the liver. These hormones also inhibit the effects of insulin, leading to an overall increase in circulating blood glucose.[2] This effect is amplified in patients with islet β-cell dysfunction such as diabetics.[3] Notably throughout this process glucagon levels remain unchanged and the increased levels of cortisol observed overnight do not appear to be involved.[4][5] Observed hyperglycemia secondary to the dawn phenomenon is often defined as an increase in blood glucose of at least >1.1mmol/L (20mg/dL) between the lowest level at night and the highest level before breakfast; however, actual ranges may vary.[3][6]The physiologic process involved in causing the dawn phenomenon has been shown to occur in most people. In non-diabetic patients, there is a modest increase in insulin secretion just before dawn which compensates for the increased glucose being released from the liver to prevent hyperglycemia. However, studies have shown that diabetic patients fail to compensate for this transiently increased blood glucose release, resulting in hyperglycemia. This resulting hyperglycemia is clinically relevant in diabetic patients as its lasting effects can lead to overall poor glycemic control. In Type 1 diabetics hyperglycemia due to the dawn phenomenon can persist despite adequate insulin compensation overnight, while in Type 2 diabetics the dawn phenomenon has been shown to be resistant to treatment with both oral medications and diet modifications. [6][7][8]An \"extended\" dawn phenomenon has also been observed in which the abnormal increase in blood glucose levels continues after breakfast. This prolonged duration is thought to be caused by the compounding effects of absorbing and metabolizing breakfast carbohydrates during this period. Both the dawn phenomenon and its extended period have been shown to be significantly more difficult to control when a patient's HbA1c is greater than 7%.[8][7]","title":"Physiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Management of the dawn phenomenon varies by patient and thus should be done with regular assistance from a patient's physician. Some treatment options include, but are not limited to, dietary modifications, increased exercise before breakfast and during the evening, and oral anti-hyperglycemic medications if a patient's HbA1c is > 7%.[3][7][9] Insulin pumps can also be used to provide continuous subcutaneous infusions and are regarded as the gold standard for managing the dawn phenomenon in type 1 diabetics.[10]","title":"Treatment"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Cortisol awakening response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol_awakening_response"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanis_al-Qaddafi
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Wanis al-Qaddafi
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["1 Biography","1.1 Family","2 References"]
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Former Prime Minister of Libya (1924–1986)
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Wanis al-Qaddafi ونيس القذافيQaddafi in 1968Prime Minister of LibyaIn office4 September 1968 – 31 August 1969MonarchIdris of LibyaPreceded byAbdul Hamid al-BakkoushSucceeded byMahmud Sulayman al-MaghribiForeign Minister of LibyaIn office27 January 1962 – 6 March 1963Prime MinisterMuhammad Osman SaidPreceded bySulaiman JerbiSucceeded byOmar Mahmud al-MuntasirIn office4 January – 4 September 1968Prime MinisterAbdul Hamid al-BakkoushPreceded byAhmad BishtiSucceeded byShams ad-Din OrabiInterior Minister of LibyaIn office6 March 1963 – 22 January 1964Prime MinisterMuhammad Osman SaidMohieddin FikiniPreceded byAhmed Awn SawfSucceeded byMahmud al-MuntasirHousing Minister of Libya (acting)In office1 July 1967 – 4 January 1964Prime MinisterAbdul Qadir al-BadriAbdul Hamid al-BakkoushPreceded byAbdul Qadir al-BadriSucceeded byAnwar Sassi
Personal detailsBorn22 November 1922Italian CyrenaicaDied1 December 1986 (aged 64)Switzerland
Wanis al-Qaddafi (Arabic: ونيس القذافي; 22 November 1922 – 1 December 1986) was a Libyan politician. He held many positions in the era of the Kingdom of Libya and was the tenth Prime Minister of Libya from 4 September 1968 to 31 August 1969, when his government was overthrown by Muammar Gaddafi (no relation).
Biography
Qaddafi was born in Benghazi, Italian Cyrenaica, in 1922. During the Italian colonial period, an Italian lawyer trained him for a career in law. According to some accounts, during the Second World War he fled with his family to Sudan, only returning to his country after it was occupied by the British. The young Qaddafi was taken up by the Allied Forces overseeing the administration of Benghazi and was the first Libyan to be recruited by the British for the political administration of Cyrenaica. Following the independence of Libya in 1951, he became a provincial minister in Cyrenaica, first of health, later of justice and transportation, and chaired Cyrenaica's Executive Council.
A friend of Idris of Libya, the post-war national leader, in 1962–1963 he was Minister of Foreign Affairs, then Interior Minister. In 1964, he served for a short time as Labor Minister before being appointed as ambassador to West Germany. Finally, in September 1968 became the last Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Libya, replacing Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush, whose reforms had alienated some conservative elements.
On 17 November 1968, Qaddafi opened the fifth session of the Libyan National Assembly in Bayda and gave the annual prime minister's speech from the throne, emphasizing the themes of "stability, prosperity, and progress".
Qaddafi was ousted from office by a coup d'état against King Idris on 1 September 1969, and was sentenced by the Libyan People's Court to two years in prison. He returned to private life after his release and died of a heart attack in December 1986, aged 64.
Family
Wanis al-Qaddafi was married to Amal, the daughter of Omar Faiek Shennib, from the distinguished House of Shennib. She founded a high school in 1961 and worked as headmistress there until she resigned in 1974 to look after Wanis, who had suffered a heart attack. After Wanis' death in 1986, she continued to live in their modest house in Benghazi, Libya.
In 1977, Al-Qaddafi's eldest son Majid, fled to United States following his involvement in the April 1976 demonstrations against the Gaddafi regime at Benghazi's Gar Younis university which saw hundreds of student demonstrators killed or imprisoned. Identified as a key protester, Majid Al A-Qaddafi found safe passage to the US and eventually settling in Portland, Oregon where he kept a low profile. He was allowed to return to Libya in 1994. After the killing of Muammar Gaddafi in 2011, Majid emerged as a leading federalist. He died in August 2012.
Al-Qaddafi's younger son, Mohsen Al-Qaddafi fared less well. In 1981, at age 13, he became involved in a plot against Qaddafi. The plot was discovered and its leaders executed. Others were sentenced to life imprisonment. Mohsen was imprisoned at the age of fourteen and passed the next seven years in jail, as Qaddafi's youngest political prisoner. Soon after his release in 1988, he was smuggled to Tunisia by his family to study in Egypt and eventually joined his elder brother in the United States.
References
^ a b c Harris M. Lentz, Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 (2014), p. 521: “Wanis al-Qaddafi was born in Benghazi on November 22, 1922. Qaddafi was named prime minister on September 4, 1968.”
^ "في مثل هذا اليوم منذ 33 سنة رحل ونيس محمد القذافي أول رئيس حكومة ليبية".
^ الزيلعي, محمد ضاهر (February 27, 2011). عين على ليبيا: لقذافي وعقدة التغيير (in Arabic). Alshahid.net. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
^ Some sources suggest a year of birth of 1920
^ a b The Middle East and North Africa, vol. 40 (1993), p. 646
^ "Almanac of Current World Leaders". 1968.
^ Africa Report, vol. 14 (1969), p. 30
^ A Political Chronology of Africa (Europa Publications, 2003), p. 242
^ a b "For Amal, life (re)begins at 75". Arab News. 2011-10-19. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
^ 'Libya: What Happened and When'|publisher=Libya-Watanona.com|url=http://www.libya-watanona.com/libya/libyans.htm
^ Grant, George (2012-07-10). "Federalists welcome Jibril victory; hint at dissolution if dialogue successful". LibyaHerald. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
^ "An emotive history — the story of the flag". LibyaHerald. 2012-09-02. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
^ 'Libya: What Happened and When'|publisher=Libya-Watanona.com|url=http://www.libya-watanona.com/libya/libyans.htm
vteHeads of government of LibyaKingdom of Libya(1951–1969)
M. al-Muntasir
Sakizli
Ben Halim
Kabar
Said
Fikini
M. al-Muntasir
Maziq
al-Badri
al-Bakkoush
al-Qaddafi
Flag of the Kingdom of Libya
Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1969 and 1972
Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1972 and 1977
Flag of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Flag of LibyaLibya under Gaddafi(1969–2011)Libyan Arab Republic(1969–1977)
Maghribi
Gaddafi
Jalloud
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya(1977–2011)
al-Obeidi
at-Talhi
Rajab
at-Talhi
U. M. al-Muntasir
Dorda
al-Qa′ud
al-Mangoush
Shamekh
Ghanem
Mahmudi
Transitional period(2011–present)
Jibril
Tarhouni
El-Keib
Zeidan
al-Thani
contested by Maiteeq • al-Hassi • al-Ghawil
al-Sarraj
contested by al-Thani • al-Ghawil
Dbeibeh
contested by Bashagha • Hammad
Italics indicate acting officeholder
vteForeign ministers of LibyaKingdom of Libya(1951–1969)
Kingdom of Libya Mahmud Muntasser
Mohammed Sakizli
Abdul Salam al-Buseiri
Mustafa Ben Halim
Ali Sahli
Abdulmegid Coobar
Wahbi el-Buri
Abdulmegid Coobar
Abdul Qadir al-Allam
Suleiman Jerbi
Wanis al-Qaddafi
Omar Mahmud Muntasser
Mohieddin Fikini
Hussein Maziq
Wahbi el-Buri
Ahmad Bishti
Wanis al-Qaddafi
Shams ad-Din Orabi
Ali Hussnein
Libyan Arab Republic(1969–1977)
History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Libyan Arab Republic (1969–1977) History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Libyan Arab Republic (1969–1977) Salah Busir
Mohammed Najm
Mansour Rashid El-Kikhia
Abdul Monem el Huni
Ali Treki
Great Socialist People'sLibyan Arab Jamahiriya(1977–2011)
History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011) Ali Treki
Abdul Ati al-Obeidi
Ali Treki
Kamel Maghur
Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi
Ibrahim al Bishari
Omar Mustafa Muntasser
Abdel Rahman Shalgham
Mussa Kussa
Abdul Ati al-Obeidi
Libya(2011–2013)
Libya Mahmud Gebril
Ashur Bin Hayal
Mohamed Abdelaziz
State of Libya(2013–present)
Libya Mohamed Abdelaziz
Mohammed al-Dairi
Abdulhadi Elhweg
Government of National Accord(2016–2021)
Libya Mohamed Taha Siala
Government of National Unity(2021–present)
Libya Najla Mangoush
Commons
This article about a Libyan politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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He held many positions in the era of the Kingdom of Libya and was the tenth Prime Minister of Libya from 4 September 1968 to 31 August 1969, when his government was overthrown by Muammar Gaddafi (no relation).","title":"Wanis al-Qaddafi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benghazi"},{"link_name":"Italian Cyrenaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HML-1"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Cyrenaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrenaica"},{"link_name":"Idris of Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MENA-5"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HML-1"},{"link_name":"Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_al-Bakkoush"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MENA-5"},{"link_name":"Libyan National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Libyan_National_Assembly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bayda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayda,_Libya"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"coup d'état against King Idris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Libyan People's Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_People%27s_Court"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Qaddafi was born in Benghazi, Italian Cyrenaica, in 1922.[1] During the Italian colonial period, an Italian lawyer trained him for a career in law. According to some accounts, during the Second World War he fled with his family to Sudan, only returning to his country after it was occupied by the British. The young Qaddafi was taken up by the Allied Forces overseeing the administration of Benghazi and was the first Libyan to be recruited by the British for the political administration of Cyrenaica. Following the independence of Libya in 1951, he became a provincial minister in Cyrenaica, first of health, later of justice and transportation, and chaired Cyrenaica's Executive Council.A friend of Idris of Libya, the post-war national leader, in 1962–1963 he was Minister of Foreign Affairs, then Interior Minister.[5] In 1964, he served for a short time as Labor Minister before being appointed as ambassador to West Germany.[6] Finally, in September 1968 became the last Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Libya,[1] replacing Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush, whose reforms had alienated some conservative elements.[5]On 17 November 1968, Qaddafi opened the fifth session of the Libyan National Assembly in Bayda and gave the annual prime minister's speech from the throne, emphasizing the themes of \"stability, prosperity, and progress\".[7]Qaddafi was ousted from office by a coup d'état against King Idris on 1 September 1969, and was sentenced by the Libyan People's Court to two years in prison.[8] He returned to private life after his release and died of a heart attack in December 1986, aged 64.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Omar Faiek Shennib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Faiek_Shennib"},{"link_name":"House of Shennib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Shennib#Wanis_al-Qaddafi_and_Amal_Shennib"},{"link_name":"Benghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benghazi"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"killing of Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Family","text":"Wanis al-Qaddafi was married to Amal, the daughter of Omar Faiek Shennib, from the distinguished House of Shennib. She founded a high school in 1961 and worked as headmistress there until she resigned in 1974 to look after Wanis, who had suffered a heart attack. After Wanis' death in 1986, she continued to live in their modest house in Benghazi, Libya.[9]In 1977, Al-Qaddafi's eldest son Majid, fled to United States following his involvement in the April 1976 demonstrations against the Gaddafi regime at Benghazi's Gar Younis university which saw hundreds of student demonstrators killed or imprisoned.[10] Identified as a key protester, Majid Al A-Qaddafi found safe passage to the US and eventually settling in Portland, Oregon where he kept a low profile. He was allowed to return to Libya in 1994.[9] After the killing of Muammar Gaddafi in 2011, Majid emerged as a leading federalist.[11] He died in August 2012.[12]Al-Qaddafi's younger son, Mohsen Al-Qaddafi fared less well. In 1981, at age 13, he became involved in a plot against Qaddafi. The plot was discovered and its leaders executed. Others were sentenced to life imprisonment.[13] Mohsen was imprisoned at the age of fourteen and passed the next seven years in jail, as Qaddafi's youngest political prisoner. Soon after his release in 1988, he was smuggled to Tunisia by his family to study in Egypt and eventually joined his elder brother in the United States.","title":"Biography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqadimmah
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Muqaddimah
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["1 Etymology","2 History of the Muqaddimah","3 Sociology","3.1 ʿAsabiyyah","4 Economics","4.1 Laffer curve","5 Historiography","5.1 Historical method","5.2 Philosophy of history","5.3 Systemic bias","6 Islamic theology","6.1 Sharia and fiqh","7 Natural sciences","7.1 Biology","7.2 Alchemy","8 Political theory","9 References","9.1 Citations","9.2 Sources","10 External links"]
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Book by Ibn Khaldun, written in 1377
For other uses, see Muqaddimah (disambiguation).
Muqaddimah AuthorIbn KhaldunOriginal titleمقدّمة ابن خلدونLanguageArabicPublished1377TextMuqaddimah at Wikisource
The Muqaddimah (Arabic: مقدّمة "Introduction"), also known as the Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldun (Arabic: مقدّمة ابن خلدون) or Ibn Khaldun's Prolegomena (Ancient Greek: Προλεγόμενα), is a book written by the historian Ibn Khaldun in 1377 which presents a view of universal history. Some modern thinkers view it as the first work dealing with the social sciences of sociology, demography, and cultural history. The Muqaddimah also deals with Islamic theology, historiography, the philosophy of history, economics, political theory, and ecology. It has also been described as a precursor or an early representative of social Darwinism, and Darwinism.
Ibn Khaldun wrote the work in 1377 as the introduction and the first book of his planned work of world history, the Kitab al-ʿIbar ("Book of Lessons"; full title: Kitābu l-ʻibari wa Dīwāni l-Mubtada' wal-Ḥabar fī ayāmi l-ʻarab wal-ʿajam wal-barbar, waman ʻĀsarahum min Dhawī sh-Shalṭāni l-Akbār, i.e.: "Book of Lessons, Record of Beginnings and Events in the history of the Arabs and Foreigners and Berbers and their Powerful Contemporaries"), but already in his lifetime it became regarded as an independent work on its own.
Etymology
Muqaddimah (مُقَدِّمَة) is an Arabic word used to mean "prologue" or "introduction", to introduce a larger work.
History of the Muqaddimah
Ibn Khaldun's handwriting on the upper left corner, certifying manuscript MS C. Atif Efendi 1936, of the Atif Efendi Library
Ibn Khaldun wrote the first version of the Muqaddimah in Qalʿat ibn Salama, where he secluded himself for almost four years after withdrawing from political life. It is the first of three parts of a project he worked on for almost thirty years: his Kitab al-ʿIbar, a massive work of universal history filling seventeen volumes of 500 pages each in its modern edition. A draft of the Muqaddimah was completed in 1377. Manuscripts of the Muqaddimah copied in the lifetime of Ibn Khaldun are extant, and a number of them have autographed marginal notes or additions.
In the Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun expounds on a "new science" around which he had maintained secrecy up until his retirement to Qalʿat ibn Salama, a new science for the study of what he calls "ʿumrān" (عُمران). This new science, ʿilm al-ʿumrān (عِلم العُمران), is based on Greco-Arab philosophy and seeks to study the evolution of humankind and society throughout history using a method that is essentially historical, empirical, rational, and demonstrative.
The Muqaddimah shaped by Ibn Khaldun's characteristic moderation with regard to politics and religion—was met without much enthusiasm or clear hostility in the first few centuries after it was written. It was alluded to in the works of two Moroccan writers, Muḥammad Ibn al-Sakkāk (d. 1413) and Yaʿqūb b. Mūsā al-Saytānī, but Muḥammad b. ʿAlī Ibn al-Azraq (d. 1496) is apparently the only contemporary writer of the Maghreb who clearly approved of his work, quoting from it abundantly in his Badāʾiʿ al-silk fī ṭabāʾiʿ al-mulk (كتاب بدائع السلك في طبائع الملك).
It was cited more often in works from Egypt, celebrated by disciples including Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442) and Ibn ʿAmmār, and met with hostility by others such as Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani and his master Nur al-Din al-Haythami.
In the following centuries, Khaldun appeared prominently, described as an authority on political history, in numerous biographical dictionaries—especially in Ahmed Muhammad al-Maqqari's Nafḥ al-ṭīb min ghuṣn al-Andalus al-raṭīb —but the Muqaddimah remained largely absent.
Ottoman historians including Kâtip Çelebi (d. 1657) and Mustafa Naima (d. 1716) valued the social and political theories in the Muqaddimah, but did not apply them in the analysis of their own society. The first five out of six chapters were translated into Ottoman Turkish by Mehmed Pirizade (d. 1749), and the sixth chapter was translated by Ahmed Cevdet (d. 1895); the complete translation was published 1860/61.
The Muqaddimah was first printed in 1857 at the Bulaq Press in Cairo in a standalone volume made by Naṣr al-Hūrīnī , with crucial support from Rifa'a at-Tahtawi, and as the first volume in a seven-volume set of Kitab al-ʿIbar a decade later.
Abdesselam Cheddadi concludes that "the strictly scientific contribution of Ibn Khaldūn to the field of history and the social sciences was not fully recognised in the Muslim world until the late nineteenth century."
The Muqaddimah was first discovered in France through the partial Turkish translation of Mehmed Pirizade (d. 1749). In 1858, the year following the first publication in Cairo, Étienne-Marc Quatremère printed an edition of the Arabic text of the Muqaddimah in three volumes in Paris under the title Les Prolégomènes d’Ebn Khaldoun. William McGuckin de Slane published a French translation in three volumes in 1863 that Aziz al-Azmeh regards as the best translation of Ibn Khaldun's text.
An English translation was published by Franz Rosenthal in 1958.
Sociology
ʿAsabiyyah
Main article: Asabiyyah
Aristotle's Circle of Justice (دائرة السياسة لأرسطو) in a 15th century manuscript of the Muqaddimah.
The concept of "ʿasabiyyah" (Arabic: "tribalism, clanism, communitarism", or in a modern context, "group feeling", "social cohesion", "solidarity" or even "nationalism") is one of the best known aspects of the Muqaddimah. As this ʿasabiyyah declines, another more compelling ʿasabiyyah may take its place; thus, civilizations rise and fall, and history describes these cycles of ʿasabiyyah as they play out.
Ibn Khaldun argues that each dynasty has within itself the seeds of its own downfall. He explains that ruling houses tend to emerge on the peripheries of great empires and use the unity presented by those areas to their advantage in order to bring about a change in leadership. As the new rulers establish themselves at the center of their empire, they become increasingly lax and more concerned with maintaining their lifestyles. Thus, a new dynasty can emerge at the periphery of their control and effect a change in leadership, beginning the cycle anew.
Economics
See also: Islamic economics
Statue of Ibn Khaldun in Tunis
Ibn Khaldun wrote on economic and political theory in the Muqaddimah, relating his thoughts on ʿasabiyyah to the division of labor: the greater the social cohesion, the more complex the division may be, the greater the economic growth:
When civilization increases, the available labor again increases. In turn, luxury again increases in correspondence with the increasing profit, and the customs and needs of luxury increase. Crafts are created to obtain luxury products. The value realized from them increases, and, as a result, profits are again multiplied in the town. Production there is thriving even more than before. And so it goes with the second and third increase. All the additional labor serves luxury and wealth, in contrast to the original labor that served the necessity of life.
Ibn Khaldun noted that growth and development positively stimulate both supply and demand, and that the forces of supply and demand are what determine the prices of goods. He also noted macroeconomic forces of population growth, human capital development, and technological developments effects on development. Ibn Khaldun held that population growth was a function of wealth.
He understood that money served as a standard of value, a medium of exchange, and a preserver of value, though he did not realize that the value of gold and silver changed based on the forces of supply and demand. Ibn Khaldun also introduced the labor theory of value. He described labor as the source of value, necessary for all earnings and capital accumulation, obvious in the case of craft. He argued that even if earning "results from something other than a craft, the value of the resulting profit and acquired (capital) must (also) include the value of the labor by which it was obtained. Without labor, it would not have been acquired."
Ibn Khaldun describes a theory of prices through his understanding that prices result from the law of supply and demand. He understood that when a good is scarce and in demand, its price is high and when the good is abundant, its price is low.
The inhabitants of a city have more food than they need. Consequently, the price of food is low, as a rule, except when misfortunes occur due to celestial conditions that may affect food.
His theory of ʿasabiyyah has often been compared to modern Keynesian economics, with Ibn Khaldun's theory clearly containing the concept of the multiplier. A crucial difference, however, is that whereas for John Maynard Keynes it is the middle class's greater propensity to save that is to blame for economic depression, for Ibn Khaldun it is the governmental propensity to save at times when investment opportunities do not take up the slack which leads to aggregate demand.
Another modern economic theory anticipated by Ibn Khaldun is supply-side economics. He "argued that high taxes were often a factor in causing empires to collapse, with the result that lower revenue was collected from high rates." He wrote:
It should be known that at the beginning of the dynasty, taxation yields a large revenue from small assessments. At the end of the dynasty, taxation yields a small revenue from large assessments.
Laffer curve
Ibn Khaldun introduced the concept now popularly known as the Laffer curve, that increases in tax rates initially increase tax revenues, but eventually the increases in tax rates cause a decrease in tax revenues. This occurs as too high a tax rate discourages producers in the economy.
Ibn Khaldun used a dialectic approach to describe the sociological implications of tax choice (which now forms a part of economics theory):
In the early stages of the state, taxes are light in their incidence, but fetch in a large revenue ... As time passes and kings succeed each other, they lose their tribal habits in favor of more civilized ones. Their needs and exigencies grow ... owing to the luxury in which they have been brought up. Hence they impose fresh taxes on their subjects ...and sharply raise the rate of old taxes to increase their yield ... But the effects on business of this rise in taxation make themselves felt. For business men are soon discouraged by the comparison of their profits with the burden of their taxes ... Consequently production falls off, and with it the yield of taxation.
This analysis is very similar to the modern economic concept known as the Laffer curve. Laffer does not claim to have invented the concept himself, noting that the idea was present in the work of Ibn Khaldun and, more recently, John Maynard Keynes.
Historiography
See also: Historiography of early Islam and Sociology in medieval Islam
The Muqaddimah is also held to be a foundational work for the schools of historiography, cultural history, and the philosophy of history. The Muqaddimah also laid the groundwork for the observation of the role of state, communication, propaganda and systematic bias in history.
Franz Rosenthal wrote in the History of Muslim Historiography:
Muslim historiography has at all times been united by the closest ties with the general development of scholarship in Islam, and the position of historical knowledge in MusIim education has exercised a decisive influence upon the intellectual level of historical writing....The Muslims achieved a definite advance beyond previous historical writing in the sociological understanding of history and the systematisation of historiography. The development of modern historical writing seems to have gained considerably in speed and substance through the utilization of a Muslim Literature which enabled western historians, from the seventeenth century on, to see a large section of the world through foreign eyes. The Muslim historiography helped indirectly and modestly to shape present day historical thinking.
Historical method
The Muqaddimah states that history is a philosophical science, and historians should attempt to refute myths. Ibn Khaldun approached the past as strange and in need of interpretation. The originality of Ibn Khaldun was to claim that the cultural difference of another age must govern the evaluation of relevant historical material, to distinguish the principles according to which it might be possible to attempt the evaluation, and lastly, to feel the need for experience, in addition to rational principles, in order to assess a culture of the past. Ibn Khaldun often criticized "idle superstition and uncritical acceptance of historical data". As a result, he introduced a scientific method to the study of history, which was considered something "new to his age", and he often referred to it as his "new science", now associated with historiography.: x
Philosophy of history
Ibn Khaldun is considered a pioneer of the philosophy of history. Dawood writes on the Muqaddimah:
It can be regarded as the earliest attempt made by any historian to discover a pattern in the changes that occur in man's political and social organization. Rational in its approach, analytical in its method, encyclopaedic in detail, it represents an almost complete departure from traditional historiography, discarding conventional concepts and cliches and seeking, beyond the mere chronicle of events, an explanation—and hence a philosophy of history.: ix
Systemic bias
The Muqaddimah emphasized the role of systemic bias in affecting the standard of evidence. Khaldun was quite concerned with the effect of raising the standard of evidence when confronted with uncomfortable claims, and relaxing it when given claims that seemed reasonable or comfortable. He was a jurist, and sometimes participated reluctantly in rulings that he felt were coerced, based on arguments he did not respect. Besides al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), Ibn Khaldun's focused attempt systematically to study and account for biases in the creation of history wouldn't be seen again until Georg Hegel, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Nietzsche in 19th-century Germany, and Arnold J. Toynbee, a 20th-century British historian.
Ibn Khaldun also examines why, throughout history, it has been common for historians to sensationalize historical events and, in particular, exaggerate numerical figures:
Whenever contemporaries speak about the dynastic armies of their own or recent times, and whenever they engage in discussions about Muslim or Christian soldiers, or when they get to figuring the tax revenues and the money spent by the government, the outlays of extravagant spenders, and the goods that rich and prosperous men have in stock, they are quite generally found to exaggerate, to go beyond the bounds of the ordinary, and to succumb to the temptation of sensationalism. When the officials in charge are questioned about their armies, when the goods and assets of wealthy people are assessed, and when the outlays of extravagant spenders are looked at in ordinary light, the figures will be found to amount to a tenth of what those people have said. The reason is simple. It is the common desire for sensationalism, the ease with which one may just mention a higher figure, and the disregard of reviewers and critics.: 13–14
Islamic theology
The Muqaddimah contains discussions on Islamic theology which show that Ibn Khaldun was a follower of the orthodox Ash'ari school of Sunni Islamic thought and a supporter of al-Ghazali's religious views. He was also a critic of Neoplatonism, particularly its notion of a hierarchy of being.
The Muqaddimah covers the historical development of kalam and the different schools of Islamic thought, notably the Mu'tazili and Ash'ari schools. Ibn Khaldun, being a follower of the Ash'ari school, criticizes the views of the Mu'tazili school, and bases his criticisms on the views of Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, whom he describes as "the mediator between different approaches in the kalam". Ibn Khaldun also covers the historical development of Islamic logic in the context of theology, as he viewed logic as being distinct from early Islamic philosophy, and believed that philosophy should remain separate from theology. The book also contains commentaries on verses from the Qur'an.
Sharia and fiqh
Ibn Khaldun was an Islamic jurist and discussed the topics of sharia (Islamic law) and fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) in his Muqaddimah. Ibn Khaldun wrote that "Jurisprudence is the knowledge of the classification of the laws of God." In regards to jurisprudence, he acknowledged the inevitability of change in all aspects of a community, and wrote:
The conditions, customs and beliefs of peoples and nations do not indefinitely follow the same pattern and adhere to a constant course. There is rather, change with days and epochs, as well as passing from one state to another ... such is the law of God that has taken place with regard to His subjects.
Ibn Khaldun further described Fiqh jurisprudence as "knowledge of the rules of God which concern the actions of persons who own themselves bound to obey the law respecting what is required (wajib), forbidden (haraam), recommended (mandūb), disapproved (makruh) or merely permitted (mubah)".
Natural sciences
Biology
Some of Ibn Khaldun's thoughts, according to some commentators, anticipate the biological theory of evolution. Ibn Khaldun asserted that humans developed from "the world of the monkeys", in a process by which "species become more numerous" in Chapter 1 of the Muqaddimah:
One should then take a look at the world of creation. It started out from the minerals and progressed, in an ingenious, gradual manner, to plants and animals. The last stage of minerals is connected with the first stage of plants, such as herbs and seedless plants. The last stage of plants, such as palms and vines, is connected with the first stage of animals, such as snails and shellfish which have only the power of touch. The word 'connection' with regard to these created things means that the last stage of each group is fully prepared to become the first stage of the newest group.
The animal world then widens, its species become numerous, and, in a gradual process of creation, it finally leads to man, who is able to think and reflect. The higher stage of man is reached from the world of monkeys, in which both sagacity and perception are found, but which has not reached the stage of actual reflection and thinking. At this point we come to the first stage of man. This is as far as our (physical) observation extends.: 137–138
Ibn Khaldun believed that humans are the most evolved form of animals, in that they have the ability to reason. The Muqaddimah also states in Chapter 6:
We explained there that the whole of existence in (all) its simple and composite worlds is arranged in a natural order of ascent and descent, so that everything constitutes an uninterrupted continuum. The essences at the end of each particular stage of the worlds are by nature prepared to be transformed into the essence adjacent to them, either above or below them. This is the case with the simple material elements; it is the case with palms and vines, (which constitute) the last stage of plants, in their relation to snails and shellfish, (which constitute) the (lowest) stage of animals. It is also the case with monkeys, creatures combining in themselves cleverness and perception, in their relation to man, the being who has the ability to think and to reflect. The preparedness (for transformation) that exists on either side, at each stage of the worlds, is meant when (we speak about) their connection.: 553
Plants do not have the same fineness and power that animals have. Therefore, the sages rarely turned to them. Animals are the last and final stage of the three permutations. Minerals turn into plants, and plants into animals, but animals cannot turn into anything finer than themselves.: 691
His evolutionary ideas appear to be similar to those found in the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity. Ibn Khaldun was also an adherent of environmental determinism. He believed that the black skin, practices, and customs of the people of sub-Saharan Africa were due to the region's hot climate, a theory that according to Rosenthal may have been influenced by the Greek geographical ideas expounded by Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos. Ibn Khaldun viewed the Hamitic theory, where the sons of Ham became black as the result of a curse from God, as a myth.
Shoaib Ahmed Malik has argued that Ibn Khaldun's theory, while remarkable for its acceptance of the kinship between monkeys and humans, should be understood in the context of the late antique and medieval concept of the great chain of being. This theory postulates a linked hierarchy between all entities in creation but is not properly a theory of evolution. The system of the great chain of being implies a graded similarity between the various stages in the hierarchy from minerals to plants, animals, humans, angels, and God, but not a temporal process in which one species originates from the other. While according to some mystical interpretations individual souls may move up the 'ladder' in order to reunite with the divine, the species (or 'substantial forms', in the language of Aristotelian and Neoplatonic ontology) themselves are eternal and fixed. Malik states that quotes from the Muqadimmah like the first one cite above are often given without proper regard for their context. The quote is taken from a section called The Real Meaning of Prophecy, which argues that prophets occupy a place in the great chain of being just beneath angels. In Ibn Khaldun's view, this explains why individual prophets may temporarily ascend to the rank of angels and share with them in the knowledge of the divine, which they may then bring back to humanity in the form of revelation. According to Malik, interpretations that see in this an early form of scientific evolution theory ought to explain how angels, prophets and the upwards ascent of the soul fit into that theory.
Alchemy
Ibn Khaldun was a critic of the practice of alchemy. The Muqaddimah discusses the history of alchemy, the views of alchemists such as Jabir ibn Hayyan, and the theories of the transmutation of metals and elixir of life. One chapter of the book contains a systematic refutation of alchemy on social, scientific, philosophical and religious grounds.
He begins his refutation on social grounds, arguing that many alchemists are incapable of earning a living and end up "losing their credibility because of the futility of their attempts", and states that if transmutation were possible, the disproportionate growth of gold and silver "would make transactions useless and would run counter to divine wisdom". He argues that some alchemists resort to fraud, either openly by applying a thin layer of gold on top of silver jewelry, or by secretly using an artificial procedure of covering whitened copper with sublimated mercury.
Ibn Khaldun states that most alchemists are honest and believe that the transmutation of metals is possible, but he argues that transmutation is an implausible theory since there has been no successful attempt to date. He ends his arguments with a restatement of his position: "Alchemy can only be achieved through psychic influences (bi-ta'thirat al-nufus). Extraordinary things are either miracles or witchcraft ... They are unbounded; nobody can claim to acquire them."
Political theory
See also: Asabiyyah
In the Muqaddimah's introductory remarks, Ibn Khaldun agrees with the classical republicanism of the Aristotelian proposition that man is political by nature, and that man's interdependence creates the need for the political community. Yet he argues that men and tribes need to defend themselves from potential attacks, and thus political communities are formed. The glue which holds such tribes together and eventually forms "royal authority" or the state, according to Ibn Khaldun, is ʿasabiyyah. He argues that the best type of political community is a caliphate or Islamic state, and argues that the neo-Platonist political theories of al-Farabi and Ibn Sina and the "perfect state" (Madinatu l-Faḍīlah) are useless because God's Law, the sharia, has been revealed to take account of public interest and the afterlife. The second most perfect state, Ibn Khaldun argues, is one based on justice and consideration for public welfare in this life, but not based on religious law and so not beneficial to one's afterlife. Ibn Khaldun calls this state blameworthy. Yet the worst type of state, according to Ibn Khaldun, is a tyranny wherein government usurps property rights and rules with injustice against the rights of men. He argues that if that is not possible for a ruler to be both loved and feared, then it is better to be loved, because fear creates many negative effects in the state's population.
Ibn Khaldun writes that civilizations have lifespans like individuals, and that every state will eventually fall because sedentary luxuries distract them, and eventually government begins to overtax citizens and begin injustice against property rights, and "injustice ruins civilization". Eventually after one dynasty or royal authority falls, it is replaced by another, in a continuous cycle.
The British philosopher-anthropologist Ernest Gellner considered Ibn Khaldun's definition of government, "an institution which prevents injustice other than such as it commits itself", the best in the history of political philosophy.
References
Citations
^ Ruud, Jay (2014). "The Muqaddimah". Encyclopedia of medieval literature (2nd ed.). New York. ISBN 978-1-4381-4974-5. OCLC 974769342.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ a b c Akhtar 1997.
^ Alatas, S. H. (2006), "The Autonomous, the Universal and the Future of Sociology", Current Sociology, 54: 7–23 , doi:10.1177/0011392106058831, S2CID 144226604
^ a b Mohamad Abdalla (Summer 2007. "Ibn Khaldun on the Fate of Islamic Science after the 11th Century", Islam & Science 5 (1), p. 61-70.
^ Warren E. Gates (July–September 1967), "The Spread of Ibn Khaldun's Ideas on Climate and Culture", Journal of the History of Ideas, 28 (3): 415–422, doi:10.2307/2708627, JSTOR 2708627
^ a b I. M. Oweiss (1988), "Ibn Khaldun, the Father of Economics", Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses, New York University Press, ISBN 0-88706-698-4.
^ Jean David C. Boulakia (1971), "Ibn Khaldun: A Fourteenth-Century Economist", The Journal of Political Economy 79 (5): 1105–1118.
^ Ahmad, A. (3 July 2013). New Age Globalization: Meaning and Metaphors. Springer. ISBN 9781137319494. Retrieved 25 February 2017 – via Google Books.
^ Wallace 2009, p. 303. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWallace2009 (help)
^ Baali, Fuad (1 January 1988). Society, State, and Urbanism: Ibn Khaldun's Sociological Thought. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780887066092. Retrieved 25 February 2017 – via Google Books.
^ Leuprecht 2011, p. 64.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_30943. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
^ a b Tekin, Kenan (December 2022). "Islamic philosophy and the globalization of science: Ahmed Cevdet's translation of the sixth chapter of Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah". The British Journal for the History of Science. 55 (4): 459–475. doi:10.1017/S0007087422000346. ISSN 0007-0874. PMID 36315021. S2CID 253235392.
^ Schmidt, Nathaniel (1926). "The Manuscripts of Ibn Khaldun". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 46: 171–176. doi:10.2307/593796. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 593796.
^ a b "يوسف رزين - علم العمران الخلدوني". الحوار المتمدن. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
^ Kayapınar, M. Akif (2019). "Ibn Khaldūn's Notion of 'Umrān: An Alternative Unit of Analysis for Contemporary Politics?". Philosophy East and West. 69 (3): 698–720. doi:10.1353/pew.2019.0058. ISSN 1529-1898. S2CID 211433578.
^ ابو عبدالرحمن الكردي. بدائع السلك في طبائع الملك ابن الازرق ت.علي النشار 01 (in Arabic).
^ a b Rosenthal, Franz; Khaldun, Ibn (2015). "From the translator's introduction to the 1958 unabridged edition". The Muqaddimah: an introduction to history - abridged edition. N. J. Dawood, Franz Rosenthal, Bruce B. Lawrence. Princeton. ISBN 978-1-4008-6609-0. OCLC 1145619966.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ El Shamsy, Ahmed (2020-02-11). Rediscovering the Islamic Classics: How Editors and Print Culture Transformed an Intellectual Tradition. Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9780691201245. ISBN 978-0-691-20124-5. S2CID 219802856.
^ a b ʻAẓmah, ʻAzīz. (2003). Ibn Khaldūn : an essay in reinterpretation. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-0-203-04333-2. OCLC 1148191447.
^ Tibi, Bassam. Arab nationalism. 1997, page 139
^ Zuanna, Giampiero Dalla and Micheli, Giuseppe A. Strong Family and Low Fertility. 2004, p. 92
^ a b c Weiss, Dieter (1995). "Ibn Khaldun on Economic Transformation". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 27 (1): 31–33. doi:10.1017/S0020743800061560. S2CID 162022220.
^ Boulakia, Jean David C. (1971). "Ibn Khaldûn: A Fourteenth-Century Economist". Journal of Political Economy. 79 (5): 1111. ISSN 0022-3808. JSTOR 1830276.
^ Gellner, Ernest (1983), Muslim Society, Cambridge University Press, pp. 34–5, ISBN 978-0-521-27407-4
^ Lawrence, Bruce B. (1983), "Introduction: Ibn Khaldun and Islamic Ideology", Journal of Asian and African Studies, XVIII (3–4): 154–165 , doi:10.1177/002190968301800302, S2CID 144858781
^ Bartlett, Bruce, "Supply-Side Economics: 'Voodoo Economics' or Lasting Contribution?" (PDF), Laffer Associates (November 11, 2003), archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-13, retrieved 2008-11-17
^ Walser, Ray. "The Laffer Curve: Past, Present, and Future". Heritage.org. Archived from the original on 2007-12-01. Retrieved 2010-03-26.
^ Historiography. The Islamic Scholar.
^ a b Muhammad Kujjah. "Survey on the Development of the Historical Method among Muslim Scholars until Ibn Khaldun". FSTC. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
^ a b c Ibn Khaldun (1969). N.J. Dawood (ed.). The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691099460.
^ Zaid Ahmad (2003), The Epistemology of Ibn Khaldun, p. 57-59. Routledge, ISBN 0-415-30285-4.
^ Kourides, P. Nicholas (1972), "Traditionalism and Modernism in Islamic Law: A Review", Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 491: 491–506
^ Levy, Reuben (1957), The Social Structure of Islam, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 150, ISBN 978-0-521-09182-4
^ a b Kiros, Teodros. Explorations in African Political Thought. 2001, page 55
^ a b c d Khaldun, ibn. "The Muqaddimah" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2016-04-02. Translated by Franz Rosenthal.
^ El Hamel, Chouki (2002), "'Race', slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean thought: the question of the Haratin in Morocco", The Journal of North African Studies, 7 (3): 29–52 , doi:10.1080/13629380208718472, S2CID 219625829
^ Malik 2021, pp. 160–162.
^ Malik 2021, pp. 155–156.
^ Malik 2021, p. 159.
^ Malik 2021, p. 162.
^ a b c Morelon & Rashed 1996, pp. 853–885.
^ Prof. Hamed A. Ead (1998), Alchemy in Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah, Heidelberg University.
^ Gellner 1992, p. 239.
Sources
Akhtar, S. W. (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge". Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture. 12 (3).
Gellner, Ernest (2 March 1992). Plough, Sword, and Book: The Structure of Human History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-28702-7.
Leuprecht, Peter (2011). Reason, Justice and Dignity: A Journey to Some Unexplored Sources of Human Rights. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-22046-1.
Malik, Shoaib Ahmed (2021). "Old texts, new masks: misreading evolution onto historical Islamic texts". Islam and Evolution: al-Ghazālī and the Modern Evolutionary Paradigm. London: Routledge. pp. 155–176. doi:10.4324/9780429345753. ISBN 9780429345753. (previously published as Malik, Shoaib Ahmed (2019). "Old Texts, New Masks: A Critical Review of Misreading Evolution onto Historical Islamic Texts". Zygon. 54 (2): 501–522. doi:10.1111/zygo.12519. S2CID 241654249.)
Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, vol. 3, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-12410-2
Rosenthal, Franz; Dawood, Nessim Yosef David (1969). The Muqaddimah : an introduction to history; in three volumes. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01754-9.
Ter-Ghevondyan, Aram N. (1965), Արաբական Ամիրայությունները Բագրատունյաց Հայաստանում (in Armenian), Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian National Academy of Sciences, p. 15
Weiss, Dieter (2009). "Ibn Khaldun on Economic Transformation". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 27 (1): 29–37. doi:10.1017/S0020743800061560. S2CID 162022220.
External links
Complete text of the Muqaddimah
Complete Arabic text of the Muqaddima on Arabic Wikisource
Copy of Arabic manuscript on Gallica.BNF.fr
Printed edition of Muqaddimah, 1900
Printed edition of Muqaddimah, 1900
Printed edition of Muqaddimah, 1904
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef
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precursor or an early representative of social Darwinism,[10] and Darwinism.[clarification needed][11]Ibn Khaldun wrote the work in 1377 as the introduction and the first book of his planned work of world history, the Kitab al-ʿIbar (\"Book of Lessons\"; full title: Kitābu l-ʻibari wa Dīwāni l-Mubtada' wal-Ḥabar fī ayāmi l-ʻarab wal-ʿajam wal-barbar, waman ʻĀsarahum min Dhawī sh-Shalṭāni l-Akbār, i.e.: \"Book of Lessons, Record of Beginnings and Events in the history of the Arabs and Foreigners and Berbers and their Powerful Contemporaries\"), but already in his lifetime it became regarded as an independent work on its own.","title":"Muqaddimah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"}],"text":"Muqaddimah (مُقَدِّمَة) is an Arabic word used to mean \"prologue\" or \"introduction\", to introduce a larger work.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn_autograph,_al-Muqaddima,_MS_At%C4%B1f_Efendi_1936,_f._7a.png"},{"link_name":"Atif Efendi Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atif_Efendi_Library&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81_%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"Qalʿat ibn Salama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qal%CA%BFat_ibn_Salama"},{"link_name":"secluded himself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalwa_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"Kitab 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al-Azmeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_al-Azmeh"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-20"},{"link_name":"Franz Rosenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Rosenthal"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-20"}],"text":"Ibn Khaldun's handwriting on the upper left corner, certifying manuscript MS C. Atif Efendi 1936, of the Atif Efendi Library [ar][12]Ibn Khaldun wrote the first version of the Muqaddimah in Qalʿat ibn Salama, where he secluded himself for almost four years after withdrawing from political life.[12] It is the first of three parts of a project he worked on for almost thirty years: his Kitab al-ʿIbar, a massive work of universal history filling seventeen volumes of 500 pages each in its modern edition.[12] A draft of the Muqaddimah was completed in 1377.[13] Manuscripts of the Muqaddimah copied in the lifetime of Ibn Khaldun are extant, and a number of them have autographed marginal notes or additions.[14]In the Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun expounds on a \"new science\" around which he had maintained secrecy up until his retirement to Qalʿat ibn Salama, a new science for the study of what he calls \"ʿumrān\" (عُمران).[12][15][16] This new science, ʿilm al-ʿumrān (عِلم العُمران), is based on Greco-Arab philosophy and seeks to study the evolution of humankind and society throughout history using a method that is essentially historical, empirical, rational, and demonstrative.[12][15]The Muqaddimah shaped by Ibn Khaldun's characteristic moderation with regard to politics and religion—was met without much enthusiasm or clear hostility in the first few centuries after it was written.[12] It was alluded to in the works of two Moroccan writers, Muḥammad Ibn al-Sakkāk (d. 1413) and Yaʿqūb b. Mūsā al-Saytānī, but Muḥammad b. ʿAlī Ibn al-Azraq (d. 1496) is apparently the only contemporary writer of the Maghreb who clearly approved of his work, quoting from it abundantly in his Badāʾiʿ al-silk fī ṭabāʾiʿ al-mulk[17] (كتاب بدائع السلك في طبائع الملك).[12]It was cited more often in works from Egypt, celebrated by disciples including Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442) and Ibn ʿAmmār, and met with hostility by others such as Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani and his master Nur al-Din al-Haythami.[12]In the following centuries, Khaldun appeared prominently, described as an authority on political history, in numerous biographical dictionaries—especially in Ahmed Muhammad al-Maqqari's Nafḥ al-ṭīb min ghuṣn al-Andalus al-raṭīb [ar]—but the Muqaddimah remained largely absent.[12]Ottoman historians including Kâtip Çelebi (d. 1657) and Mustafa Naima (d. 1716) valued the social and political theories in the Muqaddimah, but did not apply them in the analysis of their own society.[12] The first five out of six chapters were translated into Ottoman Turkish by Mehmed Pirizade [ar] (d. 1749), and the sixth chapter was translated by Ahmed Cevdet (d. 1895); the complete translation was published 1860/61.[12][13][18]The Muqaddimah was first printed in 1857 at the Bulaq Press in Cairo in a standalone volume made by Naṣr al-Hūrīnī [ar], with crucial support from Rifa'a at-Tahtawi, and as the first volume in a seven-volume set of Kitab al-ʿIbar a decade later.[19]Abdesselam Cheddadi concludes that \"the strictly scientific contribution of Ibn Khaldūn to the field of history and the social sciences was not fully recognised in the Muslim world until the late nineteenth century.\"[12]The Muqaddimah was first discovered in France through the partial Turkish translation of Mehmed Pirizade [ar] (d. 1749).[12] In 1858, the year following the first publication in Cairo, Étienne-Marc Quatremère printed an edition of the Arabic text of the Muqaddimah in three volumes in Paris under the title Les Prolégomènes d’Ebn Khaldoun.[12] William McGuckin de Slane published a French translation in three volumes in 1863 that Aziz al-Azmeh regards as the best translation of Ibn Khaldun's text.[20]An English translation was published by Franz Rosenthal in 1958.[18][20]","title":"History of the Muqaddimah"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sociology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aristotle's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"ʿasabiyyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asabiyyah"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tibi-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zua-22"}],"sub_title":"ʿAsabiyyah","text":"Aristotle's Circle of Justice (دائرة السياسة لأرسطو) in a 15th century manuscript of the Muqaddimah.[12]The concept of \"ʿasabiyyah\" (Arabic: \"tribalism, clanism, communitarism\", or in a modern context, \"group feeling\", \"social cohesion\", \"solidarity\" or even \"nationalism\") is one of the best known aspects of the Muqaddimah. As this ʿasabiyyah declines, another more compelling ʿasabiyyah may take its place; thus, civilizations rise and fall, and history describes these cycles of ʿasabiyyah as they play out.[21][22]Ibn Khaldun argues that each dynasty has within itself the seeds of its own downfall. He explains that ruling houses tend to emerge on the peripheries of great empires and use the unity presented by those areas to their advantage in order to bring about a change in leadership. As the new rulers establish themselves at the center of their empire, they become increasingly lax and more concerned with maintaining their lifestyles. Thus, a new dynasty can emerge at the periphery of their control and effect a change in leadership, beginning the cycle anew.","title":"Sociology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islamic economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_economics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibn_Khaldoun.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khaldun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"economic growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWeiss-23"},{"link_name":"human capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_capital"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWeiss-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWeiss-23"},{"link_name":"labor theory of value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value"},{"link_name":"capital accumulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_accumulation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oweiss-6"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Keynesian economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynesian_economics"},{"link_name":"multiplier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spending_multiplier"},{"link_name":"John Maynard Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes"},{"link_name":"middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class"},{"link_name":"economic depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(economics)"},{"link_name":"investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment"},{"link_name":"aggregate demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate_demand"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"supply-side economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply-side_economics"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"See also: Islamic economicsStatue of Ibn Khaldun in TunisIbn Khaldun wrote on economic and political theory in the Muqaddimah, relating his thoughts on ʿasabiyyah to the division of labor: the greater the social cohesion, the more complex the division may be, the greater the economic growth:When civilization [population] increases, the available labor again increases. In turn, luxury again increases in correspondence with the increasing profit, and the customs and needs of luxury increase. Crafts are created to obtain luxury products. The value realized from them increases, and, as a result, profits are again multiplied in the town. Production there is thriving even more than before. And so it goes with the second and third increase. All the additional labor serves luxury and wealth, in contrast to the original labor that served the necessity of life.[23]Ibn Khaldun noted that growth and development positively stimulate both supply and demand, and that the forces of supply and demand are what determine the prices of goods. He also noted macroeconomic forces of population growth, human capital development, and technological developments effects on development. Ibn Khaldun held that population growth was a function of wealth.[23]He understood that money served as a standard of value, a medium of exchange, and a preserver of value, though he did not realize that the value of gold and silver changed based on the forces of supply and demand.[23] Ibn Khaldun also introduced the labor theory of value. He described labor as the source of value, necessary for all earnings and capital accumulation, obvious in the case of craft. He argued that even if earning \"results from something other than a craft, the value of the resulting profit and acquired (capital) must (also) include the value of the labor by which it was obtained. Without labor, it would not have been acquired.\"[6]Ibn Khaldun describes a theory of prices through his understanding that prices result from the law of supply and demand. He understood that when a good is scarce and in demand, its price is high and when the good is abundant, its price is low.The inhabitants of a city have more food than they need. Consequently, the price of food is low, as a rule, except when misfortunes occur due to celestial conditions that may affect [the supply of] food.[24]His theory of ʿasabiyyah has often been compared to modern Keynesian economics, with Ibn Khaldun's theory clearly containing the concept of the multiplier. A crucial difference, however, is that whereas for John Maynard Keynes it is the middle class's greater propensity to save that is to blame for economic depression, for Ibn Khaldun it is the governmental propensity to save at times when investment opportunities do not take up the slack which leads to aggregate demand.[25]Another modern economic theory anticipated by Ibn Khaldun is supply-side economics.[26] He \"argued that high taxes were often a factor in causing empires to collapse, with the result that lower revenue was collected from high rates.\" He wrote:[27]It should be known that at the beginning of the dynasty, taxation yields a large revenue from small assessments. At the end of the dynasty, taxation yields a small revenue from large assessments.","title":"Economics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laffer curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve"},{"link_name":"dialectic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Maynard Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Laffer curve","text":"Ibn Khaldun introduced the concept now popularly known as the Laffer curve, that increases in tax rates initially increase tax revenues, but eventually the increases in tax rates cause a decrease in tax revenues. This occurs as too high a tax rate discourages producers in the economy.Ibn Khaldun used a dialectic approach to describe the sociological implications of tax choice (which now forms a part of economics theory):In the early stages of the state, taxes are light in their incidence, but fetch in a large revenue ... As time passes and kings succeed each other, they lose their tribal habits in favor of more civilized ones. Their needs and exigencies grow ... owing to the luxury in which they have been brought up. Hence they impose fresh taxes on their subjects ...and sharply raise the rate of old taxes to increase their yield ... But the effects on business of this rise in taxation make themselves felt. For business men are soon discouraged by the comparison of their profits with the burden of their taxes ... Consequently production falls off, and with it the yield of taxation.[citation needed]This analysis is very similar to the modern economic concept known as the Laffer curve. Laffer does not claim to have invented the concept himself, noting that the idea was present in the work of Ibn Khaldun and, more recently, John Maynard Keynes.[28]","title":"Economics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Historiography of early Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam"},{"link_name":"Sociology in medieval Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_in_medieval_Islam"},{"link_name":"historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography"},{"link_name":"cultural history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_history"},{"link_name":"philosophy of history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_history"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mohamad_Abdalla_2007_p._61-70-4"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication"},{"link_name":"propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda"},{"link_name":"systematic bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_bias"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Franz Rosenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Rosenthal"},{"link_name":"sociological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"See also: Historiography of early Islam and Sociology in medieval IslamThe Muqaddimah is also held to be a foundational work for the schools of historiography, cultural history, and the philosophy of history.[4] The Muqaddimah also laid the groundwork for the observation of the role of state, communication, propaganda and systematic bias in history.[citation needed]Franz Rosenthal wrote in the History of Muslim Historiography:Muslim historiography has at all times been united by the closest ties with the general development of scholarship in Islam, and the position of historical knowledge in MusIim education has exercised a decisive influence upon the intellectual level of historical writing....The Muslims achieved a definite advance beyond previous historical writing in the sociological understanding of history and the systematisation of historiography. The development of modern historical writing seems to have gained considerably in speed and substance through the utilization of a Muslim Literature which enabled western historians, from the seventeenth century on, to see a large section of the world through foreign eyes. The Muslim historiography helped indirectly and modestly to shape present day historical thinking.[29]","title":"Historiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kujjah-30"},{"link_name":"superstition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstition"},{"link_name":"scientific method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method"},{"link_name":"historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawood-31"}],"sub_title":"Historical method","text":"The Muqaddimah states that history is a philosophical science, and historians should attempt to refute myths.[30] Ibn Khaldun approached the past as strange and in need of interpretation. The originality of Ibn Khaldun was to claim that the cultural difference of another age must govern the evaluation of relevant historical material, to distinguish the principles according to which it might be possible to attempt the evaluation, and lastly, to feel the need for experience, in addition to rational principles, in order to assess a culture of the past. Ibn Khaldun often criticized \"idle superstition and uncritical acceptance of historical data\". As a result, he introduced a scientific method to the study of history, which was considered something \"new to his age\", and he often referred to it as his \"new science\", now associated with historiography.[31]: x","title":"Historiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"philosophy of history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_history"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhtar1997-2"},{"link_name":"Dawood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._J._Dawood"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawood-31"}],"sub_title":"Philosophy of history","text":"Ibn Khaldun is considered a pioneer of the philosophy of history.[2] Dawood writes on the Muqaddimah:It can be regarded as the earliest attempt made by any historian to discover a pattern in the changes that occur in man's political and social organization. Rational in its approach, analytical in its method, encyclopaedic in detail, it represents an almost complete departure from traditional historiography, discarding conventional concepts and cliches and seeking, beyond the mere chronicle of events, an explanation—and hence a philosophy of history.[31]: ix","title":"Historiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"systemic bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_bias"},{"link_name":"standard of evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_method"},{"link_name":"al-Maqrizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maqrizi"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kujjah-30"},{"link_name":"Georg Hegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Arnold J. Toynbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"sensationalize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensationalism"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawood-31"}],"sub_title":"Systemic bias","text":"The Muqaddimah emphasized the role of systemic bias in affecting the standard of evidence. Khaldun was quite concerned with the effect of raising the standard of evidence when confronted with uncomfortable claims, and relaxing it when given claims that seemed reasonable or comfortable. He was a jurist, and sometimes participated reluctantly in rulings that he felt were coerced, based on arguments he did not respect. Besides al-Maqrizi (1364–1442),[30] Ibn Khaldun's focused attempt systematically to study and account for biases in the creation of history wouldn't be seen again until Georg Hegel, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Nietzsche[citation needed] in 19th-century Germany, and Arnold J. Toynbee, a 20th-century British historian.[citation needed]Ibn Khaldun also examines why, throughout history, it has been common for historians to sensationalize historical events and, in particular, exaggerate numerical figures:Whenever contemporaries speak about the dynastic armies of their own or recent times, and whenever they engage in discussions about Muslim or Christian soldiers, or when they get to figuring the tax revenues and the money spent by the government, the outlays of extravagant spenders, and the goods that rich and prosperous men have in stock, they are quite generally found to exaggerate, to go beyond the bounds of the ordinary, and to succumb to the temptation of sensationalism. When the officials in charge are questioned about their armies, when the goods and assets of wealthy people are assessed, and when the outlays of extravagant spenders are looked at in ordinary light, the figures will be found to amount to a tenth of what those people have said. The reason is simple. It is the common desire for sensationalism, the ease with which one may just mention a higher figure, and the disregard of reviewers and critics.[31]: 13–14","title":"Historiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islamic theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_theology"},{"link_name":"Ash'ari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%27ari"},{"link_name":"Sunni Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"al-Ghazali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali"},{"link_name":"Neoplatonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism"},{"link_name":"hierarchy of being","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_chain_of_being"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"kalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam"},{"link_name":"Mu'tazili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27tazili"},{"link_name":"Ash'ari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%27ari"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Ash%27ari"},{"link_name":"kalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam"},{"link_name":"Islamic logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy"},{"link_name":"early Islamic philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Qur'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"The Muqaddimah contains discussions on Islamic theology which show that Ibn Khaldun was a follower of the orthodox Ash'ari school of Sunni Islamic thought and a supporter of al-Ghazali's religious views. He was also a critic of Neoplatonism, particularly its notion of a hierarchy of being.[citation needed]The Muqaddimah covers the historical development of kalam and the different schools of Islamic thought, notably the Mu'tazili and Ash'ari schools. Ibn Khaldun, being a follower of the Ash'ari school, criticizes the views of the Mu'tazili school, and bases his criticisms on the views of Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, whom he describes as \"the mediator between different approaches in the kalam\". Ibn Khaldun also covers the historical development of Islamic logic in the context of theology, as he viewed logic as being distinct from early Islamic philosophy, and believed that philosophy should remain separate from theology. The book also contains commentaries on verses from the Qur'an.[32]","title":"Islamic theology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islamic jurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulema"},{"link_name":"sharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"fiqh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh"},{"link_name":"Jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"wajib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajib"},{"link_name":"haraam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraam"},{"link_name":"mandūb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustahab"},{"link_name":"makruh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makruh"},{"link_name":"mubah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubah"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Sharia and fiqh","text":"Ibn Khaldun was an Islamic jurist and discussed the topics of sharia (Islamic law) and fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) in his Muqaddimah. Ibn Khaldun wrote that \"Jurisprudence is the knowledge of the classification of the laws of God.\" In regards to jurisprudence, he acknowledged the inevitability of change in all aspects of a community, and wrote:The conditions, customs and beliefs of peoples and nations do not indefinitely follow the same pattern and adhere to a constant course. There is rather, change with days and epochs, as well as passing from one state to another ... such is the law of God that has taken place with regard to His subjects.[33]Ibn Khaldun further described Fiqh jurisprudence as \"knowledge of the rules of God which concern the actions of persons who own themselves bound to obey the law respecting what is required (wajib), forbidden (haraam), recommended (mandūb), disapproved (makruh) or merely permitted (mubah)\".[34]","title":"Islamic theology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Natural sciences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kiros-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kiros-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenthal-36"},{"link_name":"humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"},{"link_name":"animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenthal-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenthal-36"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity"},{"link_name":"environmental determinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_determinism"},{"link_name":"black skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people"},{"link_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa"},{"link_name":"Tetrabiblos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrabiblos"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenthal-36"},{"link_name":"Hamitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamitic"},{"link_name":"Ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham_(son_of_Noah)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"late antique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_antique"},{"link_name":"great chain of being","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_chain_of_being"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"substantial forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantial_form"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"temporarily ascend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entering_heaven_alive#Islam"},{"link_name":"revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelation"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Biology","text":"Some of Ibn Khaldun's thoughts, according to some commentators, anticipate the biological theory of evolution.[35] Ibn Khaldun asserted that humans developed from \"the world of the monkeys\", in a process by which \"species become more numerous\" in Chapter 1 of the Muqaddimah:[35]One should then take a look at the world of creation. It started out from the minerals and progressed, in an ingenious, gradual manner, to plants and animals. The last stage of minerals is connected with the first stage of plants, such as herbs and seedless plants. The last stage of plants, such as palms and vines, is connected with the first stage of animals, such as snails and shellfish which have only the power of touch. The word 'connection' with regard to these created things means that the last stage of each group is fully prepared to become the first stage of the newest group.\nThe animal world then widens, its species become numerous, and, in a gradual process of creation, it finally leads to man, who is able to think and reflect. The higher stage of man is reached from the world of monkeys, in which both sagacity and perception are found, but which has not reached the stage of actual reflection and thinking. At this point we come to the first stage of man. This is as far as our (physical) observation extends.[36]: 137–138Ibn Khaldun believed that humans are the most evolved form of animals, in that they have the ability to reason. The Muqaddimah also states in Chapter 6:We explained there that the whole of existence in (all) its simple and composite worlds is arranged in a natural order of ascent and descent, so that everything constitutes an uninterrupted continuum. The essences at the end of each particular stage of the worlds are by nature prepared to be transformed into the essence adjacent to them, either above or below them. This is the case with the simple material elements; it is the case with palms and vines, (which constitute) the last stage of plants, in their relation to snails and shellfish, (which constitute) the (lowest) stage of animals. It is also the case with monkeys, creatures combining in themselves cleverness and perception, in their relation to man, the being who has the ability to think and to reflect. The preparedness (for transformation) that exists on either side, at each stage of the worlds, is meant when (we speak about) their connection.[36]: 553Plants do not have the same fineness and power that animals have. Therefore, the sages rarely turned to them. Animals are the last and final stage of the three permutations. Minerals turn into plants, and plants into animals, but animals cannot turn into anything finer than themselves.[36]: 691His evolutionary ideas appear to be similar to those found in the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity. Ibn Khaldun was also an adherent of environmental determinism. He believed that the black skin, practices, and customs of the people of sub-Saharan Africa were due to the region's hot climate, a theory that according to Rosenthal may have been influenced by the Greek geographical ideas expounded by Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos.[36] Ibn Khaldun viewed the Hamitic theory, where the sons of Ham became black as the result of a curse from God, as a myth.[37]Shoaib Ahmed Malik has argued that Ibn Khaldun's theory, while remarkable for its acceptance of the kinship between monkeys and humans, should be understood in the context of the late antique and medieval concept of the great chain of being. This theory postulates a linked hierarchy between all entities in creation but is not properly a theory of evolution.[38] The system of the great chain of being implies a graded similarity between the various stages in the hierarchy from minerals to plants, animals, humans, angels, and God, but not a temporal process in which one species originates from the other. While according to some mystical interpretations individual souls may move up the 'ladder' in order to reunite with the divine, the species (or 'substantial forms', in the language of Aristotelian and Neoplatonic ontology) themselves are eternal and fixed.[39] Malik states that quotes from the Muqadimmah like the first one cite above are often given without proper regard for their context.[40] The quote is taken from a section called The Real Meaning of Prophecy, which argues that prophets occupy a place in the great chain of being just beneath angels. In Ibn Khaldun's view, this explains why individual prophets may temporarily ascend to the rank of angels and share with them in the knowledge of the divine, which they may then bring back to humanity in the form of revelation. According to Malik, interpretations that see in this an early form of scientific evolution theory ought to explain how angels, prophets and the upwards ascent of the soul fit into that theory.[41]","title":"Natural sciences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alchemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy"},{"link_name":"Jabir ibn Hayyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan"},{"link_name":"transmutation of metals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone"},{"link_name":"elixir of life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elixir_of_life"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorelonRashed1996853%E2%80%93885-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorelonRashed1996853%E2%80%93885-42"},{"link_name":"transactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_transaction"},{"link_name":"fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"sublimated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorelonRashed1996853%E2%80%93885-42"}],"sub_title":"Alchemy","text":"Ibn Khaldun was a critic of the practice of alchemy. The Muqaddimah discusses the history of alchemy, the views of alchemists such as Jabir ibn Hayyan, and the theories of the transmutation of metals and elixir of life. One chapter of the book contains a systematic refutation of alchemy on social,[42] scientific, philosophical and religious grounds.[43]He begins his refutation on social grounds, arguing that many alchemists are incapable of earning a living and end up \"losing their credibility because of the futility of their attempts\",[42] and states that if transmutation were possible, the disproportionate growth of gold and silver \"would make transactions useless and would run counter to divine wisdom\". He argues that some alchemists resort to fraud, either openly by applying a thin layer of gold on top of silver jewelry, or by secretly using an artificial procedure of covering whitened copper with sublimated mercury.Ibn Khaldun states that most alchemists are honest and believe that the transmutation of metals is possible, but he argues that transmutation is an implausible theory since there has been no successful attempt to date. He ends his arguments with a restatement of his position: \"Alchemy can only be achieved through psychic influences (bi-ta'thirat al-nufus). Extraordinary things are either miracles or witchcraft ... They are unbounded; nobody can claim to acquire them.\"[42]","title":"Natural sciences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asabiyyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asabiyyah"},{"link_name":"classical republicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_republicanism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Aristotelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelianism"},{"link_name":"community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"al-Farabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farabi"},{"link_name":"Ibn Sina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina"},{"link_name":"sharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"Ernest Gellner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Gellner"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government"},{"link_name":"political philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellner1992239-44"}],"text":"See also: AsabiyyahIn the Muqaddimah's introductory remarks, Ibn Khaldun agrees with the classical republicanism[citation needed] of the Aristotelian proposition that man is political by nature, and that man's interdependence creates the need for the political community. Yet he argues that men and tribes need to defend themselves from potential attacks, and thus political communities are formed. The glue which holds such tribes together and eventually forms \"royal authority\" or the state[citation needed], according to Ibn Khaldun, is ʿasabiyyah. He argues that the best type of political community is a caliphate or Islamic state, and argues that the neo-Platonist political theories of al-Farabi and Ibn Sina and the \"perfect state\" (Madinatu l-Faḍīlah) are useless because God's Law, the sharia, has been revealed to take account of public interest and the afterlife. The second most perfect state, Ibn Khaldun argues, is one based on justice and consideration for public welfare in this life, but not based on religious law and so not beneficial to one's afterlife. Ibn Khaldun calls this state blameworthy. Yet the worst type of state, according to Ibn Khaldun, is a tyranny wherein government usurps property rights and rules with injustice against the rights of men. He argues that if that is not possible for a ruler to be both loved and feared, then it is better to be loved, because fear creates many negative effects in the state's population.Ibn Khaldun writes that civilizations have lifespans like individuals, and that every state will eventually fall because sedentary luxuries distract them, and eventually government begins to overtax citizens and begin injustice against property rights, and \"injustice ruins civilization\". Eventually after one dynasty or royal authority falls, it is replaced by another, in a continuous cycle.The British philosopher-anthropologist Ernest Gellner considered Ibn Khaldun's definition of government, \"an institution which prevents injustice other than such as it commits itself\", the best in the history of political philosophy.[44]","title":"Political theory"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Ibn Khaldun's handwriting on the upper left corner, certifying manuscript MS C. Atif Efendi 1936, of the Atif Efendi Library [ar][12]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn_autograph%2C_al-Muqaddima%2C_MS_At%C4%B1f_Efendi_1936%2C_f._7a.png/220px-Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn_autograph%2C_al-Muqaddima%2C_MS_At%C4%B1f_Efendi_1936%2C_f._7a.png"},{"image_text":"Aristotle's Circle of Justice (دائرة السياسة لأرسطو) in a 15th century manuscript of the Muqaddimah.[12]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88.jpg/220px-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Ibn Khaldun in Tunis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ibn_Khaldoun.jpg/220px-Ibn_Khaldoun.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Ruud, Jay (2014). \"The Muqaddimah\". Encyclopedia of medieval literature (2nd ed.). New York. ISBN 978-1-4381-4974-5. OCLC 974769342.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/974769342","url_text":"Encyclopedia of medieval literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-4974-5","url_text":"978-1-4381-4974-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/974769342","url_text":"974769342"}]},{"reference":"Alatas, S. H. (2006), \"The Autonomous, the Universal and the Future of Sociology\", Current Sociology, 54: 7–23 [15], doi:10.1177/0011392106058831, S2CID 144226604","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0011392106058831","url_text":"10.1177/0011392106058831"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144226604","url_text":"144226604"}]},{"reference":"Warren E. Gates (July–September 1967), \"The Spread of Ibn Khaldun's Ideas on Climate and Culture\", Journal of the History of Ideas, 28 (3): 415–422, doi:10.2307/2708627, JSTOR 2708627","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_History_of_Ideas","url_text":"Journal of the History of Ideas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2708627","url_text":"10.2307/2708627"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708627","url_text":"2708627"}]},{"reference":"Ahmad, A. (3 July 2013). New Age Globalization: Meaning and Metaphors. Springer. ISBN 9781137319494. 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S2CID 253235392.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-for-the-history-of-science/article/abs/islamic-philosophy-and-the-globalization-of-science-ahmed-cevdets-translation-of-the-sixth-chapter-of-ibn-khalduns-muqaddimah/C060C8FFB6B8A6E51B0DA2E6835316C9","url_text":"\"Islamic philosophy and the globalization of science: Ahmed Cevdet's translation of the sixth chapter of Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007087422000346","url_text":"10.1017/S0007087422000346"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-0874","url_text":"0007-0874"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36315021","url_text":"36315021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253235392","url_text":"253235392"}]},{"reference":"Schmidt, Nathaniel (1926). \"The Manuscripts of Ibn Khaldun\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 46: 171–176. doi:10.2307/593796. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 593796.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/593796","url_text":"\"The Manuscripts of Ibn Khaldun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F593796","url_text":"10.2307/593796"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279","url_text":"0003-0279"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/593796","url_text":"593796"}]},{"reference":"\"يوسف رزين - علم العمران الخلدوني\". الحوار المتمدن. Retrieved 2023-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=464215","url_text":"\"يوسف رزين - علم العمران الخلدوني\""}]},{"reference":"Kayapınar, M. Akif (2019). \"Ibn Khaldūn's Notion of 'Umrān: An Alternative Unit of Analysis for Contemporary Politics?\". 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S2CID 162022220.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800061560","url_text":"10.1017/S0020743800061560"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162022220","url_text":"162022220"}]},{"reference":"Boulakia, Jean David C. (1971). \"Ibn Khaldûn: A Fourteenth-Century Economist\". Journal of Political Economy. 79 (5): 1111. ISSN 0022-3808. JSTOR 1830276.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1830276","url_text":"\"Ibn Khaldûn: A Fourteenth-Century Economist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3808","url_text":"0022-3808"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1830276","url_text":"1830276"}]},{"reference":"Gellner, Ernest (1983), Muslim Society, Cambridge University Press, pp. 34–5, ISBN 978-0-521-27407-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27407-4","url_text":"978-0-521-27407-4"}]},{"reference":"Lawrence, Bruce B. (1983), \"Introduction: Ibn Khaldun and Islamic Ideology\", Journal of Asian and African Studies, XVIII (3–4): 154–165 [157 & 164], doi:10.1177/002190968301800302, S2CID 144858781","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002190968301800302","url_text":"10.1177/002190968301800302"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144858781","url_text":"144858781"}]},{"reference":"Bartlett, Bruce, \"Supply-Side Economics: 'Voodoo Economics' or Lasting Contribution?\" (PDF), Laffer Associates (November 11, 2003), archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-13, retrieved 2008-11-17","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171013113314/http://web.uconn.edu/cunningham/econ309/lafferpdf.pdf","url_text":"\"Supply-Side Economics: 'Voodoo Economics' or Lasting Contribution?\""},{"url":"http://web.uconn.edu/cunningham/econ309/lafferpdf.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Walser, Ray. \"The Laffer Curve: Past, Present, and Future\". 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ISBN 9780691099460.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun","url_text":"Ibn Khaldun"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/muqaddimahintrod00ibnk","url_text":"The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691099460","url_text":"9780691099460"}]},{"reference":"Kourides, P. Nicholas (1972), \"Traditionalism and Modernism in Islamic Law: A Review\", Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 491: 491–506","urls":[]},{"reference":"Levy, Reuben (1957), The Social Structure of Islam, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 150, ISBN 978-0-521-09182-4","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/socialstructureo0000levy/page/150","url_text":"The Social Structure of Islam"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/socialstructureo0000levy/page/150","url_text":"150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09182-4","url_text":"978-0-521-09182-4"}]},{"reference":"Khaldun, ibn. \"The Muqaddimah\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2016-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413065032/https://asadullahali.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/ibn_khaldun-al_muqaddimah.pdf","url_text":"\"The Muqaddimah\""},{"url":"https://asadullahali.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/ibn_khaldun-al_muqaddimah.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"El Hamel, Chouki (2002), \"'Race', slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean thought: the question of the Haratin in Morocco\", The Journal of North African Studies, 7 (3): 29–52 [39–42], doi:10.1080/13629380208718472, S2CID 219625829","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13629380208718472","url_text":"10.1080/13629380208718472"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219625829","url_text":"219625829"}]},{"reference":"Akhtar, S. W. (1997). \"The Islamic Concept of Knowledge\". Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture. 12 (3).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gellner, Ernest (2 March 1992). Plough, Sword, and Book: The Structure of Human History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-28702-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WwduQjFiB7kC","url_text":"Plough, Sword, and Book: The Structure of Human History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-28702-7","url_text":"978-0-226-28702-7"}]},{"reference":"Leuprecht, Peter (2011). Reason, Justice and Dignity: A Journey to Some Unexplored Sources of Human Rights. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-22046-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fTYzAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64","url_text":"Reason, Justice and Dignity: A Journey to Some Unexplored Sources of Human Rights"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22046-1","url_text":"978-90-04-22046-1"}]},{"reference":"Malik, Shoaib Ahmed (2021). \"Old texts, new masks: misreading evolution onto historical Islamic texts\". Islam and Evolution: al-Ghazālī and the Modern Evolutionary Paradigm. London: Routledge. pp. 155–176. doi:10.4324/9780429345753. ISBN 9780429345753.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429345753","url_text":"10.4324/9780429345753"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429345753","url_text":"9780429345753"}]},{"reference":"Malik, Shoaib Ahmed (2019). \"Old Texts, New Masks: A Critical Review of Misreading Evolution onto Historical Islamic Texts\". Zygon. 54 (2): 501–522. doi:10.1111/zygo.12519. 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The Muqaddimah : an introduction to history; in three volumes. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01754-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Rosenthal","url_text":"Rosenthal, Franz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._J._Dawood","url_text":"Dawood, Nessim Yosef David"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FlNZ5wmo5LAC","url_text":"The Muqaddimah : an introduction to history; in three volumes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01754-9","url_text":"978-0-691-01754-9"}]},{"reference":"Ter-Ghevondyan, Aram N. (1965), Արաբական Ամիրայությունները Բագրատունյաց Հայաստանում [The Arab Emirates in Bagratuni Armenia)] (in Armenian), Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian National Academy of Sciences, p. 15","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_Ter-Ghevondyan","url_text":"Ter-Ghevondyan, Aram N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_National_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"Armenian National Academy of Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Dieter (2009). \"Ibn Khaldun on Economic Transformation\". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 27 (1): 29–37. doi:10.1017/S0020743800061560. S2CID 162022220.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800061560","url_text":"10.1017/S0020743800061560"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162022220","url_text":"162022220"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung-Fu_Magoo
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Kung-Fu Magoo
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["1 Plot","2 Voice cast","3 Production","3.1 Animation","4 Release","4.1 U.S. broadcasting","5 Reception","5.1 Ratings","6 Broadcast history","7 References","8 External links"]
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2010 film
Kung-Fu MagooU.S. DVD coverDirected byAndrés CouturierScreenplay byEmmy Laybourne Sam LaybourneStory byEmmy Laybourne Sam Laybourne Rob Sosin Bob MittenthalBased onMr. Magooby Millard Kaufman & John HubleyProduced byKevin Gamble José C. García de Letona John BakerStarringJim Conroy Dylan Sprouse Alyson Stoner Lloyd Floyd Chris Parnell Maile Flanagan Rodger Bumpass Cole Sprouse Jim Ward Kenny Mayne Tom KennyEdited byAntonio Gallardo David VáquezMusic byDaniel Ingram Steffan AndrewsProductioncompaniesClassic Media Ánima Estudios Santo Domingo Films Motion Toons IMCINEDistributed byVivendi EntertainmentRelease date
May 11, 2010 (2010-05-11)
Running time79 minutesCountriesUnited States Mexico Canada IrelandLanguageEnglishBudget$2.6 million
Kung-Fu Magoo is a 2010 animated action comedy film based on the Mr. Magoo character, created by Millard Kaufman and John Hubley. This film was produced by Classic Media, Ánima Estudios, and Santo Domingo Films. It was also produced by Motion Toons, a new, short-lived animation studio created in conjunction with Ánima Estudios, and Santo Domingo Films. English voice-cast stars Dylan and Cole Sprouse, Alyson Stoner and voice actors Tom Kenny, Rodger Bumpass, Jim Conroy, Chris Parnell, and Maile Flanagan.
The first animated feature featuring Mr. Magoo in more than three decades, and the first U.S.-Mexico co-production for Ánima Estudios, it is written by Emmy Laybourne, Sam Laybourne, Rob Sosin, and Bob Mittenthal and directed by Andrés Couturier.
The film was first released direct-to-DVD in the United States on May 11, 2010, before making its television premiere the following year on Disney XD on February 7, 2011.
Plot
This article needs an improved plot summary. Please help improve the plot summary. (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The world's most notorious bad guys are invited to the island fortress of super-villain Tan-Gu (Lloyd Floyd) to compete in an Olympic-style tournament of evil, called the Evilympics. Mr. Quincy Magoo (Jim Conroy) and his 12-year-old nephew Justin (Dylan Sprouse) fight giant robot spiders, ninjas on jet skis, and Tan-Gu's "Beasteen" mutants, as representatives of the anti-evil task force.
Voice cast
Jim Conroy as Mr. Quincy Magoo, the title character
Dylan Sprouse as Justin Magoo, Quincy's nephew
Lloyd Floyd as Tan Gu, the founder of the Evilympics
Chris Parnell as Cole Fusion, a famous actor/secret agent/good guy who competes at the Evilympics, before deciding that he likes being evil.
Alyson Stoner as Lorelei Tan Gu, Justin's love interest and daughter of Tan Gu
Cole Sprouse as Brad Landry, a school bully who picks on Justin
Rodger Bumpass as General Smith, an army general who plans to launch an attack on the island
Jim Ward as General Bonkopp, an army general who is against General Smith's launch plan
Jeff Bennett as Sid, Justin's best friend
Kenny Mayne as himself
Tom Kenny as Dr. Malicio
Maile Flanagan as Orangu-Tammy
Candi Milo as Gor-Illiana
Ryan Bollman as Corporal Hayes
April Stewart as Was-Elizabeth
Jennifer Hale as Agent L / Leslie Destructo
Additional characters were provided by Wally Wingert, Bob Joles, Fred Travalena, Michael Stanton, Susan Boyajian, and Hope Levy.
Production
Animation
The film's animation was produced by Ánima Estudios in Mexico, while the additional animation was provided by Studio B Productions (now WildBrain) in Canada, and Boulder Media in Ireland.
Release
The project had an early screening at MIPCOM at Cannes, France, in 2008. On May 11, 2010, the English-language version of the film was released on DVD in the United States through Vivendi Entertainment. The film was also originally set for a theatrical release in Mexico in 2009, distributed by Videocine, but there was no further information regarding this, to date. It instead had its Mexican premiere on Cartoon Network in 2011. The film was dedicated to Alfredo Harp Calderoni, the film's executive producer and son of Mexican businessman, Alfredo Harp Helú, who died after production in 2009.
U.S. broadcasting
On 12 October 2010, the film was acquired by Disney XD for channel transmission and premiered in the United States on 7 February 2011. Produced in Mexico, this marked the first time Disney XD acquired a Latin American animated production for channel transmission.
Reception
The film was panned by critics. S. Jhoanna Robledo of Common Sense Media gave this film 2 out of 5 stars, saying that "the plot, as it were, is nearly nonsensical, but that has always been Mr. Magoo’s charm. Though he wreaks havoc with his obliviousness -- he often walks into a dangerous situation simply because he literally walks into one -- he successfully extricates himself and saves the world in the process. On the face of it, it’s a nostalgic trip to cartoon history -- Magoo first debuted in the late '40s, and the special effects are certainly pre-CGI -- and it's a welcome relief from the relentlessness and inanity of current fare. But if one must be a stickler, it's also kind of mean, what with all the jokes at an elderly person's expense."
Ratings
When it aired on Disney XD on 2 April 2011, it was viewed by 1.6 million viewers among Kids 6-11 (0.5 million/2 rating). In a recent airing, the film was viewed by 254,000 viewers among ages 2 and over, with a 0.2 household rating.
Broadcast history
As of 2018, Kung-Fu Magoo has been broadcast on the following networks:
Region
Network(s)
Argentina
Cartoon Network
Bangladesh
Duronto Tv
Brazil
Cartoon Network
Canada
Teletoon Teletoon Retro
Chile
Cartoon Network
Colombia
Cartoon Network
Germany
Disney XD / Disney Cinemagic
Italy
Disney XD
Malaysia
Cartoon Network
Mexico
Canal 5 / Cartoon Network
Philippines
Cartoon Network
USA
Disney XD / Universal Kids / Netflix / Amazon Prime Video
Venezuela
Cartoon Network
References
^ a b "Catálogo Cinema México Producciones 2009-2011" (PDF). Imcine (in Mexican Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-08-20.
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^ a b López Aguirre, Sergio (10 October 2008). "Mr Magoo listo para el Kung Fu" . Cine Premiere (in Mexican Spanish). Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
^ a b c DeMott, Rick (12 October 2010). "Disney XD Picks Up 'Kung Fu Magoo' Feature". Animation World Network. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
^ a b "Mexicanos dibujarán a Gaturro". El Informador (in Mexican Spanish). 28 December 2009. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
^ "Mr. Magoo toma forma". El Informador (in Mexican Spanish). Guadalajara, Jalisco. April 11, 2009. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
^ a b Beck, Jerry (28 January 2010). "Kung Fu Magoo emerges on DVD". Cartoon Brew. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "Producciones cinematográficas Mexico: Kung Fu Magoo". Sistema de Información Cultural (in Mexican Spanish). Secretaria de Cultura (Mexico). Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
^ "Paul Johnson - LinkedIn (Kung Fu Magoo section)". Linkedin.com. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "2008 News Archive ('Boulder' section)". Animation Ireland. Animation Ireland. 2008. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
^ Ball, Ryan (9 October 2008). "Kung Fu Magoo Debuts at MIPCOM". Animation Magazine. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
^ Huerta, César (29 October 2010). "Disney compra filme mexicano animado". El Universal (in Mexican Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
^ a b Cortés, Joel (24 April 2014). "Animación Mexicana 12: Kung Fu Magoo". Chulavista (in Mexican Spanish). Archived from the original on 2014-05-04. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
^ "Falta de Harp destapa fallas en empresas". Cnnexpansion.com. 4 August 2009. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "Falta de Harp destapa fallas en empresas". CNN Expansion. CNN Mexico. 4 August 2009. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
^ "Ánima Estudios". Facebook.com. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "FilmFather: Kung Fu Magoo (2010)". Filmfather.blogspot.com. 23 May 2013. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ a b "Kung-Fu Magoo - Movie Review". Commonsensemedia.org. 9 July 2010. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "Disney Channel & Disney XD Ratings Thread". Toonzone.net. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "Son of the Bronx: Disney Channel, Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings (January 27-February 2, 2014)". Sonofthebronx.blogpsot.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "Television.com.ar". Television.com.ar. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "Teletoon Channels Fall 2011 Highlights - Canadian TV, Computing and Home Theatre Forums". digitalhome.ca. 8 August 2011. Archived from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "Twitter / TELETOONRetro: Don't miss Kung-Fu Magoo on..." Twitter. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ VTRProgramación. "Cosas más raras se han visto... Kung-Fu Magoo - 16:00 - Cartoon Network #VTR". Twitter. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ Fontecho, Nadia Alejandra Fontecha (28 April 2011). "Llego la hora de aventura a Cartoon Network". Colombia.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "Kung Fu Magoo - Film - Time Out Kuala Lumpur". Timeoutukl.com. Archived from the original on 2014-05-28. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "Guía de TV - Televisa para el viernes 2 de mayo de 2014 a las 9:00 AM". GatoTV.com. Archived from the original on 2017-12-29. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "Canal Cartoon Network Domingo 23 de septiembre de 2012". GatoTV.com. 23 September 2012. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "Cartoon Network - Destacados en agosto". Unaespeciedtv.wordpress.com. 18 July 2011. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
External links
Kung-Fu Magoo on Classic Media
Kung-Fu Magoo at IMDb
vteMr. MagooTV series
Mister Magoo (1960–1961)
The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo (1964–1965)
What's New, Mr. Magoo? (1977)
Mr. Magoo (2018)
TV specials
Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol (1962)
Uncle Sam Magoo (1970)
Theatrical short cartoons
When Magoo Flew (1954)
Magoo's Puddle Jumper (1956)
Animated feature films
1001 Arabian Nights (1959)
Kung-Fu Magoo (2010)
Live action feature film
Mr. Magoo (1997)
vteÁnimaFeaturefilms
Magos y Gigantes (2003)
Imaginum (2005)
El agente 00-P2 (2009)
AAA – Sin Límite en el Tiempo (2010)
Gaturro (2010)
Top Cat: The Movie (2011)
La leyenda de la Llorona (2011)
La leyenda de las Momias (2014)
Guardians of Oz (2015)
Top Cat Begins (2015)
La leyenda del Chupacabras (2016)
Monster Island (2017)
La leyenda del Charro Negro (2018)
A Wizard's Tale (2018)
Ana y Bruno (2018)
La liga de los 5 (2020)
Cranston Academy: Monster Zone (2020)
El camino de Xico (2020)
Las leyendas: el origen (2022)
La leyenda de los Chaneques (2023)
Direct-to-video
A Martian Christmas (2009)
Kung-Fu Magoo (2010)
Films produced throughÁtomo Films
El Santos vs. la Tetona Mendoza (2012)
Franchises
Leyendas (2011-present)
TV series
El Chavo Animado (2006–14)
Awesome Magical Tales (2012–14)
El Chapulín Colorado Animado (2015–17)
Legend Quest (2017-19)
Space Chickens in Space (2018–19)
Miniseries
Poncho Balón (2005–06)
Bugsted (2013)
Produced underÁnima Kitchen
PINY: Institute of New York (2016–17)
Cleo & Cuquin (2018-20)
Cuquin (2023)
Related topics
Cinema of Mexico
El Chapulín Colorado
El Chavo del Ocho
Leoncio Lara
Mexican animation
Tito Lizzardo and Catty B
Here Comes the Grump
Mr. Magoo
Top Cat
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_cartoon"},{"link_name":"action comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Mr. Magoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Magoo"},{"link_name":"Millard Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Kaufman"},{"link_name":"John Hubley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hubley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety1-2"},{"link_name":"Classic Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Media"},{"link_name":"Ánima Estudios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nima_Estudios"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L%C3%B3pez_Aguirre-3"},{"link_name":"Ánima Estudios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nima_Estudios"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L%C3%B3pez_Aguirre-3"},{"link_name":"Dylan and Cole Sprouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_and_Cole_Sprouse"},{"link_name":"Alyson Stoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyson_Stoner"},{"link_name":"Tom Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kenny"},{"link_name":"Rodger Bumpass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodger_Bumpass"},{"link_name":"Jim Conroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Conroy"},{"link_name":"Chris Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Parnell"},{"link_name":"Maile Flanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maile_Flanagan"},{"link_name":"Mr. Magoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Magoo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animationworldnetwork-4"},{"link_name":"Ánima Estudios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nima_Estudios"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-informador1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"direct-to-DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-video"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Disney XD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_XD"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cartoonbrew-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animationworldnetwork-4"}],"text":"Kung-Fu Magoo is a 2010 animated action comedy film based on the Mr. Magoo character, created by Millard Kaufman and John Hubley.[2] This film was produced by Classic Media, Ánima Estudios, and Santo Domingo Films.[3] It was also produced by Motion Toons, a new, short-lived animation studio created in conjunction with Ánima Estudios, and Santo Domingo Films.[3] English voice-cast stars Dylan and Cole Sprouse, Alyson Stoner and voice actors Tom Kenny, Rodger Bumpass, Jim Conroy, Chris Parnell, and Maile Flanagan.The first animated feature featuring Mr. Magoo in more than three decades,[4] and the first U.S.-Mexico co-production for Ánima Estudios,[5] it is written by Emmy Laybourne, Sam Laybourne, Rob Sosin, and Bob Mittenthal and directed by Andrés Couturier.[6]The film was first released direct-to-DVD in the United States on May 11, 2010, before making its television premiere the following year on Disney XD on February 7, 2011.[7][4]","title":"Kung-Fu Magoo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Mr. Quincy Magoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Quincy_Magoo"}],"text":"The world's most notorious bad guys are invited to the island fortress of super-villain Tan-Gu (Lloyd Floyd) to compete in an Olympic-style tournament of evil, called the Evilympics. Mr. Quincy Magoo (Jim Conroy) and his 12-year-old nephew Justin (Dylan Sprouse) fight giant robot spiders, ninjas on jet skis, and Tan-Gu's \"Beasteen\" mutants, as representatives of the anti-evil task force.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Conroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Conroy"},{"link_name":"Mr. Quincy Magoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Quincy_Magoo"},{"link_name":"Dylan Sprouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Sprouse"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Chris Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Parnell"},{"link_name":"Alyson Stoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyson_Stoner"},{"link_name":"Cole Sprouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Sprouse"},{"link_name":"Rodger Bumpass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodger_Bumpass"},{"link_name":"Jim Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Ward_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Kenny Mayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Mayne"},{"link_name":"Tom Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kenny"},{"link_name":"Maile Flanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maile_Flanagan"},{"link_name":"Candi Milo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_Milo"},{"link_name":"Ryan Bollman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Bollman"},{"link_name":"April Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Hale"},{"link_name":"Wally Wingert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Wingert"},{"link_name":"Bob Joles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Joles"},{"link_name":"Fred Travalena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Travalena"}],"text":"Jim Conroy as Mr. Quincy Magoo, the title character\nDylan Sprouse as Justin Magoo, Quincy's nephew\nLloyd Floyd as Tan Gu, the founder of the Evilympics\nChris Parnell as Cole Fusion, a famous actor/secret agent/good guy who competes at the Evilympics, before deciding that he likes being evil.\nAlyson Stoner as Lorelei Tan Gu, Justin's love interest and daughter of Tan Gu\nCole Sprouse as Brad Landry, a school bully who picks on Justin\nRodger Bumpass as General Smith, an army general who plans to launch an attack on the island\nJim Ward as General Bonkopp, an army general who is against General Smith's launch plan\nJeff Bennett as Sid, Justin's best friend\nKenny Mayne as himself\nTom Kenny as Dr. Malicio\nMaile Flanagan as Orangu-Tammy\nCandi Milo as Gor-Illiana\nRyan Bollman as Corporal Hayes\nApril Stewart as Was-Elizabeth\nJennifer Hale as Agent L / Leslie DestructoAdditional characters were provided by Wally Wingert, Bob Joles, Fred Travalena, Michael Stanton, Susan Boyajian, and Hope Levy.","title":"Voice cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ánima Estudios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nima_Estudios"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sic.gov.mx-8"},{"link_name":"Studio B Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WildBrain"},{"link_name":"WildBrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WildBrain"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-informador1-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Boulder Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder_Media"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Animation","text":"The film's animation was produced by Ánima Estudios in Mexico,[8] while the additional animation was provided by Studio B Productions (now WildBrain) in Canada,[5][9] and Boulder Media in Ireland.[10]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MIPCOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPCOM"},{"link_name":"Cannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"English-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-language"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Vivendi Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cartoonbrew-7"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Videocine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMCINE-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(Latin_America)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animacionmexicana-13"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Harp Helú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Harp_Hel%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The project had an early screening at MIPCOM at Cannes, France, in 2008.[11] On May 11, 2010, the English-language version of the film was released on DVD in the United States through Vivendi Entertainment.[7] The film was also originally set for a theatrical release in Mexico in 2009, distributed by Videocine,[2][1][12] but there was no further information regarding this, to date. It instead had its Mexican premiere on Cartoon Network in 2011.[13] The film was dedicated to Alfredo Harp Calderoni, the film's executive producer and son of Mexican businessman, Alfredo Harp Helú, who died after production in 2009.[14][15]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disney XD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_XD"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animationworldnetwork-4"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Disney XD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_XD"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"U.S. broadcasting","text":"On 12 October 2010, the film was acquired by Disney XD for channel transmission and premiered in the United States on 7 February 2011.[4] Produced in Mexico, this marked the first time Disney XD acquired a Latin American animated production for channel transmission.[16]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmfather-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-commonsense-18"},{"link_name":"Common Sense Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Sense_Media"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-commonsense-18"}],"text":"The film was panned by critics.[17][18] S. Jhoanna Robledo of Common Sense Media gave this film 2 out of 5 stars, saying that \"the plot, as it were, is nearly nonsensical, but that has always been Mr. Magoo’s charm. Though he wreaks havoc with his obliviousness -- he often walks into a dangerous situation simply because he literally walks into one -- he successfully extricates himself and saves the world in the process. On the face of it, it’s a nostalgic trip to cartoon history -- Magoo first [sic] debuted in the late '40s, and the special effects are certainly pre-CGI -- and it's a welcome relief from the relentlessness and inanity of current fare. But if one must be a stickler, it's also kind of mean, what with all the jokes at an elderly person's expense.\"[18]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disney XD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_XD"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Ratings","text":"When it aired on Disney XD on 2 April 2011, it was viewed by 1.6 million viewers among Kids 6-11 (0.5 million/2 rating).[19] In a recent airing, the film was viewed by 254,000 viewers among ages 2 and over, with a 0.2 household rating.[20]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of 2018, Kung-Fu Magoo has been broadcast on the following networks:","title":"Broadcast history"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Catálogo Cinema México Producciones 2009-2011\" (PDF). Imcine (in Mexican Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062501/http://www.imcine.gob.mx/sites/536bfc0fa137610966000002/content_entry537f86cf93e05abc5500009f/537f881093e05abc550005d2/files/CinemaMexico_2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Catálogo Cinema México Producciones 2009-2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Mexicano_de_Cinematograf%C3%ADa","url_text":"Imcine"},{"url":"http://www.imcine.gob.mx/sites/536bfc0fa137610966000002/content_entry537f86cf93e05abc5500009f/537f881093e05abc550005d2/files/CinemaMexico_2011.pdf#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"O'Boyle, Michael (12 February 2008). \"Anima, Classic to do 'Magoo'\". Variety. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2008/film/news/anima-classic-to-do-magoo-1117980804/","url_text":"\"Anima, Classic to do 'Magoo'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705232807/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117980804.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"López Aguirre, Sergio (10 October 2008). \"Mr Magoo listo para el Kung Fu\" [Mr. Magoo ready for Kung Fu]. Cine Premiere (in Mexican Spanish). Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cinepremiere.com.mx/mr-magoo-listo-para-el-kung-fu.html","url_text":"\"Mr Magoo listo para el Kung Fu\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235618/http://www.cinepremiere.com.mx/mr-magoo-listo-para-el-kung-fu.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DeMott, Rick (12 October 2010). \"Disney XD Picks Up 'Kung Fu Magoo' Feature\". Animation World Network. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.awn.com/news/disney-xd-picks-kung-fu-magoo-feature","url_text":"\"Disney XD Picks Up 'Kung Fu Magoo' Feature\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140311014952/http://www.awn.com/news/disney-xd-picks-kung-fu-magoo-feature","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mexicanos dibujarán a Gaturro\". El Informador (in Mexican Spanish). 28 December 2009. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.informador.mx/Entretenimiento/Mexicanos-dibujaran-a-Gaturro-20091228-0218.html","url_text":"\"Mexicanos dibujarán a Gaturro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Informador_(Mexico)","url_text":"El Informador"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183503/https://www.informador.mx/Entretenimiento/Mexicanos-dibujaran-a-Gaturro-20091228-0218.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr. Magoo toma forma\". El Informador (in Mexican Spanish). Guadalajara, Jalisco. April 11, 2009. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.informador.com.mx/entretenimiento/2009/93946/6/mr-magoo-toma-forma.htm","url_text":"\"Mr. Magoo toma forma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Informador_(Mexico)","url_text":"El Informador"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140513012407/http://www.informador.com.mx/entretenimiento/2009/93946/6/mr-magoo-toma-forma.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Beck, Jerry (28 January 2010). \"Kung Fu Magoo emerges on DVD\". Cartoon Brew. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Beck","url_text":"Beck, Jerry"},{"url":"http://www.cartoonbrew.com/classic/kung-fu-magoo-emerges-on-dvd-20236.html","url_text":"\"Kung Fu Magoo emerges on DVD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Brew","url_text":"Cartoon Brew"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235645/http://www.cartoonbrew.com/classic/kung-fu-magoo-emerges-on-dvd-20236.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Producciones cinematográficas Mexico: Kung Fu Magoo\". Sistema de Información Cultural (in Mexican Spanish). Secretaria de Cultura (Mexico). Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sic.gob.mx/ficha.php?table=produccion_cine&table_id=3790","url_text":"\"Producciones cinematográficas Mexico: Kung Fu Magoo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_Culture","url_text":"Secretaria de Cultura (Mexico)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140504015339/http://www.sic.gob.mx/ficha.php?table=produccion_cine&table_id=3790","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Johnson - LinkedIn (Kung Fu Magoo section)\". Linkedin.com. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.linkedin.com/in/pauljbio","url_text":"\"Paul Johnson - LinkedIn (Kung Fu Magoo section)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160120205301/https://www.linkedin.com/in/pauljbio","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2008 News Archive ('Boulder' section)\". Animation Ireland. Animation Ireland. 2008. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animationireland.com/events-archive-2008.htm","url_text":"\"2008 News Archive ('Boulder' section)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100329213202/http://www.animationireland.com/events-archive-2008.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ball, Ryan (9 October 2008). \"Kung Fu Magoo Debuts at MIPCOM\". Animation Magazine. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animationmagazine.net/article/9041","url_text":"\"Kung Fu Magoo Debuts at MIPCOM\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_Magazine","url_text":"Animation Magazine"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081012215433/https://www.animationmagazine.net/article/9041","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Huerta, César (29 October 2010). \"Disney compra filme mexicano animado\". El Universal (in Mexican Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/101075.html","url_text":"\"Disney compra filme mexicano animado\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Universal_(Mexico_City)","url_text":"El Universal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133419/http://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/101075.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cortés, Joel (24 April 2014). \"Animación Mexicana 12: Kung Fu Magoo\". Chulavista (in Mexican Spanish). Archived from the original on 2014-05-04. Retrieved 3 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140504033158/http://chulavista.mx/animacion-mexicana-12-kung-fu-magoo-51344","url_text":"\"Animación Mexicana 12: Kung Fu Magoo\""},{"url":"https://chulavista.mx/cultura/arte/animacion-mexicana-12-kung-fu-magoo-51344/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Falta de Harp destapa fallas en empresas\". Cnnexpansion.com. 4 August 2009. 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Kung-Fu Magoo - 16:00 - Cartoon Network #VTR\". Twitter. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/VTRProgramacion/status/319880065766805505","url_text":"\"Cosas más raras se han visto... Kung-Fu Magoo - 16:00 - Cartoon Network #VTR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160505121905/https://twitter.com/vtrprogramacion/status/319880065766805505","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fontecho, Nadia Alejandra Fontecha (28 April 2011). \"Llego la hora de aventura a Cartoon Network\". Colombia.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivate
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Derivatization
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["1 Derivatization reactions","2 Classical qualitative organic analysis","3 For gas chromatography","4 Chiral derivatizing agent","5 References"]
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Chemistry technique
"Derivate" redirects here. For various senses of its synonym "derivative", see Derivative (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Derivatization" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Derivatization is a technique used in chemistry which converts a chemical compound into a product (the reaction's derivate) of similar chemical structure, called a derivative.
Generally, a specific functional group of the compound participates in the derivatization reaction and transforms the educt to a derivate of deviating reactivity, solubility, boiling point, melting point, aggregate state, or chemical composition. Resulting new chemical properties can be used for quantification or separation of the educt.
Derivatization techniques are frequently employed in chemical analysis of mixtures and in surface analysis, e.g. in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy where newly incorporated atoms label characteristic groups.
Derivatization reactions
Several characteristics are desirable for a derivatization reaction:
The reaction is reliable and proceeds to completion. Less unreacted starting material will simplify analysis. Also, this allows a small amount of analyte to be used.
The reaction is general, allowing a wide range of substrates, yet specific to a single functional group, reducing complicating interference.
The products are relatively stable, and form no degradation products within a reasonable period, facilitating analysis.
Some examples of good derivatization reactions are the formation of esters and amides via acyl chlorides.
Classical qualitative organic analysis
Classical qualitative organic analysis usually involves reacting an unknown sample with various reagents; a positive test usually involves a change in appearance — color, precipitation, etc.
These tests may be extended to give sub-gram scale products. These products may be purified by recrystallization, and their melting points taken. An example is the formation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones from ketones and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.
By consulting an appropriate reference table such as in Vogel's, the identity of the starting material may be deduced. The use of derivatives has traditionally been used to determine or confirm the identity of an unknown substance. However, due to the wide range of chemical compounds now known, it is unrealistic for these tables to be exhaustive. Modern spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques have made this technique obsolete for all but pedagogical purposes.
For gas chromatography
Polar N-H and O-H groups on which give hydrogen bonding may be converted to relatively nonpolar groups on a relatively nonvolatile compound. The resultant product may be less polar, thus more volatile, allowing analysis by gas chromatography. Bulky, nonpolar silyl groups are often used for this purpose.
Chiral derivatizing agent
Main article: Chiral derivatizing agent
Chiral derivatizing agents react with enantiomers to give diastereomers. Since diastereomers have different physical properties, they may be further analyzed by HPLC and NMR spectroscopy.
References
^ Regis Technologies, Inc (June 2000). "GC Derivatization" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04.
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For various senses of its synonym \"derivative\", see Derivative (disambiguation).Derivatization is a technique used in chemistry which converts a chemical compound into a product (the reaction's derivate) of similar chemical structure, called a derivative.Generally, a specific functional group of the compound participates in the derivatization reaction and transforms the educt to a derivate of deviating reactivity, solubility, boiling point, melting point, aggregate state, or chemical composition. Resulting new chemical properties can be used for quantification or separation of the educt.Derivatization techniques are frequently employed in chemical analysis of mixtures and in surface analysis, e.g. in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy where newly incorporated atoms label characteristic groups.","title":"Derivatization"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Several characteristics are desirable for a derivatization reaction:The reaction is reliable and proceeds to completion. Less unreacted starting material will simplify analysis. Also, this allows a small amount of analyte to be used.\nThe reaction is general, allowing a wide range of substrates, yet specific to a single functional group, reducing complicating interference.\nThe products are relatively stable, and form no degradation products within a reasonable period, facilitating analysis.Some examples of good derivatization reactions are the formation of esters and amides via acyl chlorides.","title":"Derivatization reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine"}],"text":"Classical qualitative organic analysis usually involves reacting an unknown sample with various reagents; a positive test usually involves a change in appearance — color, precipitation, etc.These tests may be extended to give sub-gram scale products. These products may be purified by recrystallization, and their melting points taken. An example is the formation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones from ketones and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.By consulting an appropriate reference table such as in Vogel's, the identity of the starting material may be deduced. The use of derivatives has traditionally been used to determine or confirm the identity of an unknown substance. However, due to the wide range of chemical compounds now known, it is unrealistic for these tables to be exhaustive. Modern spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques have made this technique obsolete for all but pedagogical purposes.","title":"Classical qualitative organic analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gas chromatography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chromatography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Polar N-H and O-H groups on which give hydrogen bonding may be converted to relatively nonpolar groups on a relatively nonvolatile compound. The resultant product may be less polar, thus more volatile, allowing analysis by gas chromatography. Bulky, nonpolar silyl groups are often used for this purpose.[1]","title":"For gas chromatography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HPLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography"},{"link_name":"NMR spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMR_spectroscopy"}],"text":"Chiral derivatizing agents react with enantiomers to give diastereomers. Since diastereomers have different physical properties, they may be further analyzed by HPLC and NMR spectroscopy.","title":"Chiral derivatizing agent"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_51_(Oklahoma)
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Oklahoma State Highway 51
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["1 Route description","1.1 Texas to I-35","1.2 I-35 to Tulsa","1.3 Tulsa and beyond","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 Spurs","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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State highway in Oklahoma, United States
State Highway 51Route informationMaintained by ODOTLength332.8 mi (535.6 km)ExistedJune 1, 1927–presentMajor junctionsWest end US 60 at Texas state lineMajor intersections
I-35 in Orlando
I-244 in Tulsa
I-444 in Tulsa
I-44 in Tulsa
Muskogee Turnpike in Broken Arrow
East end AR 244 at the Arkansas state line
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateOklahomaCountiesEllis, Dewey, Blaine, Kingfisher, Logan, Payne, Creek, Tulsa, Wagoner, Cherokee, Adair
Highway system
Oklahoma State Highway System
Interstate
US
State
Turnpikes
← SH-50→ SH-52
State Highway 51, abbreviated to SH-51 or OK-51, is a major state highway in Oklahoma, United States. It runs for 332.8 miles (535.6 km) east–west across the state, running from the Texas state line to Arkansas. It is the third-longest state highway in the system.
Route description
Texas to I-35
SH-51 meets many different highways in Seiling
SH-51 begins at the Texas line concurrent with US-60 just east of Higgins, Texas. It remains concurrent for 61 miles (98 km) until it reaches US-270/US-281/SH-3 at Seiling, Oklahoma. At Seiling, SH-51 joins with those three highways for nine miles (14 km) before splitting off on its own.
Eleven miles (18 km) after splitting off, Highway 51 meets SH-58 in Canton. It then continues east, crossing the North Canadian River and meeting SH-51A before turning
northeast toward Okeene, where it intersects SH-8. SH-51 will go for 24 miles (39 km) before intersecting another highway.
In Hennessey SH-51 meets US-81 before continuing eastward. Seventeen miles (27 km) later, it meets SH-74 north of Crescent. Eleven miles (18 km) to the east, it shares a brief concurrency with US-77; Two miles (3.2 km) later it has an interchange at Interstate 35 at Exit 174.
I-35 to Tulsa
After crossing I-35, SH-51 becomes a multilane highway and a major corridor linking I-35 to Stillwater, the home of Oklahoma State University. Along this 13-mile (21 km) stretch is an intersection with SH-86. When SH-51 reaches Stillwater, it meets US-177.
Continuing east from Stillwater, the road returns to a two-lane highway after sharing a 1-mile (1.6 km) concurrency with SH-108 and intersects with SH-18 Eight miles (13 km) later. Four miles (6.4 km) east of this, it passes through Yale, Oklahoma before crossing SH-99. It becomes a multilane highway again after SH-48. It turns into the "Mannford Freeway" before passing through the small towns of Mannford and Lotsee on its way toward the Tulsa area.
Tulsa and beyond
In Sand Springs, SH-51 crosses the Arkansas River with SH-97 before merging onto the Sand Springs Expressway (US-412/US-64). When this
freeway ends at I-244 near downtown Tulsa, SH-51 merges onto I-244 southbound only to exit 1 mile (1.6 km) later, where it runs concurrent with US-64/US-75. This freeway is actually Interstate 444, but the route is not signed as such. After one more mile, SH-51 leaves the interstate with US-64 and becomes the Broken Arrow Expressway, a freeway running northwest–southeast through Tulsa which is known as "The BA" by locals and local media. US-64 leaves the freeway as a concurrency with US-169 southbound. Later, SH-51 will exit the freeway and become a four-lane highway toward Coweta. The mainline freeway becomes the Muskogee Turnpike.
At Coweta, SH-51 turns back east after heading southeast through the Tulsa area. After crossing the Muskogee Turnpike again and bridging the Verdigris River the highway soon enters Wagoner, where it junctions with US-69. Returning once again to a 2-lane road, Highway 51 crosses Ft. Gibson Lake and the town of Hulbert. Eleven miles (18 km) later, it passes through Tahlequah, where it has a brief concurrency with US-62/SH-10. After spitting with these highways, it heads southeast toward Stilwell, Oklahoma, running concurrent with US-59 for a mile on the way. After leaving Stilwell it provides access to Adair State Park, and then crosses the Arkansas line becoming Arkansas Highway 244, which quickly connects to Arkansas Highway 59.
History
SH-51 was originally commissioned on June 1, 1927 as a connector from Stilwell to Eldon at SH-27 (present-day US-62). By 1928, it had been extended to Tulsa. On June 15, 1933, it was extended to the east to the Arkansas state line, where it became AR-45.
ODOT extended SH-51 west to Stillwater and Perry (via a segment of roadway currently serving as US-177). On March 18, 1935, the section from Stillwater to Perry was rescinded and SH-51 was extended to SH-8 at Okeene. It was then extended to Seiling on October 18, 1938. On March 23, 1943, it was extended to the Texas state line by a concurrency with US-60.
The Broken Arrow Expressway was built in the early 1960s and opened in 1964. It was not, however, officially named the Broken Arrow Expressway until July 6, 1999 by H.B. 1455.
The steel truss bridge carrying SH-51 across Stillwater Creek west of Stillwater, once considered the gateway into the city, was removed on March 25, 2008. In a first for the state of Oklahoma, the bridge, originally built in 1936, was sold to Payne County for $200,000 and transferred to a county road east of Stillwater, where it was installed over Council Creek.
Major intersections
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CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Ellis0.00.0 US 60 west – CanadianWestern terminus; continuation into Texas
6.710.8 US 283 north – ShattuckWestern end of US 283 concurrency
Arnett12.720.4 SH-46 northSouthern terminus of SH-46
13.722.0 US 283 south – CheyenneEastern end of US 283 concurrency
DeweyVici39.663.7 SH-34 north – WoodwardWestern end of SH-34 concurrency
40.565.2 SH-34 south – HammonEastern end of SH-34 concurrency
58.894.6 US 183 – Woodward, Taloga
Seiling60.697.5 US 60 east / US 270 west / US 281 north / SH-3 west – Woodward, ChesterWestern end of US-270/281/SH-3 concurrency; eastern end of US-60 concurrency
Hucmac69.0111.0 US 270 east / US 281 south / SH-3 east – WatongaEastern end of US-280/281/SH-3 concurrency
BlaineCanton81.2130.7 SH-58A north – Canton LakeSouthern terminus of SH-58A
82.0132.0 SH-58 south – Eagle CityWestern end of SH-58 concurrecy
83.0133.6 SH-58 north – FairviewEastern end of SH-58 concurrency
Southard88.1141.8 SH-51A – Fairview, Watonga
Okeene98.9159.2 SH-8 – Fairview, Watonga
KingfisherLacey115.1185.2 SH-132 north – EnidSouthern terminus of SH-132
Hennessey122.6197.3 US 81 – Enid, Kingfisher
Logan138.1222.3 SH-74E north – MarshallSouthern terminus of SH-74E
140.1225.5 SH-74 – Covington, Crescent
151.0243.0 US 77 north – PerryWestern end of US-77 concurrency
151.3243.5 US 77 south – GuthrieEastern end of US-77 concurrency
PayneOrlando153.8247.5 I-35 – Wichita, Oklahoma CityInterchange; known as 6th Ave (I-35) - (SH-18) junctions; I-35 Exit 174
157.3253.1 SH-86 north – PerrySouthern terminus of SH-86
162.0260.7Road to Lake Carl BlackwellSouthern terminus of the former SH-51C
Stillwater170.4274.2 US 177 – Ponca City, Perkins
177.8286.1 SH-108 north – GlencoeWestern end of SH-108 concurrency
178.8287.8 SH-108 south – RipleyEastern end of SH-108 concurrency
186.8300.6 SH-18 – Pawnee, Cushing
Creek197.6318.0 SH-99 – Jennings, Oilton
208.2335.1 SH-48 – Cleveland, Bristow
215.1346.2 SH-151 northInterchange; southern terminus of SH-151
TulsaSand Springs224.3361.0 SH-97 south – SapulpaWestern end of SH-97 concurrency
225.5362.9 US 64 west / US 412 west / SH-97 northEastern end of SH-97 concurrecy; western end of US-64/412 cocurrency; west end of freeway
South 81st West Avenue
South 65th West Avenue
TulsaNorth 49th West Avenue
North 33rd West AvenueWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
Gilcrease Museum Road, South 25th West Avenue
Quanah AvenueEastbound exit and westbound entrance
232.1373.5 I-244 east / US 412 east (Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Expressway) / L.L. Tisdale Parkway – Tulsa International AirportEastern end of US-412 cocurrency; western end of I-244 concurrency; I-244 Exits 5B-C
2nd StreetEastbound exit and westbound entrance; I-244 Exit 5A
232.9374.8 I-244 west / US 75 south (Red Fork Expressway) – Oklahoma CityEastern end of I-244 concurrency; western end of I-444/US-75 concurrency; I-244 Exit 4B
Houston Avenue, Southwest Boulevard, 30th StreetWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
Denver Avenue
Detroit AvenueWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
234.3377.1 I-444 east / US 75 north (Cherokee Expressway) – BartlesvilleEastern end of I-444/US-75 concurrency
Utica Avenue
Lewis AvenueNo westbound exit
East 15th StreetNo eastbound exit
East 21st Street
Harvard Avenue
East 31st Street, Yale Avenue
Sheridan Road
239.6385.6 I-44 / SH-66 (Skelly Drive) – Joplin, Oklahoma CityI-44 Exit 231
Memorial Drive
East 41st Street, Mingo RoadNo westbound exit
242.0389.5 US 64 east / US 169 (Mingo Valley Expressway) – Nowata, BixbyEastern end of US-64 concurrency
Garnett Road
East 51st Street SouthEastbound exit and westbound entrance
South 129th East AvenueWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
Broken ArrowSouth 145th East Avenue
Elm Place
South 177th East AvenueNo eastbound entrance
Kenosha Street
248.8400.4 Muskogee Turnpike east to Creek Turnpike – MuskogeeEastern end of freeway; no eastbound entrance; Muskogee Turnpike Exit 1
WagonerCoweta258.0415.2 SH-72 south – HaskellNorthern terminus of SH-72
261.5420.8 Muskogee Turnpike – Tulsa, MuskogeeMuskogee Turnpike Exit 13
Wagoner272.6438.7 US 69 – Chouteau, Muskogee
275.1442.7 SH-16 southNorthern terminus of SH-16
CherokeeHulbert288.4464.1 SH-80 westEastern terminus of SH-80
Tahlequah SH-51 SpurSouthwestern terminus of SH-51 Spur
300.7483.9 US 62 west / SH-10 south / SH-82 south / US 62 Bus. north – Muskogee, VianWestern end of US-62/SH-10/82 concurrency; southern terminus of US BUS 62
303.0487.6 SH-82 north / US 62 Bus. west – Locust GroveEastern end of SH-82 concurrency; northern terminus of US BUS 62
305.0490.8 SH-10 north – KansasEastern end of SH-10 concurrency
Eldon310.7500.0 US 62 east – WestvilleEastern end of US-62 concurrency
AdairStilwell324.8522.7 US 59 north – WestvilleWestern end of US-59 concurrency
325.7524.2 US 59 south – SallisawEastern end of US-59 concurrency
332.8535.6 AR 244 to AR 59Eastern terminus; continuation into Arkansas
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Incomplete access
Spurs
Like many in the Oklahoma state highway system, SH-51 has short spurs branching from it that bear the "51" number with a lettered suffix:
SH-51A (23 miles ) runs from SH-58 northeast of Canton to SH-8 near Roman Nose State Park. It is the longest suffixed highway in the system.
SH-51B (18 miles ) connects Coweta to US-69 north of Muskogee. It goes through the towns of Porter and Tullahassee.
SH-51C (decommissioned) (1.7 miles ) connected SH-51 west of Stillwater to Carl Blackwell Lake until it was decommissioned in 2005.
SH-51D (decommissioned) connected SH-51 south of Sand Springs with I-244 in Tulsa, running along Avery Drive and West 21st Street. It appeared on some ODOT maps as late as the 1970s, but is no longer shown.
In 2004, ODOT completed SH-51 Spur, running for 3 miles (4.8 km) as part of a loop through northwest Tahlequah, serving Tahlequah Municipal Airport, and ending at State Highway 82. It is currently the newest Oklahoma state highway.
See also
Oklahoma portal
U.S. Roads portal
References
^ a b c d e f Oklahoma Department of Transportation, Planning & Research Division. "Memorial Dedication & Revision History - SH-51". Retrieved February 19, 2007.
^ Oklahoma Department of Transportation. 1928 Highway Map.
^ Oklahoma Department of Transportation. 1935 Highway Map.
^ Oklahoma Department of Transportation 1937 Highway Map
^ Oklahoma Highway Commission (March 23, 1943). "Minutes—Dewey & Ellis Counties, Extension of SH #51" (PDF). Retrieved September 5, 2012.
^ The City of Broken Arrow, Oklahoma. "Our History". Archived from the original on April 5, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
^ Oklahoma Department of Transportation, Planning & Research Division. "Oklahoma's Memorial Highways and Bridges". Retrieved April 11, 2007.
^ Sutter, John David (March 26, 2008). "One hefty recycling endeavor".
^ Oklahoma Department of Transportation map, Average Daily Traffic Volume, Tulsa inset, 1977.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oklahoma State Highway 51.
SH-51 at Roadklahoma
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It is the third-longest state highway in the system.","title":"Oklahoma State Highway 51"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:060us_seiling.jpg"},{"link_name":"Seiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiling,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"US-60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_60_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Higgins, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgins,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US-270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_270_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"US-281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"SH-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_3"},{"link_name":"Seiling, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiling,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"SH-58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_58"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"North Canadian River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Canadian_River"},{"link_name":"Okeene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeene,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"SH-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_8"},{"link_name":"Hennessey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennessey,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"US-81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"SH-74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_74"},{"link_name":"Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"US-77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_77_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Interstate 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Oklahoma"}],"sub_title":"Texas to I-35","text":"SH-51 meets many different highways in SeilingSH-51 begins at the Texas line concurrent with US-60 just east of Higgins, Texas. It remains concurrent for 61 miles (98 km) until it reaches US-270/US-281/SH-3 at Seiling, Oklahoma. At Seiling, SH-51 joins with those three highways for nine miles (14 km) before splitting off on its own.Eleven miles (18 km) after splitting off, Highway 51 meets SH-58 in Canton. It then continues east, crossing the North Canadian River and meeting SH-51A before turning\nnortheast toward Okeene, where it intersects SH-8. SH-51 will go for 24 miles (39 km) before intersecting another highway.In Hennessey SH-51 meets US-81 before continuing eastward. Seventeen miles (27 km) later, it meets SH-74 north of Crescent. Eleven miles (18 km) to the east, it shares a brief concurrency with US-77; Two miles (3.2 km) later it has an interchange at Interstate 35 at Exit 174.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stillwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillwater,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_University"},{"link_name":"SH-86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_86"},{"link_name":"US-177","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_177_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"SH-108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_108"},{"link_name":"SH-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_18"},{"link_name":"Yale, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"SH-99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_99"},{"link_name":"SH-48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_48"},{"link_name":"Mannford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannford,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Lotsee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotsee,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Tulsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma"}],"sub_title":"I-35 to Tulsa","text":"After crossing I-35, SH-51 becomes a multilane highway and a major corridor linking I-35 to Stillwater, the home of Oklahoma State University. Along this 13-mile (21 km) stretch is an intersection with SH-86. When SH-51 reaches Stillwater, it meets US-177.Continuing east from Stillwater, the road returns to a two-lane highway after sharing a 1-mile (1.6 km) concurrency with SH-108 and intersects with SH-18 Eight miles (13 km) later. Four miles (6.4 km) east of this, it passes through Yale, Oklahoma before crossing SH-99. It becomes a multilane highway again after SH-48. It turns into the \"Mannford Freeway\" before passing through the small towns of Mannford and Lotsee on its way toward the Tulsa area.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sand Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_Springs,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Arkansas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_River"},{"link_name":"SH-97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_97"},{"link_name":"US-412","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_412_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"US-64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"I-244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_244"},{"link_name":"US-64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"US-75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_75_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Interstate 444","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_444"},{"link_name":"US-169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_169_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Muskogee Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskogee_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"Coweta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coweta,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Verdigris River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigris_River"},{"link_name":"Wagoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagoner,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"US-69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Ft. Gibson Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Gibson_Dam"},{"link_name":"Hulbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulbert,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Tahlequah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"US-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"SH-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_10"},{"link_name":"Stilwell, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilwell,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"US-59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Highway 244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_244"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Highway 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_59"}],"sub_title":"Tulsa and beyond","text":"In Sand Springs, SH-51 crosses the Arkansas River with SH-97 before merging onto the Sand Springs Expressway (US-412/US-64). When this\nfreeway ends at I-244 near downtown Tulsa, SH-51 merges onto I-244 southbound only to exit 1 mile (1.6 km) later, where it runs concurrent with US-64/US-75. This freeway is actually Interstate 444, but the route is not signed as such. After one more mile, SH-51 leaves the interstate with US-64 and becomes the Broken Arrow Expressway, a freeway running northwest–southeast through Tulsa which is known as \"The BA\" by locals and local media. US-64 leaves the freeway as a concurrency with US-169 southbound. Later, SH-51 will exit the freeway and become a four-lane highway toward Coweta. The mainline freeway becomes the Muskogee Turnpike.At Coweta, SH-51 turns back east after heading southeast through the Tulsa area. After crossing the Muskogee Turnpike again and bridging the Verdigris River the highway soon enters Wagoner, where it junctions with US-69. Returning once again to a 2-lane road, Highway 51 crosses Ft. Gibson Lake and the town of Hulbert. Eleven miles (18 km) later, it passes through Tahlequah, where it has a brief concurrency with US-62/SH-10. After spitting with these highways, it heads southeast toward Stilwell, Oklahoma, running concurrent with US-59 for a mile on the way. After leaving Stilwell it provides access to Adair State Park, and then crosses the Arkansas line becoming Arkansas Highway 244, which quickly connects to Arkansas Highway 59.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldon,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-history-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1928map-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-history-1"},{"link_name":"ODOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-history-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1935map-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-history-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1937map-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-history-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohc-action6-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ba-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-history-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-history-index-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oklahoman-bridgemove-8"}],"text":"SH-51 was originally commissioned on June 1, 1927 as a connector from Stilwell to Eldon at SH-27 (present-day US-62).[1] By 1928, it had been extended to Tulsa.[2] On June 15, 1933, it was extended to the east to the Arkansas state line, where it became AR-45.[1]ODOT extended SH-51 west to Stillwater and Perry (via a segment of roadway currently serving as US-177).[1][3] On March 18, 1935, the section from Stillwater to Perry was rescinded and SH-51 was extended to SH-8 at Okeene.[1][4] It was then extended to Seiling on October 18, 1938. On March 23, 1943, it was extended to the Texas state line by a concurrency with US-60.[1][5]The Broken Arrow Expressway was built in the early 1960s[6] and opened in 1964.[1] It was not, however, officially named the Broken Arrow Expressway until July 6, 1999 [7] by H.B. 1455.The steel truss bridge carrying SH-51 across Stillwater Creek west of Stillwater, once considered the gateway into the city, was removed on March 25, 2008. In a first for the state of Oklahoma, the bridge, originally built in 1936, was sold to Payne County for $200,000 and transferred to a county road east of Stillwater, where it was installed over Council Creek.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muskogee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskogee,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Tullahassee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullahassee,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Carl Blackwell Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Blackwell_Lake"},{"link_name":"Sand Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_Springs,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Tulsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Avery Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avery_Drive&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-traffic-9"},{"link_name":"Tahlequah Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahlequah_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"State Highway 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_82_(Oklahoma)"}],"text":"Like many in the Oklahoma state highway system, SH-51 has short spurs branching from it that bear the \"51\" number with a lettered suffix:SH-51A (23 miles [37 km]) runs from SH-58 northeast of Canton to SH-8 near Roman Nose State Park. It is the longest suffixed highway in the system.\nSH-51B (18 miles [29 km]) connects Coweta to US-69 north of Muskogee. It goes through the towns of Porter and Tullahassee.\nSH-51C (decommissioned) (1.7 miles [2.7 km]) connected SH-51 west of Stillwater to Carl Blackwell Lake until it was decommissioned in 2005.\nSH-51D (decommissioned) connected SH-51 south of Sand Springs with I-244 in Tulsa, running along Avery Drive and West 21st Street. It appeared on some ODOT maps as late as the 1970s, but is no longer shown.[9]\nIn 2004, ODOT completed SH-51 Spur, running for 3 miles (4.8 km) as part of a loop through northwest Tahlequah, serving Tahlequah Municipal Airport, and ending at State Highway 82. It is currently the newest Oklahoma state highway.","title":"Spurs"}]
|
[{"image_text":"SH-51 meets many different highways in Seiling","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/060us_seiling.jpg/220px-060us_seiling.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Oklahoma portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Oklahoma"},{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"}]
|
[{"reference":"Oklahoma Department of Transportation, Planning & Research Division. \"Memorial Dedication & Revision History - SH-51\". Retrieved February 19, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/memorial/legal/sh51.htm","url_text":"\"Memorial Dedication & Revision History - SH-51\""}]},{"reference":"Oklahoma Highway Commission (March 23, 1943). \"Minutes—Dewey & Ellis Counties, Extension of SH #51\" (PDF). Retrieved September 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/memorial/highways/pdfs/us60/action6.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes—Dewey & Ellis Counties, Extension of SH #51\""}]},{"reference":"The City of Broken Arrow, Oklahoma. \"Our History\". Archived from the original on April 5, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070405162311/http://www.brokenarrowok.gov/about/our_history.htm","url_text":"\"Our History\""},{"url":"http://www.brokenarrowok.gov/about/our_history.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Oklahoma Department of Transportation, Planning & Research Division. \"Oklahoma's Memorial Highways and Bridges\". Retrieved April 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/memorial/htmls/listb.htm","url_text":"\"Oklahoma's Memorial Highways and Bridges\""}]},{"reference":"Sutter, John David (March 26, 2008). \"One hefty recycling endeavor\".","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_State_Highway_51&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding them"},{"Link":"http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/memorial/legal/sh51.htm","external_links_name":"\"Memorial Dedication & Revision History - SH-51\""},{"Link":"http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/state-maps/pdfs/1928.pdf","external_links_name":"1928 Highway Map"},{"Link":"http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/state-maps/pdfs/1935.pdf","external_links_name":"1935 Highway Map"},{"Link":"http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/hqdiv/p-r-div/maps/state-maps/pdfs/1937.pdf","external_links_name":"1937 Highway Map"},{"Link":"http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/memorial/highways/pdfs/us60/action6.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minutes—Dewey & Ellis Counties, Extension of SH #51\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070405162311/http://www.brokenarrowok.gov/about/our_history.htm","external_links_name":"\"Our History\""},{"Link":"http://www.brokenarrowok.gov/about/our_history.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/memorial/htmls/listb.htm","external_links_name":"\"Oklahoma's Memorial Highways and Bridges\""},{"Link":"http://roads.tulok.net/t-51.html","external_links_name":"SH-51 at Roadklahoma"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_New_York_Knicks_season
|
1996–97 New York Knicks season
|
["1 NBA draft","2 Roster","2.1 Roster notes","3 Regular season","3.1 Season standings","3.2 Record vs. opponents","4 Playoffs","5 Player statistics","5.1 Season","5.2 Playoffs","6 Awards and records","7 Transactions","8 References"]
|
Season of National Basketball Association team the New York Knicks
NBA professional basketball team season
1996–97 New York Knicks seasonHead coachJeff Van GundyGeneral managerErnie GrunfeldOwners
ITT
Cablevision
ArenaMadison Square GardenResultsRecord57–25 (.695)PlaceDivision: 2nd (Atlantic)Conference: 3rd (Eastern)Playoff finishConference semifinals(lost to Heat 3–4)Stats at Basketball-Reference.comLocal mediaTelevisionMSG NetworkRadioWFAN
< 1995–96
1997–98 >
The 1996–97 New York Knicks season was the 51st season for the Knicks in the National Basketball Association (NBA). For the season, the Knicks celebrated their 50th anniversary in the NBA by revealing an anniversary version of the team's primary logo. During the off-season, the Knicks acquired All-Star forward Larry Johnson from the Charlotte Hornets, and signed free agents Allan Houston, Chris Childs, and former All-Star forward Buck Williams. The team also had three first-round draft picks in the 1996 NBA draft, selecting small forward John Wallace out of Syracuse University with the 18th overall pick, small forward Walter McCarty from the University of Kentucky with the 19th overall pick, and small forward Dontae' Jones out of Mississippi State University with the 21st overall pick. However, Jones would miss the entire season with a foot injury, and would never play for the Knicks.
In the regular season, the Knicks won eight of their first ten games, and held a 34–14 record by February 6, finishing in second place in the Atlantic Division with a 57–25 record, and made the NBA playoffs for the 10th consecutive year. The team also posted three seven-game winning streaks during the regular season, which were its longest this season. The Knicks enjoyed a successful season, with their 57 wins tied for the third-most in franchise history; they finished second in the Atlantic Division and third in the Eastern Conference.
With Houston as the team's starting shooting guard, John Starks played a sixth man role off the bench, averaging 13.8 points per game and leading the team with 150 three-point field goals. He was named the Sixth Man of the Year, receiving 84 out of a possible 115 first-place votes from the media. In addition, Patrick Ewing averaged 22.4 points, 10.7 rebounds and 2.4 blocks per game, and was selected for the 1997 NBA All-Star Game, but did not play due to a groin injury, despite playing 78 games this season. It would also be his final All-Star selection, having played in his final All-Star Game the previous year. Ewing also earned All-NBA Second Team honors, finished in eighth place in Most Valuable Player voting, and was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History. Houston finished second on the team in scoring with 14.8 points per game, while Johnson averaged 12.8 points and 5.2 rebounds per game, Charles Oakley provided the team with 10.8 points, 9.8 rebounds and 1.4 steals per game, and Childs contributed 9.3 points and 6.1 assists per game. Off the bench, Williams averaged 6.3 points and 5.4 rebounds per game, and Charlie Ward contributed 5.2 points and 4.1 assists per game. In the last game of the season, at the United Center, the Knicks defeated the then-69–12 Chicago Bulls, preventing them from posting two consecutive 70-win seasons, and tying the best home record (40–1 set by the 1985–86 Boston Celtics, and later matched by the 2015–16 San Antonio Spurs).
In the playoffs, New York defeated the Charlotte Hornets in a three-game sweep in the Eastern Conference first round, and advanced to the Eastern Conference semi-finals, where they faced the Atlantic Division champion Miami Heat, in what would eventually become the first chapter of one of the fiercest NBA rivalries of the period. After jumping to a 3–1 lead in the series, the Knicks were eliminated by the Heat in seven games, after a brawl erupted at the end of Game 5 that led to the suspensions of five key Knicks players: Ewing, Houston, Johnson, Starks and Ward.
Following the season, Wallace was traded to the Toronto Raptors in a three-team trade, and McCarty and Jones were both dealt to the Boston Celtics.
NBA draft
Main article: 1996 NBA draft
Round
Pick
Player
Position
Nationality
School/Club Team
1
18
John Wallace
SF
United States
Syracuse
1
19
Walter McCarty
SF/PF
United States
Kentucky
1
21
Dontae' Jones
SF
United States
Mississippi State
Roster
1996–97 New York Knicks roster
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Name
Height
Weight
DOB
From
G
4
Brooks, Scott
5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)
165 lb (75 kg)
1965–07–31
UC Irvine
G
1
Childs, Chris
6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
195 lb (88 kg)
1967–11–20
Boise State
C
33
Ewing, Patrick
7 ft 0 in (2.13 m)
240 lb (109 kg)
1962–08–05
Georgetown
G
20
Houston, Allan
6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
200 lb (91 kg)
1971–04–20
Tennessee
F
2
Johnson, Larry
6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
250 lb (113 kg)
1969–03–14
UNLV
F
5
Jones, Dontae' (IN)
6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
220 lb (100 kg)
1975–06–02
Mississippi State
F
40
McCarty, Walter
6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)
230 lb (104 kg)
1974–02–01
Kentucky
F
34
Oakley, Charles
6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
225 lb (102 kg)
1963–12–18
Virginia Union
G
3
Starks, John
6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
180 lb (82 kg)
1965–08–10
Oklahoma State
F
44
Wallace, John
6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
225 lb (102 kg)
1974–02–09
Syracuse
G
21
Ward, Charlie
6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
190 lb (86 kg)
1970–10–12
Florida State
F
52
Williams, Buck
6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
215 lb (98 kg)
1960–03–08
Maryland
C
32
Williams, Herb
6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)
242 lb (110 kg)
1958–02–16
Ohio State
Head coach
Jeff Van Gundy
Assistant coach(es)
Greg Brittenham
Don Chaney
Brendan Malone
Jeff Nix
Tom Thibodeau
Legend
(DP) Unsigned draft pick(FA) Free agent(S) Suspended(IN) Inactive Injured
Roster Last transaction: January 6, 1997
Roster notes
Rookie small forward Dontae' Jones was on the injured reserve list with a foot injury, missed the entire season and never played for the Knicks.
Regular season
Season standings
Atlantic Divisionvte
W
L
PCT
GB
Home
Road
Div
y-Miami Heat
61
21
.744
–
29–12
32–9
16–8
x-New York Knicks
57
25
.695
4
31–10
26–15
19–6
x-Orlando Magic
45
37
.549
16
26–15
19–22
13–11
x-Washington Bullets
44
38
.537
17
25–16
19–22
14–10
New Jersey Nets
26
56
.317
35
16–25
10–31
11–13
Philadelphia 76ers
22
60
.268
39
11–30
11–30
11–14
Boston Celtics
15
67
.183
46
11–30
4–37
1–23
1996–97 NBA East standings
#
Eastern Conferencevte
Team
W
L
PCT
GB
1
z-Chicago Bulls
69
13
.841
–
2
y-Miami Heat
61
21
.744
8
3
x-New York Knicks
57
25
.695
12
4
x-Atlanta Hawks
56
26
.683
13
5
x-Detroit Pistons
54
28
.659
15
6
x-Charlotte Hornets
54
28
.659
15
7
x-Orlando Magic
45
37
.549
24
8
x-Washington Bullets
44
38
.537
25
9
Cleveland Cavaliers
42
40
.512
27
10
Indiana Pacers
39
43
.476
30
11
Milwaukee Bucks
33
49
.402
36
12
Toronto Raptors
30
52
.366
39
13
New Jersey Nets
26
56
.317
43
14
Philadelphia 76ers
22
60
.268
47
15
Boston Celtics
15
67
.183
54
z – clinched division title
y – clinched division title
x – clinched playoff spot
Record vs. opponents
1996–97 NBA Records
Team
ATL
BOS
CHA
CHI
CLE
DAL
DEN
DET
GSW
HOU
IND
LAC
LAL
MIA
MIL
MIN
NJN
NYK
ORL
PHI
PHO
POR
SAC
SAS
SEA
TOR
UTA
VAN
WAS
Atlanta
—
3–1
1–3
1–3
3–1
2–0
1–1
1–3
2–0
1–1
3–1
2–0
1–1
1–2
4–0
2–0
3–1
1–3
3–1
4–0
1–1
2–0
2–0
2–0
1–1
4–0
1–1
2–0
2–1
Boston
1–3
—
0–4
0–4
1–2
1–1
1–1
0–4
1–1
0–2
1–2
0–2
1–1
0–4
1–3
0–2
0–4
0–4
0–4
1–3
1–1
1–1
0–2
1–1
0–2
3–1
0–2
0–2
0–4
Charlotte
3–1
4–0
—
0–4
3–1
1–1
2–0
2–2
2–0
2–0
2–2
1–1
1–1
1–2
2–2
2–0
4–0
3–1
1–2
4–0
1–1
0–2
2–0
2–0
2–0
2–2
0–2
2–0
3–1
Chicago
3–1
4–0
4–0
—
3–1
2–0
2–0
3–1
2–0
1–1
4–0
2–0
1–1
2–2
4–0
2–0
3–1
2–2
3–0
4–0
2–0
2–0
2–0
2–0
2–0
3–1
1–1
2–0
2–1
Cleveland
1–3
2–1
1–3
1–3
—
2–0
1–1
2–2
1–1
0–2
3–1
2–0
1–1
0–4
2–2
2–0
4–0
1–3
2–2
3–0
1–1
1–1
2–0
0–2
0–2
3–1
1–1
2–0
1–3
Dallas
0–2
1–1
1–1
0–2
0–2
—
3–1
0–2
0–4
0–4
1–1
2–2
0–4
0–2
0–2
1–3
1–1
1–1
1–1
2–0
1–3
1–3
2–2
1–3
1–3
0–2
1–3
3–1
0–2
Denver
1–1
1–1
0–2
0–2
1–1
1–3
—
0–2
1–3
1–3
0–2
1–3
0–4
0–2
1–1
0–4
1–1
0–2
0–2
1–1
2–2
0–4
2–2
2–2
0–4
1–1
0–4
3–1
1–1
Detroit
3–1
4–0
2–2
1–3
2–2
2–0
2–0
—
2–0
1–1
3–1
2–0
1–1
0–4
3–1
2–0
4–0
1–2
2–2
2–1
0–2
1–1
1–1
2–0
1–1
3–1
1–1
2–0
4–0
Golden State
0–2
1–1
0–2
0–2
1–1
4–0
3–1
0–2
—
0–4
1–1
1–3
0–4
0–2
1–1
1–3
2–0
0–2
1–1
2–0
0–4
2–2
1–3
4–0
0–4
2–0
0–4
3–1
0–2
Houston
1–1
2–0
0–2
1–1
2–0
4–0
3–1
1–1
4–0
—
1–1
3–1
3–1
0–2
1–1
4–0
2–0
1–1
0–2
2–0
2–2
2–2
4–0
3–1
3–1
1–1
2–2
3–1
2–0
Indiana
1–3
2–1
2–2
0–4
1–3
1–1
2–0
1–3
1–1
1–1
—
2–0
1–1
1–3
2–2
2–0
2–2
1–3
1–3
3–0
1–1
1–1
1–1
1–1
1–1
4–0
0–2
2–0
1–3
L.A. Clippers
0–2
2–0
1–1
0–2
0–2
2–2
3–1
0–2
3–1
1–3
0–2
—
2–2
0–2
2–0
1–3
1–1
0–2
1–1
1–1
2–2
0–4
2–2
4–0
1–3
2–0
1–3
4–0
0–2
L.A. Lakers
1–1
1–1
1–1
1–1
1–1
4–0
4–0
1–1
4–0
1–3
1–1
2–2
—
1–1
2–0
3–1
2–0
1–1
1–1
2–0
4–0
1–3
4–0
2–2
3–1
1–1
1–3
4–0
2–0
Miami
2–1
4–0
2–1
2–2
4–0
2–0
2–0
4–0
2–0
2–0
3–1
2–0
1–1
—
4–0
1–1
3–1
1–3
2–2
3–1
2–0
1–1
2–0
2–0
0–2
3–1
0–2
2–0
3–1
Milwaukee
0–4
3–1
2–2
0–4
2–2
2–0
1–1
1–3
1–1
1–1
2–2
0–2
0–2
0–4
—
0–2
2–1
1–2
2–2
3–1
1–1
0–2
0–2
1–1
1–1
3–1
1–1
2–0
1–3
Minnesota
0–2
2–0
0–2
0–2
0–2
3–1
4–0
0–2
3–1
0–4
0–2
3–1
1–3
1–1
2–0
—
2–0
1–1
1–1
1–1
3–1
2–2
0–4
4–0
0–4
1–1
1–3
4–0
1–1
New Jersey
1–3
4–0
0–4
1–3
0–4
1–1
1–1
0–4
0–2
0–2
2–2
1–1
0–2
1–3
1–2
0–2
—
2–2
1–3
2–2
1–1
0–2
1–1
2–0
1–1
0–3
0–2
2–0
1–3
New York
3–1
4–0
1–3
2–2
3–1
1–1
2–0
2–1
2–0
1–1
3–1
2–0
1–1
3–1
2–1
1–1
2–2
—
3–1
3–2
1–1
1–1
2–0
2–0
0–2
3–0
1–1
2–0
4–0
Orlando
1–3
4–0
2–1
0–3
2–2
1–1
2–0
2–2
1–1
2–0
3–1
1–1
1–1
2–2
2–2
1–1
3–1
1–3
—
2–2
1–1
2–0
1–1
1–1
1–1
4–0
0–2
1–1
1–3
Philadelphia
0–4
3–1
0–4
0–4
0–3
0–2
1–1
1–2
0–2
0–2
0–3
1–1
0–2
1–3
1–3
1–1
2–2
2–3
2–2
—
1–1
1–1
0–2
1–1
0–2
1–3
0–2
2–0
1–3
Phoenix
1–1
1–1
1–1
0–2
1–1
3–1
2–2
2–0
4–0
2–2
1–1
2–2
0–4
0–2
1–1
1–3
1–1
1–1
1–1
1–1
—
1–3
4–0
3–1
2–2
0–2
1–3
2–2
1–1
Portland
0–2
1–1
2–0
0–2
1–1
3–1
4–0
1–1
2–2
2–2
1–1
4–0
3–1
1–1
2–0
2–2
2–0
1–1
0–2
1–1
3–1
—
2–2
4–0
1–3
0–2
2–2
4–0
0–2
Sacramento
0–2
2–0
0–2
0–2
0–2
2–2
2–2
1–1
3–1
0–4
1–1
2–2
0–4
0–2
2–0
4–0
1–1
0–2
1–1
2–0
0–4
2–2
—
3–1
1–3
1–1
0–4
4–0
0–2
San Antonio
0–2
1–1
0–2
0–2
2–0
3–1
2–2
0–2
0–4
1–3
1–1
0–4
2–2
0–2
1–1
0–4
0–2
0–2
1–1
1–1
1–3
0–4
1–3
—
0–4
1–1
1–3
1–3
0–2
Seattle
1–1
2–0
0–2
0–2
2–0
3–1
4–0
1–1
4–0
1–3
1–1
3–1
1–3
2–0
1–1
4–0
1–1
2–0
1–1
2–0
2–2
3–1
3–1
4–0
—
2–0
1–3
4–0
2–0
Toronto
0–4
1–3
2–2
1–3
1–3
2–0
1–1
1–3
0–2
1–1
0–4
0–2
1–1
1–3
1–3
1–1
3–0
0–3
0–4
3–1
2–0
2–0
1–1
1–1
0–2
—
1–1
1–1
2–2
Utah
1–1
2–0
2–0
1–1
1–1
3–1
4–0
1–1
4–0
2–2
2–0
3–1
3–1
2–0
1–1
3–1
2–0
1–1
2–0
2–0
3–1
2–2
4–0
3–1
3–1
1–1
—
4–0
2–0
Vancouver
0–2
2–0
0–2
0–2
0–2
1–3
1–3
0–2
1–3
1–3
0–2
0–4
0–4
0–2
0–2
0–4
0–2
0–2
1–1
0–2
2–2
0–4
0–4
3–1
0–4
1–1
0–4
—
1–1
Washington
1–2
4–0
1–3
1–2
3–1
2–0
1–1
0–4
2–0
0–2
3–1
2–0
0–2
1–3
3–1
1–1
3–1
0–4
3–1
3–1
1–1
2–0
2–0
2–0
0–2
2–2
0–2
1–1
—
Playoffs
1997 playoff game log
First Round: 3–0 (home: 2–0; road: 1–0)
Game
Date
Team
Score
High points
High rebounds
High assists
LocationAttendance
Series
1
April 24
Charlotte
W 109–99
Allan Houston (25)
Patrick Ewing (9)
Chris Childs (8)
Madison Square Garden19,763
1–0
2
April 26
Charlotte
W 100–93
Patrick Ewing (30)
Charles Oakley (10)
Chris Childs (9)
Madison Square Garden19,763
2–0
3
April 28
@ Charlotte
W 104–95
Larry Johnson (22)
Patrick Ewing (11)
Johnson, Childs (5)
Charlotte Coliseum24,042
3–0
Conference semifinals: 3–4 (home: 2–1; road: 1–3)
Game
Date
Team
Score
High points
High rebounds
High assists
LocationAttendance
Series
1
May 7
@ Miami
W 88–79
Allan Houston (27)
Patrick Ewing (16)
Johnson, Ward (5)
Miami Arena14,870
1–0
2
May 9
@ Miami
L 84–88
Allan Houston (19)
Patrick Ewing (11)
Chris Childs (7)
Miami Arena14,870
1–1
3
May 11
Miami
W 77–73
Patrick Ewing (25)
Ewing, Oakley (11)
Ward, Starks (4)
Madison Square Garden19,763
2–1
4
May 12
Miami
W 89–76
John Starks (21)
Charles Oakley (9)
Chris Childs (8)
Madison Square Garden19,763
3–1
5
May 14
@ Miami
L 81–96
Patrick Ewing (19)
Charles Oakley (9)
Chris Childs (7)
Miami Arena14,782
3–2
6
May 16
Miami
L 90–95
Chris Childs (22)
Charles Oakley (12)
Chris Childs (9)
Madison Square Garden19,763
3–3
7
May 18
@ Miami
L 90–101
Patrick Ewing (37)
Patrick Ewing (17)
Charlie Ward (8)
Miami Arena14,870
3–4
1997 schedule
Player statistics
Legend
GP
Games played
GS
Games started
MPG
Minutes per game
FG%
Field-goal percentage
3P%
3-point field-goal percentage
FT%
Free-throw percentage
RPG
Rebounds per game
APG
Assists per game
SPG
Steals per game
BPG
Blocks per game
PPG
Points per game
NOTE: Please write player statistics in alphabetical order by last name.
Season
Player
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3FG%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG
Scott Brooks
38
0
6.6
Chris Childs
65
61
31.9
Patrick Ewing
78
78
37.0
Allan Houston
81
81
33.1
Chris Jent
3
0
3.3
Larry Johnson
76
76
34.4
Walter McCarty
35
0
5.5
Charles Oakley
80
80
35.9
John Starks
77
1
26.5
John Wallace
68
6
11.6
Charlie Ward
79
21
22.3
Buck Williams
74
4
20.2
Herb Williams
21
2
8.8
Playoffs
Player
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3FG%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG
Scott Brooks
Chris Childs
Patrick Ewing
Allan Houston
Larry Johnson
Walter McCarty
Charles Oakley
John Starks
John Wallace
Charlie Ward
Buck Williams
Herb Williams
Awards and records
John Starks, NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award
Patrick Ewing, All-NBA Second Team
Transactions
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2013)
References
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^ 2016–17 New York Knicks Media Guide (PDF). New York Knicks. 2016. p. 304. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
^ a b c "New York Knickerbockers Franchise Index". Basketball-Reference. Archived from the original on April 24, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
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^ Brown, Clifton (July 14, 1996). "Pro Basketball; A New Backcourt: Childs and Houston Join the Knicks". The New York Times. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
^ "Knicks Get Childs; Houston on Tap". Orlando Sentinel. July 14, 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
^ Wise, Mike (July 15, 1996). "Pro Basketball; It's a Blockbuster Day for Knicks". The New York Times. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
^ Sheridan, Chris (July 15, 1996). "Knicks Acquire Larry Johnson, Sign Houston and Childs". Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
^ Roberts, Selena (July 27, 1996). "Pro Basketball; Knicks Seal Up Buck Williams". The New York Times. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
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^ Markowitz, Dan (October 20, 1996). "Revamped Knicks Assessing Strengths". The New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
^ Wise, Mike (June 27, 1996). "Pro Basketball; Knicks Go Forward in the First Round". The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ Bembry, Jerry (June 27, 1996). "76ers Make Iverson the 1, Philadelphia Takes Georgetown Guard; Camby Goes Second". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
^ Brown, Clifton (August 7, 1996). "Knicks Sign Their Three First-Rounders". The New York Times. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
^ "1996 NBA Draft". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ a b Wise, Mike (June 29, 1996). "Pro Basketball; Surgery Sidelines Jones 3–6 Months". The New York Times. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
^ Wise, Mike (November 4, 1996). "Knicks Outshine Disco Lights in the Home Opener". The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ a b "Dontae' Jones". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
^ "NBA Games Played on February 6, 1997". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
^ a b "1996–97 New York Knicks Schedule and Results". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
^ a b c d e f "1996–97 New York Knickerbockers Roster and Statistics". Basketball-Reference. Archived from the original on April 25, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
^ a b c d "1996–97 NBA Season Summary". Basketball-Reference. Archived from the original on April 12, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
^ Wise, Mike (October 6, 1996). "Starks Is Making Houston's Job Easier". The New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
^ Brown, Clifton (October 17, 1996). "Pro Basketball". The New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
^ "Bulls, Drexler, Shaq Still Hot". Kentucky New Era. November 2, 1996. p. 3B. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
^ "Sixth Man Award for Starks". The New York Times. April 24, 1997. Retrieved October 3, 2022.
^ "Knicks' Starks Turns Demotion Into Honor". The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. April 24, 1997. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
^ "NBA Notes: Knicks' Starks Wins Sixth Man Award; Warriors Draw 8th Seed in Lottery". SFGate. Staff and Wire Reports. April 24, 1997. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
^ "NBA & ABA Sixth Man of the Year Award Winners". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
^ "Webber's All-Star Stats Aren't Ticket to Game; Bullets Forward Not Picked as Reserve". The Baltimore Sun. January 29, 1997. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
^ Jorgensen, Loren (February 8, 1997). "No Offense, But Malone Would Rather Be Home". Deseret News. Retrieved April 19, 2023.
^ "1997 NBA All-Star Recap". NBA.com. NBA.com Staff. September 13, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
^ "1997 NBA All-Star Game: East 132, West 120". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
^ "Knicks' Ewing to Miss All-Star Game". United Press International. February 5, 1997. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
^ Brown, Clifton (February 6, 1997). "Ewing, Still Injured, Quits All-Star Roster". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2022.
^ Cummings, D. L. (February 6, 1997). "Stars Are Out for Ewing: Groin Injury KOs Patrick". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on August 11, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
^ "Mourning Latest All-Star Casualty; Dumars on Team". Chicago Tribune. Tribune News Services. February 7, 1997. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
^ "Patrick Ewing". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
^ Kawakami, Tim (May 19, 1997). "MVP: Malone, the Standout Jazz Forward Known as Mailman, Edges Jordan in the Voting to Earn Stamp of Greatness". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
^ "1996–97 Regular Season Award Winners". Eskimo North. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
^ "1996–97 NBA Awards Voting". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved January 2, 2022.
^ "NBA History: The NBA's 50 Greatest Players". National Basketball Association. Archived from the original on April 5, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
^ Wise, Mike (April 20, 1997). "Knicks Shock the Bulls to Sew Up Third Spot". The New York Times. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
^ Brown, Clifton (April 20, 1997). "When a Knick Victory Is Not Just a Victory". The New York Times. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
^ Armour, Terry (April 20, 1997). "Knicks 103, Bulls 101". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
^ "New York Knicks at Chicago Bulls Box Score, April 19, 1997". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
^ Nathan, Alec. "Spurs Tie All-Time NBA Record for Most Home Wins in Regular Season". Bleacher Report. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
^ Macenka, Joe (April 28, 1997). "Knicks 104, Hornets 95". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
^ "Knicks 104, Hornets 95". United Press International. April 28, 1997. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
^ Wise, Mike (April 29, 1997). "Knicks Sweep Away Hornets, and Season of Doubts". The New York Times. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
^ "1997 NBA Eastern Conference First Round: Hornets vs. Knicks". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
^ Sheridan, Chris (May 7, 2000). "Knicks, Heat continue their simmering rivalry". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. p. 9C. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
^ Vecsey, George (May 13, 1997). "Quiet No More: Starks Comes Out Shooting". The New York Times. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
^ Heisler, Mark (May 13, 1997). "Heat Feeling Some After Knicks Roll". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
^ Lupica, Mike (May 14, 1997). "Riley's Heat Almost Toast". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
^ Brown, Clifton (May 19, 1997). "Next Stop, Chicago: Riley Adjusts Rearview Mirror to See Knicks". The New York Times. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
^ Heisler, Mark (May 19, 1997). "Knicks Can't Take the Heat". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
^ Adande, J. A. (May 19, 1997). "Hardaway Applies the Heat as Miami Ousts Knicks". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
^ "1997 NBA Eastern Conference Semifinals: Knicks vs. Heat". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
^ Wise, Mike (May 15, 1997). "Not for the Faint-Hearted: Knicks–Heat Turns Nasty". The New York Times. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
^ Adande, J. A. (May 15, 1997). "Miami's Fighting Spirit Is Too Much for Knicks". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
^ Winderman, Ira (May 15, 1997). "Heat Fights Back". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
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^ Isola, Frank (May 16, 1997). "NBA – No Brawls Allowed: Ewing Among Five Suspended Knicks". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
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^ May, Peter (October 24, 1997). "Jones Envisions Much Better Time". The Boston Globe. p. D3.
vte1996–97 NBA season by team
1996 NBA draft
All-Star Game
Playoffs
Finals
Transactions
EasternAtlantic
Boston
Miami
New Jersey
New York
Orlando
Philadelphia
Washington
Central
Atlanta
Charlotte
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Indiana
Milwaukee
Toronto
WesternMidwest
Dallas
Denver
Houston
Minnesota
San Antonio
Utah
Vancouver
Pacific
Golden State
L.A. Clippers
L.A. Lakers
Phoenix
Portland
Sacramento
Seattle
vteNew York Knicks
Founded in 1946
Based in New York City, New York
Franchise
History
All-time roster
Draft history
Head coaches
Seasons
Current season
Arenas
Madison Square Garden III
69th Regiment Armory
Madison Square Garden IV
Personnel
Owner(s)
Madison Square Garden Sports (James Dolan, chairman)
President
Leon Rose
General manager
Vacant
Head coach
Tom Thibodeau
G League affiliate
Westchester Knicks
Retired numbers
10
12
15
15
19
22
24
33
613
NBA championships
1970
1973
Rivalries
Boston Celtics
Brooklyn Nets
Chicago Bulls
Indiana Pacers
Miami Heat
Culture and lore
Broadcasters
Dancing Harry
Eddie
Spike Lee
Diedrich Knickerbocker
Whatever Happened to Micheal Ray?
Theme from New York, New York
Mike Walczewski
George Kalinsky
Trent Tucker Rule
Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen
June 17th, 1994
Knicks–Nuggets brawl
Linsanity
Sweetwater
vteNew York Knicks seasons
Franchise
Seasons
1940s
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49 1950s
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954-55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59 1960s
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–691970s
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–791980s
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–891990s
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–992000s
1999–00
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–092010s
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–192020s
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
Bold indicates NBA Finals victory
|
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season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-24"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Division_(NBA)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-25"},{"link_name":"NBA playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_playoffs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-franchise-3"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-24"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-franchise-3"},{"link_name":"Eastern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Conference_(NBA)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-summary-26"},{"link_name":"John Starks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Starks_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-25"},{"link_name":"Sixth Man of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Sixth_Man_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-summary-26"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Patrick Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Ewing"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-25"},{"link_name":"1997 NBA All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_NBA_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-25"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"All-NBA Second Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-NBA_Second_Team"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-summary-26"},{"link_name":"Most Valuable Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Most_Valuable_Player_Award"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"50 Greatest Players in NBA History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Greatest_Players_in_NBA_History"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Charles Oakley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Oakley"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-25"},{"link_name":"Charlie Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Ward"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-25"},{"link_name":"United Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Center"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Chicago_Bulls_season"},{"link_name":"1985–86 Boston Celtics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Boston_Celtics_season"},{"link_name":"2015–16 San Antonio Spurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_San_Antonio_Spurs_season"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_NBA_Playoffs"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Charlotte_Hornets_season"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Miami Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Miami_Heat_season"},{"link_name":"rivalries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knicks%E2%80%93Heat_rivalry"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-summary-26"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Toronto Raptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Toronto_Raptors_season"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Boston Celtics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Boston_Celtics_season"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"text":"NBA professional basketball team seasonThe 1996–97 New York Knicks season was the 51st season for the Knicks in the National Basketball Association (NBA).[3] For the season, the Knicks celebrated their 50th anniversary in the NBA by revealing an anniversary version of the team's primary logo.[4] During the off-season, the Knicks acquired All-Star forward Larry Johnson from the Charlotte Hornets,[5][6][7][8] and signed free agents Allan Houston, Chris Childs,[9][10][11][12] and former All-Star forward Buck Williams.[13][14][15] The team also had three first-round draft picks in the 1996 NBA draft, selecting small forward John Wallace out of Syracuse University with the 18th overall pick, small forward Walter McCarty from the University of Kentucky with the 19th overall pick, and small forward Dontae' Jones out of Mississippi State University with the 21st overall pick.[16][17][18][19] However, Jones would miss the entire season with a foot injury, and would never play for the Knicks.[20][21][22]In the regular season, the Knicks won eight of their first ten games, and held a 34–14 record by February 6,[23][24] finishing in second place in the Atlantic Division with a 57–25 record,[25] and made the NBA playoffs for the 10th consecutive year.[3] The team also posted three seven-game winning streaks during the regular season, which were its longest this season.[24] The Knicks enjoyed a successful season, with their 57 wins tied for the third-most in franchise history;[3] they finished second in the Atlantic Division and third in the Eastern Conference.[26]With Houston as the team's starting shooting guard, John Starks played a sixth man role off the bench,[27][28][29] averaging 13.8 points per game and leading the team with 150 three-point field goals.[25] He was named the Sixth Man of the Year, receiving 84 out of a possible 115 first-place votes from the media.[26][30][31][32][33] In addition, Patrick Ewing averaged 22.4 points, 10.7 rebounds and 2.4 blocks per game,[25] and was selected for the 1997 NBA All-Star Game,[34][35][36][37] but did not play due to a groin injury,[38][39][40][41] despite playing 78 games this season.[25] It would also be his final All-Star selection, having played in his final All-Star Game the previous year.[42] Ewing also earned All-NBA Second Team honors,[26] finished in eighth place in Most Valuable Player voting,[43][44][45] and was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History.[46] Houston finished second on the team in scoring with 14.8 points per game, while Johnson averaged 12.8 points and 5.2 rebounds per game, Charles Oakley provided the team with 10.8 points, 9.8 rebounds and 1.4 steals per game, and Childs contributed 9.3 points and 6.1 assists per game.[25] Off the bench, Williams averaged 6.3 points and 5.4 rebounds per game, and Charlie Ward contributed 5.2 points and 4.1 assists per game.[25] In the last game of the season, at the United Center, the Knicks defeated the then-69–12 Chicago Bulls, preventing them from posting two consecutive 70-win seasons, and tying the best home record (40–1 set by the 1985–86 Boston Celtics, and later matched by the 2015–16 San Antonio Spurs).[47][48][49][50][51]In the playoffs, New York defeated the Charlotte Hornets in a three-game sweep in the Eastern Conference first round, and advanced to the Eastern Conference semi-finals,[52][53][54][55] where they faced the Atlantic Division champion Miami Heat, in what would eventually become the first chapter of one of the fiercest NBA rivalries of the period.[26][56] After jumping to a 3–1 lead in the series,[57][58][59] the Knicks were eliminated by the Heat in seven games,[60][61][62][63] after a brawl erupted at the end of Game 5 that led to the suspensions of five key Knicks players: Ewing, Houston, Johnson, Starks and Ward.[64][65][66][67][68]Following the season, Wallace was traded to the Toronto Raptors in a three-team trade,[69][70][71] and McCarty and Jones were both dealt to the Boston Celtics.[72][73][74]","title":"1996–97 New York Knicks season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NBA draft"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dontae' Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dontae%27_Jones"},{"link_name":"injured reserve list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injured_reserve_list"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-22"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"sub_title":"Roster notes","text":"Rookie small forward Dontae' Jones was on the injured reserve list with a foot injury, missed the entire season and never played for the Knicks.[20][22][75]","title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season standings","text":"z – clinched division title\ny – clinched division title\nx – clinched playoff spot","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Record vs. opponents","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"NOTE: Please write player statistics in alphabetical order by last name.","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Playoffs","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Starks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Starks_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Sixth_Man_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"Patrick Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Ewing"},{"link_name":"All-NBA Second Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-NBA_Second_Team"}],"text":"John Starks, NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award\nPatrick Ewing, All-NBA Second Team","title":"Awards and records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transactions"}]
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[{"reference":"2016–17 New York Knicks Media Guide (PDF). New York Knicks. 2016. p. 305. Retrieved June 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nba.com/resources/static/team/v2/knicks/media/2016-17/nykmg_1617_MediaGuide.pdf","url_text":"2016–17 New York Knicks Media Guide"}]},{"reference":"2016–17 New York Knicks Media Guide (PDF). New York Knicks. 2016. p. 304. Retrieved June 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nba.com/resources/static/team/v2/knicks/media/2016-17/nykmg_1617_MediaGuide.pdf","url_text":"2016–17 New York Knicks Media Guide"}]},{"reference":"\"New York Knickerbockers Franchise Index\". Basketball-Reference. Archived from the original on April 24, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/teams/NYK/","url_text":"\"New York Knickerbockers Franchise Index\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100424040233/http://www.basketball-reference.com/teams/NYK/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New York Knicks Logo\". Chris Creamer's Sports Logos Page – SportsLogos.Net. Retrieved November 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportslogos.net/logos/view/6037/New_York_Knicks/1997/Anniversary_Logo","url_text":"\"New York Knicks Logo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hornets, Knicks Ponder Trade\". The Spokesman-Review. Wire Services. July 11, 1996. Retrieved June 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1996/jul/11/hornets-knicks-ponder-trade/","url_text":"\"Hornets, Knicks Ponder Trade\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Clifton (July 12, 1996). \"Pro Basketball; Knicks Chase Hornets' Johnson as N.B.A. Resumes Business\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/12/sports/pro-basketball-knicks-chase-hornets-johnson-as-nba-resumes-business.html","url_text":"\"Pro Basketball; Knicks Chase Hornets' Johnson as N.B.A. Resumes Business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Around the NBA\". The Washington Post. July 13, 1996. Retrieved July 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1996/07/13/around-the-nba/70b36d3d-01c9-425a-acb9-898b3bf92784/","url_text":"\"Around the NBA\""}]},{"reference":"Isola, Frank (July 13, 1996). \"Larry Loves N.Y.: Knicks, Hornets Work Out Bugs\". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161009190948/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/larry-loves-n-y-knicks-hornets-work-bugs-article-1.746710","url_text":"\"Larry Loves N.Y.: Knicks, Hornets Work Out Bugs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"},{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/larry-loves-n-y-knicks-hornets-work-bugs-article-1.746710","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Clifton (July 14, 1996). \"Pro Basketball; A New Backcourt: Childs and Houston Join the Knicks\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/14/sports/pro-basketball-a-new-backcourt-childs-and-houston-join-the-knicks.html","url_text":"\"Pro Basketball; A New Backcourt: Childs and Houston Join the Knicks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Knicks Get Childs; Houston on Tap\". Orlando Sentinel. July 14, 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1996/07/14/knicks-get-childs-houston-on-tap/","url_text":"\"Knicks Get Childs; Houston on Tap\""}]},{"reference":"Wise, Mike (July 15, 1996). \"Pro Basketball; It's a Blockbuster Day for Knicks\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/15/sports/pro-basketball-it-s-a-blockbuster-day-for-knicks.html?pagewanted=1","url_text":"\"Pro Basketball; It's a Blockbuster Day for Knicks\""}]},{"reference":"Sheridan, Chris (July 15, 1996). \"Knicks Acquire Larry Johnson, Sign Houston and Childs\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220929003031/https://apnews.com/article/9dfbf65421881a5d42176bdaaf4d2368","url_text":"\"Knicks Acquire Larry Johnson, Sign Houston and Childs\""},{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/9dfbf65421881a5d42176bdaaf4d2368","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Selena (July 27, 1996). \"Pro Basketball; Knicks Seal Up Buck Williams\". The New York Times. Retrieved December 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/27/sports/pro-basketball-knicks-seal-up-buck-williams.html","url_text":"\"Pro Basketball; Knicks Seal Up Buck Williams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Knicks Sign Buck; Bucks Sign Allen\". Tampa Bay Times. July 27, 1996. Retrieved July 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1996/07/27/knicks-sign-buck-bucks-sign-allen/","url_text":"\"Knicks Sign Buck; Bucks Sign Allen\""}]},{"reference":"Markowitz, Dan (October 20, 1996). \"Revamped Knicks Assessing Strengths\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/20/nyregion/revamped-knicks-assessing-strengths.html","url_text":"\"Revamped Knicks Assessing Strengths\""}]},{"reference":"Wise, Mike (June 27, 1996). \"Pro Basketball; Knicks Go Forward in the First Round\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/27/sports/pro-basketball-knicks-go-forward-in-the-first-round.html","url_text":"\"Pro Basketball; Knicks Go Forward in the First Round\""}]},{"reference":"Bembry, Jerry (June 27, 1996). \"76ers Make Iverson the 1, Philadelphia Takes Georgetown Guard; Camby Goes Second\". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved June 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1996-06-27-1996179094-story.html","url_text":"\"76ers Make Iverson the 1, Philadelphia Takes Georgetown Guard; Camby Goes Second\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Clifton (August 7, 1996). \"Knicks Sign Their Three First-Rounders\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/07/sports/knicks-sign-their-three-first-rounders.html","url_text":"\"Knicks Sign Their Three First-Rounders\""}]},{"reference":"\"1996 NBA Draft\". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/draft/NBA_1996.html","url_text":"\"1996 NBA Draft\""}]},{"reference":"Wise, Mike (June 29, 1996). \"Pro Basketball; Surgery Sidelines Jones 3–6 Months\". The New York Times. Retrieved December 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/29/sports/pro-basketball-surgery-sidelines-jones-3-6-months.html","url_text":"\"Pro Basketball; Surgery Sidelines Jones 3–6 Months\""}]},{"reference":"Wise, Mike (November 4, 1996). \"Knicks Outshine Disco Lights in the Home Opener\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/04/sports/knicks-outshine-disco-lights-in-the-home-opener.html","url_text":"\"Knicks Outshine Disco Lights in the Home Opener\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dontae' Jones\". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved June 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/j/jonesdo01.html","url_text":"\"Dontae' Jones\""}]},{"reference":"\"NBA Games Played on February 6, 1997\". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved July 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/boxscores/?month=2&day=6&year=1997","url_text":"\"NBA Games Played on February 6, 1997\""}]},{"reference":"\"1996–97 New York Knicks Schedule and Results\". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved April 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/teams/NYK/1997_games.html","url_text":"\"1996–97 New York Knicks Schedule and Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"1996–97 New York Knickerbockers Roster and Statistics\". Basketball-Reference. Archived from the original on April 25, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/teams/NYK/1997.html","url_text":"\"1996–97 New York Knickerbockers Roster and Statistics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100425075233/http://www.basketball-reference.com/teams/NYK/1997.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1996–97 NBA Season Summary\". Basketball-Reference. Archived from the original on April 12, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/leagues/NBA_1997.html","url_text":"\"1996–97 NBA Season Summary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100412122830/http://www.basketball-reference.com/leagues/NBA_1997.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wise, Mike (October 6, 1996). \"Starks Is Making Houston's Job Easier\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/06/sports/starks-is-making-houston-s-job-easier.html","url_text":"\"Starks Is Making Houston's Job Easier\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Clifton (October 17, 1996). \"Pro Basketball\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/17/sports/pro-basketball.html","url_text":"\"Pro Basketball\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bulls, Drexler, Shaq Still Hot\". Kentucky New Era. November 2, 1996. p. 3B. Retrieved May 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nvArAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA20&dq=1996+New+York+Knicks+allan+houston+john+starks+shooting+guard+lineup+sixth+man&article_id=2911,165895&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjv_Nu4iPeFAxUr38kDHfz0BfsQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=1996%20New%20York%20Knicks%20allan%20houston%20john%20starks%20shooting%20guard%20lineup%20sixth%20man&f=false","url_text":"\"Bulls, Drexler, Shaq Still Hot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sixth Man Award for Starks\". The New York Times. April 24, 1997. Retrieved October 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/24/sports/sixth-man-award-for-starks.html","url_text":"\"Sixth Man Award for Starks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Knicks' Starks Turns Demotion Into Honor\". The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. April 24, 1997. Retrieved June 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1997/apr/24/knicks-starks-turns-demotion-into-honor/","url_text":"\"Knicks' Starks Turns Demotion Into Honor\""}]},{"reference":"\"NBA Notes: Knicks' Starks Wins Sixth Man Award; Warriors Draw 8th Seed in Lottery\". SFGate. Staff and Wire Reports. April 24, 1997. Retrieved June 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/sports/article/NBA-NOTES-Knicks-Starks-Wins-Sixth-Man-Award-2843209.php","url_text":"\"NBA Notes: Knicks' Starks Wins Sixth Man Award; Warriors Draw 8th Seed in Lottery\""}]},{"reference":"\"NBA & ABA Sixth Man of the Year Award Winners\". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved November 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/awards/smoy.html","url_text":"\"NBA & ABA Sixth Man of the Year Award Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Webber's All-Star Stats Aren't Ticket to Game; Bullets Forward Not Picked as Reserve\". The Baltimore Sun. January 29, 1997. Retrieved December 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1997-01-29-1997029074-story.html","url_text":"\"Webber's All-Star Stats Aren't Ticket to Game; Bullets Forward Not Picked as Reserve\""}]},{"reference":"Jorgensen, Loren (February 8, 1997). \"No Offense, But Malone Would Rather Be Home\". Deseret News. Retrieved April 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deseret.com/1997/2/8/19293914/no-offense-but-malone-would-rather-be-home","url_text":"\"No Offense, But Malone Would Rather Be Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"1997 NBA All-Star Recap\". NBA.com. NBA.com Staff. September 13, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nba.com/news/history-all-star-recap-1997","url_text":"\"1997 NBA All-Star Recap\""}]},{"reference":"\"1997 NBA All-Star Game: East 132, West 120\". Basketball-Reference. 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Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved October 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1997-05-14-9705130401-story.html","url_text":"\"Riley's Heat Almost Toast\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Clifton (May 19, 1997). \"Next Stop, Chicago: Riley Adjusts Rearview Mirror to See Knicks\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/19/sports/next-stop-chicago-riley-adjusts-rearview-mirror-to-see-knicks.html","url_text":"\"Next Stop, Chicago: Riley Adjusts Rearview Mirror to See Knicks\""}]},{"reference":"Heisler, Mark (May 19, 1997). \"Knicks Can't Take the Heat\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-05-19-sp-60270-story.html","url_text":"\"Knicks Can't Take the Heat\""}]},{"reference":"Adande, J. A. (May 19, 1997). \"Hardaway Applies the Heat as Miami Ousts Knicks\". The Washington Post. 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(May 15, 1997). \"Miami's Fighting Spirit Is Too Much for Knicks\". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/nba/longterm/1997/playoffs/heat15.htm","url_text":"\"Miami's Fighting Spirit Is Too Much for Knicks\""}]},{"reference":"Winderman, Ira (May 15, 1997). \"Heat Fights Back\". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved November 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1997-05-15-9705150051-story.html","url_text":"\"Heat Fights Back\""}]},{"reference":"Wise, Mike (May 16, 1997). \"5 Knicks Barred for Melee; 3 to Miss Game 6\". The New York Times. Retrieved June 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/16/sports/5-knicks-barred-for-melee-3-to-miss-game-6.html","url_text":"\"5 Knicks Barred for Melee; 3 to Miss Game 6\""}]},{"reference":"Isola, Frank (May 16, 1997). \"NBA – No Brawls Allowed: Ewing Among Five Suspended Knicks\". New York Daily News. 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|
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3 to Miss Game 6\""},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/nba-no-brawls-allowed-ewing-suspended-knicks-article-1.750555","external_links_name":"\"NBA – No Brawls Allowed: Ewing Among Five Suspended Knicks\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-09-08-9709080160-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Dudley's Trade to Knicks Approved\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/753ea85004b651fece02b241243c4c7a","external_links_name":"\"Appeals Panel Clears Dudley Trade\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/10/sports/pro-basketball-knicks-finally-get-wish-dudley.html","external_links_name":"\"Pro Basketball; Knicks Finally Get Wish: Dudley\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/23/sports/pro-basketball-knicks-send-four-players-to-the-celtics-for-mills.html","external_links_name":"\"Pro Basketball; Knicks Send Four Players to the Celtics for Mills\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-oct-23-sp-45978-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Knicks Trade Four Players to Get Mills\""},{"Link":"https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1997-10-23-9710230482-story.html","external_links_name":"\"One of Pitino's Slick Moves\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallarta
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Abanto y Ciérvana-Abanto Zierbena
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["1 Neighborhoods","2 List of mayors of Abanto y Ciérvana-Abanto Zierbena, since 1842","3 Notable people","4 Demographics","5 References","6 See also"]
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Coordinates: 43°18′53″N 3°4′19″W / 43.31472°N 3.07194°W / 43.31472; -3.07194
Not to be confused with Abando.
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Municipality in Basque Country, SpainAbanto y Ciérvana-Abanto ZierbenaMunicipalityGallarta, municipality's main ward
FlagCoat of armsAbanto y Ciérvana-Abanto ZierbenaLocation of Abanto y Ciérbana-Abanto Zierbena within the Basque CountryShow map of the Basque CountryAbanto y Ciérvana-Abanto ZierbenaLocation of Abanto y Ciérbana-Abanto Zierbena within SpainShow map of SpainCoordinates: 43°18′53″N 3°4′19″W / 43.31472°N 3.07194°W / 43.31472; -3.07194Country SpainAutonomous community Basque CountryProvinceBiscayComarcaGreater BilbaoGovernment • AlcaldeManuel Tejada Lanbarri (EAJ-PNV)Area • Total18.03 km2 (6.96 sq mi)Elevation128 m (420 ft)Highest elevation540 m (1,770 ft)Lowest elevation8 m (26 ft)Population (2018) • Total9,545 • Density530/km2 (1,400/sq mi)DemonymabantarraTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code48500 & 48540Official language(s)Basque and SpanishWebsiteOfficial website
Abanto y Ciérvana-Abanto Zierbena is a municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, in the north of Spain.
Administratively it has been separate from its neighbour Zierbena, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the north, since 1995; however, its name has never been officially shortened to Abanto due to there being a small village of that name in the Aragón region. The vast majority of the municipality's population do not reside in the tiny hamlet of Abanto but in the former mining settlement of Gallarta, nowadays a commuter town for Bilbao with motorway connection (Autovía A-8), train station (Cercanías Bilbao C2 line) and a large industrial estate.
Neighborhoods
Abanto was originally divided into concejos, Susoko Abanto or Abanto de Suso and Yusoko Abanto or Abanto de Yuso, nowadays administratively divided into neighborhoods or wards:
Susoko Abanto
Abanto (pop. 59)
Campillo (pop. 32)
Gallarta (town center, pop. 5,107)
Balastera (pop. 68)
Florida (pop. 9)
Las Calizas (Pop. 44)
Picón (pop. 21)
Santa Juliana (pop. 146)
Triano (pop. 52)
Yusoko Abanto
Cotorrio (pop. 154)
Las Carreras (pop. 1,814)
Las Cortes (pop. 7)
El Once (pop. 3)
Olabarrieta (Pop. 55)
Murrieta (pop. 51)
Putxeta (pop. 269)
San Pedro Abanto (pop. 46)
Sanfuentes (pop. 1,675)
List of mayors of Abanto y Ciérvana-Abanto Zierbena, since 1842
January 1842 – January 1843 Andrés José de San Martín
January 1843 - July 1843 Emeterio del Alisal
July 1843 - March 1844 Benigno Ruiz de Murga
March 1844 – 1 January 1846 José María de Arechabaleta
1 January 1846 – 3 January 1847 Juan Francisco del Merro
3 January 1847 – 1 January 1850 Miguel de Escuza
1 January 1850 – 1 January 1854 Pablo de los Heros
1 January 1854 – 2 October 1854 Francisco de Robledo
2 October 1854 – 12 March 1857 José González y El Cerro
12 March 1857 – 1 January 1859 Cosme de Allende
1 January 1859 – 1 January 1861 Miguel de Escuza
1 January 1861 – 1 January 1865 José de Aranguren
1 January 1865 – 1 January 1867 Ruperto de Lejarza
1 January 1867 – 1 January 1869 Manuel de Garay y Laza
1 January 1869 - March 1872 Agapito de Sasia
March 1872 – September 1873 Antonio Hurtado
September 1873 – January 1874 Agustín Yarto
January 1874 – 1 January 1875 Antonio de Escuza (dean)
1 January 1875 – 1 January 1876 Maximino de Uriarte
1 January 1876 – 7 March 1876 Manuel Chave (accidental)
7 March 1876 – 11 April 1876 Juan Ángel de Allende
11 April 1876 – 1 April 1877 José Antonio Escuza
1 April 1877 – 1 July 1879 Mamerto Bermeosolo
1 July 1879 – 1 July 1881 Juan Ángel de Allende
1 July 1881 – 1 July 1885 Mariano de Olabarría
1 July 1885 – 1 January 1890 Calisto López Sáez
1 January 1890 – 1 July 1891 Eugenio Solano
1 July 1891 – 1 January 1894 Agustín Iza Rementería
1 January 1894 - October 1900 Calisto López Sáez
3 November 1900 – 1 January 1904 Agustín Iza Rementería
1 January 1904 – 1 January 1906 Agustín Garmendia
1 January 1906 – 1 January 1910 Bernardo Ruiz Elizondo
1 January 1910 - January 1912 Alejo Egusquizaga Bilbao
Urtarrila 1912 - January 1914 Manuel Asla
January 1914 – 1 January 1916 José Salcedo Zubaran
1 January 1916 – 1 January 1918 Luis Sanjinés
1 January 1918 – 1 January 1920 Fabriciano Torróntegui
1 January 1920 – 1 October 1923 Antonio Pujana Meave
1 October 1923 – 26 March 1924 Dionisio Ureta Balparda
26 March 1924 – 12 March 1930 Tomás Quintana Martín
12 March 1930 – 31 January 1931 Dionisio Ureta Balparda
31 January 1931 – 15 April 1931 Francisco de Uribe Urioste
15 April 1931 – 28 April 1931 Nemesio Merodio Ramos (provisional)
28 April 1931 – 14 November 1934 Antonio Pujana Meave
14 November 1934 – 23 February 1936 José Colón Laza
23 February 1936 – 2 July 1937 Antonio Pujana Meave
2 July 1937 – 9 February 1938 Luis Sanjinés Renovales
9 February 1938 – 3 May 1952 José Colón Laza
3 May 1952 – 29 August 1955 Eugenio Mendicote Mardones
29 August 1955 – 5 December 1959 Juan Ramón Sánchez-Serrano Múgica
5 December 1959 – 26 August 1964 Francisco Garaygordobil Barrutia
26 August 1964 – 14 December 1969 Tomás Alonso García
14 December 1969 – 10 September 1974 José Antonio Romero Onaindia
10 September 1974 – 19 April 1979 Luis Andrés Merodio García
19 April 1979 – 23 May 1983 Francisco Puerto Balmisa
23 May 1983 – July 1987 Luis María Vallejo López
July 1987 – 15 June 1991 Francisco Puerto Balmisa
15 June 1991 - 1995 Luis María Vallejo López
1995 – 2003 Juan José Mezcorta Puertollano
2003 – 2013 Manuel Tejada Lanbarri
2013 – in charge Maite Etxebarria Azpiolea
Notable people
Dolores Ibárruri (1895–1989), Spanish Republican communist politician
Nélida Zaitegi (b. 1946), teacher and pedagogue
Demographics
Historical populationYearPop.±%19008,337— 19109,053+8.6%19209,679+6.9%19309,870+2.0%19409,576−3.0%19509,419−1.6%196011,340+20.4%197010,121−10.7%19819,490−6.2%19919,351−1.5%20008,989−3.9%20109,724+8.2%
References
^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
^ Idoia Estornés Zubizarreta & Manu Castaño García. "Auñamendi Encyclopedia: Abanto y Ciérvana / Abanto-Zierbena" (in Spanish). Eusko Ikaskuntza. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
^ Euskaltzaindia. "Euskal Onomastikaren Datutegia (EODA): Abanto" (in Basque). Euskaltzaindia. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abanto Zierbena.
Zierbena
vteMunicipalities in Biscay100,000+
Bilbao
Barakaldo
50,000+
Getxo
Portugalete
10,000+
Amorebieta-Etxano
Arrigorriaga
Basauri
Bermeo
Durango
Erandio
Ermua
Galdakao
Gernika-Lumo
Leioa
Mungia
Santurtzi
Sestao
Sopela
Valle de Trápaga-Trapagaran
5,000+
Abanto y Ciérbana-Abanto Zierbena
Abadiño
Balmaseda
Berango
Elorrio
Etxebarri
Gorliz
Güeñes
Lekeitio
Muskiz
Ondarroa
Ortuella
Zalla
under 5,000
Ajangiz
Alonsotegi
Amoroto
Arakaldo
Arantzazu
Artzentales
Areatza
Arrankudiaga
Arratzu
Arrieta
Artea
Atxondo
Aulesti
Bakio
Barrika
Bedia
Berriatua
Berriz
Busturia
Derio
Dima
Ea
Elantxobe
Ereño
Errigoiti
Etxebarria
Forua
Fruiz
Galdames
Gamiz-Fika
Garai
Gatika
Gautegiz Arteaga
Gizaburuaga
Gordexola
Ibarrangelu
Igorre
Ispaster
Iurreta
Izurtza
Karrantza
Kortezubi
Lanestosa
Larrabetzu
Laukiz
Lemoa
Lemoiz
Lezama
Loiu
Mallabia
Mañaria
Markina-Xemein
Maruri-Jatabe
Mendata
Mendexa
Meñaka
Morga
Mundaka
Munitibar-Arbatzegi-Gerrikaitz
Murueta
Muxika
Nabarniz
Orduña-Urduña
Orozko
Otxandio
Plentzia
Sondika
Sopuerta
Sukarrieta
Trucios-Turtzioz
Ubide
Ugao-Miraballes
Urduliz
Zaldibar
Zamudio
Zaratamo
Zeanuri
Zeberio
Zierbena
Ziortza-Bolibar
Authority control databases
VIAF
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abando"},{"link_name":"Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscay"},{"link_name":"Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Zierbena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zierbena"},{"link_name":"a small village of that name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abanto"},{"link_name":"Aragón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arag%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao"},{"link_name":"Autovía A-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autov%C3%ADa_A-8"},{"link_name":"Cercanías Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercan%C3%ADas_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"industrial estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_estate"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Abando.Municipality in Basque Country, SpainAbanto y Ciérvana-Abanto Zierbena is a municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, in the north of Spain.[2]Administratively it has been separate from its neighbour Zierbena, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the north, since 1995; however, its name has never been officially shortened to Abanto due to there being a small village of that name in the Aragón region. The vast majority of the municipality's population do not reside in the tiny hamlet of Abanto but in the former mining settlement of Gallarta, nowadays a commuter town for Bilbao with motorway connection (Autovía A-8), train station (Cercanías Bilbao C2 line) and a large industrial estate.","title":"Abanto y Ciérvana-Abanto Zierbena"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Abanto was originally divided into concejos, Susoko Abanto or Abanto de Suso and Yusoko Abanto or Abanto de Yuso, nowadays administratively divided into neighborhoods or wards:[3]Susoko Abanto\nAbanto (pop. 59)\nCampillo (pop. 32)\nGallarta (town center, pop. 5,107)\nBalastera (pop. 68)\nFlorida (pop. 9)\nLas Calizas (Pop. 44)\nPicón (pop. 21)\nSanta Juliana (pop. 146)\nTriano (pop. 52)\nYusoko Abanto\nCotorrio (pop. 154)\nLas Carreras (pop. 1,814)\nLas Cortes (pop. 7)\nEl Once (pop. 3)\nOlabarrieta (Pop. 55)\nMurrieta (pop. 51)\nPutxeta (pop. 269)\nSan Pedro Abanto (pop. 46)\nSanfuentes (pop. 1,675)","title":"Neighborhoods"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"January 1842 – January 1843 Andrés José de San Martín\nJanuary 1843 - July 1843 Emeterio del Alisal\nJuly 1843 - March 1844 Benigno Ruiz de Murga\nMarch 1844 – 1 January 1846 José María de Arechabaleta\n1 January 1846 – 3 January 1847 Juan Francisco del Merro\n3 January 1847 – 1 January 1850 Miguel de Escuza\n1 January 1850 – 1 January 1854 Pablo de los Heros\n1 January 1854 – 2 October 1854 Francisco de Robledo\n2 October 1854 – 12 March 1857 José González y El Cerro\n12 March 1857 – 1 January 1859 Cosme de Allende\n1 January 1859 – 1 January 1861 Miguel de Escuza\n1 January 1861 – 1 January 1865 José de Aranguren\n1 January 1865 – 1 January 1867 Ruperto de Lejarza\n1 January 1867 – 1 January 1869 Manuel de Garay y Laza\n1 January 1869 - March 1872 Agapito de Sasia\nMarch 1872 – September 1873 Antonio Hurtado\nSeptember 1873 – January 1874 Agustín Yarto\nJanuary 1874 – 1 January 1875 Antonio de Escuza (dean)\n1 January 1875 – 1 January 1876 Maximino de Uriarte\n1 January 1876 – 7 March 1876 Manuel Chave (accidental)\n7 March 1876 – 11 April 1876 Juan Ángel de Allende\n11 April 1876 – 1 April 1877 José Antonio Escuza\n1 April 1877 – 1 July 1879 Mamerto Bermeosolo\n1 July 1879 – 1 July 1881 Juan Ángel de Allende\n1 July 1881 – 1 July 1885 Mariano de Olabarría\n1 July 1885 – 1 January 1890 Calisto López Sáez\n1 January 1890 – 1 July 1891 Eugenio Solano\n1 July 1891 – 1 January 1894 Agustín Iza Rementería\n1 January 1894 - October 1900 Calisto López Sáez\n3 November 1900 – 1 January 1904 Agustín Iza Rementería\n1 January 1904 – 1 January 1906 Agustín Garmendia\n1 January 1906 – 1 January 1910 Bernardo Ruiz Elizondo\n1 January 1910 - January 1912 Alejo Egusquizaga Bilbao\nUrtarrila 1912 - January 1914 Manuel Asla\nJanuary 1914 – 1 January 1916 José Salcedo Zubaran\n1 January 1916 – 1 January 1918 Luis Sanjinés\n1 January 1918 – 1 January 1920 Fabriciano Torróntegui\n1 January 1920 – 1 October 1923 Antonio Pujana Meave\n1 October 1923 – 26 March 1924 Dionisio Ureta Balparda\n26 March 1924 – 12 March 1930 Tomás Quintana Martín\n12 March 1930 – 31 January 1931 Dionisio Ureta Balparda\n31 January 1931 – 15 April 1931 Francisco de Uribe Urioste\n15 April 1931 – 28 April 1931 Nemesio Merodio Ramos (provisional)\n28 April 1931 – 14 November 1934 Antonio Pujana Meave\n14 November 1934 – 23 February 1936 José Colón Laza\n23 February 1936 – 2 July 1937 Antonio Pujana Meave\n2 July 1937 – 9 February 1938 Luis Sanjinés Renovales\n9 February 1938 – 3 May 1952 José Colón Laza\n3 May 1952 – 29 August 1955 Eugenio Mendicote Mardones\n29 August 1955 – 5 December 1959 Juan Ramón Sánchez-Serrano Múgica\n5 December 1959 – 26 August 1964 Francisco Garaygordobil Barrutia\n26 August 1964 – 14 December 1969 Tomás Alonso García\n14 December 1969 – 10 September 1974 José Antonio Romero Onaindia\n10 September 1974 – 19 April 1979 Luis Andrés Merodio García\n19 April 1979 – 23 May 1983 Francisco Puerto Balmisa\n23 May 1983 – July 1987 Luis María Vallejo López\nJuly 1987 – 15 June 1991 Francisco Puerto Balmisa\n15 June 1991 - 1995 Luis María Vallejo López\n1995 – 2003 Juan José Mezcorta Puertollano\n2003 – 2013 Manuel Tejada Lanbarri\n2013 – in charge Maite Etxebarria Azpiolea","title":"List of mayors of Abanto y Ciérvana-Abanto Zierbena, since 1842"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dolores Ibárruri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri"},{"link_name":"Spanish Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Republican"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Nélida Zaitegi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9lida_Zaitegi"}],"text":"Dolores Ibárruri (1895–1989), Spanish Republican communist politician\nNélida Zaitegi (b. 1946), teacher and pedagogue","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Abanto Zierbena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abanto_Zierbena"},{"title":"Zierbena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zierbena"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Municipalities_in_Biscay"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Municipalities_in_Biscay"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities_in_Biscay"},{"title":"Municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Biscay"},{"title":"Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscay"},{"title":"Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao"},{"title":"Barakaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barakaldo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bizkaikoarmarri.svg"},{"title":"Getxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getxo"},{"title":"Portugalete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalete"},{"title":"Amorebieta-Etxano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorebieta-Etxano"},{"title":"Arrigorriaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrigorriaga"},{"title":"Basauri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basauri"},{"title":"Bermeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermeo"},{"title":"Durango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durango,_Biscay"},{"title":"Erandio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erandio"},{"title":"Ermua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermua"},{"title":"Galdakao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galdakao"},{"title":"Gernika-Lumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica"},{"title":"Leioa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leioa"},{"title":"Mungia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungia"},{"title":"Santurtzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santurtzi"},{"title":"Sestao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestao"},{"title":"Sopela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopela"},{"title":"Valle de Trápaga-Trapagaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_de_Tr%C3%A1paga-Trapagaran"},{"title":"Abanto y Ciérbana-Abanto Zierbena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abanto_y_Ci%C3%A9rbana-Abanto_Zierbena"},{"title":"Abadiño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadi%C3%B1o"},{"title":"Balmaseda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmaseda"},{"title":"Berango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berango"},{"title":"Elorrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elorrio"},{"title":"Etxebarri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etxebarri"},{"title":"Gorliz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorliz"},{"title":"Güeñes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCe%C3%B1es"},{"title":"Lekeitio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekeitio"},{"title":"Muskiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskiz"},{"title":"Ondarroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondarroa"},{"title":"Ortuella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortuella"},{"title":"Zalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalla"},{"title":"Ajangiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajangiz"},{"title":"Alonsotegi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonsotegi"},{"title":"Amoroto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoroto"},{"title":"Arakaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakaldo"},{"title":"Arantzazu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arantzazu"},{"title":"Artzentales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artzentales"},{"title":"Areatza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areatza"},{"title":"Arrankudiaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrankudiaga"},{"title":"Arratzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arratzu"},{"title":"Arrieta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrieta"},{"title":"Artea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artea"},{"title":"Atxondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atxondo"},{"title":"Aulesti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulesti"},{"title":"Bakio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakio"},{"title":"Barrika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrika"},{"title":"Bedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedia,_Spain"},{"title":"Berriatua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berriatua"},{"title":"Berriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berriz"},{"title":"Busturia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busturia"},{"title":"Derio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derio"},{"title":"Dima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dima,_Spain"},{"title":"Ea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea,_Biscay"},{"title":"Elantxobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elantxobe"},{"title":"Ereño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ere%C3%B1o"},{"title":"Errigoiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errigoiti"},{"title":"Etxebarria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etxebarria"},{"title":"Forua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forua"},{"title":"Fruiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruiz"},{"title":"Galdames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galdames"},{"title":"Gamiz-Fika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamiz-Fika"},{"title":"Garai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garai,_Biscay"},{"title":"Gatika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatika"},{"title":"Gautegiz Arteaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautegiz_Arteaga"},{"title":"Gizaburuaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizaburuaga"},{"title":"Gordexola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordexola"},{"title":"Ibarrangelu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibarrangelu"},{"title":"Igorre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igorre"},{"title":"Ispaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispaster"},{"title":"Iurreta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iurreta"},{"title":"Izurtza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izurtza"},{"title":"Karrantza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrantza"},{"title":"Kortezubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortezubi"},{"title":"Lanestosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanestosa"},{"title":"Larrabetzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larrabetzu"},{"title":"Laukiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laukiz"},{"title":"Lemoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemoa"},{"title":"Lemoiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemoiz"},{"title":"Lezama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezama"},{"title":"Loiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loiu"},{"title":"Mallabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallabia"},{"title":"Mañaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%B1aria"},{"title":"Markina-Xemein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markina-Xemein"},{"title":"Maruri-Jatabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruri-Jatabe"},{"title":"Mendata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendata"},{"title":"Mendexa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendexa"},{"title":"Meñaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C3%B1aka"},{"title":"Morga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morga"},{"title":"Mundaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundaka"},{"title":"Munitibar-Arbatzegi-Gerrikaitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munitibar-Arbatzegi-Gerrikaitz"},{"title":"Murueta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murueta"},{"title":"Muxika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muxika"},{"title":"Nabarniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabarniz"},{"title":"Orduña-Urduña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordu%C3%B1a-Urdu%C3%B1a"},{"title":"Orozko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orozko"},{"title":"Otxandio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otxandio"},{"title":"Plentzia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plentzia"},{"title":"Sondika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondika"},{"title":"Sopuerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopuerta"},{"title":"Sukarrieta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarrieta"},{"title":"Trucios-Turtzioz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucios-Turtzioz"},{"title":"Ubide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubide"},{"title":"Ugao-Miraballes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugao-Miraballes"},{"title":"Urduliz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduliz"},{"title":"Zaldibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaldibar"},{"title":"Zamudio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamudio"},{"title":"Zaratamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaratamo"},{"title":"Zeanuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeanuri"},{"title":"Zeberio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeberio"},{"title":"Zierbena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zierbena"},{"title":"Ziortza-Bolibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziortza-Bolibar"},{"title":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1242411#identifiers"},{"title":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/316734520"}]
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[{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]},{"reference":"Idoia Estornés Zubizarreta & Manu Castaño García. \"Auñamendi Encyclopedia: Abanto y Ciérvana / Abanto-Zierbena\" (in Spanish). Eusko Ikaskuntza. Retrieved 3 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.euskomedia.org/aunamendi/22863","url_text":"\"Auñamendi Encyclopedia: Abanto y Ciérvana / Abanto-Zierbena\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusko_Ikaskuntza","url_text":"Eusko Ikaskuntza"}]},{"reference":"Euskaltzaindia. \"Euskal Onomastikaren Datutegia (EODA): Abanto\" (in Basque). Euskaltzaindia. Retrieved 3 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskaltzaindia","url_text":"Euskaltzaindia"},{"url":"http://www.euskaltzaindia.net/index.php?option=com_eoda&Itemid=206&lang=eu&nonkodea=2.4.02.01&view=toponimia","url_text":"\"Euskal Onomastikaren Datutegia (EODA): Abanto\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medinan_sura
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Medinan surah
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["1 Characteristics of Medinan surahs","2 The Medinan phase","3 Chronological order of Medinan surahs","4 See also","5 References"]
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Chapters of the Quran
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Islam portalvteThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Medinan surah" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Madni Surahs (Surah Madaniyah) or Madani chapters of the Quran are the latest 28 Surahs which, according to Islamic tradition, were revealed at Medina after Muhammad's hijrah from Mecca. The community was larger and more developed, in contrast to its minority position in Mecca.
The Medinan Surahs occur mostly at the beginning and in the middle of the Qur'an (but are said to be the last revealed surahs chronologically), and typically have more and longer ayat (verses). Due to the new circumstances of the early Muslim community in Medina, these surahs more often deal with details of moral principles, legislation, warfare (as in Surah 2, al-Baqara), and principles for constituting the community. They also refer more often to the community with "O people!" and at times directly address Muhammad or speak of him as "an agent acting in combination with the divine persona: 'God and his messenger' (Q 33:22)".
The division of surahs into 'Meccan surahs' and 'Medinan surahs' is primarily a consequence of stylistic and thematic considerations, which Theodor Noldeke used to develop his famous chronology of the Qur'anic suras. Classification of the surahs into these periods is based upon factors such as the length of the verse and the presence or absence of certain key concepts or word (e.g. al-Rahman as name of God).
Characteristics of Medinan surahs
Following are some of the stylistic and subject characteristics of Medinan Surahs:
Mention of 'Jihad' and detailing on its rulings.
Details of Islamic jurisprudence and legal system as well as laws governing family, money transaction, international law and acts of worship
Mention of 'Munafiq' and dealing with hypocrites.
Any verse that starts with يا أيها للذين آمنوا O you who believe
Long verses
Easier vocabulary
Discussion in regards to the People of the Book
The Medinan phase
The Medinan phase lasted approximately 10 years. The phase began from Muhammad's hijrah to Madina; and ended with the death of Muhammad. While the themes of the Meccan surahs remain, the Muslims growing into more of a community and the formation of Ummah, now is clear.
Chronological order of Medinan surahs
The order of the 28 surahs, is as follows:
2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 13, 22, 24,
33, 47, 48, 49, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,
62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 98, 99, 110, 113, 114.
See also
Meccan surah
List of chapters in the Quran
References
^ Vincent J. Cornell, Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition (2007), page 77
^ a b McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, "The Cambridge Companion to the Quran", Cambridge: 2006. p. 111.
^ (in Reviews) Studien zur Komposition der mekkanischen Suren by Angelika Neuwirth, Review author: A. Rippin, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 45, No. 1. (1982), pp. 149–150.
^ Fiqh
^ Sharia
^ "Makkan and Madinan Revelations - QURAN INSTITUTE OF AMERICA".
^ (in Reviews) onereason AN IERA PROJECT: The Clear Quran - A Thematic English Translation, by Dr Mustafa Khattab'
vteChapters of the Quran (List)1-20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21-40
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41-60
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61-80
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81-100
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101-114
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
Types
Meccan
Medinan
Al-Musabbihat
Four Quls
Hadith • Tafsir • Seerah
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chapters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_(books)"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Surahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surah"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"hijrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Qur'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an"},{"link_name":"ayat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayat"},{"link_name":"legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation"},{"link_name":"warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_war"},{"link_name":"al-Baqara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baqara"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcauliffe-2"},{"link_name":"Meccan surahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meccan_surah"},{"link_name":"Theodor Noldeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Noldeke"},{"link_name":"al-Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahman_(Islamic_term)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcauliffe-2"}],"text":"The Madni Surahs (Surah Madaniyah) or Madani chapters of the Quran are the latest 28 Surahs which, according to Islamic tradition, were revealed at Medina after Muhammad's hijrah from Mecca. The community was larger and more developed, in contrast to its minority position in Mecca.[1]The Medinan Surahs occur mostly at the beginning and in the middle of the Qur'an (but are said to be the last revealed surahs chronologically), and typically have more and longer ayat (verses). Due to the new circumstances of the early Muslim community in Medina, these surahs more often deal with details of moral principles, legislation, warfare (as in Surah 2, al-Baqara), and principles for constituting the community. They also refer more often to the community with \"O people!\" and at times directly address Muhammad or speak of him as \"an agent acting in combination with the divine persona: 'God and his messenger' (Q 33:22)\".[2]The division of surahs into 'Meccan surahs' and 'Medinan surahs' is primarily a consequence of stylistic and thematic considerations, which Theodor Noldeke used to develop his famous chronology of the Qur'anic suras. Classification of the surahs into these periods is based upon factors such as the length of the verse and the presence or absence of certain key concepts or word (e.g. al-Rahman as name of God).[3][2]","title":"Medinan surah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Munafiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munafiq"},{"link_name":"People of the Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_the_Book"}],"text":"Following are some of the stylistic and subject characteristics of Medinan Surahs:Mention of 'Jihad' and detailing on its rulings.\nDetails of Islamic jurisprudence[4] and legal system[5] as well as laws governing family, money transaction, international law and acts of worship\nMention of 'Munafiq' and dealing with hypocrites.\nAny verse that starts with يا أيها للذين آمنوا O you who believe\nLong verses\nEasier vocabulary\nDiscussion in regards to the People of the Book","title":"Characteristics of Medinan surahs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"hijrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijrah"},{"link_name":"Madina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madina"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Meccan surahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meccan_surah"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Medinan phase lasted approximately 10 years. The phase began from Muhammad's hijrah to Madina; and ended with the death of Muhammad. While the themes of the Meccan surahs remain, the Muslims growing into more of a community and the formation of Ummah, now is clear.[6]","title":"The Medinan phase"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The order of the 28 surahs, is as follows:2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 13, 22, 24,\n33, 47, 48, 49, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,\n62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 98, 99, 110, 113, 114.[7]","title":"Chronological order of Medinan surahs"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Meccan surah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meccan_surah"},{"title":"List of chapters in the Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chapters_in_the_Quran"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Maxime_Gazan
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Honoré Théodore Maxime Gazan de la Peyrière
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["1 Family and early military career","2 French Revolutionary Wars","2.1 Swiss campaign","3 Service during the Napoleonic Wars","3.1 Dürrenstein and Jena","3.2 Early Peninsular War","3.3 Gazan and the 1813 Peninsular War","4 Napoleon's return and later life","5 See also","6 Sources"]
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French general (1765–1845)
Theodore-Maxime GazanGeneral of Division Honoré Gazan by Charles NègreBorn29 October 1765 (1765-10-29)Grasse, Alpes-MaritimesDied9 April 1845 (1845-04-10) (aged 79)Grasse, Alpes-MaritimesAllegianceYears of service1775–1815RankLieutenant GeneralBattles/warsFrench Revolutionary WarsNapoleonic WarsAwardsOfficer's Grand Cross, Legion of HonorPeer of France, 1831.
Honoré Théodore Maxime Gazan de la Peyrière (French pronunciation: ; 29 October 1765 – 9 April 1845) was a French general who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.
Gazan started his military career as a cannonier in the French Coast Guard. He was later appointed to the Royal Life Guards and, upon the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789, he joined the French National Guard. After service in the Upper Rhine valley and the Netherlands, he joined André Masséna in Switzerland in 1799, and fought at the battles of Winterthur and First Zurich, and Näfels. In August 1805, Gazan commanded of a division of the Army that encircled the Austrians in Ulm. On 11 November, under Joseph Mortier, his division provided the advance guard in the advance on Vienna. Mortier over-extended his line of march and Gazan's division was surrounded by Kutuzov's Coalition army; Gazan lost 40 percent of his force in the Battle of Dürenstein. Following the Prussian defeat at the Battle of Jena-Auerstadt, he transferred with Jean Lannes to the Iberian peninsula. There he participated in the French capture of Zaragoza and in several important actions of the long Peninsular War, including the Battle of Albuera and the Battle of Vitoria.
During the Hundred Days, Gazan eventually joined Napoleon's cause, although he did not have a field command. In 1815, he judged Michel Ney's trial for treason but refused to reach a verdict. He dabbled briefly, and unsuccessfully, in politics in the 1820s. In 1830, he was raised to the French peerage and held a divisional command in Marseilles, but by then was an old man, and he retired in 1832. He died in 1845.
Family and early military career
Gazan was born in the small town of Grasse, in the Alpes-Maritimes. His father, a lawyer, sent him to the college of Sorèze, where he received military training. Gazan became a second lieutenant in the Coast Guard cannoniers of Antibes at the age of fifteen. In 1786, he was appointed to the Royal Life Guards, Company Écossaise. Later, he also joined the Freemasons.
French Revolutionary Wars
At the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, Gazan returned to Grasse and joined the National Guard. In 1790, he became a captain and, in 1791, a lieutenant colonel of the local volunteer battalion of the Var. In 1792, with the declaration of war with Austria, he was sent to the 27th Regiment. His regiment first served garrison duty in Strasbourg, but in December 1793, participated in the Battle of Wissembourg. In May 1794, Gazan became a battalion commander of the new 54th Demi-Brigade. On 4 July, he routed the Prussians in Kuppenheim by ordering his drummers to beat a charge, convincing the Prussians that they were outnumbered. He was promoted to brigade colonel on 11 July and led his troops to victory against the Prussians at Trippstadt.
In 1796, he joined the Army of the Rhine, under the command of Jean Victor Moreau. This was his first campaign and he was promoted to brigadier general in recognition of his outstanding achievements at the Battle of Ettlingen. Gazan was wounded on 22 November 1796 and taken to hospital in Strasbourg for his recovery, where he met Marie Madeleine Reiss; after their marriage, she frequently accompanied him on his campaigns and they had several children.
Swiss campaign
On 4 April 1799, his superior and friend André Masséna transferred him to the Army of the Danube, at that time located in the northeastern Swiss plateau. There, he took command of a weak (under-manned) brigade at the small town of Winterthur, in northern Switzerland. On 26 May, Michel Ney, the newly appointed general of division, took command of the forward line protecting the main French force at Zürich. The following day, Friedrich, Baron von Hotze, arrived with close to 8,000 battle-hardened and experienced Austrian border troops, including the 12th Infantry Manfredini, a battalion of Hungarian grenadiers, and six squadrons of the Waldeck Dragoons. In the ensuing clash, Ney ordered Gazan's under-manned brigade to the center, where it was soon overwhelmed. In retreat, they safely crossed a bridge spanning a small river, the Töss, but the cavalry guarding the bridge was itself forced back. After stationing his batteries on a slight incline, to protect the retreat from the Austrians, the injured Ney handed command to Gazan, who organized and conducted the successful retreat.
A few days later, at the First Battle of Zürich (4 June 1799), the Austrian force overpowered the French lines. As part of the V. Division of the Army of the Danube, Gazan again commanded the rear guard after Massena's force disengaged from Archduke Charles' army and withdrew across the Limmat river. Later that year, he faced a combined Austrian and Russian force at the Second Battle of Zürich (27 September). His division repulsed Russian outposts at the Limmat river. He subsequently participated in the wild pursuit of the Austrians, resulting in a decisive French victory. He was promoted to division commander and continued in the campaign against Coalition troops in Switzerland.
In 1800, Gazan accompanied the Masséna's Army of Italy, as a general of division in the Corps of Jean-de-Dieu Soult. The 1st Division included the Grenadiers Piedmontais, the 30th Legne (light infantry), and portions of the 2nd, 3rd, and 78th Regiments Ligne (line infantry), totaling approximately 4,500 men. While Soult's Corps campaigned in central northern Italy, Masséna was besieged in Genoa by an Austrian army of 24,000 and a British naval squadron. Soult moved his Corps to the east to relieve Genoa. As part of Soult's Corps, Gazan participated in the battle at Bocchetta Pass (9 April), where he commanded the right wing, and again at the battle of Sassello (10 April). In both clashes, his division was outnumbered nearly three to one took heavy casualties French had heavy casualties. Later in the month, he participated in the clash at Voltri (18 April 1800). To relieve Masséna at Genoa, Soult organized several assaults on strong Austrian positions around the city. At Montecreto (13 May 1800), Gazan's division and the first column of Soult's main force (approximately 5,000 men), attacked a stronger Austrian position of 7,000, under command of Prince Hohenzollern. Soult was taken prisoner, General of Brigade Joseph Perrin was killed, and the cavalry commander, Jean-Joseph Gauthier, was badly wounded. The defeat could be seen from the ramparts at Genoa and caused the French garrison's morale to plummet; many units were already near mutiny and food was scarce. Gazan, who had been wounded, took his troops to Lozano and joined Louis Gabriel Suchet. There he commanded a division of the Army of Italy and fought in a French victory at the battle in Pozzolo (25 December) against the Austrians. He was appointed commander of the First Subdivision of the 27th Military Division in Piedmont. After the peace in 1801, Gazan returned home, but shortly after his return, received a new assignment as commander of a brigade in northern Italy, where he stayed until the declaration of the First French Empire in 1804.
Service during the Napoleonic Wars
Dürrenstein and Jena
General Gazan at the battle of Dürenstein, 11 November 1805, by Charles Nègre.
In the War of the Third Coalition, Gazan initially was assigned as a division commander of Napoleon's Grande Armée in Lille, in preparation for the planned invasion of England; he remained there until the idea was abandoned. In August 1805, Gazan commanded of a division of the army that encircled Austrians in Ulm. On 11 November, under Marshal Mortier, his division provided the advance guard in the march against Kutuzov's army. As they advanced through a narrow Danube canyon, the division was isolated from the main force, near Dürenstein. By the small village on the Danube, famous as the prison of Richard the Lionhearted at the end of the twelfth century, he and his division were trapped in a narrow canyon, attacked by a Russian force at his rear and more Russians at his front. Gazan's division fought desperately for a harrowing day and suffered 40 percent casualties. He and Mortier were finally rescued by the arrival of the VIII. Corps' 1st Division, commanded by Pierre Dupont de l'Étang, but only after the loss of nearly 4,000 men. In addition, 47 officers and 895 men were captured, and he lost five guns, as well as the eagles of the 4th Infantry Regiment, and the eagle and guidon of the 4th Dragoons. As recognition of his conduct in "the immortal Battle of Dürenstein", he received the Officers Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor and the survivors of his division was sent to Vienna to recuperate. When Austria sued for peace, Gazan's division was sent to Würzburg in Bavaria, where it remained until Prussia declared war in October 1806.
Gazan's division fought in the French victory over Prussia at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt (14 October 1806). At Ostrolenka (16 February 1807), Gazan's troops took three guns and two Russian colors. Otherwise, his troops stayed in their winter quarters. After the new peace treaty, Gazan's troops were sent to Silesia to restore order. In 1808, he was named Comte de la Peyriére.
Early Peninsular War
Main article: Peninsular War
In October 1808, now attached to the VI. Corps, Gazan went to Spain with Jean Lannes and arrived at Zaragoza in December. The city was under siege and defended by Spanish under José de Palafox. Lannes ordered an attack on 22 January 1809 to capture the city in street by street fighting; when the French took a block, sappers tunneled under the houses and blew them up, which prevented Spanish street fighters from slipping into houses behind them. The method was effective but painstaking. Gazan's assignment, to take the well-fortified Jesus Convent. Palafox surrendered on 20 February. The VI. Corps occupied northern Aragon afterward.
In July 1810, Gazan's force guarded the valleys of Extremadura, near Alcantara. In September he fought against Spanish general La Romana. In Fary 1811 he crossed the Sierra Morena to guard the supply On 15–21 March, his 2nd Division of the V. Corps besieged and captured the small fortified town of Campo Maior, in eastern Portugal. There they captured 50 guns and the 100-man Portuguese garrison. As General Latour-Maubourg, four squadrons of dragoons and hussars and three battalions of the 100th Light Infantry moved the cannons to Badajoz the following week, a combined force of the 1st and 7th Portuguese Cavalry and the British 13th Light Dragoons, commanded by Brigadier General Robert Ballard Long, charged and scattered the French 26th Dragoons. In the melee, the drivers of the convoy were cut down, but instead of securing the convoy of guns, the British and Portuguese enthusiastically pursued the fleeing infantry for more than 11 kilometers (6.8 mi); meanwhile, the French sallied out of Badajoz, carefully avoiding the fleeing infantry and its pursuers, and recovered all but one of the guns.
At the Battle of Albuera (16 May 1811), the "bloodiest battle of the Peninsular Campaign," Gazan's division was hammered by the British. The force, composed of two brigades of infantry, one of cavalry and 40 guns, were enveloped by the British on three sides. General of Division Girard's 1st Division was also trapped. The fire-fight wrought massive casualties, and the bodies were reportedly stacked three and four men high; the distinction was in 360 French muskets in deep and narrow columns versus 2000 British flintlocks in a double line of infantry. Only a costly mistake by the British commander, Major General Colborne, prevented a worse disaster for the French. Colborne had deployed his infantry in the standard line, two men deep, and had prepared to fire close range volleys into the French flank. Recognizing the opportunity, Latour-Marbourg's 2nd Hussars and First Vistula Lancers (a Polish unit) to attack the British line before the infantry could form its defensive squares. The French cavalry wrought massive casualties on Colborne's brigade. The 3rd (East Kent) Regiment of Foot ("The Buffs") lost 643 of its 754 men at Albuera, most of them in the initial onslaught of French cavalry. The next two regiments in line lost over 500 men combined and Colborne's brigade lost 1,413 out of its 2,166 men. Despite the mounted assault, however, the French 2nd Division suffered high casualties and lost five colors, a significant blow to its morale and pride.) Gazan was wounded in the battle, and returned to Seville, where he was assigned to a staff position during his recovery.
Gazan and the 1813 Peninsular War
Main article: Battle of Vitoria
In June 1813, Gazan was appointed commander of the Joseph Bonaparte's Army of the South. Joseph had established a long defensive line on the heights of Puebla, with the Army of Portugal at the left flank, the Army of the center, commanded by Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon and the Army of the South, at the southern flank. On 21 June, Generals Rowland Hill and Pablo Morillo moved toward the south end of the valley; Gazan and d'Erlon asked Jean-Baptiste Jourdan for reinforcements, but the Corps' commander was preoccupied with the possibility of an attack at the opposite flank, and sent none. In their own turn, D'Erlon and Gazan could not agree on how to deal with the approaching threat. In the initial stages of battle, the Army of Portugal started to pull back. Realizing that his southern flank would not hold up in the face of Hill and Morillo, Joseph ordered Gazan to withdraw in ordered masses. Hill and Morillo attacked Gazan's forces with such force that Gazan withdrew.
This was Gazan's last field command. Gazan's pre-emptive withdrawal created a gap in French line, exposing D'Erlon's army in the center. D'Erlon held his position as long as he could, but the line collapsed around him. Joseph's planned orderly withdrawal turned into a rout. Gazan abandoned all his artillery. The Allies captured the entire supply convoy, all the baggage and took many prisoners, including Gazan's wife and children, although they later managed to rejoin him. After losing their supply train, the plight of the French army was terrible. Gazan mentioned that general officers and subordinates alike "were reduced to the clothes on their backs and most of them were barefoot," but the rank and file of the army also suffered enormously from hunger, exposure, and disease. When Soult took command of the new Army of the Pyrenees, Gazan became his chief of staff until Napoleon's abdication.
Napoleon's return and later life
During the Hundred Days, Gazan hesitated but eventually joined Napoleon, with little enthusiasm and he did not receive a field command. After the war, Jean-Baptiste Jourdan persuaded Gazan to be part of the Conseil convened on 9 November 1815 to try Michel Ney for treason. Despite his oath of allegiance to the restored monarchy, the loyal Ney had rallied to Napoleon's banner immediately upon his landing in southern France and had led a corps into battle at Waterloo. The King wished to make a point to Napoleon's former marshals and Ney became the focus of his wrath. Gazan's relationship with Ney had begun in the French Revolutionary Wars shortly after Ney's promotion to general of division. At the Battle of Winterthur (1799), he had been one of Ney's first brigade commanders. Although the King's government may have expected the Conseil to find Ney guilty, the members voted 5–2 to declare themselves incapable of reaching a verdict, and deferred the case to the Chamber of Peers.
Some historians maintain that Ney's death penalty resulted from the military court's refusal to act in the case; only the military court could have returned a verdict of "guilty under exceptional circumstances". Such a verdict would have meant Ney's lifelong incarceration, but would not have required his execution. When the military court refused to reach a verdict, Ney's case went to the Chamber of Peers, which was populated by a mix of old and new peers. The old peers might not have been receptive to Ney's predicament; he had been, after all, a highly visible party to Napoleon's success throughout Europe. If some of the new peers were sympathetic to Ney's situation, they may also have been anxious to prove their own loyalty to the new regime. Ney's penalty was a foregone conclusion.
Despite this, or perhaps because of it, Louis XVIII forced Gazan into retirement in Grasse, where the aging general dabbled unsuccessfully in politics. After the 1830 revolution, the new King of the French Louis Philippe made Gazan a peer of France, and he received a command of a military division in Marseille. By this time, he was an old man, and in poor health, and he retired in June 1832. Gazan de la Peyriére died in Grasse on 9 April 1845.
See also
Names inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe, column 16.
Sources
^ a b c d e f Mullié, Charles (1852). "Gazan de la Peyrière (Honoré-Théophile-Maxime, comte)" . Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 1850 (in French). Paris: Poignavant et Compagnie.
^ a b c d e f g h Pleineville, Natalia Griffon de (April 2003). "General Gazan de la Peyriere: Fighting for Napoleon". History Today. 53 (4).
^ Smith, Digby (1998). The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill Books. pp. 156–157. ISBN 1-85367-276-9.
^ Shadwell, Lawrence (1875). Mountain warfare illustrated by the campaign of 1799 in Switzerland: being a translation of the Swiss narrative, compiled from the works of the Archduke Charles, Jomini, and other... London: Henry S. King. pp. 108–109.
^ Smith 1998, p. 167.
^ Smith 1998, p. 177.
^ Smith 1998, pp. 178–181.
^ Smith 1998, p. 183.
^ Alison, Sir Archibald (1847–48). History of Europe, from the commencement of the French revolution in MDCCLXXXIX to the restoration of the Bourbons in MDCCCXV . Edinburgh: Blackwood. pp. 183–186.
^ Egger, Ranier (1986). Das Gefecht bei Dürnstein-Loiben 1805 (in German). Vienna: Bundesverlag. pp. 1–31.
^ Smith 1998, p. 213.
^ Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905) (in German). Vienna: Stern. p. 368.
^ Gates, David (2001) . The Spanish Ulcer. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. p. 126. ISBN 0-306-81083-2.
^ Smith 1998, pp. 278–281.
^ Smith 1998, p. 356.
^ a b Smith 1998, p. 362.
^ Gates 2001, pp. 260–261.
^ Rickard, J. (30 March 2008). "Battle of Albuera, 16 May 1811". History of War.
^ Maxwell, Sir Herbert (1900). The life of Wellington. Vol. 1. London: S. Low, Marston and Co. p. 308.
^ a b c Gates 2001, pp. 388–389
^ Maxwell 1900, p. 322.
^ Maxwell 1900, p. 324.
^ Smith 1998, pp. 538–539.
^ a b c d Millar, Stephen (February 2006). "Pour encourager les autres: The Trial and Execution of Marshal Michel Ney". The Napoleon Series. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ɔnɔʁe teɔdɔʁ maksim ɡazɑ̃ də la peʁjɛʁ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"French Revolutionary Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"French National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Winterthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Winterthur_(1799)"},{"link_name":"First Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich"},{"link_name":"Näfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A4fels_(1799)"},{"link_name":"Ulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulm_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Joseph Mortier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouard_Adolphe_Casimir_Joseph_Mortier"},{"link_name":"Kutuzov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Illarionovich_Kutuzov"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dürenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jena-Auerstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jena-Auerstadt"},{"link_name":"Jean Lannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lannes"},{"link_name":"Iberian peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsula"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Saragossa_(1809)"},{"link_name":"Peninsular War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Albuera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vitoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria"},{"link_name":"Hundred Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days"},{"link_name":"Michel Ney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Ney"},{"link_name":"Marseilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseilles"}],"text":"French general (1765–1845)Honoré Théodore Maxime Gazan de la Peyrière (French pronunciation: [ɔnɔʁe teɔdɔʁ maksim ɡazɑ̃ də la peʁjɛʁ]; 29 October 1765 – 9 April 1845) was a French general who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.Gazan started his military career as a cannonier in the French Coast Guard. He was later appointed to the Royal Life Guards and, upon the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789, he joined the French National Guard. After service in the Upper Rhine valley and the Netherlands, he joined André Masséna in Switzerland in 1799, and fought at the battles of Winterthur and First Zurich, and Näfels. In August 1805, Gazan commanded of a division of the Army that encircled the Austrians in Ulm. On 11 November, under Joseph Mortier, his division provided the advance guard in the advance on Vienna. Mortier over-extended his line of march and Gazan's division was surrounded by Kutuzov's Coalition army; Gazan lost 40 percent of his force in the Battle of Dürenstein. Following the Prussian defeat at the Battle of Jena-Auerstadt, he transferred with Jean Lannes to the Iberian peninsula. There he participated in the French capture of Zaragoza and in several important actions of the long Peninsular War, including the Battle of Albuera and the Battle of Vitoria.During the Hundred Days, Gazan eventually joined Napoleon's cause, although he did not have a field command. In 1815, he judged Michel Ney's trial for treason but refused to reach a verdict. He dabbled briefly, and unsuccessfully, in politics in the 1820s. In 1830, he was raised to the French peerage and held a divisional command in Marseilles, but by then was an old man, and he retired in 1832. He died in 1845.","title":"Honoré Théodore Maxime Gazan de la Peyrière"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasse"},{"link_name":"Alpes-Maritimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes"},{"link_name":"Sorèze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sor%C3%A8ze"},{"link_name":"Antibes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mul-1"},{"link_name":"Freemasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pleineville-2"}],"text":"Gazan was born in the small town of Grasse, in the Alpes-Maritimes. His father, a lawyer, sent him to the college of Sorèze, where he received military training. Gazan became a second lieutenant in the Coast Guard cannoniers of Antibes at the age of fifteen. In 1786, he was appointed to the Royal Life Guards, Company Écossaise.[1] Later, he also joined the Freemasons.[2]","title":"Family and early military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(France)"},{"link_name":"Var","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var_(d%C3%A9partement)"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Wissembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)"},{"link_name":"Kuppenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuppenheim"},{"link_name":"Prussians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Trippstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trippstadt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pleineville-2"},{"link_name":"Army of the Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Jean Victor Moreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Victor_Moreau"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ettlingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ettlingen"},{"link_name":"hospital in Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_civil,_Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pleineville-2"}],"text":"At the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, Gazan returned to Grasse and joined the National Guard. In 1790, he became a captain and, in 1791, a lieutenant colonel of the local volunteer battalion of the Var. In 1792, with the declaration of war with Austria, he was sent to the 27th Regiment. His regiment first served garrison duty in Strasbourg, but in December 1793, participated in the Battle of Wissembourg. In May 1794, Gazan became a battalion commander of the new 54th Demi-Brigade. On 4 July, he routed the Prussians in Kuppenheim by ordering his drummers to beat a charge, convincing the Prussians that they were outnumbered. He was promoted to brigade colonel on 11 July and led his troops to victory against the Prussians at Trippstadt.[2]In 1796, he joined the Army of the Rhine, under the command of Jean Victor Moreau. This was his first campaign and he was promoted to brigadier general in recognition of his outstanding achievements at the Battle of Ettlingen. Gazan was wounded on 22 November 1796 and taken to hospital in Strasbourg for his recovery, where he met Marie Madeleine Reiss; after their marriage, she frequently accompanied him on his campaigns and they had several children.[2]","title":"French Revolutionary Wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"André Masséna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na"},{"link_name":"Army of the Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Danube"},{"link_name":"Swiss plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_plateau"},{"link_name":"Winterthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterthur"},{"link_name":"Michel Ney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Ney"},{"link_name":"Friedrich, Baron von Hotze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Winterthur_(1799)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Limmat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmat"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mul-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998167-5"},{"link_name":"Jean-de-Dieu Soult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998177-6"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Genoa_(1800)"},{"link_name":"Bocchetta Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocchetta_Pass"},{"link_name":"battle of Sassello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sassello"},{"link_name":"Voltri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltri"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998178%E2%80%93181-7"},{"link_name":"Montecreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montecreto"},{"link_name":"Joseph Perrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Perrin"},{"link_name":"Jean-Joseph Gauthier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Joseph_Gauthier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998183-8"},{"link_name":"Lozano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lozano,_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louis Gabriel Suchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Gabriel_Suchet"},{"link_name":"Army of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_d%27Italie"},{"link_name":"battle in Pozzolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pozzolo_(1800)"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"First French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pleineville-2"}],"sub_title":"Swiss campaign","text":"On 4 April 1799, his superior and friend André Masséna transferred him to the Army of the Danube, at that time located in the northeastern Swiss plateau. There, he took command of a weak (under-manned) brigade at the small town of Winterthur, in northern Switzerland. On 26 May, Michel Ney, the newly appointed general of division, took command of the forward line protecting the main French force at Zürich. The following day, Friedrich, Baron von Hotze, arrived with close to 8,000 battle-hardened and experienced Austrian border troops, including the 12th Infantry Manfredini, a battalion of Hungarian grenadiers, and six squadrons of the Waldeck Dragoons.[3] In the ensuing clash, Ney ordered Gazan's under-manned brigade to the center, where it was soon overwhelmed. In retreat, they safely crossed a bridge spanning a small river, the Töss, but the cavalry guarding the bridge was itself forced back. After stationing his batteries on a slight incline, to protect the retreat from the Austrians, the injured Ney handed command to Gazan, who organized and conducted the successful retreat.[4]A few days later, at the First Battle of Zürich (4 June 1799), the Austrian force overpowered the French lines. As part of the V. Division of the Army of the Danube, Gazan again commanded the rear guard after Massena's force disengaged from Archduke Charles' army and withdrew across the Limmat river. Later that year, he faced a combined Austrian and Russian force at the Second Battle of Zürich (27 September). His division repulsed Russian outposts at the Limmat river. He subsequently participated in the wild pursuit of the Austrians, resulting in a decisive French victory. He was promoted to division commander and continued in the campaign against Coalition troops in Switzerland.[1][5]In 1800, Gazan accompanied the Masséna's Army of Italy, as a general of division in the Corps of Jean-de-Dieu Soult. The 1st Division included the Grenadiers Piedmontais, the 30th Legne (light infantry), and portions of the 2nd, 3rd, and 78th Regiments Ligne (line infantry), totaling approximately 4,500 men.[6] While Soult's Corps campaigned in central northern Italy, Masséna was besieged in Genoa by an Austrian army of 24,000 and a British naval squadron. Soult moved his Corps to the east to relieve Genoa. As part of Soult's Corps, Gazan participated in the battle at Bocchetta Pass (9 April), where he commanded the right wing, and again at the battle of Sassello (10 April). In both clashes, his division was outnumbered nearly three to one took heavy casualties French had heavy casualties. Later in the month, he participated in the clash at Voltri (18 April 1800).[7] To relieve Masséna at Genoa, Soult organized several assaults on strong Austrian positions around the city. At Montecreto (13 May 1800), Gazan's division and the first column of Soult's main force (approximately 5,000 men), attacked a stronger Austrian position of 7,000, under command of Prince Hohenzollern. Soult was taken prisoner, General of Brigade Joseph Perrin was killed, and the cavalry commander, Jean-Joseph Gauthier, was badly wounded. The defeat could be seen from the ramparts at Genoa and caused the French garrison's morale to plummet; many units were already near mutiny and food was scarce.[8] Gazan, who had been wounded, took his troops to Lozano and joined Louis Gabriel Suchet. There he commanded a division of the Army of Italy and fought in a French victory at the battle in Pozzolo (25 December) against the Austrians. He was appointed commander of the First Subdivision of the 27th Military Division in Piedmont. After the peace in 1801, Gazan returned home, but shortly after his return, received a new assignment as commander of a brigade in northern Italy, where he stayed until the declaration of the First French Empire in 1804.[2]","title":"French Revolutionary Wars"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service during the Napoleonic Wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_N%C3%A8gre-Gazan_de_la_Peyri%C3%A8re.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Nègre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_N%C3%A8gre"},{"link_name":"War of the Third Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Grande Armée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pleineville-2"},{"link_name":"Ulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulm_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Marshal Mortier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouard_Adolphe_Casimir_Joseph_Mortier"},{"link_name":"Kutuzov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Illarionovich_Kutuzov"},{"link_name":"Dürenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Richard the Lionhearted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Pierre Dupont de l'Étang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Dupont_de_l%27%C3%89tang"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Imperial_Eagle"},{"link_name":"guidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colours,_standards_and_guidons"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998213-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mul-1"},{"link_name":"Officers Grand Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Officers_Grand_Cross&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mul-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jena-Auerstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jena-Auerstedt"},{"link_name":"Ostrolenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrolenka"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pleineville-2"}],"sub_title":"Dürrenstein and Jena","text":"General Gazan at the battle of Dürenstein, 11 November 1805, by Charles Nègre.In the War of the Third Coalition, Gazan initially was assigned as a division commander of Napoleon's Grande Armée in Lille, in preparation for the planned invasion of England; he remained there until the idea was abandoned.[2] In August 1805, Gazan commanded of a division of the army that encircled Austrians in Ulm. On 11 November, under Marshal Mortier, his division provided the advance guard in the march against Kutuzov's army. As they advanced through a narrow Danube canyon, the division was isolated from the main force, near Dürenstein. By the small village on the Danube, famous as the prison of Richard the Lionhearted at the end of the twelfth century, he and his division were trapped in a narrow canyon, attacked by a Russian force at his rear and more Russians at his front. Gazan's division fought desperately for a harrowing day and suffered 40 percent casualties. He and Mortier were finally rescued by the arrival of the VIII. Corps' 1st Division, commanded by Pierre Dupont de l'Étang, but only after the loss of nearly 4,000 men.[9][10] In addition, 47 officers and 895 men were captured, and he lost five guns, as well as the eagles of the 4th Infantry Regiment, and the eagle and guidon of the 4th Dragoons.[11][12] As recognition of his conduct in \"the immortal Battle of Dürenstein\",[1] he received the Officers Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor and the survivors of his division was sent to Vienna to recuperate. When Austria sued for peace, Gazan's division was sent to Würzburg in Bavaria, where it remained until Prussia declared war in October 1806.[1]Gazan's division fought in the French victory over Prussia at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt (14 October 1806). At Ostrolenka (16 February 1807), Gazan's troops took three guns and two Russian colors. Otherwise, his troops stayed in their winter quarters. After the new peace treaty, Gazan's troops were sent to Silesia to restore order. In 1808, he was named Comte de la Peyriére.[2]","title":"Service during the Napoleonic Wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Jean Lannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lannes"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"The city was under siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Saragossa_(1809)"},{"link_name":"José de Palafox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Palafox_y_Melzi,_Duke_of_Saragossa"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998278%E2%80%93281-14"},{"link_name":"Extremadura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremadura"},{"link_name":"La Romana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Caro_y_Sureda,_3rd_marqu%C3%A9s_de_La_Romana"},{"link_name":"Sierra Morena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Morena"},{"link_name":"Campo Maior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Maior"},{"link_name":"Latour-Maubourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Victor_de_Fay,_marquis_de_Latour-Maubourg"},{"link_name":"dragoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragoon"},{"link_name":"hussars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussar"},{"link_name":"Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badajoz"},{"link_name":"13th Light Dragoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Light_Dragoons"},{"link_name":"Robert Ballard Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ballard_Long"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998356-15"},{"link_name":"Battle of Albuera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998362-16"},{"link_name":"Girard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Girard_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGates2001260%E2%80%93261-17"},{"link_name":"Colborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Colborne,_1st_Baron_Seaton"},{"link_name":"Colborne's brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera#Destruction_of_Colborne's_brigade"},{"link_name":"3rd (East Kent) Regiment of Foot (\"The Buffs\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffs_(Royal_East_Kent_Regiment)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998362-16"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mul-1"}],"sub_title":"Early Peninsular War","text":"In October 1808, now attached to the VI. Corps, Gazan went to Spain with Jean Lannes and arrived at Zaragoza in December. The city was under siege and defended by Spanish under José de Palafox. Lannes ordered an attack on 22 January 1809 to capture the city in street by street fighting; when the French took a block, sappers tunneled under the houses and blew them up, which prevented Spanish street fighters from slipping into houses behind them. The method was effective but painstaking. Gazan's assignment, to take the well-fortified Jesus Convent. Palafox surrendered on 20 February. The VI. Corps occupied northern Aragon afterward.[13][14]In July 1810, Gazan's force guarded the valleys of Extremadura, near Alcantara. In September he fought against Spanish general La Romana. In Fary 1811 he crossed the Sierra Morena to guard the supply On 15–21 March, his 2nd Division of the V. Corps besieged and captured the small fortified town of Campo Maior, in eastern Portugal. There they captured 50 guns and the 100-man Portuguese garrison. As General Latour-Maubourg, four squadrons of dragoons and hussars and three battalions of the 100th Light Infantry moved the cannons to Badajoz the following week, a combined force of the 1st and 7th Portuguese Cavalry and the British 13th Light Dragoons, commanded by Brigadier General Robert Ballard Long, charged and scattered the French 26th Dragoons. In the melee, the drivers of the convoy were cut down, but instead of securing the convoy of guns, the British and Portuguese enthusiastically pursued the fleeing infantry for more than 11 kilometers (6.8 mi); meanwhile, the French sallied out of Badajoz, carefully avoiding the fleeing infantry and its pursuers, and recovered all but one of the guns.[15]At the Battle of Albuera (16 May 1811), the \"bloodiest battle of the Peninsular Campaign,\"[16] Gazan's division was hammered by the British. The force, composed of two brigades of infantry, one of cavalry and 40 guns, were enveloped by the British on three sides. General of Division Girard's 1st Division was also trapped. The fire-fight wrought massive casualties, and the bodies were reportedly stacked three and four men high; the distinction was in 360 French muskets in deep and narrow columns versus 2000 British flintlocks in a double line of infantry.[17] Only a costly mistake by the British commander, Major General Colborne, prevented a worse disaster for the French. Colborne had deployed his infantry in the standard line, two men deep, and had prepared to fire close range volleys into the French flank. Recognizing the opportunity, Latour-Marbourg's 2nd Hussars and First Vistula Lancers (a Polish unit) to attack the British line before the infantry could form its defensive squares. The French cavalry wrought massive casualties on Colborne's brigade. The 3rd (East Kent) Regiment of Foot (\"The Buffs\") lost 643 of its 754 men at Albuera, most of them in the initial onslaught of French cavalry. The next two regiments in line lost over 500 men combined and Colborne's brigade lost 1,413 out of its 2,166 men. Despite the mounted assault, however, the French 2nd Division suffered high casualties and lost five colors, a significant blow to its morale and pride.[18])[16] Gazan was wounded in the battle, and returned to Seville, where he was assigned to a staff position during his recovery.[1]","title":"Service during the Napoleonic Wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Puebla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Drouet,_Comte_d%27Erlon"},{"link_name":"Rowland Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill"},{"link_name":"Pablo Morillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Morillo"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Jourdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gates38889-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gates38889-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell1900322-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell1900324-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gates38889-20"},{"link_name":"Army of the Pyrenees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Pyrenees"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pleineville-2"}],"sub_title":"Gazan and the 1813 Peninsular War","text":"In June 1813, Gazan was appointed commander of the Joseph Bonaparte's Army of the South.[19] Joseph had established a long defensive line on the heights of Puebla, with the Army of Portugal at the left flank, the Army of the center, commanded by Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon and the Army of the South, at the southern flank. On 21 June, Generals Rowland Hill and Pablo Morillo moved toward the south end of the valley; Gazan and d'Erlon asked Jean-Baptiste Jourdan for reinforcements, but the Corps' commander was preoccupied with the possibility of an attack at the opposite flank, and sent none. In their own turn, D'Erlon and Gazan could not agree on how to deal with the approaching threat. In the initial stages of battle, the Army of Portugal started to pull back. Realizing that his southern flank would not hold up in the face of Hill and Morillo, Joseph ordered Gazan to withdraw in ordered masses. Hill and Morillo attacked Gazan's forces with such force that Gazan withdrew.[20]This was Gazan's last field command. Gazan's pre-emptive withdrawal created a gap in French line, exposing D'Erlon's army in the center. D'Erlon held his position as long as he could, but the line collapsed around him. Joseph's planned orderly withdrawal turned into a rout. Gazan abandoned all his artillery.[20] The Allies captured the entire supply convoy, all the baggage and took many prisoners, including Gazan's wife and children,[21] although they later managed to rejoin him. After losing their supply train, the plight of the French army was terrible. Gazan mentioned that general officers and subordinates alike \"were reduced to the clothes on their backs and most of them were barefoot,\"[22] but the rank and file of the army also suffered enormously from hunger, exposure, and disease.[20] When Soult took command of the new Army of the Pyrenees, Gazan became his chief of staff until Napoleon's abdication.[2]","title":"Service during the Napoleonic Wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hundred Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pleineville-2"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998538%E2%80%93539-23"},{"link_name":"Conseil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_martial"},{"link_name":"Michel Ney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Ney"},{"link_name":"Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"The King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Millar-24"},{"link_name":"French Revolutionary Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars"},{"link_name":"Battle of Winterthur (1799)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Winterthur_(1799)"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Peers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Peers_(France)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Millar-24"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Peers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Peers_(France)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Millar-24"},{"link_name":"Louis XVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Millar-24"},{"link_name":"1830 revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830_revolution"},{"link_name":"Louis Philippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe"},{"link_name":"peer of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_of_France"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mul-1"}],"text":"During the Hundred Days, Gazan hesitated but eventually joined Napoleon, with little enthusiasm[2] and he did not receive a field command.[23] After the war, Jean-Baptiste Jourdan persuaded Gazan to be part of the Conseil convened on 9 November 1815 to try Michel Ney for treason. Despite his oath of allegiance to the restored monarchy, the loyal Ney had rallied to Napoleon's banner immediately upon his landing in southern France and had led a corps into battle at Waterloo. The King wished to make a point to Napoleon's former marshals and Ney became the focus of his wrath.[24] Gazan's relationship with Ney had begun in the French Revolutionary Wars shortly after Ney's promotion to general of division. At the Battle of Winterthur (1799), he had been one of Ney's first brigade commanders. Although the King's government may have expected the Conseil to find Ney guilty, the members voted 5–2 to declare themselves incapable of reaching a verdict, and deferred the case to the Chamber of Peers.[24]Some historians maintain that Ney's death penalty resulted from the military court's refusal to act in the case; only the military court could have returned a verdict of \"guilty under exceptional circumstances\". Such a verdict would have meant Ney's lifelong incarceration, but would not have required his execution. When the military court refused to reach a verdict, Ney's case went to the Chamber of Peers, which was populated by a mix of old and new peers. The old peers might not have been receptive to Ney's predicament; he had been, after all, a highly visible party to Napoleon's success throughout Europe. If some of the new peers were sympathetic to Ney's situation, they may also have been anxious to prove their own loyalty to the new regime. Ney's penalty was a foregone conclusion.[24]Despite this, or perhaps because of it, Louis XVIII forced Gazan into retirement in Grasse, where the aging general dabbled unsuccessfully in politics.[24] After the 1830 revolution, the new King of the French Louis Philippe made Gazan a peer of France, and he received a command of a military division in Marseille. By this time, he was an old man, and in poor health, and he retired in June 1832. Gazan de la Peyriére died in Grasse on 9 April 1845.[1]","title":"Napoleon's return and later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mul_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mul_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mul_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mul_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mul_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mul_1-5"},{"link_name":"\"Gazan de la Peyrière (Honoré-Théophile-Maxime, comte)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Biographie_des_c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brit%C3%A9s_militaires_des_arm%C3%A9es_de_terre_et_de_mer_de_1789_%C3%A0_1850/G#GAZAN_DE_LA_PEYRI%C3%88RE_(HONOR%C3%89-TH%C3%89OPHILE-MAXIME,_comte)"},{"link_name":"Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 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1811\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_albuera.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gates38889_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gates38889_20-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gates38889_20-2"},{"link_name":"Gates 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGates2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell1900322_21-0"},{"link_name":"Maxwell 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMaxwell1900"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell1900324_22-0"},{"link_name":"Maxwell 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMaxwell1900"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1998538%E2%80%93539_23-0"},{"link_name":"Smith 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSmith1998"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Millar_24-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Millar_24-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Millar_24-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Millar_24-3"},{"link_name":"\"Pour encourager les autres: The Trial and Execution of Marshal Michel Ney\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/marshals/c_neyexecution.html"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458327#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/000000001050000X"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/67250372"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwdd78TkcrG7JVRKGfg8C"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169986469"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169986469"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/117732133"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015138939"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117732133.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/189256079"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f Mullié, Charles (1852). \"Gazan de la Peyrière (Honoré-Théophile-Maxime, comte)\" . Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 1850 (in French). Paris: Poignavant et Compagnie.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Pleineville, Natalia Griffon de (April 2003). \"General Gazan de la Peyriere: Fighting for Napoleon\". History Today. 53 (4).\n\n^ Smith, Digby (1998). The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill Books. pp. 156–157. ISBN 1-85367-276-9.\n\n^ Shadwell, Lawrence (1875). Mountain warfare illustrated by the campaign of 1799 in Switzerland: being a translation of the Swiss narrative, compiled from the works of the Archduke Charles, Jomini, and other... London: Henry S. King. pp. 108–109.\n\n^ Smith 1998, p. 167.\n\n^ Smith 1998, p. 177.\n\n^ Smith 1998, pp. 178–181.\n\n^ Smith 1998, p. 183.\n\n^ Alison, Sir Archibald (1847–48). History of Europe, from the commencement of the French revolution in MDCCLXXXIX [i.e. 1789] to the restoration of the Bourbons in MDCCCXV [i.e. 1815]. Edinburgh: Blackwood. pp. 183–186.\n\n^ Egger, Ranier (1986). Das Gefecht bei Dürnstein-Loiben 1805 (in German). Vienna: Bundesverlag. pp. 1–31.\n\n^ Smith 1998, p. 213.\n\n^ Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905) (in German). Vienna: Stern. p. 368.\n\n^ Gates, David (2001) [1986]. The Spanish Ulcer. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. p. 126. ISBN 0-306-81083-2.\n\n^ Smith 1998, pp. 278–281.\n\n^ Smith 1998, p. 356.\n\n^ a b Smith 1998, p. 362.\n\n^ Gates 2001, pp. 260–261.\n\n^ Rickard, J. (30 March 2008). \"Battle of Albuera, 16 May 1811\". History of War.\n\n^ Maxwell, Sir Herbert (1900). The life of Wellington. Vol. 1. London: S. Low, Marston and Co. p. 308.\n\n^ a b c Gates 2001, pp. 388–389\n\n^ Maxwell 1900, p. 322.\n\n^ Maxwell 1900, p. 324.\n\n^ Smith 1998, pp. 538–539.\n\n^ a b c d Millar, Stephen (February 2006). \"Pour encourager les autres: The Trial and Execution of Marshal Michel Ney\". The Napoleon Series. Retrieved 7 February 2010.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nUnited States\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"General Gazan at the battle of Dürenstein, 11 November 1805, by Charles Nègre.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Charles_N%C3%A8gre-Gazan_de_la_Peyri%C3%A8re.jpg/220px-Charles_N%C3%A8gre-Gazan_de_la_Peyri%C3%A8re.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Names inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_inscribed_under_the_Arc_de_Triomphe#Southern_pillar"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Rees_(cricketer)
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Gareth Rees (cricketer)
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["1 Career best performances","2 External links"]
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Welsh cricketer
For other people with the same name, see Gareth Rees (disambiguation).
This biography of a living person includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Gareth ReesPersonal informationFull nameGareth Peter ReesBorn (1985-04-08) 8 April 1985 (age 39)Swansea, WalesNicknameGumsHeight6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)BattingLeft-handedBowlingLeft-arm mediumRoleOpening batsmanDomestic team information
YearsTeam2003–2005Wales Minor Counties2006–2014Glamorgan (squad no. 28)
FC debut26 July 2006 Glamorgan v GloucestershireLA debut28 August 2003 Wales Minor Counties v DenmarkCareer statistics
Competition
FC
LA
T20
Matches
101
51
27
Runs scored
5,514
1,535
350
Batting average
33.21
35.69
16.66
100s/50s
13/30
3/10
0/0
Top score
154
123*
38
Balls bowled
37
3
12
Wickets
0
0
0
Bowling average
–
–
–
5 wickets in innings
–
–
–
10 wickets in match
–
–
–
Best bowling
–
–
–
Catches/stumpings
79/–
13/–
7/–Source: Cricinfo, 22 October 2013
Gareth Peter Rees (born 8 April 1985) is a Welsh cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a left-arm medium-pace bowler who played for Glamorgan.
Rees was born in Swansea. He represented Wales U17s at rugby and was a prominent member of the successful Felinfoel Youth Rugby team. He graduated with first class honours in Maths and Physics from the University of Bath.
In 2003 Rees played for Wales Minor Counties and Glamorgan's 2nd XI. He finally made his County Championship debut against Gloucestershire at Cheltenham. He won his county cap in 2009. Rees also represented the MCC in the opening game of the 2012 season against Lancashire.
By the end of the 2013 season, Rees is still going strong for Glamorgan, having scored two centuries during the season in the County Championship, but he did not make any appearances in the Friends Life t20.
Career best performances
Batting
Score
Fixture
Venue
Season
FC
154
Glamorgan v Surrey
The Oval
2009
LA
123 not out
Glamorgan v Essex
Chelmsford
2009
T20
38
Glamorgan v Essex
Chelmsford
2011
External links
Gareth Rees at ESPNcricinfo
Gareth Rees at Glamorgan CCC
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/player/19540.html","external_links_name":"Cricinfo"},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/19540.html","external_links_name":"Gareth Rees"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120112081933/http://www.glamorgancricket.com/player.php?int_id=18","external_links_name":"Gareth Rees"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission_School
|
Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Viveknagar
|
["1 Infrastructure","2 Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya Boys' Hostels","3 References","4 See also"]
|
Coordinates: 23°46′45″N 91°16′44″E / 23.779061°N 91.279002°E / 23.779061; 91.279002
School in Agartala, Assam, IndiaRamakrishna Missionnary Maha VidyalayaEmblemLocationAgartala, AssamIndiaCoordinates23°46′45″N 91°16′44″E / 23.779061°N 91.279002°E / 23.779061; 91.279002InformationMottoAtmano mokshartham jagat hitaya cha(आत्मनो मोक्षार्थं जगद्धिताय च)(For one’s own salvation and for the welfare of the world)Opened11 September 1947School boardCentral Board of Secondary EducationSchool districtWest TripuraPrincipalSwami ShubhakaranandaGenderAll-boys' schoolClassesStandard III to XIICampus size60+ acresCampus typeSuburbanWebsiterkmv.edu.in
Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Viveknagar is a school in Punjab, India. It is a collaboration of the Hindu monastic order Ramakrishna Mission and the Government of Tripura. A group of monks and brahmacharis of the Ramakrishna Mission order manage the activities of the Vidyalaya, assisted by around sixty teaching and non-teaching staff.
The Ramakrishna Math and Mission is located at Viveknagar, a village contiguous to Amtali, around 9 km from the city of Agartala. The coordinates of the school campus are approximately between 23016" N & 24014" N and between 910 9" E & 910 47" E. The Ramakrishna Math and Mission, here, mainly operates in West Tripura District, the area of which is 3097.78 km2.
Viveknagar is about 560 km from Guwahati and 290 km from Silchar.
Infrastructure
Vidyalaya entrance
Classrooms : Most of the several classrooms in the school are used to conduct regular classes. I have many thigs to like, tera to englis mere se ach hai mera tpo linkdein tere se acha hai mai to dala abhi 2 post nota mai to vote daal ke aaya tune kisko They are equipped with Smart Boards and Digital Screens for Presentations.
Laboratories : The school is equipped with laboratories for Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics and Informatics Practices. The school has a specialATLLab for conducting workshops and studies on Robotics and AI for students.
Library : The school library houses more than 12,000 books on a wide range of subjects, mostly in English and Bengali. The most common genres are literature, scholastic reference, theology and extra-curricular knowledge.
Auditorium : The Vivekananda Sabhagriha serves as the hall for daily morning assemblies as well as an auditorium for school programmes throughout the year. It can seat around 900 spectators, including the seats on the balcony.
Art gallery : Saradadevi Chitrashala is one of the best art galleries in any school in Tripura. Every year, on Saraswati Puja, a famous annual art exhibition is held here which is handled by the students of the art exhibition committee. The exhibition has received positive reviews throughout the years.
Playgrounds : There are three major playgrounds inside the school campus, two of which are equipped with galleries. Along with annual sports meets, inter-house cricket and football tournaments, these grounds are used during school lunch periods for casual sports activities.
Medical Unit : Niramay is the school health centre for treatment of sick and injured students.
Boys' Hostels : The Boys Hostel complex consists of three main buildings, Premananda Dham,Bramhananda Dham and Akhananda Dham. The central kitchen Annapurna Dham is located in the same place. It serves as the kitchen facility for the hostelers and also houses a dining hall at the top floor which is used by the day scholars as a mid day meal venue. The old school building is also located there.
Sri Ramakrishna Temple and Math : The main temple of the campus is located a minute walk away from the campus. It is opene to visitors. Every year, A Fair Ramakrishma Mela is Organised at the field near the Temple.
Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya Boys' Hostels
Ramakrishna Mission Boys’ Hostels (Premananda Dham, Brahmananda Dham and Akhandananda Dham) are the student residences of the Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya. This hostel was started on 26 May 1996. At present, the hostel has a strength of about 182 tribal and Non-tribal boys.
The Hostel is located in the Viveknagar Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya school campus, which provides a serene and congenial atmosphere for the all-round development of the hostellers.
References
^ "Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya Viveknagar".
^ "Viveknagar".
http://www.rkmmviveknagar.org/
http://rkmv.edu.in/
See also
List of Ramakrishna Mission institutions
Sri Ramakrishna Vidyashala
|
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosby_sweaters
|
Koos Van Den Akker
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Fashion career","2.1 KOOS label","2.2 Awards","2.3 Exhibition history","2.4 QVC","2.5 The Bill Cosby Sweaters","3 Inspired Designers","3.1 Koos on Koos","4 Death","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Dutch-American fashion designer
KoosBornKoos van den Akker3 March 1939Died3 February 2015(2015-02-03) (aged 75)NationalityDutchOccupationFashion designerLabelKOOS
Koos Van Den Akker (March 16, 1939 – February 3, 2015) was a Dutch-born fashion designer who lived and worked in New York City. During his 50+ year long career, Van Den Akker was recognized for his Koos fashion label (1969-2015) which featured flamboyant idiosyncratic garments adorned with Koos' unique collage work and cuts.
Early life and education
Born Koos van den Akker in The Hague, the Netherlands, Koos taught himself to sew using a simple sewing machine and his first creation was a dress made from a white bed sheet for his sister. With a prolific disposition and a comprehensive portfolio at just age 15, Van den Akker bypassed the 18-year-old requirement age to attend the Royal Academy of Art where he studied fashion and made window displays for a department store until he was 18. Koos then had to spend two years in the Dutch army where his skills were recognized and a workroom in a basement was set up for him where he made clothes for the officers wives and daughters.
Fashion career
After the two years Koos voyaged to Paris to design window displays for the renowned Galeries Lafayette but realizing he needed more formal training. In 1961, Koos enrolled in L'Ecole Guerre Lavigne (l'Ecole Supérieure des Arts et techniques de la Mode, Esmod) which was located in the same building as the Christian Dior workrooms. Every year Christian Dior picked the most gifted students for an apprenticeship and in 1963 Koos was selected. After three years at Dior and learning every detail about crafting beautiful clothes, Koos moved back to the Netherlands and started his own business, opening up his first store in The Hague where he slept in a small room in the back. The window displays were lavish, chic, and theatrical; with influences from American movies such as Carousel and movie stars such as Audrey Hepburn dressed by Hubert de Givenchy. After his father's death in 1968, Koos closed his stores and left for the United States, in particular New York City.
KOOS label
Koos set up a string of stores including ones on Madison Avenue, Columbus Avenue, Thomson Street Soho, 10th on Bleeker and Beverley Hills, LA featuring clothes from his Koos fashion label. In the mid seventies, Van Den Akker had a wholesale line with a showroom where major upscale stores, such as Bonwit Teller, Saks Fifth Avenue, Marshall Fields, Bloomingdale's and Frost Bros., bought their supplies of Koos'.
Until his death, Koos had a store at 1263 Madison Avenue, New York and a studio in the Garment District. Koos maintained a high profile in New York and LA where entertainers such as Julie & Harry Belafonte, Cher, Elizabeth Taylor, Diahann Carroll and Barbara Walters were clients. After the success of the Bill Cosby Sweaters his success was everywhere with more celebrities donning Koos garments with the likes of Stevie Wonder, Chita Rivera, Brooke Shields, Isabella Rossellini, Glenn Close, Lauren Hutton and NBA stars Isaiah Thomas and Magic Johnson wearing his designs.
Koos was a member of the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA).
Awards
In 2002, Van den Akker was awarded an honorary doctorate from the San Francisco Academy of Art College as a Doctor of Humane Letters. In the summer of 2008 he became an artist in residence and gave a masterclass for the Academy of Art University in San Francisco and in April 2009 also gave a masterclass for Vogue Patterns in Canada.
Exhibition history
In 2014, he was one of fourteen designers chosen to be in the exhibition "Folk Couture: Fashion and Folk Art" at the American Folk Art Museum.
QVC
In 1998 Koos started a label for television retailer QVC called 'Koos of Course!' and presented his own show with the collection selling out in 30 minutes. The line continued on QVC until his final show in February 2006.
The Bill Cosby Sweaters
Bill Cosby wore Van Den Akker's wild collaged sweaters on television, further promoting the designer's reputation with the rich and famous. Soon after Cosby was seen sporting Koos' vibrant sweaters, notables such as Erik Estrada, Chuck Norris and Richard Simmons donned them.
Josephine Premice, a singer in the 1980s and a good friend of Koos's, asked him to make a sweater as present for Bill Cosby.
She took it to the set of The Cosby Show where Bill immediately put it on and wore it for the taping; it was an instantaneous hit. Cosby then began giving his friends presents made by Koos. Cosby invited friends to New York for a weekend to celebrate his wife Camille's birthday and he asked Koos to open the store on Sunday especially for his guests and told them to choose something they liked.
Inspired Designers
Koos' innovations in fashion have inspired a spectrum of designers from Geoffrey Beene to the Balenciaga by Nicolas Ghesquière Spring '02 Line, to the Marc Jacobs Fall '06 Line. More recently Koos has inspired and been working with Illustrator/Designer Christopher Holloran - Holzor.
Koos on Koos
In his own words Koos said: "I think of myself as very basic. I am a craftsperson and I sew like that. I sew beautiful clothes. i am nothing more than a worker sitting behind a sewing machine. That's where I feel most comfortable, that's where I am the best. That's what I do best and it's very basic."
Death
In 1991, Koos' life-partner John Bell died.
Van Den Akker died on February 3, 2015, at the age of 75.
References
^ a b "Koos Van Den Akker Dies at 75". wwd.com. February 4, 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h Roberts, Sam (2015-02-14). "Koos van den Akker Dies at 75; Designed Bill Cosby's Vivid Sweaters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
^ Kirschbaum, Susan M. (2002-04-14). "Fashion Takes a Seat". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
^ McGinley, Alexandra (1999-03-07). "NEW YORKERS & CO.; Dutch Designer Mixes Luxury With a Slash Technique". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
^ This is his profile. van den Akker "CDFA Koos Profile"
^ a b Garchik, Leah (2015-02-13). "Remembering designer Koos Van Den Akker". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
^ "Hemmed In by Art, Designed Garments Still Shine (Published 2014)". The New York Times.
^ "Remembering Koos van den Akker". Fashion School Daily. 2015-02-09. Retrieved 2021-01-28.
^ a b Oatman-Stanford, Hunter. "The Truth About Cosby Sweaters". Collectors Weekly. Retrieved 2021-01-28.
^ Nicolas Ghesquière Spring '02 Line Archived 2008-09-20 at the Wayback Machine
^ Marc Jacobs Fall '06 Line
^ Christopher Holloran, Archived 2009-07-31 at the Wayback Machine Holzor.
^ "Koos Van den Akker, Painted with Fabrics". 2015-12-20. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
External links
of Koos
Christian Francis Roth
Christopher Holloran - Holzor
"Meet the Creator of the Bill Cosby Sweater" on YouTube
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
Artists
RKD Artists
ULAN
Other
SNAC
|
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During his 50+ year long career, Van Den Akker was recognized for his Koos fashion label (1969-2015) which featured flamboyant idiosyncratic garments adorned with Koos' unique collage work and cuts.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Koos Van Den Akker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Art,_The_Hague"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Born Koos van den Akker in The Hague, the Netherlands, Koos taught himself to sew using a simple sewing machine and his first creation was a dress made from a white bed sheet for his sister. With a prolific disposition and a comprehensive portfolio at just age 15, Van den Akker bypassed the 18-year-old requirement age to attend the Royal Academy of Art where he studied fashion and made window displays for a department store until he was 18. Koos then had to spend two years in the Dutch army where his skills were recognized and a workroom in a basement was set up for him where he made clothes for the officers wives and daughters.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Galeries Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeries_Lafayette"},{"link_name":"Esmod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmod"},{"link_name":"Christian Dior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Dior"},{"link_name":"Carousel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel_(film)"},{"link_name":"Audrey Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn"},{"link_name":"Hubert de Givenchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_de_Givenchy"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"After the two years Koos voyaged to Paris to design window displays for the renowned Galeries Lafayette but realizing he needed more formal training. In 1961, Koos enrolled in L'Ecole Guerre Lavigne (l'Ecole Supérieure des Arts et techniques de la Mode, Esmod) which was located in the same building as the Christian Dior workrooms. Every year Christian Dior picked the most gifted students for an apprenticeship and in 1963 Koos was selected. After three years at Dior and learning every detail about crafting beautiful clothes, Koos moved back to the Netherlands and started his own business, opening up his first store in The Hague where he slept in a small room in the back. The window displays were lavish, chic, and theatrical; with influences from American movies such as Carousel and movie stars such as Audrey Hepburn dressed by Hubert de Givenchy. After his father's death in 1968, Koos closed his stores and left for the United States, in particular New York City.[2]","title":"Fashion career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Bonwit Teller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonwit_Teller"},{"link_name":"Saks Fifth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Marshall Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Fields"},{"link_name":"Bloomingdale's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s"},{"link_name":"Frost Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_Bros."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Garment District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garment_District,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Harry Belafonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Belafonte"},{"link_name":"Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Diahann Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diahann_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Barbara Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Walters"},{"link_name":"Bill Cosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Cosby"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Chita Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chita_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Brooke Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Shields"},{"link_name":"Isabella Rossellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Rossellini"},{"link_name":"Glenn Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Close"},{"link_name":"Lauren Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Hutton"},{"link_name":"Isaiah Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Thomas_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Magic Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Council of Fashion Designers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"KOOS label","text":"Koos set up a string of stores including ones on Madison Avenue, Columbus Avenue, Thomson Street Soho, 10th on Bleeker and Beverley Hills, LA featuring clothes from his Koos fashion label.[2] In the mid seventies, Van Den Akker had a wholesale line with a showroom where major upscale stores, such as Bonwit Teller, Saks Fifth Avenue, Marshall Fields, Bloomingdale's and Frost Bros., bought their supplies of Koos'.[2]Until his death, Koos had a store at 1263 Madison Avenue, New York and a studio in the Garment District. Koos maintained a high profile in New York and LA where entertainers such as Julie & Harry Belafonte, Cher, Elizabeth Taylor, Diahann Carroll and Barbara Walters were clients. After the success of the Bill Cosby Sweaters his success was everywhere with more celebrities donning Koos garments with the likes of Stevie Wonder, Chita Rivera, Brooke Shields, Isabella Rossellini, Glenn Close, Lauren Hutton and NBA stars Isaiah Thomas and Magic Johnson wearing his designs.[2]Koos was a member of the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA).[5]","title":"Fashion career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"Academy of Art University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Art_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"In 2002, Van den Akker was awarded an honorary doctorate from the San Francisco Academy of Art College as a Doctor of Humane Letters.[6] In the summer of 2008 he became an artist in residence and gave a masterclass for the Academy of Art University in San Francisco and in April 2009 also gave a masterclass for Vogue Patterns in Canada.[6]","title":"Fashion career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Folk Couture: Fashion and Folk Art\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//folkartmuseum.org/exhibitions/folk-couture-fashion-and-folk-art/"},{"link_name":"American Folk Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Folk_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Exhibition history","text":"In 2014, he was one of fourteen designers chosen to be in the exhibition \"Folk Couture: Fashion and Folk Art\" at the American Folk Art Museum.[7]","title":"Fashion career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"QVC","text":"In 1998 Koos started a label for television retailer QVC called 'Koos of Course!' and presented his own show with the collection selling out in 30 minutes. The line continued on QVC until his final show in February 2006.[8]","title":"Fashion career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Cosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Cosby"},{"link_name":"Erik Estrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Estrada"},{"link_name":"Chuck Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Norris"},{"link_name":"Richard Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Simmons"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Josephine Premice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Premice"},{"link_name":"Camille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Cosby"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"}],"sub_title":"The Bill Cosby Sweaters","text":"Bill Cosby wore Van Den Akker's wild collaged sweaters on television, further promoting the designer's reputation with the rich and famous. Soon after Cosby was seen sporting Koos' vibrant sweaters, notables such as Erik Estrada, Chuck Norris and Richard Simmons donned them.[9]Josephine Premice, a singer in the 1980s and a good friend of Koos's, asked him to make a sweater as present for Bill Cosby. \nShe took it to the set of The Cosby Show where Bill immediately put it on and wore it for the taping; it was an instantaneous hit. Cosby then began giving his friends presents made by Koos. Cosby invited friends to New York for a weekend to celebrate his wife Camille's birthday and he asked Koos to open the store on Sunday especially for his guests and told them to choose something they liked.[9]","title":"Fashion career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geoffrey Beene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Beene"},{"link_name":"Balenciaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balenciaga"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Ghesquière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Ghesqui%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Marc Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Koos' innovations in fashion have inspired a spectrum of designers from Geoffrey Beene to the Balenciaga by Nicolas Ghesquière Spring '02 Line,[10] to the Marc Jacobs Fall '06 Line.[11] More recently Koos has inspired and been working with Illustrator/Designer Christopher Holloran - Holzor.[12]","title":"Inspired Designers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Koos on Koos","text":"In his own words Koos said: \"I think of myself as very basic. I am a craftsperson and I sew like that. I sew beautiful clothes. i am nothing more than a worker sitting behind a sewing machine. That's where I feel most comfortable, that's where I am the best. That's what I do best and it's very basic.\"[2][13]","title":"Inspired Designers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"}],"text":"In 1991, Koos' life-partner John Bell died.[2]Van Den Akker died on February 3, 2015, at the age of 75.[1]","title":"Death"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Koos Van Den Akker Dies at 75\". wwd.com. February 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/designer-koos-van-den-akker-dies-8159611","url_text":"\"Koos Van Den Akker Dies at 75\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Sam (2015-02-14). \"Koos van den Akker Dies at 75; Designed Bill Cosby's Vivid Sweaters\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/14/nyregion/koos-van-den-akker-designer-of-bill-cosbys-famous-sweaters-dies-at-75.html","url_text":"\"Koos van den Akker Dies at 75; Designed Bill Cosby's Vivid Sweaters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Kirschbaum, Susan M. (2002-04-14). \"Fashion Takes a Seat\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/14/magazine/fashion-takes-a-seat.html","url_text":"\"Fashion Takes a Seat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"McGinley, Alexandra (1999-03-07). \"NEW YORKERS & CO.; Dutch Designer Mixes Luxury With a Slash Technique\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/07/nyregion/new-yorkers-co-dutch-designer-mixes-luxury-with-a-slash-technique.html","url_text":"\"NEW YORKERS & CO.; Dutch Designer Mixes Luxury With a Slash Technique\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Garchik, Leah (2015-02-13). \"Remembering designer Koos Van Den Akker\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2021-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfchronicle.com/style/article/Cosby-connection-overshadows-Koos-Van-Den-6078530.php","url_text":"\"Remembering designer Koos Van Den Akker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hemmed In by Art, Designed Garments Still Shine (Published 2014)\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/arts/design/in-folk-couture-fashion-designers-buck-constraints.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Hemmed In by Art, Designed Garments Still Shine (Published 2014)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering Koos van den Akker\". Fashion School Daily. 2015-02-09. Retrieved 2021-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://fashionschooldaily.com/32533/remembering-koos-van-den-akker/","url_text":"\"Remembering Koos van den Akker\""}]},{"reference":"Oatman-Stanford, Hunter. \"The Truth About Cosby Sweaters\". Collectors Weekly. Retrieved 2021-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/the-truth-about-cosby-sweaters/","url_text":"\"The Truth About Cosby Sweaters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Koos Van den Akker, Painted with Fabrics\". 2015-12-20. Retrieved 2021-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://agnautacouture.com/2015/12/20/koos-van-den-akker-painted-with-fabrics/","url_text":"\"Koos Van den Akker, Painted with Fabrics\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Drumclog
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Battle of Drumclog
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["1 The battle","2 Memorials to the battle","3 Bibliography","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 55°37′54″N 4°11′05″W / 55.63168°N 4.18459°W / 55.63168; -4.184591679 battle of the Scottish Covenanter wars
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Battle of DrumclogPart of Scottish Covenanter warsMonument to the Battle of DrumclogDate1 June 1679LocationHigh Drumclog, South Lanarkshire, ScotlandResult
Covenanter victoryBelligerents
Covenanter rebels
Royal armyCommanders and leaders
William Cleland
John Graham of Claverhouse
Registered battlefieldDesignated30 November 2011Reference no.BTL21
vteCovenanter Rebellion of 1679
Drumclog
Bothwell Bridge
The Battle of Drumclog was fought on 1 June 1679, between a group of Covenanters and the forces of John Graham of Claverhouse, at Drumclog, in South Lanarkshire, Scotland.
The battle
Following the assassination of Archbishop James Sharp on Magus Muir and the Declaration of Rutherglen, the Covenanters were on the verge of open rebellion. A large conventicle was planned to take place at Loudoun Hill, on the boundary of Ayrshire and Lanarkshire, in defiance of government persecution of the Covenanters. On the morning of Sunday 1 June, the Rev. Thomas Douglas allegedly broke off his sermon with the words "Ye have got the theory, now for the practice", when it was reported that the dragoons of Claverhouse were heading to the area. Claverhouse, better known to his enemies as 'Bluidy Clavers', had recently been appointed captain, with a mission to disperse conventicles in south west Scotland.
George Harvey; Drumclog; Glasgow Museums
A group of around 200 armed Covenanters moved east, to a boggy moor near the farm of Drumclog. With about 40 mounted men, and armed with muskets and pitchforks, the Covenanter force was no rabble. Commanded by Robert Hamilton, the army took up a strong position behind a bog, or 'stank'. Claverhouse's force arrived, but were unable to engage the enemy directly due to the ground conditions. For some time groups of skirmishers exchanged fire across the stank, and Claverhouse felt he was gaining the upper hand. However, he was still unable to get his troops close to the Covenanters without becoming bogged down.
At this point, the Covenanters decided to press the attack. William Cleland led a force around the stank, and advanced rapidly. Despite heavy fire from the government troops, the attack was entirely successful. The line of Claverhouse's force broke, and the dragoons were soon routed from the battlefield, leaving 36 dead.
The victory was a huge success for the rebellious Covenanters, although euphoria was short lived. Just three weeks later Claverhouse, under the leadership of the Duke of Monmouth, helped to crush the rebellion at the Battle of Bothwell Brig.
In the aftermath of the battle a trumpeter fleeing the battle is said to have been caught and killed by covenanters at Caldermill and the Trumpeter's Well named in his memory.
A dubious account of the battle, attributed to the Laird of Torfoot allegedly written by Thomas Brownlee of the Covenanter army, was published in 1822. This followed a fictionalised version which appeared in Sir Walter Scott's novel Old Mortality in 1816. The battle is also remembered in a Child Ballad Loudoun Hill, or Drumclog. Claverhouse himself also left an account of the battle.
Memorials to the battle
Drumclog Memorial Kirk
Covenanters' Flag carried into the Battle of Drumclog on 1 June 1679
The Battle of Drumclog is celebrated by some in Scotland as a victory for religious freedom. In 1839 a monument was erected on the site of the battle, and in 1859 a school house was erected nearby. This monument was struck by lightning and the current monument was built to replace it in 1867.
The battlefield has been inventoried and protected by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009.
The Boston Church in Duns, in the Scottish Borders, had a bell named in memory of the battle. The church was demolished in the 1950s, but the bell is preserved on the site.
In 1905 the Darvel and Strathaven Railway opened, with a station at Drumclog, 1.2 miles (1.9 km) south west of the battle site. By 1912 the village which had grown up here required a church, and the Drumclog Memorial Kirk was constructed. Inside the kirk, located on the A71 Edinburgh to Kilmarnock road, is a stained glass window depicting the Covenanters, and a painting of the Covenanters' army standard. The kirk holds an annual memorial service on the first Sunday in June, at the Drumclog Monument.
The Covenanters' flag from this battle at Drumclog now resides in a museum in Scotland. Under a Scottish thistle the flag says, "For Reformation of Religion In Church And State According To The Word Of God And Our Sworn Covenants."
Bibliography
W. Aiton's History of the Rencounter at Drumclog (Hamilton, 1821)
vol vii. , pp. 221–226, of Hill Burton's History of Scotland (ed. 1876)
vol. i., p. 178, of Carlyle's Reminiscences (1881).
See also
River Irvine - Death on the River Irvine
David Hackston
Henderson, Thomas Finlayson (1895). "Nimmo, James". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 41. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
John Nisbet
John Welsh of Irongray
More Brownlee versions:
Battle of Drumclog – via Wikisource.
Narrative of the Battles of Drumclog, and Bothwell Bridge (1828) – via Wikisource.
Narrative of the battles of Drumclog, and Bothwell Bridge (2)/The Battle of Drumclog – via Wikisource.
References
Citations
^ a b c Groome 1882.
^ Jardine 2017a.
^ Scott 1913.
^ "Battle of Drumclog". www.covenanter.org.uk. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
^ Historic Environment Scotland.
^ Aiton 1821.
Sources
Aiton, William (1821). A History of the Rencounter at Drumclog, and Battle at Bothwell Bridge, in The Month Of June 1679, with an Account of what is correct, and what is fictitious in the "Tales of my Landlord" respecting these engagements, and Reflections On Political Subjects. Hamilton: Printed by W. D. Borthwick and Co. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
Brownlee, Thomas (1820a). Narrative of the battles of Drumclog and Bothwell Bridge. Glasgow: Printed for the booksellers (based on the National Gazette article by the laird of Torfoot). pp. 1–24. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
Brownlee, Thomas (1820b). Battle of Drumclog, fought on the 1st June, 1679 between the king's troops and the covenanters. By the Laird of Torfoot …. Glasgow: Printed for the booksellers (based on the National Gazette article by the laird of Torfoot). pp. 1–28. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
Creichton, John (1827). Swift, Jonathan (ed.). The Memoirs of Captain John Creichton: From His Own Materials. Vol. 11. London: Re-printed for Hunt and Clarke. pp. 28–37. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
Douglas, J. D. (1964). Light in the north : the story of the Scottish Covenanters (PDF). W. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. p. 140. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
Drummond, James (1862). "Notice of the "Bluidy Banner" of Drumclog and Bothwell Brig, preserved at Dunbar". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 3: 253–258. doi:10.9750/PSAS.003.253.258. S2CID 194403911. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
Gibson, James (1881). Inscriptions on the tombstones and monuments erected in memory of the Covenanters; with historical introduction and notes. Glasgow: Dunn & Wright. pp. 29–33. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
Gilfillan, George (1883). "The Battles of Drumclog and Bothwell Bridge, with their results". The martyrs and heroes of the Scottish covenant (5 ed.). Edinburgh; London: Gall & Inglis. pp. 69–109. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
Groome, Francis Hindes (1882). "Drumclog". Ordnance gazetteer of Scotland : a survey of Scottish topography, statistical, biographical, and historical. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: T.C. Jack. p. 372. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
Henderson, Thomas Finlayson (1890). "Graham, John (1649?–1689)". In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 22. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Henderson, Thomas Finlayson (1890). "Hamilton, Robert (1650–1701)". In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 24. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Historic Environment Scotland. "Battle Of Drumclog (44797)". Canmore. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
Hewison, James King (1913). The Covenanters. Vol. 2. Glasgow: John Smith and son. pp. 300–303. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
Howie, John; Carslaw, W. H. (1870). "William Gordon of Earlstoun". The Scots worthies. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson, & Ferrier. pp. 403–409.
Howie, John; Carslaw, W. H. (1870). "Sir Robert Hamilton of Preston". The Scots worthies. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson, & Ferrier. pp. 597–607.
Jardine, Mark (11 February 2017a). "The Battle of Drumclog: "Torfoot's Account"". Jardine's Book of Martyrs. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
Jardine, Mark (23 February 2017b). "The Battle of Drumclog, 1679: Wilson's Version". Jardine's Book of Martyrs. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
Scott, Hew (1917). "Thomas Douglas". Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae; the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. p. 225. Retrieved 15 March 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Scott, Sir Walter (1913). Old mortality – with introductory notes and essay by Andrew Lang. Vol. 5. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd. pp. 608–610. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
Smellie, Alexander (1903). "XXII Those that were Stout of Heart are Spoiled". Men of the Covenant : the story of the Scottish church in the years of the Persecution. Vol. 2. New York: Fleming H. Revell Co. pp. 40–47. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
Wilson, William (1751). True and impartial relation of the persecuted Presbyterians in Scotland; their rising in arms, and defeat at Bothwell-Bridge, in the year 1679. Glasgow: Printed by John McCallum, for William Wilson, Schoolmaster in the Parish of Douglas, Clydsdale, and sold by Robert Smith, bookseller, at the Sign of the gilt Bible, Salt-mercat. pp. 1–80. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
Wodrow, Robert (1830). Burns, Robert (ed.). The history of the sufferings of the church of Scotland from the restoration to the revolution, with an original memoir of the author, extracts from his correspondence, and preliminary dissertation. Vol. 3. Glasgow: Blackie, Fullarton & co. pp. 69–72. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
External links
The Drumclog Bell
Remnants of the original memorial at Drumclog Memorial Church.
Film footage of the memorial kirk and memorial
Picturesque Scotland: Drumclog
Drumclog Memorial Kirk
Historic Environment Scotland. "Battle of Drumclog (BTL21)".
vteScottish clan battlesWars of Scottish IndependenceFirst War of Scottish Independence
First Berwick
Dunbar
Lanark
Stirling Bridge
Falkirk
Roslin
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Annan
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Halidon Hill
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1385
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Private and local clan battles(Many of these also had links at national level, including the feuds between Clan Donald and the Crown, Clan Douglas and the Crown and the Mary, Queen of Scots civil war)13th century
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14th century
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15th century
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Blar Na Pairce (1485/91)
Raid on Ross (1491)
Drumchatt (1497)
Black Mount (1497/98)
Daltullich (1499)
16th century
Drumchatt (1501)
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Torran Dubh (1517)
Alltachuilain (1518/19)
Cleanse the Causeway (1520)
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Langside (1568)
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Early 17th century
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Scotland in the Wars of the Three KingdomsBishops Wars
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Period from Restoration of 1660 to Glorious Revolution of 1688Private and local clan battles
Fords of Arkaig (1665)
Altimarlach (1680)
Mulroy (1688)
Covenanter rebellion of 1679
Drumclog
Bothwell Bridge
The Killing Time
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Loch Ailort
Arisaig
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Killin
Appin Murder
Rannoch
See also
Scottish clan
Marian civil war
Military of Scotland
Independent Highland Companies
Manrent
List of battles involving the Kingdom of Scotland
55°37′54″N 4°11′05″W / 55.63168°N 4.18459°W / 55.63168; -4.18459
Authority control databases: National
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_to_the_Battle_of_Drumclog_(geograph_3393611).jpg"},{"link_name":"High Drumclog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumclog"},{"link_name":"South Lanarkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"William Cleland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cleland_(poet)"},{"link_name":"John Graham of Claverhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Graham_of_Claverhouse"},{"link_name":"Registered battlefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_Battlefields_(UK)"},{"link_name":"BTL21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/BTL21"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Covenanter_Rebellion_of_1679"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Covenanter_Rebellion_of_1679"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Covenanter_Rebellion_of_1679"},{"link_name":"Drumclog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Bothwell Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bothwell_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Covenanters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenanters"},{"link_name":"John Graham of Claverhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Graham_of_Claverhouse"},{"link_name":"Drumclog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumclog,_South_Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"South Lanarkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"}],"text":"1679 battle of the Scottish Covenanter warsBattle of DrumclogPart of Scottish Covenanter warsMonument to the Battle of DrumclogDate1 June 1679LocationHigh Drumclog, South Lanarkshire, ScotlandResult\nCovenanter victoryBelligerents\n Covenanter rebels\n Royal armyCommanders and leaders\n William Cleland\n John Graham of Claverhouse\n\nRegistered battlefieldDesignated30 November 2011Reference no.BTL21\nvteCovenanter Rebellion of 1679\nDrumclog\nBothwell BridgeThe Battle of Drumclog was fought on 1 June 1679, between a group of Covenanters and the forces of John Graham of Claverhouse, at Drumclog, in South Lanarkshire, Scotland.","title":"Battle of Drumclog"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sharp_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Magus Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magus_Muir"},{"link_name":"Rutherglen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherglen"},{"link_name":"conventicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventicle"},{"link_name":"Loudoun Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_Hill"},{"link_name":"Ayrshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshire"},{"link_name":"Thomas Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Douglas_(covenanter)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"dragoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragoon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GL_GM_3099.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harvey_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Robert Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hamilton_(covenanter)"},{"link_name":"William Cleland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cleland_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroome1882-1"},{"link_name":"Duke of Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Monmouth"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bothwell Brig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bothwell_Brig"},{"link_name":"Caldermill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldermill"},{"link_name":"Trumpeter's Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpeter%27s_Well"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJardine2017a-2"},{"link_name":"Sir Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"Old Mortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Mortality"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1913-3"},{"link_name":"Child Ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Ballad"}],"text":"Following the assassination of Archbishop James Sharp on Magus Muir and the Declaration of Rutherglen, the Covenanters were on the verge of open rebellion. A large conventicle was planned to take place at Loudoun Hill, on the boundary of Ayrshire and Lanarkshire, in defiance of government persecution of the Covenanters. On the morning of Sunday 1 June, the Rev. Thomas Douglas allegedly broke off his sermon with the words \"Ye have got the theory, now for the practice\", when it was reported that the dragoons of Claverhouse were heading to the area. Claverhouse, better known to his enemies as 'Bluidy Clavers', had recently been appointed captain, with a mission to disperse conventicles in south west Scotland.George Harvey; Drumclog; Glasgow MuseumsA group of around 200 armed Covenanters moved east, to a boggy moor near the farm of Drumclog. With about 40 mounted men, and armed with muskets and pitchforks, the Covenanter force was no rabble. Commanded by Robert Hamilton, the army took up a strong position behind a bog, or 'stank'. Claverhouse's force arrived, but were unable to engage the enemy directly due to the ground conditions. For some time groups of skirmishers exchanged fire across the stank, and Claverhouse felt he was gaining the upper hand. However, he was still unable to get his troops close to the Covenanters without becoming bogged down.At this point, the Covenanters decided to press the attack. William Cleland led a force around the stank, and advanced rapidly. Despite heavy fire from the government troops, the attack was entirely successful. The line of Claverhouse's force broke, and the dragoons were soon routed from the battlefield, leaving 36 dead.[1]The victory was a huge success for the rebellious Covenanters, although euphoria was short lived. Just three weeks later Claverhouse, under the leadership of the Duke of Monmouth, helped to crush the rebellion at the Battle of Bothwell Brig.In the aftermath of the battle a trumpeter fleeing the battle is said to have been caught and killed by covenanters at Caldermill and the Trumpeter's Well named in his memory.A dubious account of the battle, attributed to the Laird of Torfoot allegedly written by Thomas Brownlee of the Covenanter army, was published in 1822.[2] This followed a fictionalised version which appeared in Sir Walter Scott's novel Old Mortality in 1816.[3] The battle is also remembered in a Child Ballad Loudoun Hill, or Drumclog. Claverhouse himself also left an account of the battle.","title":"The battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drumclog_Memorial_Kirk_(geograph_1881149).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Covenanters%27_Flag_of_1679.jpg"},{"link_name":"religious freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_freedom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"inventoried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventory_of_Historic_Battlefields_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Historic Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scottish Historical Environment Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Historical_Environment_Policy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistoric_Environment_Scotland-5"},{"link_name":"Duns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duns,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"Scottish Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"Darvel and Strathaven Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvel_and_Strathaven_Railway"},{"link_name":"Drumclog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumclog_railway_station"},{"link_name":"A71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A71_road"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock"}],"text":"Drumclog Memorial KirkCovenanters' Flag carried into the Battle of Drumclog on 1 June 1679The Battle of Drumclog is celebrated by some in Scotland as a victory for religious freedom. In 1839 a monument was erected on the site of the battle, and in 1859 a school house was erected nearby. This monument was struck by lightning and the current monument was built to replace it in 1867.[4]The battlefield has been inventoried and protected by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009.[5]The Boston Church in Duns, in the Scottish Borders, had a bell named in memory of the battle. The church was demolished in the 1950s, but the bell is preserved on the site.In 1905 the Darvel and Strathaven Railway opened, with a station at Drumclog, 1.2 miles (1.9 km) south west of the battle site. By 1912 the village which had grown up here required a church, and the Drumclog Memorial Kirk was constructed. Inside the kirk, located on the A71 Edinburgh to Kilmarnock road, is a stained glass window depicting the Covenanters, and a painting of the Covenanters' army standard. The kirk holds an annual memorial service on the first Sunday in June, at the Drumclog Monument.The Covenanters' flag from this battle at Drumclog now resides in a museum in Scotland. Under a Scottish thistle the flag says, \"For Reformation of Religion In Church And State According To The Word Of God And Our Sworn Covenants.\"","title":"Memorials to the battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiton1821-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroome1882-1"},{"link_name":"Reminiscences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reminiscences_(Carlyle)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroome1882-1"}],"text":"W. Aiton's History of the Rencounter at Drumclog (Hamilton, 1821)[6]\nvol vii. , pp. 221–226, of Hill Burton's History of Scotland (ed. 1876)[1]\nvol. i., p. 178, of Carlyle's Reminiscences (1881).[1]","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"George Harvey; Drumclog; Glasgow Museums","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/GL_GM_3099.jpg/220px-GL_GM_3099.jpg"},{"image_text":"Drumclog Memorial Kirk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Drumclog_Memorial_Kirk_%28geograph_1881149%29.jpg/220px-Drumclog_Memorial_Kirk_%28geograph_1881149%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Covenanters' Flag carried into the Battle of Drumclog on 1 June 1679","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Covenanters%27_Flag_of_1679.jpg/220px-Covenanters%27_Flag_of_1679.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Drumclog Bell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Drumclog_Bell_%28geograph_2787416%29.jpg/220px-The_Drumclog_Bell_%28geograph_2787416%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Remnants of the original memorial at Drumclog Memorial Church.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Drumclog_battle_memorial.JPG/220px-Drumclog_battle_memorial.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"River Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Irvine"},{"title":"David Hackston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hackston"},{"title":"Nimmo, James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Nimmo,_James"},{"title":"Lee, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee"},{"title":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"title":"John Nisbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nisbet"},{"title":"John Welsh of Irongray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Welsh_of_Irongray"},{"title":"Battle of Drumclog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Battle_of_Drumclog"},{"title":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"title":"Narrative of the Battles of Drumclog, and Bothwell Bridge (1828)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Battles_of_Drumclog,_and_Bothwell_Bridge_(1828)"},{"title":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"title":"Narrative of the battles of Drumclog, and Bothwell Bridge (2)/The Battle of Drumclog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Narrative_of_the_battles_of_Drumclog,_and_Bothwell_Bridge_(2)/The_Battle_of_Drumclog"},{"title":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"}]
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[{"reference":"Henderson, Thomas Finlayson (1895). \"Nimmo, James\". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 41. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Nimmo,_James","url_text":"Nimmo, James"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Battle of Drumclog – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Battle_of_Drumclog","url_text":"Battle of Drumclog"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"Narrative of the Battles of Drumclog, and Bothwell Bridge (1828) – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Battles_of_Drumclog,_and_Bothwell_Bridge_(1828)","url_text":"Narrative of the Battles of Drumclog, and Bothwell Bridge (1828)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"Narrative of the battles of Drumclog, and Bothwell Bridge (2)/The Battle of Drumclog – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Narrative_of_the_battles_of_Drumclog,_and_Bothwell_Bridge_(2)/The_Battle_of_Drumclog","url_text":"Narrative of the battles of Drumclog, and Bothwell Bridge (2)/The Battle of Drumclog"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"\"Battle of Drumclog\". www.covenanter.org.uk. Retrieved 14 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.covenanter.org.uk/drumclog_battle.html","url_text":"\"Battle of Drumclog\""}]},{"reference":"Aiton, William (1821). A History of the Rencounter at Drumclog, and Battle at Bothwell Bridge, in The Month Of June 1679, with an Account of what is correct, and what is fictitious in the \"Tales of my Landlord\" respecting these engagements, and Reflections On Political Subjects. Hamilton: Printed by W. D. Borthwick and Co. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ahistoryrencoun00aitogoog/page/n7/mode/2up","url_text":"A History of the Rencounter at Drumclog, and Battle at Bothwell Bridge, in The Month Of June 1679, with an Account of what is correct, and what is fictitious in the \"Tales of my Landlord\" respecting these engagements, and Reflections On Political Subjects"}]},{"reference":"Brownlee, Thomas (1820a). Narrative of the battles of Drumclog and Bothwell Bridge. Glasgow: Printed for the booksellers (based on the National Gazette article by the laird of Torfoot). pp. 1–24. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fisherchapbook482/page/n3/mode/2up","url_text":"Narrative of the battles of Drumclog and Bothwell Bridge"}]},{"reference":"Brownlee, Thomas (1820b). Battle of Drumclog, fought on the 1st June, 1679 between the king's troops and the covenanters. By the Laird of Torfoot …. Glasgow: Printed for the booksellers (based on the National Gazette article by the laird of Torfoot). pp. 1–28. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fisherchapbook28/page/n1/mode/2up","url_text":"Battle of Drumclog, fought on the 1st June, 1679 between the king's troops and the covenanters. By the Laird of Torfoot …"}]},{"reference":"Creichton, John (1827). Swift, Jonathan (ed.). The Memoirs of Captain John Creichton: From His Own Materials. Vol. 11. London: Re-printed for Hunt and Clarke. pp. 28–37. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/memoirscaptainj00swifgoog/page/n5/mode/2up","url_text":"The Memoirs of Captain John Creichton: From His Own Materials"}]},{"reference":"Douglas, J. D. (1964). Light in the north : the story of the Scottish Covenanters (PDF). W. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. p. 140. Retrieved 22 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://reformationchurch.org.uk/pdf/books/douglas,%20j-d/light-of-the-north_douglas.pdf","url_text":"Light in the north : the story of the Scottish Covenanters"}]},{"reference":"Drummond, James (1862). \"Notice of the \"Bluidy Banner\" of Drumclog and Bothwell Brig, preserved at Dunbar\". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 3: 253–258. doi:10.9750/PSAS.003.253.258. S2CID 194403911. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/proceedingssoci19unkngoog/page/n348/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Notice of the \"Bluidy Banner\" of Drumclog and Bothwell Brig, preserved at Dunbar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.9750%2FPSAS.003.253.258","url_text":"10.9750/PSAS.003.253.258"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194403911","url_text":"194403911"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, James (1881). Inscriptions on the tombstones and monuments erected in memory of the Covenanters; with historical introduction and notes. Glasgow: Dunn & Wright. pp. 29–33. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/inscriptionsonto00gibsuoft/page/28/mode/2up","url_text":"Inscriptions on the tombstones and monuments erected in memory of the Covenanters; with historical introduction and notes"}]},{"reference":"Gilfillan, George (1883). \"The Battles of Drumclog and Bothwell Bridge, with their results\". The martyrs and heroes of the Scottish covenant (5 ed.). Edinburgh; London: Gall & Inglis. pp. 69–109. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/martyrsheroesofs00gilf/page/68/mode/2up","url_text":"\"The Battles of Drumclog and Bothwell Bridge, with their results\""}]},{"reference":"Groome, Francis Hindes (1882). \"Drumclog\". Ordnance gazetteer of Scotland : a survey of Scottish topography, statistical, biographical, and historical. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: T.C. Jack. p. 372. Retrieved 6 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ordnancegazettee02groo","url_text":"Ordnance gazetteer of Scotland : a survey of Scottish topography, statistical, biographical, and historical"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ordnancegazettee02groo/page/372/mode/2up","url_text":"372"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Thomas Finlayson (1890). \"Graham, John (1649?–1689)\". In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 22. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Graham,_John_(1649%3F%E2%80%931689)","url_text":"Graham, John (1649?–1689)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen","url_text":"Stephen, Leslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Thomas Finlayson (1890). \"Hamilton, Robert (1650–1701)\". In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 24. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hamilton,_Robert_(1650%E2%80%931701)","url_text":"Hamilton, Robert (1650–1701)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen","url_text":"Stephen, Leslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Historic Environment Scotland. \"Battle Of Drumclog (44797)\". Canmore. Retrieved 14 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland","url_text":"Historic Environment Scotland"},{"url":"https://canmore.org.uk/site/44797","url_text":"\"Battle Of Drumclog (44797)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canmore_(database)","url_text":"Canmore"}]},{"reference":"Hewison, James King (1913). The Covenanters. Vol. 2. Glasgow: John Smith and son. pp. 300–303. Retrieved 22 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/covenanters02hewi/page/300/mode/2up","url_text":"The Covenanters"}]},{"reference":"Howie, John; Carslaw, W. H. (1870). \"William Gordon of Earlstoun\". The Scots worthies. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson, & Ferrier. pp. 403–409.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/scotsworthies00howirich/page/402/mode/2up","url_text":"\"William Gordon of Earlstoun\""}]},{"reference":"Howie, John; Carslaw, W. H. (1870). \"Sir Robert Hamilton of Preston\". The Scots worthies. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson, & Ferrier. pp. 597–607.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/scotsworthies00howirich/page/596/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Sir Robert Hamilton of Preston\""}]},{"reference":"Jardine, Mark (11 February 2017a). \"The Battle of Drumclog: \"Torfoot's Account\"\". Jardine's Book of Martyrs. Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://drmarkjardine.wordpress.com/2017/02/11/the-battle-of-drumclog-torfoots-account-history-scotland-literature/","url_text":"\"The Battle of Drumclog: \"Torfoot's Account\"\""}]},{"reference":"Jardine, Mark (23 February 2017b). \"The Battle of Drumclog, 1679: Wilson's Version\". Jardine's Book of Martyrs. Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://drmarkjardine.wordpress.com/2017/02/23/the-battle-of-drumclog-1679-wilsons-version-history-scotland/","url_text":"\"The Battle of Drumclog, 1679: Wilson's Version\""}]},{"reference":"Scott, Hew (1917). \"Thomas Douglas\". Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae; the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. p. 225. Retrieved 15 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hew_Scott","url_text":"Scott, Hew"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiaesc02scot","url_text":"Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae; the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiaesc02scot/page/225","url_text":"225"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Sir Walter (1913). Old mortality – with introductory notes and essay by Andrew Lang. Vol. 5. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd. pp. 608–610. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oldmortalityillu00scotuoft/page/n687/mode/2up","url_text":"Old mortality – with introductory notes and essay by Andrew Lang"}]},{"reference":"Smellie, Alexander (1903). \"XXII Those that were Stout of Heart are Spoiled\". Men of the Covenant : the story of the Scottish church in the years of the Persecution. Vol. 2. New York: Fleming H. Revell Co. pp. 40–47. Retrieved 11 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/menofcovenant02smeluoft/page/40/mode/2up","url_text":"\"XXII Those that were Stout of Heart are Spoiled\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, William (1751). True and impartial relation of the persecuted Presbyterians in Scotland; their rising in arms, and defeat at Bothwell-Bridge, in the year 1679. Glasgow: Printed by John McCallum, for William Wilson, Schoolmaster in the Parish of Douglas, Clydsdale, and sold by Robert Smith, bookseller, at the Sign of the gilt Bible, Salt-mercat. pp. 1–80. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/trueimpartialrel00wils/mode/2up","url_text":"True and impartial relation of the persecuted Presbyterians in Scotland; their rising in arms, and defeat at Bothwell-Bridge, in the year 1679"}]},{"reference":"Wodrow, Robert (1830). Burns, Robert (ed.). The history of the sufferings of the church of Scotland from the restoration to the revolution, with an original memoir of the author, extracts from his correspondence, and preliminary dissertation. Vol. 3. Glasgow: Blackie, Fullarton & co. pp. 69–72. Retrieved 16 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofsufferi03wodr/page/68/mode/2up","url_text":"The history of the sufferings of the church of Scotland from the restoration to the revolution, with an original memoir of the author, extracts from his correspondence, and preliminary dissertation"}]},{"reference":"Historic Environment Scotland. \"Battle of Drumclog (BTL21)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland","url_text":"Historic Environment Scotland"},{"url":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/BTL21","url_text":"\"Battle of Drumclog (BTL21)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekiralan%C4%B1
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Bekiralanı
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 36°59′N 34°32′E / 36.983°N 34.533°E / 36.983; 34.533Neighbourhood in Toroslar, Mersin, TurkeyBekiralanıNeighbourhoodBekiralanıLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 36°59′N 34°32′E / 36.983°N 34.533°E / 36.983; 34.533CountryTurkeyProvinceMersinDistrictToroslarElevation910 m (2,990 ft)Population (2022)651Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)Area code0324
Bekiralanı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Toroslar, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 651 (2022). The distance to Mersin city center is 28 kilometres (17 mi). It is situated in the Taurus Mountains. It is inhabited by Tahtacı.
References
^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
^ Peter Alfred, Andrews; Benninghaus, Rüdiger, eds. (1989). Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey. p. 291.
vteNeighbourhoods of Toroslar District
Akbelen
Aladağ
Alanyalı
Alsancak
Arpaçsakarlar
Arslanköy
Atlılar
Ayvagediği
Bekiralanı
Buluklu
Çağdaşkent
Çağlarca
Çamlıdere
Çandır
Çavuşlu
Çelebili
Çopurlu
Çukurova
Dalakdere
Darısekisi
Değirmendere
Değnek
Demirtaş
Doruklu
Düğdüören
Evrenli
Gözne
Güneykent
Güzelyayla
H. Okan Merzeci
Halkkent
Hamzabeyli
Horozlu
Işıktepe
Karaisalı
Kaşlı
Kavaklıpınar
Kayrakkeşli
Kepirli
Kerimler
Kızılkaya
Korucular
Korukent
Kurdali
Kurudere
Mevlana
Mithat Toroğlu
Musalı
Mustafa Kemal
Osmaniye
Portakal
Resulköy
Sağlık
Şahinpınarı
Selçuklar
Soğucak
Tırtar
Toroslar
Tozkoparan
Turgut Türkalp
Turunçlu
Yalınayak
Yavca
Yeniköy
Yüksekoluk
Yusuf Kılıç
Zeki Ayan
This geographical article about a location in Mersin Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anson_G._Henry
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Anson G. Henry
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["1 Life","1.1 Oregon","2 Bibliography","3 References"]
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Physician to Abraham Lincoln (1804–1865)
Anson G. HenryBorn(1804-10-03)October 3, 1804Richfield, New YorkDiedJuly 30, 1865(1865-07-30) (aged 60)Ocean off of Crescent City, CaliforniaNationalityAmericanOccupation(s)Physician, politicianYears active1827-1865Known forfriend to President Abraham Lincoln, Indian agent to Oregon tribes
Anson G. Henry (October 3, 1804 - July 30, 1865) was a physician and politician, who is best known for his friendship with Abraham Lincoln. Henry received patronage appointments to Oregon Territory through Lincoln from 1852 onwards, first as an Indian agent and then as Surveyor General of Washington Territory. He died when the steamer Brother Jonathan ran aground near Crescent City, California and sank.
Life
Anson G. Henry was born on October 3, 1804, in Richfield, New York. He was the oldest son of the five sons and three daughters of Gordon Henry (1777-1857), a farmer of Protestant Irish descent, and his wife, Phebe (Cheeseman) Henry. Henry gained his medical degree in 1827 from Cincinnati College and the Medical College of Ohio. After a series of failed business ventures in Michigan and Louisville, Kentucky, Henry married Eliza Broadstreet and moved to Springfield, Illinois in October 1832. In 1832 and 1833, Henry assisted with the cholera outbreaks in St. Louis and Jacksonville, Illinois, gaining recognition as an expert in treatment of cholera. Henry met Abraham Lincoln in Springfield, quickly becoming friends, though Henry was five years older.
Henry became heavily involved in politics. He was one of three commissioners responsible for overseeing the construction of the State Capitol in 1837. Accused of allowing cost overruns, he was exonerated by an investigating committee suggested by Lincoln. After Mary Todd broke the engagement with Lincoln on January 1, 1841, he regularly sought out Henry's company. A fellow state senator later recounted, "Mr. Lincoln boarded at William Butler’s, near to Dr. Henry’s, where I boarded. The missing days, from January 13th to 19th, Mr. Lincoln spent several hours each day at Dr. Henry’s; a part of these days I remained with Mr. Lincoln. His most intimate friends had no fears of his injuring himself. He was very sad and melancholy, but being subject to these spells, nothing serious was apprehended." In 1850, Henry assisted in the formation of the Illinois State Medical Society and was appointed Vice-President.
Oregon
In 1850, Lincoln wrote a letter to Thomas Ewing, the first Secretary of the Interior, urging Henry's appointment as a patronage appointment as an Indian agent. Later than year on June 24, 1850, Henry received an appointment as an Indian agent for the Oregon Territory, however he did not leave until April 6, 1852, taking his wife and five children. The family arrived in Lafayette, Oregon in October, where he began practicing medicine and accepted an appointment as deputy surveyor of Yamhill County. In 1853, he successfully ran for a seat representing Yamhill in the Oregon Territorial Legislature, serving in the 6th Legislative Session from December 1854 to February 1855. In 1855, he participated in the Rogue River Wars. As a member of the Oregon Volunteer militia, he served as commissary, and reportedly favored the genocide of Native Americans.
"I found that very little preparation had been made for the comfort or successful treatment of the large number of naked diseased Indians, who had been collected together suddenly from all parts of the territory. I found them sick & dying under circumstances which appealed most strongly to the sympathies of the human heart."
Anson G. Henry, Letter to Absalom F. Hedges, Oregon Superintendent of Indian Affairs, dated January 5, 1857
In 1856, Henry was appointed physician to the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation, receiving an annual salary of $2000, more than could be achieved by farming. He arrived at the reservation in May 1856, later providing among the most detailed accounts of the health situation in Oregon's early reservations. His reports indicate that up to two-thirds of the population of the settlement were sick, all of which were under his care as the sole doctor.
Henry and Lincoln corresponded regularly by mail even after Henry moved to Oregon. On July 4, 1860, Lincoln wrote, "Long before this you have learned who was nominated at Chicago. We know not what a day may bring forth; but, to-day, it looks as if the Chicago ticket will be elected." In May, Lincoln had received the nomination of the Republican Party as its presidential candidate and would go on to win the presidential election. One of Lincoln's first presidential appointments was to name Henry as Surveyor-General of Washington Territory, succeeding James Tilton, and serving from 1861 to 1865. Henry visited Washington, DC in the spring of 1863 where Lincoln insisted that he stay and accompany him in a visit of the Army of the Potomac. Henry's daughter had married Washington territory prosecuting attorney Aleck C. Smith, for whom Henry successfully sought an appointment to the territorial supreme court at this time.
Following the 1864 United States presidential election, Henry returned to Washington, DC in anticipation of a high political appointment in the Interior Department. Mary Todd Lincoln and Noah Brooks considered him an ally and sought his appointment as Commissioner of Indian Affairs. However, the President eventually informed Henry that he did not want to remove William P. Dole in favor of another friend. Disappointed, Henry traveled to Richmond, Virginia, where he was during the assassination of the president on April 14, 1865. In a letter to his wife, Henry recounted his reaction to seeing Lincoln's corpse and his attempts to comfort Mary Todd. Henry stayed in the White House for the next six weeks, acting as physician to care for the distraught Mary Todd, eventually accompanying her back to Chicago.
After leaving Mary Todd Lincoln, he began making his way back to his family in Oregon. On July 28, 1865, Henry boarded Brother Jonathan in San Francisco for a voyage to Portland, Oregon. After running aground on the 30th, the vessel sank; killing over 200 passengers and crew, including Henry. On August 30, Mary Todd wrote Henry's widow, "We have both been called upon to resign, to our Heavenly Father, two of the best men & the most devoted husbands, that two unhappy women, ever possessed."
Bibliography
Pratt, Harry E (1944). Dr. Anson G. Henry : Lincoln's physician and friend. Harrogate, Tenn.: Lincoln Memorial University, Dept. of Lincolniana. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
Temple, Wayne Calhoun (1988). "Dr. Anson G. Henry, personal physician to the Lincolns". Historical Bulletin. 43. Madison, WI: Lincoln Fellowship of Wisconsin. OCLC 18451835. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
References
^ Lincoln, Abraham (2008). The Papers of Abraham Lincoln: Legal Documents and Cases. University of Virginia Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-8139-2606-3.
^ Adams, William (1893). Historical Gazetteer and Biographical Memorial of Cattaraugus County, N.Y. Lyman, Horton. pp. 613–614.
^ Pratt, 1944, pp. 5-6
^ Pratt, 1944, p. 6
^ Pratt, 1944, p. 7
^ Pratt, 1944, pp. 7-8
^ Ida M. Tarbell, The Life of Abraham Lincoln, Volume I, p. 180. in "The Politicians: Anson G. Henry (1804-1865)". Mr. Lincoln & Friends. The Lehrman Institute. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
^ a b Pratt, 1944, p. 8
^ Roy P. Basler, editor, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, Volume II, p. 78 (Letter to Thomas Ewing, March 22, 1850). in "The Politicians: Anson G. Henry (1804-1865)". Mr. Lincoln & Friends. The Lehrman Institute. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
^ Pratt, 1944, pp. 14-15
^ Pratt, 1944, p. 15
^ a b c Lewis, David G. (23 February 2018). "A Hotbed of Disease and Death, Anson G. Henry Physician at Grande Ronde". NDNHistory Research. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
^ Roy P. Basler, editor, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, Volume IV, p. 81-82 (Letter to Anson G. Henry, July 4, 1860). in "The Politicians: Anson G. Henry (1804-1865)". Mr. Lincoln & Friends. The Lehrman Institute. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
^ "A Brief History of the General Land Office in Washington" (PDF). www.olsonengr.com. Olson Engineering. p. 15. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
^ a b "The Politicians: Anson G. Henry (1804-1865)". Mr. Lincoln & Friends. The Lehrman Institute. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
^ Debora K. Kristensen, "The First 50 Men In Idaho Law, The Advocate (October 2010), p. 54.
^ Pratt, 1944, p. 18
^ "A Letter from Dr. Anson G. Henry to his wife". Remembering Lincoln. Ford's Theatre. April 19, 1865. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
^ Pratt, 1944, p. 19
^ "A Letter from Mary Todd Lincoln to Mrs. Anson G. Henry". Remembering Lincoln. Ford's Theatre. August 31, 1865. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
SNAC
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Oregon Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Territory"},{"link_name":"Indian agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_agent"},{"link_name":"Washington Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Territory"},{"link_name":"Brother Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Jonathan_(steamer)"},{"link_name":"Crescent City, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_City,_California"}],"text":"Anson G. Henry (October 3, 1804 - July 30, 1865) was a physician and politician, who is best known for his friendship with Abraham Lincoln. Henry received patronage appointments to Oregon Territory through Lincoln from 1852 onwards, first as an Indian agent and then as Surveyor General of Washington Territory. He died when the steamer Brother Jonathan ran aground near Crescent City, California and sank.","title":"Anson G. Henry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richfield, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richfield,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Protestant Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Irish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati College and the Medical College of Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"cholera outbreaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1826%E2%80%931837_cholera_pandemic"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_State_Capitol_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mary Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Illinois State Medical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illinois_State_Medical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pratt8-8"}],"text":"Anson G. Henry was born on October 3, 1804, in Richfield, New York.[1] He was the oldest son of the five sons and three daughters of Gordon Henry (1777-1857), a farmer of Protestant Irish descent, and his wife, Phebe (Cheeseman) Henry.[2] Henry gained his medical degree in 1827 from Cincinnati College and the Medical College of Ohio. After a series of failed business ventures in Michigan and Louisville, Kentucky, Henry married Eliza Broadstreet and moved to Springfield, Illinois in October 1832. In 1832 and 1833, Henry assisted with the cholera outbreaks in St. Louis and Jacksonville, Illinois, gaining recognition as an expert in treatment of cholera.[3] Henry met Abraham Lincoln in Springfield, quickly becoming friends, though Henry was five years older.[4]Henry became heavily involved in politics. He was one of three commissioners responsible for overseeing the construction of the State Capitol in 1837. Accused of allowing cost overruns, he was exonerated by an investigating committee suggested by Lincoln.[5] After Mary Todd broke the engagement with Lincoln on January 1, 1841, he regularly sought out Henry's company.[6] A fellow state senator later recounted, \"Mr. Lincoln boarded at William Butler’s, near to Dr. Henry’s, where I boarded. The missing days, from January 13th to 19th, Mr. Lincoln spent several hours each day at Dr. Henry’s; a part of these days I remained with Mr. Lincoln. His most intimate friends had no fears of his injuring himself. He was very sad and melancholy, but being subject to these spells, nothing serious was apprehended.\"[7] In 1850, Henry assisted in the formation of the Illinois State Medical Society and was appointed Vice-President.[8]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"Indian agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_agent"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Oregon Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Territory"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pratt8-8"},{"link_name":"Lafayette, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Yamhill County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamhill_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Oregon Territorial Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Territorial_Legislature"},{"link_name":"6th Legislative Session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Oregon_Territorial_Legislature#1854"},{"link_name":"Rogue River Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_River_Wars"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pratt15-11"},{"link_name":"Oregon Volunteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oregon_Volunteer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"commissary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissary"},{"link_name":"genocide of Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis-12"},{"link_name":"Absalom F. Hedges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Absalom_F._Hedges&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oregon Superintendent of Indian Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Superintendent_of_Indian_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis-12"},{"link_name":"Grand Ronde Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ronde_Community"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"the nomination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"the presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Washington Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Territory"},{"link_name":"James Tilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tilton_(surveyor)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Washington, DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC"},{"link_name":"Army of the Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mrlincoln-15"},{"link_name":"Aleck C. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleck_C._Smith"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kristensen-16"},{"link_name":"1864 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Noah Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Brooks"},{"link_name":"Commissioner of Indian Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_of_Indian_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mrlincoln-15"},{"link_name":"William P. Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_P._Dole&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"the assassination of the president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Brother Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Jonathan_(steamer)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Oregon","text":"In 1850, Lincoln wrote a letter to Thomas Ewing, the first Secretary of the Interior, urging Henry's appointment as a patronage appointment as an Indian agent.[9] Later than year on June 24, 1850, Henry received an appointment as an Indian agent for the Oregon Territory, however he did not leave until April 6, 1852, taking his wife and five children.[8] The family arrived in Lafayette, Oregon in October, where he began practicing medicine and accepted an appointment as deputy surveyor of Yamhill County.[10] In 1853, he successfully ran for a seat representing Yamhill in the Oregon Territorial Legislature, serving in the 6th Legislative Session from December 1854 to February 1855. In 1855, he participated in the Rogue River Wars.[11] As a member of the Oregon Volunteer militia, he served as commissary, and reportedly favored the genocide of Native Americans.[12]\"I found that very little preparation had been made for the comfort or successful treatment of the large number of naked diseased Indians, who had been collected together suddenly from all parts of the territory. I found them sick & dying under circumstances which appealed most strongly to the sympathies of the human heart.\"\n\n\nAnson G. Henry, Letter to Absalom F. Hedges, Oregon Superintendent of Indian Affairs, dated January 5, 1857[12]In 1856, Henry was appointed physician to the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation, receiving an annual salary of $2000, more than could be achieved by farming. He arrived at the reservation in May 1856, later providing among the most detailed accounts of the health situation in Oregon's early reservations. His reports indicate that up to two-thirds of the population of the settlement were sick, all of which were under his care as the sole doctor.[12]Henry and Lincoln corresponded regularly by mail even after Henry moved to Oregon. On July 4, 1860, Lincoln wrote, \"Long before this you have learned who was nominated at Chicago. We know not what a day may bring forth; but, to-day, it looks as if the Chicago ticket will be elected.\"[13] In May, Lincoln had received the nomination of the Republican Party as its presidential candidate and would go on to win the presidential election. One of Lincoln's first presidential appointments was to name Henry as Surveyor-General of Washington Territory, succeeding James Tilton, and serving from 1861 to 1865.[14] Henry visited Washington, DC in the spring of 1863 where Lincoln insisted that he stay and accompany him in a visit of the Army of the Potomac.[15] Henry's daughter had married Washington territory prosecuting attorney Aleck C. Smith, for whom Henry successfully sought an appointment to the territorial supreme court at this time.[16]Following the 1864 United States presidential election, Henry returned to Washington, DC in anticipation of a high political appointment in the Interior Department. Mary Todd Lincoln and Noah Brooks considered him an ally and sought his appointment as Commissioner of Indian Affairs.[15] However, the President eventually informed Henry that he did not want to remove William P. Dole in favor of another friend.[17] Disappointed, Henry traveled to Richmond, Virginia, where he was during the assassination of the president on April 14, 1865. In a letter to his wife, Henry recounted his reaction to seeing Lincoln's corpse and his attempts to comfort Mary Todd.[18] Henry stayed in the White House for the next six weeks, acting as physician to care for the distraught Mary Todd, eventually accompanying her back to Chicago.[19]After leaving Mary Todd Lincoln, he began making his way back to his family in Oregon. On July 28, 1865, Henry boarded Brother Jonathan in San Francisco for a voyage to Portland, Oregon. After running aground on the 30th, the vessel sank; killing over 200 passengers and crew, including Henry. On August 30, Mary Todd wrote Henry's widow, \"We have both been called upon to resign, to our Heavenly Father, two of the best men & the most devoted husbands, that two unhappy women, ever possessed.\"[20]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. Anson G. Henry : Lincoln's physician and friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/dransonghenrylin00prat"},{"link_name":"\"Dr. Anson G. Henry, personal physician to the Lincolns\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/18451835"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18451835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/18451835"}],"text":"Pratt, Harry E (1944). Dr. Anson G. Henry : Lincoln's physician and friend. Harrogate, Tenn.: Lincoln Memorial University, Dept. of Lincolniana. Retrieved 13 September 2019.\nTemple, Wayne Calhoun (1988). \"Dr. Anson G. Henry, personal physician to the Lincolns\". Historical Bulletin. 43. Madison, WI: Lincoln Fellowship of Wisconsin. OCLC 18451835. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Pratt, Harry E (1944). Dr. Anson G. Henry : Lincoln's physician and friend. Harrogate, Tenn.: Lincoln Memorial University, Dept. of Lincolniana. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dransonghenrylin00prat","url_text":"Dr. Anson G. Henry : Lincoln's physician and friend"}]},{"reference":"Temple, Wayne Calhoun (1988). \"Dr. Anson G. Henry, personal physician to the Lincolns\". Historical Bulletin. 43. Madison, WI: Lincoln Fellowship of Wisconsin. OCLC 18451835. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18451835","url_text":"\"Dr. Anson G. Henry, personal physician to the Lincolns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18451835","url_text":"18451835"}]},{"reference":"Lincoln, Abraham (2008). The Papers of Abraham Lincoln: Legal Documents and Cases. University of Virginia Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-8139-2606-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UUkkAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Papers of Abraham Lincoln: Legal Documents and Cases"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2606-3","url_text":"978-0-8139-2606-3"}]},{"reference":"Adams, William (1893). Historical Gazetteer and Biographical Memorial of Cattaraugus County, N.Y. Lyman, Horton. pp. 613–614.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ83AQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Historical Gazetteer and Biographical Memorial of Cattaraugus County, N.Y."}]},{"reference":"\"The Politicians: Anson G. Henry (1804-1865)\". Mr. Lincoln & Friends. The Lehrman Institute. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mrlincolnandfriends.org/the-politicians/anson-henry/","url_text":"\"The Politicians: Anson G. Henry (1804-1865)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Politicians: Anson G. Henry (1804-1865)\". Mr. Lincoln & Friends. The Lehrman Institute. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mrlincolnandfriends.org/the-politicians/anson-henry/","url_text":"\"The Politicians: Anson G. Henry (1804-1865)\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, David G. (23 February 2018). \"A Hotbed of Disease and Death, Anson G. Henry Physician at Grande Ronde\". NDNHistory Research. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ndnhistoryresearch.com/2018/02/23/anson-g-henry-physician-at-grand-ronde/","url_text":"\"A Hotbed of Disease and Death, Anson G. Henry Physician at Grande Ronde\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Politicians: Anson G. Henry (1804-1865)\". Mr. Lincoln & Friends. The Lehrman Institute. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mrlincolnandfriends.org/the-politicians/anson-henry/","url_text":"\"The Politicians: Anson G. Henry (1804-1865)\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History of the General Land Office in Washington\" (PDF). www.olsonengr.com. Olson Engineering. p. 15. Retrieved 14 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olsonengr.com/sites/default/files/surveying-history/files/briefhistory.pdf","url_text":"\"A Brief History of the General Land Office in Washington\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Politicians: Anson G. Henry (1804-1865)\". Mr. Lincoln & Friends. The Lehrman Institute. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mrlincolnandfriends.org/the-politicians/anson-henry/","url_text":"\"The Politicians: Anson G. Henry (1804-1865)\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Letter from Dr. Anson G. Henry to his wife\". Remembering Lincoln. Ford's Theatre. April 19, 1865. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://rememberinglincoln.fords.org/node/1175","url_text":"\"A Letter from Dr. Anson G. Henry to his wife\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Letter from Mary Todd Lincoln to Mrs. Anson G. Henry\". Remembering Lincoln. Ford's Theatre. August 31, 1865. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://rememberinglincoln.fords.org/node/1178","url_text":"\"A Letter from Mary Todd Lincoln to Mrs. Anson G. Henry\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910%E2%80%9311_Challenge_Cup
|
1910–11 Challenge Cup
|
["1 First round","2 Second round","3 Quarterfinals","4 Semifinals","5 Final","6 References","7 External links"]
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1910–11 Challenge CupDuration5 roundsHighest attendance8,000Winners Broughton RangersRunners-up Wigan
← 1909–10
1911–12 →
The 1910–11 Challenge Cup was the 15th staging of rugby league's oldest knockout competition, the Challenge Cup.
The final was contested by the Broughton Rangers and Wigan at the Willows in Salford.
The final was played on Saturday 29 April 1911, where Broughton beat Wigan 4-0 at the Willows in front of a crowd of 8,000.
Broughton won their second, and to date, last Challenge Cup.
The scoreline set a record for the lowest winning score and lowest aggregate score in a Challenge Cup final.
First round
Date
Team one
Team two
Score
18 Feb
Barrow
Hull FC
7-0
18 Feb
Batley
Ebbw Vale
7-2
18 Feb
Broughton Moor
Runcorn
6-23
18 Feb
Coventry
Warrington
10-18
18 Feb
Dewsbury
York Groves Utd
47-0
18 Feb
Halifax
York
63-0
18 Feb
Hull Kingston Rovers
Oldham
7-9
18 Feb
Keighley
Salford
0-5
18 Feb
Lane End Utd
Widnes
0-3
18 Feb
Leeds
Leigh
8-3
18 Feb
Normanton St John's
Broughton Rangers
6-10
18 Feb
Pemberton Rovers
Bradford Northern
4-12
18 Feb
Rochdale Hornets
Hunslet
11-5
18 Feb
St Helens
Bramley
26-7
18 Feb
Wakefield Trinity
Swinton
15-0
18 Feb
Wigan
Huddersfield
18-13
Second round
Date
Team one
Team two
Score
04 Mar
Barrow
Salford
5-6
04 Mar
Broughton Rangers
Dewsbury
9-0
04 Mar
Halifax
Bradford Northern
5-7
04 Mar
Oldham
Wakefield Trinity
11-3
04 Mar
Rochdale Hornets
Widnes
8-0
04 Mar
Runcorn
Batley
3-9
04 Mar
St Helens
Leeds
6-11
04 Mar
Wigan
Warrington
21-2
Quarterfinals
Date
Team one
Team two
Score
18 Mar
Broughton Rangers
Bradford Northern
10-0
18 Mar
Leeds
Wigan
4-13
18 Mar
Oldham
Rochdale Hornets
8-8
18 Mar
Salford
Batley
3-18
21 Mar
Rochdale Hornets
Oldham
4-3
Semifinals
Date
Team one
Team two
Score
08 Apr
Batley
Wigan
2-4
08 Apr
Broughton Rangers
Rochdale Hornets
12-9
Final
Date
Team one
Team two
Score
29 Apr
Broughton Rangers
Wigan
4-0
References
^ John Huxley; David Howes (1980). Encyclopedia of Rugby League Football. London: Robert Hale. pp. 41–43. ISBN 0-7091-8133-7.
^ Raymond Fletcher; David Howes (1995). Rothmans Rugby League Yearbook 1995-1996. London: Headline Book Publishing. p. 191. ISBN 0-7472-7817-2.
^ "RFL Challenge Cup Roll of Honour". Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
^ "RFL Challenge Cup Roll of Honour". Archived from the original on 2009-04-03. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
^ "RFL All Time Records". Archived from the original on 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
External links
Challenge Cup official website Archived 2014-01-22 at the Wayback Machine
Challenge Cup 1910/11 results at Rugby League Project
vteBroughton Rangers squad – 1910–11 Challenge Cup Final winners
1 G. Davidson
2 H. M. Bouch
3 A. G. Wild
4 W. Harris
5 W. Scott
6 Billy Barlow
7 Edward Jones
8 J. Gorry
9 A. Hirst
10 W. Winskill
11 George Ruddick
12 Jim Clampitt
13 R. Clampitt
vteChallenge CupYears
1890– · 1891–92 · 1892–93 · 1893–94 · 1894–95 · 1895–96
1896–97
1897–98
1898–99
1899–1900
1900–01
1901–02
1902–03
1903–04
1904–05
1905–06
1906–07
1907–08
1908–09
1909–10
1910–11
1911–12
1912–13
1913–14
1914–15
1915–16
1916–17
1917–18
1918–19
1919–20
1920–21
1921–22
1922–23
1923–24
1924–25
1925–26
1926–27
1927–28
1928–29
1929–30
1930–31
1931–32
1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–44
1944–45
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
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Related articles
List of finals
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Abide with Me
Rugby Football League
Challenge Cup records
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|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090403144113/http://www.therfl.co.uk/challengecup/page.php?areaid=65","external_links_name":"\"RFL Challenge Cup Roll of Honour\""},{"Link":"http://www.therfl.co.uk/challengecup/page.php?areaid=65","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090403144113/http://www.therfl.co.uk/challengecup/page.php?areaid=65","external_links_name":"\"RFL Challenge Cup Roll of Honour\""},{"Link":"http://www.therfl.co.uk/challengecup/page.php?areaid=65","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080527024354/http://www.therfl.co.uk/challengecup/page.php?areaid=64","external_links_name":"\"RFL All Time Records\""},{"Link":"http://www.therfl.co.uk/challengecup/page.php?areaid=64","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thechallengecup.com/","external_links_name":"Challenge Cup official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140122043124/http://www.thechallengecup.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/competitions/challenge-cup-1910-11/results.html","external_links_name":"Challenge Cup 1910/11 results"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirulinales
|
Spirulinaceae
|
["1 References"]
|
Family of bacteria
Spirulinaceae
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Cyanobacteria
Class:
Cyanophyceae
Order:
SpirulinalesKomárek et al. 2014
Family:
Spirulinaceae(Gomont) Hoffmann, Komárek, & Kaštovský
Genera
Glaucospira Lagerheim 1892
Halospirulina Nübel et al. 2000
Spirulina Turpin ex Gomont 1892
Synonyms
Spirulinoideae Gomont 1892
The Spirulinaceae is a family of cyanobacteria, the only family in the order Spirulinales. Its members are notable for having coiled trichomes.
References
^ a b Komárek J, Kaštovský J, Mareš J, Johansen JR (2014). "Taxonomic classification of cyanoprokaryotes (cyanobacterial genera) 2014, using a polyphasic approach" (PDF). Preslia. 86: 295–335.
Taxon identifiersSpirulinaceae
Wikidata: Q26694233
Wikispecies: Spirulinaceae
AlgaeBase: 87064
FloraBase: 49912
GBIF: 3237676
iNaturalist: 509079
IRMNG: 119695
LPSN: spirulinaceae
NCBI: 1890448
Open Tree of Life: 5163391
WoRMS: 599619
Spirulinales
Wikidata: Q22286498
Wikispecies: Spirulinales
AlgaeBase: 137169
GBIF: 10924166
IRMNG: 11905129
LPSN: spirulinales
NCBI: 1890443
WoRMS: 1293730
This Cyanobacteria-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyanobacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria"}],"text":"The Spirulinaceae is a family of cyanobacteria, the only family in the order Spirulinales. Its members are notable for having coiled trichomes.","title":"Spirulinaceae"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Komárek J, Kaštovský J, Mareš J, Johansen JR (2014). \"Taxonomic classification of cyanoprokaryotes (cyanobacterial genera) 2014, using a polyphasic approach\" (PDF). Preslia. 86: 295–335.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.preslia.cz/P144Komarek.pdf","url_text":"\"Taxonomic classification of cyanoprokaryotes (cyanobacterial genera) 2014, using a polyphasic approach\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.preslia.cz/P144Komarek.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Taxonomic classification of cyanoprokaryotes (cyanobacterial genera) 2014, using a polyphasic approach\""},{"Link":"https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/detail/?taxonid=87064","external_links_name":"87064"},{"Link":"https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/49912","external_links_name":"49912"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3237676","external_links_name":"3237676"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/509079","external_links_name":"509079"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=119695","external_links_name":"119695"},{"Link":"https://lpsn.dsmz.de/family/spirulinaceae","external_links_name":"spirulinaceae"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1890448","external_links_name":"1890448"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=5163391","external_links_name":"5163391"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=599619","external_links_name":"599619"},{"Link":"https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/detail/?taxonid=137169","external_links_name":"137169"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/10924166","external_links_name":"10924166"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11905129","external_links_name":"11905129"},{"Link":"https://lpsn.dsmz.de/order/spirulinales","external_links_name":"spirulinales"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1890443","external_links_name":"1890443"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1293730","external_links_name":"1293730"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spirulinaceae&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Noll
|
Chuck Noll
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Playing career","2.1 Cleveland Browns","3 Coaching career","3.1 Los Angeles/San Diego Chargers","3.2 Baltimore Colts","3.3 Pittsburgh Steelers","3.4 Post-coaching life","4 Death","5 Legacy","6 Head coaching record","7 Coaching tree","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"]
|
American football player and coach (1932–2014)
American football player
Chuck NollNoll with the Cleveland Browns in 1954No. 65Position:GuardLinebackerPersonal informationBorn:(1932-01-05)January 5, 1932Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.Died:June 13, 2014(2014-06-13) (aged 82)Sewickley, Pennsylvania, U.S.Height:6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)Weight:220 lb (100 kg)Career informationHigh school:Benedictine (Cleveland, Ohio)College:DaytonNFL draft:1953 / Round: 20 / Pick: 239Career history
As a player:
Cleveland Browns (1953–1959)
As a coach:
Los Angeles/San Diego Chargers (1960–1961)Defensive line coach
San Diego Chargers (1962–1965)Defensive coordinator & backfield coach
Baltimore Colts (1966–1968)Defensive coordinator & backfield coach
Pittsburgh Steelers (1969–1991)Head coach
Career highlights and awards
As a player
2× NFL champion (1954, 1955)
As a head coach
4× Super Bowl champion (IX, X, XIII, XIV)
Maxwell Club NFL Coach of the Year (1989)
UPI AFC Coach of the Year (1972)
NFL 1970s All-Decade Team
NFL 1980s All-Decade Team
NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team
Pittsburgh Steelers Hall of Honor
Pittsburgh Pro Football Hall of Fame
As an assistant coach
NFL champion (1968)
AFL champion (1963)
Head coaching recordRegular season:193–148–1 (.566)Postseason:16–8 (.667)Career:209–156–1 (.572)Player stats at PFRCoaching stats at PFRPro Football Hall of Fame
Charles Henry Noll (January 5, 1932 – June 13, 2014) was an American professional football player and head coach. Regarded as one of the greatest head coaches of all time, his sole head coaching position was for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1969 to 1991. When Noll retired after 23 years, only three other head coaches in NFL history had longer tenures with one team.
After a seven-year playing career that included two NFL Championships as a member of his hometown Cleveland Browns and several years as an assistant coach with various teams, in 1969 Noll took the helm of the then moribund Steelers (which had played in only one post-season game in its previous 36 years, a 21–0 loss), and turned it into a perennial contender. As a head coach, Noll won four Super Bowls, four AFC titles and nine Central Division championships, compiled a 209–156–1 (.572) overall record, a 16–8 playoff record and had winning records in 15 of his final 20 seasons. His four Super Bowl victories rank second behind Bill Belichick for the most of any head coach in NFL history, and are the most ever by a head coach without a Super Bowl loss.
Between his playing and coaching tenures, Noll won a total of seven NFL Championships as well as one AFL Championship and was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993, his first year of eligibility.
Noll built the team through astute drafting and meticulous tutoring. During his career, he was notable for the opportunities he gave African Americans, starting the first black quarterback in franchise history and hiring one of the first black assistant coaches in league history. He was often credited with maintaining the morale of Western Pennsylvania, despite the region's steep economic decline in the late 20th century, by creating a team of champions in the image of its blue-collar fan base.
Early life and education
Noll at Benedictine High School in 1949.
Noll was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the youngest of three siblings (by eight years) of William Noll, a butcher, frequently unable to work owing to Parkinson's disease, and Katherine Steigerwald Noll, a florist. The family lived in the house Noll's mother grew up in with her 12 siblings, near East 74th Street, in a neighborhood with a large African-American population, a fact that helps account for Noll's early championing of opportunity for African Americans in the NFL (both players from traditionally black colleges and later as coaches). On a local youth football team Noll played with Harold Owens, the nephew of Olympic star Jesse Owens.
Noll attended Benedictine High School. He began working in seventh grade and by the time he entered high school, he had saved enough for two-year's worth of the $150 tuition. Throughout high school he continued to work, making 55-cent an hour at Fisher Brothers meat market after school. Education was always important to him, so despite the schedule, he studied enough to graduate 28th in his class of 252.
Playing career
Noll during a game at Benedictine High School in 1948.
Noll played running back and tackle on the high school football team, winning All-State honors. During his senior year, he was named to the "All Catholic Universe" team by the Diocese of Cleveland newspaper. Noll was also a wrestler while in high school.
Noll planned to attend Notre Dame, but during a practice before his freshman year he suffered an epileptic seizure on the field. Notre Dame coach Frank Leahy refused to take the risk of allowing Noll to play there and so Noll accepted a football scholarship to the University of Dayton. Noll graduated with a degree in secondary education. As a member of the Flyers, he was a lineman, linebacker and a co-captain, and acquired the nickname, the "Pope," for his "'infallible' grasp of the game."
Cleveland Browns
Noll was selected by the Cleveland Browns in the 20th round of the 1953 NFL draft (239th overall). During his first year, the Browns lost to the Detroit Lions in the NFL championship. The next two years, however, the Browns were NFL champions, and Noll finished his NFL career with eight interceptions, three fumble recoveries, and a touchdown on one of each.
Although the undersized Noll was drafted as a linebacker, Coach Paul Brown used him as one of his "messenger guards" to send play calls to the quarterback, beginning with Otto Graham. Brown recalled that Noll soon "could have called the plays himself without any help from the bench. That's how smart he was." According to Art Rooney, Jr., director of scouting for the Steelers before and during most of Noll's tenure, Noll felt demeaned by Brown's use of him in that way and "disliked the term 'messenger boy' so much that as coach of the Steelers he entrusted all the play calling to his quarterbacks."
Noll was paid only $5,000 per season with the Browns and so while there he acted as substitute teacher at Holy Name High School and sold insurance on the side. During that period Noll also attended Cleveland-Marshall College of Law at night. He told Dan Rooney that he decided against becoming a lawyer because "he didn't really like the constant confrontation and arguments that come with being a lawyer."
When Noll lost the starting guard position to John Wooten, he chose to retire at age 27 expecting to begin his coaching career at his alma mater. He was surprised, however, when he was not offered an open position on the University of Dayton coaching staff. He was offered a position by Sid Gillman on the staff of the Los Angeles Chargers, during its inaugural season.
Coaching career
Noll in 1959.
Noll was an assistant coach for the American Football League's then Los Angeles and later San Diego Chargers from 1960 to 1965. He then became assistant to head coach Don Shula of the NFL Baltimore Colts from 1965 to 1968, when he was selected as the Pittsburgh Steelers' head coach.
Los Angeles/San Diego Chargers
Noll is considered part of Sid Gillman's coaching tree. He later remembered Gillman as "one of the game's prime researchers and offensive specialists. In six years, I had more exposure to football than I normally would have received in 12 years." During Noll's six-year tenure with the Chargers, where he was defensive line coach, the defensive backfield coach and defensive coordinator, the team appeared in five AFL championship games. Gillman said that Noll "had a great way with players," specifically "If a guy didn't do the job expected, Chuck could climb on his back." Massive defensive tackle Ernie Ladd said that Noll was a "fiery guy" but also "the best teacher I ever played under." "He and I were always fighting, always squabbling, but he had a great way of teaching. I take my hat off to Chuck. He was one of the main reasons for our success." The defensive line under Noll became known as the "Fearsome Foursome," and during 1961 defensive end Earl Faison was named AFL rookie of the year.
During Noll's time at Chargers, Al Davis was also an assistant and scout. Davis would later become coach and general manager of the Oakland Raiders, the principal AFC rival of the Steelers' in the 1970s.
Baltimore Colts
With the Colts, Noll was defensive backfield coach and later defensive coordinator. Together with assistant coach Bill Arnsparger the Colts employed shifting alignments of rotating zone and maximum blitz defensive packages. In 1968, Noll's last season as defensive coordinator, the Baltimore Colts compiled a 13–1 record in the regular season and tied the NFL season record for fewest points allowed (144).
Shula was impressed by Noll's approach: "He explained how to do things and wrote up the technique. He was one of the first coaches I was around that wrote up in great detail all of the techniques used by players—for example, the backpedal and the defensive back's position on the receiver. He was like a classroom teacher."
The Colts won the NFL championship by routing the Cleveland Browns 34–0 in Cleveland, but were shocked by the upstart AFL champion New York Jets, 16–7, in Super Bowl III at the Orange Bowl in Miami. The next day, Noll interviewed for the head coach position in Pittsburgh.
Pittsburgh Steelers
At age 37, Noll was named the 14th head coach of the Pittsburgh Steelers on January 27, 1969, after Penn State coach Joe Paterno turned down an offer for the position. At the time of his hiring, he was the youngest head coach in the NFL. Steelers owner Art Rooney would later credit Don Shula as the person who recommended Noll as a head coach.
Noll implemented a defensive system in Pittsburgh that became the legendary "Steel Curtain" defense. His coaching style earned him the nickname of The Emperor Chaz by sports announcer Myron Cope. Noll was the first head coach to win four Super Bowls (IX, X, XIII, XIV).
The key to Noll's coaching success during this run was the Steelers' skill in selecting outstanding players in the NFL college player draft. Noll's first round-one pick was Joe Greene, a defensive tackle from North Texas State, who went on to become a perennial All-Pro and anchor the defensive line. During the next few years, the Steelers drafted quarterback Terry Bradshaw (Louisiana Tech) and running back Franco Harris (Penn State) as round one picks. In the 1974 draft, Noll and the Steelers achieved a level of drafting success never seen before or since, when they selected four future Hall of Fame players with their first five picks: wide receivers Lynn Swann and John Stallworth, middle linebacker Jack Lambert, and center Mike Webster. To this day, only two other drafts by any team in history has included more than two future Hall of Famers.
A meticulous coach, Noll was known during practice to dwell on fundamentals—such as the three-point stance—things that professional players were expected to know. For instance, Andy Russell, already a Pro Bowl linebacker before Noll arrived and one of the few players Noll kept after purging the roster his first year, was told by Noll that he didn't have his feet positioned right. As a result of Noll's attention to detail, Russell went on to become a key member for the first two Super Bowl teams and started the linebacker tradition that continues today in Pittsburgh.
Noll was a well-read man who valued education and expected likewise from his team, so he sought players who studied useful or practical subjects in college and had interests outside of football. "I didn't want to pick guys who just took wood shop or some other easy course they could breeze through to play football." he explained.
While most of his contemporaries, as well as current NFL head coaches, enforced strict curfew rules on its players, Noll was very lax on off-the-field behavior. This was shown at Super Bowl IX. While Noll's counterpart – Minnesota Vikings head coach Bud Grant – strictly kept his team in their hotel rooms except for practice before the game, Noll told his team upon arriving in New Orleans to go out on Bourbon Street "and get the partying out of your system now."
The hallmark of the team during the 1970s was a stifling defense known as the Steel Curtain. Linemen L. C. Greenwood, Joe Greene, as well as Ernie Holmes and Dwight White, linebackers Jack Ham, and Jack Lambert had a collective level of talent unseen before in the NFL.
The teams that won Super Bowls IX and X used a run-oriented offense, primarily featuring Franco Harris and blocking back Rocky Bleier. Over the next few years, Terry Bradshaw matured into an outstanding passer, and the teams that won Super Bowls XIII and XIV fully utilized the receiving tandem of Lynn Swann and John Stallworth.
Noll was notoriously shy and did not like the media or give many interviews. His 1970s teams were so talented that his contributions as head coach (and architect of the team) often were overlooked.
The first half of the 1980s would see the team continue their excellence, making the playoffs for three straight years from 1982 to 1984, even as they failed to reach the Super Bowl, but as the team, facing a spate of injuries and departures to their Super Bowl-winning teams by the decade's second half, began to skid and would see three losing seasons from the years 1985 to 1989.
In 1989, Noll was recognized as NFL Coach of the Year, when he guided the Steelers into the second round of the playoffs. The team was not especially talented and lost its first two regular-season games by scores of 51–0 and 41–10. However, Noll kept the team focused and its play steadily improved enough to make the playoffs and play competitively in two playoff games; Noll went a combined 16–16 in his last two seasons at the helm of the Steelers.
Post-coaching life
Noll retired as Steelers head coach after the 1991 season with a career record of 209–156–1, including regular season and postseason games. He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame two years later, in 1993.
Noll maintained a residence in suburban Pittsburgh, and also spent time at his Florida home. The Pittsburgh Steelers gave him a gift of a stationary bicycle, which he avidly used. Noll's mobility was limited by chronic back problems.
Noll held the ceremonial title of administration adviser in the Pittsburgh Steelers' front office but had no real role in the team's operations after his retirement. He spent about half the year in Pittsburgh with his wife Marianne. Their son, Chris, is a teacher in a private high school in Connecticut.
Death
Noll died of natural causes in his Sewickley, Pennsylvania, condominium on June 13, 2014, after suffering for several years from Alzheimer's disease, a heart condition, and back problems. Noll's funeral was held on June 17, 2014, at St. Paul's Cathedral in Pittsburgh.
Legacy
Chuck Noll Field at Saint Vincent College. Here, Saint Vincent returns to college football in a game against Gallaudet University.
Noll's legacy includes providing opportunities for African Americans. Under Noll, Joe Gilliam became the league's first African American starting quarterback just a few seasons after the AFL started Marlin Briscoe, and James Harris (Gilliam started ahead of Terry Bradshaw briefly during the 1974 season). In January 1975, Franco Harris became the first African American to win the Super Bowl MVP award.
During the 1980s, Tony Dungy, who played for two seasons under Noll in the late 1970s, got his start as an NFL assistant coach, initially as the Steelers' defensive backs coach, and later he became the first African-American coordinator (defensive) in the NFL. Noll strongly promoted Dungy as a well-qualified head coaching candidate, but it did not happen for Dungy with the Steelers when Noll retired after the 1991 season. However, Dungy did become head coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and later became the first African American coach to win a Super Bowl (XLI) with the Indianapolis Colts.
Street sign for Chuck Noll Way as it appeared in July 2022.
On August 2, 2007, the field at St. Vincent Seminary in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, was dedicated and renamed Chuck Noll Field in honor of the former coach. For more than 40 years the Steelers have held their summer camp at St. Vincent College, as it was Noll's idea to take the team away from the distractions in the city to prepare for the season each year.
Noll was honored on October 7, 2007, at Heinz Field during the Pittsburgh Steelers' pre-game ceremonies.
On September 30, 2011, Pittsburgh honored Noll by naming a new street after him. Chuck Noll Way connects North Shore Drive to West General Robinson St. The street runs along Stage AE, on the North Shore of Pittsburgh.
Head coaching record
Team
Year
Regular season
Postseason
Won
Lost
Ties
Win %
Finish
Won
Lost
Win %
Result
PIT
1969
1
13
0
.071
4th in NFL Central
—
—
—
—
PIT
1970
5
9
0
.357
3rd in AFC Central
—
—
—
—
PIT
1971
6
8
0
.429
2nd in AFC Central
—
—
—
—
PIT
1972
11
3
0
.786
1st in AFC Central
1
1
.500
Lost to the Miami Dolphins in AFC Championship Game
PIT
1973
10
4
0
.714
2nd in AFC Central
0
1
.000
Lost to the Oakland Raiders in AFC Divisional Round
PIT
1974
10
3
1
.750
1st in AFC Central
3
0
1.000
Super Bowl IX champions
PIT
1975
12
2
0
.857
1st in AFC Central
3
0
1.000
Super Bowl X champions
PIT
1976
10
4
0
.714
1st in AFC Central
1
1
.500
Lost to the Oakland Raiders in AFC Championship Game
PIT
1977
9
5
0
.643
1st in AFC Central
0
1
.000
Lost to the Denver Broncos in AFC Divisional Round
PIT
1978
14
2
0
.875
1st in AFC Central
3
0
1.000
Super Bowl XIII champions
PIT
1979
12
4
0
.750
1st in AFC Central
3
0
1.000
Super Bowl XIV champions
PIT
1980
9
7
0
.563
3rd in AFC Central
—
—
—
—
PIT
1981
8
8
0
.500
2nd in AFC Central
—
—
—
—
PIT
1982
6
3
0
.667
2nd in AFC Central
0
1
.000
Lost to the San Diego Chargers in AFC Wild Card Round
PIT
1983
10
6
0
.625
1st in AFC Central
0
1
.000
Lost to the Los Angeles Raiders in AFC Divisional Round
PIT
1984
9
7
0
.563
1st in AFC Central
1
1
.500
Lost to the Miami Dolphins in AFC Championship Game
PIT
1985
7
9
0
.438
2nd in AFC Central
—
—
—
—
PIT
1986
6
10
0
.375
3rd in AFC Central
—
—
—
—
PIT
1987
8
7
0
.533
3rd in AFC Central
—
—
—
—
PIT
1988
5
11
0
.313
4th in AFC Central
—
—
—
—
PIT
1989
9
7
0
.563
2nd in AFC Central
1
1
.500
Lost to the Denver Broncos in AFC Divisional Round
PIT
1990
9
7
0
.563
3rd in AFC Central
—
—
—
—
PIT
1991
7
9
0
.438
2nd in AFC Central
—
—
—
—
Total
193
148
1
.566
16
8
.667
Coaching tree
Assistants under Chuck Noll who became college or professional head coaches:
Rollie Dotsch: Birmingham Stallions (1983–1985)
George Perles: Michigan State Spartans (1983–1994)
Lionel Taylor: Texas Southern University (1984–1988), England Monarchs (1998)
Woody Widenhofer: Oklahoma Outlaws (1984), Missouri Tigers (1985–1988), Vanderbilt Commodores (1997–2001)
Bud Carson: Cleveland Browns (1989–1990)
Rod Rust: New England Patriots (1990), Montreal Alouettes (2001)
Joe Walton: New York Jets (1983–1989), Robert Morris College (1994–2013)
Tony Dungy: Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1996–2001), Indianapolis Colts (2002–2008)
Hal Hunter: Louisiana State University (1999)
John Fox: Carolina Panthers (2002–2010), Denver Broncos (2011–2014), Chicago Bears (2015–2017)
See also
List of American Football League players
List of National Football League head coaches with 50 wins
List of National Football League head coaches with 200 wins
List of Super Bowl head coaches
Notes
^ George Halas, 30 years with the Chicago Bears, Curly Lambeau, 29 years with the Green Bay Packers, and Tom Landry, 29 years with the Dallas Cowboys.
References
^ Lahman, Sean (2008). The Pro Football Historical Abstract: A Hardcore Fan's Guide to All-Time Player Rankings. Lyons Press. p. 261.
^ "Chuck Noll Biography". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
^ a b c d Gary M. Pomerantz, Their Life's Work: The Brotherhood of the 1970s Pittsburgh Steelers (Simon & Schuster: 2013), p. 62
^ a b c d Valade, Jodie (December 27, 2008). "The invisible legend: A near recluse in retirement, Chuck Noll brought the Browns-Steelers rivalry to life". Cleveland Plain Dealer. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
^ a b c d Labriola, Bob. "Hall of Fame coach Chuck Noll, 82". Steelers.com. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
^ Bill Livingston & Gregg Brinda, The Great Book of Cleveland Sports Lists (Running Press: 2008), p. 28
^ Abbott, Gary. Top 10 Wrestlers Who Played in the NFL. nwhof.org. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ a b Rob Ruck, Maggie Jones Patterson & Michael P. Weber, Rooney: A Sporting Life (University of Nebraska Press: 2010) , p. 169.
^ a b Mosher, Jerry. "Legendary Steelers coach Chuck Noll dies". Tribune Review. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
^ Art Rooney, Jr. & Roy McHugh, Ruanaidh: The Story of Art Rooney and His Clan (Geyer Printing Co. : c2008), p. 241.
^ Price, Elizabeth (June 19, 2014). "Letter to the Editor". Cleveland Plain Dealer. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
^ Dan Rooney (as told to Andrew E. Masich, Andrew & David F. Halaas), Dan Rooney: My 75 Years with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the NFL (Da Capo Press: 2007).
^ a b "Chuck Noll, 1932-2014". Pro Football Hall of Fame. June 14, 2014. Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
^ Lahman, p. 260.
^ a b Ed Gruver, The American Football League: A Year-by-Year History, 1960-1969 (McFarland: 1997) , p. 97.
^ Gruver, p. 216.
^ The record has since been broken by the 1977 Atlanta Falcons (129).
^ Livingston, Pat (January 27, 1969). "Chuck Noll named Steeler coach". Pittsburgh Press. p. 24.
^ Sell, Jack (January 28, 1969). "Noll gets three years to build Steelers". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. 16.
^ "Colts' Noll named coach of Steelers". Milwaukee Journal. Associated Press. January 27, 1969. p. 10, part 2.
^ a b Dulac, Gerry (June 14, 2014). "Chuck Noll / Coach who led Steelers to 4 Super Bowl titles". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
^ Pope, Edwin (January 6, 1985). "The Chief". Beaver County Times. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
^ Pasquarelli, Len (January 6, 2007). "Cowher not universally adored in hometown". ESPN.com. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
^ Millman, Chad (September 1, 2010). "How Chuck Noll Saved the Steelers". ESPN.com. Retrieved June 14, 2014. Excerpt from Chad Millman & Shawn Coyne, The Ones Who Hit the Hardest: The Steelers, the Cowboys, the 70s and the Fight for America's Soul (Gotham: 2010).
^ America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions. The 1974 Pittsburgh Steelers
^ Merrill, Elizabeth (January 22, 2009). "The Lessons of Chuck Noll". ESPN.com. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
^ "Noll Funeral Arrangements". Tribune Review. June 14, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
^ "Steelers set the standard for diversity in the NFL". Steelers Wire. June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
^ "Chuck Noll's low profile belies lasting legacy". NFL.com. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
^ Hayes, Joshua. "Legendary Pittsburgh Steelers Coach Chuck Noll Deserves Proper Appreciation". Bleacher Report. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
^ "Legendary Steelers Coach Chuck Noll Fact Blitz". University of Pittsburgh Press. August 1, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
^ J, Homer (July 24, 2014). "The living legacy of Chuck Noll". Behind the Steel Curtain. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
^ "Meet Author of "Chuck Noll: His Life's Work"". Peters Township Public Library. March 2, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
^ Lippock, Ron (December 28, 2017). "Interview: Tony Dungy Used Chuck Noll's Teachings To Become A Great Head Coach". Steelers Depot. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
^ Garber, Greg (February 2, 2007). "A Retrospective on Progress". ABC News.
^ "Life lessons Tony Dungy learned from Steelers HC Chuck Noll". Steelers Wire. September 3, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
^ "Dungy shares his respect for Noll". www.steelers.com. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
^ Washinski, Bill; Writer, Staff (February 27, 2022). "Tony Dungy shares the private reason Chuck Noll passed on Dan Marino - SteelerNation.com". www.steelernation.com. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
^ "Chuck Noll Gets His Way". Pittsburgh.cbslocal.com. September 30, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
External links
Chuck Noll at the Pro Football Hall of Fame
Chuck Noll at Find a Grave
vtePittsburgh Steelers head coachesFormerly the Pittsburgh Pirates (1933–1939)
Forrest Douds (1933)
Luby DiMeolo (1934)
Joe Bach (1935–1936)
Johnny "Blood" McNally (1937–1939)
Walt Kiesling (1939–1940)
Bert Bell (1941)
Aldo Donelli (1941)
Walt Kiesling (1941–1942)
No team (1943–1944)
Jim Leonard (1945)
Jock Sutherland (1946–1947)
John Michelosen (1948–1951)
Joe Bach (1952–1953)
Walt Kiesling (1954–1956)
Buddy Parker (1957–1964)
Mike Nixon (1965)
Bill Austin (1966–1968)
Chuck Noll (1969–1991)
Bill Cowher (1992–2006)
Mike Tomlin (2007–present)
vteLos Angeles Chargers 1960 inaugural season roster
3 Ben Agajanian
15 Jack Kemp
17 Bob Laraba
19 Bob Clatterbuck
20 Fred Ford
20 Jesse Thomas
23 Paul Lowe
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27 Charlie McNeil
27 Ron Waller
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29 Doyle Nix
33 Blanche Martin
34 Bob Zeman
35 Bob Garner
36 Dick Harris
37 Howie Ferguson
41 Charlie Flowers
44 Trusse Norris
45 Henry Wallace
50 Ben Donnell
51 Rommie Loudd
52 Don Rogers
53 Charlie Brueckman
54 Ron Botchan
56 Emil Karas
57 Al Bansavage
57 Hubert Bobo
60 John Kompara
66 Fred Cole
67 Charlie Kempinska
68 Orlando Ferrante
69 Al Barry
70 Volney Peters
71 Dick Chorovich
72 Sam DeLuca
74 Ron Mix
75 Ernie Wright
76 Gary Finneran
80 Ron Nery
81 Maury Schleicher
82 Ralph Anderson
83 Dave Kocourek
84 Paul Maguire
87 Howard Clark
88 Don Norton
89 Art Gob
Head coach
Sid Gillman
Al Davis
Chuck Noll
Jack Faulkner
Joe Madro
Chuck Noll—championships, awards, and honors
vteCleveland Browns 1953 NFL draft selections
Doug Atkins
Billy Reynolds
Fred Bruney
Gene Donaldson
Dick Tamburo
Bob Van Doren
Don Steinbrunner
Gene Filipski
Carlton Massey
Bob McNamara
Elmo Natali
Dick Hilinski
Elmer Wilhoite
Galen Fiss
Gern Nagler
John Carson
Eric Kuykendall
George Bean
Dick Batten
Tom Cain
Chuck Noll
Bill Crockett
Byrd Looper
Ronnie Kent
John Labenda
Jim Ellis
Charley Hoag
Jack Sisco
Ray Verkerk
Clell Hobson
Andy Myers
vteCleveland Browns 1954 NFL champions
14 Otto Graham
15 Ken Gorgal
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20 Don Paul
22 Kenny Konz
24 Warren Lahr
26 Ray Renfro
32 Curly Morrison
34 Walt Michaels
38 Mo Bassett
40 Dub Jones
42 Tommy James
44 Chet Hanulak
46 Billy Reynolds
50 Tom Catlin
52 Frank Gatski
54 Tony Adamle
60 Harold Bradley Jr.
62 Herschel Forester
64 Abe Gibron
65 Chuck Noll
70 Don Colo
72 John Kissell
74 Mike McCormack
76 Lou Groza
78 John Sandusky
79 Bob Gain
79 Don King
80 Len Ford
82 Carlton Massey
83 Doug Atkins
84 Horace Gillom
86 Dante Lavelli
88 Pete Brewster
— Quincy Armstrong
Head coach: Paul Brown
Assistant coaches: Paul Bixler
Howard Brinker
Fritz Heisler
Ed Ulinski
vteCleveland Browns 1955 NFL champions
14 Otto Graham
16 George Ratterman
20 Don Paul
22 Kenny Konz
24 Warren Lahr
26 Ray Renfro
30 Mo Bassett
32 Curly Morrison
34 Walt Michaels
36 Ed Modzelewski
40 Dub Jones
42 Tommy James
43 Bob Smith
44 Johnny Petitbon
46 Henry Ford
46 Bob White
50 Sam Palumbo
52 Frank Gatski
54 Pete Perini
60 Harold Bradley Jr.
62 Herschel Forester
64 Abe Gibron
65 Chuck Noll
70 Don Colo
72 John Kissell
74 Mike McCormack
76 Lou Groza
78 John Sandusky
79 Bob Gain
80 Len Ford
82 Carlton Massey
83 Chuck Weber
84 Horace Gillom
86 Dante Lavelli
88 Pete Brewster
— Tom Jones
Head coach: Paul Brown
Assistant coaches: Paul Bixler
Howard Brinker
Dick Gallagher
Fritz Heisler
Ed Ulinski
vteSan Diego Chargers 1963 AFL champions
18 Tobin Rote
19 Lance Alworth
20 Gerry McDougall
21 John Hadl
22 Keith Lincoln
23 Paul Lowe
24 Keith Kinderman
25 Dick Westmoreland
27 Charlie McNeil
29 Jerry Robinson
36 Dick Harris
38 Jacque MacKinnon
39 George Blair
40 Bobby Jackson
43 Gary Glick
47 Bud Whitehead
50 Chuck Allen
52 Don Rogers
55 Frank Buncom
56 Emil Karas
57 Bobby Lane
60 Sam DeLuca
61 Ernie Park
64 Pat Shea
65 Sam Gruneisen
74 Ron Mix
75 Ernie Wright
76 Henry Schmidt
77 Ernie Ladd
78 Walt Sweeney
79 George Gross
82 Bob Mitinger
83 Dave Kocourek
84 Paul Maguire
85 Bob Petrich
86 Earl Faison
88 Don Norton
89 Reggie Carolan
Head coach Sid Gillman
Coaches
Walt Hackett
Joe Madro
Chuck Noll
Bones Taylor
vteBaltimore Colts 1968 NFL champions
2 Timmy Brown
15 Earl Morrall
16 Jim Ward
19 Johnny Unitas
20 Jerry Logan
21 Rick Volk
25 Alex Hawkins
26 Preston Pearson
27 Ray Perkins
28 Jimmy Orr
32 Mike Curtis
34 Terry Cole
37 Ocie Austin
40 Bobby Boyd
41 Tom Matte
43 Lenny Lyles
45 Jerry Hill
47 Charlie Stukes
49 David Lee
50 Bill Curry
51 Bob Grant
52 Dick Szymanski
53 Dennis Gaubatz
55 Ron Porter
61 Cornelius Johnson
62 Glenn Ressler
64 Sid Williams
66 Don Shinnick
71 Dan Sullivan
72 Bob Vogel
73 Sam Ball
74 Billy Ray Smith Sr.
75 John Williams
76 Fred Miller
78 Bubba Smith
79 Lou Michaels
80 Gail Cogdill
81 Ordell Braase
84 Tom Mitchell
85 Roy Hilton
87 Willie Richardson
88 John Mackey
Head coach: Don Shula
Coaches: Bill Arnsparger
Dick Bielski
Don McCafferty
Chuck Noll
John Sandusky
vtePittsburgh Steelers Hall of Honor
Jerome Bettis
Rocky Bleier
Mel Blount
Terry Bradshaw
Larry Brown
Jack Butler
Myron Cope
Bill Cowher
Sam Davis
Dermontti Dawson
Buddy Dial
Bill Dudley
Alan Faneca
James Farrior
Kevin Greene
Joe Greene
L. C. Greenwood
Jack Ham
Franco Harris
John Henry Johnson
Dick Hoak
Tunch Ilkin
Walt Kiesling
Jon Kolb
Carnell Lake
Jack Lambert
Bobby Layne
Louis Lipps
Greg Lloyd
Ray Mathews
Johnny "Blood" McNally
Heath Miller
Elbie Nickel
Chuck Noll
Bill Nunn
Troy Polamalu
Art Rooney Sr.
Art Rooney Jr.
Dan Rooney
Andy Russell
Donnie Shell
John Stallworth
Ernie Stautner
Lynn Swann
Mike Wagner
Hines Ward
Mike Webster
Dwight White
Rod Woodson
vtePittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl IX champions
5 Terry Hanratty
10 Roy Gerela
12 Terry Bradshaw
17 Joe Gilliam
20 Rocky Bleier
22 Dick Conn
23 Mike Wagner
24 J. T. Thomas
25 Ron Shanklin
26 Preston Pearson
27 Glen Edwards
31 Donnie Shell
32 Franco Harris (MVP)
33 John Fuqua
34 Andy Russell
35 Steve Davis
38 Ed Bradley
39 Bobby Walden
43 Frank Lewis
45 Jim Allen
46 Reggie Harrison
47 Mel Blount
50 Jim Clack
51 Loren Toews
52 Mike Webster
54 Marv Kellum
55 Jon Kolb
56 Ray Mansfield
57 Sam Davis
58 Jack Lambert
59 Jack Ham
62 Jim Wolf
63 Ernie Holmes
64 Steve Furness
68 L. C. Greenwood
71 Gordon Gravelle
72 Gerry Mullins
73 Rick Druschel
74 Dave Reavis
75 Joe Greene
77 Charlie Davis
78 Dwight White
82 John Stallworth
84 Randy Grossman
86 Reggie Garrett
87 Larry Brown
88 Lynn Swann
89 John McMakin
Head coach: Chuck Noll
Coaches: Bud Carson
Dick Hoak
George Perles
Dan Radakovich
Louis Riecke
Lionel Taylor
Paul Uram
Woody Widenhofer
vtePittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl X champions
5 Terry Hanratty
10 Roy Gerela
12 Terry Bradshaw
17 Joe Gilliam
20 Rocky Bleier
23 Mike Wagner
24 J. T. Thomas
27 Glen Edwards
29 Brent Sexton
31 Donnie Shell
32 Franco Harris
33 John Fuqua
34 Andy Russell
36 Dave Brown
38 Ed Bradley
39 Bobby Walden
43 Frank Lewis
44 Mike Collier
45 Jim Allen
46 Reggie Harrison
47 Mel Blount
50 Jim Clack
51 Loren Toews
52 Mike Webster
54 Marv Kellum
55 Jon Kolb
56 Ray Mansfield
57 Sam Davis
58 Jack Lambert
59 Jack Ham
63 Ernie Holmes
64 Steve Furness
68 L. C. Greenwood
71 Gordon Gravelle
72 Gerry Mullins
74 Dave Reavis
75 Joe Greene
76 John Banaszak
78 Dwight White
82 John Stallworth
84 Randy Grossman
86 Reggie Garrett
87 Larry Brown
88 Lynn Swann (MVP)
Head coach: Chuck Noll
Coaches: Bud Carson
Dick Hoak
George Perles
Dan Radakovich
Louis Riecke
Lionel Taylor
Paul Uram
Woody Widenhofer
vtePittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl XIII champions
5 Craig Colquitt
10 Roy Gerela
12 Terry Bradshaw (MVP)
15 Mike Kruczek
18 Cliff Stoudt
20 Rocky Bleier
21 Tony Dungy
23 Mike Wagner
24 J. T. Thomas
25 Ray Oldham
29 Ron Johnson
30 Larry Anderson
31 Donnie Shell
32 Franco Harris
35 Jack Deloplaine
38 Sidney Thornton
39 Rick Moser
40 Randy Reutershan
47 Mel Blount
51 Loren Toews
52 Mike Webster
53 Dennis Winston
55 Jon Kolb
56 Robin Cole
57 Sam Davis
58 Jack Lambert
59 Jack Ham
62 Willie Fry
64 Steve Furness
65 Tom Beasley
66 Ted Petersen
67 Gary Dunn
68 L. C. Greenwood
69 Fred Anderson
72 Gerry Mullins
74 Ray Pinney
75 Joe Greene
76 John Banaszak
77 Steve Courson
78 Dwight White
79 Larry Brown
82 John Stallworth
83 Theo Bell
84 Randy Grossman
86 Jim Smith
87 Jim Mandich
88 Lynn Swann
89 Bennie Cunningham
Head coach: Chuck Noll
Coaches: Rollie Dotsch
Dick Hoak
Tom Moore
George Perles
Louis Riecke
Paul Uram
Dick Walker
Woody Widenhofer
vtePittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl XIV champions
5 Craig Colquitt
9 Matt Bahr
12 Terry Bradshaw (MVP)
15 Mike Kruczek
20 Rocky Bleier
23 Mike Wagner
24 J. T. Thomas
27 Greg Hawthorne
29 Ron Johnson
30 Larry Anderson
31 Donnie Shell
32 Franco Harris
33 Anthony Anderson
35 Jack Deloplaine
38 Sidney Thornton
39 Rick Moser
45 Russell Davis
47 Mel Blount
49 Dwayne Woodruff
50 Tom Graves
51 Loren Toews
52 Mike Webster
53 Dennis Winston
54 Zack Valentine
55 Jon Kolb
56 Robin Cole
57 Sam Davis
58 Jack Lambert
59 Jack Ham
62 Willie Fry
63 Thom Dornbrook
64 Steve Furness
65 Tom Beasley
66 Ted Petersen
67 Gary Dunn
68 L. C. Greenwood
72 Gerry Mullins
75 Joe Greene
76 John Banaszak
77 Steve Courson
78 Dwight White
79 Larry Brown
82 John Stallworth
83 Theo Bell
84 Randy Grossman
85 Calvin Sweeney
86 Jim Smith
88 Lynn Swann
89 Bennie Cunningham
Head coach: Chuck Noll
Coaches: Rollie Dotsch
Dick Hoak
Tom Moore
George Perles
Louis Riecke
Paul Uram
Dick Walker
Woody Widenhofer
vteNFL's 1970s All-Decade Team
Terry Bradshaw
Ken Stabler
Roger Staubach
Earl Campbell
Franco Harris
Walter Payton
O. J. Simpson
Harold Carmichael
Drew Pearson
Lynn Swann
Paul Warfield
Dave Casper
Charlie Sanders
Dan Dierdorf
Art Shell
Rayfield Wright
Ron Yary
Joe DeLamielleure
John Hannah
Larry Little
Gene Upshaw
Jim Langer
Mike Webster
Carl Eller
L. C. Greenwood
Harvey Martin
Jack Youngblood
Joe Greene
Bob Lilly
Merlin Olsen
Alan Page
Bobby Bell
Robert Brazile
Dick Butkus
Jack Ham
Ted Hendricks
Jack Lambert
Willie Brown
Jimmy Johnson
Roger Wehrli
Louis Wright
Dick Anderson
Cliff Harris
Ken Houston
Larry Wilson
Garo Yepremian
Jim Bakken
Ray Guy
Jerrel Wilson
Rick Upchurch
Billy Johnson
Don Shula
Chuck Noll
vteNFL's 1980s All-Decade Team
Joe Montana
Dan Fouts
Walter Payton
Eric Dickerson
Roger Craig
John Riggins
Jerry Rice
Steve Largent
James Lofton
Art Monk
Kellen Winslow
Ozzie Newsome
Anthony Muñoz
Jim Covert
Gary Zimmerman
Joe Jacoby
John Hannah
Russ Grimm
Bill Fralic
Mike Munchak
Dwight Stephenson
Mike Webster
Reggie White
Howie Long
Lee Roy Selmon
Bruce Smith
Randy White
Dan Hampton
Keith Millard
Dave Butz
Mike Singletary
Lawrence Taylor
Ted Hendricks
Jack Lambert
Andre Tippett
John Anderson
Carl Banks
Mike Haynes
Mel Blount
Frank Minnifield
Lester Hayes
Ronnie Lott
Kenny Easley
Deron Cherry
Joey Browner
Nolan Cromwell
Morten Andersen
Gary Anderson
Eddie Murray
Sean Landeta
Reggie Roby
Mike Nelms
Rick Upchurch
Billy Johnson
John Taylor
Bill Walsh
Chuck Noll
vteNFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team
Sammy Baugh
Tom Brady
John Elway
Brett Favre
Otto Graham
Peyton Manning
Dan Marino
Joe Montana
Roger Staubach
Johnny Unitas
Jim Brown
Earl Campbell
Dutch Clark
Eric Dickerson
Lenny Moore
Marion Motley
Walter Payton
Barry Sanders
Gale Sayers
O. J. Simpson
Emmitt Smith
Steve Van Buren
Lance Alworth
Raymond Berry
Larry Fitzgerald
Marvin Harrison
Elroy Hirsch
Don Hutson
Steve Largent
Randy Moss
Jerry Rice
Paul Warfield
Mike Ditka
Tony Gonzalez
Rob Gronkowski
John Mackey
Kellen Winslow
Roosevelt Brown
Forrest Gregg
Cal Hubbard
Walter Jones
Anthony Muñoz
Jonathan Ogden
Art Shell
Larry Allen
Dan Fortmann
John Hannah
Bruce Matthews
Randall McDaniel
Jim Parker
Gene Upshaw
Mel Hein
Jim Otto
Dwight Stephenson
Mike Webster
Doug Atkins
Bill Hewitt
Deacon Jones
Gino Marchetti
Lee Roy Selmon
Bruce Smith
Reggie White
Buck Buchanan
Joe Greene
Bob Lilly
Merlin Olsen
Alan Page
John Randle
Randy White
Chuck Bednarik
Bobby Bell
Derrick Brooks
Dick Butkus
Jack Ham
Ted Hendricks
Jack Lambert
Willie Lanier
Ray Lewis
Joe Schmidt
Junior Seau
Lawrence Taylor
Mel Blount
Willie Brown
Darrell Green
Mike Haynes
Dick Lane
Deion Sanders
Rod Woodson
Jack Christiansen
Ken Houston
Ronnie Lott
Ed Reed
Emlen Tunnell
Larry Wilson
Ray Guy
Shane Lechler
Jan Stenerud
Adam Vinatieri
Devin Hester
Billy Johnson
Bill Belichick
Paul Brown
Joe Gibbs
George Halas
Curly Lambeau
Tom Landry
Vince Lombardi
Chuck Noll
Don Shula
Bill Walsh
vtePro Football Hall of Fame Class of 1993
Dan Fouts
Larry Little
Chuck Noll
Walter Payton
Bill Walsh
vteMembers of the Pro Football Hall of FameQuarterbacks
Aikman
Baugh
Blanda
Bradshaw
Clark
Conzelman
L. Dawson
Driscoll
Elway
Favre
Fouts
Friedman
Graham
Griese
Herber
Jurgensen
J. Kelly
Layne
Luckman
Manning
Marino
Montana
Moon
Namath
A. Parker
Stabler
Starr
Staubach
Tarkenton
Tittle
Unitas
Van Brocklin
Warner
Waterfield
S. Young
Running backs
M. Allen
Battles
Bettis
J. Brown
Campbell
Canadeo
Csonka
T. Davis
Dickerson
Dorsett
Dudley
Faulk
Gifford
Grange
Guyon
F. Harris
Hinkle
Hornung
James
J. H. Johnson
L. Kelly
Lambeau
Leemans
F. Little
Martin
Matson
McAfee
McElhenny
J. McNally
Moore
Motley
Nagurski
Nevers
Payton
Perry
Pollard
Riggins
B. Sanders
Sayers
Simpson
E. Smith
Strong
Ji. Taylor
T. Thomas
Thorpe
Tomlinson
Trippi
Van Buren
Walker
Wide receivers /ends
Alworth
Badgro
Berry
Biletnikoff
Branch
T. Brown
Bruce
Carmichael
Carter
Chamberlin
Fears
Flaherty
Halas
Harrison
Hayes
Hewitt
Hirsch
Hutson
Irvin
A. Johnson
C. Johnson
Joiner
Largent
Lavelli
Lofton
Maynard
McDonald
Millner
Mitchell
Monk
Moss
Owens
Pearson
Pihos
A. Reed
Rice
Speedie
Stallworth
Swann
C. Taylor
Warfield
Tight ends
Casper
Ditka
Gonzalez
Mackey
Newsome
C. Sanders
Sharpe
J. Smith
Winslow
Offensivelinemen
L. Allen
Boselli
B. Brown
R. Brown
Covert
Creekmur
D. Dawson
DeLamielleure
Dierdorf
Faneca
Gatski
Gregg
Grimm
Hannah
Hickerson
Hill
Hutchinson
S. Jones
W. Jones
Kramer
Langer
L. Little
Mack
Matthews
Mawae
McCormack
McDaniel
Mix
Munchak
Muñoz
Ogden
Otto
Pace
J. Parker
Ringo
Roaf
Shaw
A. Shell
Shields
J. Slater
St. Clair
Stanfel
Stephenson
J. Thomas
Tingelhoff
Upshaw
Webster
Wright
Yary
Zimmerman
Pre-modern eratwo-way players
Edwards
Fortmann
Healey
Hein
Henry
Hubbard
Kiesling
Kinard
Lyman
Michalske
Musso
Owen
D. Slater
Stydahar
Trafton
Turner
Wojciechowicz
Defensivelinemen
Atkins
Bethea
Buchanan
Culp
W. Davis
Dean
Dent
Doleman
Donovan
Eller
Ford
Freeney
J. Greene
Haley
Hampton
Humphrey
D. Jones
Jordan
Karras
Kennedy
Klecko
Lilly
Long
Marchetti
McMichael
Nomellini
Olsen
Page
Peppers
Randle
Robustelli
Sapp
Selmon
Seymour
B. Smith
Sprinkle
Stautner
Strahan
Ja. Taylor
Weinmeister
Ra. White
Re. White
B. Willis
B. Young
Youngblood
Linebackers
Bednarik
Bo. Bell
Brazile
Brooks
Buoniconti
Butkus
Carson
Connor
George
Gradishar
K. Greene
Ham
Hanburger
Hendricks
Howley
Huff
Jackson
Lambert
Lanier
Lewis
Mills
Nitschke
Richter
D. Robinson
Schmidt
Seau
Singletary
L. Taylor
D. Thomas
Z. Thomas
Tippett
Urlacher
Ware
Wilcox
P. Willis
Defensive backs
Adderley
Atwater
Bailey
Barber
Barney
Blount
W. Brown
J. Butler
L. Butler
Christiansen
Dawkins
Dillon
Easley
Green
C. Harris
Haynes
Houston
J. Johnson
Krause
Lane
Lary
Law
LeBeau
Lott
Lynch
Polamalu
E. Reed
Renfro
Revis
Riley
J. Robinson
D. Sanders
D. Shell
E. Thomas
Tunnell
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"head coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_coach#National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"NFL Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl"},{"link_name":"rank second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Super_Bowl_head_coaches#Coaches_with_multiple_Super_Bowl_appearances"},{"link_name":"Bill Belichick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Belichick"},{"link_name":"Pro Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Western Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"American football playerCharles Henry Noll (January 5, 1932 – June 13, 2014) was an American professional football player and head coach. Regarded as one of the greatest head coaches of all time, his sole head coaching position was for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1969 to 1991. When Noll retired after 23 years, only three other head coaches in NFL history had longer tenures with one team.[a]After a seven-year playing career that included two NFL Championships as a member of his hometown Cleveland Browns and several years as an assistant coach with various teams, in 1969 Noll took the helm of the then moribund Steelers (which had played in only one post-season game in its previous 36 years, a 21–0 loss), and turned it into a perennial contender. As a head coach, Noll won four Super Bowls, four AFC titles and nine Central Division championships, compiled a 209–156–1 (.572) overall record, a 16–8 playoff record and had winning records in 15 of his final 20 seasons.[2] His four Super Bowl victories rank second behind Bill Belichick for the most of any head coach in NFL history, and are the most ever by a head coach without a Super Bowl loss.Between his playing and coaching tenures, Noll won a total of seven NFL Championships as well as one AFL Championship and was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993, his first year of eligibility.Noll built the team through astute drafting and meticulous tutoring. During his career, he was notable for the opportunities he gave African Americans, starting the first black quarterback in franchise history and hiring one of the first black assistant coaches in league history. He was often credited with maintaining the morale of Western Pennsylvania, despite the region's steep economic decline in the late 20th century, by creating a team of champions in the image of its blue-collar fan base.","title":"Chuck Noll"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chuck_Noll_in_1949.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pomerantz-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valade-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pomerantz-4"},{"link_name":"Jesse Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Owens"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LabriolaObit-6"},{"link_name":"Benedictine High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine_High_School_(Cleveland,_Ohio)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valade-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pomerantz-4"}],"text":"Noll at Benedictine High School in 1949.Noll was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the youngest of three siblings (by eight years) of William Noll, a butcher, frequently unable to work owing to Parkinson's disease, and Katherine Steigerwald Noll, a florist.[3] The family lived in the house Noll's mother grew up in with her 12 siblings, near East 74th Street,[4] in a neighborhood with a large African-American population,[3] a fact that helps account for Noll's early championing of opportunity for African Americans in the NFL (both players from traditionally black colleges and later as coaches). On a local youth football team Noll played with Harold Owens, the nephew of Olympic star Jesse Owens.[5]\nNoll attended Benedictine High School. He began working in seventh grade and by the time he entered high school, he had saved enough for two-year's worth of the $150 tuition. Throughout high school he continued to work, making 55-cent an hour at Fisher Brothers meat market after school.[4] Education was always important to him, so despite the schedule, he studied enough to graduate 28th in his class of 252.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chuck_Noll_playing_running_back.jpg"},{"link_name":"running back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_back"},{"link_name":"tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_tackle"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LabriolaObit-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_wrestling"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pomerantz-4"},{"link_name":"Frank Leahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Leahy"},{"link_name":"University of Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dayton"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LabriolaObit-6"},{"link_name":"Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Flyers_football"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LabriolaObit-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruck_Patterson-9"}],"text":"Noll during a game at Benedictine High School in 1948.Noll played running back and tackle on the high school football team, winning All-State honors.[5] During his senior year, he was named to the \"All Catholic Universe\" team by the Diocese of Cleveland newspaper.[6] Noll was also a wrestler while in high school.[7]Noll planned to attend Notre Dame, but during a practice before his freshman year he suffered an epileptic seizure on the field.[3] Notre Dame coach Frank Leahy refused to take the risk of allowing Noll to play there and so Noll accepted a football scholarship to the University of Dayton. Noll graduated with a degree in secondary education.[5] As a member of the Flyers, he was a lineman, linebacker and a co-captain,[5] and acquired the nickname, the \"Pope,\" for his \"'infallible' grasp of the game.\"[8]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Cleveland_Browns_season"},{"link_name":"1953 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Detroit_Lions_season"},{"link_name":"NFL championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_NFL_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DiPaola-10"},{"link_name":"Paul Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Brown"},{"link_name":"Otto Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Graham"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruck_Patterson-9"},{"link_name":"Art Rooney, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Rooney,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Holy Name High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Name_High_School"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valade-5"},{"link_name":"Cleveland-Marshall College of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland-Marshall_College_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Dan Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Rooney"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"John Wooten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wooten"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoFObit-14"},{"link_name":"Sid Gillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Gillman"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DiPaola-10"}],"sub_title":"Cleveland Browns","text":"Noll was selected by the Cleveland Browns in the 20th round of the 1953 NFL draft (239th overall). During his first year, the Browns lost to the Detroit Lions in the NFL championship. The next two years, however, the Browns were NFL champions, and Noll finished his NFL career with eight interceptions, three fumble recoveries, and a touchdown on one of each.Although the undersized Noll was drafted as a linebacker,[9] Coach Paul Brown used him as one of his \"messenger guards\" to send play calls to the quarterback, beginning with Otto Graham. Brown recalled that Noll soon \"could have called the plays himself without any help from the bench. That's how smart he was.\"[8] According to Art Rooney, Jr., director of scouting for the Steelers before and during most of Noll's tenure, Noll felt demeaned by Brown's use of him in that way and \"disliked the term 'messenger boy' so much that as coach of the Steelers he entrusted all the play calling to his quarterbacks.\"[10]Noll was paid only $5,000 per season with the Browns and so while there he acted as substitute teacher at Holy Name High School[11] and sold insurance on the side.[4] During that period Noll also attended Cleveland-Marshall College of Law at night. He told Dan Rooney that he decided against becoming a lawyer because \"he didn't really like the constant confrontation and arguments that come with being a lawyer.\"[12]When Noll lost the starting guard position to John Wooten, he chose to retire at age 27 expecting to begin his coaching career at his alma mater. He was surprised, however, when he was not offered an open position on the University of Dayton coaching staff.[13] He was offered a position by Sid Gillman on the staff of the Los Angeles Chargers, during its inaugural season.[9]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chuck_Noll_in_1959.jpg"},{"link_name":"American Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_League"},{"link_name":"San Diego Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Los_Angeles_Chargers_season"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_San_Diego_Chargers_season"},{"link_name":"Don Shula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Shula"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Indianapolis_Colts"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Baltimore_Colts_season"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Baltimore_Colts_season"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season"}],"text":"Noll in 1959.Noll was an assistant coach for the American Football League's then Los Angeles and later San Diego Chargers from 1960 to 1965. He then became assistant to head coach Don Shula of the NFL Baltimore Colts from 1965 to 1968, when he was selected as the Pittsburgh Steelers' head coach.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sid Gillman's coaching tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Gillman#Coaching_tree"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoFObit-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GruverAFL-16"},{"link_name":"Ernie Ladd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Ladd"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GruverAFL-16"},{"link_name":"Fearsome Foursome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearsome_Foursome_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Earl Faison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Faison"},{"link_name":"Al Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Davis"},{"link_name":"Oakland Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Raiders"}],"sub_title":"Los Angeles/San Diego Chargers","text":"Noll is considered part of Sid Gillman's coaching tree. He later remembered Gillman as \"one of the game's prime researchers and offensive specialists. In six years, I had more exposure to football than I normally would have received in 12 years.\"[13] During Noll's six-year tenure with the Chargers, where he was defensive line coach, the defensive backfield coach and defensive coordinator, the team appeared in five AFL championship games.[14] Gillman said that Noll \"had a great way with players,\" specifically \"If a guy didn't do the job expected, Chuck could climb on his back.\"[15] Massive defensive tackle Ernie Ladd said that Noll was a \"fiery guy\" but also \"the best teacher I ever played under.\" \"He and I were always fighting, always squabbling, but he had a great way of teaching. I take my hat off to Chuck. He was one of the main reasons for our success.\"[15] The defensive line under Noll became known as the \"Fearsome Foursome,\" and during 1961 defensive end Earl Faison was named AFL rookie of the year.During Noll's time at Chargers, Al Davis was also an assistant and scout. Davis would later become coach and general manager of the Oakland Raiders, the principal AFC rival of the Steelers' in the 1970s.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Arnsparger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Arnsparger"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Baltimore_Colts_season"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valade-5"},{"link_name":"NFL championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_NFL_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Cleveland_Browns_season"},{"link_name":"New York Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_New_York_Jets_season"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_III"},{"link_name":"Orange Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Orange_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"}],"sub_title":"Baltimore Colts","text":"With the Colts, Noll was defensive backfield coach and later defensive coordinator. Together with assistant coach Bill Arnsparger the Colts employed shifting alignments of rotating zone and maximum blitz defensive packages.[16] In 1968, Noll's last season as defensive coordinator, the Baltimore Colts compiled a 13–1 record in the regular season and tied the NFL season record for fewest points allowed (144).[17]Shula was impressed by Noll's approach: \"He explained how to do things and wrote up the technique. He was one of the first coaches I was around that wrote up in great detail all of the techniques used by players—for example, the backpedal and the defensive back's position on the receiver. He was like a classroom teacher.\"[4]The Colts won the NFL championship by routing the Cleveland Browns 34–0 in Cleveland, but were shocked by the upstart AFL champion New York Jets, 16–7, in Super Bowl III at the Orange Bowl in Miami. The next day, Noll interviewed for the head coach position in Pittsburgh.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plcnn-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ppgthr-20"},{"link_name":"Penn State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team"},{"link_name":"Joe Paterno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Paterno"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mjapcn-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DulacObit-22"},{"link_name":"Art Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Rooney"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Steel Curtain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Curtain"},{"link_name":"sports announcer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_announcer"},{"link_name":"Myron Cope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myron_Cope"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Super Bowls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl"},{"link_name":"IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_IX"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_X"},{"link_name":"XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XIII"},{"link_name":"XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XIV"},{"link_name":"NFL college player draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League_draft"},{"link_name":"Joe Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Greene"},{"link_name":"North Texas State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Texas_State_University"},{"link_name":"All-Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Pro"},{"link_name":"Terry Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Bradshaw"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_Bulldogs_football"},{"link_name":"Franco Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Harris"},{"link_name":"1974 draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"wide receivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_receiver"},{"link_name":"Lynn Swann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Swann"},{"link_name":"John Stallworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stallworth"},{"link_name":"Jack Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lambert_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Mike Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Webster"},{"link_name":"three-point stance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-point_stance"},{"link_name":"Andy Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Russell_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Pro Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"curfew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curfew"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_IX"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Minnesota_Vikings_season"},{"link_name":"Bud Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Grant"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Bourbon Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Street"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Steel Curtain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Curtain"},{"link_name":"L. C. Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._C._Greenwood"},{"link_name":"Ernie Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Dwight White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_White"},{"link_name":"Jack Ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ham"},{"link_name":"Jack Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lambert_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Super Bowls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl"},{"link_name":"IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_IX"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_X"},{"link_name":"Franco Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Harris"},{"link_name":"Rocky Bleier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Bleier"},{"link_name":"Terry Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Bradshaw"},{"link_name":"XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XIII"},{"link_name":"XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XIV"},{"link_name":"Lynn Swann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Swann"},{"link_name":"John Stallworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stallworth"},{"link_name":"NFL Coach of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Coach_of_the_Year"}],"sub_title":"Pittsburgh Steelers","text":"At age 37, Noll was named the 14th head coach of the Pittsburgh Steelers on January 27, 1969,[18][19] after Penn State coach Joe Paterno turned down an offer for the position.[20] At the time of his hiring, he was the youngest head coach in the NFL.[21] Steelers owner Art Rooney would later credit Don Shula as the person who recommended Noll as a head coach.[22]Noll implemented a defensive system in Pittsburgh that became the legendary \"Steel Curtain\" defense. His coaching style earned him the nickname of The Emperor Chaz by sports announcer Myron Cope.[23] Noll was the first head coach to win four Super Bowls (IX, X, XIII, XIV).The key to Noll's coaching success during this run was the Steelers' skill in selecting outstanding players in the NFL college player draft. Noll's first round-one pick was Joe Greene, a defensive tackle from North Texas State, who went on to become a perennial All-Pro and anchor the defensive line. During the next few years, the Steelers drafted quarterback Terry Bradshaw (Louisiana Tech) and running back Franco Harris (Penn State) as round one picks. In the 1974 draft, Noll and the Steelers achieved a level of drafting success never seen before or since, when they selected four future Hall of Fame players with their first five picks: wide receivers Lynn Swann and John Stallworth, middle linebacker Jack Lambert, and center Mike Webster. To this day, only two other drafts by any team in history has included more than two future Hall of Famers.A meticulous coach, Noll was known during practice to dwell on fundamentals—such as the three-point stance—things that professional players were expected to know. For instance, Andy Russell, already a Pro Bowl linebacker before Noll arrived and one of the few players Noll kept after purging the roster his first year, was told by Noll that he didn't have his feet positioned right.[24] As a result of Noll's attention to detail, Russell went on to become a key member for the first two Super Bowl teams and started the linebacker tradition that continues today in Pittsburgh.Noll was a well-read man who valued education and expected likewise from his team, so he sought players who studied useful or practical subjects in college and had interests outside of football. \"I didn't want to pick guys who just took wood shop or some other easy course they could breeze through to play football.\" he explained.While most of his contemporaries, as well as current NFL head coaches, enforced strict curfew rules on its players, Noll was very lax on off-the-field behavior. This was shown at Super Bowl IX. While Noll's counterpart – Minnesota Vikings head coach Bud Grant – strictly kept his team in their hotel rooms except for practice before the game, Noll told his team upon arriving in New Orleans to go out on Bourbon Street \"and get the partying out of your system now.\"[25]The hallmark of the team during the 1970s was a stifling defense known as the Steel Curtain. Linemen L. C. Greenwood, Joe Greene, as well as Ernie Holmes and Dwight White, linebackers Jack Ham, and Jack Lambert had a collective level of talent unseen before in the NFL.The teams that won Super Bowls IX and X used a run-oriented offense, primarily featuring Franco Harris and blocking back Rocky Bleier. Over the next few years, Terry Bradshaw matured into an outstanding passer, and the teams that won Super Bowls XIII and XIV fully utilized the receiving tandem of Lynn Swann and John Stallworth.Noll was notoriously shy and did not like the media or give many interviews. His 1970s teams were so talented that his contributions as head coach (and architect of the team) often were overlooked.The first half of the 1980s would see the team continue their excellence, making the playoffs for three straight years from 1982 to 1984, even as they failed to reach the Super Bowl, but as the team, facing a spate of injuries and departures to their Super Bowl-winning teams by the decade's second half, began to skid and would see three losing seasons from the years 1985 to 1989.In 1989, Noll was recognized as NFL Coach of the Year, when he guided the Steelers into the second round of the playoffs. The team was not especially talented and lost its first two regular-season games by scores of 51–0 and 41–10. However, Noll kept the team focused and its play steadily improved enough to make the playoffs and play competitively in two playoff games; Noll went a combined 16–16 in his last two seasons at the helm of the Steelers.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1991 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season"},{"link_name":"Pro Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers"},{"link_name":"back problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_column"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Post-coaching life","text":"Noll retired as Steelers head coach after the 1991 season with a career record of 209–156–1, including regular season and postseason games. He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame two years later, in 1993.Noll maintained a residence in suburban Pittsburgh, and also spent time at his Florida home. The Pittsburgh Steelers gave him a gift of a stationary bicycle, which he avidly used. Noll's mobility was limited by chronic back problems.Noll held the ceremonial title of administration adviser in the Pittsburgh Steelers' front office but had no real role in the team's operations after his retirement. He spent about half the year in Pittsburgh with his wife Marianne. Their son, Chris, is a teacher in a private high school in Connecticut.[26]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural causes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_causes"},{"link_name":"Sewickley, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewickley,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"heart condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_column"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DulacObit-22"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul_Cathedral_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Noll died of natural causes in his Sewickley, Pennsylvania, condominium on June 13, 2014, after suffering for several years from Alzheimer's disease, a heart condition, and back problems.[21] Noll's funeral was held on June 17, 2014, at St. Paul's Cathedral in Pittsburgh.[27]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chuck_Noll_field.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Vincent College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_College"},{"link_name":"Gallaudet University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallaudet_University"},{"link_name":"African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"Joe Gilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gilliam"},{"link_name":"Marlin Briscoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlin_Briscoe"},{"link_name":"James Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Harris_(quarterback)"},{"link_name":"Terry Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Bradshaw"},{"link_name":"1974 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Tony Dungy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Dungy"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"XLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLI"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chuck_Noll_Way_in_Pittsburgh.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Vincent Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vincent_Seminary"},{"link_name":"Latrobe, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrobe,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Chuck Noll Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Noll_Field"},{"link_name":"Heinz Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Field"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers"},{"link_name":"Stage AE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_AE"},{"link_name":"North Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Chuck Noll Field at Saint Vincent College. Here, Saint Vincent returns to college football in a game against Gallaudet University.Noll's legacy includes providing opportunities for African Americans. Under Noll, Joe Gilliam became the league's first African American starting quarterback just a few seasons after the AFL started Marlin Briscoe, and James Harris (Gilliam started ahead of Terry Bradshaw briefly during the 1974 season). In January 1975, Franco Harris became the first African American to win the Super Bowl MVP award.[28][29][30][31][32][33]During the 1980s, Tony Dungy, who played for two seasons under Noll in the late 1970s, got his start as an NFL assistant coach, initially as the Steelers' defensive backs coach, and later he became the first African-American coordinator (defensive) in the NFL. Noll strongly promoted Dungy as a well-qualified head coaching candidate, but it did not happen for Dungy with the Steelers when Noll retired after the 1991 season.[34] However, Dungy did become head coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and later became the first African American coach to win a Super Bowl (XLI) with the Indianapolis Colts.[35][36][37][38]Street sign for Chuck Noll Way as it appeared in July 2022.On August 2, 2007, the field at St. Vincent Seminary in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, was dedicated and renamed Chuck Noll Field in honor of the former coach. For more than 40 years the Steelers have held their summer camp at St. Vincent College, as it was Noll's idea to take the team away from the distractions in the city to prepare for the season each year.Noll was honored on October 7, 2007, at Heinz Field during the Pittsburgh Steelers' pre-game ceremonies.On September 30, 2011, Pittsburgh honored Noll by naming a new street after him. Chuck Noll Way connects North Shore Drive to West General Robinson St. The street runs along Stage AE, on the North Shore of Pittsburgh.[39]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Head coaching record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rollie Dotsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollie_Dotsch"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Stallions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Stallions"},{"link_name":"George Perles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Perles"},{"link_name":"Michigan State Spartans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans"},{"link_name":"Lionel Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Texas Southern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Southern_University"},{"link_name":"England Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_Monarchs"},{"link_name":"Woody Widenhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Widenhofer"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Outlaws"},{"link_name":"Missouri Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt Commodores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores"},{"link_name":"Bud Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Carson"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"Rod Rust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Rust"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"Montreal Alouettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes"},{"link_name":"Joe Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Walton"},{"link_name":"New York Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Jets"},{"link_name":"Robert Morris College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_College"},{"link_name":"Tony Dungy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Dungy"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts"},{"link_name":"Hal Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Hunter_(American_football,_born_1959)"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University"},{"link_name":"John Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fox_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Carolina Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Denver Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Broncos"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"}],"text":"Assistants under Chuck Noll who became college or professional head coaches:Rollie Dotsch: Birmingham Stallions (1983–1985)\nGeorge Perles: Michigan State Spartans (1983–1994)\nLionel Taylor: Texas Southern University (1984–1988), England Monarchs (1998)\nWoody Widenhofer: Oklahoma Outlaws (1984), Missouri Tigers (1985–1988), Vanderbilt Commodores (1997–2001)\nBud Carson: Cleveland Browns (1989–1990)\nRod Rust: New England Patriots (1990), Montreal Alouettes (2001)\nJoe Walton: New York Jets (1983–1989), Robert Morris College (1994–2013)\nTony Dungy: Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1996–2001), Indianapolis Colts (2002–2008)\nHal Hunter: Louisiana State University (1999)\nJohn Fox: Carolina Panthers (2002–2010), Denver Broncos (2011–2014), Chicago Bears (2015–2017)","title":"Coaching tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"George Halas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Halas"},{"link_name":"the Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chicago_Bears_head_coaches"},{"link_name":"Curly Lambeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curly_Lambeau"},{"link_name":"the Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Green_Bay_Packers_head_coaches"},{"link_name":"Tom Landry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Landry"},{"link_name":"the Dallas Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dallas_Cowboys_head_coaches"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"^ George Halas, 30 years with the Chicago Bears, Curly Lambeau, 29 years with the Green Bay Packers, and Tom Landry, 29 years with the Dallas Cowboys.[1]","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Noll at Benedictine High School in 1949.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Chuck_Noll_in_1949.jpg/220px-Chuck_Noll_in_1949.jpg"},{"image_text":"Noll during a game at Benedictine High School in 1948.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chuck_Noll_playing_running_back.jpg/83px-Chuck_Noll_playing_running_back.jpg"},{"image_text":"Noll in 1959.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chuck_Noll_in_1959.jpg/220px-Chuck_Noll_in_1959.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chuck Noll Field at Saint Vincent College. Here, Saint Vincent returns to college football in a game against Gallaudet University.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chuck_Noll_field.jpg/250px-Chuck_Noll_field.jpg"},{"image_text":"Street sign for Chuck Noll Way as it appeared in July 2022.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chuck_Noll_Way_in_Pittsburgh.jpg/220px-Chuck_Noll_Way_in_Pittsburgh.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of American Football League players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Football_League_players"},{"title":"List of National Football League head coaches with 50 wins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Football_League_head_coaches_with_50_wins"},{"title":"List of National Football League head coaches with 200 wins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Football_League_head_coaches_with_200_wins"},{"title":"List of Super Bowl head coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Super_Bowl_head_coaches"}]
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[{"reference":"Lahman, Sean (2008). The Pro Football Historical Abstract: A Hardcore Fan's Guide to All-Time Player Rankings. Lyons Press. p. 261.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Chuck Noll Biography\". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved August 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.profootballhof.com/hof/member.aspx?PlayerId=166","url_text":"\"Chuck Noll Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Valade, Jodie (December 27, 2008). \"The invisible legend: A near recluse in retirement, Chuck Noll brought the Browns-Steelers rivalry to life\". Cleveland Plain Dealer. Retrieved August 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cleveland.com/browns/index.ssf/2008/12/the_invisible_legend_a_nearrec.html","url_text":"\"The invisible legend: A near recluse in retirement, Chuck Noll brought the Browns-Steelers rivalry to life\""}]},{"reference":"Labriola, Bob. \"Hall of Fame coach Chuck Noll, 82\". Steelers.com. 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Retrieved August 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150629040404/http://www.profootballhof.com/story/2014/6/14/chuck-noll-1932-2014/","url_text":"\"Chuck Noll, 1932-2014\""},{"url":"http://www.profootballhof.com/story/2014/6/14/chuck-noll-1932-2014","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Livingston, Pat (January 27, 1969). \"Chuck Noll named Steeler coach\". Pittsburgh Press. p. 24.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zmIqAAAAIBAJ&pg=7232%2C4310964","url_text":"\"Chuck Noll named Steeler coach\""}]},{"reference":"Sell, Jack (January 28, 1969). \"Noll gets three years to build Steelers\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lKckAAAAIBAJ&pg=6877%2C4312936","url_text":"\"Noll gets three years to build Steelers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colts' Noll named coach of Steelers\". Milwaukee Journal. Associated Press. January 27, 1969. p. 10, part 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uwMqAAAAIBAJ&pg=2413%2C3450112","url_text":"\"Colts' Noll named coach of Steelers\""}]},{"reference":"Dulac, Gerry (June 14, 2014). \"Chuck Noll / Coach who led Steelers to 4 Super Bowl titles\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.post-gazette.com/sports/steelers/2014/06/13/Former-Steeler-coach-Chuck-Noll-is-dead/stories/201406130225","url_text":"\"Chuck Noll / Coach who led Steelers to 4 Super Bowl titles\""}]},{"reference":"Pope, Edwin (January 6, 1985). \"The Chief\". Beaver County Times. Retrieved August 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N1ovAAAAIBAJ&dq=art-rooney%20election&pg=1475%2C699771","url_text":"\"The Chief\""}]},{"reference":"Pasquarelli, Len (January 6, 2007). \"Cowher not universally adored in hometown\". ESPN.com. 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Retrieved June 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2011/09/30/chuck-noll-gets-his-way/","url_text":"\"Chuck Noll Gets His Way\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_da_Costa
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Isaac da Costa
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["1 Works","2 Citations","3 References","4 External links"]
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Dutch writer; Jewish poet
Isaac da CostaBorn14 January 1798AmsterdamDied28 April 1860AmsterdamGenrepoetry
Isaäc da Costa (14 January 1798 – 28 April 1860) was a Jewish Dutch poet.
Da Costa was born in Amsterdam in the Netherlands. His father, an aristocratic Sephardic Portuguese Jew, Daniel da Costa, a relative of Uriel Acosta, was a prominent merchant in the city of Amsterdam; his mother, Rebecca Ricardo, was a sister of the English political economist David Ricardo. Daniel da Costa, soon recognizing his son's love for study, destined him for the bar, and sent him to the Latin school from 1806 to 1811. Here Isaäc wrote his first verses. Through his Hebrew teacher, the mathematician and Hebraist Moses Lemans, he became acquainted with the great Dutch poet Willem Bilderdijk, who, at the request of Isaäc's father, agreed to supervise the boy's further education. Bilderdijk taught him Roman law, and a familiar intercourse sprang up between them, which afterward developed into an intimate friendship.
In 1817 Da Costa went to Leyden, where he again saw much of Bilderdijk. There he took his degree as doctor of law in 1818, and as doctor of philosophy on 21 June 1821. Three weeks later he married his cousin, Hannah Belmonte, who had been educated in a Christian institution; and soon after, at the instance of Bilderdijk, he was baptized with her at Leyden. At that time he was already well known as a poet. After Bilderdijk's death Da Costa was generally recognized as his successor among Dutch poets. He was a faithful adherent of the religious views of his friend, was one of the leaders of the Orthodox Reformed party, and during the last years of his life was a teacher and a director of the seminary of the Independent Scotch Church. However severely his religious views and efforts were censured, his character, no less than his genius, was respected by his contemporaries. Although he wrote much on missionary matters, he is distinguished from many other converts in that, to the end of his life, he felt only reverence and love for his former coreligionists, was deeply interested in their history, and often took their part.
Aside from his fifty-three longer and shorter poems, Da Costa wrote largely on theological subjects. He also wrote "Israel en de Volken" (2d ed., Haarlem, 1848–49), a survey of the history of the Jews to the nineteenth century, written from the standpoint of the Church. The third volume, dealing with the history of the Spanish-Portuguese Jews, is especially noteworthy on account of the mass of new material used. The work was translated into English, under the title "Israel and the Gentiles," by Ward Kennedy (London, 1850), and into German by "A Friend of God's Word" (Miss Thumb), published by K. Mann (Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1855).
Da Costa's two papers, "The Jews in Spain and Portugal" and "The Jews from Spain and Portugal in the Netherlands," which appeared in 1836 in the "Nedersche Stemmen over Godsdienst, Staat-Geschied-en Letterkunde," may be considered as preliminary to the history. Of interest also are his works on the Von Schoonenberg (Belmonte) family ("Jahrb. für Holland," 1851) and on "The Noble Families Among the Jews" ("Navorscher," 1857, pp. 210 et seq., 269 et seq.; 1858, pp. 71 et seq.; 1859, pp. 110 et seq., 174 et seq., 242 et seq.). Da Costa possessed a valuable library which contained a large number of Spanish, Portuguese, and Hebrew manuscripts, as well as rare prints from the Spanish-Portuguese Jewish literature. It was sold at public auction a year after his death. A catalogue of the library, compiled by M. Roest, was published at Amsterdam in 1861.
Works
Vijf-en-twintig Jaren ("Twenty-five years")
De Slag bij Nieuwpoort ("The Battle of Nieuport")
Alfonsus de Eerste
Poëzy
Bezwaren tegen den geest der eeuw. In this essay, written in 1823, only 25 years old, he attacked the Encyclopaedists, Rousseau, Voltaire, Diderot, Kant, Robert Owen and Lord Byron.
De Sadduceën
Paulus, eene schriftbeschouwing
Opmerkingen over het onderscheidende karakter der Groninger School
Hagar
Israël en de Volken; een overzicht van de geschiedenis der Joden tot op onzen tijd ("Israel and the Gentiles: Contributions to the History of the Jews From the Earliest Times to the Present Day")
Een en twintig dagen te Londen, bij gelegenheid der zamenkomsten van de Evangelische Alliantie, doorgebracht
Beschouwingen van het Evangelie van Lucas
Bilderdijk herdacht
Beschouwingen van de Handelingen der Apostelen
Wat er door de Theologische Faculteit te Leiden al zoo geleerd wordt
De Mensch en de dichter Willem Bilderdijk, eene bijdrage tot de kennis van zijn leven, karakter, en schriften
Opstellen van godgeleerden en geschiedkundigen inhoud
Da C.'s kompleete dichtwerken
Bijbellezingen. Op geteekend en medegedeeld door Johan Frederik Schimsheimer
The Four Witnesses: Being a Harmony of the Gospels on a New Principle English trans. by David Dundas Scott
Citations
^ data.bnf.fr
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). "Da Costa, Isaac". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
External links
Works by or about Isaac da Costa at Internet Archive
Works by Isaac da Costa at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Netherlands
People
Netherlands
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
|
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His father, an aristocratic Sephardic Portuguese Jew, Daniel da Costa, a relative of Uriel Acosta, was a prominent merchant in the city of Amsterdam; his mother, Rebecca Ricardo, was a sister of the English political economist David Ricardo. Daniel da Costa, soon recognizing his son's love for study, destined him for the bar, and sent him to the Latin school from 1806 to 1811. Here Isaäc wrote his first verses. Through his Hebrew teacher, the mathematician and Hebraist Moses Lemans, he became acquainted with the great Dutch poet Willem Bilderdijk, who, at the request of Isaäc's father, agreed to supervise the boy's further education. Bilderdijk taught him Roman law, and a familiar intercourse sprang up between them, which afterward developed into an intimate friendship.In 1817 Da Costa went to Leyden, where he again saw much of Bilderdijk. There he took his degree as doctor of law in 1818, and as doctor of philosophy on 21 June 1821. Three weeks later he married his cousin, Hannah Belmonte, who had been educated in a Christian institution; and soon after, at the instance of Bilderdijk, he was baptized with her at Leyden. At that time he was already well known as a poet. After Bilderdijk's death Da Costa was generally recognized as his successor among Dutch poets. He was a faithful adherent of the religious views of his friend, was one of the leaders of the Orthodox Reformed party, and during the last years of his life was a teacher and a director of the seminary of the Independent Scotch Church. However severely his religious views and efforts were censured, his character, no less than his genius, was respected by his contemporaries. Although he wrote much on missionary matters, he is distinguished from many other converts in that, to the end of his life, he felt only reverence and love for his former coreligionists, was deeply interested in their history, and often took their part.Aside from his fifty-three longer and shorter poems, Da Costa wrote largely on theological subjects. He also wrote \"Israel en de Volken\" (2d ed., Haarlem, 1848–49), a survey of the history of the Jews to the nineteenth century, written from the standpoint of the Church. The third volume, dealing with the history of the Spanish-Portuguese Jews, is especially noteworthy on account of the mass of new material used. The work was translated into English, under the title \"Israel and the Gentiles,\" by Ward Kennedy (London, 1850), and into German by \"A Friend of God's Word\" (Miss Thumb), published by K. Mann (Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1855).Da Costa's two papers, \"The Jews in Spain and Portugal\" and \"The Jews from Spain and Portugal in the Netherlands,\" which appeared in 1836 in the \"Nedersche Stemmen over Godsdienst, Staat-Geschied-en Letterkunde,\" may be considered as preliminary to the history. Of interest also are his works on the Von Schoonenberg (Belmonte) family (\"Jahrb. für Holland,\" 1851) and on \"The Noble Families Among the Jews\" (\"Navorscher,\" 1857, pp. 210 et seq., 269 et seq.; 1858, pp. 71 et seq.; 1859, pp. 110 et seq., 174 et seq., 242 et seq.). Da Costa possessed a valuable library which contained a large number of Spanish, Portuguese, and Hebrew manuscripts, as well as rare prints from the Spanish-Portuguese Jewish literature. It was sold at public auction a year after his death. A catalogue of the library, compiled by M. 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In this essay, written in 1823, only 25 years old, he attacked the Encyclopaedists, Rousseau, Voltaire, Diderot, Kant, Robert Owen and Lord Byron.\nDe Sadduceën\nPaulus, eene schriftbeschouwing\nOpmerkingen over het onderscheidende karakter der Groninger School\nHagar\nIsraël en de Volken; een overzicht van de geschiedenis der Joden tot op onzen tijd (\"Israel and the Gentiles: Contributions to the History of the Jews From the Earliest Times to the Present Day\")\nEen en twintig dagen te Londen, bij gelegenheid der zamenkomsten van de Evangelische Alliantie, doorgebracht\nBeschouwingen van het Evangelie van Lucas\nBilderdijk herdacht\nBeschouwingen van de Handelingen der Apostelen\nWat er door de Theologische Faculteit te Leiden al zoo geleerd wordt\nDe Mensch en de dichter Willem Bilderdijk, eene bijdrage tot de kennis van zijn leven, karakter, en schriften\nOpstellen van godgeleerden en geschiedkundigen inhoud\nDa C.'s kompleete dichtwerken\nBijbellezingen. 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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miljenko_Smoje
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Miljenko Smoje
|
["1 Sources","2 External links"]
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Croatian writer and journalist
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Miljenko SmojeBorn(1923-02-14)14 February 1923Split, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes(now Croatia)Died25 October 1995(1995-10-25) (aged 72)Split, CroatiaOccupationWriter, journalistLanguageCroatianNotable works
Malo misto
Velo misto
Spouse
Lepa Čatipović
(m. 1963; died 2016)
Miljenko Smoje (14 February 1923 – 25 October 1995) was a Croatian writer and journalist.
Smoje was born in Split, at the time in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in a family of poor labourers. The neighbourhood where he grew up was known for its support for anarchism, socialism and other left-wing ideologies. This would later influence Smoje's work and help him develop a strong dislike of authorities and the establishment.
Smoje finished high school in Split in 1941, but his further education was interrupted by the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia and Split being occupied by Italy. Smoje joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and took part in the local resistance movement. However, due to his rebellious nature, he was expelled from the Party, but he survived that, as well as a brief incarceration by Italian authorities. After the end of the war he finished college and worked as a teacher. In 1950 he took a job as a reporter for the Split daily newspaper Slobodna Dalmacija, where he would write until his formal retirement in 1979.
As a reporter, Smoje developed a specific style that included use of Čakavština dialect in his articles. His specialty was articles about ordinary people and through the decades he travelled over Dalmatia chronicling many aspects of its life. Later he used many of those experiences as the basis for his short stories, plays and novels. He liked to inject all of his work with a strong dose of humour, laced with elements of every-day tragedy. All this helped Smoje become one of the most respected and more popular writers of former Yugoslavia, as well as arguably the greatest humourist of Croatian literature.
It was the medium of television which helped Smoje become famous. In 1970 he wrote the script for Naše malo misto (also known as Malo misto), a mini-series chronicling three decades of life in small Dalmatian coastal town. The series featured many memorable characters that would later become part of local culture. Smoje also showed ability to use broad comedy as a way to criticise aspects of Communism. The series nevertheless became an instant hit and grew in popularity through the decades.
In 1980 Smoje tried to repeat the success with Velo misto, a more ambitious project chronicling life in Split between 1910 and 1947. Velo misto became very popular and developed cult status of its own.
After his retirement Smoje continued to write for Slobodna Dalmacija and Nedjeljna Dalmacija weekly. In the late 1980s and early 1990s he opposed Croatian nationalism and for that reason he was snubbed by the media controlled by Franjo Tuđman and his ruling Croatian Democratic Union. When Tuđman's supporter Miroslav Kutle took over Slobodna Dalmacija in 1993, Smoje began to write for the satirical weekly Feral Tribune.
Semi-official snub of Miljenko Smoje ended in late 1990s when his shows were allowed to be aired on Croatian Radiotelevision.
Smoje was married twice. He is buried in Žrnovnica near Split.
Sources
Smoje, Miljenko at enciklopedija.hr (in Croatian)
External links
Miljenko Smoje at IMDb
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Poland
Other
IdRef
|
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The neighbourhood where he grew up was known for its support for anarchism, socialism and other left-wing ideologies. This would later influence Smoje's work and help him develop a strong dislike of authorities and the establishment.Smoje finished high school in Split in 1941, but his further education was interrupted by the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia and Split being occupied by Italy. Smoje joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and took part in the local resistance movement. However, due to his rebellious nature, he was expelled from the Party, but he survived that, as well as a brief incarceration by Italian authorities. After the end of the war he finished college and worked as a teacher. In 1950 he took a job as a reporter for the Split daily newspaper Slobodna Dalmacija, where he would write until his formal retirement in 1979.As a reporter, Smoje developed a specific style that included use of Čakavština dialect in his articles. His specialty was articles about ordinary people and through the decades he travelled over Dalmatia chronicling many aspects of its life. Later he used many of those experiences as the basis for his short stories, plays and novels. He liked to inject all of his work with a strong dose of humour, laced with elements of every-day tragedy. All this helped Smoje become one of the most respected and more popular writers of former Yugoslavia, as well as arguably the greatest humourist of Croatian literature.It was the medium of television which helped Smoje become famous. In 1970 he wrote the script for Naše malo misto (also known as Malo misto), a mini-series chronicling three decades of life in small Dalmatian coastal town. The series featured many memorable characters that would later become part of local culture. Smoje also showed ability to use broad comedy as a way to criticise aspects of Communism. The series nevertheless became an instant hit and grew in popularity through the decades.In 1980 Smoje tried to repeat the success with Velo misto, a more ambitious project chronicling life in Split between 1910 and 1947. Velo misto became very popular and developed cult status of its own.After his retirement Smoje continued to write for Slobodna Dalmacija and Nedjeljna Dalmacija weekly. In the late 1980s and early 1990s he opposed Croatian nationalism and for that reason he was snubbed by the media controlled by Franjo Tuđman and his ruling Croatian Democratic Union. When Tuđman's supporter Miroslav Kutle took over Slobodna Dalmacija in 1993, Smoje began to write for the satirical weekly Feral Tribune.Semi-official snub of Miljenko Smoje ended in late 1990s when his shows were allowed to be aired on Croatian Radiotelevision.Smoje was married twice. He is buried in Žrnovnica near Split.","title":"Miljenko Smoje"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smoje, Miljenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=56821"}],"text":"Smoje, Miljenko at enciklopedija.hr (in Croatian)","title":"Sources"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teltow_railway_station
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Teltow station
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["1 Location","2 History","2.1 Teltow station","2.2 Conversions in 1940","2.3 After the end of the Second World War","2.4 After the building of the Wall","2.5 Development after 1990","3 Infrastructure","3.1 After 1940","3.2 Current situation","3.3 Access to the Teltow Railway","3.4 Rectifier installation","4 Train services","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°23′17″N 13°17′58″E / 52.38806°N 13.29944°E / 52.38806; 13.29944TeltowThrough StationTeltow railway stationGeneral informationLocationMahlower Str 231, Teltow, BrandenburgGermanyCoordinates52°23′17″N 13°17′58″E / 52.38806°N 13.29944°E / 52.38806; 13.29944Owned byDB NetzOperated byDB Station&ServiceLine(s)
Anhalt Railway
Anhalt Suburban Line (dismantled)
Outer Freight Ring (dismantled)
Teltow Railway (dismantled)
Platforms2Tracks4Other informationStation code6165DS100 codeBTLIBNR8013100Category6Fare zoneVBB: Berlin C and Potsdam C/5953Websitewww.bahnhof.deHistoryOpened1 October 1901; 122 years ago (1901-10-01)Closed 13 August 1961; 62 years ago (1961-08-13)Electrified 7 July 1951; 72 years ago (1951-07-07)main line: 10 December 2005; 18 years ago (2005-12-10)Services
Preceding station
Ostdeutsche Eisenbahn
Following station
Berlin-Lichterfelde Osttowards Rathenow
RE 4
Großbeerentowards Falkenberg (Elster)
LocationTeltowLocation within BrandenburgShow map of BrandenburgTeltowLocation within GermanyShow map of GermanyTeltowLocation within EuropeShow map of Europe
Teltow station is located in the town of Teltow on the Anhalt Railway south of Berlin and was opened in 1901. Since then, the station has been repeatedly remodelled. The station served regional passenger and freight traffic and was the terminus of a Berlin S-Bahn service from 1950 to 1961. The direct connection to Berlin was lost with the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961. It was restored in 2006.
Teltow Station should not be confused with Teltow Stadt (town) station, which opened in 2005 and is near the centre of the town at the end of a branch line of the S-Bahn and about 2 kilometres to the north-west of Teltow station.
Location
The railway station is located south of Berlin at the intersection of Berlin–Halle railway with Mahlower Straße (the road to Mahlow) about three kilometres east of central Teltow in the district of Potsdam-Mittelmark in the state of Brandenburg. Originally, the station was built far outside the town in open fields, but the area between the town and the station is now occupied by housing estates. The locality of Heinersdorf lies two kilometres to the east on the boundary of the Teltow-Fläming district and is part of the Teltow settlement of Sigridshorst, which lies about one kilometre further north.
History
The town of Teltow initially had no connection to the Anhalt Railway, which was opened in 1840 and ran a few kilometres to the east of the town. A passenger and postal service was subsequently established towards Zehlendorf station on the Berlin–Magdeburg railway. In 1872 the Berlin-Anhalt Railway Company planned a connection from Lichterfelde via Teltow and Stahnsdorf to Potsdam, but this project was not realised. A steam tramway called the Dampfstraßenbahn Gross-Lichterfelde (Anhalter Bahnhof)–Seehof–Teltow was opened in 1888; this became part of the Teltow District Railway (Teltower Kreisbahnen) in 1906 and was electrified in the following year. In 1889 there were again plans for a railway from Potsdam via Teltow to Köpenick, which were also not realised. Later separate sections of the Brandenburg Bypass Railway (Umgehungsbahn) were built that did not run directly to Teltow.
In the second half of the 1890s a bigger effort was made to connect the town of Teltow with a fully developed railway. Applications were sent to the Königliche Eisenbahn-Direktion Halle (Royal Railway Division of Halle), which was responsible for the Anhalt Railway. Once part of the required land was handed over by the town and of the surrounding landowners to the railway company free of charge, construction work could begin.
Teltow station
Teltow station was opened for all traffic on 1 October 1901. The volume of traffic developed well with freight rising especially quickly. The station was served from the beginning by all passenger trains operating on the line, which amounted to ten to twelve trains in each direction in 1904. The Teltower Industriebahn (Teltow Industrial Railway, later the Teltower Eisenbahn—Teltow Railway) was opened in 1909, connecting the station to various industrial companies in the town and to the port opened in 1906 on the Teltow Canal. In the early 1910s, the station trackwork and the station building were extended. In 1923, responsibility for the railway facilities in Teltow was transferred from the Reichsbahn railway division (Reichsbahndirektion) of Halle to the railway division of Berlin. Moreover, there were plans for the quadruplication of the Anhalt Railway in the Teltow area in order to create separate suburban tracks.
The town of Teltow gradually developed towards Teltow station, which it reached by the 1930s. Berlin suburb fares were extended to Teltow in 1938.
Conversions in 1940
Former Tls signalbox at the junction to the Großbeeren auxiliary marshalling yard
As part of the Nazis' Welthauptstadt Germania plan, which was partly based on earlier plans, there were a variety of plans in the 1930s to transform the railway yards in the Berlin area, some affecting the Teltow area. Some of these projects were approved for construction. A new marshalling yard was planned in Großbeeren, which would extend between Großbeeren station and Teltow station on the east side of the tracks of the Anhalt Railway. Instead of implementing old plans for a bypass railway south of Berlin, it was planned to build the Outer Freight Ring (Güteraußenring) on a route that ran further north than the Outer Ring (Außenring) that was built later. The provisional Outer Freight Ring between Teltow station and Biesenhorst (west of Kaulsdorf station on the Eastern Railway) was opened on 16 December 1940. Construction started in 1939 on a railway that ran to Tempelhof from Großbeeren station and was used for the construction of Großbeeren marshalling yard and the planned locomotive depot at Lichterfelde Süd. The Hilfsrangierbahnhof (auxiliary marshalling yard) Großbeeren was opened in 1941. As a result of the war these projects were implemented on a temporary basis; more construction projects such as the western extension of the outer freight ring north from Teltow via Stahnsdorf to Potsdam were omitted except for a few early works.
Further work was carried out on the Anhalt Railway. Here the local and long-distance tracks were separated in conjunction with the transfer of the tracks from ground level on to an embankment. As early as 1919 there were plans for the building of earthworks to raise the Anhalt Railway between Lichterfelde and Großbeeren. This work, however, was delayed for nearly 20 years until it was resumed in 1938. In 1943, the separate suburban tracks from Berlin-Lichterfelde Ost to Ludwigsfelde were put into operation, but electric S-Bahn operations from central Berlin ended at Lichterfelde Süd station. Teltow was subsequently served only by suburban trains as the through passenger trains on the Anhalt Railway had resumed stopping only in Ludwigsfelde.
After the end of the Second World War
The suburban traffic from Lichterfelde to Ludwigsfelde was resumed after the war on 24 December 1945. The border between the Soviet occupation of Berlin and the American zone, which later became the border between East Germany and West Berlin. ran north of Teltow station.
Much of the trackwork of the station and the mainline tracks near the station were dismantled as war reparations to the Soviet Union or were used to substitute for other dismantled tracks. From 1950, passengers on trains to Berlin stopped in Teltow station, for which a low-quality track was rebuilt. On 7 July 1951, the DC operations of the Berlin S-Bahn were extended from Lichterfelde Süd to Teltow. In this context, the separate suburban tracks from Teltow went to Ludwigsfelde were taken out of service. On 18 May 1952, long-distance transport towards West Berlin was abandoned and the tracks were dismantled. Teltow station was only accessible—except for the S-Bahn tracks—in both directions via the former construction railway which had been provided during the war with a temporary platform. In addition, since 1951, the suburban trains that had previously run to Ludwigsfelde ended in Teltow. Until the mid-1950s, occasional freight traffic operated towards West Berlin. By 1960, it was clearly established that no more freight traffic would run to West Berlin via Teltow.
The DC line of the S-Bahn was powered from a mobile rectifier plant at Berlin-Lichterfelde. A stationary rectifier plant at Teltow station was under construction and was planned to become operational in 1961.
After the building of the Wall
The rectifier unit for the S-Bahn was taken out of operation in 1961. The building is heritage-listed.
The Berlin Wall completely severed the railway line between Teltow and Lichterfelde. The remaining tracks of the S-Bahn line and the freight railway were blocked and the bridge of the S-Bahn line over the Machnower Straße was dismantled. The rectifier plant was taken out of operation.
Teltow station was thus accessible only from Ludwigsfelde and by a connecting curve at Genshagener Heide station from the Outer Ring coming from the west. Its use for passenger services declined sharply as both Berlin and Potsdam could only reached by train with substantial detours. It remained active at first, but trains towards Ludwigsfelde were later thinned (1962: 14 trains; 1989: 6-8 trains per day in each direction), with some trains continuing directly towards Jüterbog. Immediately after the Wall was built, there were two pairs of trains during peak hour running via Genshagener Heide to Berlin. In 1963 they were discontinued, but a pair of early trains continued to operate to Genshagener Heide until 1983. The majority of passengers used buses that connected Potsdam via Teltow town centre and Teltow station with Berlin Schönefeld Airport station. In the 1980s, it operated every 30 minutes and between Teltow and Potsdam station it ran every 15 minutes on weekdays.
Electrification of the line through Teltow station was completed on 30 July 1982.
Development after 1990
Soon after the fall of the Berlin Wall there were requests for the resumption of S-Bahn services to Teltow. However, there were long discussions about whether such a service should run to Teltow station, which was far from the centre of the town, or whether planning started in the 1930s for a new line and a station closer to central Teltow should be resumed. The Federal Ministry of Transport finally agreed in 1997 to finance this line. The Berlin-Lichterfelde Süd–Teltow Stadt railway and the Teltow Stadt station opened on 24 February 2005.
The old Teltow station was still exclusively served in passenger operations by regional trains from Ludwigsfelde, but the service frequency was increased to provide an hourly service from May 1993. Passenger traffic in Teltow was closed on 24 May 1998 because work had begun to rebuild the Anhalt Railway to Berlin; the overhead wire had been dismantled a year earlier.
The reconstructed route and the rebuilt Teltow station returned to operation on 28 May 2006. It was rebuilt in an elevated position with parts of the old station retained for freight.
Teltow station is served by the RE 4 service from Ludwigsfelde via Berlin to Rathenow every hour. At the beginning and ends of the day this service does not operate, but trains of the RE 5 services, which normally pass through without stopping, stop in Teltow at those times.
Infrastructure
Initially, the station had two outside platforms on the two through tracks and some tracks for freight on the west side. A small building made of timber and bricks served as an entrance building. Later sidings were added, first one towards Halle, then one towards Berlin in 1920. In 1931 there were extensive freight facilities on the west side of the tracks. The freight shed was located next to the entrance building. To the south, there were a number of sidings, to which the Teltow Industrial Railway was connected. The Tlo signalbox was on the eastern side of the tracks next to Machnower Straße.
After 1940
Freight tracks; to the right are the remains of the platform unused since 1998
The embankment for local and long-distance tracks was built on the west side of the railway tracks through the site of the former freight facilities and entrance building. A construction operations station, where freight was handled, was built east of it at ground level. The suburban platform was accessed via a tunnel which initially had one exit on the western side. Once the new works were completed after the Second World War, trains running towards Ludwigsfelde stopped at the former construction operations station. In 1952, the tunnel was extended to the eastern side of the tracks. A small, barracks-like station building was built on the entrance to the lower platform.
After the construction of the Berlin Wall, the S-Bahn tracks and the bridge over Machnower Straße were dismantled. The embankment and the tunnel remained until the next station reconstruction in the late 1990s.
The station then had a platform with two platform edges for passenger trains. The freight operations area, which had two loading tracks, was located to the east.
Current situation
The through station is elevated above Machnower Straße, where it is crossed by the railway tracks. It consists of two platform tracks outside the through tracks, which extend south of the road on both sides and have external platforms. East of the through tracks there are some tracks for freight at ground level. These are connected to Anhalt Railway only in Großbeeren station and the freight yard is considered part of the precincts of Großbeeren station. Southwest of the station there are still some remnants of the tracks of the Teltow Railway, which are no longer connected to the main line.
Access to the Teltow Railway
Beginning of Teltow Railway to the south of Teltow station, seen from the embankment of the former suburban tracks.
The route of the Teltow Railway ran from Teltow station to the south and west of the town of Teltow to Teltow port on Oderstraße on Teltow Canal. The connection of this freight line to the station has been repeatedly changed. Originally it branched off the Anhalt line at the south end of the station and ran to the southwest. However, the embankment built in 1940 for the planned suburban and long-distance tracks severed this connection. Therefore, a new route was built that branched off to the north of the station and ran to the northwest and under the tracks of the mainline to Berlin. In Sigridshorst, it connected to a western extension from the Outer Freight Ring. The trains of the Teltow Railway reversed in Sigridshorst and ran west of Teltow station along the railway line until they reached the original route. After the Second World War, the railway embankment south of Teltow was no longer needed and partially removed. Since the through connection from Teltow to the north was limited by the new border, it became no longer usable and the Teltow Railway was reconnected at the south end of Teltow station to run towards Großbeeren station.
Rectifier installation
The "rectifier installation with courtyard paving and access road and the associated paved section of Bahnstraße" is heritage-listed. It is located on the western side of the railway tracks. It was built around 1960 and was almost completed in the summer of 1961. Because of the building of the Wall, the S-Bahn line was disrupted and thus the rectifier installation became superfluous. As a result, the technical facilities were dismantled. The construction of the installation has been preserved and is now used as part of a children's playground.
Train services
The station is served by the following service(s):
Regional services RE 4 Rathenow - Berlin - Ludwigsfelde - Jüterbog
References
^ a b "Stationspreisliste 2024" (PDF) (in German). DB Station&Service. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
^ Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland (German railway atlas) (2009/2010 ed.). Schweers + Wall. 2009. ISBN 978-3-89494-139-0.
^ "Der VBB-Tarif: Aufteilung des Verbundgebietes in Tarifwaben und Tarifbereiche" (PDF). Verkehrsbetrieb Potsdam. Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg. 1 January 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
^ Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. p. 19. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.
^ a b c d Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. pp. 29–35. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.
^ Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. p. 52. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.
^ Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. p. 55. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.
^ Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. p. 57. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.
^ Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. p. 124. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.
^ Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. p. 150. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.
^ Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. pp. 156–158. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.
^ Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. p. 161. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.
^ Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. p. 167. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.
^ Deutsche Bahn timetable 204a (in German)
^ Deutsche Bahn timetable 204b (in German)
Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. pp. especially 18–19, 29–37 and 76–87. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.
Jürgen Meyer-Kronthaler, Wolfgang Kramer (1998). Berlins S-Bahnhöfe / Ein dreiviertel Jahrhundert (in German). Berlin: be.bra verlag. pp. 311–312. ISBN 3-930863-25-1.
External links
"Teltow station" (in German). Bahnstrecken im Süden Berlins. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
"Teltow station" (in German). stadtschnellbahn-berlin.de. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
Authority control databases
Deutsche Bahn
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The direct connection to Berlin was lost with the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961. It was restored in 2006.Teltow Station should not be confused with Teltow Stadt (town) station, which opened in 2005 and is near the centre of the town at the end of a branch line of the S-Bahn and about 2 kilometres to the north-west of Teltow station.","title":"Teltow station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blankenfelde-Mahlow"},{"link_name":"Potsdam-Mittelmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam-Mittelmark"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Teltow-Fläming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teltow-Fl%C3%A4ming"}],"text":"The railway station is located south of Berlin at the intersection of Berlin–Halle railway with Mahlower Straße (the road to Mahlow) about three kilometres east of central Teltow in the district of Potsdam-Mittelmark in the state of Brandenburg. Originally, the station was built far outside the town in open fields, but the area between the town and the station is now occupied by housing estates. The locality of Heinersdorf lies two kilometres to the east on the boundary of the Teltow-Fläming district and is part of the Teltow settlement of Sigridshorst, which lies about one kilometre further north.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zehlendorf station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Zehlendorf_station"},{"link_name":"Berlin–Magdeburg railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Magdeburg_railway"},{"link_name":"Berlin-Anhalt Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Anhalt_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Lichterfelde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Lichterfelde_Ost_station"},{"link_name":"Stahnsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stahnsdorf"},{"link_name":"Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Teltow District Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teltow_District_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Köpenick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6penick"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg Bypass Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg_Bypass_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pb29-5"},{"link_name":"Railway Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_divisions_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Saale)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pb29-5"}],"text":"The town of Teltow initially had no connection to the Anhalt Railway, which was opened in 1840 and ran a few kilometres to the east of the town. A passenger and postal service was subsequently established towards Zehlendorf station on the Berlin–Magdeburg railway. In 1872 the Berlin-Anhalt Railway Company planned a connection from Lichterfelde via Teltow and Stahnsdorf to Potsdam, but this project was not realised.[4] A steam tramway called the Dampfstraßenbahn Gross-Lichterfelde (Anhalter Bahnhof)–Seehof–Teltow was opened in 1888; this became part of the Teltow District Railway (Teltower Kreisbahnen) in 1906 and was electrified in the following year. In 1889 there were again plans for a railway from Potsdam via Teltow to Köpenick, which were also not realised. Later separate sections of the Brandenburg Bypass Railway (Umgehungsbahn) were built that did not run directly to Teltow.[5]In the second half of the 1890s a bigger effort was made to connect the town of Teltow with a fully developed railway. Applications were sent to the Königliche Eisenbahn-Direktion Halle (Royal Railway Division of Halle), which was responsible for the Anhalt Railway. Once part of the required land was handed over by the town and of the surrounding landowners to the railway company free of charge, construction work could begin.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teltow Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teltow_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Teltow Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teltow_Canal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pb29-5"},{"link_name":"Reichsbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pb52-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Teltow station","text":"Teltow station was opened for all traffic on 1 October 1901. The volume of traffic developed well with freight rising especially quickly. The station was served from the beginning by all passenger trains operating on the line, which amounted to ten to twelve trains in each direction in 1904. The Teltower Industriebahn (Teltow Industrial Railway, later the Teltower Eisenbahn—Teltow Railway) was opened in 1909, connecting the station to various industrial companies in the town and to the port opened in 1906 on the Teltow Canal. In the early 1910s, the station trackwork and the station building were extended.[5] In 1923, responsibility for the railway facilities in Teltow was transferred from the Reichsbahn railway division (Reichsbahndirektion) of Halle to the railway division of Berlin.[6] Moreover, there were plans for the quadruplication of the Anhalt Railway in the Teltow area in order to create separate suburban tracks.[7]The town of Teltow gradually developed towards Teltow station, which it reached by the 1930s. Berlin suburb fares were extended to Teltow in 1938.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bf-teltow-stellwerk-vbf.JPG"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"},{"link_name":"Welthauptstadt Germania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welthauptstadt_Germania"},{"link_name":"Großbeeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fbeeren"},{"link_name":"Großbeeren station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fbeeren_station"},{"link_name":"Outer Freight Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Outer_Freight_Ring"},{"link_name":"Outer Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Outer_Ring"},{"link_name":"Kaulsdorf station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaulsdorf_station"},{"link_name":"Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Eastern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Lichterfelde Süd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichterfelde_S%C3%BCd_station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pb124-9"},{"link_name":"Berlin-Lichterfelde Ost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Lichterfelde_Ost_station"},{"link_name":"Ludwigsfelde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwigsfelde_station"}],"sub_title":"Conversions in 1940","text":"Former Tls signalbox at the junction to the Großbeeren auxiliary marshalling yardAs part of the Nazis' Welthauptstadt Germania plan, which was partly based on earlier plans, there were a variety of plans in the 1930s to transform the railway yards in the Berlin area, some affecting the Teltow area. Some of these projects were approved for construction. A new marshalling yard was planned in Großbeeren, which would extend between Großbeeren station and Teltow station on the east side of the tracks of the Anhalt Railway. Instead of implementing old plans for a bypass railway south of Berlin, it was planned to build the Outer Freight Ring (Güteraußenring) on a route that ran further north than the Outer Ring (Außenring) that was built later. The provisional Outer Freight Ring between Teltow station and Biesenhorst (west of Kaulsdorf station on the Eastern Railway) was opened on 16 December 1940. Construction started in 1939 on a railway that ran to Tempelhof from Großbeeren station and was used for the construction of Großbeeren marshalling yard and the planned locomotive depot at Lichterfelde Süd. The Hilfsrangierbahnhof (auxiliary marshalling yard) Großbeeren was opened in 1941. As a result of the war these projects were implemented on a temporary basis; more construction projects such as the western extension of the outer freight ring north from Teltow via Stahnsdorf to Potsdam were omitted except for a few early works.Further work was carried out on the Anhalt Railway. Here the local and long-distance tracks were separated in conjunction with the transfer of the tracks from ground level on to an embankment. As early as 1919 there were plans for the building of earthworks to raise the Anhalt Railway between Lichterfelde and Großbeeren. This work, however, was delayed for nearly 20 years until it was resumed in 1938.[9] In 1943, the separate suburban tracks from Berlin-Lichterfelde Ost to Ludwigsfelde were put into operation, but electric S-Bahn operations from central Berlin ended at Lichterfelde Süd station. Teltow was subsequently served only by suburban trains as the through passenger trains on the Anhalt Railway had resumed stopping only in Ludwigsfelde.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"West Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin"},{"link_name":"war reparations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_reparations"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pb150-10"},{"link_name":"DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Current"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pb156-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pb161-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pb167-13"}],"sub_title":"After the end of the Second World War","text":"The suburban traffic from Lichterfelde to Ludwigsfelde was resumed after the war on 24 December 1945. The border between the Soviet occupation of Berlin and the American zone, which later became the border between East Germany and West Berlin. ran north of Teltow station.Much of the trackwork of the station and the mainline tracks near the station were dismantled as war reparations to the Soviet Union or were used to substitute for other dismantled tracks.[10] From 1950, passengers on trains to Berlin stopped in Teltow station, for which a low-quality track was rebuilt. On 7 July 1951, the DC operations of the Berlin S-Bahn were extended from Lichterfelde Süd to Teltow.[11] In this context, the separate suburban tracks from Teltow went to Ludwigsfelde were taken out of service. On 18 May 1952, long-distance transport towards West Berlin was abandoned and the tracks were dismantled. Teltow station was only accessible—except for the S-Bahn tracks—in both directions via the former construction railway which had been provided during the war with a temporary platform. In addition, since 1951, the suburban trains that had previously run to Ludwigsfelde ended in Teltow. Until the mid-1950s, occasional freight traffic operated towards West Berlin. By 1960, it was clearly established that no more freight traffic would run to West Berlin via Teltow.[12]The DC line of the S-Bahn was powered from a mobile rectifier plant at Berlin-Lichterfelde. A stationary rectifier plant at Teltow station was under construction and was planned to become operational in 1961.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BfTeltowUmspannwerk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berlin Schönefeld Airport station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Sch%C3%B6nefeld_Flughafen_station"}],"sub_title":"After the building of the Wall","text":"The rectifier unit for the S-Bahn was taken out of operation in 1961. The building is heritage-listed.The Berlin Wall completely severed the railway line between Teltow and Lichterfelde. The remaining tracks of the S-Bahn line and the freight railway were blocked and the bridge of the S-Bahn line over the Machnower Straße was dismantled. The rectifier plant was taken out of operation.Teltow station was thus accessible only from Ludwigsfelde and by a connecting curve at Genshagener Heide station from the Outer Ring coming from the west. Its use for passenger services declined sharply as both Berlin and Potsdam could only reached by train with substantial detours. It remained active at first, but trains towards Ludwigsfelde were later thinned (1962: 14 trains; 1989: 6-8 trains per day in each direction), with some trains continuing directly towards Jüterbog. Immediately after the Wall was built, there were two pairs of trains during peak hour running via Genshagener Heide to Berlin. In 1963 they were discontinued, but a pair of early trains continued to operate to Genshagener Heide until 1983. The majority of passengers used buses that connected Potsdam via Teltow town centre and Teltow station with Berlin Schönefeld Airport station. In the 1980s, it operated every 30 minutes and between Teltow and Potsdam station it ran every 15 minutes on weekdays.Electrification of the line through Teltow station was completed on 30 July 1982.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin-Lichterfelde Süd–Teltow Stadt railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Lichterfelde_S%C3%BCd%E2%80%93Teltow_Stadt_railway"},{"link_name":"Teltow Stadt station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teltow_Stadt_station"}],"sub_title":"Development after 1990","text":"Soon after the fall of the Berlin Wall there were requests for the resumption of S-Bahn services to Teltow. However, there were long discussions about whether such a service should run to Teltow station, which was far from the centre of the town, or whether planning started in the 1930s for a new line and a station closer to central Teltow should be resumed. The Federal Ministry of Transport finally agreed in 1997 to finance this line. The Berlin-Lichterfelde Süd–Teltow Stadt railway and the Teltow Stadt station opened on 24 February 2005.The old Teltow station was still exclusively served in passenger operations by regional trains from Ludwigsfelde, but the service frequency was increased to provide an hourly service from May 1993. Passenger traffic in Teltow was closed on 24 May 1998 because work had begun to rebuild the Anhalt Railway to Berlin; the overhead wire had been dismantled a year earlier.The reconstructed route and the rebuilt Teltow station returned to operation on 28 May 2006. It was rebuilt in an elevated position with parts of the old station retained for freight.Teltow station is served by the RE 4 service from Ludwigsfelde via Berlin to Rathenow every hour. At the beginning and ends of the day this service does not operate, but trains of the RE 5 services, which normally pass through without stopping, stop in Teltow at those times.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pb29-5"}],"text":"Initially, the station had two outside platforms on the two through tracks and some tracks for freight on the west side. A small building made of timber and bricks served as an entrance building.[5] Later sidings were added, first one towards Halle, then one towards Berlin in 1920. In 1931 there were extensive freight facilities on the west side of the tracks. The freight shed was located next to the entrance building. To the south, there were a number of sidings, to which the Teltow Industrial Railway was connected. The Tlo signalbox was on the eastern side of the tracks next to Machnower Straße.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BfTeltowG%C3%BCterteil.jpg"}],"sub_title":"After 1940","text":"Freight tracks; to the right are the remains of the platform unused since 1998The embankment for local and long-distance tracks was built on the west side of the railway tracks through the site of the former freight facilities and entrance building. A construction operations station, where freight was handled, was built east of it at ground level. The suburban platform was accessed via a tunnel which initially had one exit on the western side. Once the new works were completed after the Second World War, trains running towards Ludwigsfelde stopped at the former construction operations station. In 1952, the tunnel was extended to the eastern side of the tracks. A small, barracks-like station building was built on the entrance to the lower platform.After the construction of the Berlin Wall, the S-Bahn tracks and the bridge over Machnower Straße were dismantled. The embankment and the tunnel remained until the next station reconstruction in the late 1990s.The station then had a platform with two platform edges for passenger trains. The freight operations area, which had two loading tracks, was located to the east.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current situation","text":"The through station is elevated above Machnower Straße, where it is crossed by the railway tracks. It consists of two platform tracks outside the through tracks, which extend south of the road on both sides and have external platforms. East of the through tracks there are some tracks for freight at ground level. These are connected to Anhalt Railway only in Großbeeren station and the freight yard is considered part of the precincts of Großbeeren station. Southwest of the station there are still some remnants of the tracks of the Teltow Railway, which are no longer connected to the main line.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TeltowIndustriebahn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Teltow Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teltow_Canal"}],"sub_title":"Access to the Teltow Railway","text":"Beginning of Teltow Railway to the south of Teltow station, seen from the embankment of the former suburban tracks.The route of the Teltow Railway ran from Teltow station to the south and west of the town of Teltow to Teltow port on Oderstraße on Teltow Canal. The connection of this freight line to the station has been repeatedly changed. Originally it branched off the Anhalt line at the south end of the station and ran to the southwest. However, the embankment built in 1940 for the planned suburban and long-distance tracks severed this connection. Therefore, a new route was built that branched off to the north of the station and ran to the northwest and under the tracks of the mainline to Berlin. In Sigridshorst, it connected to a western extension from the Outer Freight Ring. The trains of the Teltow Railway reversed in Sigridshorst and ran west of Teltow station along the railway line until they reached the original route. After the Second World War, the railway embankment south of Teltow was no longer needed and partially removed. Since the through connection from Teltow to the north was limited by the new border, it became no longer usable and the Teltow Railway was reconnected at the south end of Teltow station to run towards Großbeeren station.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rectifier installation","text":"The \"rectifier installation with courtyard paving and access road and the associated paved section of Bahnstraße\" is heritage-listed. It is located on the western side of the railway tracks. It was built around 1960 and was almost completed in the summer of 1961. Because of the building of the Wall, the S-Bahn line was disrupted and thus the rectifier installation became superfluous. As a result, the technical facilities were dismantled. The construction of the installation has been preserved and is now used as part of a children's playground.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timetable1-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timetable2-15"}],"text":"The station is served by the following service(s):Regional services RE 4 Rathenow - Berlin - Ludwigsfelde - Jüterbog[14][15]","title":"Train services"}]
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[{"image_text":"Former Tls signalbox at the junction to the Großbeeren auxiliary marshalling yard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bf-teltow-stellwerk-vbf.JPG/220px-Bf-teltow-stellwerk-vbf.JPG"},{"image_text":"The rectifier unit for the S-Bahn was taken out of operation in 1961. The building is heritage-listed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/BfTeltowUmspannwerk.jpg/220px-BfTeltowUmspannwerk.jpg"},{"image_text":"Freight tracks; to the right are the remains of the platform unused since 1998","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/BfTeltowG%C3%BCterteil.jpg/220px-BfTeltowG%C3%BCterteil.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beginning of Teltow Railway to the south of Teltow station, seen from the embankment of the former suburban tracks.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TeltowIndustriebahn.jpg/220px-TeltowIndustriebahn.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Stationspreisliste 2024\" [Station price list 2024] (PDF) (in German). DB Station&Service. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deutschebahn.com/resource/blob/10549430/8b4014c743df66a357abf2c652860d8b/Anlage-1-Geplantes-Entgelt-pro-Station-alphabetisch-sortiert-getrennt-nach-Bahnhof-und-Bahnsteig_R1-data.pdf","url_text":"\"Stationspreisliste 2024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Station%26Service","url_text":"DB Station&Service"}]},{"reference":"Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland (German railway atlas) (2009/2010 ed.). Schweers + Wall. 2009. ISBN 978-3-89494-139-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89494-139-0","url_text":"978-3-89494-139-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Der VBB-Tarif: Aufteilung des Verbundgebietes in Tarifwaben und Tarifbereiche\" (PDF). Verkehrsbetrieb Potsdam. Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg. 1 January 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.swp-potsdam.de/content/verkehr/pdf_7/vbb_wabenkarte_und_tarifbereiche.pdf","url_text":"\"Der VBB-Tarif: Aufteilung des Verbundgebietes in Tarifwaben und Tarifbereiche\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkehrsverbund_Berlin-Brandenburg","url_text":"Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg"}]},{"reference":"Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. p. 19. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933254-92-4","url_text":"978-3-933254-92-4"}]},{"reference":"Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. pp. 29–35. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933254-92-4","url_text":"978-3-933254-92-4"}]},{"reference":"Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. p. 52. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933254-92-4","url_text":"978-3-933254-92-4"}]},{"reference":"Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. p. 55. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933254-92-4","url_text":"978-3-933254-92-4"}]},{"reference":"Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. p. 57. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933254-92-4","url_text":"978-3-933254-92-4"}]},{"reference":"Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. p. 124. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933254-92-4","url_text":"978-3-933254-92-4"}]},{"reference":"Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. p. 150. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933254-92-4","url_text":"978-3-933254-92-4"}]},{"reference":"Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. pp. 156–158. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933254-92-4","url_text":"978-3-933254-92-4"}]},{"reference":"Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. p. 161. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933254-92-4","url_text":"978-3-933254-92-4"}]},{"reference":"Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. p. 167. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933254-92-4","url_text":"978-3-933254-92-4"}]},{"reference":"Peter Bley (2008). Eisenbahnen auf dem Teltow (in German). Verlag Bernd Neddermeyer. pp. especially 18–19, 29–37 and 76–87. ISBN 978-3-933254-92-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933254-92-4","url_text":"978-3-933254-92-4"}]},{"reference":"Jürgen Meyer-Kronthaler, Wolfgang Kramer (1998). Berlins S-Bahnhöfe / Ein dreiviertel Jahrhundert (in German). Berlin: be.bra verlag. pp. 311–312. ISBN 3-930863-25-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-930863-25-1","url_text":"3-930863-25-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Teltow station\" (in German). Bahnstrecken im Süden Berlins. Retrieved 4 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bsisb.de/default_f.htm?/anh_drd_b_h/anh_h_09.htm","url_text":"\"Teltow station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teltow station\" (in German). stadtschnellbahn-berlin.de. Retrieved 4 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stadtschnellbahn-berlin.de/bahnhof/bahnhof.php?bhf=471","url_text":"\"Teltow station\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Patterson
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Scott Patterson
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["1 Early life","2 Baseball career","3 Acting career","4 I Am All In podcast","5 Filmography","5.1 Film","5.2 Television","6 References","7 External links"]
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American actor (born 1958)
This article is about the actor. For other people, see Scott Patterson (disambiguation).
Scott PattersonPatterson at GalaxyCon Richmond in 2020Born (1958-09-11) September 11, 1958 (age 65)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.OccupationsBaseball player (1980–1986)Actor (1992–present)Known forSawGilmore Girls
Scott Patterson (born September 11, 1958) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Luke Danes in Gilmore Girls and as Peter Strahm in the Saw films. He also starred as Michael Buchanan in the NBC drama series The Event and as a Tenctonese alien commander in the TV film Alien Nation: Dark Horizon
Early life
Patterson was born on September 11, 1958, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and raised in Haddonfield, New Jersey. He attended Haddonfield Memorial High School, graduating in 1977, before attending Rutgers University, where he pursued a degree in comparative literature, eventually leaving college to play baseball. He studied acting in New York with coaches Robert Lewis and Sondra Lee. He was exposed to the teachings of Paul Newman, Arthur Penn, and Frank Corsaro at the Actors Studio, where he also participated in the Producer's Unit Penn chaired. He appeared in numerous productions, including Rasputin and Miss Julie.
Baseball career
Patterson with the Nashville Sounds in 1983
Patterson spent seven years, from 1980 to 1986, as a professional pitcher in minor league baseball, topping out at the Triple-A level, the highest before the major leagues. He played in two major-league farm systems for seven different minor-league teams and was selected to four all-star teams (two with Atlanta and two with the New York Yankees). Patterson was initially selected by the Atlanta Braves in the first round (12th overall) of the 1980 Major League Baseball secondary draft (an event distinct from the amateur draft). He played his first pro season with their Class A Anderson Braves in 1980. In 1981 Patterson won 13 consecutive games as a starting pitcher between Class A Durham and Double-A Savannah to set a Braves record for most consecutive wins to start a season. He was named the Braves Minor League Pitcher of the Month twice.
Patterson was traded from the Braves to the New York Yankees for Bob Watson on April 23, 1982, and was placed on the Yankees Major League roster in 1983. Patterson was named as an All-Star both with the Yankees' Double-A Albany-Colonie Yankees and Triple-A Columbus Clippers in 1986. In 1985 he was selected by the Texas Rangers in the Rule 5 draft but subsequently returned to the Yankees. While in the Yankees organization Patterson was named their minor league Pitcher of the Month once, and Pitcher of the Week three times. Patterson also pitched in the Puerto Rican Winter League with the Lobos de Arecibo in 1984–85, and the Dominican Professional Baseball League with Santo Domingo in 1985–86. Patterson signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers affiliate, the Albuquerque Dukes, in late 1986 but never played at the major league level.
Acting career
In 1993, Patterson was slated to play the lead in Castle Rock's Little Big League opposite Sela Ward. The producers recast the role at the last minute with Revenge of the Nerds star Timothy Busfield, opting to offer Patterson the role of Mike McGrevey.
Patterson completed filming the leading role in the feature film Her Best Move, directed by Norm Hunter and co-starring Lisa Darr. He also appeared on the big screen in Little Big League, with Jason Robards, and in Three Wishes, with Patrick Swayze and Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio. He also appeared in the independent films Highway 395 and Rhapsody in Bloom with Penelope Ann Miller and Ron Silver, Boys of Abu Ghraib with Sean Astin, and Other People's Children with Diane Marshall-Green.
On television, he has landed romantic roles; his most notable role, which he played for seven years on the television show Gilmore Girls, is Luke Danes, the backwards baseball cap-wearing on-again, off-again love interest of the show's protagonist, Lorelai Gilmore, played by Lauren Graham.
On Seinfeld, Patterson's character was deemed "spongeworthy" by Elaine (Julia Louis-Dreyfus). In the "Das Boob" episode of Will & Grace, his character had a profound effect on Grace (Debra Messing). Patterson also played the love interests of Jennifer Grey in It's Like, You Know and Sharon Lawrence's character in Fired Up. He has also appeared on Arli$$ and Get Real.
Among Patterson's recent projects are a co-starring role on Aliens in America and voicing the character of King Faraday in the 2004 animated series Justice League Unlimited, from Warner Bros. Animation. He has also starred as Agent Strahm in two iterations of the Saw franchise, Saw IV and Saw V.
Patterson appeared in some episodes of the second season of 90210 as Liam Court's ex-con father who has recently been released from prison and wants to reconnect with his son.
Patterson starred as Michael Buchanan in the NBC drama series The Event, which premiered on September 20, 2010. His character was killed off in episode 18.
In 2016, Patterson reprised his role as Luke Danes for the revival miniseries Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life, which streamed on Netflix on November 25, 2016, and consisted of four 90-minute episodes featuring most of the original cast.
I Am All In podcast
In 2021, Patterson partnered with I Heart Radio to launch the I Am All In podcast dedicated to fans of Gilmore Girls. For the podcast, he watches an episode and discusses the content with his producers and guests.
Filmography
Film
List of films and roles
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1992
Intent to Kill
Al
Direct-to-video
1994
Little Big League
Mike McGrevey
1995
A Boy Called Hate
CHP Officer
1995
Three Wishes
Scott's Father
2000
Highway 395
Mark Bradley
2007
Her Best Move
Gil Davis
2007
Saw IV
Agent Peter Strahm
2008
Saw V
2012
The Frankenstein Brothers
George Martin
also known as A Beer Tale
2013
Meth Head
Hank
2014
Boys of Abu Ghraib
Captain Hayes
2015
Other People's Children
Frank Tassler
2016
Outlaw
(producer - as Scott-Gordon-Patterson)
2017
Yellow Fever
John Smart
2018
Batman: Gotham by Gaslight
James Gordon
Voice role
2018
Con Man
Older Mikey
Television
List of television appearances and roles
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1993
The Return of Ironside
Gillette
Television film
1994
Alien Nation: Dark Horizon
Ahpossno
Television film
1995
Seinfeld
Billy
Episode: "The Sponge"
1996
Them
Simon Trent
Television film
1996
Silk Stalkings
Chick Chandler
Episode: "Pre-Judgement Day"
1997
Arliss
Dan Manville
Episode: "The Real Thing"
1997–1998
Fired Up
Mickey
Guest role; 2 episodes
1998
Rhapsody in Bloom
Phil
Television film
1998
Vengeance Unlimited
Det. Tom Swain
Recurring role; 2 episodes
1999
It's Like, You Know...
Ted
Episode: "The Client"
1999
Get Real
Jacob Perryhill
Episode: "Performance Anxiety"
1999
Will & Grace
Don Gregorio
Episode: "Das Boob"
2000–2007
Gilmore Girls
Luke Danes
Main role; 153 episodes
2002
Hollywood Squares
Himself
Panelist; 5 episodes
2002–2003
Pyramid
Himself
Celebrity contestant; 3 episodes
2005
Justice League Unlimited
Agent King Faraday
Voice role; 3 episodes
2007
Up Close with Carrie Keagan
Himself
Episode: "25 October 2007"
2007–2008
Aliens in America
Gary Tolchuck
Main role
2010
90210
Finnigan "Finn" Court
3 episodes
2010
Concrete Canyons
Ben Sloane
Television film
2010–2011
The Event
Michael Buchanan
Main role
2011
CSI: Miami
Brendon Dwyer
Episode: "Killer Regrets"
2011
Celebrity Ghost Stories
Himself
Episode: "Scott Patterson/Maria Conchita Alonso/Christopher Atkins"
2012
Love at the Christmas Table
Tom Patton
Television film
2015
Kidnapped: The Hannah Anderson Story
James DiMaggio
Television film
2016
Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life
Luke Danes
Television miniseries
2018
Home & Family
Himself
Episode: "Scott Patterson/Tate Ellington/Alexandra Catalano"
2023
Sullivan's Crossing
Sully Sullivan
Series regular
References
^ a b Rose, Mike (September 11, 2016). "Today's celebrity birthdays: Harry Connick Jr., Moby (September 11, 2016)". Cleveland.com. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
^ "Gilmore Girls actor to return home to Haddonfield", Haddonfield news, August 23, 2019. Accessed February 23, 2023. "Patterson, 60, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., grew up in Haddonfield and is an alum of Haddonfield Memorial High School."
^ "FRANK PATTERSON Obituary (2013) - Philadelphia, PA - the Philadelphia Inquirer". Legacy.com.
^ "A Hush in Hollywood?". April 4, 2002.
^ Paolino, Tammy. "Scott Patterson talks Haddonfield childhood, 'Gilmore Girls,' Comic Con and coffee", Courier-Post, August 21, 2019. Accessed February 23, 2023. "Fast forward nearly 20 years since fans first began crushing on Luke, and Patterson, who was born in Philly and grew up in Haddonfield, is still pouring coffee. But we’ll get to that in a bit.... Patterson, 60, is an alum of Haddonfield Memorial High School and attended Rutgers University before dropping out to play pro ball."
^ Abel, Olivia. "Out of the Bullpen", People, January 28, 2002, backed up by the Internet Archive as of November 1, 2008. Accessed February 23, 2023.
^ "MLB News, Videos, Scores, Teams, Standings, Stats".
^ Shanks, Bill. "Former Braves first baseman Bob Watson dies at 74," BravesCentral (Sports Illustrated), Friday, May 15, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020
^ "Scott Patterson Statistics". The Baseball Cube. 24 January 2008.
^ Newberg, Jamey (2009). The Newberg Report 2010. Brown Books Publishing Group. p. 35. ISBN 9781933651774. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
^ "Names in the News". Los Angeles Times. November 11, 1986. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
^ "Scott Patterson as Luke Danes". CWTV.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2006. Retrieved September 12, 2006.
^ "NBC Picks Up Three New Series for 2010-11 Season with "The Event", "Outsourced" and "Love Bites"". The Futon Critic. May 7, 2010. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
^ Hibberd, James (May 16, 2010). "NBC's fall schedule, upfront revealed". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
^ Highfill, Samantha (April 8, 2016). "The 37 characters returning for Netflix's Gilmore Girls revival". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
^ "I Am All In with Scott Patterson". iHeartRadio. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scott Patterson.
Scott Patterson at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
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He was exposed to the teachings of Paul Newman, Arthur Penn, and Frank Corsaro at the Actors Studio, where he also participated in the Producer's Unit Penn chaired.[citation needed] He appeared in numerous productions, including Rasputin and Miss Julie.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1983_Nashville_Scott_Patterson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nashville Sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Sounds"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"minor league baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league_baseball"},{"link_name":"Triple-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"major leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Class A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Anderson Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Braves"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Bulls"},{"link_name":"Double-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Savannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_Braves"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Bob Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Watson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Albany-Colonie Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany-Colonie_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Columbus Clippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Clippers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baseballcube-9"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Rule 5 draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_5_draft"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican Winter League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Winter_League"},{"link_name":"Lobos de Arecibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobos_de_Arecibo"},{"link_name":"Dominican Professional Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Professional_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque Dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque_Dukes"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Patterson with the Nashville Sounds in 1983Patterson spent seven years, from 1980 to 1986, as a professional pitcher in minor league baseball, topping out at the Triple-A level, the highest before the major leagues. 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Patterson was named as an All-Star both with the Yankees' Double-A Albany-Colonie Yankees and Triple-A Columbus Clippers in 1986.[9] In 1985 he was selected by the Texas Rangers in the Rule 5 draft but subsequently returned to the Yankees.[10] While in the Yankees organization Patterson was named their minor league Pitcher of the Month once, and Pitcher of the Week three times. Patterson also pitched in the Puerto Rican Winter League with the Lobos de Arecibo in 1984–85, and the Dominican Professional Baseball League with Santo Domingo in 1985–86. Patterson signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers affiliate, the Albuquerque Dukes, in late 1986[11] but never played at the major league level.","title":"Baseball career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Little Big League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Big_League"},{"link_name":"Revenge of the Nerds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Nerds"},{"link_name":"Timothy Busfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Busfield"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Her Best Move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Best_Move"},{"link_name":"Lisa Darr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Darr"},{"link_name":"Little Big League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Big_League"},{"link_name":"Jason Robards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Robards"},{"link_name":"Patrick Swayze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Swayze"},{"link_name":"Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Mastrantonio"},{"link_name":"Penelope Ann Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope_Ann_Miller"},{"link_name":"Ron Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Silver"},{"link_name":"Boys of Abu Ghraib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_of_Abu_Ghraib"},{"link_name":"Sean Astin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Astin"},{"link_name":"Other People's Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_People%27s_Children_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"Gilmore Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmore_Girls"},{"link_name":"Luke Danes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Danes"},{"link_name":"Lorelai Gilmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorelai_Gilmore"},{"link_name":"Lauren Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Graham"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Seinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinfeld"},{"link_name":"Julia Louis-Dreyfus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Louis-Dreyfus"},{"link_name":"Will & Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%26_Grace"},{"link_name":"Debra Messing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_Messing"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Grey"},{"link_name":"It's Like, You Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Like,_You_Know"},{"link_name":"Sharon Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Fired Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fired_Up_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Arli$$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arliss_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Get Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Real_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Aliens in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliens_in_America"},{"link_name":"Justice League Unlimited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_Unlimited"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WB-12"},{"link_name":"Agent Strahm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Saw_characters#Peter_Strahm"},{"link_name":"Saw IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw_IV"},{"link_name":"Saw V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw_V"},{"link_name":"90210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90210_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Liam Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Court"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"The Event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Event"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"miniseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniseries"},{"link_name":"Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmore_Girls:_A_Year_in_the_Life"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In 1993, Patterson was slated to play the lead in Castle Rock's Little Big League opposite Sela Ward. The producers recast the role at the last minute with Revenge of the Nerds star Timothy Busfield, opting to offer Patterson the role of Mike McGrevey.[citation needed]Patterson completed filming the leading role in the feature film Her Best Move, directed by Norm Hunter and co-starring Lisa Darr. He also appeared on the big screen in Little Big League, with Jason Robards, and in Three Wishes, with Patrick Swayze and Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio. He also appeared in the independent films Highway 395 and Rhapsody in Bloom with Penelope Ann Miller and Ron Silver, Boys of Abu Ghraib with Sean Astin, and Other People's Children with Diane Marshall-Green.On television, he has landed romantic roles; his most notable role, which he played for seven years on the television show Gilmore Girls, is Luke Danes, the backwards baseball cap-wearing on-again, off-again love interest of the show's protagonist, Lorelai Gilmore, played by Lauren Graham.[citation needed]On Seinfeld, Patterson's character was deemed \"spongeworthy\" by Elaine (Julia Louis-Dreyfus). In the \"Das Boob\" episode of Will & Grace, his character had a profound effect on Grace (Debra Messing). Patterson also played the love interests of Jennifer Grey in It's Like, You Know and Sharon Lawrence's character in Fired Up. He has also appeared on Arli$$ and Get Real.Among Patterson's recent projects are a co-starring role on Aliens in America and voicing the character of King Faraday in the 2004 animated series Justice League Unlimited, from Warner Bros. Animation.[12] He has also starred as Agent Strahm in two iterations of the Saw franchise, Saw IV and Saw V.Patterson appeared in some episodes of the second season of 90210 as Liam Court's ex-con father who has recently been released from prison and wants to reconnect with his son.Patterson starred as Michael Buchanan in the NBC drama series The Event, which premiered on September 20, 2010. His character was killed off in episode 18.[13][14]In 2016, Patterson reprised his role as Luke Danes for the revival miniseries Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life, which streamed on Netflix on November 25, 2016, and consisted of four 90-minute episodes featuring most of the original cast.[15]","title":"Acting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In 2021, Patterson partnered with I Heart Radio to launch the I Am All In podcast dedicated to fans of Gilmore Girls.[16] For the podcast, he watches an episode and discusses the content with his producers and guests.","title":"I Am All In podcast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]
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| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Abi_al-Fada%27il
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al-Mufaddal ibn Abi al-Fada'il
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["1 Works","2 References","3 References"]
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Egyptian historian (14th century)
Al-Mufaddal ibn Abi al-Fada'il (Arabic: المفضل بن ابي الفضائل) was a 14th-century Egyptian historian. He was a Coptic Christian.
Al-Mufaddal wrote a book about the history of the Bahriyya Mamluks, entitled al-Nahdj al-sadîd wa-l-durr al-farîd fimâ ba'd Ta'rîkh Ibn al'Amîd, covering the period from 1260 to 1340. He finished his work in 1358. Al-Muffaddal gives precise descriptions of the history of Egypt and Syria, especially the Mongol occupation of Syria. He noted down the Damascus declaration made by the Mongols, as well as the content of the letters exchanged between Ghazan and al-Nâsir. He also wrote extensively about the Horn of Africa.
Works
Moufazzal ibn Abi l-Fazil, Histoire des sultans mamlouks, edited and translated by Blochet.
References
Luisetto, Frédéric (2007). Arméniens & autres Chrétiens d'Orient sous la domination Mongole (in French). Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner S.A. ISBN 978-2-7053-3791-9
References
^ Hirsch, Bertrand (8 June 2017). "2. Le port de Zeyla et son arrière-pays au Moyen Âge : Investigations archéologiques et retour aux sources écrites". The port of Zeyla and its hinterland in the Middle Ages. Annales d'Éthiopie Hors-Série / Special Issues. French Center for Ethiopian Studies. pp. 27–74. ISBN 9782821882652.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Netherlands
Poland
Vatican
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Coptic Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Christian"},{"link_name":"Mamluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluks"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Mongol occupation of Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Ghazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazan"},{"link_name":"al-Nâsir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Horn of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Al-Mufaddal ibn Abi al-Fada'il (Arabic: المفضل بن ابي الفضائل) was a 14th-century Egyptian historian. He was a Coptic Christian.Al-Mufaddal wrote a book about the history of the Bahriyya Mamluks, entitled al-Nahdj al-sadîd wa-l-durr al-farîd fimâ ba'd Ta'rîkh Ibn al'Amîd, covering the period from 1260 to 1340. He finished his work in 1358. Al-Muffaddal gives precise descriptions of the history of Egypt and Syria, especially the Mongol occupation of Syria. He noted down the Damascus declaration made by the Mongols, as well as the content of the letters exchanged between Ghazan and al-Nâsir. He also wrote extensively about the Horn of Africa.[1]","title":"al-Mufaddal ibn Abi al-Fada'il"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Moufazzal ibn Abi l-Fazil, Histoire des sultans mamlouks, edited and translated by Blochet.","title":"Works"}]
|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_C._Warren
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Howard C. Warren
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["1 Early life and education","2 Professional career","3 Commemoration","4 Bibliography","5 References"]
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American psychologist
Howard C WarrenHoward C. WarrenBorn1867 (1867)Died1934 (1935)Scientific careerFieldsPsychology
Howard Crosby Warren (1867 – 1934) was an American psychologist and the first chairman of the Princeton University Psychology department. He was also president of the American Psychological Association in 1913.
The Society of Experimental Psychologists awards the Howard Crosby Warren Medal each year in his honor.
Early life and education
Howard Crosby Warren was born in Montclair, New Jersey. His parents were Dorman T. Warren and Harriet Crosby Warren.
Warren graduated from Princeton in 1889, and received his A.M. in 1891. Starting in 1891, he studied abroad at the universities in Leipzig, Berlin and Munich, but left by 1892 to help establish a psychological laboratory at Princeton University with James Baldwin.
He was made assistant professor at Princeton in 1896, and Professor of Experimental Psychology in 1902.
Professional career
Having become professor in 1902 Warren went on to be appointed director of the Nassau Hall laboratory in 1904, the Stuart Professor of Psychology in 1914, and in 1920 the first head of the Princeton Psychology Department. He is noted as having been a major contributor to the erection of the Eno Hall built in 1924. He was also co-editor of Psychological Review with James Mark Baldwin from 1904-1908
Commemoration
Howard C. Warren is today commemorated by the Society of Experimental Psychologists, which he helped found, and who annually awards to one of its members the Howard Crosby Warren Medal. At Princeton his private psychological library is housed in the Green Halls, which replaced Eno Hall as the home of psychology in 1963.
Bibliography
"Introduction to Psychology" (1911) — article published in Science
Human Psychology (1920)
A History of the Association Psychology (1921)
Elements of Human Psychology (1922)
Dictionary of Psychology (1935)
References
^ Princeton University Companion
^ a b "Early historians of psychology (1870s-1921)". Archived from the original on 2010-02-03. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
^ a b c d "iPROF. H. C., PSYCHOLOGIST, DIES; [Spent 40 Years at Princeton, Where He Led in Building: Up His Department. NOTED THROUGH COUNTRY Helped to Found Eno Hall as an Experimental Centre -- Author of Widely Known Books". The New York Times. January 5, 1934. p. 21. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
^ Kintsch, Walter; Cacioppo, John T. (1994). "Introduction to the 100th Anniversary Issue of the Psychological Review". Psychological Review. 101 (2): 195–199. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.2.195.
^ "Warren Medal". Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
vtePresidents of the American Psychological Association1892–1900
G. Stanley Hall (1892)
George Trumbull Ladd (1893)
William James (1894)
James McKeen Cattell (1895)
George Stuart Fullerton (1896)
James Mark Baldwin (1897)
Hugo Münsterberg (1898)
John Dewey (1899)
Joseph Jastrow (1900)
1901–1925
Josiah Royce (1901)
Edmund Sanford (1902)
William Lowe Bryan (1903)
William James (1904)
Mary Whiton Calkins (1905)
James Rowland Angell (1906)
Henry Rutgers Marshall (1907)
George M. Stratton (1908)
Charles Hubbard Judd (1909)
Walter Bowers Pillsbury (1910)
Carl Seashore (1911)
Edward Thorndike (1912)
Howard C. Warren (1913)
Robert S. Woodworth (1914)
John B. Watson (1915)
Raymond Dodge (1916)
Robert Yerkes (1917)
John Wallace Baird (1918)
Walter Dill Scott (1919)
Shepherd Ivory Franz (1920)
Margaret Floy Washburn (1921)
Knight Dunlap (1922)
Lewis Terman (1923)
G. Stanley Hall (1924)
I. Madison Bentley (1925)
1926–1950
Harvey A. Carr (1926)
Harry Levi Hollingworth (1927)
Edwin Boring (1928)
Karl Lashley (1929)
Herbert Langfeld (1930)
Walter Samuel Hunter (1931)
Walter Richard Miles (1932)
Louis Leon Thurstone (1933)
Joseph Peterson (1934)
Albert Poffenberger (1935)
Clark L. Hull (1936)
Edward C. Tolman (1937)
John Dashiell (1938)
Gordon Allport (1939)
Leonard Carmichael (1940)
Herbert Woodrow (1941)
Calvin Perry Stone (1942)
John Edward Anderson (1943)
Gardner Murphy (1944)
Edwin Ray Guthrie (1945)
Henry Garrett (1946)
Carl Rogers (1947)
Donald Marquis (1948)
Ernest Hilgard (1949)
J. P. Guilford (1950)
1951–1975
Robert Richardson Sears (1951)
J. McVicker Hunt (1952)
Laurance F. Shaffer (1953)
Orval Hobart Mowrer (1954)
E. Lowell Kelly (1955)
Theodore Newcomb (1956)
Lee Cronbach (1957)
Harry Harlow (1958)
Wolfgang Köhler (1959)
Donald O. Hebb (1960)
Neal E. Miller (1961)
Paul E. Meehl (1962)
Charles E. Osgood (1963)
Quinn McNemar (1964)
Jerome Bruner (1965)
Nicholas Hobbs (1966)
Gardner Lindzey (1967)
Abraham Maslow (1968)
George Armitage Miller (1969)
George Albee (1970)
Kenneth B. Clark (1971)
Anne Anastasi (1972)
Leona E. Tyler (1973)
Albert Bandura (1974)
Donald T. Campbell (1975)
1976–2000
Wilbert J. McKeachie (1976)
Theodore H. Blau (1977)
M. Brewster Smith (1978)
Nicholas Cummings (1979)
Florence Denmark (1980)
John J. Conger (1981)
William Bevan (1982)
Max Siegel (1983)
Janet Taylor Spence (1984)
Robert Perloff (1985)
Logan Wright (1986)
Bonnie Strickland (1987)
Raymond D. Fowler (1988)
Joseph Matarazzo (1989)
Stanley Graham (1990)
Charles Spielberger (1991)
Jack Wiggins Jr. (1992)
Frank H. Farley (1993)
Ronald E. Fox (1994)
Robert J. Resnick (1995)
Dorothy Cantor (1996)
Norman Abeles (1997)
Martin Seligman (1998)
Richard Suinn (1999)
Patrick H. DeLeon (2000)
2001–Present
Norine G. Johnson (2001)
Philip Zimbardo (2002)
Robert Sternberg (2003)
Diane F. Halpern (2004)
Ronald F. Levant (2005)
Gerald Koocher (2006)
Sharon Brehm (2007)
Alan E. Kazdin (2008)
James H. Bray (2009)
Carol D. Goodheart (2010)
Melba J. T. Vasquez (2011)
Suzanne Bennett Johnson (2012)
Donald N. Bersoff (2013)
Nadine Kaslow (2014)
Barry S. Anton (2015)
Susan H. McDaniel (2016)
Antonio Puente (2017)
Jessica Henderson Daniel (2018)
Rosie Phillips Davis (2019)
Sandra Shullman (2020)
Jennifer F. Kelly (2021)
Frank C. Worrell (2022)
Thema Bryant (2023)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
People
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
Other
SNAC
IdRef
This biography of an American psychologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_I_Lost_the_War
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How I Lost the War
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
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1947 Italian comedy film
How I Lost the WarDirected byCarlo BorghesioWritten byCarlo BorghesioLeo BenvenutiMarcello GianniniMario AmendolaAldo De BenedettiMario MonicelliStenoTullio PinelliProduced byLuigi RovereStarringErminio MacarioCinematographyAldo TontiEdited byRolando BenedettiMusic byNino RotaProductioncompanyLux FilmDistributed byLux FilmRelease date
1947 (1947)
LanguageItalian
How I Lost the War (Italian: Come persi la guerra) is a 1947 Italian comedy film directed by Carlo Borghesio and starring Erminio Macario.
Plot
Italy, late 1940s. After being forced to wear military uniforms for most of his life, when the war ends, Leo replaces them with a firefighter's uniform.
Cast
Erminio Macario as Leo Bianchetti
Vera Carmi as Gemma
Nando Bruno as Checco Tremelloni
Carlo Campanini as The German Captain
Folco Lulli as American Official
Fritz Marlat as Fritz
Marco Tulli as German Official
Piero Lulli as German Official
Nunzio Filogamo as Hat Seller
Gregorio Di Lauro as Soldier
Veriano Ginesi as Soldier
References
^ Roberto Chiti; Roberto Poppi; Enrico Lancia. Dizionario del cinema italiano: I film. Gremese, 1991. ISBN 8876055487.
^ Laura Morandini; Luisa Morandini; Morando Morandini. Il Morandini 2011. Dizionario dei film. Zanichelli, 2010. ISBN 8808227227.
^ Paolo Mereghetti. Il Mereghetti - Dizionario dei film. B.C. Dalai Editore, 2010. ISBN 8860736269.
External links
How I Lost the War at IMDb
vteThe films of Carlo Borghesio
Two Million for a Smile (1939)
The Sin of Rogelia Sanchez (1940)
The Champion (1943)
Two Hearts (1943)
How I Lost the War (1947)
L'eroe della strada (1948)
How I Discovered America (1949)
Captain Demonio (1950)
Il monello della strada (1951)
Napoleon (1951)
The Angels of the District (1952)
The Steel Rope (1953)
The Two Friends (1955)
This article related to an Italian comedy film of the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Roberto Chiti; Roberto Poppi; Enrico Lancia. Dizionario del cinema italiano: I film. Gremese, 1991. ISBN 8876055487.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8876055487","url_text":"8876055487"}]},{"reference":"Laura Morandini; Luisa Morandini; Morando Morandini. Il Morandini 2011. Dizionario dei film. Zanichelli, 2010. ISBN 8808227227.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8808227227","url_text":"8808227227"}]},{"reference":"Paolo Mereghetti. Il Mereghetti - Dizionario dei film. B.C. Dalai Editore, 2010. ISBN 8860736269.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8860736269","url_text":"8860736269"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0039272/","external_links_name":"How I Lost the War"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_I_Lost_the_War&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Foot
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Hugh Foot, Baron Caradon
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Honours and arms","4 Family","5 References","6 Works","7 External links"]
|
British colonial administrator and diplomat
The Right HonourableThe Lord CaradonGCMG KCVO OBE PCPermanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United NationsIn office16 October 1964 – 19 June 1970MonarchElizabeth IIPreceded bySir Patrick DeanSucceeded bySir Colin CroweMinister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth AffairsForeign Affairs (1964–1968)In office16 October 1964 – 19 June 1970Prime MinisterHarold WilsonPreceded byThe Earl of DundeePeter ThomasSucceeded byJoseph GodberRichard WoodMember of the House of LordsLord TemporalIn office27 October 1964 – 5 September 1990Life PeerageGovernor of CyprusIn office3 December 1957 – 16 August 1960MonarchElizabeth IIPrime MinisterHarold MacmillanPreceded bySir John HardingSucceeded byCyprus gained independenceGovernor of JamaicaIn office7 April 1951 – 18 November 1957MonarchsGeorge VIElizabeth IIPrime MinisterSir Winston ChurchillSir Anthony EdenHarold MacmillanPreceded bySir John HugginsSucceeded bySir Kenneth Blackburne
Personal detailsBorn(1907-10-08)8 October 1907Plymouth, EnglandDied5 September 1990(1990-09-05) (aged 82)Plymouth, EnglandSpouse
Florence Sylvia Tod
(m. 1936; died 1985)ChildrenPaul, Sarah, Oliver, and BenjaminParent(s)Isaac Foot Eva MackintoshRelativesSir Dingle Foot (brother)The Lord Foot (brother)Michael Foot (brother)John Foot (grandson)EducationLeighton Park SchoolAlma materSt John's College, Cambridge
Hugh Mackintosh Foot, Baron Caradon GCMG KCVO OBE PC (8 October 1907 – 5 September 1990) was a British colonial administrator and diplomat who was Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations and the last governor of British Cyprus.
Early life and education
Hugh Mackintosh Foot was born in Plymouth on 8 October 1907. He was educated at Leighton Park School in Reading, Berkshire, and went on to study at St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1929. He was President of the Cambridge Union and also of the Cambridge University Liberal Club. His three politically active brothers, Dingle, John and Michael, were all educated at Oxford and all became Presidents of the Oxford Union.
Career
Hugh Foot's career in the diplomatic service was both long and distinguished. In Mandatory Palestine, he served as the assistant district commissioner for the Nablus region. During the Second World War he was appointed as British Military Administrator of Cyrenaica, and served as Colonial Secretary of Cyprus from 1943 to 1945. After the War, he served as Colonial Secretary of Jamaica, 1945–47, Chief Secretary for Nigeria, 1947–50 and was appointed to be the Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of Jamaica in 1951, a post he held until 1957.
He returned to Cyprus as the last colonial Governor and Commander in Chief on 3 December 1957 until 1960, when Cyprus gained independence. In 1961, he became British Ambassador to the United Nations Trusteeship Council. After the Labour Party won the 1964 general election, Foot became Minister of State for Foreign Affairs and Permanent Representatives from the United Kingdom to the United Nations from 1964 to 1970. Caradon worked with Charles W. Yost on the Four Power United Nations Middle East negotiations. During his tenure as Permanent Representative, he was sworn of the Privy Council in the 1968 New Year Honours. After his retirement, he became a visiting fellow at Harvard University and Princeton University.
In 1964 Foot was granted a life peerage as Baron Caradon, of St Cleer in the County of Cornwall, the title referring to Caradon Hill on Bodmin Moor, not far from Trematon Castle, which was his country home. He jokingly claimed to be glad to be divested of the surname "Foot", which he considered a standing invitation to wags, as he liked to illustrate by recalling a telegram his father received on his election to parliament: "Foot, congratulations on your feat!" Foot was an active freemason.
Honours and arms
Foot was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1939 New Year Honours and elevated Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1946 Birthday Honours. He was elevated Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 1951 New Year Honours and was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) on 27 November 1953. In the 1957 Birthday Honours, he was elevated a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG).
Coat of arms of Hugh Foot, Baron Caradon
Crest
Perching on a Tower Sable supported by two Lions' Gambs erect Gules a Cornish Chough proper
Escutcheon
Or on a Chevron engrailed Sable between three Lions' Gambs erect and erased Gules three Wheels Or
Supporters
On either side an African Lion proper charged on the shoulder with the Head of a Trident Or within a Wreath a two Olive Branches leaved and the Stems crossed in saltire Argent, the whole on a Compartment of Rock in the middle thereof a Pit proper
Motto
Pro lege et libertate (For law and liberty)
Family
He was one of the four sons of the Liberal Member of Parliament Isaac Foot, his three brothers being the politician Sir Dingle Foot, the life peer Lord Foot, and the journalist and Labour Party leader Michael Foot. "We were proud to be nonconformists and Roundheads", Caradon once wrote of his family: "Oliver Cromwell was our hero and John Milton our poet."
Foot married Florence Sylvia Tod in 1936. She predeceased him in 1985. They had three sons and a daughter together:
Hon. Paul Mackintosh Foot (8 November 1937 – 18 July 2004), a journalist.
Hon. Sarah Dingle Foot (24 September 1939 – 28 February 2015), also a journalist.
Hon. Oliver Isaac Foot (19 September 1946 – 6 February 2008), a charity worker who led Project Orbis International.
Hon. Benjamin Arthur Foot (born 19 August 1949)
Foot died in Plymouth, aged 82, on 5 September 1990. He was survived by his four children.
References
^ a b "Hugh Mackintosh Foot, Baron Caradon". The Peerage. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ Samuel, E.H. (1970). A Lifetime in Jerusalem: The Memoirs of the Second Viscount Samuel. Transaction Publishers. p. 131.
^ "No. 39166". The London Gazette. 9 March 1951. p. 1226.
^ "No. 41246". The London Gazette. 6 December 1957. p. 7115.
^ "No. 44484". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 1967. p. 1.
^ "No. 43475". The London Gazette. 27 October 1964. p. 9125.
^
"Power of the Masons – Myth of Menace?". Sunday People. 13 July 1986.
^ "No. 34585". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1938. p. 18.
^ "No. 15559". The Edinburgh Gazette. 6 January 1939. p. 26.
^ "No. 37598". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 June 1946. p. 2761.
^ "No. 39104". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 1950. p. 4.
^ "No. 40043". The London Gazette. 15 December 1953. p. 6816.
^ "No. 41089". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 June 1957. p. 3370.
^ "Life Peerages - C". .cracroftspeerage.co.uk.
^ "Sarah Foot, writer – obituary", The Daily Telegraph, 6 March 2015.
^ Geoffrey Holland "Oliver Foot" (obituary), The Guardian, 12 February 2008.
Works
Lord Caradon, "The Obligation of Optimism", Conspectus of History 1.8 (1982): 1–9.
External links
Cornwall portal
Entry in Encyclopædia Britannica
Government offices
Preceded bySir John Huggins
Governor of Jamaica 1951–1957
Succeeded bySir Kenneth Blackburne
Preceded byJohn Harding
Governor of Cyprus 1957–1960
Cyprus became independent
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Poland
People
Deutsche Biographie
UK Parliament
Other
SNAC
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"KCVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"British Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Cyprus"}],"text":"Hugh Mackintosh Foot, Baron Caradon GCMG KCVO OBE PC (8 October 1907 – 5 September 1990) was a British colonial administrator and diplomat who was Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations and the last governor of British Cyprus.","title":"Hugh Foot, Baron Caradon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Leighton Park School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_Park_School"},{"link_name":"Reading, Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"St John's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thepeerage-1"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Union"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Liberal Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Liberal_Club"},{"link_name":"Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingle_Foot"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foot,_Baron_Foot"},{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Foot"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxford Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Union"}],"text":"Hugh Mackintosh Foot was born in Plymouth on 8 October 1907. He was educated at Leighton Park School in Reading, Berkshire, and went on to study at St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1929.[1] He was President of the Cambridge Union and also of the Cambridge University Liberal Club. His three politically active brothers, Dingle, John and Michael, were all educated at Oxford and all became Presidents of the Oxford Union.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Nablus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nablus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Cyrenaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrenaica"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"gained independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London-Z%C3%BCrich_Agreements"},{"link_name":"1964 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Permanent Representatives from the United Kingdom to the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Representatives_from_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Charles W. 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In Mandatory Palestine, he served as the assistant district commissioner for the Nablus region.[2] During the Second World War he was appointed as British Military Administrator of Cyrenaica, and served as Colonial Secretary of Cyprus from 1943 to 1945. After the War, he served as Colonial Secretary of Jamaica, 1945–47, Chief Secretary for Nigeria, 1947–50 and was appointed to be the Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of Jamaica in 1951,[3] a post he held until 1957.He returned to Cyprus as the last colonial Governor and Commander in Chief on 3 December 1957[4] until 1960, when Cyprus gained independence. In 1961, he became British Ambassador to the United Nations Trusteeship Council. After the Labour Party won the 1964 general election, Foot became Minister of State for Foreign Affairs and Permanent Representatives from the United Kingdom to the United Nations from 1964 to 1970. Caradon worked with Charles W. Yost on the Four Power United Nations Middle East negotiations. During his tenure as Permanent Representative, he was sworn of the Privy Council in the 1968 New Year Honours.[5] After his retirement, he became a visiting fellow at Harvard University and Princeton University.In 1964 Foot was granted a life peerage as Baron Caradon, of St Cleer in the County of Cornwall,[6] the title referring to Caradon Hill on Bodmin Moor, not far from Trematon Castle, which was his country home. He jokingly claimed to be glad to be divested of the surname \"Foot\", which he considered a standing invitation to wags, as he liked to illustrate by recalling a telegram his father received on his election to parliament: \"Foot, congratulations on your feat!\" Foot was an active freemason.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"1939 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"1946 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"1951 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Royal Victorian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"1957 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Foot was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1939 New Year Honours[8][9] and elevated Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1946 Birthday Honours.[10] He was elevated Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 1951 New Year Honours[11] and was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) on 27 November 1953.[12] In the 1957 Birthday Honours, he was elevated a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG).[13]","title":"Honours and arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Isaac Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Foot"},{"link_name":"Dingle Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingle_Foot"},{"link_name":"Lord Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foot,_Baron_Foot"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Michael Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Foot"},{"link_name":"Oliver Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"John Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thepeerage-1"},{"link_name":"Hon.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honourable"},{"link_name":"Paul Mackintosh Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Foot_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Sarah Dingle Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Foot_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Oliver Isaac Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Foot"},{"link_name":"Project Orbis International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Orbis_International"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"He was one of the four sons of the Liberal Member of Parliament Isaac Foot, his three brothers being the politician Sir Dingle Foot, the life peer Lord Foot, and the journalist and Labour Party leader Michael Foot. \"We were proud to be nonconformists and Roundheads\", Caradon once wrote of his family: \"Oliver Cromwell was our hero and John Milton our poet.\"Foot married Florence Sylvia Tod in 1936. She predeceased him in 1985. They had three sons and a daughter together:[1]Hon. Paul Mackintosh Foot (8 November 1937 – 18 July 2004), a journalist.\nHon. Sarah Dingle Foot (24 September 1939 – 28 February 2015), also a journalist.[15]\nHon. Oliver Isaac Foot (19 September 1946 – 6 February 2008), a charity worker who led Project Orbis International.[16]\nHon. Benjamin Arthur Foot (born 19 August 1949)Foot died in Plymouth, aged 82, on 5 September 1990. He was survived by his four children.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Obligation of Optimism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dmr.bsu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ConspectusH&CISOPTR=1486&REC=1"}],"text":"Lord Caradon, \"The Obligation of Optimism\", Conspectus of History 1.8 (1982): 1–9.","title":"Works"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Hugh Mackintosh Foot, Baron Caradon\". The Peerage. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thepeerage.com/p19110.htm#i191099","url_text":"\"Hugh Mackintosh Foot, Baron Caradon\""}]},{"reference":"Samuel, E.H. (1970). A Lifetime in Jerusalem: The Memoirs of the Second Viscount Samuel. Transaction Publishers. p. 131.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Samuel,_2nd_Viscount_Samuel","url_text":"Samuel, E.H."}]},{"reference":"\"No. 39166\". The London Gazette. 9 March 1951. p. 1226.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39166/page/1226","url_text":"\"No. 39166\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 41246\". The London Gazette. 6 December 1957. p. 7115.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41246/page/7115","url_text":"\"No. 41246\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 44484\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 1967. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44484/supplement/1","url_text":"\"No. 44484\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 43475\". The London Gazette. 27 October 1964. p. 9125.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43475/page/9125","url_text":"\"No. 43475\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Power of the Masons – Myth of Menace?\". Sunday People. 13 July 1986.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 34585\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1938. p. 18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34585/supplement/18","url_text":"\"No. 34585\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15559\". The Edinburgh Gazette. 6 January 1939. p. 26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/15559/page/26","url_text":"\"No. 15559\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Edinburgh_Gazette","url_text":"The Edinburgh Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 37598\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 June 1946. p. 2761.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37598/supplement/2761","url_text":"\"No. 37598\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 39104\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 1950. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39104/supplement/4","url_text":"\"No. 39104\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 40043\". The London Gazette. 15 December 1953. p. 6816.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40043/page/6816","url_text":"\"No. 40043\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 41089\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 June 1957. p. 3370.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41089/supplement/3370","url_text":"\"No. 41089\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Life Peerages - C\". .cracroftspeerage.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/lp1958%20c.htm","url_text":"\"Life Peerages - C\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzberg
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Ennstal Alps
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["1 Geography","1.1 Peaks + mountain groups","1.2 Gesäuse − Enns river valley","1.3 Adjacent mountain ranges","1.4 Settlements","2 See also","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 47°37′N 14°35′E / 47.617°N 14.583°E / 47.617; 14.583Ennstal AlpsGerman: Ennstaler AlpenHochtor - Ödstein Group (Gesäuse) (from right to left) as seen from Hoher Zinken in the southHighest pointPeakHochtorElevation2,369 m (7,772 ft)Coordinates47°33′42″N 14°37′50″E / 47.56167°N 14.63056°E / 47.56167; 14.63056GeographyEnnstal Alps (in red) within the Alps.The borders of the range according toAlpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps
CountryAustriaStatesStyria and Upper AustriaRange coordinates47°37′N 14°35′E / 47.617°N 14.583°E / 47.617; 14.583Parent rangeNorthern Limestone Alps
The Ennstal Alps (German Ennstaler Alpen), the Alps of the Enns valley, are a mountain range of the Northern Limestone Alps System. They are located primarily in the Austrian state of Styria, and also into the state of Upper Austria.
The most famous scenery in the Ennstal Alps is the Gesäuse, a valley where the Enns river cuts through the limestone.
Geography
The Ennstal Alps range is defined by:
the lineup of Liezen, Pyhrn Pass, and Windischgarsten on the west.
Hengst Pass and the Laussabach on the north.
the lineup of the River Enns (from Altenmarkt bei Sankt Gallen to Hieflau), Erzbach, and Vordernbergerbach on the east
the lineup of the Mur river (from Leoben to Sankt Michael in Obersteiermark), Liesing, and Palten on the south
Peaks + mountain groups
Mountain groups that are part of the Ennstal Alps include:
Haller Mauern (highest summit: Großer Pyhrgas, 2,244 m)
Gesäuse Mountains, including the Buchstein Group (2,224 m), Reichenstein Group (2.251 m) and Hochtor Group (Hochtor, 2,369 m) and the Lugauer (2,217 m).
Eisenerzer Reichenstein 2,165 m (Eisenerz Alps), with the preceding massifs of Reiting (including the Gößeck its main summit, 2,214 m) (in the south) and the Kaiserschild (2,105 m) in the north.
Panoramic view of the Ennstal Alps.
Gesäuse − Enns river valley
Gesäuse, the Enns river valley in the Ennstal Alps.
View over the ridge of the Haller Mauern (Admonter Warte) to the Gesäuse Mountains.
The Ennstal Alps range is pierced in the north by the Enns river. The Enns river valley name in German is Gesäuse. The valley is accompanied by the only roads and railway lines that run through the Ennstal Alps.
Adjacent mountain ranges
Other Alps mountain ranges that border on the Ennstal Alps include:
Upper Austrian Prealps (to the north)
Ybbstal Alps (to the northeast)
Hochschwab (to the east)
Lavanttal Alps (to the southeast)
Seckauer Tauern (to the south)
Rottenmanner and Wölzer Tauern (to the southwest)
Totes Gebirge (to the west)
Settlements
Settlement within the range is restricted to the Gesäuse and several mountain valleys.
The main villages within the Gesäuse are Admont, Hieflau, and Großreifling.
Settlements in the mountain valleys include: Radmer, Johnsbach, and St. Gallen.
Towns in valleys around the perimeter of the range include: Leoben, Liezen, and Eisenerz.
See also
Limestone Alps
Mountain ranges of the Alps
Media related to Ennstaler Alpen at Wikimedia Commons
References
vteMountain ranges of the Northern Limestone Alps
Allgäu Alps
Ammergau Alps
Bavarian Prealps
Berchtesgaden Alps
Brandenberg Alps
Bregenz Forest
Chiemgau Alps
Dachstein
Ennstal Alps
Gutenstein Alps
Hochschwab
Kaiser
Karwendel
Lechquellen
Lechtal Alps
Leogang
Lofer
Mieming Range
Mürzsteg Alps
Upper Austrian Prealps
Rax-Schneeberg Group
Salzburg Slate Alps
Salzkammergut
Tennen
Totes Gebirge
Türnitz Alps
Wetterstein
Vienna Woods
Ybbstal Alps
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Enns valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enns_(river)"},{"link_name":"Northern Limestone Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Limestone_Alps"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styria"},{"link_name":"Upper Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Austria"},{"link_name":"Gesäuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ges%C3%A4use"},{"link_name":"Enns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enns_(river)"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"}],"text":"The Ennstal Alps (German Ennstaler Alpen), the Alps of the Enns valley, are a mountain range of the Northern Limestone Alps System. They are located primarily in the Austrian state of Styria, and also into the state of Upper Austria.The most famous scenery in the Ennstal Alps is the Gesäuse, a valley where the Enns river cuts through the limestone.","title":"Ennstal Alps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liezen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liezen"},{"link_name":"Pyhrn Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyhrn_Pass"},{"link_name":"Windischgarsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windischgarsten"},{"link_name":"River Enns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enns_(river)"},{"link_name":"Altenmarkt bei Sankt Gallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altenmarkt_bei_Sankt_Gallen"},{"link_name":"Hieflau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieflau"},{"link_name":"Erzbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzbach_(Enns)"},{"link_name":"Mur river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_(river)"},{"link_name":"Leoben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leoben"},{"link_name":"Sankt Michael in Obersteiermark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Michael_in_Obersteiermark"}],"text":"The Ennstal Alps range is defined by:the lineup of Liezen, Pyhrn Pass, and Windischgarsten on the west.\nHengst Pass and the Laussabach on the north.\nthe lineup of the River Enns (from Altenmarkt bei Sankt Gallen to Hieflau), Erzbach, and Vordernbergerbach on the east\nthe lineup of the Mur river (from Leoben to Sankt Michael in Obersteiermark), Liesing, and Palten on the south","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haller Mauern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haller_Mauern"},{"link_name":"Großer Pyhrgas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Pyhrgas"},{"link_name":"Hochtor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochtor"},{"link_name":"Eisenerzer Reichenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenerzer_Reichenstein"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pano_s%C3%BCdlGes%C3%A4useBerge.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Peaks + mountain groups","text":"Mountain groups that are part of the Ennstal Alps include:Haller Mauern (highest summit: Großer Pyhrgas, 2,244 m)\nGesäuse Mountains, including the Buchstein Group (2,224 m), Reichenstein Group (2.251 m) and Hochtor Group (Hochtor, 2,369 m) and the Lugauer (2,217 m).\nEisenerzer Reichenstein 2,165 m (Eisenerz Alps), with the preceding massifs of Reiting (including the Gößeck its main summit, 2,214 m) (in the south) and the Kaiserschild (2,105 m) in the north.Panoramic view of the Ennstal Alps.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Admont_Weng_Lauferbauerbr%C3%BCcke.JPG"},{"link_name":"Gesäuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ges%C3%A4use"},{"link_name":"Enns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enns_(river)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdmonterWarteGes%C3%A4use.jpg"},{"link_name":"Haller Mauern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haller_Mauern"},{"link_name":"Enns river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enns_(river)"},{"link_name":"river valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_valley"}],"sub_title":"Gesäuse − Enns river valley","text":"Gesäuse, the Enns river valley in the Ennstal Alps.View over the ridge of the Haller Mauern (Admonter Warte) to the Gesäuse Mountains.The Ennstal Alps range is pierced in the north by the Enns river. The Enns river valley name in German is Gesäuse. The valley is accompanied by the only roads and railway lines that run through the Ennstal Alps.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Upper Austrian Prealps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Austrian_Prealps"},{"link_name":"Ybbstal Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ybbstal_Alps"},{"link_name":"Lavanttal Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavanttal_Alps"},{"link_name":"Rottenmanner and Wölzer Tauern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottenmanner_and_W%C3%B6lzer_Tauern"},{"link_name":"Totes Gebirge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totes_Gebirge"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent mountain ranges","text":"Other Alps mountain ranges that border on the Ennstal Alps include:Upper Austrian Prealps (to the north)\nYbbstal Alps (to the northeast)\nHochschwab (to the east)\nLavanttal Alps (to the southeast)\nSeckauer Tauern (to the south)\nRottenmanner and Wölzer Tauern (to the southwest)\nTotes Gebirge (to the west)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gesäuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ges%C3%A4use"},{"link_name":"Admont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admont"},{"link_name":"Hieflau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieflau"},{"link_name":"Radmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radmer"},{"link_name":"Johnsbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnsbach"},{"link_name":"St. Gallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Gallen_(Steiermark)"},{"link_name":"Leoben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leoben"},{"link_name":"Liezen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liezen"},{"link_name":"Eisenerz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenerz_(Steiermark)"}],"sub_title":"Settlements","text":"Settlement within the range is restricted to the Gesäuse and several mountain valleys.The main villages within the Gesäuse are Admont, Hieflau, and Großreifling.\nSettlements in the mountain valleys include: Radmer, Johnsbach, and St. Gallen.Towns in valleys around the perimeter of the range include: Leoben, Liezen, and Eisenerz.","title":"Geography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Panoramic view of the Ennstal Alps.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pano_s%C3%BCdlGes%C3%A4useBerge.jpg/990px-Pano_s%C3%BCdlGes%C3%A4useBerge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gesäuse, the Enns river valley in the Ennstal Alps.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Admont_Weng_Lauferbauerbr%C3%BCcke.JPG/310px-Admont_Weng_Lauferbauerbr%C3%BCcke.JPG"},{"image_text":"View over the ridge of the Haller Mauern (Admonter Warte) to the Gesäuse Mountains.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/AdmonterWarteGes%C3%A4use.jpg/310px-AdmonterWarteGes%C3%A4use.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Limestone Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_Alps"},{"title":"Mountain ranges of the Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_the_Alps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"title":"Ennstaler Alpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ennstaler_Alpen"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ennstal_Alps¶ms=47_37_N_14_35_E_type:mountain_region:AT_scale:300000","external_links_name":"47°37′N 14°35′E / 47.617°N 14.583°E / 47.617; 14.583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ennstal_Alps¶ms=47_33_42_N_14_37_50_E_type:mountain_region:AT_scale:100000","external_links_name":"47°33′42″N 14°37′50″E / 47.56167°N 14.63056°E / 47.56167; 14.63056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ennstal_Alps¶ms=47_37_N_14_35_E_type:mountain_region:AT_scale:300000","external_links_name":"47°37′N 14°35′E / 47.617°N 14.583°E / 47.617; 14.583"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/248507505","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4014826-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548260805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85044041","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0142195&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Canadian_Municipalities
|
Federation of Canadian Municipalities
|
["1 History","2 Outputs","3 List of FCM Presidents","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","6.1 Bibliography","7 External links"]
|
Canadian advocacy group
Federation of Canadian MunicipalitiesFédération canadienne des municipalitésAbbreviationFCMFormationMarch 18, 1937; 87 years ago (March 18, 1937)Merger of
Union of Canadian Municipalities
Dominion Conference of Mayors
TypeLocal government organizationLegal statusNon-profit corporationHeadquartersOttawa, OntarioRegion served CanadaMembership 2,035Official languages English, FrenchKey people
Vicky-May Hamm, President
Bill Karsten, First Vice-President
Garth Frizzell, Second Vice-President
Yolaine Kirliw, Third Vice-President
Jenny Gerbasi, Past President
Brock Carlton, Chief Executive Officer
Carole Saab, Chief Executive Officer-designate
Websitewww.fcm.caFormerly calledCanadian Federation of Mayors and Municipalities
The Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM, (in French) Fédération canadienne des municipalités) is an advocacy group representing over 2000 Canadian municipalities. It is an organization with no formal power but significant ability to influence debate and policy, as it is a main national lobby group of mayors, councillors and other elected municipal officials. It negotiates with the Government of Canada's departments and agencies on behalf of municipalities, and provides fund administration services for the Government of Canada's departments and agencies.
History
In 1901, the Union of Canadian Municipalities was formed to represent the interests of municipal governments. Another association, the Dominion Conference of Mayors was established in 1935. In 1937, these two associations were amalgamated into the Canadian Federation of Mayors and Municipalities which in 1976 would be renamed the Federation of Canadian Municipalities.
FCM was instrumental in negotiating the federal government's 2005 "New Deal for Cities" programme, under which Canadian federal gasoline taxes are remitted to municipalities.
Outputs
Infrastructure:
• Flow-through for $2 billion of federal funds to municipalities from a Gas Tax Fund.
• Worked to address municipal infrastructure deficit. Changes in federal policy are not attributable to any specific group or campaign. "In the 2009 budget, the federal government committed more than $12 billion over two years in new and accelerated infrastructure funding to municipal priorities."
Environment:
• Flow-through for federal funds to support municipal initiatives that improve air, water and soil quality, and protect the climate through the Green Municipal Fund's below-market loans, grants, education and training. This programme was established by the Chrétien government in 2001 with $100 million "to stimulate investment in innovative municipal infrastructure", and "to support municipal government action to cut pollution, reduce greenhouse gases and improve quality of life".
International development:
• Flow-through for federal aid for development cooperation in more than 40 countries across Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Latin America and the Caribbean since 1987.
List of FCM Presidents
No.
Year
Name
Office
Community
Province
1
1937
Edward Joseph Cragg
Mayor
Halifax
Nova Scotia
2
1938
J. E. Stanley Lewis
Mayor
Ottawa
Ontario
3
1943
Adhémar Raynault
Mayor
Montreal
Quebec
4
1944
Frederick J. Conboy
Mayor
Toronto
Ontario
5
1945
Robert Hood Saunders
Mayor
Toronto
Ontario
6
1945
Jonathan Webster Cornett
Mayor
Vancouver
British Columbia
7
1946
Garnet Coulter
Mayor
Winnipeg
Manitoba
8
1947
Ray T. Forbes
Mayor
Fredericton
New Brunswick
9
1948
Lucien-Hubert Borne
Mayor
Quebec City
Quebec
10
1949
George C. MacLean
Mayor
Saint Boniface
Manitoba
11
1950
Pierre-Horace Boivin
Mayor
Granby
Quebec
12
1951
Percy E. George
Mayor
Victoria
British Columbia
13
1951
G. C. Miller
Alderman
Victoria
British Columbia
14
1952
Archibald J. Mason
Mayor
Springhill
Nova Scotia
15
1952
Joseph-Omer Asselin
Councillor
Montreal
Quebec
16
1953
Donald Hugh Mackay
Mayor
Calgary
Alberta
17
1955
J. David Stewart
Mayor
Charlottetown
Prince Edward Island
18
1956
William Hawrelak
Mayor
Edmonton
Alberta
19
1957
Lloyd Douglas Jackson
Mayor
Hamilton
Ontario
20
1958
Harry Mews
Mayor
St. John's
Newfoundland and Labrador
21
1959
Robert Simpson
Mayor
Arnprior
Ontario
22
1960
Sidney Buckwold
Mayor
Saskatoon
Saskatchewan
23
1961
Percy B. Scurrah
Mayor
Victoria
British Columbia
24(1 of 2)
1961
Chaim Kushner
Mayor
West Kildonan
Manitoba
25
1962
Joseph-Alfred Mongrain
Mayor
Trois-Rivières
Quebec
26
1963
Irvin William Akerley
Mayor
Dartmouth
Nova Scotia
27
1963
Beth Woods
Mayor
New Westminster
British Columbia
24(2 of 2)
1963
Chaim Kushner
Mayor
West Kildonan
Manitoba
28
1964
Charles Augustus Vaughan
Mayor
Halifax
Nova Scotia
29
1965
Victor Copps
Mayor
Hamilton
Ontario
30
1966
William Rathie
Mayor
Vancouver
British Columbia
31
1966
Reginald Dawson
Mayor
Mount Royal
Quebec
32
1967
Vincent Dantzer
Mayor
Edmonton
Alberta
33
1968
Albert Campbell
Mayor
Scarborough
Ontario
34
1969
Allan O'Brien
Mayor
Halifax
Nova Scotia
35
1970
Ivor Dent
Mayor
Edmonton
Alberta
36
1971
Marcel D'Amour
Mayor
Hull
Quebec
37
1972
Bud Bird
Mayor
Fredericton
New Brunswick
38
1973
Bernie Wolfe
Councillor
Winnipeg
Manitoba
39
1974
Paul Godfrey
Chairman
Metropolitan Toronto
Ontario
40
1975
Dan Munroe
Mayor
Glace Bay
Nova Scotia
41
1976
Jack Volrich
Mayor
Vancouver
British Columbia
42
1978
Paul-Olivier Trépanier
Mayor
Granby
Quebec
43
1979
Cec Purves
Mayor
Edmonton
Alberta
44
1980
Dennis Flynn
Mayor
Etobicoke
Ontario
45
1981
Daniel Brownlow
Mayor
Dartmouth
Nova Scotia
46
1982
Jean Pelletier
Mayor
Quebec City
Quebec
47
1983
Ted Brady
Mayor
Carlyle
Saskatchewan
48
1984
Doreen Lawson
Alderman
Burnaby
British Columbia
49
1985
Ron Cromwell
Alderman
Halifax
Nova Scotia
50
1986
Richard Gilbert
Councillor
Toronto
Ontario
51
1987
Jean Corbeil
Mayor
Anjou
Quebec
52
1988
George Cuff
Mayor
Spruce Grove
Alberta
53
1989
George Ferguson
Mayor
Abbotsford
British Columbia
54
1990
Ray O'Neill
Councillor
St. John's
Newfoundland and Labrador
55
1991
Doreen Quirk
Councillor
Markham
Ontario
56
1992
Margaret Delisle
Mayor
Sillery
Quebec
57
1993
Ron Hayter
Mayor
Edmonton
Alberta
58
1994
Laurence Mawhinney
Mayor
Lunenburg
Nova Scotia
59
1995
John Les
Mayor
Chilliwack
British Columbia
60
1996
Bryon Wilfert
Councillor
Richmond Hill
Ontario
61
1997
Jae Eadie
Deputy Mayor
Winnipeg
Manitoba
61
1998
Claude Cantin
Deputy Mayor
Quebec City
Quebec
62
1999
Sam Synard
Deputy Mayor
Marystown
Newfoundland and Labrador
63
2000
Joanne Monaghan
Councillor
Kitimat
British Columbia
64
2001
Jack Layton
Councillor
Toronto
Ontario
65
2002
John Schmal
Alderman
Calgary
Alberta
66
2003
Yves Ducharme
Mayor
Gatineau
Quebec
67
2004
Ann MacLean
Mayor
New Glasgow
Nova Scotia
68
2005
Michael Coleman
Mayor
Duncan
British Columbia
69
2005
Gloria Kovach
Councillor
Guelph
Ontario
70
2006
Gord Steeves
Councillor
Winnipeg
Manitoba
71
2008
Jean Perrault
Mayor
Sherbrooke
Quebec
72
2009
Basil Stewart
Mayor
Summerside
Prince Edward Island
73
2010
Hans Cunningham
Director
Central Kootenay
British Columbia
74
2011
Berry Vrbanovic
Councillor
Kitchener
Ontario
75
2012
Karen Leibovici
Councillor
Edmonton
Alberta
76
2013
Claude Dauphin
Mayor
Lachine
Quebec
77
2014
Brad Woodside
Mayor
Fredericton
New Brunswick
77
2015
Raymond Louie
Councillor
Vancouver
British Columbia
77
2016
Clark Somerville
Regional Councillor
Halton Hills
Ontario
77
2017
Jenny Gerbasi
Councillor
Winnipeg
Manitoba
77
2018
Vicki-May Hamm
Mayor
Magog
Quebec
See also
List of local government organizations
Notes
^ Year elected or appointed.
^ Appointed to replace Frederick J. Conboy in 1944 or 1945.
^ Appointed to replace Percy E. George in 1951 or 1952.
^ Appointed to replace Archibald J. Mason in 1952 or 1953. Went on to be elected to his own term in 1953.
^ Appointed to replace Joseph-Omer Asselin in 1953 or 1954. Went on to be elected to his own term in 1954.
^ Appointed to replace Percy B. Scurrah in 1961 or 1962.
^ Appointed to replace Irvin William Akerley in 1963 or 1964.
^ Appointed to replace Beth Woods in 1963 or 1964.
^ Appointed to replace William Rathie in 1966 or 1967.
^ Appointed to replace Michael Coleman in 2005 or 2006.
^ Appointed to replace Gloria Kovach in 2006 or 2007. Went on to be elected to his own term in 2007.
References
^ UBCM: The First Century: Union of British Columbia Municipalities. Granville Island. 2006. ISBN 1-894694-39-2. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
^ a b Stevenson, Don; Gilbert, Richard (2005-12-22). Coping with Canadian federalism: the case of the Federation of Canadian municipalities (PDF). Canadian Public Administration. Archived from the original on 2012-04-21. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
^ G+M oped by Jack Diamond: "New deal for cities critical", 3 Dec 2003
^ "Government on track to deliver New Deal for Cities and Communities". Infrastructure Canada. 2005-02-01. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2009-01-09. see also Department of Finance archives "A New Deal for Canada's Communities"
Bibliography
Deutsch, John (1976). Tri-Level Task Force on Public Finance in Canada. Report of the Tri-Level Task Force on Public Finance. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada.
"FCM Past Presidents". Federation of Canadian Municipalities. June 2, 2014. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"}],"text":"The Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM, (in French) Fédération canadienne des municipalités) is an advocacy group representing over 2000 Canadian municipalities. It is an organization with no formal power but significant ability to influence debate and policy, as it is a main national lobby group of mayors, councillors and other elected municipal officials. It negotiates with the Government of Canada's departments and agencies on behalf of municipalities, and provides fund administration services for the Government of Canada's departments and agencies.","title":"Federation of Canadian Municipalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gilbert-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1901, the Union of Canadian Municipalities was formed to represent the interests of municipal governments. Another association, the Dominion Conference of Mayors was established in 1935.[1] In 1937, these two associations were amalgamated into the Canadian Federation of Mayors and Municipalities which in 1976 would be renamed the Federation of Canadian Municipalities.[2]FCM was instrumental in negotiating the federal government's 2005 \"New Deal for Cities\" programme,[3] under which Canadian federal gasoline taxes are remitted to municipalities.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soil quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_quality"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gilbert-2"}],"text":"Infrastructure:• Flow-through for $2 billion of federal funds to municipalities from a Gas Tax Fund.• Worked to address municipal infrastructure deficit. Changes in federal policy are not attributable to any specific group or campaign. \"In the 2009 budget, the federal government committed more than $12 billion over two years in new and accelerated infrastructure funding to municipal priorities.\"Environment:• Flow-through for federal funds to support municipal initiatives that improve air, water and soil quality, and protect the climate through the Green Municipal Fund's below-market loans, grants, education and training. This programme was established by the Chrétien government in 2001 with $100 million \"to stimulate investment in innovative municipal infrastructure\", and \"to support municipal government action to cut pollution, reduce greenhouse gases and improve quality of life\".[2]International development:• Flow-through for federal aid for development cooperation in more than 40 countries across Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Latin America and the Caribbean since 1987.","title":"Outputs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of FCM Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Frederick J. Conboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_J._Conboy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Percy E. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_E._George"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Archibald J. Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_J._Mason"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Joseph-Omer Asselin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Omer_Asselin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Percy B. Scurrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_B._Scurrah"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Irvin William Akerley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvin_William_Akerley"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"William Rathie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rathie"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"}],"text":"^ Year elected or appointed.\n\n^ Appointed to replace Frederick J. Conboy in 1944 or 1945.\n\n^ Appointed to replace Percy E. George in 1951 or 1952.\n\n^ Appointed to replace Archibald J. Mason in 1952 or 1953. Went on to be elected to his own term in 1953.\n\n^ Appointed to replace Joseph-Omer Asselin in 1953 or 1954. Went on to be elected to his own term in 1954.\n\n^ Appointed to replace Percy B. Scurrah in 1961 or 1962.\n\n^ Appointed to replace Irvin William Akerley in 1963 or 1964.\n\n^ Appointed to replace Beth Woods in 1963 or 1964.\n\n^ Appointed to replace William Rathie in 1966 or 1967.\n\n^ Appointed to replace Michael Coleman in 2005 or 2006.\n\n^ Appointed to replace Gloria Kovach in 2006 or 2007. Went on to be elected to his own term in 2007.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of local government organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_local_government_organizations"}]
|
[{"reference":"UBCM: The First Century: Union of British Columbia Municipalities. Granville Island. 2006. ISBN 1-894694-39-2. Retrieved 2009-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.granvilleislandpublishing.com/our_titles/history/UBCM.html","url_text":"UBCM: The First Century: Union of British Columbia Municipalities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-894694-39-2","url_text":"1-894694-39-2"}]},{"reference":"Stevenson, Don; Gilbert, Richard (2005-12-22). Coping with Canadian federalism: the case of the Federation of Canadian municipalities (PDF). Canadian Public Administration. Archived from the original on 2012-04-21. Retrieved 2009-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.richardgilbert.ca/Files/2005/Stevenson-Gilbert%20for%20CPAJ%20(Web).pdf","url_text":"Coping with Canadian federalism: the case of the Federation of Canadian municipalities"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120421002310/http://www.articlearchives.com/society-social/communities-neighborhoods-cities/923842-1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Government on track to deliver New Deal for Cities and Communities\". Infrastructure Canada. 2005-02-01. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2009-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181815/http://www.infc.gc.ca/media/news-nouvelles/gtf-fte/2005/20050201ottawa-eng.html","url_text":"\"Government on track to deliver New Deal for Cities and Communities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_Canada","url_text":"Infrastructure Canada"},{"url":"http://www.infc.gc.ca/media/news-nouvelles/gtf-fte/2005/20050201ottawa-eng.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Deutsch, John (1976). Tri-Level Task Force on Public Finance in Canada. Report of the Tri-Level Task Force on Public Finance. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"FCM Past Presidents\". Federation of Canadian Municipalities. June 2, 2014. Retrieved August 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fcm.ca/home/about-us/board-of-directors/fcm-past-presidents.htm","url_text":"\"FCM Past Presidents\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis_Airport
|
Spirit of St. Louis Airport
|
["1 Facilities and aircraft","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Airport in Missouri, USA
Spirit of St. Louis AirportIATA: SUSICAO: KSUSFAA LID: SUSSummaryAirport typePublicOwnerSt. Louis CountyLocationSt. Louis, MissouriElevation AMSL463 ft / 141 mCoordinates38°39′44″N 90°39′7″W / 38.66222°N 90.65194°W / 38.66222; -90.65194Websitespiritairport.comMapSUSLocation of airport in MissouriShow map of MissouriSUSSUS (the United States)Show map of the United StatesRunways
Direction
Length
Surface
ft
m
8R/26L
7,485
2,281
Concrete
8L/26R
5,000
1,524
Asphalt
Statistics (2022)Aircraft operations143,570Based aircraft295Source: Federal Aviation Administration
Sign for Spirit of St. Louis Airport
A typical business jet at the airport
Spirit of St. Louis Airport (IATA: SUS, ICAO: KSUS, FAA LID: SUS) is a public airport located 17 miles (27 km) west of the central business district of St. Louis, in St. Louis County, Missouri, in the city of Chesterfield, United States. It is owned by St. Louis County and named after the famous Spirit of St. Louis aircraft.
Facilities and aircraft
Spirit of St. Louis Airport covers an area of 1,300 acres (530 ha) and contains two parallel runways: 8L/26R measuring 5,000 x 75 ft (1,524 x 23 m) and 8R/26L measuring 7,485 x 150 (2,281 x 46 m), an all-weather, ILS-equipped runway.
For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2022, the airport had 143,570 aircraft operations, an average of 393 per day: 88% general aviation, 10% air taxi, <1% military and <1% commercial. At that time, there were 295 aircraft based at this airport: 180 single-engine, 37 multi-engine, 69 jet, 7 helicopter, 1 glider and 1 ultra-light.
In 2007, the airport finished a multimillion-dollar expansion project to add a parallel taxiway to the north of 8L/26R. This added land is currently available to lease with taxiway access.
The Spirit of St. Louis Air Show returned to the airport, May 3–4, 2014, after being absent since 2007. It featured an interactive STEM Expo and a Veteran's Village. The US Navy Blue Angels headlined the event.
See also
List of airports in Missouri
References
^ a b c d FAA Airport Form 5010 for SUS PDF, effective December 28, 2023.
^ "STEM Kicks the Tires and Lights the Fires in Chesterfield May 3-4". 25 February 2014.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spirit of St. Louis Airport.
Resources for this airport:
FAA airport information for SUS
AirNav airport information for KSUS
ASN accident history for SUS
FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker
NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days
SkyVector aeronautical chart, Terminal Procedures
vtePublic transportation in Greater St. LouisPublic transit agencies
Madison County Transit
Metro Transit
St. Clair County Transit District
Local and express bus service
Illinois:
Madison County Transit
MetroBus
Missouri:
MetroBus
Demand response
Illinois:
Alternative Transportation System
Madison County Transit
Missouri:
Metro Call-A-Ride
Via Metro STL
Light rail
MetroLink:
Blue Line
Red Line
List of MetroLink stations
MidAmerica Airport Extension
Green Line MetroLink Extension
Previous Proposals
Streetcar
Loop Trolley
Infrastructure
Cross County Tunnels
Eads Bridge
MacArthur Bridge
Merchants Bridge
St. Louis Freight Tunnel
Union Station Baggage Tunnel
Yards & Depots
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This article about an airport in Missouri is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"title":"List of airports in Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Missouri"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Luper%C3%B3n
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Gregorio Luperón
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["1 Early life","1.1 Masonry","2 Hero of the Dominican Restoration War","2.1 Beginnings of a revolution","2.2 Raids from Haiti","2.3 End of the war","3 Second Dominican Republic","3.1 Opposition to Báez","3.2 Annexation proposal, preparation for uprising, and Six Years' War","3.3 Post-Six Years' War","3.4 Espaillat's fall from power, return of Báez","3.5 Provisional President: 1879-1880","3.6 Presidency of Fernando Arturo de Meriño","3.7 Disturbance of power balance and rise of Ulises Heureaux","3.8 Clashes with Heureaux","4 Revolution of 1886","5 Final exile","6 Death","7 Legacy","8 See also","9 References","10 Bibliography","11 External links"]
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Dominican revolutionary and politician (1839–1897)
Gregorio LuperónPhotograp of General Gregorio Luperón c. 1860s20th President of the Dominican RepublicIn officeOctober 7, 1879 – 1 September 1880Preceded byCesáreo GuillermoSucceeded byFernando Arturo de MeriñoVice President of the Dominican RepublicIn office24 January 1865 – 24 March 1865PresidentBenigno Filomeno de RojasPreceded byUlises Francisco EspaillatSucceeded byBenigno Filomeno de Rojas
Personal detailsBornSeptember 8, 1839Port-de-Plate, Haiti(now Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic)DiedMay 21, 1897 (aged 57)Puerto Plata, Dominican RepublicNationalityDominicanPolitical partyBlue PartySpouseAna Luisa TavárezChildrenLuisa, Jacobo Leoncio, and Elena Maria Tavarez BernalParent(s)Nicolasa Luperón and Pedro CastellanosProfessionMilitary GeneralMilitary serviceAllegiance Dominican RepublicBranch/service Dominican Army
Restoration Army
Blue Army
Years of service1857–1897RankGeneralBattles/warsCibaeño RevolutionDominican Restoration War
Six Years' War
Gregorio Luperón (September 8, 1839 – May 21, 1897) was a Dominican revolutionary, military general, businessman, liberal politician, freemason, and Statesman who was one of the leaders in the Dominican Restoration War. Luperón was an active member of the Triunvirato of 1866, becoming the President of the Provincial Government in San Felipe de Puerto Plata, and after the successful coup against Cesareo Guillermo, he became the 28th President of the Dominican Republic.
Born in Puerto Plata in 1839, Luperón spent his early years as merchant, where he learned French to access a merchant's library. His revolutionary career began in 1857, when fought in the Cibaeña Revolution against Buenaventura Báez. Luperón opposed the reincorporation of Santo Domingo into the Spanish kingdom and rose to prominence in the Dominican Restoration War. He became the commander-in-chief of the due to his strong patriotic sentiment and valor. In the years after the Six Years' War, he assumed power in 1879, reorganized the government according to liberal principles. During his government, he incentivised secularism in the Dominican Republic with the help of the General Captain of Puerto Rico and Eugenio María de Hostos. However, Luperón was exiled multiple times for opposing Ulises Heureaux's despotic government, leading to regret and disappointment. He later assumed the presidency of a provisional government in Puerto Plata, where peace, freedom, and progress prevailed.
Luperón is remembered for his famous last words and is one of the most important Heroes of Dominican liberty. Because of his contributions, he is often considered the fourth founding father of the Dominican Republic.
Early life
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Gregorio Luperón" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2024)
His family origin reveals the man who excels through his own efforts and transcends disadvantageous conditions. Born in Puerto Plata on September 8, 1839, he was not recognized by his father – Pedro Castellanos, from the urban middle class –, so he received the surname of his mother, Nicolasa Duperron, of humble condition, descendant of a Frenchman established in Santiago de los Caballeros, at the beginning of the 18th century, and of manumitted slaves who received that surname. It was Luperón himself who made the decision to change the surname, which translated a symbolic desire for self-affirmation. He was of mulatto ancestry; his mother was a black immigrant from the Lesser Antilles, and his father was of Spanish descent. The Cohabitation outside the bond of marriage between white men and black women constituted one of the keys to the process of miscegenation, in turn particular component of the formation of the conglomerate Dominican. As was common, he grew up in his mother's home environment, and his childhood was that of a poor child who had to work to help support the family. Himself, in the first pages of Notes autobiographical and historical notes, he remembers having carried out jobs as a water bearer, baker, fisherman and seller of sweets and fruits. The above did not prevent him from being able to attend one of the few schools in Puerto Plata, run by an English subject, where he learned to read and write and received the rudiments that motivated him to improve himself culturally.
Due to the precocity resulting from his early incorporation to work,
At the age of 14 he was appointed foreman of a mahogany cut by the Frenchman Pedro Dubocq, in Jamao, not far from Puerto Plata. It so happened that the owner was a cultured man, who had left books in the hut of the court, Vidas parallelales, by Plutarco, being the one that most influenced the formation of the young Goyito, as he was known to everyone. His personality ended up being defined in the wild life of Jamao, where he made a living for six years. Even as a teenager he had to face, machete in hand, to a group of scoundrels, which gained him celebrity and already revealed bravery as the first attribute of his personality. While working there, he displayed a strong strength of character and a knack for getting any job assigned to him completed in the best possible fashion. Because of this, Mr. Dubocq promoted Gregorio to a management position. Mr. Dubocq also allowed Gregorio to spend time in his personal library because Gregorio wanted to enrich his intellect. He was fluent in English, (his mother was a black immigrant from the British Isles), he had a gift for oratory, and in his employer's library he was able to begin solid self-taught training.
In 1857, when he was 18 years old, he joined the Cibaeño Revolution against the second government of Buenaventura Báez; he took part in the fighting in Samaná, the only place outside of Santo Domingo where the baecistas managed to entrench themselves. From then on he became fixated on an insurmountable aversion to that character, who would form part of the plot of his political actions. In the midst of the conflict he received his first appointment; assistant commander at the Rincón post. It can be inferred that in 1857 the young man was sufficiently educated
to identify with the democratic proposals of the leaders of Santiago. His military vocation is also observed, as well as a recurring attitude: he did not last long in military and administrative functions, but decided to establish himself as a small merchant in Sabaneta de Yásica, the town closest to Jamao. Before the age of 20, he began the career that would lead him to be a wealthy bourgeois of
Puerto Plata.
Masonry
He began his masonry studies in the Logia Nuevo Mundo No. 5, in the province of Santiago de los Caballeros where he would reach the highest 33rd Degree of Masonry.
On September 25 of 1867, Luperón became a sectarian member of the Installation Commission of the reputable Masonic Restoration Lodge No. 11 in Puerto Plata, becoming a founder himself, becoming the Lodges first Orator. His guide and mentor was Venerable Master Don Pedro Eduardo Dubocq, who was a friend of Juan Pablo Duarte.
During Luperón's government in 1879, he widely incentivized Secularism with the help of a Spanish Captain General of Puerto Rico, Eugenio Maria de Hostos.
Hero of the Dominican Restoration War
Beginnings of a revolution
Painting of Luperón in the Dominican Restoration War found in El Monumento de Santiago
While its existence was going on without major disturbance in the midst of small-scale commercial operations in Sabaneta de Yásica, the annexation of the Dominican Republic to Spain took place on March 18, 1861. Not long after this, revolts against the implemented Spanish regime erupted. In June of that same year, Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, one of the three leaders responsible for the 1844 proclamation of the First Dominican Republic, led an armed uprising to challenge the Spaniards. Unfortunately, his rebellion was suppressed, and he, along with his companions, were shot on the orders of the occupying Spanish forces on July 4, 1861. The execution caused ripples throughout the nation, further intensifying the regime, which gave rise to more anti-Spanish plots.
Luperón, like a bolt of lightning, decided to register his absolute opposition to the political change. He made a bold call not to hand over weapons, as they would serve to regain freedom. The young rural shopkeeper, thanks to his readings in the inhospitable wood cutting, already had a good defined a personality that included a belligerent national conception. When he was presented with a copy of the manifesto supporting the annexation, he refused to sign it with high-sounding expressions. He was immediately subject to the persecution of General Juan Suero, the Black Cid, chief from Puerto Plata and until then his personal friend. Serum there was evaluated well, so he harassed him until he was forced to leave the country.
Suero told Pedro Santana that he had to kill Luperón, since he anticipated that, if he did not do so, he would be his victim in combat. This forced Luperón to flee into exile and wander through the United States, Mexico and Jamaica. In this last country he met a homeopathic doctor, who died on a sea voyage. Luperón took his name, inherited his instruments and posed as a doctor, which gave him the necessary coverage to return to the country. The brand new doctor Eugenio settled in Sabaneta, a town near the northern border, where he cultivated the friendship of the commander of weapons, Santiago Rodríguez Masagó. In that remote town – he records in Autobiographical Notes and Historical Notes – there were no revolutionary concerns. Patiently, Luperón added people to a propaganda action with the purpose of unleashing armed insurrection. When the extortion measures of the Spanish regime began to generate discontent among important sectors of the population of Cibao, Luperón agreed with other conspirators of the Northwest Line to start the rebellion. Lucas de Peña was appointed chief and a council composed of Norberto Torres, Ignacio Reyes and Gregorio Luperón was formed. They, as leaders, decided to appoint themselves generals.
As a result of Norberto Torres' precipitation, military operations began on February 21. Quickly, the conspirators formed contingents that proposed to expel the Spanish troops. of the Northwest Line. The population of Sabaneta spoke out against Spanish rule and remained the main center of the uprising. Luperón was sent to extend operations in the direction of San José de las Matas, but he ran into resistance from the “serranos,” a term used to designate the inhabitants of the foothills of the Central Mountain Range. This attitude showed that, in February 1863, a considerable portion of the population still had neutral or favorable attitudes regarding the annexation, which led to the rapid failure of the insurrectional attempt in Santiago. Reserve troops remained loyal to the Crown throughout Cibao. As the days passed, the government took the initiative and routed the rebels.
Some took refuge in Haiti, others hid and the majority chose to appear and take advantage of the guarantees offered by the rulers. Some of those presented were shot, which inaugurated the reign of terror established by General Buceta and Colonel Campillo, the two Spanish military leaders in the region. Luperón did not care about the population's attitude towards the rebels, since the only thing that counted was his attachment to the principles of good causes, even at the risk of being left alone, as was the constant norm for the rest of his life. Still young, he strengthened the will to rigorously observe the principles, with absolute independence from the prevailing circumstances. Hence he decided not to surrender or leave the country.
For him, the annexation entailed a state of legal and social inferiority for the Dominicans and contravened the right to sovereignty. He followed closely to the ideals left behind by La Trinitaria. Independence, he believed, was the only system that could guarantee the dignity and happiness of the people. Their duty could not be other than to continue working with all determination to restart the struggle, until freedom was achieved. He was convinced that if the majority of people thought otherwise, it was due to ignorance or the influence of shady interests, which is why he was obliged to oppose such a point of view. Sentenced to death in default, he had to abandon the area and take refuge in La Jagua, a rural section near La Vega. He again established contact with patriots, waiting for the conditions for rebellion to ripen again.
Raids from Haiti
The northern border area remained the weakest territorial link in Spanish domination. The exiles in Haiti, commanded by Santiago Rodríguez and Benito Monción, made frequent raids in the surroundings of Dajabón. José Cabrera, another of the commanders of the February insurrection, managed to maintain a guerrilla force in Dominican territory almost the entire time. This explains why, in mid-August 1863, a contingent of exiles entered the country and, immediately, several pockets of rebellion spread. After a few days the “mambises” troops were at the gates of Santiago, after devastating the Spanish garrisons throughout the region.
Luperón was absent from what was happening on the Northwest Line, But as soon as he heard news, he prepared to join. When the rebels appeared in front of Santiago, they sent small contingents to the neighboring regions, so the insurrection spread to Moca, La Vega and other towns. It was Luperón's turn to take initiatives in these uprisings, asserting his status as general. As soon was possible, he joined the leadership of the operations against Santiago and joined the council of chiefs composed of generals Gaspar Polanco, Ignacio Reyes, Gregorio de Lora, and the colonels Pedro Antonio Pimentel, Benito Monción and José Antonio Salcedo. This council appointed Polanco as commander in chief, based on his seniority in the army of the defunct Republic.
Under the command of Polanco, Luperón took part in the events that led to the taking of Santiago, the siege of the Spanish and Dominican annexationists in the San Luis fortress and in their retreat towards Puerto Plata. The climax of these operations was the battle of September 6. From his position in El Meadero, Luperón directed a contingent that harassed the Spanish around the fort. Later, he commanded troops that tried to storm San Luis, always placing himself in the front row. He showed so many displays of bravery that he earned the admiration of the troops. In a certain way, in his opinion, he rivaled General Polanco, because both faced each other in the February rebellion, when the now general-in-chief still remained loyal to the Spanish regime. The battle was not easy, despite the courage of the Mambises, since the Spanish maintained a no less tough disposition for combat. At times the outcome of the crash was in doubt. In a moment of confusion, Luperón had a false communication read, written by himself, with falsified information that the southern and eastern provinces had revolted. Morale was immediately restored and the patriots regained the initiative. Audacity in difficult situations was another attribute of his warrior bearing.
In those days he showed an intransigent attitude towards the approaches aimed at negotiating with the Spanish. He strongly demanded that only the unconditional capitulation of those besieged in San Luis be accepted. When José Antonio Salcedo, accepted the withdrawal of the Spanish towards Puerto Plata, Luperón arranged for his at his own expense to restart hostilities, which opened the chase to Puerto Plata. This intransigence derived from his conceptions. It is believed that the goal of restoring the Republic left no room for any mediatization. Hence, he also rejected Salcedo's suggestion to call Buenaventura Báez. For Luperón, Báez was as much an annexationist as Pedro Santana, so from that moment on he came into conflict with the surreptitious Baecista sector of the restoration field.
Immediately, José Antonio Salcedo took a dislike to him and decided to get rid of him, possibly judging him a dangerous rival. On the occasion of the appointment of the Provisional Government, a next reason for confrontation with Salcedo. He, who had remained with Luperón in Santiago, decided to summon notable civilians in order for them to elect a president and his cabinet. According to Luperón's account, Ulises Francisco Espaillat noted that all the generals had to be present. When Luperón arrived, he was informed of this point of view, at which he said that he was glad, since he had intended to arrest them all for usurpation of powers. Given the assurance offered by Salcedo that Polanco had given his acquiescence, Luperón agreed for the meeting to continue. When the time came for the president's election – always according to his story – he was proposed for the Presidency, which he declined and allowed Salcedo to remain in that position. Salcedo's election generated disagreement in Polanco, who considered that a natural procedure by not being consulted as general in chief. Luperón tried to stay away from such conflicts, since he was not interested in occupying positions other than those of troop leader. In his opinion, he reduced his actions to that of a temporary soldier, as long as the cause of freedom required his services.
End of the war
In accordance with this vocation of service, he accepted the designation of governor of La Vega. During the days he lasted in this position, his conciliatory considerations regarding his enemies were evident. At the time he was seen as the representative of the most radical position, which was not accurate, since his intransigence was limited to the demand for independence. He affirmed the criterion that the fight was not against the Spanish, whom, he assured retrospectively, he saw as brothers who had a place within the country, but against the oppressive regime of the annexation. Within this situation, he sought to protect the Dominicans who had fled from the exactions of some rebel leaders shown support for the annexation. He praised these urban notables as misguided Dominicans who had to be led out of their error. Despite being in antagonistic positions, Luperón appreciated them for seeing in them cultured people capable of being bearers of progress. On the contrary, in La Vega he used strong procedures to force them to commit to the restoration cause, and decided to set an intimidating example by shooting, on charges of espionage, a Spanish colonel who had left Santo Domingo with the aim of extracting money from the people. and obtain information.
When it became known about Pedro Santana's preparations to invade the Cibao, Luperón received the order from the Santiago government to take charge of operations in the southern and eastern provinces in order to stop Santana's column. He accepted the assignment – which put him in charge of the most critical scenario – with the condition that a decree be issued that would put Santana outside the law for treason and order his execution. Prior to his departure, he dispatched advances in all directions. Arrived on the other side of El Sillón de la Viuda, a mountain that separated the departments of Santo Domingo and La Vega, Luperón engaged in combat with the annexationist troops commanded by Santana. Faced with the Dominican flag, the disgraced general saw his aura of invincible disappear. After being defeated in the Battle of Arroyo Bermejo by the mambises commanded by Luperón, the old tyrant, as on previous occasions, opted to retreat. This time it did not do him much good, as he left the ground free for the guerrillas led by General Eusebio Manzueta to begin infiltrating towards the east.
Luperon was on several of the fronts at the precise moments when the course of events was being debated. After the battle of Santiago, his main military work took place in the leadership of operations in the south and east, where he showed a skill in command that placed his contribution among the most valuable in the entire course of the war. His courage in leading the troops and his nationalist belligerence earned him the high esteem of the soldiers, who came to ignore government orders, such as the one issued by President Salcedo that relieved him of the leadership of the Eastern Front. Luperón's military action was disturbed by Salcedo, who, moved by jealousy, he twice ordered his replacement. On the first occasion the President took command of the front on Monte Plata, and made costly military mistakes. Almost immediately, Luperón was assigned to reinforce operations on Baní and San Cristóbal, where he contributed to the expulsion of the annexationists. There he once again showed a conciliatory stance towards those who had shown solidarity with the annexation, opposing the predatory actions of General Juan de Jesus Salcedo.
During operations in the vicinity of Santo Domingo, he was summoned by General Pedro Florentino, appointed chief in San Juan, who announced that he had received an order from the government to shoot him. Florentino, despite his toughness, did not want to shoulder the responsibility, so he sent Luperón to Cibao. Upon arriving in Santiago and after interviewing members of the government, it became clear that the order against him came from Salcedo. While the problem was resolved, he was confined in Sabaneta, where he was again summoned to rejoin actions in the east. In the second opportunity to intervene in the operations, Luperón contributed to expanding the rebellion to all corners of a region where Santana still enjoyed
popularity. He returned to Santiago due to his poor health, undermined by months of stay in cantons where they barely ate, despite being accustomed to the harsh existence in the mountains.
From then on he took part in the events that occurred at the highest levels of the government. He assured that he did not renounce his position as a combatant without aspiring to charges, but the urgencies of an impetuous process forced him to get involved in political resolutions and accept positions since the end of 1864. He refused to participate in the movement that overthrew Salcedo, but once the fact was consummated, he unreservedly supported the Polanco government, since he believed that the war would recover the vigor lost in the previous months. He considered, a posteriori, the Polanco government as the culmination of the national-democratic project of the restoration feat. More than anyone, Luperón condemned the attempts of the deposed president Salcedo in favor of Báez or an armistice with the Spanish; However, in strict observance of principles, he was the only general who protested publicly for his execution and tried to protect him as much as possible.
When Polanco fell, Luperón was proposed for the presidency by a council of generals meeting in Santiago, which he again declined. However, in order not to break the cohesion of the restoration field, he was forced to participate in the provisional government presided over by Benigno Filomeno de Rojas, in which he held the vice presidency and the acting presidency due to the illness of the incumbent and his fear of facing the demands of the generals. It seems that, in those circumstances, when rivalries and ambitions began to manifest themselves, he tried to survive within a delicate balance, conscious of their weakness and their responsibility to help ensure that the objectives involved were not distorted. At the same time, he tried to maintain his independence, which is why he refused to accept any more positions, when Pimentel was president.
Second Dominican Republic
Opposition to Báez
Main article: Second Dominican Republic
General Luperon in 1866
Once the war was over, in July 1865, the only thing Luperón proposed was to establish a commercial house on the ruins of Puerto Plata. Thinking that the future of the country was clear, it seems that for a brief time he came to the conclusion that his political commitment had ended. He says that his conviction about the terrible nature of political activity was strengthened, so the contribution to development of the country would do it from the position of bourgeois. Such inclination could not be maintained for long, because in October 1865, barely three months after the evacuation of the Spanish troops, the restoring general Pedro Guillermo led a mutiny in Hato Mayor in favor of Báez. What Luperón feared most was the return of Báez, who posed danger to the nation.
Unfortunately, almost no one shared his point of view, since the fields between the parties were not yet drawn and it was not visible no obstacle for the man who had held the position of field marshal of the Spanish army during the war to return to the presidency. The vast majority of the military leaders of the Restoration bowed to the rising star of the veteran annexationist. President José María Cabral, a follower of Báez in 1857, bowed to the facts and went to look for his former boss in Curaçao to offer him the presidency.
In his attempt at armed opposition to Báez, at the end of 1865, Luperón only had, among the leaders of the Restoration, the support of Benito Monción and Gaspar Polanco, but both quickly decided abandon the rebellion, which precipitated its failure. From exile, Luperón continued to promote movements against the government and finally reached an agreement with Manuel Rodríguez Objío, who had accepted the position of government delegate in Puerto Plata. This promoted the uprising of the city, which allowed it to receive Luperón as a hero. Immediately both began the actions that led to the overthrow of the government. In the south, former President Cabral, after resigning his position as Secretary of War, begins operations against Baez. The former field marshal had to leave power, albeit for a short time.
Luperón realized that he had to intervene to normalize the political situation, in order to resolve the conflicting aspirations of Cabral and Pimentel, then the two most powerful men to come out of the Restoration. To this end, he was part for the second time of a provisional government, the Triumvirate, together with Federico de Jesús García and Pedro Pimentel, which had the mission of organizing elections. Despite the contempt that Cabral deserved, Luperón had no choice but to recognize his popularity when he won the electoral tournament.
Once the intervention in the reorganization of the government was concluded, he returned to dealing with commercial activities in Puerto Plata, although he reacted to the recovery of Báez's popularity by agreeing to collaborate with the government in Cibao. He became involved again in political activity motivated by the consideration that national independence was would be in danger if Báez returned to the presidency. However, he could not achieve a cohesion of purposes with other important leaders who came out of the Restoration. Unlike Baecism, compacted Around loyalty to the supreme leader, the liberals were divided between several military leaders, each of whom had a cohort of followers. Of the three leaders, at that time Luperón was the who had less influence, but compensated for this weakness with his will and the superior coherence of his approaches.
As was to be feared, the inconsistencies of the Cabral government soon led to Báez's supporters rebelling again, especially in Cibao, where they had the majority support of the peasants. The Puerto Plata bourgeois warrior led the position of the urban middle-class sectors in favor of the Cabral government, and faced what he himself called a rural insurrection. It became clear that his infidelity was essentially limited to media in his hometown, largely thanks to primary relationships. Fighting Baecism in arms, he received information that the Cabral government was in negotiations with the United States to lease the Samaná peninsula in exchange for resources, in weapons and cash, that would guarantee survival. He decided to leave the country and protest, sending a letter to President Cabral in which he announced his willingness to fight it.
Annexation proposal, preparation for uprising, and Six Years' War
Main article: Six Years' War
At the beginning of 1868, Cabral's second government had fallen, and with Báez again in the presidency, all the leading men of the Blue Party had to leave the country. Relations between bosses were characterized by mistrust. Luperón considered that Cabral lacked the conditions to lead the opposition, having shown signs of betraying the principles, so that he appointed himself supreme chief of the national armies, which Cabral and Pimentel also did. Each of these leaders operated on their own, although some intellectuals, such as José Gabriel García, sought to harmonize the competing interests. It had to be the Haitian president Nissage Saget who managed to put the agreement to the three leaders through a manifesto dated in Saint Marc on April 17, 1869, also signed by the main military leaders and liberal politicians who were preparing to invade the country. This agreement was feasible in response to the government's efforts to alienate Samaná and then annex the country to the United States. In addition to the intermediation of the Haitian president, the desire for unity increased among the blue expels, aware that the rivalries in their area fed back into the enemy's strength.
While Cabral entered the southern border, where he was received by General Timoteo Ogando – who was already waging a formidable guerrilla opposition to Báez – Luperón headed to Saint Thomas to gather resources among merchants who had business in Dominican Republic and feared losing the market if annexation to the United States materialized. To this end, with the money lent by these merchants, Luperón acquired the steamship El Telégrafo, which he armed and named Restauración. He was accompanied by some of his most faithful followers and other prominent blue politicians, such as generals Marcos Evangelista Adón, Severo Gómez (former bricklayer of his house), Segundo Imbert, Juan Belisario Curiel, Pedro Casimiro and Pablo Pujol.
The ship's occupants tried unsuccessfully to take Puerto Plata, after which they headed to Samaná in order to establish a government in arms. They had to battle for a month against its inhabitants, favorable to the government. The fate of El Telégrafo confirmed that Báez continued to enjoy a majority support in Cibao and that the blues had so few followers that they did not try to mobilize. Before abandoning the ship in a British possession, Luperón considered it advisable to go to the south, where Cabral had already consolidated the guerrilla detachments. Both blue leaders held a conference in Barahona, which was not successful in advancing the coordination of activities, but rather in deepening their differences. Cabral refused to consider Luperón's plan to advance on Santo Domingo, arguing that it lacked the effective to achieve it. The Telégrafo was declared a pirate ship by the Báez government, who described Luperón as a bandit. The United States government, determined to seize Dominican territory since the end of 1869, took advantage of this circumstance, so the patriots had to fight combat with a ship from that country. After the expedition, Luperón sent a vibrant letter to President Ulysses S. Grant that positioned him, beyond his status as a hero, as a precursor of opposition to American expansionism. In that letter he writes,
Congress American, the solution would not be very difficult in my opinion. Mister President: H.E. has abused force to protect the lowest corruption. And if it is true that it is humiliating for the Dominican people to have such traitorous leaders, it is no less unseemly for the great American people that their Government consent to such ruinous reductions. For both nations the fact is shameful. In this degrading task, traitors lose time, work and honor; sooner or later the facts are reestablished. Scams of this kind have no future, a Nation, no matter how small, cannot be erased, like a footprint stamped on sand. The American Government notified the French in 66 that their stay in Mexico was a threat to America; The Dominican people thought the same, and our Congress awarded the undefeated Juárez the title of Benemérito de América. Now, won't the usurpations of your Government be a threat to America? Ignorance and betrayal are the causes originating from all our evils; There are peoples who retreat incessantly, using experience to increase their misfortunes, to continually worsen. Santana and Báez are Dominicans debtors of this condition. Why does H.E. want to take advantage of it? That is unworthy of the people who should be the protector of our progress. The repeated doctrine of Monroe has its vices and its delusions, We believe that America should belong to itself, and away from any European influence, living like the old world, with its own, local and independent wine; but we do not think that America should be Yankee. From one fact to another there is a great distance that cannot be bridged.
The failure of El Telégrafo did not deter Luperón, who some time later entered the country across the border, leading just 45 men. He had the support of some generals in the area that did not materialize, which determined the failure of the company.
Post-Six Years' War
As is known, the Six Years government fell as a result of the
discontent of his own followers, and not because of the armed action of the blues. On November 25, 1873, generals Ignacio María González and Manuel Altagracia Cáceres, the main Baecista leaders of Cibao, revolted. González remained in the presidency, from which he formed a third political trend, which became known by the color green,
with which he expressed the will to overcome the terrible difference between reds and blues. Now, although at the beginning they enjoyed the sympathy of a part of the blues, the greens were no more than a detachment from the reds, so they renewed their caudillo behavior. Quite quickly an insurmountable conflict arose between Luperón and President González. Luperón's influence within the country remained limited, limited above all to Puerto Plata, with the exception of a small number of intellectuals and liberal politicians who appreciated him as the exponent of principles in the field of war.
After Báez's fall, for several months González was successful in keeping Luperón out of the country, as well as Cabral and Pimentel. González gained popularity due to the wear and tear of Báez and for inaugurating a period that overcame the deadly polarization between the flags. But, by attempting to completely displace the blues, he came into conflict with Luperón. Although he initially reiterated his desire to distance himself from politics, in fact he remained the sole leader of the blues, condition that was defined exclusively in the field of war, since Cabral did make his withdrawal effective and Pimentel died in Haiti due to complications due to the wound received in one of the raids by border.
The conflict broke out due to Luperón's demand that recognized as national debt the sum of 170,000 pesos that he had borrowed mainly from merchants in Saint Thomas to finance the acquisition of El Telégrafo and the corresponding weapons. At the beginning, González declared that he agreed to recognize that commitment, but in the end he made it clear that he did not agree, under the premise that it would strengthen Luperón. According to this, González inaugurated a new style of bribery to the generals, which is why he probably calculated that he would require the resources in question to consolidate his power. In Puerto Plata, incidents occurred that pitted the local authorities with Luperón, who had to repel an attack, barricaded in his house with a few friends. He managed to maintain himself thanks to the support he obtained from the sectors that saw him as a champion of the country and a respectable citizen dedicated to his commercial activities.
The dispute between Luperón and González led the latter to extreme authoritarian procedures, to the point that a group of prestigious citizens of Santiago opened a formal accusation against the mandatary. The leading voice of this movement, which came to take the name of La Evolución, was assumed by Manuel de Jesús de Peña y Reynoso. Luperón took charge of the government's ignorance operations and had his close friend, Alfredo Deetjen, appointed as provisional president based in Santiago. González had to give up starting a civil war; elections were called and Ulises Francisco Espaillat, who represented the feelings of the blues, was elected, although he was determined to overcome the competition between the parties.
At that moment the correlation of forces can be summarized as follows: the most influential urban sectors of Cibao were already clearly aligned behind Luperón and the blues. But, on the contrary, the rural mass of the people remained obedient to the dictates of the leaders, most of whom were hostile to the blues and to Luperón in particular; Additionally, the bulk of the leading sectors of the southern band still saw the blues as exponents of a Cibaeño regionalist interest, which is why they maintained support for the old caudillo leaders. The new president obtained a favorable consensus, but was forced to count on recognized liberals in the first place, while his willingness to eliminate the compensation that González granted to the military leaders caused them to take animosity toward him.
Luperon agreed to be part of Espaillat's cabinet, as Secretary of War, which also contributed to detonating the hostility of the leaders. When they rebelled in Cibao, Luperón considered that his position in defense of the government was in Puerto Plata. He came into conflict with other members of the cabinet because he considered that there was a wrong conduct of government policy and of the military operations. One of the reasons for the disagreement lay in his defense of the interests of the Compueblan merchants who had granted loans to the government and, before, to the blue side, arguing that their support was indispensable and that the Mariano Cestero's financial reform condemned them to ruin.
Espaillat's fall from power, return of Báez
Espaillat's government fell at the end of 1876, and shortly afterward Báez returned for the last time. On that occasion Luperón did not want to speak out against his archenemy, perhaps for fear of being described as a wayward revolutionary, since, eager for peace to reign, quite a few blue intellectuals provided support to the red leader, who pretended in words to adhere to democratic principles. Báez fell due to the coalition of various forces, he temporarily shone
Cesáreo Guillermo, who led the insurrection in the east of the country. In this situation, Luperón was aware that he lacked the necessary support to seize power and sustain it, so he maintained a discreet stance, a calculation that he justified with the perennial argument of his lack of interest in occupying the presidency. Actually, in those circumstances he operated like another leader, aware of the animosity that almost all the other leaders professed towards him, adhering to particular interests although with the advantage of representing a rational option that promised to guarantee order and principles that no one dared expressly refute. He only had to wait for his rivals to wear out, so he negotiated advantageous positions in his stronghold of Puerto Plata and left his subordinates free to collaborate with Guillermo's government. But, upon returning from his second trip to Europe, he found that the President was violating his promises and was moving towards establishing a tyranny, a consideration which included the intention of achieving control over the Puerto Plata customs office, the most important in the country. a measure that would have left Luperón lacking power resources.
Provisional President: 1879-1880
Leading his most faithful followers in Puerto Plata, Luperón launched a manifesto, on October 6, 1879, in which he disowned Guillermo's government due to its tyrannical pretensions. Aware of his rival's weakness, he did not even bother to lead the forces dispatched to Santo Domingo, which remained under the command of Ulises Heureaux, who in previous years had emerged as his most capable lieutenant, especially in military actions. This triumph was ratified naturally, an expression of the erosion of the options of opposing power, through the support of influential figures from all cities – some not exactly characterized by the relationship with the Blue Party, such as Eugenio de Marchena in Azua and Benito Monción in Monte Cristi.
When announcing the overthrow of Guillermo, for the first time Luperón agreed to occupy the provisional presidency, aware that it was required
of his personal intervention to redirect the country's affairs and
contribute to opening the path of progress. He surely also calculated that the attrition of his adversaries would clear the way for an era of peace, in which it would be possible to apply the national-liberal project. His time as president, however, reveals that he was not willing to assume all the consequences of power. On the one hand, he did not agree to abandon Puerto Plata, both out of attachment to the land and for not sacrificing the
commercial operations in which he was involved. As far as can be gathered, he saw power as a circumstantial fact and granted it the least possible meaning. Such consideration created a terrain of weakness to the future of the project it supported. Additionally, his presidency represented the culmination of the economic preeminence of Cibao, for decades in struggle against the centralism of Santo Domingo. This occurred just when tobacco, the sustenance of the Cibaeño's economy was entering a pronounced crisis. In these critical conditions, the clinging to Puerto Plata betrayed indifference towards the personal power. He delegated the daily affairs of power to his lieutenant Ulises Heureaux, delegate in Santo Domingo and secretary of War. Thus, a precedent of dual power was created, although during the provisional government of Puerto Plata it did not generate friction of any kind. Luperón was convinced that the country was entering an irreversible era of progress and that his only responsibility for it not there were setbacks was in choosing the ideal candidate for the presidency, both in moral and intellectual conditions.
Some historians have argued that Luperón's clinging to his residence in Puerto Plata was motivated by the discretionary use he made of the customs resources collected in the city, then the most important in the country. Although, certainly, the hero
carried out personal dealings with customs resources, the criterion is based on excessive simplification. At no time, in truth, did the love of business prevail over the desire for glory. On the other hand, from that same time onwards the size of the operations and the amount of Luperón's fortune were exaggerated. The origin of this did not come from illegal uses of power or any other form of corruption, but from his individual capacity for business, although favored by the authority that emanated from his name. He never admitted incompatibility between political functions, which he did not wish to exercise, and commercial or productive operations, which he considered the foundation of the citizen's existence. In line with the above, although he maintained his refusal to exercise personal power, he proposed to exercise stewardship in the essential and long-term state guidelines. He did not intend to manage the presidents, but rather to establish a frame of reference for them about what they should do. The proof is that, as soon as he concluded his interim term as president and handed over the position to the priest Fernando Arturo de Meriño, he returned to Europe, agreeing to serve as the country's plenipotentiary envoy.
During the presidency, although he left executive tasks in the hands of Heureaux, Luperón gave the government guidelines in line with his convictions. Among them, the importance given to education, with the Santo Domingo Normal School at the head of which Eugenio María de Hostos was appointed. The privilege of culture, within the difficult financial conditions that the country was going through, was expressed in the provision that each periodical publication received a subsidy of 40 pesos per month and each book 25% of the cost of its publication. But more than active measures, as president, he understood that it was necessary to guarantee a climate of freedoms and emphasize the
security of property, as opposed to the disorder of the leaders. According to the precepts developed by the liberals of that time, it was enough that the political system functioned adequately so that the country headed down the path of progress. He emphasized respect for the judiciary as the basis of the rule of law.
In any case, the Provisional Government adopted tentative measures
dents to economic regularization. In this sense, they proceeded to pay back salaries and try to ensure that all public servants were paid punctually their salaries. Understanding the functioning of the Credit Boards, the President ordered the cancellation of outstanding accounts with these entities and other lenders, while it solidified international debts by recognizing an interest of 2% monthly. In order to achieve an increase in tax revenues, he promoted a stamp law, which could not be applied due to the opposition of the Congress. Instead, a tariff variation was immediately approved: import taxes were reduced from an average of 55% to 35%, while in the name of an assumption of equity, the tax on sugar exports and sugar exports was doubled. coffee and cocoa with an additional 50%. It is notable that the only product not taxed was tobacco, although the government did not argue this.
As president, the hero had to face problems more delicate such as the requirement to strengthen the State and the safeguarding of freedoms, the demand for financial resources to
Apply public policies in a country exhausted by past wars of warlords. He experienced firsthand the conflict between the mentality of the majority of the population, which placed all its expectations on the action of the State, and its reluctance to pay taxes.
Another point that mortified was that of the military organization. Guided by the certainty that the country had the resources to maintain full independence from international powers, he understood that it was urgent to strengthen the state apparatus, first of all through a military force capable of confronting recent innovations in weapons. He was convinced that the country required a permanent armed force, both to keep the warlords at bay and to defend sovereignty. But he confirmed that the majority of the members of the force operated as outlaws dedicated to extorting the poor population. He was also aware that a strong army carried a serious danger to democracy and, in general, a strong State contradicted his faith in the individual sovereignty of the citizen. As such, as provisional president, he will dedicate efforts to the modernization of the army and the reorganization of the National Guard, proceeding to build barracks and import weapons and uniforms.
Presidency of Fernando Arturo de Meriño
When his political career was culminating, as the most powerful man in the country, Luperón released a set of musings that showed a worsening of the disenchantment that had plagued him for years. When presenting Fernando Arturo de Meriño's candidacy, he said goodbye to power with a hint of bitterness, stating: "the disappointments I have suffered in my long political career have sickened my spirit, and I feel incapable of supporting the overwhelming weight of the Supreme Judiciary of the State.”
Although he did not abandon his faith in principles, he was invaded by doubts about the moral quality of Dominicans to be agents of freedom and progress. He even noted that many of his close colleagues lacked any valuable asset and only sought to prosper, regardless of the consequences. He was lefr in a bind, since figures of this appearance was part of the apparatus through which it exercised its hegemony. However, in the end he saw these problems as minor, convinced that progress would eliminate such miseries and that their moral authority would put a stop to any disordered desires. Beyond doubts, he was convinced that the only way was
of democracy and the safeguarding of sovereignty, for which it was necessary to promote economic modernization.
For him it was incontrovertible that capitalism was identified with desirable modernity. His bourgeois convictions were consolidated, which became evident when he announced the abandonment of commercial activities to allocate his capital to the development of a sugar mill together with Puerto Plata partners. Likewise, during his government and in subsequent Blue Party governments, franchises were granted that implied advantages to capital investors. Luperón was convinced of the virtue of that strategy for achieving progress. But in it was the germ of an oligarchic order that generated early criticism among young intellectuals, whom he harshly reprimanded, calling them "visionaries" and "socialists," since they were presented as factors of discord at a time when, he claimed, there were no principles to discuss. Steeped in the French experience, where a few years before the workers had established the Paris Commune, Luperón went so far as to call socialism the worst of tyrannies.
The latter does not mean that he adopted a reactionary stance. Rather, it tried to harmonize the requirements of capitalist development with the conservation of precepts of social equity. He still believed a capitalist development project was feasible that guaranteed independence, democracy and the well-being of all. Hence his appreciation of the beneficial national order in contrast to that of the State is not surprising: “And although the Republic, as its founders made it, is despotic and oppressive, the nation, as Providence has made it, is socialist, to such an extent that fifty years of torture has not been enough to destroy social equality."
In those years his liberal position was consolidated. He aspired to the predominance of the private citizen, the epitome of the bourgeois and, therefore, agent of progress. He placed his guiding role in helping to anticipate the archetype desirable citizen of the future, a simile of the one found in developed countries. His travels confirmed the certainty that modern civilization constituted the inevitable destiny, given the evidence that the other schemes of society showed a balance of despotism and
superstition.
Luperón did not hide his disdain for the popular culture of the Dominicans, precisely because in his opinion it constituted the burden that must be uprooted to achieve progress. This consideration made him participate in the panacea, shared by liberals and conservatives, of European immigration as a key to promoting progress. That same year, Luperón attended a banquet in France, where in Paris he was proclaimed Honorary President of the Salvadores de Sena and Salvadores de Francia Societies, apart from being also decorated with the Legion de Honor. In this position, he took steps to attract a flow of Russian Jews. His own evolution shows a tenacious purpose for personal improvement, in order to achieve the dignity of the white man, which he sincerely aspired for the common Dominicans to imitate. Such commitment explains the tenacity with which he corrected diction, gestures, table habits and writing style. Although it is true that he never achieved the systematicity of an intellectual and that he did not achieve an adequate command of the written language, he did reach the level of reflection typical of intellectuals, at least in the areas that touched public policies. In the environment of nineteenth-century political leaders, he stands out for his willingness to present his ideas in a formal manner. Báez was more cultured than him, and Heureaux was more intelligent, but neither left a literary work. The Autobiographical Notes and Historical Notes can be classified as one of the Dominican literary monuments, of an essential quality that no other politician has emulated to date.
The repeated comparison drawn by
between the Dominican despots and Africa, seen as the quintessential kingdom of despotism and backwardness. In the same order it is possible to place his diatribes to the Haitian community, suffering, according to him, from inherent evils; judgments that on other occasions he relativized, recognizing the virtue of Haitian nationalism, especially of some figures who deserved his appreciation, and he expressed the consideration that the two countries would benefit from an alliance to confront American expansionism. At the opposite extreme, France always shone in his eyes as the incarnation of progress, the place where he said he felt fulfilled, far from the pettiness of politics. Belatedly, to his surprise, he discovered that the French bourgeois republicans also suffered from defects comparable to those of the primitive Dominican politicians.
Disturbance of power balance and rise of Ulises Heureaux
When the Provisional Government of Puerto Plata was ending, Luperón wrote to Pedro Francisco Bonó proposing that he accept the nomination for the presidency. He was aware that Bonó was the most enlightened intellectual of the time, and the fact that he wanted to him to assume leadership indicates that he was penetrated in good faith and harbored no duplicity in his disinterest in matters of power. Bonó declined, not out of fear that the same thing would happen to him as happened to his friend Ulises Espaillat, as has been said, but because of divergences with the concept of development that was shared by the leading social sectors and the blue hierarchs. On two occasions Luperón again asked the isolated intellectual to reconsider his position, and on one of them Bonó frankly explained his repudiation of the concept of “progress” in vogue, since it entailed the proletarianization of the small peasantry, in his opinion the social basis of the country. What was at stake was a criticism of the oligarchic liberal scheme that was beginning to operate under the aegis of the blues, even above the good intentions of Luperón and a part of the intellectuals who supported his preeminence, infused with a democratic spirit. Bonó was ahead of his time, so it seems that his criticisms exceeded the intellectual capacity of Luperón, who in his response was content to ratify his vision of the tasks that awaited the country to complete an institutionalization process that would clear the obstacles to progress.
In a subsequent letter, Bonó expressed critical considerations about Heureaux, to which Luperón responded by ratifying the trust that his dolphin generated in him. Like many, Bonó perceived Heureaux as the bearer of the oligarchic style, despotic violence and administrative corruption. Luperón, on the other hand, considered him: “A skilled, active, courageous soldier, bold, prepared, tactical, disciplined, attentive, capable of executing any maneuver, clever and astute ”, although he added: “Man, however, without any political principle, very skilled at evil and bankruptcy, and without any intelligence for good." Although Luperón held an incontestable preeminence since 1879, the intricacies of the exercise of power were resolved through his relationship with Heureaux, in whom he placed unrestricted trust, as seen in the preceding quote. At that point Luperón showed little ability to penetrate to know people, and not due to lack of intelligence, but due to unlimited confidence in himself and in the irreversible march of rationality. His trust in Heureaux was derived from his capacity for simulation, who constantly reiterated absolute submission, to the point of maintaining a filial relationship with the hero.
At the same time, Luperón considered Heureaux's collaboration essential, considering that he had exceptional command conditions, necessary to maintain peace. At one point, he justified the preponderance he granted to Heureaux by claiming that he was the only one among his followers with the capacity to handle power problems and apply repressive measures to crush the leaders.
There, precisely, lay the detail: in the midst of the proclamations of establishing democracy, it was maintained thanks to the implacable arm of the dolphin. This did not only reveal the violent and daring man, willing to do anything to maintain the stability of the can; In addition, Heureaux's intelligence placed him as the key partner of the situation, deliberate bearer of the oligarchic style, with its antidemocratic and inequitable implications. While in
Puerto Plata, since Luperón trusted in the harmonious evolution of things, Heureaux established close ties with the emerging commercial and sugar sectors of the south, with which he built his own platform.
Clashes with Heureaux
In 1880, Luperón still sought an intellectual, the priest Fernando Arturo de Meriño, for the presidency, but it became clear that the guarantee of the situation was found in Heureaux. This, from his position of
Secretary of the Interior, crushed Braulio Álvarez's uprising near Santo Domingo and, months later, Cesáreo Guillermo's expedition through Higüey. The country was shocked by the executions ordered by Heureaux, in an action as ruthless as those that had
valid repudiation of the reds, who considered themselves already surpassed. The one who was most insensitive to the wave of criticism of the government was Luperón, to the point that, the year after the massacre in Higüey, he proposed Heureaux for president.
Much of the public opinion, especially the cultured young people took a dislike towards Heureaux and extended it towards Luperón because they considered him a participant and accomplice in the former's executions. Retrospectively, Luperón, after having denounced Heureaux as a criminal, evaluated his first government favorably. On the contrary, others saw the germ of a new authoritarianism, led by a highly dangerous subject prone to the ruthless use of violence. From 1883 onwards there was no doubt for almost anyone that, with Luperón absent in Europe for long periods, the real factor of power was in the hands of the president. Furthermore, it was also obvious that a corrupt practice had been established. For the 1884 elections, the Dauphin began a deaf questioning of the hegemony of Luperón, who ended up supporting the candidacy of his friend Segundo Imbert, despite his manifest lack of conditions for the position. Heureaux took advantage of the position of Meriño, who, as former president and for regionalist reasons, felt with the force of promoting his friend Francisco Gregorio Billini.
Billini was a much better candidate than Imbert, but he was subject to
Heureaux's manipulation. The dolphin reached the limit of using his
condition of president to cause the electoral fraud of 15,000 votes that gave an illegal majority to Billini. Since he took over the presidency, he began to receive pressure from Heureaux, who even suggested to Luperón that he could depose him at any time. Billini tried to maintain personal independence, for which he suffered the intrigues of the dauphin. When, in response, Billini authorized the return to the country of the exiles, among them former President Guillermo, his personal friend, in order to weaken Heureaux, he promoted a situation of confrontation and disobedience. In this undertaking he obtained the support of Luperón, who provided the last straw and forced the honest blue fighter to resign.
From then on, Luperón's mistakes cascaded, a situation that reveals that he was not prepared to face the oligarchic degeneration of the project birthed by himself and promoted by the subject who had been deserving of his greatest trust. The Problems that involved the conversion of the majority of blue politicians into adherents to Heureaux's line disconcerted Luperón. Perhaps as a result of this situation, Luperón later set out to straighten his social base, despite the high cost it had for his prestige.
The most dramatic part of the conflict occurred when he became aware
of his dolphin's intentions, upon verifying the fraud against Imbert and the siege operations against Billini. On the occasion of the elections of 1886, an inevitable dilemma occurred, given Heureaux's aspirations.
to succeed Alejandro Woss y Gil, who held the interim presidency after Billini's resignation. On this occasion, Casimiro Nemesio de Moya – a young vegan politician – received support from almost the entire blue conglomerate in the Cibao area. Perhaps Luperón could still have stopped the definitive promotion of his former lieutenant, but far from doing so he supported him in the elections. Knowing that a new electoral fraud had occurred, aware that Moya enjoyed the support of the majority of the country, Luperón assured that Heureaux had won handily and accepted the position of government delegate in Cibao, in which he had to direct part of the military operations against Moya's supporters, who took up arms in protest against the fraud. Unfortunately, the young people with the most authentic democratic convictions were placed on the opposite side of the barricade, among them his brother-in-law Félix Tavárez, for whom he felt a burning affection, who had fallen in the fighting.
Revolution of 1886
Equestrian Statue of Gregorio Luperón on the Malecón near the San Felipe fortress.
As soon as the civil war ended, at the end of 1886, Luperón withdrew the support he had given to Heureaux, a sign that he was taking erratic steps. Later he chose to go to Europe, suffering from the start
of serious health problems and perhaps with the hope of escaping an inevitable conflict. When he returned in 1887, he found a situation that he considered intolerable, since open persecution had begun against all those who opposed the indefinite preeminence of the new tyrant. Heureaux handled himself so skillfully that, to buy time, he encouraged Luperón to present his candidacy, giving him assurances that he would support him. It was the feline's calculation to entertain its victim. Soon, when Eugenio Generoso de Marchena returned from Europe with an advance on the first Westendorp loan, Heureaux understood that it would be feasible for him to bribe many followers of Luperón, and he reiterated what he had done two years before with those of Moya. Until recently, Luperón had considered it feasible to evict Heureaux of power by peaceful means, although he must have been skeptical about the assurances it gave him. He still, in theory, represented the unquestionable moral authority of the liberal conglomerate, but Heureaux had undermined it and was in full control of the armed force. For such reason, Meriño and other blue leaders, who in their conscience sympathized with Luperón, advised him to withdraw, given the evident willingness of the “official element” to remain in power at all costs. As expected, as soon as the Heureaux accepted his nomination, a campaign of intimidation ensued.
Luperón faced the saddest circumstances of his career. He found a society subject to a new tyrant who paid attention to ignoring patriotic values and traditions. Luperón weighed little compared to the government machinery built in recent years. At times, as he himself points out, he lost heart in the face of the bitter result of 30 years of struggles. Even when the confrontation between the master and his disciple began, the former had an entourage visible of followers who reiterated their trust in him. But many of them only agreed to get involved in the tasks of the electoral campaign on the condition that they were given salaries. Luperón had to work hard, spending more than 70,000 pesos in those months, which left him bankrupt. Some of his most trusted men were already Heureaux's confidants and, after the fact, he considered that they were staying with him to spy on him, as he claims that Federico Lithgow did, whom he later described as a model of the scoundrel. Imbert, another of his intimates, was already vice president of Heureaux and discreetly decided to betray Luperon's loyalty.
Apparently, the ideals of democracy had been shattered among the military caste of the blues, since almost all of its members joined the strong man's purposes. The intellectuals, for their part, with few exceptions, decided not to present opposition to Heureaux, to consider it as a kind of necessary evil, which would eventually bring peace and economic growth. Some of them – such as Manuel de Jesús Galván – provided support to Heureaux. Others agreed to collaborate sporadically and remotely, as was typical of Emiliano Tejera. Deep down they shared the essential contours of oligarchic modernization, an expression of the evolution to which liberalism prevailed. They were, furthermore, protected by the certainty that the country could not afford new revolutionary movements, making it necessary to submit to despotism.
Those who did not succeed in any way were the least, and almost all remained in a passive situation. They did not break personal ties with Luperón, whom they continued to respect, but political dealings with him ceased.
Those who maintained a posture of resistance were forced to expatriate or suffered the rigors of prison. A few years after the modern dictatorship was established, a considerable part of the exiled opponents returned defeated to the country and some renewed their personal friendship with Heureaux, like Casimiro de Moya, or became his admirers, like the new sociologist José Ramón López. Those were counted remained faithful to the original ideals and to those who embodied them.
Luperón sensed that something profound had changed in the ethical area, so he became extremely disillusioned. He summarized this change in the esteem for money and the subsequent relegation of national ideals. He envisioned a dark future, although he could not connect it with the balance of
oligarchic modernization, but limited it to the corrupting action of the tyrant:
Today the nation has lost principles and feelings, without which freedom disappears. Today the love of the country is a burden in the bottom of the pocket; Previously it was worn engraved on the heart. Very few currently think about the future, and it seems that they believe that the tyranny that humiliates and subjugates them will have no end, sustained by the perversion of the great popular feelings; and as if the country and patriotism were a chimera, they run after the oppressor to sell them their rights and freedoms, with which the stupid have the logical satisfaction of their baseness. Concupiscence supersedes any other consideration. Fraud in all businesses is the rule, rather than the exception. In politics they deceive each other, without any of them having the courage to protest against the infamy.
He felt there was no point in trying to oppose the nascent tyranny by force of arms. He surely perceived that the confrontation would cast a favorable balance on his enemy, who would exploit the event to present it as an anachronistic expression of the revolutionary spirit that had caused so much damage to the country and that threatened to prevent the material achievements of the current era of peace. As can be inferred from reading his letters, Luperón was trapped by the demand to maintain peace at all costs. For this reason, he resisted the pressure of the “young men” of Puerto Plata and other cities in the Cibao, who urged him to declare rebellion. Luperón realized that he could only safely count on the “young men,” but he did not share their radical conceptions, and even distrusted them due to their lack of political experience.
While his greatness was put at stake, he decided to persevere in the fight for the principles he had always upheld. As was customary, he would have to face exile and the miseries that it entailed. At the beginning of 1893, those who maintained belligerence against the dictator gathered around Luperón, who obtained the support of the Haitian president Florville Hyppolite. Dozens of exiles gathered in Cap-Haïtien in order to cross the border. Practically the entire exile participated, with Ignacio María González and Casimiro de Moya in leadership. Among the exiles who were involved in this project Eugenio Deschamps, Agustín Morales, Pablo Reyes, Pablo López, Juan Vicente Flores and Horacio Vásquez stood out. After some actions in the border area, Heureaux's pressure resulted in the Haitian government withdrawing support and the expatriates having to disperse among nearby countries.
Final exile
Around the year 1895, General Luperón began to complain about having neuralgia from one of his inferior molars and had it removed, yet the cavity where the molar extracted had not been codifying or scaring, causing an infection. His feet would later begin to swell, from months of sitting down as he wrote his autobiography, so said his daughter at the time, and had been under medication from the doctors in Saint Thomas. In 1896, Doctor Mortensen had explained his grave medical situation, to which Luperón said, that if he is going to die in just a few days, he wanted to know how much the doctor charged for an embalmment so that his body may be sent to Puerto Plata. Up until that point, it had not occurred to him to return to the Dominican Republic while Ulises Heareaux was still president.
As Luperón remained in Saint Thomas, he concentrated on writing the Autobiographical Notes and Notes historical, text throughout which summarizes the unresolved dilemma between disenchantment and security in the old certainties. Despite the illness and the existential dilemmas that crossed him, he worked quickly, as if he were immersed in the usual battlefield: in 1895, he published the first volume and in each of the following two years the second and third appeared. The first volume was confiscated by order of the dictator, but seeing its contents as somewhat innocuous, he decided to let the following ones circulate, in which both the dictatorship and his person were furiously attacked.
In December 1896, in a gesture of gratitude for his past service, Heareaux went to visit Luperón on Saint Thomas, forgetting their rivalry, and offering to take Luperón back with him to Puerto Plata. Luperón accepts, but declines returning on the same boat as Heareaux, and traveled on an alternate vessel.
Death
Former Tomb of Gregorio Luperón.
On December 15 of 1896, Luperón departs from Saint Thomas to Puerto Plata and arrived at the Port of Santo Domingo very ill, and remains on board. President Heareaux visits him on board and provided a foreign doctor named Dr. Fosse to assist him in San Felipe de Puerto Plata, and takes care of Luperón during the final 5 months of his life. For those months he had been bedridden and before his final breaths on May 20, 1897, said "Men like me, should not die laying down", and as he attempted to lift his head, he passed away at 9:30 p.m. in his beloved birthplace of Puerto Plata.
Legacy
Gregorio Luperón International Airport
The town of Luperón 50 km west of Puerto Plata, the Gregorio Luperón International Airport in Puerto Plata, a metro station in Santo Domingo, and the Gregorio Luperón High School for Math & Science in New York are named after him.
His former home was renovated and converted into the Casa Museo General Gregorio Luperón museum that showcases his life through various exhibits.
General Gregorio Luperón Museum, 12 de Julio Street, Puerto Plata
See also
Dominican Republic portalBiography portalCaribbean portalLiberalism portal
Dominican Restoration War
Second Dominican Republic
Ulises Heureaux
Eugenio Maria de Hostos
Ramón Emeterio Betances
José Martí
Juan Pablo Duarte
Antillean Confederation
References
^ Herrera, José Rafael Laine (25 October 2016). Colosal guerra dominico-española 1863-65. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España. ISBN 9788491129950. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Google Books.
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 17. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Biografia de Gregorio Luperón". www.biografiasyvidas.com. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 18. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Masón destacado". supremoconsejo33rd (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-30.
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 19. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 19. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 20. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 20. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 20–21. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 21. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 21. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 22. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 22–23. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 23. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 23–24. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 24. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 24–25. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 25. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 25–26. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 26. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 26. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 26. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 26–27. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 27. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 27–28. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 28. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 28. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 29. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 30. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Diario, Listin (2016-09-08). "Luperón: El Centauro de Isabel de Torres". listindiario.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-30.
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 30. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 30–31. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 31. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 31. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 31–32. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 32. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 32–33. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 33. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 34. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 34. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 35. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 35. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 35. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 36. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 36. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 37. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 37. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Dominicanos y extranjeros exaltados al Panteón Nacional: General Gregorio Luperón (3)". Acento (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-29.
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 37–38. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 38. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 38–39. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 39. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 39–40. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 40. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 40. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 40–41. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 41. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 41. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 42. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 42–43. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 43. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 43. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 43. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 44. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Biografía de Gregorio Luperón". gilalexandel.github.io. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 44–45. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 45. ISBN 9789945586046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Stern, Herbert (2020-07-10). "Salud y enfermedad de Gregorio Luperón". Periódico El Caribe (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-30.
^ "Biografía de Gregorio Luperón (Su vida, historia, bio resumida)". www.buscabiografias.com. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
^ "Museo Gregorio Luperon". Puerto Plata Click (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-29.
Bibliography
Cassá, Roberto. La épica trágica. Ecos. Año V, No. 6, 1998, pp. 87–158.
Cordero Michel, Emilio. Luperón y Haití. Ecos. Año IV, No. 5, 1996, pp. 47–81.
Ferrer Gutiérrez, Virgilio. Luperón, Brida y espuela. Santo Domingo, 2000.
Luperón, Gregorio. Notas autobiográficas y apuntes históricos. 3 vols. Santo Domingo, 1974.
Martínez, Rufino. Hombres dominicanos. Tomo I, Ciudad Trujillo, 1936.
Rodríguez Demorizi, Emilio (ed.). Escritos de Luperón. Ciudad Trujillo, 1941.
Rodríguez Objío, Manuel. Gregorio Luperón y historia de la Restauración. 2 vols. Santiago, 1939.
Tolentino, Hugo. Gregorio Luperón: Biografía política. Santo Domingo, 1977.
External links
Political offices
Preceded byCesáreo Guillermo
President of the Dominican Republic 1879–1880
Succeeded byFernando Arturo de Meriño
Preceded byUlises Francisco Espaillat
Vice President of the Dominican Republic 1865–1865
Succeeded byBenigno Filomeno de Rojas
Political offices
Preceded byUlises Francisco Espaillat during Dominican Restoration War
Vice President of the Dominican Republic 1865
Succeeded byBenigno Filomeno de Rojas
Preceded byCesáreo Guillermo
President of the Dominican Republic 1879-1880
Succeeded byFernando Arturo de Meriño
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freemason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"Dominican Restoration War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Restoration_War"},{"link_name":"Triunvirato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumvirate"},{"link_name":"San Felipe de Puerto Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Plata,_Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Cesareo Guillermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesareo_Guillermo"},{"link_name":"President of the Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Puerto Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Plata,_Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Buenaventura Báez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenaventura_B%C3%A1ez"},{"link_name":"Six Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"secularism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Eugenio María de Hostos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Hostos"},{"link_name":"Ulises Heureaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulises_Heureaux"}],"text":"Gregorio Luperón (September 8, 1839 – May 21, 1897) was a Dominican revolutionary, military general, businessman, liberal politician, freemason, and Statesman who was one of the leaders in the Dominican Restoration War. Luperón was an active member of the Triunvirato of 1866, becoming the President of the Provincial Government in San Felipe de Puerto Plata, and after the successful coup against Cesareo Guillermo, he became the 28th President of the Dominican Republic.Born in Puerto Plata in 1839, Luperón spent his early years as merchant, where he learned French to access a merchant's library. His revolutionary career began in 1857, when fought in the Cibaeña Revolution against Buenaventura Báez. Luperón opposed the reincorporation of Santo Domingo into the Spanish kingdom and rose to prominence in the Dominican Restoration War. He became the commander-in-chief of the due to his strong patriotic sentiment and valor. In the years after the Six Years' War, he assumed power in 1879, reorganized the government according to liberal principles. During his government, he incentivised secularism in the Dominican Republic with the help of the General Captain of Puerto Rico and Eugenio María de Hostos. However, Luperón was exiled multiple times for opposing Ulises Heureaux's despotic government, leading to regret and disappointment. He later assumed the presidency of a provisional government in Puerto Plata, where peace, freedom, and progress prevailed.Luperón is remembered for his famous last words and is one of the most important Heroes of Dominican liberty. Because of his contributions, he is often considered the fourth founding father of the Dominican Republic.","title":"Gregorio Luperón"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black immigrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocolo"},{"link_name":"Lesser Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Antilles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cibaeño Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cibae%C3%B1o_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Buenaventura Báez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenaventura_B%C3%A1ez"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"His family origin reveals the man who excels through his own efforts and transcends disadvantageous conditions. Born in Puerto Plata on September 8, 1839, he was not recognized by his father – Pedro Castellanos, from the urban middle class –, so he received the surname of his mother, Nicolasa Duperron, of humble condition, descendant of a Frenchman established in Santiago de los Caballeros, at the beginning of the 18th century, and of manumitted slaves who received that surname. It was Luperón himself who made the decision to change the surname, which translated a symbolic desire for self-affirmation. He was of mulatto ancestry; his mother was a black immigrant from the Lesser Antilles, and his father was of Spanish descent. The Cohabitation outside the bond of marriage between white men and black women constituted one of the keys to the process of miscegenation, in turn particular component of the formation of the conglomerate Dominican. As was common, he grew up in his mother's home environment, and his childhood was that of a poor child who had to work to help support the family. Himself, in the first pages of Notes autobiographical and historical notes, he remembers having carried out jobs as a water bearer, baker, fisherman and seller of sweets and fruits. The above did not prevent him from being able to attend one of the few schools in Puerto Plata, run by an English subject, where he learned to read and write and received the rudiments that motivated him to improve himself culturally.[2]Due to the precocity resulting from his early incorporation to work,\nAt the age of 14 he was appointed foreman of a mahogany cut by the Frenchman Pedro Dubocq, in Jamao, not far from Puerto Plata. It so happened that the owner was a cultured man, who had left books in the hut of the court, Vidas parallelales, by Plutarco, being the one that most influenced the formation of the young Goyito, as he was known to everyone. His personality ended up being defined in the wild life of Jamao, where he made a living for six years. Even as a teenager he had to face, machete in hand, to a group of scoundrels, which gained him celebrity and already revealed bravery as the first attribute of his personality.[3] While working there, he displayed a strong strength of character and a knack for getting any job assigned to him completed in the best possible fashion. Because of this, Mr. Dubocq promoted Gregorio to a management position. Mr. Dubocq also allowed Gregorio to spend time in his personal library because Gregorio wanted to enrich his intellect. He was fluent in English, (his mother was a black immigrant from the British Isles), he had a gift for oratory, and in his employer's library he was able to begin solid self-taught training.[4]In 1857, when he was 18 years old, he joined the Cibaeño Revolution against the second government of Buenaventura Báez; he took part in the fighting in Samaná, the only place outside of Santo Domingo where the baecistas managed to entrench themselves. From then on he became fixated on an insurmountable aversion to that character, who would form part of the plot of his political actions. In the midst of the conflict he received his first appointment; assistant commander at the Rincón post. It can be inferred that in 1857 the young man was sufficiently educated\nto identify with the democratic proposals of the leaders of Santiago. His military vocation is also observed, as well as a recurring attitude: he did not last long in military and administrative functions, but decided to establish himself as a small merchant in Sabaneta de Yásica, the town closest to Jamao. Before the age of 20, he began the career that would lead him to be a wealthy bourgeois of\nPuerto Plata.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santiago de los Caballeros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_los_Caballeros"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Juan Pablo Duarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Duarte"}],"sub_title":"Masonry","text":"He began his masonry studies in the Logia Nuevo Mundo No. 5, in the province of Santiago de los Caballeros where he would reach the highest 33rd Degree of Masonry.[6]On September 25 of 1867, Luperón became a sectarian member of the Installation Commission of the reputable Masonic Restoration Lodge No. 11 in Puerto Plata, becoming a founder himself, becoming the Lodges first Orator. His guide and mentor was Venerable Master Don Pedro Eduardo Dubocq, who was a friend of Juan Pablo Duarte.During Luperón's government in 1879, he widely incentivized Secularism with the help of a Spanish Captain General of Puerto Rico, Eugenio Maria de Hostos.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hero of the Dominican Restoration War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Gregorio_Luper%C3%B3n_-_Monumento_a_los_H%C3%A9roes_de_la_Restauraci%C3%B3n.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dominican Restoration War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Restoration_War"},{"link_name":"El Monumento de Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumento_de_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Sabaneta de Yásica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaneta_de_Y%C3%A1sica"},{"link_name":"Francisco del Rosario Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_del_Rosario_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"First Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Juan Suero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Suero&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Santiago Rodríguez Masagó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Masag%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Lucas de Peña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucas_de_Evangelista_Pe%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norberto Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norberto_Torres_(military_commander)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ignacio Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignacio_Reyes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"San José de las Matas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_de_las_Matas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"La Trinitaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Trinitaria_(Dominican_Republic)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Beginnings of a revolution","text":"Painting of Luperón in the Dominican Restoration War found in El Monumento de SantiagoWhile its existence was going on without major disturbance in the midst of small-scale commercial operations in Sabaneta de Yásica, the annexation of the Dominican Republic to Spain took place on March 18, 1861. Not long after this, revolts against the implemented Spanish regime erupted. In June of that same year, Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, one of the three leaders responsible for the 1844 proclamation of the First Dominican Republic, led an armed uprising to challenge the Spaniards. Unfortunately, his rebellion was suppressed, and he, along with his companions, were shot on the orders of the occupying Spanish forces on July 4, 1861. The execution caused ripples throughout the nation, further intensifying the regime, which gave rise to more anti-Spanish plots.Luperón, like a bolt of lightning, decided to register his absolute opposition to the political change. He made a bold call not to hand over weapons, as they would serve to regain freedom. The young rural shopkeeper, thanks to his readings in the inhospitable wood cutting, already had a good defined a personality that included a belligerent national conception. When he was presented with a copy of the manifesto supporting the annexation, he refused to sign it with high-sounding expressions. He was immediately subject to the persecution of General Juan Suero, the Black Cid, chief from Puerto Plata and until then his personal friend. Serum there was evaluated well, so he harassed him until he was forced to leave the country.[7]Suero told Pedro Santana that he had to kill Luperón, since he anticipated that, if he did not do so, he would be his victim in combat. This forced Luperón to flee into exile and wander through the United States, Mexico and Jamaica. In this last country he met a homeopathic doctor, who died on a sea voyage. Luperón took his name, inherited his instruments and posed as a doctor, which gave him the necessary coverage to return to the country. The brand new doctor Eugenio settled in Sabaneta, a town near the northern border, where he cultivated the friendship of the commander of weapons, Santiago Rodríguez Masagó. In that remote town – he records in Autobiographical Notes and Historical Notes – there were no revolutionary concerns. Patiently, Luperón added people to a propaganda action with the purpose of unleashing armed insurrection. When the extortion measures of the Spanish regime began to generate discontent among important sectors of the population of Cibao, Luperón agreed with other conspirators of the Northwest Line to start the rebellion. Lucas de Peña was appointed chief and a council composed of Norberto Torres, Ignacio Reyes and Gregorio Luperón was formed. They, as leaders, decided to appoint themselves generals.[8]As a result of Norberto Torres' precipitation, military operations began on February 21. Quickly, the conspirators formed contingents that proposed to expel the Spanish troops. of the Northwest Line. The population of Sabaneta spoke out against Spanish rule and remained the main center of the uprising. Luperón was sent to extend operations in the direction of San José de las Matas, but he ran into resistance from the “serranos,” a term used to designate the inhabitants of the foothills of the Central Mountain Range. This attitude showed that, in February 1863, a considerable portion of the population still had neutral or favorable attitudes regarding the annexation, which led to the rapid failure of the insurrectional attempt in Santiago. Reserve troops remained loyal to the Crown throughout Cibao. As the days passed, the government took the initiative and routed the rebels.[9]Some took refuge in Haiti, others hid and the majority chose to appear and take advantage of the guarantees offered by the rulers. Some of those presented were shot, which inaugurated the reign of terror established by General Buceta and Colonel Campillo, the two Spanish military leaders in the region. Luperón did not care about the population's attitude towards the rebels, since the only thing that counted was his attachment to the principles of good causes, even at the risk of being left alone, as was the constant norm for the rest of his life. Still young, he strengthened the will to rigorously observe the principles, with absolute independence from the prevailing circumstances. Hence he decided not to surrender or leave the country.[10]For him, the annexation entailed a state of legal and social inferiority for the Dominicans and contravened the right to sovereignty. He followed closely to the ideals left behind by La Trinitaria. Independence, he believed, was the only system that could guarantee the dignity and happiness of the people. Their duty could not be other than to continue working with all determination to restart the struggle, until freedom was achieved. He was convinced that if the majority of people thought otherwise, it was due to ignorance or the influence of shady interests, which is why he was obliged to oppose such a point of view. Sentenced to death in default, he had to abandon the area and take refuge in La Jagua, a rural section near La Vega. He again established contact with patriots, waiting for the conditions for rebellion to ripen again.[11]","title":"Hero of the Dominican Restoration War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benito Monción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benito_Monci%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Cabrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Cabrera_(Dominican_general)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"mambises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambises"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Gaspar Polanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Polanco"},{"link_name":"Gregorio de Lora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregorio_de_Lora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pedro Antonio Pimentel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Antonio_Pimentel"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Salcedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Salcedo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"San Luis fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortaleza_San_Luis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Pedro Santana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Santana"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ulises Francisco Espaillat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulises_Francisco_Espaillat"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Raids from Haiti","text":"The northern border area remained the weakest territorial link in Spanish domination. The exiles in Haiti, commanded by Santiago Rodríguez and Benito Monción, made frequent raids in the surroundings of Dajabón. José Cabrera, another of the commanders of the February insurrection, managed to maintain a guerrilla force in Dominican territory almost the entire time. This explains why, in mid-August 1863, a contingent of exiles entered the country and, immediately, several pockets of rebellion spread. After a few days the “mambises” troops were at the gates of Santiago, after devastating the Spanish garrisons throughout the region.[12]Luperón was absent from what was happening on the Northwest Line, But as soon as he heard news, he prepared to join. When the rebels appeared in front of Santiago, they sent small contingents to the neighboring regions, so the insurrection spread to Moca, La Vega and other towns. It was Luperón's turn to take initiatives in these uprisings, asserting his status as general. As soon was possible, he joined the leadership of the operations against Santiago and joined the council of chiefs composed of generals Gaspar Polanco, Ignacio Reyes, Gregorio de Lora, and the colonels Pedro Antonio Pimentel, Benito Monción and José Antonio Salcedo. This council appointed Polanco as commander in chief, based on his seniority in the army of the defunct Republic.[13]Under the command of Polanco, Luperón took part in the events that led to the taking of Santiago, the siege of the Spanish and Dominican annexationists in the San Luis fortress and in their retreat towards Puerto Plata. The climax of these operations was the battle of September 6. From his position in El Meadero, Luperón directed a contingent that harassed the Spanish around the fort. Later, he commanded troops that tried to storm San Luis, always placing himself in the front row. He showed so many displays of bravery that he earned the admiration of the troops. In a certain way, in his opinion, he rivaled General Polanco, because both faced each other in the February rebellion, when the now general-in-chief still remained loyal to the Spanish regime. The battle was not easy, despite the courage of the Mambises, since the Spanish maintained a no less tough disposition for combat. At times the outcome of the crash was in doubt. In a moment of confusion, Luperón had a false communication read, written by himself, with falsified information that the southern and eastern provinces had revolted. Morale was immediately restored and the patriots regained the initiative. Audacity in difficult situations was another attribute of his warrior bearing.[14]In those days he showed an intransigent attitude towards the approaches aimed at negotiating with the Spanish. He strongly demanded that only the unconditional capitulation of those besieged in San Luis be accepted. When José Antonio Salcedo, accepted the withdrawal of the Spanish towards Puerto Plata, Luperón arranged for his at his own expense to restart hostilities, which opened the chase to Puerto Plata. This intransigence derived from his conceptions. It is believed that the goal of restoring the Republic left no room for any mediatization. Hence, he also rejected Salcedo's suggestion to call Buenaventura Báez. For Luperón, Báez was as much an annexationist as Pedro Santana, so from that moment on he came into conflict with the surreptitious Baecista sector of the restoration field.[15]Immediately, José Antonio Salcedo took a dislike to him and decided to get rid of him, possibly judging him a dangerous rival. On the occasion of the appointment of the Provisional Government, a next reason for confrontation with Salcedo. He, who had remained with Luperón in Santiago, decided to summon notable civilians in order for them to elect a president and his cabinet. According to Luperón's account, Ulises Francisco Espaillat noted that all the generals had to be present. When Luperón arrived, he was informed of this point of view, at which he said that he was glad, since he had intended to arrest them all for usurpation of powers. Given the assurance offered by Salcedo that Polanco had given his acquiescence, Luperón agreed for the meeting to continue. When the time came for the president's election – always according to his story – he was proposed for the Presidency, which he declined and allowed Salcedo to remain in that position. Salcedo's election generated disagreement in Polanco, who considered that a natural procedure by not being consulted as general in chief. Luperón tried to stay away from such conflicts, since he was not interested in occupying positions other than those of troop leader. In his opinion, he reduced his actions to that of a temporary soldier, as long as the cause of freedom required his services.[16]","title":"Hero of the Dominican Restoration War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Battle of Arroyo Bermejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arroyo_Bermejo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eusebio Manzueta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eusebio_Manzueta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Juan de Jesus Salcedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Jesus_Salcedo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Pedro Florentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Florentino"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Benigno Filomeno de Rojas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Filomeno_de_Rojas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"End of the war","text":"In accordance with this vocation of service, he accepted the designation of governor of La Vega. During the days he lasted in this position, his conciliatory considerations regarding his enemies were evident. At the time he was seen as the representative of the most radical position, which was not accurate, since his intransigence was limited to the demand for independence. He affirmed the criterion that the fight was not against the Spanish, whom, he assured retrospectively, he saw as brothers who had a place within the country, but against the oppressive regime of the annexation. Within this situation, he sought to protect the Dominicans who had fled from the exactions of some rebel leaders shown support for the annexation. He praised these urban notables as misguided Dominicans who had to be led out of their error. Despite being in antagonistic positions, Luperón appreciated them for seeing in them cultured people capable of being bearers of progress. On the contrary, in La Vega he used strong procedures to force them to commit to the restoration cause, and decided to set an intimidating example by shooting, on charges of espionage, a Spanish colonel who had left Santo Domingo with the aim of extracting money from the people. and obtain information.[17]When it became known about Pedro Santana's preparations to invade the Cibao, Luperón received the order from the Santiago government to take charge of operations in the southern and eastern provinces in order to stop Santana's column. He accepted the assignment – which put him in charge of the most critical scenario – with the condition that a decree be issued that would put Santana outside the law for treason and order his execution. Prior to his departure, he dispatched advances in all directions. Arrived on the other side of El Sillón de la Viuda, a mountain that separated the departments of Santo Domingo and La Vega, Luperón engaged in combat with the annexationist troops commanded by Santana. Faced with the Dominican flag, the disgraced general saw his aura of invincible disappear. After being defeated in the Battle of Arroyo Bermejo by the mambises commanded by Luperón, the old tyrant, as on previous occasions, opted to retreat. This time it did not do him much good, as he left the ground free for the guerrillas led by General Eusebio Manzueta to begin infiltrating towards the east.[18]Luperon was on several of the fronts at the precise moments when the course of events was being debated. After the battle of Santiago, his main military work took place in the leadership of operations in the south and east, where he showed a skill in command that placed his contribution among the most valuable in the entire course of the war. His courage in leading the troops and his nationalist belligerence earned him the high esteem of the soldiers, who came to ignore government orders, such as the one issued by President Salcedo that relieved him of the leadership of the Eastern Front. Luperón's military action was disturbed by Salcedo, who, moved by jealousy, he twice ordered his replacement. On the first occasion the President took command of the front on Monte Plata, and made costly military mistakes. Almost immediately, Luperón was assigned to reinforce operations on Baní and San Cristóbal, where he contributed to the expulsion of the annexationists. There he once again showed a conciliatory stance towards those who had shown solidarity with the annexation, opposing the predatory actions of General Juan de Jesus Salcedo.[19]During operations in the vicinity of Santo Domingo, he was summoned by General Pedro Florentino, appointed chief in San Juan, who announced that he had received an order from the government to shoot him. Florentino, despite his toughness, did not want to shoulder the responsibility, so he sent Luperón to Cibao. Upon arriving in Santiago and after interviewing members of the government, it became clear that the order against him came from Salcedo. While the problem was resolved, he was confined in Sabaneta, where he was again summoned to rejoin actions in the east. In the second opportunity to intervene in the operations, Luperón contributed to expanding the rebellion to all corners of a region where Santana still enjoyed\npopularity. He returned to Santiago due to his poor health, undermined by months of stay in cantons where they barely ate, despite being accustomed to the harsh existence in the mountains.[20]From then on he took part in the events that occurred at the highest levels of the government. He assured that he did not renounce his position as a combatant without aspiring to charges, but the urgencies of an impetuous process forced him to get involved in political resolutions and accept positions since the end of 1864. He refused to participate in the movement that overthrew Salcedo, but once the fact was consummated, he unreservedly supported the Polanco government, since he believed that the war would recover the vigor lost in the previous months. He considered, a posteriori, the Polanco government as the culmination of the national-democratic project of the restoration feat. More than anyone, Luperón condemned the attempts of the deposed president Salcedo in favor of Báez or an armistice with the Spanish; However, in strict observance of principles, he was the only general who protested publicly for his execution and tried to protect him as much as possible.[21]When Polanco fell, Luperón was proposed for the presidency by a council of generals meeting in Santiago, which he again declined. However, in order not to break the cohesion of the restoration field, he was forced to participate in the provisional government presided over by Benigno Filomeno de Rojas, in which he held the vice presidency and the acting presidency due to the illness of the incumbent and his fear of facing the demands of the generals. It seems that, in those circumstances, when rivalries and ambitions began to manifest themselves, he tried to survive within a delicate balance, conscious of their weakness and their responsibility to help ensure that the objectives involved were not distorted. At the same time, he tried to maintain his independence, which is why he refused to accept any more positions, when Pimentel was president.[22]","title":"Hero of the Dominican Restoration War"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Second Dominican Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Luper%C3%B3n_en_1866.jpg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"José María Cabral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Cabral"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Manuel Rodríguez Objío","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Obj%C3%ADo"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Federico de Jesús García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federico_de_Jes%C3%BAs_Garc%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Opposition to Báez","text":"General Luperon in 1866Once the war was over, in July 1865, the only thing Luperón proposed was to establish a commercial house on the ruins of Puerto Plata. Thinking that the future of the country was clear, it seems that for a brief time he came to the conclusion that his political commitment had ended. He says that his conviction about the terrible nature of political activity was strengthened, so the contribution to development of the country would do it from the position of bourgeois. Such inclination could not be maintained for long, because in October 1865, barely three months after the evacuation of the Spanish troops, the restoring general Pedro Guillermo led a mutiny in Hato Mayor in favor of Báez. What Luperón feared most was the return of Báez, who posed danger to the nation.[23]Unfortunately, almost no one shared his point of view, since the fields between the parties were not yet drawn and it was not visible no obstacle for the man who had held the position of field marshal of the Spanish army during the war to return to the presidency. The vast majority of the military leaders of the Restoration bowed to the rising star of the veteran annexationist. President José María Cabral, a follower of Báez in 1857, bowed to the facts and went to look for his former boss in Curaçao to offer him the presidency.[24]In his attempt at armed opposition to Báez, at the end of 1865, Luperón only had, among the leaders of the Restoration, the support of Benito Monción and Gaspar Polanco, but both quickly decided abandon the rebellion, which precipitated its failure. From exile, Luperón continued to promote movements against the government and finally reached an agreement with Manuel Rodríguez Objío, who had accepted the position of government delegate in Puerto Plata. This promoted the uprising of the city, which allowed it to receive Luperón as a hero. Immediately both began the actions that led to the overthrow of the government. In the south, former President Cabral, after resigning his position as Secretary of War, begins operations against Baez. The former field marshal had to leave power, albeit for a short time.[25]Luperón realized that he had to intervene to normalize the political situation, in order to resolve the conflicting aspirations of Cabral and Pimentel, then the two most powerful men to come out of the Restoration. To this end, he was part for the second time of a provisional government, the Triumvirate, together with Federico de Jesús García and Pedro Pimentel, which had the mission of organizing elections. Despite the contempt that Cabral deserved, Luperón had no choice but to recognize his popularity when he won the electoral tournament.[26]Once the intervention in the reorganization of the government was concluded, he returned to dealing with commercial activities in Puerto Plata, although he reacted to the recovery of Báez's popularity by agreeing to collaborate with the government in Cibao. He became involved again in political activity motivated by the consideration that national independence was would be in danger if Báez returned to the presidency. However, he could not achieve a cohesion of purposes with other important leaders who came out of the Restoration. Unlike Baecism, compacted Around loyalty to the supreme leader, the liberals were divided between several military leaders, each of whom had a cohort of followers. Of the three leaders, at that time Luperón was the who had less influence, but compensated for this weakness with his will and the superior coherence of his approaches.[27]As was to be feared, the inconsistencies of the Cabral government soon led to Báez's supporters rebelling again, especially in Cibao, where they had the majority support of the peasants. The Puerto Plata bourgeois warrior led the position of the urban middle-class sectors in favor of the Cabral government, and faced what he himself called a rural insurrection. It became clear that his infidelity was essentially limited to media in his hometown, largely thanks to primary relationships. Fighting Baecism in arms, he received information that the Cabral government was in negotiations with the United States to lease the Samaná peninsula in exchange for resources, in weapons and cash, that would guarantee survival. He decided to leave the country and protest, sending a letter to President Cabral in which he announced his willingness to fight it.[28]","title":"Second Dominican Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Party_(Dominican_Republic)"},{"link_name":"José Gabriel García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Nissage Saget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissage_Saget"},{"link_name":"Saint Marc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Marc"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Timoteo Ogando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timoteo_Ogando&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Marcos Evangelista Adón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_Evangelista_Adon"},{"link_name":"Severo Gómez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severo_G%C3%B3mez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Segundo Imbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundo_Imbert"},{"link_name":"Juan Belisario Curiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Belisario_Curiel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pedro Casimiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Casimiro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pablo Pujol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Domimgo_Pujol&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"American expansionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_destiny"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Annexation proposal, preparation for uprising, and Six Years' War","text":"At the beginning of 1868, Cabral's second government had fallen, and with Báez again in the presidency, all the leading men of the Blue Party had to leave the country. Relations between bosses were characterized by mistrust. Luperón considered that Cabral lacked the conditions to lead the opposition, having shown signs of betraying the principles, so that he appointed himself supreme chief of the national armies, which Cabral and Pimentel also did. Each of these leaders operated on their own, although some intellectuals, such as José Gabriel García, sought to harmonize the competing interests. It had to be the Haitian president Nissage Saget who managed to put the agreement to the three leaders through a manifesto dated in Saint Marc on April 17, 1869, also signed by the main military leaders and liberal politicians who were preparing to invade the country. This agreement was feasible in response to the government's efforts to alienate Samaná and then annex the country to the United States. In addition to the intermediation of the Haitian president, the desire for unity increased among the blue expels, aware that the rivalries in their area fed back into the enemy's strength.[29]While Cabral entered the southern border, where he was received by General Timoteo Ogando – who was already waging a formidable guerrilla opposition to Báez – Luperón headed to Saint Thomas to gather resources among merchants who had business in Dominican Republic and feared losing the market if annexation to the United States materialized. To this end, with the money lent by these merchants, Luperón acquired the steamship El Telégrafo, which he armed and named Restauración. He was accompanied by some of his most faithful followers and other prominent blue politicians, such as generals Marcos Evangelista Adón, Severo Gómez (former bricklayer of his house), Segundo Imbert, Juan Belisario Curiel, Pedro Casimiro and Pablo Pujol.[30]The ship's occupants tried unsuccessfully to take Puerto Plata, after which they headed to Samaná in order to establish a government in arms. They had to battle for a month against its inhabitants, favorable to the government. The fate of El Telégrafo confirmed that Báez continued to enjoy a majority support in Cibao and that the blues had so few followers that they did not try to mobilize. Before abandoning the ship in a British possession, Luperón considered it advisable to go to the south, where Cabral had already consolidated the guerrilla detachments. Both blue leaders held a conference in Barahona, which was not successful in advancing the coordination of activities, but rather in deepening their differences. Cabral refused to consider Luperón's plan to advance on Santo Domingo, arguing that it lacked the effective to achieve it. The Telégrafo was declared a pirate ship by the Báez government, who described Luperón as a bandit. The United States government, determined to seize Dominican territory since the end of 1869, took advantage of this circumstance, so the patriots had to fight combat with a ship from that country. After the expedition, Luperón sent a vibrant letter to President Ulysses S. Grant that positioned him, beyond his status as a hero, as a precursor of opposition to American expansionism. In that letter he writes, [31]Congress American, the solution would not be very difficult in my opinion. Mister President: H.E. has abused force to protect the lowest corruption. And if it is true that it is humiliating for the Dominican people to have such traitorous leaders, it is no less unseemly for the great American people that their Government consent to such ruinous reductions. For both nations the fact is shameful. In this degrading task, traitors lose time, work and honor; sooner or later the facts are reestablished. Scams of this kind have no future, a Nation, no matter how small, cannot be erased, like a footprint stamped on sand. The American Government notified the French in 66 that their stay in Mexico was a threat to America; The Dominican people thought the same, and our Congress awarded the undefeated Juárez the title of Benemérito de América. Now, won't the usurpations of your Government be a threat to America? Ignorance and betrayal are the causes originating from all our evils; There are peoples who retreat incessantly, using experience to increase their misfortunes, to continually worsen. Santana and Báez are Dominicans debtors of this condition. Why does H.E. want to take advantage of it? That is unworthy of the people who should be the protector of our progress. The repeated doctrine of Monroe has its vices and its delusions, We believe that America should belong to itself, and away from any European influence, living like the old world, with its own, local and independent wine; but we do not think that America should be Yankee. From one fact to another there is a great distance that cannot be bridged.The failure of El Telégrafo did not deter Luperón, who some time later entered the country across the border, leading just 45 men. He had the support of some generals in the area that did not materialize, which determined the failure of the company.[32]","title":"Second Dominican Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ignacio María González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Post-Six Years' War","text":"As is known, the Six Years government fell as a result of the\ndiscontent of his own followers, and not because of the armed action of the blues. On November 25, 1873, generals Ignacio María González and Manuel Altagracia Cáceres, the main Baecista leaders of Cibao, revolted. González remained in the presidency, from which he formed a third political trend, which became known by the color green,\nwith which he expressed the will to overcome the terrible difference between reds and blues. Now, although at the beginning they enjoyed the sympathy of a part of the blues, the greens were no more than a detachment from the reds, so they renewed their caudillo behavior. Quite quickly an insurmountable conflict arose between Luperón and President González. Luperón's influence within the country remained limited, limited above all to Puerto Plata, with the exception of a small number of intellectuals and liberal politicians who appreciated him as the exponent of principles in the field of war.[33][34]After Báez's fall, for several months González was successful in keeping Luperón out of the country, as well as Cabral and Pimentel. González gained popularity due to the wear and tear of Báez and for inaugurating a period that overcame the deadly polarization between the flags. But, by attempting to completely displace the blues, he came into conflict with Luperón. Although he initially reiterated his desire to distance himself from politics, in fact he remained the sole leader of the blues, condition that was defined exclusively in the field of war, since Cabral did make his withdrawal effective and Pimentel died in Haiti due to complications due to the wound received in one of the raids by border.[35]The conflict broke out due to Luperón's demand that recognized as national debt the sum of 170,000 pesos that he had borrowed mainly from merchants in Saint Thomas to finance the acquisition of El Telégrafo and the corresponding weapons. At the beginning, González declared that he agreed to recognize that commitment, but in the end he made it clear that he did not agree, under the premise that it would strengthen Luperón. According to this, González inaugurated a new style of bribery to the generals, which is why he probably calculated that he would require the resources in question to consolidate his power. In Puerto Plata, incidents occurred that pitted the local authorities with Luperón, who had to repel an attack, barricaded in his house with a few friends. He managed to maintain himself thanks to the support he obtained from the sectors that saw him as a champion of the country and a respectable citizen dedicated to his commercial activities.[36]The dispute between Luperón and González led the latter to extreme authoritarian procedures, to the point that a group of prestigious citizens of Santiago opened a formal accusation against the mandatary. The leading voice of this movement, which came to take the name of La Evolución, was assumed by Manuel de Jesús de Peña y Reynoso. Luperón took charge of the government's ignorance operations and had his close friend, Alfredo Deetjen, appointed as provisional president based in Santiago. González had to give up starting a civil war; elections were called and Ulises Francisco Espaillat, who represented the feelings of the blues, was elected, although he was determined to overcome the competition between the parties.[37]At that moment the correlation of forces can be summarized as follows: the most influential urban sectors of Cibao were already clearly aligned behind Luperón and the blues. But, on the contrary, the rural mass of the people remained obedient to the dictates of the leaders, most of whom were hostile to the blues and to Luperón in particular; Additionally, the bulk of the leading sectors of the southern band still saw the blues as exponents of a Cibaeño regionalist interest, which is why they maintained support for the old caudillo leaders. The new president obtained a favorable consensus, but was forced to count on recognized liberals in the first place, while his willingness to eliminate the compensation that González granted to the military leaders caused them to take animosity toward him.[38]Luperon agreed to be part of Espaillat's cabinet, as Secretary of War, which also contributed to detonating the hostility of the leaders. When they rebelled in Cibao, Luperón considered that his position in defense of the government was in Puerto Plata. He came into conflict with other members of the cabinet because he considered that there was a wrong conduct of government policy and of the military operations. One of the reasons for the disagreement lay in his defense of the interests of the Compueblan merchants who had granted loans to the government and, before, to the blue side, arguing that their support was indispensable and that the Mariano Cestero's financial reform condemned them to ruin.[39]","title":"Second Dominican Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Espaillat's fall from power, return of Báez","text":"Espaillat's government fell at the end of 1876, and shortly afterward Báez returned for the last time. On that occasion Luperón did not want to speak out against his archenemy, perhaps for fear of being described as a wayward revolutionary, since, eager for peace to reign, quite a few blue intellectuals provided support to the red leader, who pretended in words to adhere to democratic principles. Báez fell due to the coalition of various forces, he temporarily shone\nCesáreo Guillermo, who led the insurrection in the east of the country. In this situation, Luperón was aware that he lacked the necessary support to seize power and sustain it, so he maintained a discreet stance, a calculation that he justified with the perennial argument of his lack of interest in occupying the presidency. Actually, in those circumstances he operated like another leader, aware of the animosity that almost all the other leaders professed towards him, adhering to particular interests although with the advantage of representing a rational option that promised to guarantee order and principles that no one dared expressly refute. He only had to wait for his rivals to wear out, so he negotiated advantageous positions in his stronghold of Puerto Plata and left his subordinates free to collaborate with Guillermo's government. But, upon returning from his second trip to Europe, he found that the President was violating his promises and was moving towards establishing a tyranny, a consideration which included the intention of achieving control over the Puerto Plata customs office, the most important in the country. a measure that would have left Luperón lacking power resources.[40]","title":"Second Dominican Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulises Heureaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulises_Heureaux"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Eugenio María de Hostos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Hostos"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Provisional President: 1879-1880","text":"Leading his most faithful followers in Puerto Plata, Luperón launched a manifesto, on October 6, 1879, in which he disowned Guillermo's government due to its tyrannical pretensions. Aware of his rival's weakness, he did not even bother to lead the forces dispatched to Santo Domingo, which remained under the command of Ulises Heureaux, who in previous years had emerged as his most capable lieutenant, especially in military actions. This triumph was ratified naturally, an expression of the erosion of the options of opposing power, through the support of influential figures from all cities – some not exactly characterized by the relationship with the Blue Party, such as Eugenio de Marchena in Azua and Benito Monción in Monte Cristi.[41]When announcing the overthrow of Guillermo, for the first time Luperón agreed to occupy the provisional presidency, aware that it was required\nof his personal intervention to redirect the country's affairs and\ncontribute to opening the path of progress. He surely also calculated that the attrition of his adversaries would clear the way for an era of peace, in which it would be possible to apply the national-liberal project. His time as president, however, reveals that he was not willing to assume all the consequences of power. On the one hand, he did not agree to abandon Puerto Plata, both out of attachment to the land and for not sacrificing the\ncommercial operations in which he was involved. As far as can be gathered, he saw power as a circumstantial fact and granted it the least possible meaning. Such consideration created a terrain of weakness to the future of the project it supported. Additionally, his presidency represented the culmination of the economic preeminence of Cibao, for decades in struggle against the centralism of Santo Domingo. This occurred just when tobacco, the sustenance of the Cibaeño's economy was entering a pronounced crisis. In these critical conditions, the clinging to Puerto Plata betrayed indifference towards the personal power. He delegated the daily affairs of power to his lieutenant Ulises Heureaux, delegate in Santo Domingo and secretary of War. Thus, a precedent of dual power was created, although during the provisional government of Puerto Plata it did not generate friction of any kind. Luperón was convinced that the country was entering an irreversible era of progress and that his only responsibility for it not there were setbacks was in choosing the ideal candidate for the presidency, both in moral and intellectual conditions.[42]Some historians have argued that Luperón's clinging to his residence in Puerto Plata was motivated by the discretionary use he made of the customs resources collected in the city, then the most important in the country. Although, certainly, the hero\ncarried out personal dealings with customs resources, the criterion is based on excessive simplification. At no time, in truth, did the love of business prevail over the desire for glory. On the other hand, from that same time onwards the size of the operations and the amount of Luperón's fortune were exaggerated. The origin of this did not come from illegal uses of power or any other form of corruption, but from his individual capacity for business, although favored by the authority that emanated from his name. He never admitted incompatibility between political functions, which he did not wish to exercise, and commercial or productive operations, which he considered the foundation of the citizen's existence. In line with the above, although he maintained his refusal to exercise personal power, he proposed to exercise stewardship in the essential and long-term state guidelines. He did not intend to manage the presidents, but rather to establish a frame of reference for them about what they should do. The proof is that, as soon as he concluded his interim term as president and handed over the position to the priest Fernando Arturo de Meriño, he returned to Europe, agreeing to serve as the country's plenipotentiary envoy.[43]During the presidency, although he left executive tasks in the hands of Heureaux, Luperón gave the government guidelines in line with his convictions. Among them, the importance given to education, with the Santo Domingo Normal School at the head of which Eugenio María de Hostos was appointed. The privilege of culture, within the difficult financial conditions that the country was going through, was expressed in the provision that each periodical publication received a subsidy of 40 pesos per month and each book 25% of the cost of its publication. But more than active measures, as president, he understood that it was necessary to guarantee a climate of freedoms and emphasize the\nsecurity of property, as opposed to the disorder of the leaders. According to the precepts developed by the liberals of that time, it was enough that the political system functioned adequately so that the country headed down the path of progress. He emphasized respect for the judiciary as the basis of the rule of law.[44]In any case, the Provisional Government adopted tentative measures\ndents to economic regularization. In this sense, they proceeded to pay back salaries and try to ensure that all public servants were paid punctually their salaries. Understanding the functioning of the Credit Boards, the President ordered the cancellation of outstanding accounts with these entities and other lenders, while it solidified international debts by recognizing an interest of 2% monthly. In order to achieve an increase in tax revenues, he promoted a stamp law, which could not be applied due to the opposition of the Congress. Instead, a tariff variation was immediately approved: import taxes were reduced from an average of 55% to 35%, while in the name of an assumption of equity, the tax on sugar exports and sugar exports was doubled. coffee and cocoa with an additional 50%. It is notable that the only product not taxed was tobacco, although the government did not argue this.[45]As president, the hero had to face problems more delicate such as the requirement to strengthen the State and the safeguarding of freedoms, the demand for financial resources to\nApply public policies in a country exhausted by past wars of warlords. He experienced firsthand the conflict between the mentality of the majority of the population, which placed all its expectations on the action of the State, and its reluctance to pay taxes.[46]Another point that mortified was that of the military organization. Guided by the certainty that the country had the resources to maintain full independence from international powers, he understood that it was urgent to strengthen the state apparatus, first of all through a military force capable of confronting recent innovations in weapons. He was convinced that the country required a permanent armed force, both to keep the warlords at bay and to defend sovereignty. But he confirmed that the majority of the members of the force operated as outlaws dedicated to extorting the poor population. He was also aware that a strong army carried a serious danger to democracy and, in general, a strong State contradicted his faith in the individual sovereignty of the citizen. As such, as provisional president, he will dedicate efforts to the modernization of the army and the reorganization of the National Guard, proceeding to build barracks and import weapons and uniforms.[47]","title":"Second Dominican Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fernando Arturo de Meriño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Arturo_de_Meri%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Legion de Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Presidency of Fernando Arturo de Meriño","text":"When his political career was culminating, as the most powerful man in the country, Luperón released a set of musings that showed a worsening of the disenchantment that had plagued him for years. When presenting Fernando Arturo de Meriño's candidacy, he said goodbye to power with a hint of bitterness, stating: \"the disappointments I have suffered in my long political career have sickened my spirit, and I feel incapable of supporting the overwhelming weight of the Supreme Judiciary of the State.”\nAlthough he did not abandon his faith in principles, he was invaded by doubts about the moral quality of Dominicans to be agents of freedom and progress. He even noted that many of his close colleagues lacked any valuable asset and only sought to prosper, regardless of the consequences. He was lefr in a bind, since figures of this appearance was part of the apparatus through which it exercised its hegemony. However, in the end he saw these problems as minor, convinced that progress would eliminate such miseries and that their moral authority would put a stop to any disordered desires. Beyond doubts, he was convinced that the only way was\nof democracy and the safeguarding of sovereignty, for which it was necessary to promote economic modernization.[48]For him it was incontrovertible that capitalism was identified with desirable modernity. His bourgeois convictions were consolidated, which became evident when he announced the abandonment of commercial activities to allocate his capital to the development of a sugar mill together with Puerto Plata partners. Likewise, during his government and in subsequent Blue Party governments, franchises were granted that implied advantages to capital investors. Luperón was convinced of the virtue of that strategy for achieving progress. But in it was the germ of an oligarchic order that generated early criticism among young intellectuals, whom he harshly reprimanded, calling them \"visionaries\" and \"socialists,\" since they were presented as factors of discord at a time when, he claimed, there were no principles to discuss. Steeped in the French experience, where a few years before the workers had established the Paris Commune, Luperón went so far as to call socialism the worst of tyrannies.[49]The latter does not mean that he adopted a reactionary stance. Rather, it tried to harmonize the requirements of capitalist development with the conservation of precepts of social equity. He still believed a capitalist development project was feasible that guaranteed independence, democracy and the well-being of all. Hence his appreciation of the beneficial national order in contrast to that of the State is not surprising: “And although the Republic, as its founders made it, is despotic and oppressive, the nation, as Providence has made it, is socialist, to such an extent that fifty years of torture has not been enough to destroy social equality.\"[50]In those years his liberal position was consolidated. He aspired to the predominance of the private citizen, the epitome of the bourgeois and, therefore, agent of progress. He placed his guiding role in helping to anticipate the archetype desirable citizen of the future, a simile of the one found in developed countries. His travels confirmed the certainty that modern civilization constituted the inevitable destiny, given the evidence that the other schemes of society showed a balance of despotism and\nsuperstition.[51]Luperón did not hide his disdain for the popular culture of the Dominicans, precisely because in his opinion it constituted the burden that must be uprooted to achieve progress. This consideration made him participate in the panacea, shared by liberals and conservatives, of European immigration as a key to promoting progress. That same year, Luperón attended a banquet in France, where in Paris he was proclaimed Honorary President of the Salvadores de Sena and Salvadores de Francia Societies, apart from being also decorated with the Legion de Honor.[52] In this position, he took steps to attract a flow of Russian Jews. His own evolution shows a tenacious purpose for personal improvement, in order to achieve the dignity of the white man, which he sincerely aspired for the common Dominicans to imitate. Such commitment explains the tenacity with which he corrected diction, gestures, table habits and writing style. Although it is true that he never achieved the systematicity of an intellectual and that he did not achieve an adequate command of the written language, he did reach the level of reflection typical of intellectuals, at least in the areas that touched public policies. In the environment of nineteenth-century political leaders, he stands out for his willingness to present his ideas in a formal manner. Báez was more cultured than him, and Heureaux was more intelligent, but neither left a literary work. The Autobiographical Notes and Historical Notes can be classified as one of the Dominican literary monuments, of an essential quality that no other politician has emulated to date.[53]The repeated comparison drawn by\nbetween the Dominican despots and Africa, seen as the quintessential kingdom of despotism and backwardness. In the same order it is possible to place his diatribes to the Haitian community, suffering, according to him, from inherent evils; judgments that on other occasions he relativized, recognizing the virtue of Haitian nationalism, especially of some figures who deserved his appreciation, and he expressed the consideration that the two countries would benefit from an alliance to confront American expansionism. At the opposite extreme, France always shone in his eyes as the incarnation of progress, the place where he said he felt fulfilled, far from the pettiness of politics. Belatedly, to his surprise, he discovered that the French bourgeois republicans also suffered from defects comparable to those of the primitive Dominican politicians.[54]","title":"Second Dominican Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pedro Francisco Bonó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Francisco_Bon%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Disturbance of power balance and rise of Ulises Heureaux","text":"When the Provisional Government of Puerto Plata was ending, Luperón wrote to Pedro Francisco Bonó proposing that he accept the nomination for the presidency. He was aware that Bonó was the most enlightened intellectual of the time, and the fact that he wanted to him to assume leadership indicates that he was penetrated in good faith and harbored no duplicity in his disinterest in matters of power. Bonó declined, not out of fear that the same thing would happen to him as happened to his friend Ulises Espaillat, as has been said, but because of divergences with the concept of development that was shared by the leading social sectors and the blue hierarchs. On two occasions Luperón again asked the isolated intellectual to reconsider his position, and on one of them Bonó frankly explained his repudiation of the concept of “progress” in vogue, since it entailed the proletarianization of the small peasantry, in his opinion the social basis of the country. What was at stake was a criticism of the oligarchic liberal scheme that was beginning to operate under the aegis of the blues, even above the good intentions of Luperón and a part of the intellectuals who supported his preeminence, infused with a democratic spirit. Bonó was ahead of his time, so it seems that his criticisms exceeded the intellectual capacity of Luperón, who in his response was content to ratify his vision of the tasks that awaited the country to complete an institutionalization process that would clear the obstacles to progress.[55]In a subsequent letter, Bonó expressed critical considerations about Heureaux, to which Luperón responded by ratifying the trust that his dolphin generated in him. Like many, Bonó perceived Heureaux as the bearer of the oligarchic style, despotic violence and administrative corruption. Luperón, on the other hand, considered him: “A skilled, active, courageous soldier, bold, prepared, tactical, disciplined, attentive, capable of executing any maneuver, clever and astute […]”, although he added: “Man, however, without any political principle, very skilled at evil and bankruptcy, and without any intelligence for good.\" Although Luperón held an incontestable preeminence since 1879, the intricacies of the exercise of power were resolved through his relationship with Heureaux, in whom he placed unrestricted trust, as seen in the preceding quote. At that point Luperón showed little ability to penetrate to know people, and not due to lack of intelligence, but due to unlimited confidence in himself and in the irreversible march of rationality. His trust in Heureaux was derived from his capacity for simulation, who constantly reiterated absolute submission, to the point of maintaining a filial relationship with the hero.\nAt the same time, Luperón considered Heureaux's collaboration essential, considering that he had exceptional command conditions, necessary to maintain peace. At one point, he justified the preponderance he granted to Heureaux by claiming that he was the only one among his followers with the capacity to handle power problems and apply repressive measures to crush the leaders.[56]There, precisely, lay the detail: in the midst of the proclamations of establishing democracy, it was maintained thanks to the implacable arm of the dolphin. This did not only reveal the violent and daring man, willing to do anything to maintain the stability of the can; In addition, Heureaux's intelligence placed him as the key partner of the situation, deliberate bearer of the oligarchic style, with its antidemocratic and inequitable implications. While in\nPuerto Plata, since Luperón trusted in the harmonious evolution of things, Heureaux established close ties with the emerging commercial and sugar sectors of the south, with which he built his own platform.[57]","title":"Second Dominican Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Woss y Gil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Woss_y_Gil"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Clashes with Heureaux","text":"In 1880, Luperón still sought an intellectual, the priest Fernando Arturo de Meriño, for the presidency, but it became clear that the guarantee of the situation was found in Heureaux. This, from his position of\nSecretary of the Interior, crushed Braulio Álvarez's uprising near Santo Domingo and, months later, Cesáreo Guillermo's expedition through Higüey. The country was shocked by the executions ordered by Heureaux, in an action as ruthless as those that had\nvalid repudiation of the reds, who considered themselves already surpassed. The one who was most insensitive to the wave of criticism of the government was Luperón, to the point that, the year after the massacre in Higüey, he proposed Heureaux for president.[58]Much of the public opinion, especially the cultured young people took a dislike towards Heureaux and extended it towards Luperón because they considered him a participant and accomplice in the former's executions. Retrospectively, Luperón, after having denounced Heureaux as a criminal, evaluated his first government favorably. On the contrary, others saw the germ of a new authoritarianism, led by a highly dangerous subject prone to the ruthless use of violence. From 1883 onwards there was no doubt for almost anyone that, with Luperón absent in Europe for long periods, the real factor of power was in the hands of the president. Furthermore, it was also obvious that a corrupt practice had been established. For the 1884 elections, the Dauphin began a deaf questioning of the hegemony of Luperón, who ended up supporting the candidacy of his friend Segundo Imbert, despite his manifest lack of conditions for the position. Heureaux took advantage of the position of Meriño, who, as former president and for regionalist reasons, felt with the force of promoting his friend Francisco Gregorio Billini.[59]Billini was a much better candidate than Imbert, but he was subject to\nHeureaux's manipulation. The dolphin reached the limit of using his\ncondition of president to cause the electoral fraud of 15,000 votes that gave an illegal majority to Billini. Since he took over the presidency, he began to receive pressure from Heureaux, who even suggested to Luperón that he could depose him at any time. Billini tried to maintain personal independence, for which he suffered the intrigues of the dauphin. When, in response, Billini authorized the return to the country of the exiles, among them former President Guillermo, his personal friend, in order to weaken Heureaux, he promoted a situation of confrontation and disobedience. In this undertaking he obtained the support of Luperón, who provided the last straw and forced the honest blue fighter to resign.[60]From then on, Luperón's mistakes cascaded, a situation that reveals that he was not prepared to face the oligarchic degeneration of the project birthed by himself and promoted by the subject who had been deserving of his greatest trust. The Problems that involved the conversion of the majority of blue politicians into adherents to Heureaux's line disconcerted Luperón. Perhaps as a result of this situation, Luperón later set out to straighten his social base, despite the high cost it had for his prestige.[61]The most dramatic part of the conflict occurred when he became aware\nof his dolphin's intentions, upon verifying the fraud against Imbert and the siege operations against Billini. On the occasion of the elections of 1886, an inevitable dilemma occurred, given Heureaux's aspirations.\nto succeed Alejandro Woss y Gil, who held the interim presidency after Billini's resignation. On this occasion, Casimiro Nemesio de Moya – a young vegan politician – received support from almost the entire blue conglomerate in the Cibao area. Perhaps Luperón could still have stopped the definitive promotion of his former lieutenant, but far from doing so he supported him in the elections. Knowing that a new electoral fraud had occurred, aware that Moya enjoyed the support of the majority of the country, Luperón assured that Heureaux had won handily and accepted the position of government delegate in Cibao, in which he had to direct part of the military operations against Moya's supporters, who took up arms in protest against the fraud. Unfortunately, the young people with the most authentic democratic convictions were placed on the opposite side of the barricade, among them his brother-in-law Félix Tavárez, for whom he felt a burning affection, who had fallen in the fighting.[62]","title":"Second Dominican Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luperoncaballo.JPG"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Federico Lithgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federico_Lithgow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Manuel de Jesús Galván","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_Jes%C3%BAs_Galv%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Emiliano Tejera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emiliano_Tejera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"José Ramón López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Florville Hyppolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florvil_Hyppolite"},{"link_name":"Eugenio Deschamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugenio_Deschamps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Horacio Vásquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio_V%C3%A1squez"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"Equestrian Statue of Gregorio Luperón on the Malecón near the San Felipe fortress.As soon as the civil war ended, at the end of 1886, Luperón withdrew the support he had given to Heureaux, a sign that he was taking erratic steps. Later he chose to go to Europe, suffering from the start\nof serious health problems and perhaps with the hope of escaping an inevitable conflict. When he returned in 1887, he found a situation that he considered intolerable, since open persecution had begun against all those who opposed the indefinite preeminence of the new tyrant. Heureaux handled himself so skillfully that, to buy time, he encouraged Luperón to present his candidacy, giving him assurances that he would support him. It was the feline's calculation to entertain its victim. Soon, when Eugenio Generoso de Marchena returned from Europe with an advance on the first Westendorp loan, Heureaux understood that it would be feasible for him to bribe many followers of Luperón, and he reiterated what he had done two years before with those of Moya. Until recently, Luperón had considered it feasible to evict Heureaux of power by peaceful means, although he must have been skeptical about the assurances it gave him. He still, in theory, represented the unquestionable moral authority of the liberal conglomerate, but Heureaux had undermined it and was in full control of the armed force. For such reason, Meriño and other blue leaders, who in their conscience sympathized with Luperón, advised him to withdraw, given the evident willingness of the “official element” to remain in power at all costs. As expected, as soon as the Heureaux accepted his nomination, a campaign of intimidation ensued.[63]Luperón faced the saddest circumstances of his career. He found a society subject to a new tyrant who paid attention to ignoring patriotic values and traditions. Luperón weighed little compared to the government machinery built in recent years. At times, as he himself points out, he lost heart in the face of the bitter result of 30 years of struggles. Even when the confrontation between the master and his disciple began, the former had an entourage visible of followers who reiterated their trust in him. But many of them only agreed to get involved in the tasks of the electoral campaign on the condition that they were given salaries. Luperón had to work hard, spending more than 70,000 pesos in those months, which left him bankrupt. Some of his most trusted men were already Heureaux's confidants and, after the fact, he considered that they were staying with him to spy on him, as he claims that Federico Lithgow did, whom he later described as a model of the scoundrel. Imbert, another of his intimates, was already vice president of Heureaux and discreetly decided to betray Luperon's loyalty.[64]Apparently, the ideals of democracy had been shattered among the military caste of the blues, since almost all of its members joined the strong man's purposes. The intellectuals, for their part, with few exceptions, decided not to present opposition to Heureaux, to consider it as a kind of necessary evil, which would eventually bring peace and economic growth. Some of them – such as Manuel de Jesús Galván – provided support to Heureaux. Others agreed to collaborate sporadically and remotely, as was typical of Emiliano Tejera. Deep down they shared the essential contours of oligarchic modernization, an expression of the evolution to which liberalism prevailed. They were, furthermore, protected by the certainty that the country could not afford new revolutionary movements, making it necessary to submit to despotism.[65]Those who did not succeed in any way were the least, and almost all remained in a passive situation. They did not break personal ties with Luperón, whom they continued to respect, but political dealings with him ceased. \nThose who maintained a posture of resistance were forced to expatriate or suffered the rigors of prison. A few years after the modern dictatorship was established, a considerable part of the exiled opponents returned defeated to the country and some renewed their personal friendship with Heureaux, like Casimiro de Moya, or became his admirers, like the new sociologist José Ramón López. Those were counted remained faithful to the original ideals and to those who embodied them.[66]Luperón sensed that something profound had changed in the ethical area, so he became extremely disillusioned. He summarized this change in the esteem for money and the subsequent relegation of national ideals. He envisioned a dark future, although he could not connect it with the balance of\noligarchic modernization, but limited it to the corrupting action of the tyrant:[67]Today the nation has lost principles and feelings, without which freedom disappears. Today the love of the country is a burden in the bottom of the pocket; Previously it was worn engraved on the heart. Very few currently think about the future, and it seems that they believe that the tyranny that humiliates and subjugates them will have no end, sustained by the perversion of the great popular feelings; and as if the country and patriotism were a chimera, they run after the oppressor to sell them their rights and freedoms, with which the stupid have the logical satisfaction of their baseness. Concupiscence supersedes any other consideration. Fraud in all businesses is the rule, rather than the exception. In politics they deceive each other, without any of them having the courage to protest against the infamy.He felt there was no point in trying to oppose the nascent tyranny by force of arms. He surely perceived that the confrontation would cast a favorable balance on his enemy, who would exploit the event to present it as an anachronistic expression of the revolutionary spirit that had caused so much damage to the country and that threatened to prevent the material achievements of the current era of peace. As can be inferred from reading his letters, Luperón was trapped by the demand to maintain peace at all costs. For this reason, he resisted the pressure of the “young men” of Puerto Plata and other cities in the Cibao, who urged him to declare rebellion. Luperón realized that he could only safely count on the “young men,” but he did not share their radical conceptions, and even distrusted them due to their lack of political experience.[68]While his greatness was put at stake, he decided to persevere in the fight for the principles he had always upheld. As was customary, he would have to face exile and the miseries that it entailed. At the beginning of 1893, those who maintained belligerence against the dictator gathered around Luperón, who obtained the support of the Haitian president Florville Hyppolite. Dozens of exiles gathered in Cap-Haïtien in order to cross the border. Practically the entire exile participated, with Ignacio María González and Casimiro de Moya in leadership. Among the exiles who were involved in this project Eugenio Deschamps, Agustín Morales, Pablo Reyes, Pablo López, Juan Vicente Flores and Horacio Vásquez stood out. After some actions in the border area, Heureaux's pressure resulted in the Haitian government withdrawing support and the expatriates having to disperse among nearby countries.[69][70]","title":"Revolution of 1886"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neuralgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralgia"},{"link_name":"Saint Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"text":"Around the year 1895, General Luperón began to complain about having neuralgia from one of his inferior molars and had it removed, yet the cavity where the molar extracted had not been codifying or scaring, causing an infection. His feet would later begin to swell, from months of sitting down as he wrote his autobiography, so said his daughter at the time, and had been under medication from the doctors in Saint Thomas. In 1896, Doctor Mortensen had explained his grave medical situation, to which Luperón said, that if he is going to die in just a few days, he wanted to know how much the doctor charged for an embalmment so that his body may be sent to Puerto Plata. Up until that point, it had not occurred to him to return to the Dominican Republic while Ulises Heareaux was still president.As Luperón remained in Saint Thomas, he concentrated on writing the Autobiographical Notes and Notes historical, text throughout which summarizes the unresolved dilemma between disenchantment and security in the old certainties. Despite the illness and the existential dilemmas that crossed him, he worked quickly, as if he were immersed in the usual battlefield: in 1895, he published the first volume and in each of the following two years the second and third appeared. The first volume was confiscated by order of the dictator, but seeing its contents as somewhat innocuous, he decided to let the following ones circulate, in which both the dictatorship and his person were furiously attacked.[71]In December 1896, in a gesture of gratitude for his past service, Heareaux went to visit Luperón on Saint Thomas, forgetting their rivalry, and offering to take Luperón back with him to Puerto Plata. Luperón accepts, but declines returning on the same boat as Heareaux, and traveled on an alternate vessel.[72]","title":"Final exile"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tumba_Luperon.JPG"},{"link_name":"Port of Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"text":"Former Tomb of Gregorio Luperón.On December 15 of 1896, Luperón departs from Saint Thomas to Puerto Plata and arrived at the Port of Santo Domingo very ill, and remains on board. President Heareaux visits him on board and provided a foreign doctor named Dr. Fosse to assist him in San Felipe de Puerto Plata, and takes care of Luperón during the final 5 months of his life. For those months he had been bedridden and before his final breaths on May 20, 1897, said \"Men like me, should not die laying down\",[73] and as he attempted to lift his head, he passed away at 9:30 p.m. in his beloved birthplace of Puerto Plata.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cessna_172_gate_guardian_at_Gregorio_Luper%C3%B3n_International_Airport,_Puerto_Plata.jpg"},{"link_name":"Luperón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luper%C3%B3n,_Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Gregorio Luperón International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Luper%C3%B3n_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Luper%C3%B3n_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Gregorio Luperón High School for Math & Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Luper%C3%B3n_High_School_for_Math_%26_Science"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Casa Museo General Gregorio Luperón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//travel.usnews.com/Puerto_Plata_Dominican_Republic/Things_To_Do/Casa_Museo_General_Gregorio_Luperon_65101/"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casa_Museo_General_Luper%C3%B3n.jpg"}],"text":"Gregorio Luperón International AirportThe town of Luperón 50 km west of Puerto Plata, the Gregorio Luperón International Airport in Puerto Plata, a metro station in Santo Domingo, and the Gregorio Luperón High School for Math & Science in New York are named after him.His former home was renovated and converted into the Casa Museo General Gregorio Luperón museum that showcases his life through various exhibits.[74]General Gregorio Luperón Museum, 12 de Julio Street, Puerto Plata","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Cassá, Roberto. La épica trágica. Ecos. Año V, No. 6, 1998, pp. 87–158.\nCordero Michel, Emilio. Luperón y Haití. Ecos. Año IV, No. 5, 1996, pp. 47–81.\nFerrer Gutiérrez, Virgilio. Luperón, Brida y espuela. Santo Domingo, 2000.\nLuperón, Gregorio. Notas autobiográficas y apuntes históricos. 3 vols. Santo Domingo, 1974.\nMartínez, Rufino. Hombres dominicanos. Tomo I, Ciudad Trujillo, 1936.\nRodríguez Demorizi, Emilio (ed.). Escritos de Luperón. Ciudad Trujillo, 1941.\nRodríguez Objío, Manuel. Gregorio Luperón y historia de la Restauración. 2 vols. Santiago, 1939.\nTolentino, Hugo. Gregorio Luperón: Biografía política. Santo Domingo, 1977.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Painting of Luperón in the Dominican Restoration War found in El Monumento de Santiago","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/General_Gregorio_Luper%C3%B3n_-_Monumento_a_los_H%C3%A9roes_de_la_Restauraci%C3%B3n.jpg/186px-General_Gregorio_Luper%C3%B3n_-_Monumento_a_los_H%C3%A9roes_de_la_Restauraci%C3%B3n.jpg"},{"image_text":"General Luperon in 1866","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/General_Luper%C3%B3n_en_1866.jpg/200px-General_Luper%C3%B3n_en_1866.jpg"},{"image_text":"Equestrian Statue of Gregorio Luperón on the Malecón near the San Felipe fortress.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Luperoncaballo.JPG/220px-Luperoncaballo.JPG"},{"image_text":"Former Tomb of Gregorio Luperón.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tumba_Luperon.JPG/200px-Tumba_Luperon.JPG"},{"image_text":"Gregorio Luperón International Airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cessna_172_gate_guardian_at_Gregorio_Luper%C3%B3n_International_Airport%2C_Puerto_Plata.jpg/220px-Cessna_172_gate_guardian_at_Gregorio_Luper%C3%B3n_International_Airport%2C_Puerto_Plata.jpg"},{"image_text":"General Gregorio Luperón Museum, 12 de Julio Street, Puerto Plata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Casa_Museo_General_Luper%C3%B3n.jpg/220px-Casa_Museo_General_Luper%C3%B3n.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Dominican Republic portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Dominican_Republic"},{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"Caribbean portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Caribbean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg"},{"title":"Liberalism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Liberalism"},{"title":"Dominican Restoration War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Restoration_War"},{"title":"Second Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Dominican_Republic"},{"title":"Ulises Heureaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulises_Heureaux"},{"title":"Eugenio Maria de Hostos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_Maria_de_Hostos"},{"title":"Ramón Emeterio Betances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Emeterio_Betances"},{"title":"José Martí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD"},{"title":"Juan Pablo Duarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Duarte"},{"title":"Antillean Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antillean_Confederation"}]
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[{"reference":"Herrera, José Rafael Laine (25 October 2016). Colosal guerra dominico-española 1863-65. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España. ISBN 9788491129950. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UknjDQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Colosal guerra dominico-española 1863-65"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788491129950","url_text":"9788491129950"}]},{"reference":"Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II [Dominican Characters, Volume II] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 17. ISBN 9789945586046.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789945586046","url_text":"9789945586046"}]},{"reference":"Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II [Dominican Characters, Volume II] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9789945586046.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789945586046","url_text":"9789945586046"}]},{"reference":"\"Biografia de Gregorio Luperón\". www.biografiasyvidas.com. Retrieved 2023-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/l/luperon.htm","url_text":"\"Biografia de Gregorio Luperón\""}]},{"reference":"Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II [Dominican Characters, Volume II] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 18. ISBN 9789945586046.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789945586046","url_text":"9789945586046"}]},{"reference":"\"Masón destacado\". supremoconsejo33rd (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scg33rd.org/mas%C3%B3n-destacado","url_text":"\"Masón destacado\""}]},{"reference":"Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II [Dominican Characters, Volume II] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9789945586046.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789945586046","url_text":"9789945586046"}]},{"reference":"Cassá, Roberto (2013). Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II [Dominican Characters, Volume II] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic. p. 19. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-space_compression
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Time–space compression
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["1 Criticism","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"]
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Time–space compression (also known as space–time compression and time–space distanciation) is an idea referring to the altering of the qualities of space–time and the relationship between space and time that is a consequence of the expansion of capital. It is rooted in Karl Marx's notion of the "annihilation of space by time" originally elaborated in the Grundrisse, and was later articulated by Marxist geographer David Harvey in his book The Condition of Postmodernity. A similar idea was proposed by Elmar Altvater in an article in PROKLA in 1987, translated into English as "Ecological and Economic Modalities of Time and Space" and published in Capitalism Nature Socialism in 1990.
Time–space compression occurs as a result of technological innovations driven by the global expansion of capital that condense or elide spatial and temporal distances, including technologies of communication (telegraph, telephones, fax machines, Internet) and travel (rail, cars, trains, jets), driven by the need to overcome spatial barriers, open up new markets, speed up production cycles, and reduce the turnover time of capital.
According to Paul Virilio, time-space compression is an essential facet of capitalist life, saying that "we are entering a space which is speed-space ... This new other time is that of electronic transmission, of high-tech machines, and therefore, man is present in this sort of time, not via his physical presence, but via programming" (qtd. in Decron 71). In Speed and Politics, Virilio coined the term dromology to describe the study of "speed-space". Virilio describes velocity as the hidden factor in wealth and power, where historical eras and political events are effectively speed-ratios. In his view, acceleration destroys space and compresses time in ways of perceiving reality.
Theorists generally identify two historical periods in which time–space compression occurred; the period from the mid-19th century to the beginnings of the First World War, and the end of the 20th century. In both of these time periods, according to Jon May and Nigel Thrift, "there occurred a radical restructuring in the nature and experience of both time and space ... both periods saw a significant acceleration in the pace of life concomitant with a dissolution or collapse of traditional spatial co-ordinates".
Criticism
Doreen Massey critiqued the idea of time-space compression in her discussion of globalization and its effect on our society. She insisted that any ideas that our world is "speeding up" and "spreading out" should be placed within local social contexts. "Time-space compression", she argues, "needs differentiating socially": "how people are placed within 'time-space compression' are complicated and extremely varied". In effect, Massey is critical of the notion of "time-space compression" as it represents capital's attempts to erase the sense of the local and masks the dynamic social ways through which places remain "meeting places".
For Moishe Postone, Harvey's treatment of space-time compression and postmodern diversity are merely reactions to capitalism. Hence Harvey's analysis remains "extrinsic to the social forms expressed" by the deep structure concepts of capital, value and the commodity. For Postone, the postmodern moment is not necessarily just a one-sided effect of the contemporary form of capitalism but can also be seen as having an emancipatory side if it happened to be part of post-capitalism. And because postmodernism usually neglects its own context of embeddedness it can legitimate capitalism as postmodern, whereas at the level of deep structure it may in fact be more concentrated, with large capitals that accumulate rather than diverge, and with an expansion of commodification niches with fewer buyers.
Postone asserts that one cannot step outside capitalism and declare it a pure evil or as a one-dimensional badness, since the emancipatory content of such things as equal distribution or diversity are potentials of capitalism itself in its abundant and diverse productive powers. This initial perspective misfires however, when forms of society such as modernity and subsequently postmodernism take itself as the true whole of life for being oppositional to capitalism, when in fact they are grounded in the reproduction of the same capitalist relations that created them.
See also
Global village
Late capitalism
Late modernism
Social production of space
Space of flows
References
^ Marx, Karl. Grundrisse. Penguin Classics, 1993. pp. 539.
^ Harvey, David. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1990.
^ Altvater, Elmar (1987). "Ökologische und ökonomische Modalitäten von Zeit und Raum". PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft (in German). 17 (67): 35–54. doi:10.32387/prokla.v17i67.1338.
^ Altvater, Elmar (1989). "Ecological and economic modalities of time and space". Capitalism Nature Socialism. 1 (3): 59–70. doi:10.1080/10455758909358384.
^ Decron, Chris. Speed-Space. Virilio Live. Ed. John Armitage. London: Sage, 2001. 69–81.
^ May, Jon and Nigel Thrift. "Introduction." TimeSpace: Geographies of Temporality. NY: Routledge, 2001. pp. 1–46.
^ Massey, Doreen (1994). "A Global Sense of Place". Space, Place, and Gender. the University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816626162.
^ Postone, Moishe. "Theorizing the Contemporary World: Robert Brenner, Giovanni Arrighi, David Harvey" in Political Economy of the Present and Possible Global Future(s), Anthem Press, 2007.
Further reading
Giddens, Anthony (1981). "Time-Space Distanciation and the Generation of Power". A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism: Power, Property and the State. London: Macmillan. pp. 90–108. ISBN 978-0-520-04535-4. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
Jeff Lewis (2008), Cultural Studies, Sage, London. ISBN 9781412922302.
(2022), What is Time-Space Compression?
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accumulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_accumulation"},{"link_name":"Dependency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_theory"},{"link_name":"Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_theory"},{"link_name":"Earth system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_system_science"},{"link_name":"Fiscal localism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_localism"},{"link_name":"Modernization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernization_theory"},{"link_name":"ecological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_modernization"},{"link_name":"history of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_modernisation_theory"},{"link_name":"Primitive accumulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital"},{"link_name":"Social change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_change"},{"link_name":"World history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_history_(field)"},{"link_name":"World-systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-systems_theory"},{"link_name":"David Autor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Autor"},{"link_name":"Richard Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Baldwin_(economist)"},{"link_name":"Ravi Batra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Batra"},{"link_name":"Jagdish Bhagwati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati"},{"link_name":"Robert Brenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Brenner"},{"link_name":"Jayati Ghosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh"},{"link_name":"Michael Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)"},{"link_name":"Branko Milanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Kevin O'Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke"},{"link_name":"Thomas Piketty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Piketty"},{"link_name":"Dani Rodrik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani_Rodrik"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs"},{"link_name":"Amartya Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stiglitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz"},{"link_name":"Samir Amin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir_Amin"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Arrighi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi"},{"link_name":"Robert W. Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Cox"},{"link_name":"Andre Gunder Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank"},{"link_name":"Stephen Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gill_(political_scientist)"},{"link_name":"Peter Gowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gowan"},{"link_name":"David Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Harvey"},{"link_name":"Ronen Palan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronen_Palan"},{"link_name":"Susan Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Strange"},{"link_name":"Robert Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wade_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"Arjun Appadurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjun_Appadurai"},{"link_name":"Daniele Archibugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi"},{"link_name":"K. Anthony Appiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah"},{"link_name":"Ulrich Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Beck"},{"link_name":"Walden Bello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_Bello"},{"link_name":"Jean Baudrillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard"},{"link_name":"Zygmunt Bauman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman"},{"link_name":"Manuel Castells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Castells"},{"link_name":"Christopher Chase-Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn"},{"link_name":"Alfred Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby"},{"link_name":"Nancy Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Fraser"},{"link_name":"Susan George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_George_(political_scientist)"},{"link_name":"Anthony Giddens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens"},{"link_name":"Michael Hardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hardt"},{"link_name":"David Held","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Held"},{"link_name":"Paul Hirst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hirst"},{"link_name":"L. H. M. Ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._H._M._Ling"},{"link_name":"Antonio Negri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Negri"},{"link_name":"George Ritzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ritzer"},{"link_name":"Saskia Sassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskia_Sassen"},{"link_name":"John Urry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Urry_(sociologist)"},{"link_name":"Immanuel Wallerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein"},{"link_name":"Noam Chomsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky"},{"link_name":"Thomas Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Friedman"},{"link_name":"Naomi Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Klein"},{"link_name":"John R. Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul"},{"link_name":"Vandana Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandana_Shiva"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Globalization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg"},{"link_name":"Business portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Business"}],"text":"Giddens, Anthony (1981). \"Time-Space Distanciation and the Generation of Power\". A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism: Power, Property and the State. London: Macmillan. pp. 90–108. ISBN 978-0-520-04535-4. Retrieved 23 May 2011.\nJeff Lewis (2008), Cultural Studies, Sage, London. ISBN 9781412922302.\n[Sophie Raine] (2022), What is Time-Space Compression?vteGlobalization\nJournals\n Outline\nStudies\nAspects\nAlter-globalization\nAnti-globalization movement\nCultural globalization\nDeglobalization\nDemocratic globalization\nEconomic globalization\nEnvironmental globalization\nGlobal citizenship\neducation\nGlobal financial system\nGlobal governance\nGlobal health\nGlobal politics\nGlobal workforce\nGlobality\nHistory of\narchaic\nearly modern\nMilitary globalization\nPolitical globalization\nTrade globalization\nIssuesGlobal\nClimate change\nClimate justice\nDisease\nCOVID-19 pandemic\nDigital divide\nLabor arbitrage\nMultilingualism\nPopulation\nTax havens\nOffshore financial centres\nTax inversions\nWater crisis\nOther\nBrain drain\nreverse\nCare drain\nDevelopment aid\nEconomic inequality\nEndangered languages\nFair trade\nForced displacement\nHuman rights\nIllicit financial flows\nImperialism\nacademic\ncultural\nlinguistic\nmedia\nscientific\nsocial\nInvasive species\nInvestor-state disputes\nMcDonaldization\nNew international division of labour\nNorth–South divide\nOffshoring\nRace to the bottom\npollution havens\nTransnational crime\nWesternization\nWorld war\nTheories\nCapital accumulation\nDependency\nDevelopment\nEarth system\nFiscal localism\nModernization\necological\nhistory of\nPrimitive accumulation\nSocial change\nWorld history\nWorld-systems\nNotablescholarsEconomics\nDavid Autor\nRichard Baldwin\nRavi Batra\nJagdish Bhagwati\nRobert Brenner\nJayati Ghosh\nMichael Hudson\nBranko Milanović\nKevin O'Rourke\nThomas Piketty\nDani Rodrik\nJeffrey Sachs\nAmartya Sen\nJoseph Stiglitz\nPolitical economy\nSamir Amin\nGiovanni Arrighi\nRobert W. Cox\nAndre Gunder Frank\nStephen Gill\nPeter Gowan\nDavid Harvey\nRonen Palan\nSusan Strange\nRobert Wade\nPolitics / sociology\nArjun Appadurai\nDaniele Archibugi\nK. Anthony Appiah\nUlrich Beck\nWalden Bello\nJean Baudrillard\nZygmunt Bauman\nManuel Castells\nChristopher Chase-Dunn\nAlfred Crosby\nNancy Fraser\nSusan George\nAnthony Giddens\nMichael Hardt\nDavid Held\nPaul Hirst\nL. H. M. Ling\nAntonio Negri\nGeorge Ritzer\nSaskia Sassen\nJohn Urry\nImmanuel Wallerstein\nNon–academic\nNoam Chomsky\nThomas Friedman\nNaomi Klein\nJohn R. Saul\nVandana Shiva\n\n Category\n Business portal","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Global village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_village"},{"title":"Late capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_capitalism"},{"title":"Late modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_modernism"},{"title":"Social production of space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_production_of_space"},{"title":"Space of flows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_of_flows"}]
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[{"reference":"Altvater, Elmar (1987). \"Ökologische und ökonomische Modalitäten von Zeit und Raum\". PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft (in German). 17 (67): 35–54. doi:10.32387/prokla.v17i67.1338.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.32387%2Fprokla.v17i67.1338","url_text":"\"Ökologische und ökonomische Modalitäten von Zeit und Raum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.32387%2Fprokla.v17i67.1338","url_text":"10.32387/prokla.v17i67.1338"}]},{"reference":"Altvater, Elmar (1989). \"Ecological and economic modalities of time and space\". Capitalism Nature Socialism. 1 (3): 59–70. doi:10.1080/10455758909358384.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10455758909358384","url_text":"10.1080/10455758909358384"}]},{"reference":"Massey, Doreen (1994). \"A Global Sense of Place\". Space, Place, and Gender. the University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816626162.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen_Massey_(geographer)","url_text":"Massey, Doreen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_University_of_Minnesota_Press&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"the University of Minnesota Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816626162","url_text":"0816626162"}]},{"reference":"Giddens, Anthony (1981). \"Time-Space Distanciation and the Generation of Power\". A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism: Power, Property and the State. London: Macmillan. pp. 90–108. ISBN 978-0-520-04535-4. Retrieved 23 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens","url_text":"Giddens, Anthony"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/contemporarycrit0001gidd","url_text":"\"Time-Space Distanciation and the Generation of Power\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/contemporarycrit0001gidd/page/90","url_text":"90"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04535-4","url_text":"978-0-520-04535-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamps_Act_1694
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Stamp act
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["1 Australia","2 England and United Kingdom Stamp Acts","2.1 Stamps Act 1694","2.2 Stamp Act 1765","2.3 Stamp Duties Management Act 1891 and Stamp Act 1891","2.4 The modern UK Stamp Act","3 Israel","4 People's Republic of China","5 United States","5.1 Stamp Act 1765","5.2 Revival","6 References"]
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Legislation placing a tax on documents
This article is about the general topic. For the tax on newspapers in the United Kingdom, see Stamp Act 1712. For the tax on printed material in the Thirteen Colonies, see Stamp Act 1765.
A stamp act is any legislation that requires a tax to be paid on the transfer of certain documents. Those who pay the tax receive an official stamp on their documents, making them legal documents. A variety of products have been covered by stamp acts including playing cards, dice, patent medicines, cheques, mortgages, contracts, marriage licenses and newspapers. The items may have to be physically stamped at approved government offices following payment of the duty, although methods involving annual payment of a fixed sum or purchase of adhesive stamps are more practical and common.
This system of taxation was first devised in the Netherlands in 1624 after a public competition to find a new form of tax. Stamp acts have been enforced in many countries, including Australia, Canada, People's Republic of China, Ireland, India, Malaysia, Israel, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.
The taxes raised under a stamp act are called stamp duty.
Australia
Stamps acts were enacted in various Australian states in 1878, 1882, 1886, 1890, and 1894, with amendments from 1892 to 1907. According to these acts, stamps were required on many types of business transactions: negotiable instruments, promissory notes, bills of lading, and receipts.
In Western Australia, duties of this type were overhauled in the Western Australian Stamp Act 1921, which took effect on 1 January 2010. In South Australia, the Stamp Duties Act 1923 was first enacted in 1923, then revised or amended almost yearly until its current version of 2017.
England and United Kingdom Stamp Acts
Stamps Act 1694
United Kingdom legislationStamps Act 1694Act of ParliamentParliament of EnglandLong titleAn Act for granting to theire Majesties severall Dutyes upon Velum Parchment and Paper for Four Yeares towards carryyng on the warr against France.Citation5 & 6 Will. & Mar. c. 21DatesRoyal assent25 April 1694Commencement28 June 1694Repealed1 January 1871Other legislationAmended byStamps (Amendment) Act 1694Repealed byInland Revenue Repeal Act 1870Status: RepealedText of statute as originally enacted
United Kingdom legislationStamps (Amendment) Act 1694Act of ParliamentParliament of EnglandLong titleAn Act for explaineing and regulateing several Doubts Duties and Penalties in the late Act for granting several Duties upon Velum Parchment and Paper and for ascertaineing the Admeasurement of the Tunnage of Ships.Citation6 & 7 Will. & Mar. c. 12DatesRoyal assent22 April 1695Repealed1 January 1871Other legislationAmendsStamps Act 1694Repealed byInland Revenue Repeal Act 1870Status: RepealedText of statute as originally enacted
United Kingdom legislationStamps Act 1697Act of ParliamentParliament of EnglandLong titleAn Act for granting to His Majesty His Heires & Successors further Duties upon Stampt Vellum Parchment. & Paper.Citation9 Will. 3. c. 25(Ruffhead: 9 & 10 Will. 3. c. 25)DatesRoyal assent5 July 1698Repealed1 January 1871Other legislationRepealed byInland Revenue Repeal Act 1870Relates toStamps Act 1694Bank of England Act 1696Status: RepealedText of statute as originally enacted
United Kingdom legislationStamps Act 1702Act of ParliamentParliament of EnglandLong titleAn Act for preventing Frauds in Her Majesty's Duties upon stampt Vellum, Parchment, and Paper.Citation1 Ann. St. 2. c. 19(Ruffhead: c. 22)DatesRoyal assent27 February 1703Repealed1 January 1871Other legislationRepealed byInland Revenue Repeal Act 1870Status: Repealed
United Kingdom legislationStamps Act 1709Act of ParliamentParliament of Great BritainLong titleAn Act for laying certain Duties upon Candles, and certain Rates upon Monies to be given with Clerks and Apprentices, towards raising Her Majesty's Supply, for the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Ten.Citation8 Ann. c. 5(Ruffhead: c. 9)DatesRoyal assent24 March 1710Repealed1 January 1871Other legislationRepealed byInland Revenue Repeal Act 1870Status: Repealed
United Kingdom legislationStamps Act 1710Act of ParliamentParliament of Great BritainLong titleAn Act for making good Deficiencies, and satisfying the Public Debts; and for erecting a Corporation to carry on a Trade to The South Seas; and for the Encouragement of the Fishery; and for Liberty to trade in unwrought Iron with the Subjects of Spain; and to repeal the Acts for registering Seamen.Citation9 Ann. c. 15Ruffhead c. 21DatesRoyal assent12 June 1711Repealed1 January 1871Other legislationRepealed byInland Revenue Repeal Act 1870Status: Repealed
United Kingdom legislationStamps (No. 2) Act 1710Act of ParliamentParliament of Great BritainLong titleAn Act for licensing and regulating Hackney Coaches and Chairs; and for charging certain new Duties on Stamped Vellum, Parchment, and Paper, and on Cards and Dice, and on the Exportation of Rock Salt for Ireland; and for securing thereby, and by a Weekly Payment out of the Post-office, and by several Duties on Hides and Skins, a Yearly Fund of One Hundred Eighty-six Thousand Six Hundred and Seventy Pounds, for Thirty-two Years, to be applied to the Satisfaction of such Orders as are therein mentioned, to the Contributors of any Sum, not exceeding Two Millions, to be raised for carrying on the War, and other Her Majesty's Occasions.Citation9 Ann. c. 16Ruffhead c. 23DatesRoyal assent12 June 1711Other legislationRepealed byInland Revenue Repeal Act 1870Status: Repealed
A stamp duty was first introduced in England in 1694 following the Dutch model as An act for granting to Their Majesties several duties on Vellum, Parchment and Paper for four years, towards carrying on the war against France (5 & 6 Will. & Mar. c. 21). The duty ranged between 1 penny to several shillings on a number of different legal documents including insurance policies, documents used as evidence in courts, grants of honour, grants of probate and letters of administration. It raised around £50,000 a year and although it was initially a temporary measure, it proved so successful that its use was continued.
Stamp Act 1765
Main article: Stamp Act 1712
United Kingdom legislationStamp Act 1712Act of ParliamentParliament of Great BritainLong titleAn Act for altering the Stamp Duties upon Admissions into Corporations or Companies; and for further securing and improving the Stamp Duties in Great Britain.Citation10 Ann. c. 18(Ruffhead: c. 19)DatesCommencement5 July 1765Repealed1 July 1855Status: Repealed
United Kingdom legislationStamps Act 1713Act of ParliamentParliament of Great BritainCitation13 Ann. c. 18(Ruffhead: 12 Ann. St. 2 c. 9)Other legislationRepealed byInland Revenue Repeal Act 1870Status: Repealed
The Stamp Act 1712 was an act passed in the United Kingdom on March 22nd 1765 to create a new tax on publishers, particularly of newspapers. The initial assessed rate of tax was one penny per whole newspaper sheet, a halfpenny for a half sheet, and one shilling per advertisement contained within. Other than newspapers, it required that all pamphlets, legal documents, commercial bills, advertisements, and other papers be issued the tax. The act was increased in 1797 with greater taxes and wider spectrum of materials affected, reached its height around 1815 during the "taxes on knowledge" struggle, reduced in 1836, and repealed in 1855.
The stamp tax was a tax on each newspaper and thus hit cheaper papers and popular readership harder than wealthy consumers, because it formed a higher proportion of the purchase price. The act had a chilling effect on publishers; the tax is blamed for the decline of English literature critical of the government during the period, notably with The Spectator ending the same year of the tax's enactment. Its repeal in 1855 allowed a cheap press again.
Stamp Duties Management Act 1891 and Stamp Act 1891
United Kingdom legislationStamp Duties Management Act 1891Act of ParliamentParliament of the United KingdomLong titleAn Act to consolidate the Law relating to the Management of Stamp Duties.Citation54 & 55 Vict. c. 38DatesRoyal assent21 July 1891Other legislationRepeals/revokesAdministration of Estates (Probate) Act 1800Stamp Duties Act 1850Stamp Duties Management Act 1870Status: AmendedText of statute as originally enactedText of the Stamp Duties Management Act 1891 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.
United Kingdom legislationStamp Act 1891Act of ParliamentParliament of the United KingdomLong titleAn Act to consolidate the Enactments granting and relating to the Stamp Duties upon Instruments and certain other enactments relating to Stamp Duties.Citation54 & 55 Vict. c. 39DatesRoyal assent21 July 1891Other legislationRepeals/revokesStamps Act 1871Canadian Stock Stamp Act 1874Sea Insurance (Stamping of Policies) Amendment Act 1876Status: AmendedText of statute as originally enactedText of the Stamp Act 1891 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.
All the above Acts were superseded by the Stamp Duties Management Act 1891 and the Stamp Act 1891, which still constitute the bulk of UK law on stamp duties today.
The modern UK Stamp Act
From 1914 to 1928, the Director of Stamping at the Stamp Office oversaw the production of Treasury Notes (a type of banknote, not to be confused with US Treasury notes). These were issued for denominations of £1 and 10's to enable coins to be removed from circulation and were not convertible to gold. Existing Bank of England banknotes in higher denominations continued to circulate alongside the Treasury Notes. In 1963 production of postage stamps passed to the General Post Office.
The Finance Act 1986 introduced Stamp Duty Reserve Tax. From October 27, 1986, the charge was imposed on 'closing' transactions at the London Stock Exchange which until then had been transactions where no document was used and therefore exempt from Stamp Duty.
A public display of Stamp Office artifacts and records was held at the Courtauld Institute in 1994 to commemorate the three hundredth anniversary of the introduction of UK Stamp Duty. The Stamp Office was also awarded the Charter Mark by John Major's Advisory Committee as a reward for its public service.
Stamp duties are the oldest taxes still raised by the HM Revenue and Customs.
Israel
Main article: Taxation in Israel
Israel used to have a stamp duty on signed documents, which was regulated by the 1961 "Stamp Tax on Documents" (Law 5731-1961), the 1965 "Stamp Tax on Documents Regulations", and subsequent Additions. The stamp duty was repealed as of 2006.
People's Republic of China
Main article: Taxation in China
As part of domestic taxation, the PRC includes a stamp tax as one of the "behavioural taxes". Foreign investors are also subject to a stamp tax. Stamp taxes in China are governed by "Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China Concerning Stamp Tax Detailed Rules for Its Implementation", implemented in 1988. In 1997, stamp taxes produced revenue of 26.63 billion yuan and comprised 3.6% of China's gross domestic product.
United States
Stamp Act 1765
Main article: Stamp Act 1765 See also: American Revolutionary War § Background and political developments
After Great Britain was victorious over France in the Seven Years' War – which manifested in America as the French and Indian War – a small Stamp Act was enacted that covered all sorts of documents. The Stamp Act 1765 (short title Duties in American Colonies Act 1765; 5 Geo. 3. c. 12) was a direct tax imposed by the British Parliament on the colonies of British America. The act required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London and carrying an embossed revenue stamp. These printed materials were on every legal document, magazine, and newspaper, plus many other types of paper used throughout the colonies, including playing cards. Unlike previous taxes, the stamp tax had to be paid in valid British currency, not in colonial paper money.
The purpose of the tax was to help pay for troops stationed in North America. The British government felt that the colonies were the primary beneficiaries of this military presence, and the colonial population should pay at least a portion of the expense. The colonists claimed their constitutional rights were violated since only their own colonial legislatures could levy taxes. The colonies sent no representatives to Parliament, and therefore had no influence over what taxes were raised, how they were levied, or how they would be spent. Some opponents of the Stamp Act distinguished between "internal" taxes like the stamp duty, which they claimed Parliament had no right to impose, and revenue legitimately raised through the regulation on trade. In general, however, most colonists considered the Act to be a violation of their rights as Englishmen to be taxed without their consent – consent that only the colonial legislatures could grant because Americans were unrepresented in Parliament. The rallying cry of "No Taxation without Representation" reflected an increasingly major grievance that led to the American Revolution. The Americans saw no need for the troops or the taxes; the British saw colonial defiance of their lawful rulers.
The Stamp Act met great resistance in the colonies. Colonial assemblies sent petitions and protests. Local protest groups, led by colonial merchants and landowners, established connections through correspondence – the so-called "Committees of Correspondence – that created a loose coalition extending from New England to Georgia. British goods were boycotted. Opposition to the tax also took the form of violence and intimidation. Custom houses and tax collectors were attacked. Protests and demonstrations initiated by the newly formed Sons of Liberty often turned violent and destructive as the masses became involved. A word used frequently by colonists was "liberty" during the Stamp Act upheaval. Opponents of the new tax staged mock funerals in which "liberty's" coffin was carried to a burial ground. They insisted that liberty could not be "taken away without consent."
A more reasoned approach was taken by some elements. James Otis, Jr. wrote the most influential protest, The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved. Otis, the radical leader in Massachusetts, convinced the Massachusetts assembly to send a circular letter to the other colonies, which called for an inter-colonial meeting to plan tempered resistance. The Stamp Act Congress convened in New York City on October 7, 1765, with nine colonies in attendance; others would likely have participated if earlier notice had been provided. The Stamp Act Congress was another step in the process of attempted common problem-solving. The Albany Congress in 1754 had been held at the urging of royal officials as a forum for voicing constitutional concerns and afforded the more conservative critics of British policy some hope of regaining control of events from the unruly mobs in the streets of many cities; in contrast, the Stamp Act Congress was strictly a colonial affair, reflecting the first significant joint colonial response to any British measure. Delegates to the Stamp Act Congress approved a fourteen-point Declaration of Rights and Grievances as a petition to the Parliament and the King, formulated largely by John Dickinson of Pennsylvania. The statement echoed the recent resolves of the Virginia House of Burgesses, which argued that colonial taxation could only be carried on by their own assemblies. The delegates singled out the Stamp Act and the use of the vice-admiralty courts for special criticism, yet ended their statement with a pledge of loyalty to the King.
Opposition to the Stamp Act was not limited to the colonies. In Canada, Nova Scotia largely ignored the Act; they allowed ships bearing unstamped papers to enter its ports, and business continued unabated after the distributors ran out of stamps. Newfoundland experienced some protests and petitions based on legislation dating back to the reign of Edward VI forbidding any sort of duties on the importation of goods related to its fisheries. The Caribbean colonies also protested. Political opposition was expressed in a number of colonies, including Barbados and Antigua, and by absentee landowners living in Britain. The worst violence took place on St. Kitts and Nevis, with rioting and blockage of stamp delivery. Montserrat and Antigua also succeeded in avoiding the use of stamps. In Jamaica there was also vocal opposition, and much evasion of the stamps. British merchants and manufacturers, whose exports to the colonies were threatened by colonial boycotts, also pressured Parliament.
The act was repealed in early 1766, although the Declaratory Act maintained Parliament's right to tax the colonies.
Revival
Main article: Revenue stamps of the United States
"Revenue stamps" were revived in the United States during the American Civil War. In 1862, the United States (Union) government began taxing a variety of goods, services, and legal dealings, in an effort to raise revenue for the great costs of the war. To confirm that taxes were paid a "revenue stamp" was purchased and appropriately affixed to the taxable item. This excise tax continued until the federal government finished paying the war debt in 1883, at which time the tax was repealed.
In 1898, revenue stamps were again issued, to provide funding for the Spanish–American War. Tax was levied on a wide range of goods and services including alcohol, tobacco, tea, and other amusements and also on various legal and business transactions such as stock certificates, bills of lading, manifests, and marine insurance. To pay these tax duties revenue tax stamps were purchased and affixed to the taxable item or respective certificate.
Revenue stamps were issued at irregular intervals for alcohol products, tobacco products, matches, proprietary medicines, and perfumes. Revenue stamps were finally discontinued on December 31, 1967.
References
^ Dagnall, H. (1994) Creating a Good Impression: three hundred years of The Stamp Office and stamp duties. London: HMSO, p. 100. ISBN 0116414189
^ a b Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, Melbourne (1908). Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, Containing Authoritative Statistics for the period 1901-1907 and Corrected Statistics for the period 1788 to 1900. Vol. 1.-1908. Melbourne, Australia: McCarron, Bird & Co. pp. 675–676.
^ Leuii, Janina (19 May 2010). "Changes to the Western Australian Stamp Act 1921". Insider. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
^ Stamp Duties Act 1923 (PDF), Government of South Australia, 15 March 2017
^ Russell, David Lee (2000). The American Revolution in the Southern Colonies. McFarland & Company. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7864-0783-5.
^ Thomas, Joseph M. (1916). "Swift and the Stamp Act of 1712". PMLA. 31 (2). Modern Language Association: 247–263. doi:10.2307/456958. JSTOR 456958.
^ Downie, J. A. (1979). "7 - The Stamp Act of 1712". Robert Harley and the Press: Propaganda and Public Opinion in the Age of Swift and Defoe. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
^ "BBC News - The key moments that shaped the British press". Bbc.co.uk. 2012-11-17. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
^ Ehrenpreis, Irvin (1967). Swift: The Man, His Works, And The Age. Vol. II: Dr. Swift. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674858329. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
^ "Stamp Act". Infoplease.com. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
^ "A brief timeline of UK newspaper publishing". Making the Modern World. The Science Museum. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
^ Justice, George (2002). The Manufacturers of Literature: Writing and the Literary Marketplace in Eighteenth-Century England. University of Delaware Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-87413-750-7. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
^ a b c Department of Customs & VAT (5 May 2004). "Notice to the Public: Stamp Tax". The State of Israel. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
^ Stamp Tax on Documents: Law 5731-1961, a full text English translation incorporating all changes up to and including September 1, 2003, Haifa: Aryeh Greenfield-A.G., September 2003, LCCN 2004418547, OCLC 54429051, OL 3361544M
^ Taxation and Investment in Israel 2012: Reach, relevance and reliability (PDF), Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, p. 14
^ Morgan and Morgan (1995), pp. 96-97.
^ Ivester, Hermann (December 2009). "The Stamp Act of 1765 - A Serendipitous Find". The Revenue Journal. XX (3). The Revenue Society: 87–89.
^ a b c "A Summary of the 1765 Stamp Act". Education. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
^ Morgan, Edmund S.; Morgan, Helen M. (1995). The Stamp Act Crisis: Prologue to Revolution. The University of North Carolina Press. ASIN B01FGOQCC4.
^ a b c d "This Day in History: March 18, 1766 – Parliament repeals the Stamp Act". History. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
^ Wood, Gordon S. (2002). The American Revolution: A History. Modern Library. p. 24. ASIN B01K2REAH4.
^ Weinsteiger, Brigitte. "Colonial American Timeline". Building Community: Medieval Technology and American History. Pennsylvania State University, Center for Medieval Studies. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
^ Foner, Eric (2008). Give Me Liberty! An American History, Volume One (Second ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 176, 178. ASIN B011DC94BO.
^ Kerr, Wilfred B. (September 1933). "The Stamp Act in Nova Scotia". New England Quarterly. 6 (3): 552–566. doi:10.2307/359557. JSTOR 359557.
^ Anspach, Lewis Amadeus (1819). A History of the Island of Newfoundland. London: self-published. p. 192. OCLC 1654202.
^ O'Shaughnessy, Andrew J. (Apr 1994). "The Stamp Act Crisis in the British Caribbean". William and Mary Quarterly. 51 (2): 203–26. doi:10.2307/2946860. JSTOR 2946860.
^ a b c "5000-dollar Washington". Arago: People, Postage & the Post. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
^ Garbade, Kenneth D. (2012). Birth of a Market: The U.S. Treasury Securities Market From the Great War to the Great Depression. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p. 29.
^ "General Issues". Arago: People, Postage & the Post. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stamp Act 1712","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_1712"},{"link_name":"Stamp Act 1765","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765"},{"link_name":"playing cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_cards"},{"link_name":"dice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dice"},{"link_name":"patent medicines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_medicine"},{"link_name":"cheques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheque"},{"link_name":"mortgages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_law"},{"link_name":"contracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract"},{"link_name":"marriage licenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_license"},{"link_name":"newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"physically stamped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressed_duty_stamp"},{"link_name":"adhesive stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_stamp"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dagnall-1"},{"link_name":"stamp duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_duty"}],"text":"This article is about the general topic. For the tax on newspapers in the United Kingdom, see Stamp Act 1712. For the tax on printed material in the Thirteen Colonies, see Stamp Act 1765.A stamp act is any legislation that requires a tax to be paid on the transfer of certain documents. Those who pay the tax receive an official stamp on their documents, making them legal documents. A variety of products have been covered by stamp acts including playing cards, dice, patent medicines, cheques, mortgages, contracts, marriage licenses and newspapers. The items may have to be physically stamped at approved government offices following payment of the duty, although methods involving annual payment of a fixed sum or purchase of adhesive stamps are more practical and common.This system of taxation was first devised in the Netherlands in 1624 after a public competition to find a new form of tax.[1] Stamp acts have been enforced in many countries, including Australia, Canada, People's Republic of China, Ireland, India, Malaysia, Israel, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.The taxes raised under a stamp act are called stamp duty.","title":"Stamp act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YearBook1908-2"},{"link_name":"negotiable instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiable_instrument"},{"link_name":"promissory notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promissory_note"},{"link_name":"bills of lading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_lading"},{"link_name":"receipts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receipt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YearBook1908-2"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Stamps acts were enacted in various Australian states in 1878, 1882, 1886, 1890, and 1894, with amendments from 1892 to 1907.[2] According to these acts, stamps were required on many types of business transactions: negotiable instruments, promissory notes, bills of lading, and receipts.[2]In Western Australia, duties of this type were overhauled in the Western Australian Stamp Act 1921, which took effect on 1 January 2010.[3] In South Australia, the Stamp Duties Act 1923 was first enacted in 1923, then revised or amended almost yearly until its current version of 2017.[4]","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"England and United Kingdom Stamp Acts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stamp duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_duty"},{"link_name":"Vellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellum"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"5 & 6 Will. & Mar.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_%26_6_Will._%26_Mar."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"shillings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilling"}],"sub_title":"Stamps Act 1694","text":"United Kingdom legislationUnited Kingdom legislationUnited Kingdom legislationUnited Kingdom legislationUnited Kingdom legislationUnited Kingdom legislationUnited Kingdom legislationA stamp duty was first introduced in England in 1694 following the Dutch model as An act for granting to Their Majesties several duties on Vellum, Parchment and Paper for four years, towards carrying on the war against France (5 & 6 Will. & Mar. c. 21).[5] The duty ranged between 1 penny to several shillings on a number of different legal documents including insurance policies, documents used as evidence in courts, grants of honour, grants of probate and letters of administration. It raised around £50,000 a year and although it was initially a temporary measure, it proved so successful that its use was continued.","title":"England and United Kingdom Stamp Acts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stamp Act 1712","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_1712"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas-1916-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"taxes on knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxes_on_knowledge"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"chilling effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilling_effect_(law)"},{"link_name":"The Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator_(1711)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Justice2002-12"}],"sub_title":"Stamp Act 1765","text":"United Kingdom legislationUnited Kingdom legislationThe Stamp Act 1712 was an act passed in the United Kingdom on March 22nd 1765 to create a new tax on publishers, particularly of newspapers.[6][7][8] The initial assessed rate of tax was one penny per whole newspaper sheet, a halfpenny for a half sheet, and one shilling per advertisement contained within.[9] Other than newspapers, it required that all pamphlets, legal documents, commercial bills, advertisements, and other papers be issued the tax.[10] The act was increased in 1797 with greater taxes and wider spectrum of materials affected, reached its height around 1815 during the \"taxes on knowledge\" struggle, reduced in 1836, and repealed in 1855.[11]The stamp tax was a tax on each newspaper and thus hit cheaper papers and popular readership harder than wealthy consumers, because it formed a higher proportion of the purchase price. The act had a chilling effect on publishers; the tax is blamed for the decline of English literature critical of the government during the period, notably with The Spectator ending the same year of the tax's enactment.[12] Its repeal in 1855 allowed a cheap press again.","title":"England and United Kingdom Stamp Acts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Stamp Duties Management Act 1891 and Stamp Act 1891","text":"United Kingdom legislationUnited Kingdom legislationAll the above Acts were superseded by the Stamp Duties Management Act 1891 and the Stamp Act 1891, which still constitute the bulk of UK law on stamp duties today.","title":"England and United Kingdom Stamp Acts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stamp Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Office"},{"link_name":"US Treasury notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_security#Treasury_note"},{"link_name":"General Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office"},{"link_name":"Finance Act 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_Act_1986"},{"link_name":"Stamp Duty Reserve Tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_duty#Stamp_Duty_Reserve_Tax"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"artifacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"Courtauld Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtauld_Institute"},{"link_name":"Charter Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_Mark"},{"link_name":"John Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Major"},{"link_name":"HM Revenue and Customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs"}],"sub_title":"The modern UK Stamp Act","text":"From 1914 to 1928, the Director of Stamping at the Stamp Office oversaw the production of Treasury Notes (a type of banknote, not to be confused with US Treasury notes). These were issued for denominations of £1 and 10's to enable coins to be removed from circulation and were not convertible to gold. Existing Bank of England banknotes in higher denominations continued to circulate alongside the Treasury Notes. In 1963 production of postage stamps passed to the General Post Office.The Finance Act 1986 introduced Stamp Duty Reserve Tax. From October 27, 1986, the charge was imposed on 'closing' transactions at the London Stock Exchange which until then had been transactions where no document was used and therefore exempt from Stamp Duty.A public display of Stamp Office artifacts and records was held at the Courtauld Institute in 1994 to commemorate the three hundredth anniversary of the introduction of UK Stamp Duty. The Stamp Office was also awarded the Charter Mark by John Major's Advisory Committee as a reward for its public service.Stamp duties are the oldest taxes still raised by the HM Revenue and Customs.","title":"England and United Kingdom Stamp Acts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Customs&VAT-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Customs&VAT-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Customs&VAT-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Israel used to have a stamp duty on signed documents,[13] which was regulated by the 1961 \"Stamp Tax on Documents\" (Law 5731-1961),[14] the 1965 \"Stamp Tax on Documents Regulations\",[13] and subsequent Additions.[13] The stamp duty was repealed as of 2006.[15]","title":"Israel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi"},{"link_name":"gross domestic product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product"}],"text":"As part of domestic taxation, the PRC includes a stamp tax as one of the \"behavioural taxes\". Foreign investors are also subject to a stamp tax. Stamp taxes in China are governed by \"Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China Concerning Stamp Tax Detailed Rules for Its Implementation\", implemented in 1988. In 1997, stamp taxes produced revenue of 26.63 billion yuan and comprised 3.6% of China's gross domestic product.","title":"People's Republic of China"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War § Background and political developments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War#Background_and_political_developments"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"French and Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_War"},{"link_name":"Stamp Act 1765","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765"},{"link_name":"direct tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_tax"},{"link_name":"British Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"British America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_America"},{"link_name":"stamped paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamped_paper"},{"link_name":"revenue stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_stamp"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williamsburg-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williamsburg-18"},{"link_name":"No Taxation without Representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Taxation_without_Representation"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThisDay-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Committees of Correspondence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committees_of_Correspondence"},{"link_name":"boycotted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycotted"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThisDay-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PennState-22"},{"link_name":"Custom houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom_house"},{"link_name":"tax collectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_collectors"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThisDay-20"},{"link_name":"Sons of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"James Otis, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Otis,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Stamp Act Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress"},{"link_name":"Stamp Act Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress"},{"link_name":"Albany Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Congress"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"John Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dickinson_(Pennsylvania_and_Delaware)"},{"link_name":"House of Burgesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Burgesses"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williamsburg-18"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)"},{"link_name":"Edward VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"Antigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua"},{"link_name":"St. Kitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Kitts"},{"link_name":"Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis"},{"link_name":"Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Declaratory Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaratory_Act"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThisDay-20"}],"sub_title":"Stamp Act 1765","text":"See also: American Revolutionary War § Background and political developmentsAfter Great Britain was victorious over France in the Seven Years' War – which manifested in America as the French and Indian War – a small Stamp Act was enacted that covered all sorts of documents. The Stamp Act 1765 (short title Duties in American Colonies Act 1765; 5 Geo. 3. c. 12) was a direct tax imposed by the British Parliament on the colonies of British America. The act required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London and carrying an embossed revenue stamp.[16][17] These printed materials were on every legal document, magazine, and newspaper, plus many other types of paper used throughout the colonies, including playing cards.[18] Unlike previous taxes, the stamp tax had to be paid in valid British currency, not in colonial paper money.The purpose of the tax was to help pay for troops stationed in North America. The British government felt that the colonies were the primary beneficiaries of this military presence, and the colonial population should pay at least a portion of the expense. The colonists claimed their constitutional rights were violated since only their own colonial legislatures could levy taxes.[19] The colonies sent no representatives to Parliament, and therefore had no influence over what taxes were raised, how they were levied, or how they would be spent. Some opponents of the Stamp Act distinguished between \"internal\" taxes like the stamp duty, which they claimed Parliament had no right to impose, and revenue legitimately raised through the regulation on trade.[18] In general, however, most colonists considered the Act to be a violation of their rights as Englishmen to be taxed without their consent – consent that only the colonial legislatures could grant because Americans were unrepresented in Parliament. The rallying cry of \"No Taxation without Representation\" reflected an increasingly major grievance that led to the American Revolution.[20] The Americans saw no need for the troops or the taxes; the British saw colonial defiance of their lawful rulers.[21]The Stamp Act met great resistance in the colonies. Colonial assemblies sent petitions and protests. Local protest groups, led by colonial merchants and landowners, established connections through correspondence – the so-called \"Committees of Correspondence – that created a loose coalition extending from New England to Georgia. British goods were boycotted.[20][22] Opposition to the tax also took the form of violence and intimidation. Custom houses and tax collectors were attacked.[20] Protests and demonstrations initiated by the newly formed Sons of Liberty often turned violent and destructive as the masses became involved. A word used frequently by colonists was \"liberty\" during the Stamp Act upheaval. Opponents of the new tax staged mock funerals in which \"liberty's\" coffin was carried to a burial ground. They insisted that liberty could not be \"taken away without consent.\"[23]A more reasoned approach was taken by some elements. James Otis, Jr. wrote the most influential protest, The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved. Otis, the radical leader in Massachusetts, convinced the Massachusetts assembly to send a circular letter to the other colonies, which called for an inter-colonial meeting to plan tempered resistance. The Stamp Act Congress convened in New York City on October 7, 1765, with nine colonies in attendance; others would likely have participated if earlier notice had been provided. The Stamp Act Congress was another step in the process of attempted common problem-solving. The Albany Congress in 1754 had been held at the urging of royal officials as a forum for voicing constitutional concerns and afforded the more conservative critics of British policy some hope of regaining control of events from the unruly mobs in the streets of many cities; in contrast, the Stamp Act Congress was strictly a colonial affair, reflecting the first significant joint colonial response to any British measure. Delegates to the Stamp Act Congress approved a fourteen-point Declaration of Rights and Grievances as a petition to the Parliament and the King, formulated largely by John Dickinson of Pennsylvania. The statement echoed the recent resolves of the Virginia House of Burgesses, which argued that colonial taxation could only be carried on by their own assemblies.[18] The delegates singled out the Stamp Act and the use of the vice-admiralty courts for special criticism, yet ended their statement with a pledge of loyalty to the King.Opposition to the Stamp Act was not limited to the colonies. In Canada, Nova Scotia largely ignored the Act; they allowed ships bearing unstamped papers to enter its ports, and business continued unabated after the distributors ran out of stamps.[24] Newfoundland experienced some protests and petitions based on legislation dating back to the reign of Edward VI forbidding any sort of duties on the importation of goods related to its fisheries.[25] The Caribbean colonies also protested. Political opposition was expressed in a number of colonies, including Barbados and Antigua, and by absentee landowners living in Britain. The worst violence took place on St. Kitts and Nevis, with rioting and blockage of stamp delivery. Montserrat and Antigua also succeeded in avoiding the use of stamps. In Jamaica there was also vocal opposition, and much evasion of the stamps.[26] British merchants and manufacturers, whose exports to the colonies were threatened by colonial boycotts, also pressured Parliament.The act was repealed in early 1766, although the Declaratory Act maintained Parliament's right to tax the colonies.[20]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PostalMuseum-Washington-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PostalMuseum-Washington-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PostalMuseum-Washington-27"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"stock certificates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_certificates"},{"link_name":"bills of lading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_lading"},{"link_name":"manifests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_(transportation)"},{"link_name":"marine insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_insurance"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PostalMuseum-General-29"}],"sub_title":"Revival","text":"\"Revenue stamps\" were revived in the United States during the American Civil War. In 1862, the United States (Union) government began taxing a variety of goods, services, and legal dealings, in an effort to raise revenue for the great costs of the war.[27] To confirm that taxes were paid a \"revenue stamp\" was purchased and appropriately affixed to the taxable item.[27] This excise tax continued until the federal government finished paying the war debt in 1883, at which time the tax was repealed.[27]In 1898, revenue stamps were again issued, to provide funding for the Spanish–American War. Tax was levied on a wide range of goods and services including alcohol, tobacco, tea, and other amusements and also on various legal and business transactions such as stock certificates, bills of lading, manifests, and marine insurance. To pay these tax duties revenue tax stamps were purchased and affixed to the taxable item or respective certificate.[28]Revenue stamps were issued at irregular intervals for alcohol products, tobacco products, matches, proprietary medicines, and perfumes.[29] Revenue stamps were finally discontinued on December 31, 1967.","title":"United States"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, Melbourne (1908). Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, Containing Authoritative Statistics for the period 1901-1907 and Corrected Statistics for the period 1788 to 1900. Vol. 1.-1908. Melbourne, Australia: McCarron, Bird & Co. pp. 675–676.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fxF0dz0su4cC","url_text":"Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, Containing Authoritative Statistics for the period 1901-1907 and Corrected Statistics for the period 1788 to 1900"}]},{"reference":"Leuii, Janina (19 May 2010). \"Changes to the Western Australian Stamp Act 1921\". Insider. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 12 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.thomsonreuters.com.au/2010/05/changes-to-the-western-australian-stamp-act-1921/","url_text":"\"Changes to the Western Australian Stamp Act 1921\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Reuters","url_text":"Thomson Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Stamp Duties Act 1923 (PDF), Government of South Australia, 15 March 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/STAMP%20DUTIES%20ACT%201923/CURRENT/1923.1569.UN.PDF","url_text":"Stamp Duties Act 1923"}]},{"reference":"Russell, David Lee (2000). The American Revolution in the Southern Colonies. McFarland & Company. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7864-0783-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0783-5","url_text":"978-0-7864-0783-5"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Joseph M. (1916). \"Swift and the Stamp Act of 1712\". PMLA. 31 (2). Modern Language Association: 247–263. doi:10.2307/456958. JSTOR 456958.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F456958","url_text":"10.2307/456958"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/456958","url_text":"456958"}]},{"reference":"Downie, J. A. (1979). \"7 - The Stamp Act of 1712\". Robert Harley and the Press: Propaganda and Public Opinion in the Age of Swift and Defoe. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2013-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9780511895890&cid=CBO9780511895890A016","url_text":"\"7 - The Stamp Act of 1712\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC News - The key moments that shaped the British press\". Bbc.co.uk. 2012-11-17. Retrieved 2013-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-20350074","url_text":"\"BBC News - The key moments that shaped the British press\""}]},{"reference":"Ehrenpreis, Irvin (1967). Swift: The Man, His Works, And The Age. Vol. II: Dr. Swift. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674858329. Retrieved 2013-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvin_Ehrenpreis","url_text":"Ehrenpreis, Irvin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YBCdZpj7g3oC&q=swift%20stamp%20act&pg=PA568","url_text":"Swift: The Man, His Works, And The Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674858329","url_text":"9780674858329"}]},{"reference":"\"Stamp Act\". Infoplease.com. Retrieved December 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/stamp-act.html","url_text":"\"Stamp Act\""}]},{"reference":"\"A brief timeline of UK newspaper publishing\". Making the Modern World. The Science Museum. Retrieved December 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/history/04.TU.04/?style=expander_popup&filename=expandables/04.EX.08.xml","url_text":"\"A brief timeline of UK newspaper publishing\""}]},{"reference":"Justice, George (2002). The Manufacturers of Literature: Writing and the Literary Marketplace in Eighteenth-Century England. University of Delaware Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-87413-750-7. Retrieved 10 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cVYiuo_4F9MC","url_text":"The Manufacturers of Literature: Writing and the Literary Marketplace in Eighteenth-Century England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-750-7","url_text":"978-0-87413-750-7"}]},{"reference":"Department of Customs & VAT (5 May 2004). \"Notice to the Public: Stamp Tax\". The State of Israel. Retrieved 27 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://ozar.mof.gov.il/ita2013/1999to2008/1997to2004/eng/hodaa05_05_04_2.htm","url_text":"\"Notice to the Public: Stamp Tax\""}]},{"reference":"Stamp Tax on Documents: Law 5731-1961, a full text English translation incorporating all changes up to and including September 1, 2003, Haifa: Aryeh Greenfield-A.G., September 2003, LCCN 2004418547, OCLC 54429051, OL 3361544M","urls":[{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/works/OL793122W/Stamp_tax_on_documents_law_5731-1961","url_text":"Stamp Tax on Documents: Law 5731-1961, a full text English translation incorporating all changes up to and including September 1, 2003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2004418547","url_text":"2004418547"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54429051","url_text":"54429051"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3361544M","url_text":"3361544M"}]},{"reference":"Taxation and Investment in Israel 2012: Reach, relevance and reliability (PDF), Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, p. 14","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Tax/dttl-tax-israelguide-2012.pdf","url_text":"Taxation and Investment in Israel 2012: Reach, relevance and reliability"}]},{"reference":"Ivester, Hermann (December 2009). \"The Stamp Act of 1765 - A Serendipitous Find\". The Revenue Journal. XX (3). The Revenue Society: 87–89.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_Society","url_text":"Revenue Society"}]},{"reference":"\"A Summary of the 1765 Stamp Act\". Education. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Retrieved 12 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.org/history/teaching/tchcrsta.cfm","url_text":"\"A Summary of the 1765 Stamp Act\""}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Edmund S.; Morgan, Helen M. (1995). The Stamp Act Crisis: Prologue to Revolution. The University of North Carolina Press. ASIN B01FGOQCC4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01FGOQCC4","url_text":"B01FGOQCC4"}]},{"reference":"\"This Day in History: March 18, 1766 – Parliament repeals the Stamp Act\". History. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved 12 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/parliament-repeals-the-stamp-act","url_text":"\"This Day in History: March 18, 1766 – Parliament repeals the Stamp Act\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_network)","url_text":"History"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Gordon S. (2002). The American Revolution: A History. Modern Library. p. 24. ASIN B01K2REAH4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti00gord","url_text":"The American Revolution: A History"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti00gord/page/24","url_text":"24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01K2REAH4","url_text":"B01K2REAH4"}]},{"reference":"Weinsteiger, Brigitte. \"Colonial American Timeline\". Building Community: Medieval Technology and American History. Pennsylvania State University, Center for Medieval Studies. Retrieved 12 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engr.psu.edu/mtah/timelines/timeline3.htm","url_text":"\"Colonial American Timeline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University","url_text":"Pennsylvania State University"}]},{"reference":"Foner, Eric (2008). Give Me Liberty! An American History, Volume One (Second ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 176, 178. ASIN B011DC94BO.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B011DC94BO","url_text":"B011DC94BO"}]},{"reference":"Kerr, Wilfred B. (September 1933). \"The Stamp Act in Nova Scotia\". New England Quarterly. 6 (3): 552–566. doi:10.2307/359557. JSTOR 359557.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F359557","url_text":"10.2307/359557"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/359557","url_text":"359557"}]},{"reference":"Anspach, Lewis Amadeus (1819). A History of the Island of Newfoundland. London: self-published. p. 192. OCLC 1654202.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ahistoryislandn00anspgoog","url_text":"A History of the Island of Newfoundland"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ahistoryislandn00anspgoog/page/n220","url_text":"192"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1654202","url_text":"1654202"}]},{"reference":"O'Shaughnessy, Andrew J. (Apr 1994). \"The Stamp Act Crisis in the British Caribbean\". William and Mary Quarterly. 51 (2): 203–26. doi:10.2307/2946860. JSTOR 2946860.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2946860","url_text":"10.2307/2946860"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2946860","url_text":"2946860"}]},{"reference":"\"5000-dollar Washington\". Arago: People, Postage & the Post. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved 12 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2047019","url_text":"\"5000-dollar Washington\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Postal_Museum","url_text":"National Postal Museum"}]},{"reference":"Garbade, Kenneth D. (2012). Birth of a Market: The U.S. Treasury Securities Market From the Great War to the Great Depression. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p. 29.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"General Issues\". Arago: People, Postage & the Post. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved 12 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://arago.si.edu/record_73270_img_1.html","url_text":"\"General Issues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Postal_Museum","url_text":"National Postal Museum"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol6/pp495-502","external_links_name":"Text of statute as originally enacted"},{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol6/pp592-593","external_links_name":"Text of statute as originally enacted"},{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol7/pp386-393","external_links_name":"Text of statute as originally enacted"},{"Link":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/54-55/38/contents/enacted","external_links_name":"Text of statute as originally enacted"},{"Link":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/id?title=Stamp+Duties+Management+Act+1891","external_links_name":"Text of the Stamp Duties Management Act 1891"},{"Link":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/54-55/39/contents/enacted","external_links_name":"Text of statute as originally enacted"},{"Link":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/id?title=Stamp+Act+1891","external_links_name":"Text of the Stamp Act 1891"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fxF0dz0su4cC","external_links_name":"Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, Containing Authoritative Statistics for the period 1901-1907 and Corrected Statistics for the period 1788 to 1900"},{"Link":"http://blog.thomsonreuters.com.au/2010/05/changes-to-the-western-australian-stamp-act-1921/","external_links_name":"\"Changes to the Western Australian Stamp Act 1921\""},{"Link":"https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/STAMP%20DUTIES%20ACT%201923/CURRENT/1923.1569.UN.PDF","external_links_name":"Stamp Duties Act 1923"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F456958","external_links_name":"10.2307/456958"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/456958","external_links_name":"456958"},{"Link":"http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9780511895890&cid=CBO9780511895890A016","external_links_name":"\"7 - The Stamp Act of 1712\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-20350074","external_links_name":"\"BBC News - The key moments that shaped the British press\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YBCdZpj7g3oC&q=swift%20stamp%20act&pg=PA568","external_links_name":"Swift: The Man, His Works, And The Age"},{"Link":"http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/stamp-act.html","external_links_name":"\"Stamp Act\""},{"Link":"http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/history/04.TU.04/?style=expander_popup&filename=expandables/04.EX.08.xml","external_links_name":"\"A brief timeline of UK newspaper publishing\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cVYiuo_4F9MC","external_links_name":"The Manufacturers of Literature: Writing and the Literary Marketplace in Eighteenth-Century England"},{"Link":"http://ozar.mof.gov.il/ita2013/1999to2008/1997to2004/eng/hodaa05_05_04_2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Notice to the Public: Stamp Tax\""},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/works/OL793122W/Stamp_tax_on_documents_law_5731-1961","external_links_name":"Stamp Tax on Documents: Law 5731-1961, a full text English translation incorporating all changes up to and including September 1, 2003"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2004418547","external_links_name":"2004418547"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54429051","external_links_name":"54429051"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3361544M","external_links_name":"3361544M"},{"Link":"http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Tax/dttl-tax-israelguide-2012.pdf","external_links_name":"Taxation and Investment in Israel 2012: Reach, relevance and reliability"},{"Link":"http://www.history.org/history/teaching/tchcrsta.cfm","external_links_name":"\"A Summary of the 1765 Stamp Act\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01FGOQCC4","external_links_name":"B01FGOQCC4"},{"Link":"http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/parliament-repeals-the-stamp-act","external_links_name":"\"This Day in History: March 18, 1766 – Parliament repeals the Stamp Act\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti00gord","external_links_name":"The American Revolution: A History"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti00gord/page/24","external_links_name":"24"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01K2REAH4","external_links_name":"B01K2REAH4"},{"Link":"https://www.engr.psu.edu/mtah/timelines/timeline3.htm","external_links_name":"\"Colonial American Timeline\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B011DC94BO","external_links_name":"B011DC94BO"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F359557","external_links_name":"10.2307/359557"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/359557","external_links_name":"359557"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ahistoryislandn00anspgoog","external_links_name":"A History of the Island of Newfoundland"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ahistoryislandn00anspgoog/page/n220","external_links_name":"192"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1654202","external_links_name":"1654202"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2946860","external_links_name":"10.2307/2946860"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2946860","external_links_name":"2946860"},{"Link":"http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2047019","external_links_name":"\"5000-dollar Washington\""},{"Link":"https://arago.si.edu/record_73270_img_1.html","external_links_name":"\"General Issues\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YUM_(software)
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yum (software)
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["1 History","2 Operations","3 Extensions","4 Metadata","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Free and open-source command-line package management utility
This article is about the open source application. For other uses of "YUM", see Yum (disambiguation).
YUMYUM running an update on Fedora 16Developer(s)Seth VidalInitial releaseJune 2002; 22 years ago (2002-06)
Stable release3.4.3
/ 28 June 2011; 12 years ago (28 June 2011)
Repositoryyum.baseurl.org/gitweb/
Written inPythonOperating systemLinux, AIX, IBM i, ArcaOSPlatformRPMTypePackage management systemLicenseGPLv2Websiteyum.baseurl.org
The Yellowdog Updater Modified (YUM) is a free and open-source command-line package-management utility for computers running the Linux operating system using the RPM Package Manager. Though YUM has a command-line interface, several other tools provide graphical user interfaces to YUM functionality.
YUM allows for automatic updates and package and dependency management on RPM-based distributions. Like the Advanced Package Tool (APT) from Debian, YUM works with software repositories (collections of packages), which can be accessed locally or over a network connection.
Under the hood, YUM depends on RPM, which is a packaging standard for digital distribution of software, which automatically uses hashes and digital signatures to verify the authorship and integrity of said software; unlike some app stores, which serve a similar function, neither YUM nor RPM provide built-in support for proprietary restrictions on copying of packages by end-users. YUM is implemented as libraries in the Python programming language, with a small set of programs that provide a command-line interface. GUI-based wrappers such as YUM Extender (yumex) also exist, and has been adopted for Fedora Linux until version 22.
A rewrite of YUM named DNF replaced YUM as the default package manager in Fedora 22 (in 2015). This was required due to Fedora's transition from Python 2 to Python 3, which isn't supported by YUM. DNF also improves on YUM in several ways - improved performance, better resolution of dependency conflicts, and easier integration with other software applications. From RHEL 8, yum is an alias for DNF.
History
The original package manager, Yellowdog UPdater (YUP) was developed in 1999-2001 by Dan Burcaw, Bryan Stillwell, Stephen Edie, and Troy Bengegerdes at Terra Soft Solutions (under the leadership of then CEO Goutham Krishna) as a back-end engine for a graphical installer of Yellow Dog Linux.
As a full rewrite of YUP, YUM evolved primarily to update and manage Red Hat Linux systems used at the Duke University Department of Physics by Seth Vidal and Michael Stenner. Vidal continued to contribute to YUM until his death in a Durham, North Carolina bicycle accident on 8 July 2013.
In 2003 Robert G. Brown at Duke published documentation for YUM. Subsequent adopters included Fedora, Rocky Linux, AlmaLinux, CentOS, and many other RPM-based Linux distributions, including Yellow Dog Linux itself, where YUM replaced the original YUP utility — last updated on SourceForge in 2001. By 2005, it was estimated to be in use on over half of the Linux market, and by 2007 YUM was considered the "tool of choice" for RPM-based Linux distributions.
YUM aimed to address both the perceived deficiencies in the old APT-RPM, and restrictions of the Red Hat up2date package management tool. YUM superseded up2date in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 and later. Some authors refer to YUM as the Yellowdog Update Manager, or suggest that "Your Update Manager" would be more appropriate. A basic knowledge of YUM is often included as a requirement for Linux system-administrator certification. The GNU General Public License of YUM allows the free and open-source software to be freely distributed and modified without any royalty, if other terms of the license are honored.
While yum was originally created for Linux, it has been ported to a number of other operating systems including AIX, IBM i, and ArcaOS.
Operations
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2014)
YUM can perform operations such as:
installing packages
deleting packages
updating existing installed packages
listing available packages
listing installed packages
Extensions
Screenshot of Yum Extender (yumex)
The 2.x versions of YUM feature an additional interface for programming extensions in Python that allows the behavior of YUM to be altered. Certain plug-ins are installed by default. A commonly installed package yum-utils, contains commands which use the YUM API, and many plugins.
Graphical user interfaces, known as "front-ends", allow easier use of YUM. PackageKit and Yum Extender (yumex) are two examples. Yum Extender was deprecated for a while when Fedora migrated to DNF, but it was rewritten in Python 3 and Gtk 3 and has been in progress for development. This brand-new Yum Extender is available for Fedora 34 or newer.
Metadata
Information about packages (as opposed to the packages themselves) is known as metadata. These metadata are combined with information in each package to determine (and resolve, if possible) dependencies among the packages. The hope is to avoid a situation known as dependency hell. A separate tool, createrepo, sets up YUM software repositories, generating the necessary metadata in a standard XML format (and the SQLite metadata if given the -d option). The mrepo tool (formerly known as Yam) can help in the creation and maintenance of repositories.
YUM's XML repository, built with input from many other developers, quickly became the standard for RPM-based repositories. Besides the distributions that use YUM directly, SUSE Linux 10.1 added support for YUM repositories in YaST, and the Open Build Service repositories use the YUM XML repository format metadata.
YUM automatically synchronizes the remote meta data to the local client, with other tools opting to synchronize only when requested by the user. Having automatic synchronization means that YUM cannot fail due to the user failing to run a command at the correct interval.
See also
Free and open-source software portal
.rpm - the packaging file format used by YUM
DNF - a rewrite of YUM based on libsolv
urpmi - another cli-frontend for rpm
APT-RPM - another rpm frontend, derived from APT, cli-frontend for dpkg.
List of Linux package management systems
References
^ "Initial Commit". source control message. Seth Vidal. 7 June 2002. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
^ "Oldest Mailing List Message". yum mailing list archive. Grigory Bakunov. 11 June 2002. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
^ a b Jang, Michael H. (14 December 2005). "Chapter 7 – Setting Up a YUM Repository". Linux Patch Management: Keeping Linux Systems Up to Date (PDF). Prentice Hall Professional.
^ a b c Brown, Robert G. "YUM (Yellowdog Updater, Modified) HOWTO - Introduction". Duke Physics. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
^ a b Shields, Ian (11 May 2010). "RPM and YUM package management". Learn Linux, 101. IBM. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
^ "Creating a Local YUM Repository Using an ISO Image". Oracle. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
^ a b c Brown, Robert G. (17 December 2003). "YUM: Yellowdog Updater, Modified" (PDF). Retrieved 13 July 2013.
^ a b "Yum Extender". Yumex Homepage. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
^ a b Miller, Matthew (11 June 2014). "Board Meeting, Rawhide Rebuilt, Firewall Debate, ARM 64, and DNF as Yum Replacement (5tFTW 2014-06-10)". Fedora Magazine. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
^ Wallen, Jack (2015-07-02). "What You Need to Know About Fedora's Switch From Yum to DNF". Linux.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
^ Edge, Jake (2014-01-15). "DNF and Yum in Fedora". LWN.net. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
^ Matteson, Scott (2019-03-30). "What's new with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 and Red Hat Virtualization". TechRepublic. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
^ "Seth Vidal, creator of "yum" open source software, killed in bike accident off Hillandale Rd". Durham io: The Daily Durham. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 12 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Thank you, Seth Vidal". Red Hat. 10 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
^ Bort, Julie (9 July 2013). "36-Year-Old Open Source Guru Seth Vidal Has Been Tragically Killed". Business Insider. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
^ "Yellow Dog Update Program". SourceForge repository. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
^ Fusco, John (6 March 2007). The Linux Programmer's Toolbox. Pearson Education. ISBN 9780132703048.
^ Murphy, David (23 July 2004). "How to run your own yum repository". Linux Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
^ "What are the yum equivalents of up2date and rpm common tasks on Red Hat Enterprise Linux?". Red Hat.
^
Sweeney, Michael (2005). Network Security Using Linux. Lulu.com. p. 84. ISBN 9781411621770.
^
Negus, Christopher; Bresnahan, Christine (2012). Linux Bible. John Wiley & Sons. p. 598. ISBN 9781118286906.
^ "Configuring YUM and creating local repositories on IBM AIX". 2018-10-24.
^ "RPM and Yum are a big deal for IBM i. Here's why". 2018-07-18.
^ "Package Manager". Retrieved 2020-09-04.
^ a b Jang, Michael H. (2006). Linux Patch Management: Keeping Linux Systems Up to Date. Bruce Perens' Open Source series. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 199. ISBN 9780132366755. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
^ "Yum Plug-ins". Red Hat. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
^ "Maintaining yum". CentOS. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
^ "dnf replacing yum and dnf-yum - devel - Fedora Mailing-Lists". lists.fedoraproject.org. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
^ Lauridsen, Tim (2021-09-20), Yum Extender (yumex-dnf), retrieved 2021-09-26
^ "createrepo(8)". Linux manual page. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
^ a b c "Standards Rpm Metadata". openSUSE. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
^ "mrepo". Freecode. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
^ "SUSE Linux 10.1 Alpha 2 is ready". Archived from the original on February 8, 2006. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
^ Schmitz, Dietrich T. "YUM vs. APT: Which is Best?".
^ "'Linux Advocates' Throws in the Towel i.e. previous link is dead". FOSS Force.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yum (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yum_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"free and open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software"},{"link_name":"command-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface"},{"link_name":"package-management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_management_system"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"RPM Package Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howto-4"},{"link_name":"graphical user interfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBM-5"},{"link_name":"Advanced Package Tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Packaging_Tool"},{"link_name":"Debian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian"},{"link_name":"software repositories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_repository"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager"},{"link_name":"digital distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_distribution"},{"link_name":"hashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5"},{"link_name":"digital signatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard"},{"link_name":"app stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_stores"},{"link_name":"proprietary restrictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management"},{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"command-line interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yumex-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"DNF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNF_(software)"},{"link_name":"Fedora 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lwn580223-11"},{"link_name":"RHEL 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux"},{"link_name":"DNF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNF_(software)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"This article is about the open source application. For other uses of \"YUM\", see Yum (disambiguation).The Yellowdog Updater Modified (YUM) is a free and open-source command-line package-management utility for computers running the Linux operating system using the RPM Package Manager.[4] Though YUM has a command-line interface, several other tools provide graphical user interfaces to YUM functionality.YUM allows for automatic updates and package and dependency management on RPM-based distributions.[5] Like the Advanced Package Tool (APT) from Debian, YUM works with software repositories (collections of packages), which can be accessed locally[6] or over a network connection.Under the hood, YUM depends on RPM, which is a packaging standard for digital distribution of software, which automatically uses hashes and digital signatures to verify the authorship and integrity of said software; unlike some app stores, which serve a similar function, neither YUM nor RPM provide built-in support for proprietary restrictions on copying of packages by end-users. YUM is implemented as libraries in the Python programming language, with a small set of programs that provide a command-line interface.[7] GUI-based wrappers such as YUM Extender (yumex) also exist,[8] and has been adopted for Fedora Linux until version 22.[9]A rewrite of YUM named DNF replaced YUM as the default package manager in Fedora 22[9] (in 2015). This was required due to Fedora's transition from Python 2 to Python 3, which isn't supported by YUM.[10] DNF also improves on YUM in several ways - improved performance, better resolution of dependency conflicts, and easier integration with other software applications.[11] From RHEL 8, yum is an alias for DNF.[12]","title":"yum (software)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terra Soft Solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Soft_Solutions"},{"link_name":"Goutham Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goutham_Krishna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yellow Dog Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Dog_Linux"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howto-4"},{"link_name":"Red Hat Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux"},{"link_name":"Duke University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University"},{"link_name":"Durham, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Robert G. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_G._Brown"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-7"},{"link_name":"Fedora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"Rocky Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Linux"},{"link_name":"AlmaLinux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlmaLinux"},{"link_name":"CentOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CentOS"},{"link_name":"Linux distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution"},{"link_name":"Yellow Dog Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Dog_Linux"},{"link_name":"SourceForge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SourceForge"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patch-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"APT-RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APT-RPM"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"up2date","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up2date"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBM-5"},{"link_name":"GNU General Public License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License"},{"link_name":"free and open-source software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howto-4"},{"link_name":"AIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIX"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"IBM i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_i"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"ArcaOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArcaOS"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The original package manager, Yellowdog UPdater (YUP) was developed in 1999-2001 by Dan Burcaw, Bryan Stillwell, Stephen Edie, and Troy Bengegerdes at Terra Soft Solutions (under the leadership of then CEO Goutham Krishna) as a back-end engine for a graphical installer of Yellow Dog Linux.[4]As a full rewrite of YUP, YUM evolved primarily to update and manage Red Hat Linux systems used at the Duke University Department of Physics by Seth Vidal and Michael Stenner. Vidal continued to contribute to YUM until his death in a Durham, North Carolina bicycle accident on 8 July 2013.[13][14][15]In 2003 Robert G. Brown at Duke published documentation for YUM.[7] Subsequent adopters included[7] Fedora, Rocky Linux, AlmaLinux, CentOS, and many other RPM-based Linux distributions, including Yellow Dog Linux itself, where YUM replaced the original YUP utility — last updated on SourceForge in 2001.[16] By 2005, it was estimated to be in use on over half of the Linux market,[3] and by 2007 YUM was considered the \"tool of choice\" for RPM-based Linux distributions.[17]YUM aimed to address both the perceived deficiencies in the old APT-RPM,[18] and restrictions of the Red Hat up2date package management tool. YUM superseded up2date in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 and later.[19] Some authors refer to YUM as the Yellowdog Update Manager, or suggest that \"Your Update Manager\" would be more appropriate.[20][21] A basic knowledge of YUM is often included as a requirement for Linux system-administrator certification.[5] The GNU General Public License of YUM allows the free and open-source software to be freely distributed and modified without any royalty, if other terms of the license are honored.[4]While yum was originally created for Linux, it has been ported to a number of other operating systems including AIX,[22] IBM i,[23] and ArcaOS.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prentice_Hall_Professional-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prentice_Hall_Professional-25"}],"text":"YUM can perform operations such as:installing packages\ndeleting packages\nupdating existing installed packages\nlisting available packages[25]\nlisting installed packages[25]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Screenshot-Yum_Extender_2.0.4-1.png"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Graphical user interfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface"},{"link_name":"PackageKit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PackageKit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yumex-8"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Screenshot of Yum Extender (yumex)The 2.x versions of YUM feature an additional interface for programming extensions in Python that allows the behavior of YUM to be altered. Certain plug-ins are installed by default.[26] A commonly installed[27] package yum-utils, contains commands which use the YUM API, and many plugins.Graphical user interfaces, known as \"front-ends\", allow easier use of YUM. PackageKit and Yum Extender (yumex) are two examples.[8] Yum Extender was deprecated for a while when Fedora migrated to DNF,[28] but it was rewritten in Python 3 and Gtk 3 and has been in progress for development. This brand-new Yum Extender is available for Fedora 34 or newer.[29]","title":"Extensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metadata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata"},{"link_name":"dependency hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_hell"},{"link_name":"software repositories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_repository"},{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"link_name":"SQLite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-susexml-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-susexml-31"},{"link_name":"SUSE Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_Linux"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"YaST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YaST"},{"link_name":"Open Build Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Build_Service"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-susexml-31"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Information about packages (as opposed to the packages themselves) is known as metadata. These metadata are combined with information in each package to determine (and resolve, if possible) dependencies among the packages. The hope is to avoid a situation known as dependency hell. A separate tool, createrepo, sets up YUM software repositories, generating the necessary metadata in a standard XML format (and the SQLite metadata if given the -d option).[30][31] The mrepo tool (formerly known as Yam) can help in the creation and maintenance of repositories.[32]YUM's XML repository, built with input from many other developers, quickly became the standard for RPM-based repositories.[31] Besides the distributions that use YUM directly, SUSE Linux 10.1[33] added support for YUM repositories in YaST, and the Open Build Service repositories use the YUM XML repository format metadata.[31]YUM automatically synchronizes the remote meta data to the local client, with other tools opting to synchronize only when requested by the user. Having automatic synchronization means that YUM cannot fail due to the user failing to run a command at the correct interval.[34][35]","title":"Metadata"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Screenshot of Yum Extender (yumex)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Screenshot-Yum_Extender_2.0.4-1.png/330px-Screenshot-Yum_Extender_2.0.4-1.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Free and open-source software portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software"},{"title":".rpm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.rpm"},{"title":"DNF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNF_(software)"},{"title":"urpmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urpmi"},{"title":"APT-RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APT-RPM"},{"title":"dpkg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dpkg"},{"title":"List of Linux package management systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_package_management_systems"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Initial Commit\". source control message. Seth Vidal. 7 June 2002. Retrieved 17 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/rpm-software-management/yum/commit/aaa1b77887e841d3ba4c27dfdf58ed649227ee82","url_text":"\"Initial Commit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oldest Mailing List Message\". yum mailing list archive. Grigory Bakunov. 11 June 2002. Retrieved 17 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://lists.baseurl.org/pipermail/yum/2002-June/011067.html","url_text":"\"Oldest Mailing List Message\""}]},{"reference":"Jang, Michael H. (14 December 2005). \"Chapter 7 – Setting Up a YUM Repository\". Linux Patch Management: Keeping Linux Systems Up to Date (PDF). Prentice Hall Professional.","urls":[{"url":"https://ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/9780132366755/downloads/0132366754_Jang_book.pdf","url_text":"Linux Patch Management: Keeping Linux Systems Up to Date"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Robert G. \"YUM (Yellowdog Updater, Modified) HOWTO - Introduction\". Duke Physics. Retrieved 12 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/General/yum_HOWTO/yum_HOWTO/yum_HOWTO-1.html","url_text":"\"YUM (Yellowdog Updater, Modified) HOWTO - Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"Shields, Ian (11 May 2010). \"RPM and YUM package management\". Learn Linux, 101. IBM. Retrieved 12 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-lpic1-102-5/","url_text":"\"RPM and YUM package management\""}]},{"reference":"\"Creating a Local YUM Repository Using an ISO Image\". Oracle. Retrieved 12 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E37670_01/E37355/html/ol_create_repo.html","url_text":"\"Creating a Local YUM Repository Using an ISO Image\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Robert G. (17 December 2003). \"YUM: Yellowdog Updater, Modified\" (PDF). Retrieved 13 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/General/yum_article/yum_article.pdf","url_text":"\"YUM: Yellowdog Updater, Modified\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yum Extender\". Yumex Homepage. Retrieved 13 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yumex.dk/","url_text":"\"Yum Extender\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Matthew (11 June 2014). \"Board Meeting, Rawhide Rebuilt, Firewall Debate, ARM 64, and DNF as Yum Replacement (5tFTW 2014-06-10)\". Fedora Magazine. Retrieved 4 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://fedoramagazine.org/5tftw-2014-06-10/","url_text":"\"Board Meeting, Rawhide Rebuilt, Firewall Debate, ARM 64, and DNF as Yum Replacement (5tFTW 2014-06-10)\""}]},{"reference":"Wallen, Jack (2015-07-02). \"What You Need to Know About Fedora's Switch From Yum to DNF\". Linux.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.linux.com/training-tutorials/what-you-need-know-about-fedoras-switch-yum-dnf/","url_text":"\"What You Need to Know About Fedora's Switch From Yum to DNF\""}]},{"reference":"Edge, Jake (2014-01-15). \"DNF and Yum in Fedora\". LWN.net. Retrieved 2018-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://lwn.net/Articles/580223/","url_text":"\"DNF and Yum in Fedora\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LWN.net","url_text":"LWN.net"}]},{"reference":"Matteson, Scott (2019-03-30). \"What's new with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 and Red Hat Virtualization\". TechRepublic. Retrieved 2019-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techrepublic.com/article/whats-new-with-red-hat-enterprise-linux-8-and-red-hat-virtualization/","url_text":"\"What's new with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 and Red Hat Virtualization\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seth Vidal, creator of \"yum\" open source software, killed in bike accident off Hillandale Rd\". Durham io: The Daily Durham. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 12 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130712221216/http://durham.io/2013/07/09/seth-vidal-creator-of-yum-open-source-software-killed-in-bike-accident-off-hillandale-rd/","url_text":"\"Seth Vidal, creator of \"yum\" open source software, killed in bike accident off Hillandale Rd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thank you, Seth Vidal\". Red Hat. 10 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.redhat.com/about/news/archive/2013/7/thank-you-seth-vidal","url_text":"\"Thank you, Seth Vidal\""}]},{"reference":"Bort, Julie (9 July 2013). \"36-Year-Old Open Source Guru Seth Vidal Has Been Tragically Killed\". Business Insider. Retrieved 13 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.com/36-year-old-seth-vidal-tragically-killed-2013-7","url_text":"\"36-Year-Old Open Source Guru Seth Vidal Has Been Tragically Killed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yellow Dog Update Program\". SourceForge repository. Retrieved 18 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sourceforge.net/projects/yup/","url_text":"\"Yellow Dog Update Program\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SourceForge","url_text":"SourceForge"}]},{"reference":"Fusco, John (6 March 2007). The Linux Programmer's Toolbox. Pearson Education. ISBN 9780132703048.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5fgn7Tg4Lt8C&pg=PT62","url_text":"The Linux Programmer's Toolbox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780132703048","url_text":"9780132703048"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, David (23 July 2004). \"How to run your own yum repository\". Linux Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130721041347/http://archive09.linux.com/feature/37660","url_text":"\"How to run your own yum repository\""},{"url":"http://archive09.linux.com/feature/37660","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What are the yum equivalents of up2date and rpm common tasks on Red Hat Enterprise Linux?\". Red Hat.","urls":[{"url":"https://access.redhat.com/site/solutions/2529","url_text":"\"What are the yum equivalents of up2date and rpm common tasks on Red Hat Enterprise Linux?\""}]},{"reference":"Sweeney, Michael (2005). Network Security Using Linux. Lulu.com. p. 84. ISBN 9781411621770.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RIPFByuIvvAC&pg=PA84","url_text":"Network Security Using Linux"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781411621770","url_text":"9781411621770"}]},{"reference":"Negus, Christopher; Bresnahan, Christine (2012). Linux Bible. John Wiley & Sons. p. 598. ISBN 9781118286906.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w0gL9poGWIIC&pg=PA598","url_text":"Linux Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118286906","url_text":"9781118286906"}]},{"reference":"\"Configuring YUM and creating local repositories on IBM AIX\". 2018-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.ibm.com/technologies/systems/articles/configure-yum-on-aix/","url_text":"\"Configuring YUM and creating local repositories on IBM AIX\""}]},{"reference":"\"RPM and Yum are a big deal for IBM i. Here's why\". 2018-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itjungle.com/2018/07/18/rpm-and-yum-are-a-big-deal-for-ibm-i-heres-why/","url_text":"\"RPM and Yum are a big deal for IBM i. Here's why\""}]},{"reference":"\"Package Manager\". Retrieved 2020-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arcanoae.com/wiki/anpm/","url_text":"\"Package Manager\""}]},{"reference":"Jang, Michael H. (2006). Linux Patch Management: Keeping Linux Systems Up to Date. Bruce Perens' Open Source series. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 199. ISBN 9780132366755. Retrieved 26 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5CsFGUtF2eYC","url_text":"Linux Patch Management: Keeping Linux Systems Up to Date"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780132366755","url_text":"9780132366755"}]},{"reference":"\"Yum Plug-ins\". Red Hat. Retrieved 12 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://access.redhat.com/site/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Deployment_Guide/sec-Yum_Plugins.html","url_text":"\"Yum Plug-ins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maintaining yum\". CentOS. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. 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Retrieved 12 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://linux.die.net/man/8/createrepo","url_text":"\"createrepo(8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Standards Rpm Metadata\". openSUSE. Retrieved 12 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Standards_Rpm_Metadata","url_text":"\"Standards Rpm Metadata\""}]},{"reference":"\"mrepo\". Freecode. Retrieved 12 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://freecode.com/projects/mrepo","url_text":"\"mrepo\""}]},{"reference":"\"SUSE Linux 10.1 Alpha 2 is ready\". Archived from the original on February 8, 2006. Retrieved 12 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060208235135/http://lists.opensuse.org/archive/opensuse-announce/2005-Oct/0005.html","url_text":"\"SUSE Linux 10.1 Alpha 2 is ready\""},{"url":"http://lists.opensuse.org/archive/opensuse-announce/2005-Oct/0005.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schmitz, Dietrich T. \"YUM vs. APT: Which is Best?\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.linuxadvocates.com/2013/03/yum-vs-apt-which-is-best.html","url_text":"\"YUM vs. APT: Which is Best?\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Linux Advocates' Throws in the Towel i.e. previous link is dead\". FOSS Force.","urls":[{"url":"http://fossforce.com/2015/01/linux-advocates-throws-in-the-towel/","url_text":"\"'Linux Advocates' Throws in the Towel i.e. previous link is dead\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://yum.baseurl.org/gitweb/","external_links_name":"yum.baseurl.org/gitweb/"},{"Link":"http://yum.baseurl.org/","external_links_name":"yum.baseurl.org"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yum_(software)&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://github.com/rpm-software-management/yum/commit/aaa1b77887e841d3ba4c27dfdf58ed649227ee82","external_links_name":"\"Initial Commit\""},{"Link":"http://lists.baseurl.org/pipermail/yum/2002-June/011067.html","external_links_name":"\"Oldest Mailing List Message\""},{"Link":"https://ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/9780132366755/downloads/0132366754_Jang_book.pdf","external_links_name":"Linux Patch Management: Keeping Linux Systems Up to Date"},{"Link":"http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/General/yum_HOWTO/yum_HOWTO/yum_HOWTO-1.html","external_links_name":"\"YUM (Yellowdog Updater, Modified) HOWTO - Introduction\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-lpic1-102-5/","external_links_name":"\"RPM and YUM package management\""},{"Link":"http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E37670_01/E37355/html/ol_create_repo.html","external_links_name":"\"Creating a Local YUM Repository Using an ISO Image\""},{"Link":"http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/General/yum_article/yum_article.pdf","external_links_name":"\"YUM: Yellowdog Updater, Modified\""},{"Link":"http://www.yumex.dk/","external_links_name":"\"Yum Extender\""},{"Link":"https://fedoramagazine.org/5tftw-2014-06-10/","external_links_name":"\"Board Meeting, Rawhide Rebuilt, Firewall Debate, ARM 64, and DNF as Yum Replacement (5tFTW 2014-06-10)\""},{"Link":"https://www.linux.com/training-tutorials/what-you-need-know-about-fedoras-switch-yum-dnf/","external_links_name":"\"What You Need to Know About Fedora's Switch From Yum to DNF\""},{"Link":"https://lwn.net/Articles/580223/","external_links_name":"\"DNF and Yum in Fedora\""},{"Link":"https://www.techrepublic.com/article/whats-new-with-red-hat-enterprise-linux-8-and-red-hat-virtualization/","external_links_name":"\"What's new with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 and Red Hat Virtualization\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130712221216/http://durham.io/2013/07/09/seth-vidal-creator-of-yum-open-source-software-killed-in-bike-accident-off-hillandale-rd/","external_links_name":"\"Seth Vidal, creator of \"yum\" open source software, killed in bike accident off Hillandale Rd\""},{"Link":"http://www.redhat.com/about/news/archive/2013/7/thank-you-seth-vidal","external_links_name":"\"Thank you, Seth Vidal\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessinsider.com/36-year-old-seth-vidal-tragically-killed-2013-7","external_links_name":"\"36-Year-Old Open Source Guru Seth Vidal Has Been Tragically Killed\""},{"Link":"http://sourceforge.net/projects/yup/","external_links_name":"\"Yellow Dog Update Program\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5fgn7Tg4Lt8C&pg=PT62","external_links_name":"The Linux Programmer's Toolbox"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130721041347/http://archive09.linux.com/feature/37660","external_links_name":"\"How to run your own yum repository\""},{"Link":"http://archive09.linux.com/feature/37660","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://access.redhat.com/site/solutions/2529","external_links_name":"\"What are the yum equivalents of up2date and rpm common tasks on Red Hat Enterprise Linux?\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RIPFByuIvvAC&pg=PA84","external_links_name":"Network Security Using Linux"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w0gL9poGWIIC&pg=PA598","external_links_name":"Linux Bible"},{"Link":"https://developer.ibm.com/technologies/systems/articles/configure-yum-on-aix/","external_links_name":"\"Configuring YUM and creating local repositories on IBM AIX\""},{"Link":"https://www.itjungle.com/2018/07/18/rpm-and-yum-are-a-big-deal-for-ibm-i-heres-why/","external_links_name":"\"RPM and Yum are a big deal for IBM i. Here's why\""},{"Link":"https://www.arcanoae.com/wiki/anpm/","external_links_name":"\"Package Manager\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5CsFGUtF2eYC","external_links_name":"Linux Patch Management: Keeping Linux Systems Up to Date"},{"Link":"https://access.redhat.com/site/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Deployment_Guide/sec-Yum_Plugins.html","external_links_name":"\"Yum Plug-ins\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181118175825/https://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/yum/sn-yum-maintenance.html","external_links_name":"\"Maintaining yum\""},{"Link":"http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/yum/sn-yum-maintenance.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/[email protected]/message/Z3LDJN2JKRIJJXO4PJJCY6CU62UAQPF5/","external_links_name":"\"dnf replacing yum and dnf-yum - devel - Fedora Mailing-Lists\""},{"Link":"https://github.com/timlau/yumex-dnf","external_links_name":"Yum Extender (yumex-dnf)"},{"Link":"http://linux.die.net/man/8/createrepo","external_links_name":"\"createrepo(8)\""},{"Link":"http://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Standards_Rpm_Metadata","external_links_name":"\"Standards Rpm Metadata\""},{"Link":"http://freecode.com/projects/mrepo","external_links_name":"\"mrepo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060208235135/http://lists.opensuse.org/archive/opensuse-announce/2005-Oct/0005.html","external_links_name":"\"SUSE Linux 10.1 Alpha 2 is ready\""},{"Link":"http://lists.opensuse.org/archive/opensuse-announce/2005-Oct/0005.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.linuxadvocates.com/2013/03/yum-vs-apt-which-is-best.html","external_links_name":"\"YUM vs. APT: Which is Best?\""},{"Link":"http://fossforce.com/2015/01/linux-advocates-throws-in-the-towel/","external_links_name":"\"'Linux Advocates' Throws in the Towel i.e. previous link is dead\""},{"Link":"http://yum.baseurl.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://prefetch.net/articles/yum.html","external_links_name":"Managing packages with yum"},{"Link":"https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/15/html/Deployment_Guide/ch-yum.html","external_links_name":"Yum documentation"},{"Link":"http://wiki.centos.org/PackageManagement/Yum/","external_links_name":"Yum documentation"},{"Link":"https://www.scientificlinux.org/documentation/faq/yum.apt.repo","external_links_name":"Yum documentation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130824002114/http://www.scientificlinux.org/documentation/faq/yum.apt.repo","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsza
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Orsha
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["1 History","1.1 Sports","1.2 Population change","2 Climate","3 Transportation","4 Military","5 Notable people","6 Twin towns – sister cities","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 54°30′33″N 30°25′33″E / 54.50917°N 30.42583°E / 54.50917; 30.42583For the inhabited localities in Russia, see Orsha, Russia.
City in Vitebsk Region, Belarus
City in Vitebsk Region, BelarusOrsha
ОршаCityTop: Orsha Saint Joseph Church, Mill Museum (Muzey Mlyn), Orsha Trinitarian Monastery, Center: The complex Jesuit Collegium of Orsha, Bottom: Orsha Holy Trinity Church, Orsha Centralnaja Railroad Station (all item from left to right)
FlagCoat of armsOrshaCoordinates: 54°30′33″N 30°25′33″E / 54.50917°N 30.42583°E / 54.50917; 30.42583CountryBelarusRegionVitebsk RegionDistrictOrsha DistrictFirst mentioned1067Area • Total38.90 km2 (15.02 sq mi)Elevation192 m (630 ft)Population (2024) • Total102,759 • Density2,600/km2 (6,800/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK)Postal code211030, 211381 - 211394, 211396 - 211398Area code+375 216License plate2WebsiteOfficial website
Orsha (Belarusian: Орша, romanized: Orša; Russian: Орша, IPA: ; Lithuanian: Orša, Polish: Orsza) is a city in Vitebsk Region, Belarus. It is situated on the fork of the Dnieper River and Arshytsa River, and it serves as the administrative center of Orsha District. As of 2024, it has a population of 102,759.
History
Coat of Arms, 1781
Coat of Arms, 1967, made for the 900th anniversary of the city
Orsha was first mentioned in 1067 as Rsha, making it one of the oldest towns in Belarus. The town was named after the river, which was originally also named Rsha, probably from a Baltic root *rus 'slowly flowing.'
In 1320, Orsha became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Between 1398–1407, the Orsha castle was built. On 8 September 1514 the famous Battle of Orsha occurred, between allied Grand Duchy of Lithuania with Kingdom of Poland and Muscovite army. The Muscovites suffered significant defeat; however, the victorious Grand Duchy of Lithuania did not fully avail its victory.
In 1555, Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł founded a Calvinist (Protestant) order in Orsha, one of the first in the Belarusian lands. From the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries Orsha was a notable religious centre, with dozens of Orthodox, Protestant and Catholic churches and orders. The town was also home to a large Jewish population.
Orsha was granted Magdeburg Rights in 1620. In 1630, Spiridon Sobol opened the first printing house at the Kuciejna monastery, which became a well-known centre of Cyrillic-alphabet publishing. The town was damaged during the Russo-Polish War (1654-1667), which was a disaster for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. During the First Polish partition the city was taken over by the Russian Empire in 1772, and became part of the Mogilyov Gubernia. Under Russian rule, it was stripped of its Magdeburg Rights in 1776 and went into cultural and economic decline. The population dropped sharply to just about 2,000 inhabitants. The city symbol in 1781 was changed to one which included the symbol of the Russian empire and five arrows.
In 1812, the city was badly burned during Napoleon's invasion. At the time of Orsha had been taken under control of French troops, there was a French writer Marie-Henri Beyle (also known under the pen name Stendhal) in a rank of intendant.
According to the census of 1897, on a total population of 13,161, about 7,000 are Jews.
During the First World War, the city was occupied by German forces in February–October 1918. From 2 February 1919, Orsha became a part of Homyel region (Vitebsk region, 1920) of Soviet Russia. After the formation of the Soviet Union, it was transferred to the Byelorussian SSR in 1924.
The population before World War II was about 37,000. The city was occupied by Germany on 16 July 1941. The occupiers founded several concentration camps in the city, where an estimated 19,000 people were killed.
St. Elijah's Orthodox church
Orsha was one of the centers of the Belarusian strikes in April 1991. Hundreds of thousands of coal miners had been on strike across the Soviet Union since March 1. On April 3, the day after the central government had imposed consumer price increases, workers at several Minsk factories walked out raising the miners' demand for wages indexed to inflation. Virtually the entire labor force of that city followed on the 4th, joined soon thereafter by strikes across the Belarusian SSR. Mass demonstrations voted for additional demands (including the dissolution of the Union and Belarusian governments and the end of the Communist Party's privileges) and elected delegates from each enterprise to citywide strike committees, which in turn sent representatives to a central Belarusian Strike Committee (SKB). On April 23, the SKB resumed the general strike after the deadline for its demands to be met had passed. The next morning, Gorbachev, Yeltsin, and leaders of eight of the other Soviet republics published a joint declaration in the papers agreeing to democratic elections for the Soviet parliament and the presidency, a new union treaty that would "radically increase the role of the union republics," and measures to soften the impact of the price increase, but also the introduction of a "special work regime" in many industries.
In response, the Orsha strike committee issued a proposal for all local workers to block the railway junction, strategically located on the line linking Moscow and Leningrad to Eastern and Western Europe. This was quickly endorsed by votes to "lie down on the rails" at a citywide meeting at the railway station. On the 25th, the Belarusian authorities concentrated the republic's KGB and riot police forces on Orsha, but were resisted by the strikers who sent fuel trains primed to explode down the tracks. Gorbachev mobilized the nearby military forces in Pskov with instructions to restore order over the railway; however many officers declared their refusal to comply, and brigade commander Gennady Sidorov professed a "lack of understanding" of the mission. Meanwhile, workers in other cities throughout Belarus held rallies threatening to retaliate if a drop of blood was shed in Orsha.
Fearing a clash, and seizing on the government's offer to negotiate with its representatives and grant it radio and air time, the SKB suspended the general strike that evening.
Sports
The bandy club Start has produced players for the Belarus national bandy team.
Population change
16th-17th century: est. 5,000
1776: less than 2,000
1939: 37,000
1970: 100,000
2004: 125,000
Climate
Climate data for Orsha (1991–2020)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
3.7(38.7)
4.2(39.6)
11.0(51.8)
21.9(71.4)
26.7(80.1)
28.8(83.8)
30.4(86.7)
30.5(86.9)
25.3(77.5)
18.2(64.8)
9.9(49.8)
5.2(41.4)
30.5(86.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
−2.8(27.0)
−2.1(28.2)
3.3(37.9)
12.1(53.8)
18.5(65.3)
22.1(71.8)
24.1(75.4)
23.1(73.6)
17.1(62.8)
9.8(49.6)
2.7(36.9)
−1.4(29.5)
10.5(50.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−5.0(23.0)
−4.8(23.4)
−0.3(31.5)
7.0(44.6)
13.0(55.4)
16.7(62.1)
18.7(65.7)
17.5(63.5)
12.1(53.8)
6.2(43.2)
0.7(33.3)
−3.3(26.1)
6.5(43.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−7.7(18.1)
−7.9(17.8)
−3.9(25.0)
2.1(35.8)
7.2(45.0)
10.9(51.6)
12.9(55.2)
11.9(53.4)
7.4(45.3)
2.9(37.2)
−1.5(29.3)
−5.6(21.9)
2.4(36.3)
Record low °C (°F)
−22.6(−8.7)
−20.6(−5.1)
−13.5(7.7)
−4.4(24.1)
−0.2(31.6)
3.8(38.8)
7.4(45.3)
5.1(41.2)
−0.1(31.8)
−5.5(22.1)
−11.5(11.3)
−16.4(2.5)
−22.6(−8.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
38.6(1.52)
35.6(1.40)
35.4(1.39)
38.8(1.53)
68.4(2.69)
73.9(2.91)
81.7(3.22)
72.6(2.86)
57.3(2.26)
59.1(2.33)
45.9(1.81)
40.3(1.59)
647.6(25.50)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
11.0
9.4
9.0
7.2
9.9
9.8
10.2
9.4
8.2
10.0
10.1
10.9
115.1
Source: NOAA
Transportation
Railway station.
Orsha became an important transportation center after the construction of a Dnieper River port. The coming of railway lines in the second half of the nineteenth century greatly contributed to the city growth:
1871: Moscow–Minsk–Brest
1902: Zhlobin–Mogilev–Vitebsk
1923: Orsha-Krychaw
1927: Orsha-Lepel
Today, Orsha is a major railway node where the Minsk–Moscow crosses the northern Vitebsk line, which branches south to Mogilev and Krychaw. All trains from Moscow and Saint-Petersburg bound for Western Europe pass through Orsha.
The city is also a junction of the important motorways: The M1 (E30) Moscow-Brest and the M8/M20 (E95) Saint Petersburg - Odessa.
Military
OSGOEINT reported on the 571st Aircraft Repair Plant (ARP) located at Orsha Airfield (Balbasovo Air Base). Accordingly, the 571st ARP repairs Mi-8-17 HIP, Mi-24-35 HIND, as well as the Tu-134 CRUSTY and possibly the IL-76 CANDID. The report goes on to mention recent investment agreements with Ukraine where private firms planned on providing $12 million to finance facility upgrades during the 2012-2016 period. Press reporting stated that the investors planned on building a modern warehouse terminal as well as office buildings for customs services, banking, and a leasing company.
Notable people
See also: Category:People from Orsha
Igor Zhelezovski
Francis Dzierozynski, Jesuit
Piotra Holub (Golub Petr Semionovich) (1913–1953), artist, author of many well-known Soviet propaganda posters, such as "Болтун находка для шпиона" and many others
Uladzimir Karatkievich, Belarusian writer
Mikhail Marynich, opposition politician, who was imprisoned in Orsha
Georgy Mondzolevsky, 2-time Olympic volleyball champion
Gershon Shufman, Hebrew author, known as 'Gimel Shufman'
Frida Vigdorova, Soviet writer and journalist, famous for writing "White book" after Joseph Brodsky trial, in support of human rights in USSR (ru:Вигдорова, Фрида Абрамовна)
Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934), psychologist
Nathan Zarkhi (1900–1935), Soviet playwright and film writer
Faina Chiang, became first lady of the Republic of China in 1978.
Igor Zhelezovsky, Olympic medalist speed skater
Alina Talay (born 1989), track and field athlete
Vyacheslav Zarenkov (born 1951), Belarusian entrepreneur
Twin towns – sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Belarus
Orsha is twinned with:
Asha, Russia
Bălți, Moldova
Bondeno, Italy
Cherkasy, Ukraine
Dubna, Russia
Gagarin, Russia
Ivanovo, Russia
Ivanteyevka, Russia
Kardymovsky District, Russia
Koptevo (Moscow), Russia
Krasnogvardeysky (Saint Petersburg), Russia
Mārupe, Latvia
Pernik, Bulgaria
Pushkin, Russia
Qingdao, China
Shishou, China
Silifke, Turkey
Smolensk, Russia
Spitak, Armenia
Telšiai, Lithuania
Tver, Russia
Vaulx-en-Velin, France
Volgodonsk, Russia
Vyazma, Russia
Yiwu, China
Zapadnoye Degunino (Moscow), Russia
Notes
^ Official transliteration.
References
^ a b c "Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа". belsat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
^ E. M. Pospelov, Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira (Moscow, 1998), p. 314.
^ a b (in Lithuanian) Tomas Baranauskas. Oršos mūšis – didžiausia Lietuvos karinė pergalė prieš Rusiją (Battle of Orsha - biggest military victory of Grand Duchy of Lithuania against Russia). Retrieved on 2008-01-18
^ a b "ORSHA - JewishEncyclopedia.com". jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ (in Belarusian) Viktar Korbut. «Галоўная краса горада — манастыры», або Па слядах Стэндаля і Напалеона
^ David Mandel, Perestroika and the Soviet People: Rebirth of the Labour Movement (1991).
^ "Basta! » С ДНЁМ ВСЕБЕЛАРУСКОЙ СОЛИДАРНОСТИ!". basta-news.net. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ "bandy2008.ru" (PDF). www.bandy2008.ru. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ http://www.bandyvm.se/eng2/read.asp?newsID=103
^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Orsha". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
^ "Blogger". osgeoint.blogspot.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ "Города-побратимы". orsha.vitebsk-region.gov.by (in Russian). Orsha. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orsha.
RUPE "Machine-tool plant "Krasny borets"
Orsha - city
Photos on Radzima.org
Map of Orsha
Memories from a childhood in Orsha
Jewish Encyclopedia
Орша - город мой! Orsha is my city
Travel Guide to Orsha
Belarus tries to raise restive Orsha from the ashes Belarus Digest
Orsha, Belarus at JewishGen
vte Subdivisions of Vitebsk Region, BelarusDistricts(raiony)
Beshankovichy
Braslaw
Chashniki
Dokshytsy
Dubrowna
Haradok
Hlybokaye
Lyepyel
Lyozna
Miory
Orsha
Pastavy
Polotsk
Rasony
Sharkawshchyna
Shumilina
Syanno
Talachyn
Ushachy
Vitebsk
Vyerkhnyadzvinsk
Cities and towns
Baran
Beshankovichy
Braslaw
Chashniki
Dzisna
Dokshytsy
Dubrowna
Haradok
Hlybokaye
Lyepyel
Lyozna
Miory
Novolukoml
Novopolotsk
Orsha
Pastavy
Polotsk
Syanno
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orsha, Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsha,_Russia"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈorʂə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Vitebsk Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk_Region"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Dnieper River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper"},{"link_name":"Arshytsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arshytsa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orsha District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsha_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-1"}],"text":"For the inhabited localities in Russia, see Orsha, Russia.City in Vitebsk Region, BelarusCity in Vitebsk Region, BelarusOrsha (Belarusian: Орша, romanized: Orša;[a] Russian: Орша, IPA: [ˈorʂə]; Lithuanian: Orša, Polish: Orsza) is a city in Vitebsk Region, Belarus. It is situated on the fork of the Dnieper River and Arshytsa River, and it serves as the administrative center of Orsha District.[1] As of 2024, it has a population of 102,759.[1]","title":"Orsha"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orsha_COA_(Mogilev_Governorate)_(1781).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Or%C5%A1a,_Belarus,_1967.png"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_languages"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Battle of Orsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Orsha"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)"},{"link_name":"Muscovite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baranauskas-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baranauskas-4"},{"link_name":"Mikołaj \"the Black\" Radziwiłł","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_%22the_Black%22_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82"},{"link_name":"Calvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinist"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-5"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_Rights"},{"link_name":"Spiridon Sobol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiridon_Sobol"},{"link_name":"Kuciejna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuciejna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic-alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic-alphabet"},{"link_name":"Russo-Polish War (1654-1667)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654-1667)"},{"link_name":"First Polish partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mogilyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogilev"},{"link_name":"Gubernia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guberniya"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Russian empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_empire"},{"link_name":"Napoleon's invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon%27s_Invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Marie-Henri Beyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Henri_Beyle"},{"link_name":"pen name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_name"},{"link_name":"Stendhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal"},{"link_name":"intendant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intendant"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-5"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Soviet Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_SFSR"},{"link_name":"Byelorussian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC.JPG"},{"link_name":"Belarusian strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Belarusian_strikes"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"Communist Party's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"Yeltsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin"},{"link_name":"Soviet republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Pskov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pskov_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Coat of Arms, 1781Coat of Arms, 1967, made for the 900th anniversary of the cityOrsha was first mentioned in 1067 as Rsha, making it one of the oldest towns in Belarus. The town was named after the river, which was originally also named Rsha, probably from a Baltic root *rus 'slowly flowing.'[2]In 1320, Orsha became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Between 1398–1407, the Orsha castle was built. On 8 September 1514 the famous Battle of Orsha occurred, between allied Grand Duchy of Lithuania with Kingdom of Poland and Muscovite army.[3] The Muscovites suffered significant defeat; however, the victorious Grand Duchy of Lithuania did not fully avail its victory.[3]In 1555, Mikołaj \"the Black\" Radziwiłł founded a Calvinist (Protestant) order in Orsha, one of the first in the Belarusian lands. From the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries Orsha was a notable religious centre, with dozens of Orthodox, Protestant and Catholic churches and orders. The town was also home to a large Jewish population.[4]Orsha was granted Magdeburg Rights in 1620. In 1630, Spiridon Sobol opened the first printing house at the Kuciejna monastery, which became a well-known centre of Cyrillic-alphabet publishing. The town was damaged during the Russo-Polish War (1654-1667), which was a disaster for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. During the First Polish partition the city was taken over by the Russian Empire in 1772, and became part of the Mogilyov Gubernia. Under Russian rule, it was stripped of its Magdeburg Rights in 1776 and went into cultural and economic decline.[citation needed] The population dropped sharply to just about 2,000 inhabitants.[citation needed] The city symbol in 1781 was changed to one which included the symbol of the Russian empire and five arrows.In 1812, the city was badly burned during Napoleon's invasion. At the time of Orsha had been taken under control of French troops, there was a French writer Marie-Henri Beyle (also known under the pen name Stendhal) in a rank of intendant.[5]\nAccording to the census of 1897, on a total population of 13,161, about 7,000 are Jews.[4]\nDuring the First World War, the city was occupied by German forces in February–October 1918. From 2 February 1919, Orsha became a part of Homyel region (Vitebsk region, 1920) of Soviet Russia. After the formation of the Soviet Union, it was transferred to the Byelorussian SSR in 1924.The population before World War II was about 37,000. The city was occupied by Germany on 16 July 1941. The occupiers founded several concentration camps in the city, where an estimated 19,000 people were killed.St. Elijah's Orthodox churchOrsha was one of the centers of the Belarusian strikes in April 1991. Hundreds of thousands of coal miners had been on strike across the Soviet Union since March 1. On April 3, the day after the central government had imposed consumer price increases, workers at several Minsk factories walked out raising the miners' demand for wages indexed to inflation. Virtually the entire labor force of that city followed on the 4th, joined soon thereafter by strikes across the Belarusian SSR. Mass demonstrations voted for additional demands (including the dissolution of the Union and Belarusian governments and the end of the Communist Party's privileges) and elected delegates from each enterprise to citywide strike committees, which in turn sent representatives to a central Belarusian Strike Committee (SKB). On April 23, the SKB resumed the general strike after the deadline for its demands to be met had passed. The next morning, Gorbachev, Yeltsin, and leaders of eight of the other Soviet republics published a joint declaration in the papers agreeing to democratic elections for the Soviet parliament and the presidency, a new union treaty that would \"radically increase the role of the union republics,\" and measures to soften the impact of the price increase, but also the introduction of a \"special work regime\" in many industries.[6]In response, the Orsha strike committee issued a proposal for all local workers to block the railway junction, strategically located on the line linking Moscow and Leningrad to Eastern and Western Europe. This was quickly endorsed by votes to \"lie down on the rails\" at a citywide meeting at the railway station. On the 25th, the Belarusian authorities concentrated the republic's KGB and riot police forces on Orsha, but were resisted by the strikers who sent fuel trains primed to explode down the tracks. Gorbachev mobilized the nearby military forces in Pskov with instructions to restore order over the railway; however many officers declared their refusal to comply, and brigade commander Gennady Sidorov professed a \"lack of understanding\" of the mission. Meanwhile, workers in other cities throughout Belarus held rallies threatening to retaliate if a drop of blood was shed in Orsha.\nFearing a clash, and seizing on the government's offer to negotiate with its representatives and grant it radio and air time, the SKB suspended the general strike that evening.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy"},{"link_name":"Start","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Start_(Orsha_bandy_club)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Belarus national bandy team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_national_bandy_team"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"The bandy club Start has produced players for the Belarus national bandy team.[8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Population change","text":"16th-17th century: est. 5,000\n1776: less than 2,000[citation needed]\n1939: 37,000\n1970: 100,000\n2004: 125,000","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WMONormals-11"}],"text":"Climate data for Orsha (1991–2020)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n3.7(38.7)\n\n4.2(39.6)\n\n11.0(51.8)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n28.8(83.8)\n\n30.4(86.7)\n\n30.5(86.9)\n\n25.3(77.5)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n5.2(41.4)\n\n30.5(86.9)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−2.8(27.0)\n\n−2.1(28.2)\n\n3.3(37.9)\n\n12.1(53.8)\n\n18.5(65.3)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n24.1(75.4)\n\n23.1(73.6)\n\n17.1(62.8)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n2.7(36.9)\n\n−1.4(29.5)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−5.0(23.0)\n\n−4.8(23.4)\n\n−0.3(31.5)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n12.1(53.8)\n\n6.2(43.2)\n\n0.7(33.3)\n\n−3.3(26.1)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−7.7(18.1)\n\n−7.9(17.8)\n\n−3.9(25.0)\n\n2.1(35.8)\n\n7.2(45.0)\n\n10.9(51.6)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n11.9(53.4)\n\n7.4(45.3)\n\n2.9(37.2)\n\n−1.5(29.3)\n\n−5.6(21.9)\n\n2.4(36.3)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−22.6(−8.7)\n\n−20.6(−5.1)\n\n−13.5(7.7)\n\n−4.4(24.1)\n\n−0.2(31.6)\n\n3.8(38.8)\n\n7.4(45.3)\n\n5.1(41.2)\n\n−0.1(31.8)\n\n−5.5(22.1)\n\n−11.5(11.3)\n\n−16.4(2.5)\n\n−22.6(−8.7)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n38.6(1.52)\n\n35.6(1.40)\n\n35.4(1.39)\n\n38.8(1.53)\n\n68.4(2.69)\n\n73.9(2.91)\n\n81.7(3.22)\n\n72.6(2.86)\n\n57.3(2.26)\n\n59.1(2.33)\n\n45.9(1.81)\n\n40.3(1.59)\n\n647.6(25.50)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n11.0\n\n9.4\n\n9.0\n\n7.2\n\n9.9\n\n9.8\n\n10.2\n\n9.4\n\n8.2\n\n10.0\n\n10.1\n\n10.9\n\n115.1\n\n\nSource: NOAA[10]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vorsha_railway_station_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Zhlobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhlobin"},{"link_name":"Mogilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogilev"},{"link_name":"Vitebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk"},{"link_name":"Krychaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krychaw"},{"link_name":"Lepel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepel"},{"link_name":"Mogilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogilev"},{"link_name":"Krychaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krychaw"},{"link_name":"Saint-Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"E95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E95"}],"text":"Railway station.Orsha became an important transportation center after the construction of a Dnieper River port. The coming of railway lines in the second half of the nineteenth century greatly contributed to the city growth:1871: Moscow–Minsk–Brest\n1902: Zhlobin–Mogilev–Vitebsk\n1923: Orsha-Krychaw\n1927: Orsha-LepelToday, Orsha is a major railway node where the Minsk–Moscow crosses the northern Vitebsk line, which branches south to Mogilev and Krychaw. All trains from Moscow and Saint-Petersburg bound for Western Europe pass through Orsha.The city is also a junction of the important motorways: The M1 (E30) Moscow-Brest and the M8/M20 (E95) Saint Petersburg - Odessa.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balbasovo Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbasovo_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSGEOINT-12"}],"text":"OSGOEINT reported on the 571st Aircraft Repair Plant (ARP) located at Orsha Airfield (Balbasovo Air Base). Accordingly, the 571st ARP repairs Mi-8-17 HIP, Mi-24-35 HIND, as well as the Tu-134 CRUSTY and possibly the IL-76 CANDID. The report goes on to mention recent investment agreements with Ukraine where private firms planned on providing $12 million to finance facility upgrades during the 2012-2016 period. Press reporting stated that the investors planned on building a modern warehouse terminal as well as office buildings for customs services, banking, and a leasing company.[11]","title":"Military"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People from Orsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Orsha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Igor_Zhelezovski_1985.jpg"},{"link_name":"Igor Zhelezovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Zhelezovski"},{"link_name":"Francis Dzierozynski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dzierozynski"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"Piotra Holub (Golub Petr Semionovich) (1913–1953)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051101125937/http://www.plakaty.ru/authors?id=542&sort=lname"},{"link_name":"Soviet propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_propaganda"},{"link_name":"Uladzimir Karatkievich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uladzimir_Karatkievich"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Marynich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Marynich"},{"link_name":"Georgy Mondzolevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Mondzolevsky"},{"link_name":"Gershon Shufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershon_Shufman"},{"link_name":"Frida Vigdorova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frida_Vigdorova"},{"link_name":"Joseph Brodsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky"},{"link_name":"ru:Вигдорова, Фрида Абрамовна","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"Lev Vygotsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky"},{"link_name":"Nathan Zarkhi (1900–1935)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/name/nm0953515"},{"link_name":"Faina Chiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faina_Chiang"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Igor Zhelezovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Zhelezovsky"},{"link_name":"Alina Talay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alina_Talay"},{"link_name":"track and field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav Zarenkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Zarenkov"}],"text":"See also: Category:People from OrshaIgor ZhelezovskiFrancis Dzierozynski, Jesuit\nPiotra Holub (Golub Petr Semionovich) (1913–1953), artist, author of many well-known Soviet propaganda posters, such as \"Болтун находка для шпиона\" and many others\nUladzimir Karatkievich, Belarusian writer\nMikhail Marynich, opposition politician, who was imprisoned in Orsha\nGeorgy Mondzolevsky, 2-time Olympic volleyball champion\nGershon Shufman, Hebrew author, known as 'Gimel Shufman'\nFrida Vigdorova, Soviet writer and journalist, famous for writing \"White book\" after Joseph Brodsky trial, in support of human rights in USSR (ru:Вигдорова, Фрида Абрамовна)\nLev Vygotsky (1896–1934), psychologist\nNathan Zarkhi (1900–1935), Soviet playwright and film writer\nFaina Chiang, became first lady of the Republic of China in 1978.\nIgor Zhelezovsky, Olympic medalist speed skater\nAlina Talay (born 1989), track and field athlete\nVyacheslav Zarenkov (born 1951), Belarusian entrepreneur","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Belarus"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Asha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asha,_Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Bălți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Bondeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondeno"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Cherkasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherkasy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Dubna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Gagarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagarin,_Smolensk_Oblast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ivanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanovo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ivanteyevka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanteyevka,_Moscow_Oblast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Kardymovsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardymovsky_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Koptevo (Moscow)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptevo_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Krasnogvardeysky (Saint Petersburg)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnogvardeysky_District,_Saint_Petersburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Mārupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81rupe_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Pernik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernik_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Pushkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkin,_Saint_Petersburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Qingdao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Shishou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishou"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Silifke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silifke"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Smolensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Spitak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Telšiai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel%C5%A1iai_District_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Tver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tver"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Vaulx-en-Velin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaulx-en-Velin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Volgodonsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgodonsk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Vyazma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyazma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Yiwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiwu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Zapadnoye Degunino (Moscow)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadnoye_Degunino_District"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in BelarusOrsha is twinned with:[12]Asha, Russia\n Bălți, Moldova\n Bondeno, Italy\n Cherkasy, Ukraine\n Dubna, Russia\n Gagarin, Russia\n Ivanovo, Russia\n Ivanteyevka, Russia\n Kardymovsky District, Russia\n Koptevo (Moscow), Russia\n Krasnogvardeysky (Saint Petersburg), Russia\n Mārupe, Latvia\n Pernik, Bulgaria\n Pushkin, Russia\n Qingdao, China\n Shishou, China\n Silifke, Turkey\n Smolensk, Russia\n Spitak, Armenia\n Telšiai, Lithuania\n Tver, Russia\n Vaulx-en-Velin, France\n Volgodonsk, Russia\n Vyazma, Russia\n Yiwu, China\n Zapadnoye Degunino (Moscow), Russia","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Official transliteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_on_transliteration_of_Belarusian_geographical_names_with_letters_of_Latin_script"}],"text":"^ Official transliteration.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Coat of Arms, 1781","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Orsha_COA_%28Mogilev_Governorate%29_%281781%29.png"},{"image_text":"Coat of Arms, 1967, made for the 900th anniversary of the city","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Coat_of_Arms_of_Or%C5%A1a%2C_Belarus%2C_1967.png/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Or%C5%A1a%2C_Belarus%2C_1967.png"},{"image_text":"St. Elijah's Orthodox church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC.JPG/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC.JPG"},{"image_text":"Railway station.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Vorsha_railway_station_2005.jpg/220px-Vorsha_railway_station_2005.jpg"},{"image_text":"Igor Zhelezovski","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Igor_Zhelezovski_1985.jpg/265px-Igor_Zhelezovski_1985.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа\". belsat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240402055418/https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/","url_text":"\"Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа\""},{"url":"https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ORSHA - JewishEncyclopedia.com\". jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11780-orsha","url_text":"\"ORSHA - JewishEncyclopedia.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Basta! » С ДНЁМ ВСЕБЕЛАРУСКОЙ СОЛИДАРНОСТИ!\". basta-news.net. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://basta-news.net/03041991/","url_text":"\"Basta! » С ДНЁМ ВСЕБЕЛАРУСКОЙ СОЛИДАРНОСТИ!\""}]},{"reference":"\"bandy2008.ru\" (PDF). www.bandy2008.ru. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bandy2008.ru/by-z-z-z-z-z-z-z-blr-teamroster-eng.pdf","url_text":"\"bandy2008.ru\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Orsha\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Belarus/CSV/ORSHA_26763.csv","url_text":"\"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Orsha\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blogger\". osgeoint.blogspot.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://osgeoint.blogspot.com/2012/06/belarus-orsha.html","url_text":"\"Blogger\""}]},{"reference":"\"Города-побратимы\". orsha.vitebsk-region.gov.by (in Russian). Orsha. Retrieved 2020-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://orsha.vitebsk-region.gov.by/ru/goroda-pobratimy/","url_text":"\"Города-побратимы\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Leslie_Buell
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Raymond Leslie Buell
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["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Works (partial list)","4 External links","5 References"]
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American social scientist (1896–1946)
Raymond Leslie Buell (1896–1946) was an American social scientist. He was an instructor at Harvard University until 1927 when he became research director at the Foreign Policy Association. He later became president of the Foreign Policy Association. He influenced the work of Ralph Bunche.
Early life and education
Buell was born in Chicago. His father was a minister at the Presbyterian Church. He studied at Occidental College. He wrote his 1920 book Contemporary French Politics while a student at the University of Grenoble. He earned a masters and a PhD from Princeton University. He served in the American Expeditionary Force during World War I.
Career
He authored the influential 1925 textbook International Relations. In the book, he flags nationalism as a powerful driver of international conflict, as it prompts conflict within empires and stokes tensions between states about borders. He argues that imperialism, which he described as "evil", provokes conflict between imperial powers and between empires and the groups that the empires tries to conquer and subjugate. He challenged notions that pure races existed and that one race was superior to other races, as well as argued that modern nations were composed of multiple races. He criticized economic nationalism and argued for free trade treaties. He opposed the U.S. policy of excluding Asians from immigration and citizenship.
He authored The Native Question in Africa, which was a comparative study of colonial rule. Buell argues in the book for retaining native tribal institutions in Africa. He opposed U.S. isolationism in the years leading up to World War II. He authored the book Isolated America in 1940.
Buell ran for Congress in 1942, losing to Allen T. Treadway in an election for Massachusetts's first congressional district.
Works (partial list)
Contemporary French Politics (1920)
"Political and Social Reconstruction in France" American Political Science Review, Feb. 1921
The Washington Conference (1922)
Buell, Raymond Leslie (1923). "Some Legal Aspects of the Japanese Question". American Journal of International Law. 17 (1): 29–49.
"Again the Yellow Peril" Foreign Affairs, Dec. 15, 1923
Europe: A History of Ten Years (1928)
The Native Problem in Africa (1928)
New Governments in Europe. 1934.
Democratic Governments in Europe. 1935.
External links
Raymond Leslie Buell's paper collection at the Library of Congress
References
^ a b c d e Drew, Bernard A. "R.L. Buell served as advisor to Wilkie". The Berkshire Eagle. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
^ a b c d e "Raymond Leslie Buell, Class of 1914 - Santa Paula Times". m.santapaulatimes.com. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
^ a b Pedersen, Susan (2015). The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 321–324. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570485.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-957048-5.
^ Rietzler, Katharina (2022). "U.S. Foreign Policy Think Tanks and Women's Intellectual Labor, 1920–1950". Diplomatic History. 46 (3): 575–601. doi:10.1093/dh/dhac015. ISSN 0145-2096.
^ "Reading Eagle - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
^ "Books: Fundamentalist v. Modernist". Time. May 20, 1940. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
^ Acharya, Amitav; Buzan, Barry (2019). The Making of Global International Relations. Cambridge University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-108-48017-8.
^ Fenwick, C. G. (February 1926). "International Relations. By Raymond Leslie Buell. (New York: Henry Holt and Co.1925. Pp. xiii, 768.)". American Political Science Review. 20 (1): 206–208. doi:10.2307/1945127. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1945127. S2CID 146749007.
^ Stuart, Graham H. (1927). "International Relations. By Raymond Leslie Buell. New York: Henry Holt, 1925. Pp. xv, 768. Index. $4.00". American Journal of International Law. 21 (2): 382–383. doi:10.2307/2189145. ISSN 0002-9300. JSTOR 2189145.
^ Swain, J. W. (1930). "International Relations. Raymond Leslie Buell". The Journal of Modern History. 2 (3): 504–505. doi:10.1086/235637. ISSN 0022-2801.
^ Buell, Raymond Leslie (1929). International Relations. H. Holt. pp. 28–32.
^ Buell, Raymond Leslie (1929). International Relations. H. Holt. pp. 289–292, 305–307.
^ Buell, Raymond Leslie (1929). International Relations. H. Holt. pp. 75–77.
^ Buell, Raymond Leslie (1929). International Relations. H. Holt. pp. 95–147.
^ Buell, Raymond (1923). "Against the Yellow Peril". Foreign Affairs. 2 (2): 295–309. doi:10.2307/20028293. JSTOR 20028293.
^ Pedersen, Susan (2015). The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570485.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-957048-5.
^ Buell, Raymond Leslie (1929). "Two Lessons in Colonial Rule". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
^ Scott, Arthur P. (1929). "Review of The Native Problem in Africa". American Journal of Sociology. 35 (1): 128–129. ISSN 0002-9602.
^ Wright, Quincy (1929). "Review of The Native Problem in Africa". Political Science Quarterly. 44 (2): 276–279. doi:10.2307/2142999. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2142999.
^ Horton, Ben (2022). "100 years of UK foreign policy" (PDF). International Affairs. doi:10.1093/ia/iiac035 (inactive January 31, 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
^ "On green New England lawns like this one in North Orange, Mass., Candidate Raymond Leslie Buell is conducting his campaign for Congress. He avoids political name-calling, asks his ..." International Center of Photography. February 25, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
^ Barnes, Harry Elmer (1935). "Review of New Governments in Europe". American Journal of Sociology. 40 (4): 538–538. ISSN 0002-9602.
^ Schuman, Frederick L. (1936). "Review of Democratic Governments in Europe". American Journal of Sociology. 42 (1): 143–144. ISSN 0002-9602.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Foreign Policy Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02223-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ralph Bunche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02223-3"}],"text":"Raymond Leslie Buell (1896–1946) was an American social scientist.[1][2] He was an instructor at Harvard University until 1927 when he became research director at the Foreign Policy Association.[3][4] He later became president of the Foreign Policy Association.[5][6] He influenced the work of Ralph Bunche.[3]","title":"Raymond Leslie Buell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Occidental College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"University of Grenoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Grenoble"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"American Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"Buell was born in Chicago. His father was a minister at the Presbyterian Church.[2] He studied at Occidental College.[2] He wrote his 1920 book Contemporary French Politics while a student at the University of Grenoble.[2] He earned a masters and a PhD from Princeton University.[2] He served in the American Expeditionary Force during World War I.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"economic nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_nationalism"},{"link_name":"free trade treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0222-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"U.S. isolationism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolationism"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Allen T. Treadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_T._Treadway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"He authored the influential 1925 textbook International Relations.[7][8][9][10] In the book, he flags nationalism as a powerful driver of international conflict, as it prompts conflict within empires and stokes tensions between states about borders.[11] He argues that imperialism, which he described as \"evil\", provokes conflict between imperial powers and between empires and the groups that the empires tries to conquer and subjugate.[12] He challenged notions that pure races existed and that one race was superior to other races, as well as argued that modern nations were composed of multiple races.[13] He criticized economic nationalism and argued for free trade treaties.[14] He opposed the U.S. policy of excluding Asians from immigration and citizenship.[15]He authored The Native Question in Africa, which was a comparative study of colonial rule.[16][17][18] Buell argues in the book for retaining native tribal institutions in Africa.[19] He opposed U.S. isolationism in the years leading up to World War II.[20][1] He authored the book Isolated America in 1940.[1]Buell ran for Congress in 1942, losing to Allen T. Treadway in an election for Massachusetts's first congressional district.[1][21]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Some Legal Aspects of the Japanese Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//doi.org/10.2307/2187748"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Contemporary French Politics (1920)\n\"Political and Social Reconstruction in France\" American Political Science Review, Feb. 1921\nThe Washington Conference (1922)\nBuell, Raymond Leslie (1923). \"Some Legal Aspects of the Japanese Question\". American Journal of International Law. 17 (1): 29–49.\n\"Again the Yellow Peril\" Foreign Affairs, Dec. 15, 1923\nEurope: A History of Ten Years (1928)\nThe Native Problem in Africa (1928)\nNew Governments in Europe. 1934.[22]\nDemocratic Governments in Europe. 1935.[23]","title":"Works (partial list)"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"Drew, Bernard A. \"R.L. Buell served as advisor to Wilkie\". The Berkshire Eagle. Retrieved March 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berkshireeagle.com/news/local/r-l-buell-served-as-advisor-to-wilkie/article_308d4e55-9d41-5026-9ce6-9c6339263875.html","url_text":"\"R.L. Buell served as advisor to Wilkie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raymond Leslie Buell, Class of 1914 - Santa Paula Times\". m.santapaulatimes.com. Retrieved March 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.santapaulatimes.com/news/archivestory.php/aid/9590/Raymond_Leslie_Buell,_Class_of_1914.html","url_text":"\"Raymond Leslie Buell, Class of 1914 - Santa Paula Times\""}]},{"reference":"Pedersen, Susan (2015). The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 321–324. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570485.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-957048-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Pedersen_(historian)","url_text":"Pedersen, Susan"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tu2kCQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199570485.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570485.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957048-5","url_text":"978-0-19-957048-5"}]},{"reference":"Rietzler, Katharina (2022). \"U.S. Foreign Policy Think Tanks and Women's Intellectual Labor, 1920–1950\". Diplomatic History. 46 (3): 575–601. doi:10.1093/dh/dhac015. ISSN 0145-2096.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhac015","url_text":"\"U.S. Foreign Policy Think Tanks and Women's Intellectual Labor, 1920–1950\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhac015","url_text":"10.1093/dh/dhac015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096","url_text":"0145-2096"}]},{"reference":"\"Reading Eagle - Google News Archive Search\". news.google.com. Retrieved March 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19381101&id=_28hAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AYgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6361,4357","url_text":"\"Reading Eagle - Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"Books: Fundamentalist v. Modernist\". Time. May 20, 1940. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved March 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,849280-2,00.html","url_text":"\"Books: Fundamentalist v. Modernist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X","url_text":"0040-781X"}]},{"reference":"Acharya, Amitav; Buzan, Barry (2019). The Making of Global International Relations. Cambridge University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-108-48017-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jN6CDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Making of Global International Relations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48017-8","url_text":"978-1-108-48017-8"}]},{"reference":"Fenwick, C. G. (February 1926). \"International Relations. By Raymond Leslie Buell. (New York: Henry Holt and Co.1925. Pp. xiii, 768.)\". American Political Science Review. 20 (1): 206–208. doi:10.2307/1945127. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1945127. S2CID 146749007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/international-relations-by-raymond-leslie-buell-new-york-henry-holt-and-co1925-pp-xiii-768/6FF5C1547A2B83529A692D115DE2D466","url_text":"\"International Relations. By Raymond Leslie Buell. (New York: Henry Holt and Co.1925. Pp. xiii, 768.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1945127","url_text":"10.2307/1945127"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554","url_text":"0003-0554"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1945127","url_text":"1945127"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146749007","url_text":"146749007"}]},{"reference":"Stuart, Graham H. (1927). \"International Relations. By Raymond Leslie Buell. New York: Henry Holt, 1925. Pp. xv, 768. Index. $4.00\". American Journal of International Law. 21 (2): 382–383. doi:10.2307/2189145. ISSN 0002-9300. JSTOR 2189145.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/international-relations-by-raymond-leslie-buell-new-york-henry-holt-1925-pp-xv-768-index-400/3F156C3FB87BD2C3E2ECDBB6E4A34AA6","url_text":"\"International Relations. By Raymond Leslie Buell. New York: Henry Holt, 1925. Pp. xv, 768. Index. $4.00\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2189145","url_text":"10.2307/2189145"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9300","url_text":"0002-9300"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2189145","url_text":"2189145"}]},{"reference":"Swain, J. W. (1930). \"International Relations. Raymond Leslie Buell\". The Journal of Modern History. 2 (3): 504–505. doi:10.1086/235637. ISSN 0022-2801.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/235637","url_text":"\"International Relations. Raymond Leslie Buell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F235637","url_text":"10.1086/235637"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2801","url_text":"0022-2801"}]},{"reference":"Buell, Raymond Leslie (1929). International Relations. H. Holt. pp. 28–32.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PcBAAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"International Relations"}]},{"reference":"Buell, Raymond Leslie (1929). International Relations. H. Holt. pp. 289–292, 305–307.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PcBAAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"International Relations"}]},{"reference":"Buell, Raymond Leslie (1929). International Relations. H. Holt. pp. 75–77.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PcBAAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"International Relations"}]},{"reference":"Buell, Raymond Leslie (1929). International Relations. H. Holt. pp. 95–147.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PcBAAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"International Relations"}]},{"reference":"Buell, Raymond (1923). \"Against the Yellow Peril\". Foreign Affairs. 2 (2): 295–309. doi:10.2307/20028293. JSTOR 20028293.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20028293","url_text":"\"Against the Yellow Peril\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20028293","url_text":"10.2307/20028293"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20028293","url_text":"20028293"}]},{"reference":"Pedersen, Susan (2015). The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570485.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-957048-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tu2kCQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199570485.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570485.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957048-5","url_text":"978-0-19-957048-5"}]},{"reference":"Buell, Raymond Leslie (1929). \"Two Lessons in Colonial Rule\". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved March 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1929-04-01/two-lessons-colonial-rule","url_text":"\"Two Lessons in Colonial Rule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120","url_text":"0015-7120"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Arthur P. (1929). \"Review of The Native Problem in Africa\". American Journal of Sociology. 35 (1): 128–129. ISSN 0002-9602.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2766017","url_text":"\"Review of The Native Problem in Africa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602","url_text":"0002-9602"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Quincy (1929). \"Review of The Native Problem in Africa\". Political Science Quarterly. 44 (2): 276–279. doi:10.2307/2142999. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2142999.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2142999","url_text":"\"Review of The Native Problem in Africa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2142999","url_text":"10.2307/2142999"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3195","url_text":"0032-3195"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2142999","url_text":"2142999"}]},{"reference":"Horton, Ben (2022). \"100 years of UK foreign policy\" (PDF). International Affairs. doi:10.1093/ia/iiac035 (inactive January 31, 2024).","urls":[{"url":"https://static.primary.prod.gcms.the-infra.com/static/site/ia/document/iiac035.pdf?node=76b949b2d8ec46c80b13","url_text":"\"100 years of UK foreign policy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fia%2Fiiac035","url_text":"10.1093/ia/iiac035"}]},{"reference":"\"On green New England lawns like this one in North Orange, Mass., Candidate Raymond Leslie Buell is conducting his campaign for Congress. He avoids political name-calling, asks his ...\" International Center of Photography. February 25, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/on-green-new-england-lawns-like-this-one-in-north-orange-mass-candidate","url_text":"\"On green New England lawns like this one in North Orange, Mass., Candidate Raymond Leslie Buell is conducting his campaign for Congress. He avoids political name-calling, asks his ...\""}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Harry Elmer (1935). \"Review of New Governments in Europe\". American Journal of Sociology. 40 (4): 538–538. ISSN 0002-9602.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2768579","url_text":"\"Review of New Governments in Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602","url_text":"0002-9602"}]},{"reference":"Schuman, Frederick L. (1936). \"Review of Democratic Governments in Europe\". American Journal of Sociology. 42 (1): 143–144. ISSN 0002-9602.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2768887","url_text":"\"Review of Democratic Governments in Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602","url_text":"0002-9602"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_Surfers
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Satanic Surfers
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["1 History","2 Members","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Satanic Surfers" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Satanic SurfersSatanic Surfers – Wilwarin Festival 2015 03Background informationOriginLund, SwedenGenresSkate PunkYears active1989–2007; 2014–presentLabelsBurning Heart RecordsBad Taste RecordsGenetMembersRodrigo AlfaroMagnus BlixtbergMax HuddénAndy DahlströmPast membersErik KronwallUlf ErikssonTomek SokołowskiMathias BlixtbergMartin SvenssonRobert SamsonovitzFrederik JakobsenStefan LarssonWebsitesatanic-surfers.com
Satanic Surfers are a Swedish punk rock band from Lund, Skåne.
History
Satanic Surfers was formed in autumn, 1989 by vocalist Erik Kronwall and drummer Rodrigo Alfaro. Soon after, Frederik Jakobsen and Magnus Blixtberg joined on guitar, while Tomek Sokolowski took on bass duties.
The band did not release their debut album until 1993. Named Skate to Hell, the record was the first release issued by Bad Taste Records. Ulf Eriksson replaced Erik on vocals for 1994's Keep Out on Burning Heart Records. When he in turn left the group, Alfaro became the group's vocalist while keeping drumming duties.
After three more LPs on Burning Heart and several lineup changes, the group returned to Bad Taste for two releases in 2000. After 2002's Unconsciously Confined, the group added bassist Andy Dahlström and drummer Robert Samsonovitz, and issued their final album, 2005's Taste the Poison. They disbanded in 2007.
After receiving an offer from Amnesia Rockfest in 2014, the band announced that they would reunite for the 2015 summer festival circuit. Including Amnesia Rockfest and Spanish Resurrection Fest, first festival which announced the reunion, the band's Facebook page now lists 12 tour dates between May 8 and August 16.
In September 2017, the band announced on Instagram that they are recording a new album. Back from Hell was duly released in 2018.
Members
Current
Rodrigo Alfaro - drums (1989-2001, 2019-present), vocals (1994-2007, 2014-present)
Magnus Blixtberg - guitar (1993-2006, 2014-present)
Max Huddén - guitar (2016-present)
Andy Dahlström - bass (2003-2007, 2014-present)
Former
Erik Kronwall - vocals (1989-1994)
Ulf Eriksson - vocals (1994)
Fredrik Jakobsen - guitar (1989-2007)
Dana Johansson - guitar (2006-2007, 2014-2016)
Tomek Sokołowski - bass (1989-1999)
Mathias Blixtberg - bass (1999-2003)
Martin Svensson - drums (2001-2002)
Robert Samsonovitz - drums (2004-2007)
Stefan Larsson - drums (2015-2019)
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
Hero of Our Time (Theologian/Burning Heart Records/Genet Records, 1996)
666 Motor Inn (Burning Heart, 1997)
Going Nowhere Fast (Epitaph/Burning Heart, 1999)
Fragments and Fractions (Bad Taste, 2000)
Unconsciously Confined (Hopeless/Bad Taste, 2002)
Taste the Poison (Bad Taste, 2005)
Back from Hell (Mondo Macabre Records, 2018)
Other albums
Meathook Love (Demotape 1991)
Skate to Hell EP (Bad Taste Records, 1993)
Keep Out EP (Burning Heart Records, 1994)
Ten Foot Pole & Satanic Surfers Split EP (Bad Taste Records, 1995)
Concrete Cell / Satanic Surffers Split EP (Genet Records, 1997)
Songs from the Crypt (Bad Taste, 2000)
References
^ a b Satanic Surfers at AllMusic
^ "Interview with Rodrigo from Satanic Surfers | Big Bombo". Archived from the original on 2015-05-24. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
^ "New bands for RESURRECTION FEST 2015: KoRn, Refused and many more". Resurrectionfest.es. 17 December 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
^ "Satanic Surfers". Facebook.com. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
^ "Satanic Surfers on Instagram: "New album in the making. DAY 1: Tracking drums. Stefan rules! #satanicsurfers"". Instagram.com. Archived from the original on 2021-12-26. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
Artists
MusicBrainz
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87-Rugova_education_agreement
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Milošević-Rugova education agreement
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["1 Background","2 Negotiations","3 Agreement","4 Reactions","5 Aftermath","6 References","7 External links","8 Sources"]
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1996 treaty
Milošević-Rugova education agreementSigned1 September 1996LocationBelgrade and Priština, Republic of SerbiaAmendmentAgreed measures for the implementation of the agreement on education, 23 April 1998MediatorsCommunity of Sant'EgidioOriginalsignatories
Slobodan Milošević
Ibrahim Rugova
This article is part of a series aboutSlobodan Milošević
Early life
Public image
Cultural depictions
President of Serbia and Yugoslavia
League of Communists of Serbia
Presidency of SR Serbia
8th Session
Anti-bureaucratic revolution
Gazimestan speech
1990 constitution
1991 protests
Karađorđevo meeting
1991–1992 anti-war protests
Croatian War
Bosnian War
1992 constitution
Sanctions
Insurgency in Kosovo
Dayton Agreement
Education agreement
1996–97 protests
Kosovo War
NATO bombing
Overthrow
Trial
Death
Bosnian genocide case
Elections
1990
1992
1996
2000
Family
Mirjana Marković
Marko Milošević
Borislav Milošević
vte
The Milošević–Rugova education agreement was an agreement signed on 1 September 1996 between Slobodan Milošević, president of the Republic of Serbia, and Ibrahim Rugova, the first President of Kosovo, still an unrecognised state declared independent in secret by members of Kosovo's former assembly when Kosovo was within Yugoslavia. The negotiations were mediated by the Community of Sant'Egidio.
Background
The decisions of the parliament of the Republic of Serbia in 1989 and the new constitution of the Republic of Serbia adopted in 1990 centralized education in Serbia and transferred all disputes over curricula and financing of education from the Serbian provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo to the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Serbia. The representatives of Kosovo Albanians opposed this and continued to insist on organization of education on Kosovo according to curricula based on previous legislation and the former 1974 Yugoslav Constitution. Initially, the Ministry of Education of Serbia issued warnings to Kosovo Albanian teachers, without any result as they continued to ignore new legislation and curricula. The Kosovo Albanians insisted that nobody outside Kosovo can know better than they do how to educate their children. The content of curricula was not yet in dispute, but only the authority which held power of approval.
A parallel educational system was established in Kosovo for Kosovo Albanian children. The Kosovo Albanian teachers followed curricula adopted in August 1990 and some of them organized education in improvised schools, in tea houses, garages, and private houses, using formal documents with the stamp of the unrecognized Republic of Kosovo. However, according to Federal Minister of Education Ivan Ivić, most of them continued to use public government school buildings.
The Serbian Government reacted with suspension of financing of education in the Albanian language. This education obtained continuing financing from the Government of the Republic of Kosovo in exile, from foreign charities, and from the Kosovo Finance Board which collected an obligatory 3% taxes from companies in Kosovo.
Negotiations
There were many attempts to negotiate a resolution of this issue through mediation by diplomats and emissaries who dealt with Yugoslavia, including Lord Owen, Thorvald Stoltenberg, Tadeusz Mazowiecki and Elisabeth Rehn, all without success. In 1996 the new school year was to start on 1 September 1996. The PPK published their suggestion to re-occupy school buildings using non violent means.
Slobodan Milošević took over the negotiations after the educational issue became politically important
Since this issue had political importance, the negotiations were taken over by the president of Serbia Slobodan Milošević and president of the unrecognized Kosovo Ibrahim Rugova.
Agreement
The text of the agreement, mediated by the Italian group Community of Sant'Egidio, consisted of nine sentences. According to the agreement, Kosovo Albanian children will again attend school in state school buildings listed in an annex to the agreement. The annex contained a list of more than one hundred primary, secondary, and post-secondary schools and faculties. However, the agreement did not stipulate whether the Kosovo Albanian children were to be taught according to curricula of Serbia or not, which was the basic issue and reason for Kosovo Albanians not allowing their children to attend lectures in the public school buildings.
Reactions
Ibrahim Rugova, recognized as legitimate leader of Kosovo Albanians by Slobodan Milošević
The political representatives of Kosovo Serbs were opposed to the agreement and criticized Milošević and his signing of the agreement. According to Momčilo Trajković, Milošević concluded the agreement "behind the back of Serbs making actions which stunned Serbs who are suffering and deceived". The CNN news network in the US saw the agreement as a precedent which legitimized the leading political organization of Kosovo Albanians and their leader Ibrahim Rugova.
For Milošević, this agreement elegantly proved that Kosovo Albanians are ready to negotiate with him and also that he was ready to negotiate with their leaders. Rugova was surprised that the agreement recognized him as leader of Kosovo Albanians, although the agreement referred to him only with his PhD title, without any mention of his title of "President of Kosova".
Aftermath
On 23 April 1998 another agreement was signed by the representatives of the Republic of Serbia and Kosovo Albanians for implementation of the agreement on education signed between Milošević and Rugova in 1996.
References
^ a b c d e (Kola 2003, p. 316): "The Milošević-Rugova education agreement."
^ a b (Kola 2003, p. 316): "Rugova was, in fact, negotiating with the Serbs through the mediation of the Italian Roman Catholic group, Communità di Sant'Egidio. The talks resulted in the signing, on 1 September 1996,"
^ a b c d e f Gojgić, Ljubica (6 September 1996). "Dogovor Milosevic-Rugova: Maske nisu pale". NIN (2384). Retrieved 1 June 2019.
^ (Clark 2000, p. 125)
^ (Henry 2010, p. 43)
^ Gojgić, Ljubica (6 September 1996). "Dogovor Milosevic-Rugova: Maske nisu pale". NIN (2384). Retrieved 1 June 2019. iza ledja srpskom narodu, vuce poteze koji zaprepascuju i izludjuju napaceni, izigrani i prevareni srpski narod
^ Gojgić, Ljubica (6 September 1996). "Dogovor Milosevic-Rugova: Maske nisu pale". NIN (2384). Retrieved 1 June 2019. "Radi se o presedanu kojim srpska vlast zvanicno priznaje legitimitet vodecoj albanskoj organizaciji sa Kosova (Demokratskom savezu) i njenom osporavanom lideru Rugovi", konstatuje americka mreza CNN.
^ (Kola 2003, p. 316): "..."President of Kosova""
External links
Text of the agreement published on website of La Comunità di Sant'Egidio e la Pace
Text of agreed measures for the implementation of the agreement on education
Sources
Henry, H. Perritt Jr. (2010). The Road to Independence for Kosovo: A Chronicle of the Ahtisaari Plan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11624-4.
Kola, Paulin (2003). The Search for Greater Albania. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-664-7.
Clark, Howard (2000). Civil resistance in Kosovo. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-1574-4.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slobodan Milošević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Republic of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Rugova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Rugova"},{"link_name":"President of Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"Community of Sant'Egidio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"The Milošević–Rugova education agreement was an agreement signed on 1 September 1996 between Slobodan Milošević, president of the Republic of Serbia, and Ibrahim Rugova, the first President of Kosovo, still an unrecognised state declared independent in secret by members of Kosovo's former assembly when Kosovo was within Yugoslavia.[1] The negotiations were mediated by the Community of Sant'Egidio.[2]","title":"Milošević-Rugova education agreement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parliament of the Republic of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"constitution of the Republic of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education of the Republic of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Serbia)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Kosovo Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians"},{"link_name":"1974 Yugoslav Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Government of the Republic of Kosovo in exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo_in_exile&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"The decisions of the parliament of the Republic of Serbia in 1989 and the new constitution of the Republic of Serbia adopted in 1990 centralized education in Serbia and transferred all disputes over curricula and financing of education from the Serbian provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo to the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Serbia.[3] The representatives of Kosovo Albanians opposed this and continued to insist on organization of education on Kosovo according to curricula based on previous legislation and the former 1974 Yugoslav Constitution. Initially, the Ministry of Education of Serbia issued warnings to Kosovo Albanian teachers, without any result as they continued to ignore new legislation and curricula. The Kosovo Albanians insisted that nobody outside Kosovo can know better than they do how to educate their children. The content of curricula was not yet in dispute, but only the authority which held power of approval.[3]A parallel educational system was established in Kosovo for Kosovo Albanian children. The Kosovo Albanian teachers followed curricula adopted in August 1990 and some of them organized education in improvised schools, in tea houses, garages, and private houses, using formal documents with the stamp of the unrecognized Republic of Kosovo. However, according to Federal Minister of Education Ivan Ivić, most of them continued to use public government school buildings.[3]The Serbian Government reacted with suspension of financing of education in the Albanian language. This education obtained continuing financing from the Government of the Republic of Kosovo in exile, from foreign charities, and from the Kosovo Finance Board which collected an obligatory 3% taxes from companies in Kosovo.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Owen"},{"link_name":"Thorvald Stoltenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorvald_Stoltenberg"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Mazowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Rehn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Rehn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stevan_Kragujevic,_Slobodan_Milosevic,_portret.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Rugova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Rugova"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"There were many attempts to negotiate a resolution of this issue through mediation by diplomats and emissaries who dealt with Yugoslavia, including Lord Owen, Thorvald Stoltenberg, Tadeusz Mazowiecki and Elisabeth Rehn, all without success.[3] In 1996 the new school year was to start on 1 September 1996. The PPK published their suggestion to re-occupy school buildings using non violent means.[4]Slobodan Milošević took over the negotiations after the educational issue became politically importantSince this issue had political importance, the negotiations were taken over by the president of Serbia Slobodan Milošević and president of the unrecognized Kosovo Ibrahim Rugova.[3]","title":"Negotiations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Community of Sant'Egidio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"Kosovo Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"}],"text":"The text of the agreement, mediated by the Italian group Community of Sant'Egidio,[2] consisted of nine sentences.[1] According to the agreement, Kosovo Albanian children will again attend school in state school buildings listed in an annex to the agreement.[1] The annex contained a list of more than one hundred primary, secondary, and post-secondary schools and faculties.[1] However, the agreement did not stipulate whether the Kosovo Albanian children were to be taught according to curricula of Serbia or not, which was the basic issue and reason for Kosovo Albanians not allowing their children to attend lectures in the public school buildings.[1]","title":"Agreement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr._Ibrahim_Rugova.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Ibrahim Rugova, recognized as legitimate leader of Kosovo Albanians by Slobodan MiloševićThe political representatives of Kosovo Serbs were opposed to the agreement and criticized Milošević and his signing of the agreement.[5] According to Momčilo Trajković, Milošević concluded the agreement \"behind the back of Serbs making actions which stunned Serbs who are suffering and deceived\".[6] The CNN news network in the US saw the agreement as a precedent which legitimized the leading political organization of Kosovo Albanians and their leader Ibrahim Rugova.[7]For Milošević, this agreement elegantly proved that Kosovo Albanians are ready to negotiate with him and also that he was ready to negotiate with their leaders. Rugova was surprised that the agreement recognized him as leader of Kosovo Albanians, although the agreement referred to him only with his PhD title, without any mention of his title of \"President of Kosova\".[8]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"On 23 April 1998 another agreement was signed by the representatives of the Republic of Serbia and Kosovo Albanians for implementation of the agreement on education signed between Milošević and Rugova in 1996.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Road to Independence for Kosovo: A Chronicle of the Ahtisaari Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=f2nOTuF_KC0C&pg=PA43"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-11624-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11624-4"},{"link_name":"The Search for Greater Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=nAANq88bBH8C&pg=PA316"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85065-664-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-664-7"},{"link_name":"Civil resistance in Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ll8MAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7453-1574-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1574-4"}],"text":"Henry, H. Perritt Jr. (2010). The Road to Independence for Kosovo: A Chronicle of the Ahtisaari Plan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11624-4.\nKola, Paulin (2003). The Search for Greater Albania. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-664-7.\nClark, Howard (2000). Civil resistance in Kosovo. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-1574-4.","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Slobodan Milošević took over the negotiations after the educational issue became politically important","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Slobodan_Milosevic%2C_portret.jpg/220px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Slobodan_Milosevic%2C_portret.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ibrahim Rugova, recognized as legitimate leader of Kosovo Albanians by Slobodan Milošević","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dr._Ibrahim_Rugova.jpg/220px-Dr._Ibrahim_Rugova.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Gojgić, Ljubica (6 September 1996). \"Dogovor Milosevic-Rugova: Maske nisu pale\". NIN (2384). Retrieved 1 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/arhiva/2384/2384d.html","url_text":"\"Dogovor Milosevic-Rugova: Maske nisu pale\""}]},{"reference":"Gojgić, Ljubica (6 September 1996). \"Dogovor Milosevic-Rugova: Maske nisu pale\". NIN (2384). Retrieved 1 June 2019. iza ledja srpskom narodu, vuce poteze koji zaprepascuju i izludjuju napaceni, izigrani i prevareni srpski narod","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/arhiva/2384/2384d.html","url_text":"\"Dogovor Milosevic-Rugova: Maske nisu pale\""}]},{"reference":"Gojgić, Ljubica (6 September 1996). \"Dogovor Milosevic-Rugova: Maske nisu pale\". NIN (2384). Retrieved 1 June 2019. \"Radi se o presedanu kojim srpska vlast zvanicno priznaje legitimitet vodecoj albanskoj organizaciji sa Kosova (Demokratskom savezu) i njenom osporavanom lideru Rugovi\", konstatuje americka mreza CNN.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/arhiva/2384/2384d.html","url_text":"\"Dogovor Milosevic-Rugova: Maske nisu pale\""}]},{"reference":"Henry, H. Perritt Jr. (2010). The Road to Independence for Kosovo: A Chronicle of the Ahtisaari Plan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11624-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f2nOTuF_KC0C&pg=PA43","url_text":"The Road to Independence for Kosovo: A Chronicle of the Ahtisaari Plan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11624-4","url_text":"978-0-521-11624-4"}]},{"reference":"Kola, Paulin (2003). The Search for Greater Albania. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-664-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nAANq88bBH8C&pg=PA316","url_text":"The Search for Greater Albania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-664-7","url_text":"978-1-85065-664-7"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Howard (2000). Civil resistance in Kosovo. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-1574-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ll8MAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Civil resistance in Kosovo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1574-4","url_text":"978-0-7453-1574-4"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.nin.co.rs/arhiva/2384/2384d.html","external_links_name":"\"Dogovor Milosevic-Rugova: Maske nisu pale\""},{"Link":"http://www.nin.co.rs/arhiva/2384/2384d.html","external_links_name":"\"Dogovor Milosevic-Rugova: Maske nisu pale\""},{"Link":"http://www.nin.co.rs/arhiva/2384/2384d.html","external_links_name":"\"Dogovor Milosevic-Rugova: Maske nisu pale\""},{"Link":"http://archive.santegidio.org/archivio/pace/kosovo_19960109_EN.htm","external_links_name":"Text of the agreement published on website of La Comunità di Sant'Egidio e la Pace"},{"Link":"http://archive.santegidio.org/archivio/pace/kosovo_19980423_EN.htm","external_links_name":"Text of agreed measures for the implementation of the agreement on education"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f2nOTuF_KC0C&pg=PA43","external_links_name":"The Road to Independence for Kosovo: A Chronicle of the Ahtisaari Plan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nAANq88bBH8C&pg=PA316","external_links_name":"The Search for Greater Albania"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ll8MAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Civil resistance in Kosovo"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbeumont
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Herbeumont
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["1 Escape Dutroux","2 Notable residents","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 49°46.85′N 05°14.25′E / 49.78083°N 5.23750°E / 49.78083; 5.23750Municipality in French Community, BelgiumHerbeumont
Arbûmont (Walloon)MunicipalityThe town hall
FlagCoat of armsLocation of Herbeumont
HerbeumontLocation in Belgium
Location of Herbeumont in Luxembourg province
Coordinates: 49°46.85′N 05°14.25′E / 49.78083°N 5.23750°E / 49.78083; 5.23750Country BelgiumCommunityFrench CommunityRegionWalloniaProvinceLuxembourgArrondissementNeufchâteauGovernment • MayorCatherine Mathelin • Governing party/iesActionArea • Total58.42 km2 (22.56 sq mi)Population (2018-01-01) • Total1,627 • Density28/km2 (72/sq mi)Postal codes6887NIS code84029Area codes061Website(in French) herbeumont.be
Herbeumont (French pronunciation: ; Walloon: Arbûmont) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.
On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 58.81 km², had 1,536 inhabitants, giving a population density of 26.1 inhabitants per km².
The municipality consists of the following districts: Herbeumont, Saint-Médard, and Straimont. Other population centers include: Gribomont, Martilly, and Menugoutte.
Escape Dutroux
In April 1998 Marc Dutroux escaped from his guards while being transferred to court without handcuffs by overpowering one of his guards and taking his pistol, but was captured later in Herbeumont by a ranger in the nearby woods. This resulted in the resignation of minister of interior Johan Vande Lanotte, minister of justice Stefaan De Clerck and the former police chief.
Notable residents
Jean-Nicolas Perlot (1823–1900), adventurer and participant in the California Gold Rush, born in Herbeumont
See also
List of protected heritage sites in Herbeumont
References
^ "Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018". Statbel. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
External links
Media related to Herbeumont at Wikimedia Commons
Places adjacent to Herbeumont
Bertrix
Bertrix
Herbeumont
Neufchâteau
Florenville, Chiny
vteMunicipalities of the province of Luxembourg, WalloniaArlon
Arlon
Attert
Aubange
Martelange
Messancy
Bastogne
Bastogne
Bertogne
Fauvillers
Gouvy
Houffalize
Sainte-Ode
Vaux-sur-Sûre
Vielsalm
Marche-en-Famenne
Durbuy
Érezée
Hotton
La Roche-en-Ardenne
Manhay
Marche-en-Famenne
Nassogne
Rendeux
Tenneville
Neufchâteau
Bertrix
Bouillon
Daverdisse
Herbeumont
Léglise
Libin
Libramont-Chevigny
Neufchâteau
Paliseul
Saint-Hubert
Tellin
Wellin
Virton
Chiny
Étalle
Florenville
Habay
Meix-devant-Virton
Musson
Rouvroy
Saint-Léger
Tintigny
Virton
Bold indicates cities
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
This Belgian Luxembourg location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ɛʁbømɔ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Walloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloon_language"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"province of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deelgemeente"},{"link_name":"Saint-Médard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-M%C3%A9dard,_Herbeumont"},{"link_name":"Straimont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straimont"}],"text":"Municipality in French Community, BelgiumHerbeumont (French pronunciation: [ɛʁbømɔ̃]; Walloon: Arbûmont) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 58.81 km², had 1,536 inhabitants, giving a population density of 26.1 inhabitants per km².The municipality consists of the following districts: Herbeumont, Saint-Médard, and Straimont. Other population centers include: Gribomont, Martilly, and Menugoutte.","title":"Herbeumont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marc Dutroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Dutroux"},{"link_name":"Johan Vande Lanotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Vande_Lanotte"},{"link_name":"Stefaan De Clerck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefaan_De_Clerck"}],"text":"In April 1998 Marc Dutroux escaped from his guards while being transferred to court without handcuffs by overpowering one of his guards and taking his pistol, but was captured later in Herbeumont by a ranger in the nearby woods. This resulted in the resignation of minister of interior Johan Vande Lanotte, minister of justice Stefaan De Clerck and the former police chief.","title":"Escape Dutroux"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean-Nicolas Perlot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Nicolas_Perlot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Nicolas_Perlot"},{"link_name":"California Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gold_Rush"}],"text":"Jean-Nicolas Perlot [fr] (1823–1900), adventurer and participant in the California Gold Rush, born in Herbeumont","title":"Notable residents"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of protected heritage sites in Herbeumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_heritage_sites_in_Herbeumont"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018\". Statbel. Retrieved 9 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://statbel.fgov.be/sites/default/files/files/documents/bevolking/5.1%20Structuur%20van%20de%20bevolking/Wettelijke_bevolking_per_gemeente_2011_2017.xls","url_text":"\"Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1821%E2%80%9323)
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Ottoman–Persian War (1821–1823)
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["1 Background","2 War","3 Result","4 Notes","5 References","6 Sources"]
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Series of conflicts fought between the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran from 1821 to 1823
Ottoman–Persian War of 1821–1823Part of the Ottoman–Persian WarsPersian soldiers at the Caucasus front.Date10 September 1821 – 23 July 1823LocationOttoman-Persian border, Eastern AnatoliaResult
Persian military victory
Treaty of Erzurum
Recognition of the border established by the Treaty of Zuhab (1639)Belligerents
Qajar Iran
Ottoman Empire
Pashalik of IraqCommanders and leaders
Fath-Ali Shah Qajar Abbas Mirza Mohammad Ali Mirza
Mahmud II
vteOttoman–Persian Wars
Ottoman–Safavid Wars
Chaldiran
War of 1532–1555
War of 1578–1590
War of 1603–1612
War of 1616–1618
War of 1623–1639
Occupation of Basra 1697–1701
Campaigns of Nader Shah
War of 1730–1735
War of 1743–1746
Subsequent conflicts
War of 1775–1776
War of 1821–1823
The Ottoman–Persian War of 1821–1823 was fought between the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran from 1821 to 1823.
Background
Tensions between the two empires had been rising due to the Ottoman Empire's harboring of rebellious tribesmen from the Iranian Azerbaijan Province. The issues concerning the Kurdish borderland tribes such as the Haydaran and Sipki tribes had complicated the relations between the two empires. For instance, Iran launched a military campaign against Dervish Pasha, the muhafiz of Van, when he refused to return the Sipki Kurdish who took refuge and settled in Archesh.
The Ottoman-Persian War that began in 1821 was also part of a series of wars between the two empires, which was attributed to the influences of foreign powers, particularly Great Britain and the Russian Empire. The Persians and the Ottomans were within their respective spheres of influence and were drawn to their rivalry. The Russian Empire was attempting to put pressure on the Ottoman Empire, which was then at war with the Greeks.
War
See also: Battle of Erzurum (1821)
Crown Prince Abbas Mirza of Persia, at the instigation of the Russian Empire, invaded Western Armenia and the areas surrounding the Iranian province of Azerbaijan. On 10 September 1821, the Iranian forces marched out of Tabriz towards the border. On 16 September, Iranian forces crossed the border at Gürbulak and stormed the Bayezid Fortress in November 1821, securing Persian supply routes. As the Iranian army marched into the region, they went after the Heydaran tribesmen, who would flee to Diyarbakir.
After Abbas Mirza's successful winter campaign, he withdrew most of his forces to Tabriz while leaving garrisons in significant towns and cities. The Turks began to organize a counterattack, organized under the new serasker, Mohammad Amin Rauf Pasha. They planned to steamroll the garrisons in Eastern Anatolia and occupy parts of Azerbaijan to prevent Iran from gathering their troops, and force a peace on Ottoman terms. However, the fortress of Toprah Kaleh stood in the way of Ottoman plans due to its strategic location. The Sardar of Erevan kept raiding Ottoman positions around Toprah Kaleh, allowing Abbas Mirza precious time to recover forces to relieve the fortress. The resulting battle in May 1822 was a defeat for the Ottomans, but the Iranians were unable to take advantage of their success.
The governor of Baghdad was defeated by Mohammed Ali Mirza who then besieges the city, his untimely death ends the siege. Meanwhile, Abbas Mirza marched into eastern Anatolia with 30,000 troops and met an Ottoman army of 50,000 at the Battle of Erzurum. Abbas Mirza scored a crushing victory over the Ottomans despite being severely outnumbered and his army suffering from a cholera epidemic.
Result
Peace was not concluded until the Treaty of Erzurum two years later; both sides recognized the previous borders established by the Treaty of Zuhab in 1639, with no territorial changes. Also included in the treaty, was the guaranteed access for Persian pilgrims to the holy sites of Mecca and Medina within the Ottoman Empire.
Notes
^ Also known as the Ottoman–Iranian War of 1821–1823, or Turko–Persian War 1821–1823.
References
^ Williamson 2008, p. 88-97.
^ Farmanfarmaian, Roxane, ed. (30 January 2008). War and peace in Qajar Persia implications past and present. ISBN 978-1-134-10307-2. OCLC 1294638373.
^ Ateş, Sabri (30 July 2015). The Ottoman-Iranian borderlands : making a boundary, 1843-1914. ISBN 978-1-107-54577-9. OCLC 980068476.
^ Williamson 2008, p. 88.
^ Sicker 2001, p. 118.
^ a b c d e Tucker 2010, p. 1140.
^ Ateş 2013, p. 49.
^ Sorkhabi 2017, p. 43-44.
^ Keçeci, Serkan (October 2016). The grand strategy of the Russian Empire in the Caucasus against its southern rivals (1821-1833) (phd thesis). The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).
^ Çiftçi, Erdal (April 2018). Fragile alliances in the Ottoman East: the Heyderan Tribe and the empire, 1820 - 1929 (Thesis). Bilkent University.
^ a b c Farmanfarmaian, Roxane, ed. (30 January 2008). War and peace in Qajar Persia: Implications Past and Present. ISBN 978-1-134-10307-2. OCLC 1294638373.
^ Ward 2009, p. 76.
^ Williamson 2008, p. 108.
^ Mikaberidze 2011, p. 301.
Sources
Ateş, Sabri (2013). Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107033658.
Williamson, Graham (2008). "The Turko-Persian War of 1821-1823: winning the war but losing the peace". In Farmanfarmaian, Roxane (ed.). War and Peace in Qajar Persia: Implications Past and Present. Routledge. ISBN 9781134103089.
Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598843361.
Sicker, Martin (2001). The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Praeger.
Sorkhabi, Rasoul (2017). Tectonic Evolution, Collision, and Seismicity of Southwest Asia: In Honor of Manuel Berberian's Forty-Five Years of Research Contributions. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. ISBN 9780813725253.
Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle. Vol. III. ABC-CLIO.
Ward, Steven R. (2009). Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Ottoman–Persian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Chaldiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran"},{"link_name":"War of 1532–1555","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1532%E2%80%931555)"},{"link_name":"War of 1578–1590","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1578%E2%80%931590)"},{"link_name":"War of 1603–1612","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1603%E2%80%931612)"},{"link_name":"War of 1616–1618","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1616%E2%80%931618)"},{"link_name":"War of 1623–1639","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1623%E2%80%931639)"},{"link_name":"Occupation of Basra 1697–1701","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_occupation_of_Basra"},{"link_name":"War of 1730–1735","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1730%E2%80%931735)"},{"link_name":"War of 1743–1746","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1743%E2%80%931746)"},{"link_name":"War of 1775–1776","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1775%E2%80%931776)"},{"link_name":"War of 1821–1823","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Qajar Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_Iran"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESicker2001118-6"}],"text":"vteOttoman–Persian Wars\nOttoman–Safavid Wars\nChaldiran\nWar of 1532–1555\nWar of 1578–1590\nWar of 1603–1612\nWar of 1616–1618\nWar of 1623–1639\nOccupation of Basra 1697–1701\nCampaigns of Nader Shah\nWar of 1730–1735\nWar of 1743–1746\nSubsequent conflicts\nWar of 1775–1776\nWar of 1821–1823The Ottoman–Persian War of 1821–1823[a] was fought between the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran from 1821 to 1823.[5]","title":"Ottoman–Persian War (1821–1823)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker20101140-7"},{"link_name":"Kurdish borderland tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_tribes"},{"link_name":"Van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Archesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erci%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAte%C5%9F201349-8"},{"link_name":"series of wars between the two empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorkhabi201743-44-9"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"at war with the Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker20101140-7"}],"text":"Tensions between the two empires had been rising due to the Ottoman Empire's harboring of rebellious tribesmen from the Iranian Azerbaijan Province.[6] The issues concerning the Kurdish borderland tribes such as the Haydaran and Sipki tribes had complicated the relations between the two empires. For instance, Iran launched a military campaign against Dervish Pasha, the muhafiz of Van, when he refused to return the Sipki Kurdish who took refuge and settled in Archesh.[7]The Ottoman-Persian War that began in 1821 was also part of a series of wars between the two empires, which was attributed to the influences of foreign powers, particularly Great Britain and the Russian Empire.[8] The Persians and the Ottomans were within their respective spheres of influence and were drawn to their rivalry. The Russian Empire was attempting to put pressure on the Ottoman Empire, which was then at war with the Greeks.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Erzurum (1821)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Erzurum_(1821)"},{"link_name":"Abbas Mirza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Mirza"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Western Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker20101140-7"},{"link_name":"Tabriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gürbulak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrbulak"},{"link_name":"Bayezid Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fubayaz%C4%B1t"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard200976-13"},{"link_name":"Abbas Mirza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Mirza"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Erzurum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Erzurum_(1821)"},{"link_name":"cholera epidemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker20101140-7"}],"text":"See also: Battle of Erzurum (1821)Crown Prince Abbas Mirza of Persia, at the instigation of the Russian Empire, invaded Western Armenia and the areas surrounding the Iranian province of Azerbaijan.[6] On 10 September 1821, the Iranian forces marched out of Tabriz towards the border.[9] On 16 September, Iranian forces crossed the border at Gürbulak and stormed the Bayezid Fortress in November 1821, securing Persian supply routes. As the Iranian army marched into the region, they went after the Heydaran tribesmen, who would flee to Diyarbakir.[10]After Abbas Mirza's successful winter campaign, he withdrew most of his forces to Tabriz while leaving garrisons in significant towns and cities.[11] The Turks began to organize a counterattack, organized under the new serasker, Mohammad Amin Rauf Pasha. They planned to steamroll the garrisons in Eastern Anatolia and occupy parts of Azerbaijan to prevent Iran from gathering their troops, and force a peace on Ottoman terms.[11] However, the fortress of Toprah Kaleh stood in the way of Ottoman plans due to its strategic location. The Sardar of Erevan kept raiding Ottoman positions around Toprah Kaleh, allowing Abbas Mirza precious time to recover forces to relieve the fortress. The resulting battle in May 1822 was a defeat for the Ottomans, but the Iranians were unable to take advantage of their success.[11]The governor of Baghdad was defeated by Mohammed Ali Mirza who then besieges the city, his untimely death ends the siege.[12] Meanwhile, Abbas Mirza marched into eastern Anatolia with 30,000 troops and met an Ottoman army of 50,000 at the Battle of Erzurum. Abbas Mirza scored a crushing victory over the Ottomans despite being severely outnumbered and his army suffering from a cholera epidemic.[6]","title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Erzurum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Erzurum"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2008108-14"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Zuhab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011301-15"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker20101140-7"}],"text":"Peace was not concluded until the Treaty of Erzurum two years later;[13] both sides recognized the previous borders established by the Treaty of Zuhab in 1639,[14] with no territorial changes. Also included in the treaty, was the guaranteed access for Persian pilgrims to the holy sites of Mecca and Medina within the Ottoman Empire.[6]","title":"Result"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson200888-4"}],"text":"^ Also known as the Ottoman–Iranian War of 1821–1823, or Turko–Persian War 1821–1823.[4]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781107033658","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107033658"},{"link_name":"\"The Turko-Persian War of 1821-1823: winning the war but losing the peace\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FxN9AgAAQBAJ&q=ottoman+persian+war+of+1821-1823+persian+victory&pg=PA88"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781134103089","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134103089"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781598843361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598843361"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780813725253","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813725253"}],"text":"Ateş, Sabri (2013). Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107033658.\nWilliamson, Graham (2008). \"The Turko-Persian War of 1821-1823: winning the war but losing the peace\". In Farmanfarmaian, Roxane (ed.). War and Peace in Qajar Persia: Implications Past and Present. Routledge. ISBN 9781134103089.\nMikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598843361.\nSicker, Martin (2001). The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Praeger.\nSorkhabi, Rasoul (2017). Tectonic Evolution, Collision, and Seismicity of Southwest Asia: In Honor of Manuel Berberian's Forty-Five Years of Research Contributions. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. ISBN 9780813725253.\nTucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle. Vol. III. ABC-CLIO.\nWard, Steven R. (2009). Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press.","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Service_(cigarette)
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Senior Service (cigarette)
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["1 History","2 Packaging","3 In popular culture","4 See also","5 References"]
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British filterless cigarette brand
Senior ServiceAn old pack of Senior Service cigarettesProduct typeCigaretteOwnerGallaher Group, a subsidiary of Japan TobaccoCountryUnited KingdomIntroduced1925; 99 years ago (1925)MarketsSee MarketsPrevious ownersJ.A. Pattreiouex LtdTagline"Senior Service Satisfy"Carcinogenicity: IARC group 1
Senior Service was a British brand of filterless cigarettes, owned and manufactured by Gallaher Group, a subsidiary of Japan Tobacco. The brand was named after the nickname of the Royal Navy.
Senior Service was sold mainly in the United Kingdom, and also in Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Greece, Cyprus and South Africa.
After a long period of decline, as filtered cigarettes came to dominate a declining UK market, they were discontinued by the manufacturer in the UK from January 2020.
History
Senior Service was launched in 1925 by "J.A. Pattreiouex Ltd", a company that was acquired by Gallaher in 1937. Senior Service is no longer available in the United Kingdom, and was one of the most expensive brands available for purchase. One of the most popular slogans used with the brand was "Senior Service Satisfy".
In 1938, J. A. Pattreioux Ltd. issued a 48-card set of "Flying" cigarette trading photo cards that were issued with Senior Service cigarettes. The cards measure 3.05 × 2.05 inches (77.47 × 52.07 mm), and were assigned the London Cigarette Card Company Catalog reference number H.564-3B. The fronts of the 1938 "Flying" cards featured glossy black-and-white photos surrounded by a thin white margin. The card title was located in a rectangular white box centered at the bottom of the image area. The photo cards were presented in both landscape(horizontal) and portrait (vertical) formats. The backs of the cards, printed with black ink, featured two rectangular boxes surrounded by a common rectangular box. The top box featured four vertical segments: (1) the name of the set "FLYING" with two opposing airplane icons; (2) the series length and card number; (3) the card title; and (4) descriptive text. The lower box displayed the products name "Senior Service cigarettes". Various poster advertisements were made to promote Senior Service cigarettes as well.
In 1999, the Senior Service cigarette factory that produced the Senior Service cigarettes on Ashton Road, Hyde, Greater Manchester was closed down and later demolished in 2011. It had opened in 1905, and manufactured cigarettes until 1999, when production was moved to Northern Ireland
Packaging
The pack is white, with an orange-blue stripe at the top. The new pack removed the orange and instead put two seagulls on either side of the pack. The brand's emblem is a sailing ship, with on the side two olive tree branches and on top a crown. Underneath is written "Senior Service" with underneath that the words "The perfection of Cigarette Luxury". The old packs had the words "Fine Virginia" written instead. On the reverse side of the original packaging, the words "A Product of the Master Mind." were written.
In popular culture
James Bond smokes Senior Service cigarettes in Ian Fleming's novels, Goldfinger, Thunderball, The Spy Who Loved Me, and The Man with the Golden Gun.
It has appeared at 28' on Aki Kaurismaki's film I Hired a Contract Killer (1990).
Mentioned by Polly Shelby in Peaky Blinders, Series 3 Episode 4.
They are mentioned in the film The Bank Job
Patricia Routledge, playing the mundane monologuer Kitty, first originated on Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV, describes the fictional and unseen producer of the supposed television show as stubbing out her Senior Service when they meet.
Elvis Costello wrote a song titled "Senior Service" in 1979 with many references to smoking a cigarette.
Mentioned on the Only Fools and Horses episode "The Yellow Peril" as Joan Trotter's brand of cigarette.
Detective Inspector Harris offers a Senior Service cigarette to Melville Farr in the film Victim (1961).
In the movie Mortelle randonnée, Isabelle Adjani smokes Senior Service cigarettes.
The Still Game episode “Aff” from 2004 features pensioner Winston Ingram favouring the brand, declaring "Senior Service, nae arsing aboot wi yer poofy Silkys", referencing to the difference in strength of tobacco between Senior Service and Silk Cut. His 80-a-day habit resulted in his right leg being amputated.
Pack of Senior Service was filmed in HBO Series Pacific Part3 Ep3 on table in pub smoked by Sgt John Basilone played by Jon Seda
See also
Tobacco smoking
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Senior Service (cigarettes).
^ Peter Hitchens, The War We Never Fought: The British Establishment's Surrender to Drugs
^ a b "Stubbed out: the 21 most iconic cigarette packets of all time". The Telegraph. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ "BrandSenior Service - Cigarettes Pedia". Cigarettespedia.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ "Senior Service". Zigsam.at. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ "Brands". Cigarety.by. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ "CHAPTER 4. OTHER MANUFACTURERS" (PDF). Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. p. 55. Archived from the original on 2 December 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ a b "1938 Flying, H.564-3B, J.A. Pattreioux, UK". Skytamer.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ "Gallaher's cigarette factory closure: Sad chapter in the history of an industrial giant that sprang from humble origins". Belfasttelegraph. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ "Stock Photo - cigarette advert - Advert for Senior Service cigarettes in Punch magazine dated 17th November 1965". Alamy.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ "Tilleys Vintage Magazines : ORIGINAL 1953 SENIOR SERVICE CIGARETTES AD. FOR SALE NOV 7 SMOKING CLASSIC IMAGES OF THE TWENTIETH C". Tilleysvintagemagazines.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ "Senior Service Cigarettes 1950S - Manor Art". Manorart.co.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ "Vintage Tobacco/ Cigarette Ads of the 1950s (Page 2)". Vintageadbrowser.com. Archived from the original on 16 September 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ Elsey, Brian. "Advert Museum - Senior Service". Historyworld.co.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ "Senior Service Cigarettes - Available on Planes Everywhere". Pinterest. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ "senior services". Pinterest. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ "Get Satisfaction Again – Senior Service Cigarettes". Advertsadvertsadverts.wordpress.com. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ "Bulldozers move in to demolish Senior Service". Manchester Evening News. 24 September 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ Leigh, David. "Other James Bond cigarette brands". The James Bond Dossier. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
^ "Victoria Wood as Seen on TV: Kitty 4". YouTube.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"filterless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_filter"},{"link_name":"cigarettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette"},{"link_name":"Gallaher Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallaher_Group"},{"link_name":"Japan Tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Tobacco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-2"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"The Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Senior Service was a British brand of filterless cigarettes, owned and manufactured by Gallaher Group, a subsidiary of Japan Tobacco.[1] The brand was named after the nickname of the Royal Navy.[2]Senior Service was sold mainly in the United Kingdom, and also in Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Greece, Cyprus and South Africa.[3][4][5]After a long period of decline, as filtered cigarettes came to dominate a declining UK market, they were discontinued by the manufacturer in the UK from January 2020.","title":"Senior Service (cigarette)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hyde, Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Senior Service was launched in 1925 by \"J.A. Pattreiouex Ltd\", a company that was acquired by Gallaher in 1937.[6][7][8] Senior Service is no longer available in the United Kingdom, and was one of the most expensive brands available for purchase.[2] One of the most popular slogans used with the brand was \"Senior Service Satisfy\".In 1938, J. A. Pattreioux Ltd. issued a 48-card set of \"Flying\" cigarette trading photo cards that were issued with Senior Service cigarettes. The cards measure 3.05 × 2.05 inches (77.47 × 52.07 mm), and were assigned the London Cigarette Card Company Catalog reference number H.564-3B. The fronts of the 1938 \"Flying\" cards featured glossy black-and-white photos surrounded by a thin white margin. The card title was located in a rectangular white box centered at the bottom of the image area. The photo cards were presented in both landscape(horizontal) and portrait (vertical) formats. The backs of the cards, printed with black ink, featured two rectangular boxes surrounded by a common rectangular box. The top box featured four vertical segments: (1) the name of the set \"FLYING\" with two opposing airplane icons; (2) the series length and card number; (3) the card title; and (4) descriptive text. The lower box displayed the products name \"Senior Service cigarettes\".[7] Various poster advertisements were made to promote Senior Service cigarettes as well.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]In 1999, the Senior Service cigarette factory that produced the Senior Service cigarettes on Ashton Road, Hyde, Greater Manchester was closed down and later demolished in 2011. It had opened in 1905, and manufactured cigarettes until 1999, when production was moved to Northern Ireland[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seagulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagull"}],"text":"The pack is white, with an orange-blue stripe at the top. The new pack removed the orange and instead put two seagulls on either side of the pack. The brand's emblem is a sailing ship, with on the side two olive tree branches and on top a crown. Underneath is written \"Senior Service\" with underneath that the words \"The perfection of Cigarette Luxury\". The old packs had the words \"Fine Virginia\" written instead. On the reverse side of the original packaging, the words \"A Product of the Master Mind.\" were written.","title":"Packaging"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"Goldfinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfinger_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Thunderball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderball_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Spy Who Loved Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Loved_Me_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Man with the Golden Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Golden_Gun_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dossier-18"},{"link_name":"Aki Kaurismaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aki_Kaurismaki"},{"link_name":"I Hired a Contract Killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Hired_a_Contract_Killer"},{"link_name":"Polly Shelby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly_Shelby"},{"link_name":"Peaky Blinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaky_Blinders_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Bank Job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bank_Job"},{"link_name":"Patricia Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Routledge"},{"link_name":"Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Wood:_As_Seen_on_TV"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Elvis Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costello"},{"link_name":"Only Fools and Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Fools_and_Horses"},{"link_name":"The Yellow Peril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yellow_Peril"},{"link_name":"Victim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victim_(1961_film)"},{"link_name":"Mortelle randonnée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortelle_randonn%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Isabelle Adjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_Adjani"},{"link_name":"Still Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Game"},{"link_name":"Silk Cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Cut"}],"text":"James Bond smokes Senior Service cigarettes in Ian Fleming's novels, Goldfinger, Thunderball, The Spy Who Loved Me, and The Man with the Golden Gun.[18]It has appeared at 28' on Aki Kaurismaki's film I Hired a Contract Killer (1990).Mentioned by Polly Shelby in Peaky Blinders, Series 3 Episode 4.They are mentioned in the film The Bank JobPatricia Routledge, playing the mundane monologuer Kitty, first originated on Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV, describes the fictional and unseen producer of the supposed television show as stubbing out her Senior Service when they meet. [19]Elvis Costello wrote a song titled \"Senior Service\" in 1979 with many references to smoking a cigarette.Mentioned on the Only Fools and Horses episode \"The Yellow Peril\" as Joan Trotter's brand of cigarette.Detective Inspector Harris offers a Senior Service cigarette to Melville Farr in the film Victim (1961).In the movie Mortelle randonnée, Isabelle Adjani smokes Senior Service cigarettes.The Still Game episode “Aff” from 2004 features pensioner Winston Ingram favouring the brand, declaring \"Senior Service, nae arsing aboot wi yer poofy Silkys\", referencing to the difference in strength of tobacco between Senior Service and Silk Cut. His 80-a-day habit resulted in his right leg being amputated.\nPack of Senior Service was filmed in HBO Series Pacific Part3 Ep3 on table in pub smoked by Sgt John Basilone played by Jon Seda","title":"In popular culture"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Tobacco smoking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Stubbed out: the 21 most iconic cigarette packets of all time\". The Telegraph. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/the-filter/stubbed-out-the-21-most-iconic-cigarette-packets-of-all-time/senior-citizen/","url_text":"\"Stubbed out: the 21 most iconic cigarette packets of all time\""}]},{"reference":"\"BrandSenior Service - Cigarettes Pedia\". Cigarettespedia.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cigarettespedia.com/index.php/BrandSenior_Service","url_text":"\"BrandSenior Service - Cigarettes Pedia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senior Service\". Zigsam.at. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zigsam.at/B_SeniorService.htm","url_text":"\"Senior Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brands\". Cigarety.by. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cigarety.by/brand.php?n=10&l=18&w=SENIOR+SERVICE&p=0","url_text":"\"Brands\""}]},{"reference":"\"CHAPTER 4. OTHER MANUFACTURERS\" (PDF). Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. p. 55. Archived from the original on 2 December 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20111202195250/http://competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1960_1969/fulltext/024c04.pdf","url_text":"\"CHAPTER 4. OTHER MANUFACTURERS\""}]},{"reference":"\"1938 Flying, H.564-3B, J.A. Pattreioux, UK\". Skytamer.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skytamer.com/H.564-3B.html","url_text":"\"1938 Flying, H.564-3B, J.A. Pattreioux, UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gallaher's cigarette factory closure: Sad chapter in the history of an industrial giant that sprang from humble origins\". Belfasttelegraph. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/features/gallahers-cigarette-factory-closure-sad-chapter-in-the-history-of-an-industrial-giant-that-sprang-from-humble-origins-30647112.html","url_text":"\"Gallaher's cigarette factory closure: Sad chapter in the history of an industrial giant that sprang from humble origins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stock Photo - cigarette advert - Advert for Senior Service cigarettes in Punch magazine dated 17th November 1965\". Alamy.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-cigarette-advert-advert-for-senior-service-cigarettes-in-punch-magazine-32281123.html","url_text":"\"Stock Photo - cigarette advert - Advert for Senior Service cigarettes in Punch magazine dated 17th November 1965\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tilleys Vintage Magazines : ORIGINAL 1953 SENIOR SERVICE CIGARETTES AD. FOR SALE NOV 7 SMOKING CLASSIC IMAGES OF THE TWENTIETH C\". Tilleysvintagemagazines.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tilleysvintagemagazines.com/source/product_data.php?prodid=9619","url_text":"\"Tilleys Vintage Magazines : ORIGINAL 1953 SENIOR SERVICE CIGARETTES AD. FOR SALE NOV 7 SMOKING CLASSIC IMAGES OF THE TWENTIETH C\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senior Service Cigarettes 1950S - Manor Art\". Manorart.co.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manorart.co.uk/collections/vintage-magazine/senior-service-cigarettes-1950s/","url_text":"\"Senior Service Cigarettes 1950S - Manor Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vintage Tobacco/ Cigarette Ads of the 1950s (Page 2)\". Vintageadbrowser.com. Archived from the original on 16 September 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190916110440/http://www.vintageadbrowser.com/tobacco-ads-1950s/2","url_text":"\"Vintage Tobacco/ Cigarette Ads of the 1950s (Page 2)\""},{"url":"http://www.vintageadbrowser.com/tobacco-ads-1950s/2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Elsey, Brian. \"Advert Museum - Senior Service\". Historyworld.co.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyworld.co.uk/advert.php?id=493&offset=0&sort=0&l1=Tobacco&l2=","url_text":"\"Advert Museum - Senior Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senior Service Cigarettes - Available on Planes Everywhere\". Pinterest. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://nl.pinterest.com/pin/303641199850772769/","url_text":"\"Senior Service Cigarettes - Available on Planes Everywhere\""}]},{"reference":"\"senior services\". Pinterest. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://nl.pinterest.com/pin/388083692862827268/","url_text":"\"senior services\""}]},{"reference":"\"Get Satisfaction Again – Senior Service Cigarettes\". Advertsadvertsadverts.wordpress.com. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://advertsadvertsadverts.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/get-satisfaction-again-senior-service-cigarettes/","url_text":"\"Get Satisfaction Again – Senior Service Cigarettes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bulldozers move in to demolish Senior Service\". Manchester Evening News. 24 September 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/local-news/bulldozers-move-in-to-demolish-senior-service-930534","url_text":"\"Bulldozers move in to demolish Senior Service\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News","url_text":"Manchester Evening News"}]},{"reference":"Leigh, David. \"Other James Bond cigarette brands\". The James Bond Dossier. Retrieved 25 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejamesbonddossier.com/james-bond-smoking/james-bond-cigarette-brands.htm","url_text":"\"Other James Bond cigarette brands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Victoria Wood as Seen on TV: Kitty 4\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IqAobOSUubQ","url_text":"\"Victoria Wood as Seen on TV: Kitty 4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zSlLAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Cigarettes+Senior+Service%22&pg=PT41","external_links_name":"The War We Never Fought: The British Establishment's Surrender to Drugs"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/the-filter/stubbed-out-the-21-most-iconic-cigarette-packets-of-all-time/senior-citizen/","external_links_name":"\"Stubbed out: the 21 most iconic cigarette packets of all time\""},{"Link":"http://www.cigarettespedia.com/index.php/BrandSenior_Service","external_links_name":"\"BrandSenior Service - Cigarettes Pedia\""},{"Link":"http://www.zigsam.at/B_SeniorService.htm","external_links_name":"\"Senior Service\""},{"Link":"http://www.cigarety.by/brand.php?n=10&l=18&w=SENIOR+SERVICE&p=0","external_links_name":"\"Brands\""},{"Link":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20111202195250/http://competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1960_1969/fulltext/024c04.pdf","external_links_name":"\"CHAPTER 4. OTHER MANUFACTURERS\""},{"Link":"https://www.skytamer.com/H.564-3B.html","external_links_name":"\"1938 Flying, H.564-3B, J.A. Pattreioux, UK\""},{"Link":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/features/gallahers-cigarette-factory-closure-sad-chapter-in-the-history-of-an-industrial-giant-that-sprang-from-humble-origins-30647112.html","external_links_name":"\"Gallaher's cigarette factory closure: Sad chapter in the history of an industrial giant that sprang from humble origins\""},{"Link":"http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-cigarette-advert-advert-for-senior-service-cigarettes-in-punch-magazine-32281123.html","external_links_name":"\"Stock Photo - cigarette advert - Advert for Senior Service cigarettes in Punch magazine dated 17th November 1965\""},{"Link":"http://www.tilleysvintagemagazines.com/source/product_data.php?prodid=9619","external_links_name":"\"Tilleys Vintage Magazines : ORIGINAL 1953 SENIOR SERVICE CIGARETTES AD. FOR SALE NOV 7 SMOKING CLASSIC IMAGES OF THE TWENTIETH C\""},{"Link":"http://www.manorart.co.uk/collections/vintage-magazine/senior-service-cigarettes-1950s/","external_links_name":"\"Senior Service Cigarettes 1950S - Manor Art\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190916110440/http://www.vintageadbrowser.com/tobacco-ads-1950s/2","external_links_name":"\"Vintage Tobacco/ Cigarette Ads of the 1950s (Page 2)\""},{"Link":"http://www.vintageadbrowser.com/tobacco-ads-1950s/2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.historyworld.co.uk/advert.php?id=493&offset=0&sort=0&l1=Tobacco&l2=","external_links_name":"\"Advert Museum - Senior Service\""},{"Link":"https://nl.pinterest.com/pin/303641199850772769/","external_links_name":"\"Senior Service Cigarettes - Available on Planes Everywhere\""},{"Link":"https://nl.pinterest.com/pin/388083692862827268/","external_links_name":"\"senior services\""},{"Link":"https://advertsadvertsadverts.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/get-satisfaction-again-senior-service-cigarettes/","external_links_name":"\"Get Satisfaction Again – Senior Service Cigarettes\""},{"Link":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/local-news/bulldozers-move-in-to-demolish-senior-service-930534","external_links_name":"\"Bulldozers move in to demolish Senior Service\""},{"Link":"https://www.thejamesbonddossier.com/james-bond-smoking/james-bond-cigarette-brands.htm","external_links_name":"\"Other James Bond cigarette brands\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IqAobOSUubQ","external_links_name":"\"Victoria Wood as Seen on TV: Kitty 4\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sulman
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John Sulman
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["1 Early life","2 Career in Australia","3 Personal life","4 Recognition","5 Gallery","6 References","7 Further reading"]
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Australian architect
John SulmanPortrait of John Sulman by John Longstaff, 1931Born(1849-08-29)29 August 1849Greenwich, EnglandDied18 August 1934(1934-08-18) (aged 84)Sydney, AustraliaEducationGreenwich Proprietary SchoolOccupationArchitectChildren3 (including Florence Sulman)
Sir John Sulman (29 August 1849 – 18 August 1934) was an Australian architect. Born in Greenwich, England, he emigrated to Sydney in 1885. From 1921 to 1924 he was chairman of the Federal Capital Advisory Committee and influenced the development of Canberra.
Early life
Congregational Сhurch and schools, Highbury Quadrant, London (1880-2, demolished in 1957)
Born in Greenwich, England, Sulman was educated at the Greenwich Proprietary School and in 1863 passed the Oxford junior examination. After his family moved to Croydon next year, he was articled to Thomas Allom, a London architect. He learned the use of oils and watercolour, and executed perspective drawings for Sir George Gilbert Scott.
Following illness, Sulman resumed work in London in 1868. While articled to H. R. Newton, he attended classes at the Architectural Association and at the Royal Academy of Arts, winning the Pugin travelling scholarship in 1871. After travelling through England and Western Europe Sulman began practising as an architect in London and designed among other buildings a large number of churches, including one of his best known Highbury Congregational Church. An associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1872 (fellow, 1883), Sulman designed the Congregational Church(now the United Reformed Church) at Caterham, Surrey, where he was the son-in-law of one of the deacons. The first wedding there was his own, to Sarah Clark Redgate (d. 1888) on 15 April 1875, after which the couple moved to Bromley, Kent where he lectured on applied art and formed the Nineteenth Century Art Society. John and Sarah had three children, a son Arthur (1882–1971) and daughters Florence (1876–1965) and Edith (1877–1907). They moved to Sydney, Australia on account of Sarah's tuberculosis. They arrived on 13 August 1885 and settled at Parramatta, but Sarah survived little more than three years and died on 31 December 1888.
Career in Australia
In Sydney Sulman briefly formed a partnership with C. H. E. Blackmann from 1886 to 1888, then from 1889 formed the practice Sulman & Power with Joseph Porter Power. The partnership designed many notable buildings in Sydney, country NSW, and in other capital cities, including large office buildings, churches, colleges, hospitals, and houses for prominent people. His residential and college designs of the late 1880s shows early influence of the Queen Anne or Arts & Crafts (later known as Federation), while his commercial designs were Palladian or Baroque, and his churches Gothic or Romanesque. Many of the larger city buildings have been demolished. Notable designs included the Italianate/Federation style Thomas Walker Convalescent Hospital, Concord, Sydney (1892), the Palladian style A.M.P. buildings in Brisbane (1886) and the Edwardian Baroque style Melbourne example (1906) (both demolished), the grand Baroque style (Colonial) Mutual Life Association building, Sydney (1889, demolished), The Armidale School in northern NSW (1893) in an inventive Federation style, the Romanesque Sargood warehouse (now Ross House), Melbourne (1899) and several suburban churches such as the Romanesque St Andrew's Manly (1890). Between 1887 and 1912 Sulman was P. N. Russell lecturer in architecture at the University of Sydney. After 1908 he retired from active practice to some extent to develop his interest in town-planning. From 1916 to 1927 he was the Vernon lecturer in town planning at the University of Sydney. In 1921 he published his An Introduction to the Study of Town Planning in Australia.
Sulman published his plan for a Federal capital city in his book The Federal Capital in 1908. However, his plan was apparently not entered in the Federal Capital Competition; it was certainly not shortlisted. Sulman became formally involved in the Federal Capital, Canberra in 1921 when he was appointed head of the Federal Capital Advisory Committee. Sulman's alterations to the Griffin plan made the city less like the one Griffin had planned and more in line with some designs aligned with the English garden city movement.
1929 picture of the Sydney Building looking across Northbourne Avenue from the Melbourne Building
The Melbourne and Sydney buildings in Canberra's city centre, Civic, were based on design principles set by Sulman although the design work was finalised by J.H. Kirkpatrick. The buildings were the model which establish the colonnade principle, an important design element throughout Civic.
He was a trustee of the National Art Gallery of New South Wales from 1899 and its president from 1919. The Sir John Sulman Prize for "the best subject/genre painting and/or murals/mural project executed during the two years preceding the date ..." has been held at the Art Gallery of New South Wales since 1936. It is hosted concurrently with the Archibald Prize, the most prominent Australian art prize, along with the Wynne prize and Dobell art prizes. The prize was established as a bequest by the Sulman family. When initiated the prize was about £100 annually and for the best subject painting or mural decoration by artists resident in Australia.
Sulman also endowed a lectureship in aeronautics at the University of Sydney in memory of his son Geoffrey who was killed during World War I while serving with the Flying Corps.
John Sulman's extensive collection of diaries, sketchbooks, correspondence, manuscripts, drawings and photographs was in the possession of family members for many years, but in 2018 it was lodged and catalogued in the State Library of New South Wales, Sydney. The papers reveal Sulman as a true polymath: architect, artist, author, educator, town planner, politician, historian, statesman, patriot, commentator, benefactor and polemicist.
Personal life
Sulman married Sarah Clark Redgate on 15 April 1875 at the Congregational Church at Caterham, Surrey. He had designed the church where they married, and theirs was the first wedding held there. They had three children, a son Arthur (1882–1971) and daughters Florence E. (1876–1965) and Edith (1877–1907)
They moved to Sydney, Australia on account of his wife's tuberculosis. They arrived on 13 August 1885 and settled at Parramatta, where his wife died on 31 December 1888.
His parents John (senior) and Martha moved into Addiscombe at Lane Cove Road, Turramurra.
He married again, to Annie Elizabeth Masefield (a relative of John Masefield) at St Luke's Anglican Church, Burwood, on 27 April 1893. His health broke down in 1896, prompting a trip to Europe. When they returned, he turned the cottage he had originally intended for his parents at Boomerang Street, Turramurra into their family home Ingleholme, which developed into a "rambling complex of gables, bays, turrets and chimneys".
Children by this second marriage were Geoffrey, Dorothy Joan (b. 31 January 1896 d. 1971), and Thomas Noel ("Tom", or "Tommy"). Geoffrey enlisted in England and joined the Royal Flying Corps. He died aged 23 in 1917, in a flying accident over England, prior to being qualified for combat duties. Thomas became a racing car driver, and developed the Sulman Singer, and Sulman Park in Bathurst is named after him. He was still racing in 1954. He died in 1970, aged 70. Joan married Bruce Thomas Shallard, MD, and in 1947, moved to Vancouver, B.C. Canada, with their daughters, Barbara (Shallard) Ash, and Meryn (Shallard) Stranahan.
In 1913 John Sulman purchased the magnificent property "Kihilla" at Lawson in the Blue Mountains as a second home; it remained in the family until 1953.
Mrs Sulman was socially active, being a prominent member of such organisations as the Leura and Lawson branches of the Red Cross Society. Florence, usually referred to as "Miss Sulman" was active in the Society of Arts and Crafts of NSW, where she was president 1928–35 and 1951–56) as well as hospital and kindergarten charities and the Women's section of the NSW branch of the Town Planning Association. Florence was author of the two-volume (1913, 1914) Wildflowers of New South Wales.
Sulman retired in 1928 but remained a highly visible presence in civic, art and architectural circles, taking a prominent role in many public debates. He died in Sydney aged 84 years.
Most of the family mentioned here are interred or memorialised at Gore Hill cemetery.
Recognition
He was appointed Knight Bachelor in 1924.
In 1926 he was elected to the International Housing and Town Planning Congress in Vienna.
His portrait by John Longstaff won the Archibald Prize for 1931.
A highly coveted and prestigious architecture prize, the Sir John Sulman Medal, also known as the Sulman Award, recognises excellence in public architecture in New South Wales, Australia. The medal is awarded annually by the New South Wales Chapter of the Australian Institute of Architects. The medal was first awarded in 1932.
On 2 January 2008 it was announced that a suburb in the future Canberra district of Molonglo would be named Sulman.
Gallery
St Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Manly
Yaralla Estate, Concord West (extended by Sulman 1893–99)
Thomas Walker Convalescent Hospital, Concord West
Ingleholme, Turramurra; Sulman's own home, designed by him in Federation Queen Anne style
Bishop's Lodge, Hay, New South Wales, built in 1888–89, from corrugated iron
Christ Church Anglican Church, Springwood, built in 1889
The main building of The Armidale School designed by Sir John Sulman in 1892.
References
^ Goad, Willis (2012). Encyclopaedia of Australian Architecture. Cambridge University Press. pp. 665–666.
^ "Thomas Walker Convalescent Hospital". NSW Office of Environment & Heritage - Search for Heritage. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
^ An Ideal City – Timeline Archived 15 October 2005 at the Wayback Machine at www.idealcity.org.au
^ Brisbane Courier 21 October 1926
^ Apperly, Richard E.; Reynolds, Peter (1980). "Sulman, Sir John (1849–1934)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
^ "Family notices". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 January 1889. Retrieved 27 September 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Sir John Sulman - pictorial material". Manuscripts, Oral History, and Pictures Catalogue. State Library of New South Wales. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
^ "Marriages". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 May 1893. p. 8.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Family notices". The Sydney Morning Herald. 23 June 1917 – via National Library of Australia.
^ Sulman, Tom; Carment, David (2008). "The Flight of 'Waltzing Matilda'" (online). Journal of Northern Territory History (19): 82–89. ISSN 1034-7488. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
^ Canberra Times Tuesday 5 October 1954
^ "财富彩票app下载网址-官方平台".
^ "Farewell Party. - Miss Sulman Entertained". Sydney Morning Herald. Trove. 18 January 1930. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2024.
^ "Members of the Society of Arts and Crafts of NSW 1906-2006". Craft NSW. Archived from the original on 12 July 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
^ Sydney Morning Herald 29 February 1928
^ Brisbane Courier 12 January 1929
^ The Argus obituary 20 August 1934
^ Sydney Morning Herald 7 February 1931
^ gravestone records
^ The Argus 3 June 1924
^ Brisbane Courier 30 September 1926
^ "Suburbs named in new district". The Canberra Times. 3 January 2010. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
Serle, Percival (1949). "Sulman, John". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.
Further reading
Edwards, Zenaida The Life and Work of Sir John Sulman 1849–1934 PhD thesis for UTS 2006
Edwards, Zeny A Life of Purpose: A Biography of John Sulman. Sydney: Longueville Media, 2017
The Sulman Letters, Sydney University Archives, The Record, 1995
Government offices
Preceded bySir James Fairfax
President of the Board of Trustees of the Art Gallery of New South Wales 1919–1934
Succeeded bySir Philip Whistler Street
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Artists
Musée d'Orsay
ULAN
People
Australia
Trove
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich"},{"link_name":"Federal Capital Advisory Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Capital_Advisory_Committee"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"}],"text":"Sir John Sulman (29 August 1849 – 18 August 1934) was an Australian architect. Born in Greenwich, England, he emigrated to Sydney in 1885. From 1921 to 1924 he was chairman of the Federal Capital Advisory Committee and influenced the development of Canberra.","title":"John Sulman"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Sulman,_Congregational_%D0%A1hurch_and_schools,_Highbury_Quadrant,_London_(1880-2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Proprietary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Proprietary_School"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon"},{"link_name":"Thomas Allom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Allom"},{"link_name":"Architectural Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_Association"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Royal Institute of British Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects"},{"link_name":"Congregational Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.caterhamurc.org"},{"link_name":"Caterham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterham"},{"link_name":"Bromley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromley"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Sulman"},{"link_name":"Parramatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parramatta"}],"text":"Congregational Сhurch and schools, Highbury Quadrant, London (1880-2, demolished in 1957)Born in Greenwich, England, Sulman was educated at the Greenwich Proprietary School and in 1863 passed the Oxford junior examination. After his family moved to Croydon next year, he was articled to Thomas Allom, a London architect. He learned the use of oils and watercolour, and executed perspective drawings for Sir George Gilbert Scott.Following illness, Sulman resumed work in London in 1868. While articled to H. R. Newton, he attended classes at the Architectural Association and at the Royal Academy of Arts, winning the Pugin travelling scholarship in 1871. After travelling through England and Western Europe Sulman began practising as an architect in London and designed among other buildings a large number of churches, including one of his best known Highbury Congregational Church. An associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1872 (fellow, 1883), Sulman designed the Congregational Church(now the United Reformed Church) at Caterham, Surrey, where he was the son-in-law of one of the deacons. The first wedding there was his own, to Sarah Clark Redgate (d. 1888) on 15 April 1875, after which the couple moved to Bromley, Kent where he lectured on applied art and formed the Nineteenth Century Art Society. John and Sarah had three children, a son Arthur (1882–1971) and daughters Florence (1876–1965) and Edith (1877–1907). They moved to Sydney, Australia on account of Sarah's tuberculosis. They arrived on 13 August 1885 and settled at Parramatta, but Sarah survived little more than three years and died on 31 December 1888.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C. H. E. Blackmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._H._E._Blackmann"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"The Armidale School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Armidale_School"},{"link_name":"Ross House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_House_Association"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Burley_Griffin"},{"link_name":"garden city movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_city_movement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SydneyAndMelbourneBuildingsCivic1929.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canberra's city centre, Civic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Centre,_Australian_Capital_Territory"},{"link_name":"J.H. Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.H._Kirkpatrick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Art Gallery of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sir John Sulman Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Sulman_Prize"},{"link_name":"Art Gallery of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Archibald Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Prize"},{"link_name":"Wynne prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynne_prize"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"State Library of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_of_New_South_Wales"}],"text":"In Sydney Sulman briefly formed a partnership with C. H. E. Blackmann from 1886 to 1888, then from 1889 formed the practice Sulman & Power with Joseph Porter Power.[1] The partnership designed many notable buildings in Sydney, country NSW, and in other capital cities, including large office buildings, churches, colleges, hospitals, and houses for prominent people. His residential and college designs of the late 1880s shows early influence of the Queen Anne or Arts & Crafts (later known as Federation), while his commercial designs were Palladian or Baroque, and his churches Gothic or Romanesque. Many of the larger city buildings have been demolished. Notable designs included the Italianate/Federation style Thomas Walker Convalescent Hospital, Concord, Sydney (1892),[2] the Palladian style A.M.P. buildings in Brisbane (1886) and the Edwardian Baroque style Melbourne example (1906) (both demolished), the grand Baroque style (Colonial) Mutual Life Association building, Sydney (1889, demolished), The Armidale School in northern NSW (1893) in an inventive Federation style, the Romanesque Sargood warehouse (now Ross House), Melbourne (1899) and several suburban churches such as the Romanesque St Andrew's Manly (1890). Between 1887 and 1912 Sulman was P. N. Russell lecturer in architecture at the University of Sydney. After 1908 he retired from active practice to some extent to develop his interest in town-planning. From 1916 to 1927 he was the Vernon lecturer in town planning at the University of Sydney. In 1921 he published his An Introduction to the Study of Town Planning in Australia.Sulman published his plan for a Federal capital city in his book The Federal Capital in 1908.[3] However, his plan was apparently not entered in the Federal Capital Competition; it was certainly not shortlisted. Sulman became formally involved in the Federal Capital, Canberra in 1921 when he was appointed head of the Federal Capital Advisory Committee. Sulman's alterations to the Griffin plan made the city less like the one Griffin had planned and more in line with some designs aligned with the English garden city movement.1929 picture of the Sydney Building looking across Northbourne Avenue from the Melbourne BuildingThe Melbourne and Sydney buildings in Canberra's city centre, Civic, were based on design principles set by Sulman although the design work was finalised by J.H. Kirkpatrick. The buildings were the model which establish the colonnade principle, an important design element throughout Civic.He was a trustee of the National Art Gallery of New South Wales from 1899 and its president from 1919.[4] The Sir John Sulman Prize for \"the best subject/genre painting and/or murals/mural project executed during the two years preceding the [closing] date ...\" has been held at the Art Gallery of New South Wales since 1936. It is hosted concurrently with the Archibald Prize, the most prominent Australian art prize, along with the Wynne prize and Dobell art prizes. The prize was established as a bequest by the Sulman family. When initiated the prize was about £100 annually and for the best subject painting or mural decoration by artists resident in Australia.Sulman also endowed a lectureship in aeronautics at the University of Sydney in memory of his son Geoffrey who was killed during World War I while serving with the Flying Corps.John Sulman's extensive collection of diaries, sketchbooks, correspondence, manuscripts, drawings and photographs was in the possession of family members for many years, but in 2018 it was lodged and catalogued in the State Library of New South Wales, Sydney. The papers reveal Sulman as a true polymath: architect, artist, author, educator, town planner, politician, historian, statesman, patriot, commentator, benefactor and polemicist.","title":"Career in Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Parramatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parramatta"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"John Masefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Masefield"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Turramurra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turramurra"},{"link_name":"Ingleholme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingleholme"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sulman Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Panorama_Circuit#Sulman_Park"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawson,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Blue Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Leura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leura,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Red Cross Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross_Society"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Gore Hill cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_Hill_cemetery"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Sulman married Sarah Clark Redgate on 15 April 1875 at the Congregational Church at Caterham, Surrey. He had designed the church where they married, and theirs was the first wedding held there. They had three children, a son Arthur (1882–1971) and daughters Florence E. (1876–1965) and Edith (1877–1907)[5]They moved to Sydney, Australia on account of his wife's tuberculosis. They arrived on 13 August 1885 and settled at Parramatta, where his wife died on 31 December 1888.[6]His parents John (senior) and Martha moved into Addiscombe at Lane Cove Road, Turramurra.[7]He married again, to Annie Elizabeth Masefield (a relative of John Masefield) at St Luke's Anglican Church, Burwood, on 27 April 1893.[8] His health broke down in 1896, prompting a trip to Europe. When they returned, he turned the cottage he had originally intended for his parents at Boomerang Street, Turramurra into their family home Ingleholme, which developed into a \"rambling complex of gables, bays, turrets and chimneys\".[9]Children by this second marriage were Geoffrey, Dorothy Joan (b. 31 January 1896 d. 1971), and Thomas Noel (\"Tom\", or \"Tommy\"). Geoffrey enlisted in England and joined the Royal Flying Corps. He died aged 23 in 1917, in a flying accident over England, prior to being qualified for combat duties.[10] Thomas became a racing car driver, and developed the Sulman Singer, and Sulman Park in Bathurst is named after him. He was still racing in 1954. He died in 1970, aged 70.[11][12] Joan married Bruce Thomas Shallard, MD, and in 1947, moved to Vancouver, B.C. Canada, with their daughters, Barbara (Shallard) Ash, and Meryn (Shallard) Stranahan.In 1913 John Sulman purchased the magnificent property \"Kihilla\" at Lawson in the Blue Mountains as a second home; it remained in the family until 1953.[13]Mrs Sulman was socially active, being a prominent member of such organisations as the Leura and Lawson branches of the Red Cross Society. Florence, usually referred to as \"Miss Sulman\" was active in the Society of Arts and Crafts of NSW,[14] where she was president 1928–35 and 1951–56)[15] as well as hospital and kindergarten charities and the Women's section of the NSW branch of the Town Planning Association.[16] Florence was author of the two-volume (1913, 1914) Wildflowers of New South Wales.[17]Sulman retired in 1928[18] but remained a highly visible presence in civic, art and architectural circles, taking a prominent role in many public debates.[19] He died in Sydney aged 84 years.Most of the family mentioned here are interred or memorialised at Gore Hill cemetery.[20]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"John Longstaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Longstaff"},{"link_name":"Archibald Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Prize"},{"link_name":"Sir John Sulman Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Sulman_Medal"},{"link_name":"Sulman Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulman_Award"},{"link_name":"Australian Institute of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Architects"},{"link_name":"Molonglo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molonglo_Valley"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"He was appointed Knight Bachelor in 1924.[21]In 1926 he was elected to the International Housing and Town Planning Congress in Vienna.[22]His portrait by John Longstaff won the Archibald Prize for 1931.A highly coveted and prestigious architecture prize, the Sir John Sulman Medal, also known as the Sulman Award, recognises excellence in public architecture in New South Wales, Australia. The medal is awarded annually by the New South Wales Chapter of the Australian Institute of Architects. The medal was first awarded in 1932.On 2 January 2008 it was announced that a suburb in the future Canberra district of Molonglo would be named Sulman.[23]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(1)St_Andrews_Presbyterian_Church-1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yaralla2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Yaralla Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaralla_Estate"},{"link_name":"Concord West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_West,_New_South_Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThomasWalker8.JPG"},{"link_name":"Thomas Walker Convalescent Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Convalescent_Hospital_Buildings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ingleholme,_Turramurra,_Sydney.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ingleholme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingleholme"},{"link_name":"Federation Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Queen_Anne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bishop_Lodge_front.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bishop's Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops_Lodge"},{"link_name":"Hay, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay,_New_South_Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christ-church-springwood.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christ Church Anglican Church, Springwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Anglican_Church,_Springwood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Armidale_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Armidale School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Armidale_School"}],"text":"St Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Manly\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYaralla Estate, Concord West (extended by Sulman 1893–99)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThomas Walker Convalescent Hospital, Concord West\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIngleholme, Turramurra; Sulman's own home, designed by him in Federation Queen Anne style\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBishop's Lodge, Hay, New South Wales, built in 1888–89, from corrugated iron\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChrist Church Anglican Church, Springwood, built in 1889\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe main building of The Armidale School designed by Sir John Sulman in 1892.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edwards, Zenaida The Life and Work of Sir John Sulman 1849–1934 PhD thesis for UTS 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dab.uts.edu.au/research/outcomes/zenadia-edwards.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Sulman Letters, Sydney University Archives, The Record, 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sydney.edu.au/arms/archives/1995RecordNo1.pdf"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6259637#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1695508/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000067069396"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/51610227"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpJcPVcFr6Y7FdgpBvfv3"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nr99011768"},{"link_name":"Musée d'Orsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/110046"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500085805"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//adb.anu.edu.au/biography/sulman-sir-john-8714"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/560353"}],"text":"Edwards, Zenaida The Life and Work of Sir John Sulman 1849–1934 PhD thesis for UTS 2006\nEdwards, Zeny A Life of Purpose: A Biography of John Sulman. Sydney: Longueville Media, 2017\nThe Sulman Letters, Sydney University Archives, The Record, 1995Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States\nArtists\nMusée d'Orsay\nULAN\nPeople\nAustralia\nTrove","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Congregational Сhurch and schools, Highbury Quadrant, London (1880-2, demolished in 1957)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/John_Sulman%2C_Congregational_%D0%A1hurch_and_schools%2C_Highbury_Quadrant%2C_London_%281880-2%29.jpg/220px-John_Sulman%2C_Congregational_%D0%A1hurch_and_schools%2C_Highbury_Quadrant%2C_London_%281880-2%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"1929 picture of the Sydney Building looking across Northbourne Avenue from the Melbourne Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/SydneyAndMelbourneBuildingsCivic1929.jpg/200px-SydneyAndMelbourneBuildingsCivic1929.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Goad, Willis (2012). Encyclopaedia of Australian Architecture. Cambridge University Press. pp. 665–666.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Thomas Walker Convalescent Hospital\". NSW Office of Environment & Heritage - Search for Heritage. Retrieved 9 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5045693","url_text":"\"Thomas Walker Convalescent Hospital\""}]},{"reference":"Apperly, Richard E.; Reynolds, Peter (1980). \"Sulman, Sir John (1849–1934)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 27 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A120154b.htm","url_text":"\"Sulman, Sir John (1849–1934)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"}]},{"reference":"\"Family notices\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 January 1889. Retrieved 27 September 2018 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13710685","url_text":"\"Family notices\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia","url_text":"National Library of Australia"}]},{"reference":"\"Sir John Sulman - pictorial material\". Manuscripts, Oral History, and Pictures Catalogue. State Library of New South Wales. Retrieved 27 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/item/itemDetailPaged.aspx?itemID=442849","url_text":"\"Sir John Sulman - pictorial material\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"State Library of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Marriages\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 May 1893. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13925005","url_text":"\"Marriages\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120415034633/http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/people_places/north/architects/docs/north_shore_houses.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/people_places/north/architects/docs/north_shore_houses.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Family notices\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 23 June 1917 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15750792","url_text":"\"Family notices\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia","url_text":"National Library of Australia"}]},{"reference":"Sulman, Tom; Carment, David (2008). \"The Flight of 'Waltzing Matilda'\" (online). Journal of Northern Territory History (19): 82–89. ISSN 1034-7488. Retrieved 27 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=635415306870167;res=IELHSS","url_text":"\"The Flight of 'Waltzing Matilda'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1034-7488","url_text":"1034-7488"}]},{"reference":"\"财富彩票app下载网址-官方平台\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.midmountainshistory.org/kihilla.html","url_text":"\"财富彩票app下载网址-官方平台\""}]},{"reference":"\"Farewell Party. - Miss Sulman Entertained\". Sydney Morning Herald. Trove. 18 January 1930. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16618633","url_text":"\"Farewell Party. - Miss Sulman Entertained\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240221200150/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/rendition/nla.news-article16618633.3.pdf?followup=662dcc33ba1186c733f683f33b363a09","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Members of the Society of Arts and Crafts of NSW 1906-2006\". Craft NSW. Archived from the original on 12 July 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100712003838/http://www.artsandcraftsnsw.com.au/Centenary.htm","url_text":"\"Members of the Society of Arts and Crafts of NSW 1906-2006\""},{"url":"http://www.artsandcraftsnsw.com.au/Centenary.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Suburbs named in new district\". The Canberra Times. 3 January 2010. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110201034339/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/suburbs-named-in-new-district/419088.aspx","url_text":"\"Suburbs named in new district\""},{"url":"http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/suburbs-named-in-new-district/419088.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Serle, Percival (1949). \"Sulman, John\". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_Serle","url_text":"Serle, Percival"},{"url":"http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogSt-Sy.html#sulman1","url_text":"\"Sulman, John\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Australian_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Australian Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_%26_Robertson","url_text":"Angus & Robertson"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer_Lewis
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Mortimer Lewis
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["1 Early life","2 Career in Australia","3 Notable works","3.1 Gladesville Mental Hospital","3.2 St John's Anglican Church, Camden","3.3 Darlinghurst Courthouse","3.4 Bronte House","3.5 Richmond Villa, Millers Point","4 Partial list of works","5 Gallery","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
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English-born architect, surveyor and public servant (1796–1879)
Mortimer Lewis and his wife Elizabeth
Mortimer William Lewis (1796 – 9 March 1879) was an English-born architect, surveyor and public servant who migrated to Australia and became Colonial Architect in the colony of New South Wales (now a state of Australia) from 1835 to 1849. Lewis was responsible for designing and overseeing many government buildings in Sydney and rural New South Wales, many of which are heritage listed.
Early life
Lewis was born in Middlesex, England, in 1796, to Thomas Arundel Lewis and Caroline Lewis (née Derby) At the age of nineteen, he started work as a surveyor and draughtsman in the London office of the Inspector General of Fortifications. In 1819, he married Elizabeth Clements, who bore him three sons and a daughter. Another son was to be born later in Sydney, New South Wales. Lewis lived in the Eyre Estate at 11 South Bank, near St Johns Wood. After eight years in private practice, Lewis received an appointment as assistant surveyor in the office of surveyor-general of New South Wales. He set sail with his family in 1829 and arrived in Sydney in March, 1830.
Career in Australia
Lewis arrived in Sydney via Hobart on 1 April 1830 as a free settler aboard the convict ship the Dunvegan Castle, which left Britain on 28 September 1829.
From 1830 Lewis worked in the office of surveyor-general of New South Wales under Sir Thomas Mitchell, and during this time mapped the Great Dividing Range, 130 kilometres west of Sydney. Lewis was appointed to be the Town Surveyor; in 1835 he was further promoted to the position of Colonial Architect which he held for 14 years during a period of great expansion.
A long series of public works throughout New South Wales followed, including court houses, police stations and government buildings. Lewis also supervised the construction of buildings designed by other architects, a notable example being Government House designed in England by Edward Blore. Lewis became the leading proponent in Australia of the Classical Revival style, in particular the Doric variation, although he did not exclusively design in this style.
Lewis's post as Colonial Architect ended sourly after a public controversy concerning the construction of Sydney’s first museum. In the late 1840s he began designing Sydney's first museum, which would later be absorbed into the present Australian Museum. The project experienced substantial cost overruns during construction and Lewis was heavily criticised by both the press and politicians. The museum was completed, but an official inquiry blamed Lewis and he was forced to resign as Colonial Architect in 1849, after twenty nine years in retirement, Lewis died of a kidney ailment in 1879.
Notable works
Gladesville Mental Hospital
Main article: Gladesville Mental Hospital
In 1835 Governor Bourke made suggestions within reports of that he had finally discovered an architect competent enough to satisfy his needs within the public works sector. Lewis' discovery to Bourke came at a time when there was desperate need of a Lunatic Asylum which was adequate to deal with problem people within the colony. Lewis began work in 1836 and the Gladesville Asylum opened in 1838. His design had a simple traditional facade, symmetrical in plan and elevation. The Ionic columns of the portico would have been one of the first examples of such ornate craftsmanship within Australia at this time. Previously it was more common to see Doric columns with circular detailing at the capitals, requiring far less detail and craftsmanship than the ornate Ionic columns designed by Lewis.
St John's Anglican Church, Camden
St John's Anglican Church of Camden, completed in 1849, is regarded as one of the finest examples of Gothic Revival architecture in Australia. The church was constructed from local materials such as stone and clay. The clay is known to produce bricks with a great variation in colour and the St. Johns church is no exception producing pink, russet, red and orange bricks. Lewis had an affinity with stucco at the time of construction and the bricks of the church were laid with the anticipation of a secondary finish which never occurred for unknown reasons. Ironically the roughly laid bricks resulted in a richness in the facade, adding character and depth.
Darlinghurst Courthouse
Main article: Darlinghurst Courthouse
Said to be one of Lewis’ most important works, the "erudite Greek Classic "Darlinghurst Courthouse was commenced in 1835 and completed in 1844. Lewis’ plan placed the court room in the centre, with a symmetrical arrangement of rooms for magistrates and court officials either side. The entry was through a pedimented porch framed with Doric columns, a direct imitation of an ancient Greek temple, except in this instance the Doric columns do not extend to the ground. It is said that the pattern in the sandstone columns was stopped at a height to avoid damage from passing traffic. Darlinghurst Court was the first purposely designed courthouse to be built in NSW, with the general layout and form referenced for buildings of law in Australia for the next 60 years. These included Lewis’s (c. 1837; destr.) Parramatta Courthouse, New South Wales, and the Supreme Court (1847–51; now Magistrates’ Court House), Adelaide, South Australia, by Richard Lambeth. The building was altered in 1886 by James Barnet to include major flanking court room additions. The extension facing Victoria Street, completed in 1963, was designed by the Government Architect's Office.
Bronte House
Main article: Bronte House
Lewis acquired land in what was to become the beachside suburb of Bronte, and started work on the sandstone bungalow which became Bronte House. The house was originally built with the intention of housing his family but Lewis was forced to sell mid-construction during the 1840s recession. The partially built property was purchased by Robert Lowe. The four square asymmetrical plan, including a bay and bow window, was typical of Lewis, except the external detailing, such as the romantic circular and hexagonal corner turrets, were assumed to have been altered to suit the new owners’ needs. The building was sited in the substantial gardens of the naturally irregular site. This picturesque style was not commonly found in Australian Colonial architecture and was thought to be a transition, from the simplicity and symmetry of earlier Georgian building types, to a revivalism of the Victorian era. The house, with garden, remains substantially intact and is owned by Waverley Council, which leases it to private tenants. It is open to the public a few times a year.
Richmond Villa, Millers Point
In 1849, Lewis bought three plots of land behind Macquarie Street, Sydney, facing The Domain. On this plot of land he built his own home, which he called Richmond Villa. It is one of the few examples of Lewis's residential work, since his buildings were generally non-residential. He designed Richmond Villa in a Gothic Revival style, as he had done with Bronte House. The ground floor contained a high verandah with zig-zag lattice-like detailing which contrasted with the building's asymmetrical plan and fenestration. In 1978, the house was dismantled to make way for extensions to Parliament House and was later re-erected in Kent Street, Millers Point.
Partial list of works
The following buildings, designed by Lewis, are listed on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate.
Australian Museum, Sydney, 1849
Bronte House, Sydney, 1838
Callan Park Hospital for the Insane, 1878
Court House, Berrima, 1838
Former Court House, Sloane Street, Goulburn, 1849
Court House, Hartley, 1837
Court House, Raymond Terrace, 1841
Former Court House, Scone, 1848–49
Former Court House, Wollombi, 1866
Customs House, Sydney, 1844–45
Darlinghurst Courthouse, 1836, with additions by James Barnet
Former Darlinghurst Gaol, Sydney, 1836
Fernhill, c. 1840
Gladesville Mental Hospital, formerly known as the Tarban Creek Lunatic Asylum, 1836
Hornby Lighthouse, 1858
Legislative Council Chamber, Sydney, 1843
Maitland Gaol, 1844–48
National Trust (originally military hospital), remodelled by Lewis, 1850s
Nugal Hall, Randwick, 1853
Parramatta Correctional Centre
Parramatta Courthouse, 1837
Police Station, Hunter Street, Newcastle, 1849
Police Station, Phillip Street, Sydney, 1869
Police Station, Victoria Road, Ryde, 1837
Signal Station, Vaucluse, early 1840s
St John's Church, Newcastle, 1860
Toll House, Windsor (probably by Lewis), circa 1835
Treasury Building and Premier's Office, Sydney, 1849
Wentworth Mausoleum, Vaucluse, 1873 (attributed to Mansfield brothers by some sources)
Gallery
Signal Station, Vaucluse
Former Darlinghurst Gaol
Tarban Creek Lunatic Asylum (Gladesville Mental Hospital)
Court House, Hartley
Bronte House, Bronte
Wentworth Mausoleum, Vaucluse
Police Station, Ryde
Darlinghurst Courthouse
National Trust, Sydney
References
^ a b Herman, Morton (1967). "Lewis, Mortimer William (1796 - 1879)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
^ , additional text.
^ Spens, Michael (2003). "Sydney". Oxford Art Online. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T082736. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
^ The Heritage of Australia, Macmillan Company, 1981, p.70
^ a b c Morton, Herman. The Early Australian Architects and Their Work. Angus and Robertson. pp. 190–206.
^ a b c "Bronte House". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 22 November 2017. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
^ The Heritage of Australia, p.96
^ Jahn, Graham (2006). Guide to Sydney Architecture (Architecture Guides). Watermark Press. ISBN 978-0949284327.
^ "Callan Park Conservation Area & Buildings". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 18 September 2017. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
^ "Callan Park House - Rozelle Hospital". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 18 September 2017. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
^ "Rozelle Hospital - Broughton Hall". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 18 September 2017. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
^ "Customs House (former)". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 22 November 2017. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
^ "Darlinghurst Court House and Residence". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 22 November 2017. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
^ "Former East Sydney Technical College and Darlinghurst Gaol Including Buildings A". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 22 November 2017. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
^ "Fernhill". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 26 November 2017. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
^ "Gladesville Hospital Precinct". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 22 November 2017. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
^ "South Head Signal Station". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 15 September 2017. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
^ "Maitland Correctional Centre". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 5 April 2009. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
^ "Nugal Hall". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 26 November 2017. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
^ "Parramatta Correctional Centre". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 17 September 2017. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
^ "Parramatta Courthouse" (PDF). New South Wales Bar Association.
^ "St. John's Church, Hall & Grounds". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 26 November 2017. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
^ "Intercontinental Hotel former Treasury Building". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 7 November 2017. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
^ Sydney Architecture, John Haskell (UNSW Press) 1997, p.75
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mortimer Lewis.
Tibbits, George. "Lewis, Mortimer (William)". Oxford Art Online. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
Statement of Significance, Heritage branch database, Schofield, http://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/07_subnav_04_1.cfm, Retrieved 9 April 2011
Statement of Significance, Heritage branch database, Broadbent, James, http://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/07_subnav_04_1.cfm, Retrieved 9 April 2011
McGillick, Paul (2005). Sydney Architecture. pp. 36–37.
Herman, Morton (1973). The Early Australian Architects and Their Work. Angus and Robertson Publishers. pp. 190–206.
External links
Official Bronte house website
Heritage Branch Database
Colonial Secretary's papers 1822-1877, State Library of Queensland- includes digitised letters written by Lewis to the Colonial Secretary of New South Wales
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
ULAN
People
Australia
Trove
|
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The clay is known to produce bricks with a great variation in colour and the St. Johns church is no exception producing pink, russet, red and orange bricks. Lewis had an affinity with stucco at the time of construction and the bricks of the church were laid with the anticipation of a secondary finish which never occurred for unknown reasons. Ironically the roughly laid bricks resulted in a richness in the facade, adding character and depth.","title":"Notable works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eaa-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eaa-5"},{"link_name":"Parramatta Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parramatta_Courthouse"}],"sub_title":"Darlinghurst Courthouse","text":"Said to be one of Lewis’ most important works,[5] the \"erudite Greek Classic \"Darlinghurst Courthouse was commenced in 1835 and completed in 1844. Lewis’ plan placed the court room in the centre, with a symmetrical arrangement of rooms for magistrates and court officials either side. The entry was through a pedimented porch framed with Doric columns, a direct imitation of an ancient Greek temple, except in this instance the Doric columns do not extend to the ground. It is said that the pattern in the sandstone columns was stopped at a height to avoid damage from passing traffic.[5] Darlinghurst Court was the first purposely designed courthouse to be built in NSW, with the general layout and form referenced for buildings of law in Australia for the next 60 years. These included Lewis’s (c. 1837; destr.) Parramatta Courthouse, New South Wales, and the Supreme Court (1847–51; now Magistrates’ Court House), Adelaide, South Australia, by Richard Lambeth. The building was altered in 1886 by James Barnet to include major flanking court room additions. The extension facing Victoria Street, completed in 1963, was designed by the Government Architect's Office.","title":"Notable works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bronte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronte,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Robert Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lowe,_1st_Viscount_Sherbrooke"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bronteSHR-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bronteSHR-6"},{"link_name":"Waverley Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverley_Council"}],"sub_title":"Bronte House","text":"Lewis acquired land in what was to become the beachside suburb of Bronte, and started work on the sandstone bungalow which became Bronte House. The house was originally built with the intention of housing his family but Lewis was forced to sell mid-construction during the 1840s recession. The partially built property was purchased by Robert Lowe. The four square[clarification needed] asymmetrical plan, including a bay and bow window, was typical of Lewis, except the external detailing, such as the romantic circular and hexagonal corner turrets, were assumed to have been altered to suit the new owners’ needs.[6] The building was sited in the substantial gardens of the naturally irregular site. This picturesque style was not commonly found in Australian Colonial architecture and was thought to be a transition, from the simplicity and symmetry of earlier Georgian building types, to a revivalism of the Victorian era.[6] The house, with garden, remains substantially intact and is owned by Waverley Council, which leases it to private tenants. It is open to the public a few times a year.","title":"Notable works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Richmond Villa, Millers Point","text":"In 1849, Lewis bought three plots of land behind Macquarie Street, Sydney, facing The Domain. On this plot of land he built his own home, which he called Richmond Villa. It is one of the few examples of Lewis's residential work, since his buildings were generally non-residential. He designed Richmond Villa in a Gothic Revival style, as he had done with Bronte House. The ground floor contained a high verandah with zig-zag lattice-like detailing which contrasted with the building's asymmetrical plan and fenestration. In 1978, the house was dismantled to make way for extensions to Parliament House and was later re-erected in Kent Street, Millers Point.","title":"Notable works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Register of the National Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_of_the_National_Estate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Australian Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Museum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bronte House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronte_House"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bronteSHR-6"},{"link_name":"Callan Park Hospital for the Insane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callan_Park_Hospital_for_the_Insane"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shr1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shr2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shr3-11"},{"link_name":"Customs House, Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_House,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Darlinghurst Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlinghurst_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"James Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Barnet"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Darlinghurst Gaol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlinghurst_Gaol"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Fernhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernhill_(Sydney)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Gladesville Mental Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladesville_Mental_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hornby Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornby_Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Maitland Gaol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitland_Gaol"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Nugal Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nugal_Hall"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Parramatta Correctional Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parramatta_Correctional_Centre"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Parramatta Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parramatta_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"St John's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Anglican_Church,_Newcastle"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Treasury Building and Premier's Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Building,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The following buildings, designed by Lewis, are listed on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate.[7]Australian Museum, Sydney, 1849[8]\nBronte House, Sydney, 1838[6]\nCallan Park Hospital for the Insane, 1878[9][10][11]\nCourt House, Berrima, 1838\nFormer Court House, Sloane Street, Goulburn, 1849\nCourt House, Hartley, 1837\nCourt House, Raymond Terrace, 1841\nFormer Court House, Scone, 1848–49\nFormer Court House, Wollombi, 1866\nCustoms House, Sydney, 1844–45[12]\nDarlinghurst Courthouse, 1836, with additions by James Barnet[13]\nFormer Darlinghurst Gaol, Sydney, 1836[14]\nFernhill, c. 1840[15]\nGladesville Mental Hospital, formerly known as the Tarban Creek Lunatic Asylum, 1836[16]\nHornby Lighthouse, 1858[17]\nLegislative Council Chamber, Sydney, 1843\nMaitland Gaol, 1844–48[18]\nNational Trust (originally military hospital), remodelled by Lewis, 1850s\nNugal Hall, Randwick, 1853[19]\nParramatta Correctional Centre[20]\nParramatta Courthouse, 1837[21]\nPolice Station, Hunter Street, Newcastle, 1849\nPolice Station, Phillip Street, Sydney, 1869\nPolice Station, Victoria Road, Ryde, 1837\nSignal Station, Vaucluse, early 1840s\nSt John's Church, Newcastle, 1860[22]\nToll House, Windsor (probably by Lewis), circa 1835\nTreasury Building and Premier's Office, Sydney, 1849[23]\nWentworth Mausoleum, Vaucluse, 1873 (attributed to Mansfield brothers by some sources)[24]","title":"Partial list of works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Signal_Station,_Dunbar_Head,_Vaucluse,_New_South_Wales.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(1)_National_Art_School_gates.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gladesville3.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hartley_Court_House-1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1_Bronte_House1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WentworthMausoleom.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ryde_Police_Station.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CourtHouse.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(1)National_Trust.jpg"}],"text":"Signal Station, Vaucluse\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFormer Darlinghurst Gaol\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTarban Creek Lunatic Asylum (Gladesville Mental Hospital)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCourt House, Hartley\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBronte House, Bronte\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWentworth Mausoleum, Vaucluse\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPolice Station, Ryde\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDarlinghurst Courthouse\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNational Trust, Sydney","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mortimer Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mortimer_Lewis"},{"link_name":"\"Lewis, Mortimer (William)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxfordartonline.com"},{"link_name":"http://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/07_subnav_04_1.cfm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/07_subnav_04_1.cfm"},{"link_name":"http://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/07_subnav_04_1.cfm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/07_subnav_04_1.cfm"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mortimer Lewis.Tibbits, George. \"Lewis, Mortimer (William)\". Oxford Art Online. Retrieved 9 April 2011.\nStatement of Significance, Heritage branch database, Schofield, http://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/07_subnav_04_1.cfm, Retrieved 9 April 2011\nStatement of Significance, Heritage branch database, Broadbent, James, http://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/07_subnav_04_1.cfm, Retrieved 9 April 2011\nMcGillick, Paul (2005). Sydney Architecture. pp. 36–37.\nHerman, Morton (1973). The Early Australian Architects and Their Work. Angus and Robertson Publishers. pp. 190–206.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Mortimer Lewis and his wife Elizabeth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/1_Mortimer_Lewis002.jpg/300px-1_Mortimer_Lewis002.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Herman, Morton (1967). \"Lewis, Mortimer William (1796 - 1879)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 1 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020098b.htm","url_text":"\"Lewis, Mortimer William (1796 - 1879)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7","url_text":"978-0-522-84459-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","url_text":"1833-7538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","url_text":"70677943"}]},{"reference":"Spens, Michael (2003). \"Sydney\". Oxford Art Online. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T082736. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4. Retrieved 9 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000082736","url_text":"\"Sydney\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T082736","url_text":"10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T082736"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4","url_text":"978-1-884446-05-4"}]},{"reference":"Morton, Herman. The Early Australian Architects and Their Work. Angus and Robertson. pp. 190–206.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Bronte House\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 22 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5045208","url_text":"\"Bronte House\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"Jahn, Graham (2006). Guide to Sydney Architecture (Architecture Guides). Watermark Press. ISBN 978-0949284327.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/cbd/cbd2-005.htm","url_text":"Guide to Sydney Architecture (Architecture Guides)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0949284327","url_text":"978-0949284327"}]},{"reference":"\"Callan Park Conservation Area & Buildings\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 18 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5051544","url_text":"\"Callan Park Conservation Area & Buildings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Callan Park House - Rozelle Hospital\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 18 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5014136","url_text":"\"Callan Park House - Rozelle Hospital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Rozelle Hospital - Broughton Hall\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 18 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5012311","url_text":"\"Rozelle Hospital - Broughton Hall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Customs House (former)\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 22 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5044985","url_text":"\"Customs House (former)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Darlinghurst Court House and Residence\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 22 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5045340","url_text":"\"Darlinghurst Court House and Residence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Former East Sydney Technical College and Darlinghurst Gaol Including Buildings A\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 22 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=2420101","url_text":"\"Former East Sydney Technical College and Darlinghurst Gaol Including Buildings A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Fernhill\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 26 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5045436","url_text":"\"Fernhill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Gladesville Hospital Precinct\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 22 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=3540297","url_text":"\"Gladesville Hospital Precinct\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"South Head Signal Station\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5051353","url_text":"\"South Head Signal Station\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Maitland Correctional Centre\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 5 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5012147","url_text":"\"Maitland Correctional Centre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Nugal Hall\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 26 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5045442","url_text":"\"Nugal Hall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Parramatta Correctional Centre\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 17 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5000657","url_text":"\"Parramatta Correctional Centre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Parramatta Courthouse\" (PDF). New South Wales Bar Association.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nswbar.asn.au/circulars/parramatta_court.pdf","url_text":"\"Parramatta Courthouse\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. John's Church, Hall & Grounds\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 26 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5045733","url_text":"\"St. John's Church, Hall & Grounds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Intercontinental Hotel former Treasury Building\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. Retrieved 7 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5044997","url_text":"\"Intercontinental Hotel former Treasury Building\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"Tibbits, George. \"Lewis, Mortimer (William)\". Oxford Art Online. Retrieved 9 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordartonline.com/","url_text":"\"Lewis, Mortimer (William)\""}]},{"reference":"McGillick, Paul (2005). Sydney Architecture. pp. 36–37.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Herman, Morton (1973). The Early Australian Architects and Their Work. Angus and Robertson Publishers. pp. 190–206.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020098b.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lewis, Mortimer William (1796 - 1879)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","external_links_name":"1833-7538"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","external_links_name":"70677943"},{"Link":"http://www.jenwilletts.com/searchaction.php?page=7&surname=&ship=dunvegan%20castle%201830&firstname=","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000082736","external_links_name":"\"Sydney\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T082736","external_links_name":"10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T082736"},{"Link":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5045208","external_links_name":"\"Bronte House\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma_Daily_Sun
|
Yuma Sun
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["1 History","1.1 The Arizona Sentinel","1.2 The Yuma Morning Sun","1.3 Merger","1.4 Ownership","2 References","3 External links"]
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Newspaper in Yuma, Arizona
Yuma SunTypeDaily newspaperOwner(s)R.I.S.N. Operations, Inc.Founder(s)Mulford WinsorPublisherLisa ReillyPresidentMelanie WalshEditorRoxanne MolenarFounded1896LanguageEnglishHeadquartersYuma, ArizonaCirculation8,413 (as of 2022)ISSN1538-0955OCLC number47732086 Websiteyumasun.com
Offices of the Yuma Sun.
The Yuma Sun is a newspaper in Yuma, Arizona, United States.
History
Though not founded until 1896, the Yuma Sun can trace its history back to the Arizona Sentinel, the first newspaper in what is now the Yuma area. The Yuma Sun would eventually be formed by a merger of the Arizona Sentinel and the Yuma Sun's predecessor, the Yuma Morning Sun.
The Arizona Sentinel
The Sentinel was founded in 1871 by David A. Gordon and C. L. Minor when Yuma was still known as Arizona City. The paper, originally called the Arizona Free Press, was renamed the Arizona Sentinel after one year of publication. Two years later, the paper's name was shortened to just the Sentinel.
In 1911, the paper merged with the Yuma Examiner to become the Arizona Sentinel and Yuma Weekly Examiner.
Then, in 1915, the paper merged with the Yuma Southwest to become the Arizona Sentinel Yuma Southwest. A little over a year later, the paper switched its masthead back to the Arizona Sentinel. Finally, in 1918 it was again renamed the Yuma Examiner and Arizona Sentinel.
The paper moved from a daily to semiweekly in 1920, then became a daily once again later that same year.
In 1924, the paper merged again with Yuma Valley News and became the Examiner Sentinel News. In 1925 it shortened its name to the Yuma Examiner.
By 1928 the Sentinel and the Examiner had become separate newspapers again. Sometime after, the Sentinel became daily.
The Yuma Morning Sun
The Yuma Morning Sun first saw the light of day on April 10, 1896. The Sun was founded by Mulford Winsor, the son of a newspaper editor. This rendition of the paper would be printed off and on for a period of nine years.
Then, on November 15, 1905, the paper was renamed The Morning Sun, becoming a daily newspaper.
In 1916 the paper was met with disaster, when a flood caused the collapse of the Morning Sun's offices, destroying all of the files of paper for the previous 20 years. The disaster was a total loss for the paper. However, the paper was able to receive financial backing and shortly resumed publication.
Merger
In the midst of the Great Depression, it was soon realized that Yuma, a city of only 5,000, could not support two daily newspapers. In 1935, F.F. McNaughton and R.E. "Doc" Osborn purchased both struggling newspapers and combined them.
While The Sun had been a morning newspaper, the new owners decided instead to publish the merged daily paper in the early afternoon as The Yuma Daily Sun. The owners reasoned that the main sources of national and world news — Washington, D.C., and New York — were two hours to three hours ahead of Yuma and so an afternoon newspaper would be able to carry the latest news of the outside world.
In 2001, the newspaper went back to its roots, changing its name to The Sun and returning to morning delivery seven days a week.
In 2009 the name of the newspaper was again changed. It became the Yuma Sun, reflecting its growing role as not only a printed newspaper but also as a digital source of information on the Internet.
Ownership
1896 – Mulford Windsor
1909 – J.H. Westover
1935 – F.F. McNaughton (owner of the Pekin Daily Times) and R.E. "Doc" Osborn
1953 – Osborn and Don Soldwedel (son-in-law of McNaughton and later founder of Western News & Info)
Cox Enterprises acquired the Sun in 1984.
In 1996, Cox went on to sell its Arizona papers to Thomson Newspapers.
In 2000, Thomson sold the Arizona papers to Freedom Communications.
Rhode Island Suburban Newspapers acquired the Yuma Sun and the Porterville Recorder from Freedom in 2013.
References
^ "2022 ANA Directory by ANA News - Issuu". issuu.com. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
^ John Gattuso (ed.), Arizona and the Grand Canyon, Langenscheidt Publishing Group, 2002, p. 311
^ John Howells, Choose the Southwest for Retirement, 3rd: Retirement Discoveries for Every Budget, Globe Pequot, 2000, p. 80
^ Adrienne Florence Muzzy, Ulrich's international periodicals directory, Volume 5, New York, New York: R.R. Bowker Company, 1998, p. 10931
^ a b c d e f g h i j "About Us: History of the Yuma Sun". Yuma Sun. RISN Operations Inc. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
^ The Arizona Sentinel on the Arizona Memory Project
^ Arizona Sentinel on the Arizona Memory Project
^ a b "About The Arizona sentinel. (Arizona City , Yuma County, A.T. ) 1872–1911". National Endowment for the Humanities. Library of Congress. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
^ Arizona Sentinel and Yuma Weekly Examiner on the Arizona Memory Project
^ Arizona Sentinel Yuma Southwest on the Arizona Memory Project
^ Drake, Art. "The Man behind the name". Pekin Daily Times. Retrieved 2019-03-13.
^ "Donald N. Soldwedel – WNI Board Chairman 1924-2008 | Western News&Info, Inc". Retrieved 2019-03-13.
^ "Cox Buys Rest of Sun Publishing". The Courier. May 4, 1984. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
^ "Cox Acquires Two North Carolina Newspapers". The Dispatch. August 21, 1996. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
^ "Freedom Buys Thomson's Newspapers In State". Kingman Daily Miner. June 27, 2000. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
^ "Yuma Sun Under New Ownership". Yuma Sun. April 30, 2013. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
External links
Arizona portalJournalism portal
Official website
Today's Yuma Sun front page at the Freedom Forum website
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_IIII_Scythica
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Legio IV Scythica
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["1 Origins and service during the Roman Republic","2 Service under the Roman Empire","2.1 Tiberius's war against Illyria","2.2 Roman–Parthian War of 58–63","2.3 Year of the Four Emperors","2.4 Roman–Parthian Wars and Roman–Sassanid Wars","2.5 Revolt and disappearance","3 Attested members","4 Epigraphic testimonies","5 Unit symbol","6 In popular culture","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Roman legion
Fourth Legion ScythicaLegio IV ScythicaLegio IIII ScythicaLegio Quarta ScythicaMap of the Roman Empire under the reign of Hadrian (125 CE), showing the Fourth Legion Scythica, stationed on the river Euphrates at Zeugma (near modern Gaziantep, Turkey), in the Roman province of Syria, from 68 CE until possibly the 4th century.Activec. 42 BCE until 219 CE (confirmed)CountryRoman Republic (closing years) and Roman EmpireTypeRoman legionMilitary unit
Coin issued by Philip the Arab for his wife Marcia Otacilia Severa. On the reverse in the exergue, a capricorn, in reference to IIII Scythica, beneath a tetrastyle temple; mint of Zeugma, Roman Syria, a legionary camp. BMC 34.
Legio IV Scythica ("Scythian Fourth Legion"), also written as Legio IIII Scythica, was a legion of the Imperial Roman army founded in c. 42 BCE by the Roman general Mark Antony, for his campaign against the Parthian Empire, hence its other cognomen, Parthica. The legion was still active in the Roman province of Syria in the early 5th century.
Origins and service during the Roman Republic
Further information: Roman army of the late Republic
The Legio IV Scythica was founded by the Roman general Mark Antony after 42 BCE. It is unknown where the legion was first stationed, although Syria is a possibility. If that is the case, the legion most likely took part in Mark Antony's campaign against the Parthians. The name Scythica implies that it fought the Scythians. The Scythians were a group of nomadic tribes located near a Roman city named Olbia. The Scythians also occasionally tried to cross the Danube. This makes it very likely the Legion defeated one of the Scythian tribes in a battle.
Service under the Roman Empire
Further information: Imperial Roman army
After the Battle of Actium (31 BCE) and Mark Antony's suicide, Octavian transferred the Legio IV Scythica to the Roman province of Moesia, in the Danube area. The legion is reported to have taken part in civilian tasks, such as the building and keeping of roads. In his youth, future Roman Emperor Vespasian served in this legion. The legion's base was probably at Viminacium.
Tiberius's war against Illyria
Between 6 and 9 CE, the IV Scythica took part in Tiberius' wars against the Illyrians and Pannonians. The legion also constructed roads and other works of engineering in the Danube area.
Roman–Parthian War of 58–63
King Vologases I of Parthia invaded Armenia, a client kingdom of Rome, in 58 CE, beginning the war against the Parthians (58–63 CE). Nero ordered Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, the new legate of Cappadocia, to manage the matter. Corbulo brought the Legio IIII Scythica from Moesia, and with the legions III Gallica and VI Ferrata they defeated the Parthians, restoring Tigranes VI to the Armenian throne. In 62 CE, IIII Scythica and XII Fulminata, commanded by the new legate of Cappadocia, Lucius Caesennius Paetus, were defeated by the Parthians at the Battle of Rhandeia and forced to surrender. The legions were covered with shame and withdrawn from the war theatre to Zeugma. This city would be the base camp of IIII Scythica for the next century.
Year of the Four Emperors
In the Year of the Four Emperors, in 69 CE, the IV Scythica, alongside the rest of the Eastern legions, sided with Vespasian immediately. Despite the demonstrated loyalty, IV Scythica was not involved in actual fighting because it was not considered a high-quality legion. This was a consequence of an earlier defeat in the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE). In 70 CE, the legion was used to stop a pogrom against the Jewish population of Antioch. The legion would also build a canal in Seleucia Pieria.
Roman–Parthian Wars and Roman–Sassanid Wars
The IV Scythica took part in the Parthian campaign of Trajan, As well as the war against the Parthians (161–166 CE). Between 181 and 183 CE, Septimius Severus acted as the commander of the Eastern legions, and he later relied on the power of said legions to become the next Roman Emperor. The legion's former commander, now Emperor, Semptimus Severus would lead another campaign against the Parthians. This campaign also used the IV Scythica. The legion was most likely involved in the eastern campaign of Caracalla in 219 CE.
Revolt and disappearance
The legion disappeared from Roman historiographical sources after 219 CE, when their commander, Gellius Maximus, rebelled against Emperor Elagabalus and proclaimed himself Emperor, but was defeated. However, according to Notitia Dignitatum (XXXIII), in the early 3rd century, the IV Scythica was still active in Roman Syria, camped in Orese. It is possible this legion participated in the campaigns of Severus Alexander and Odaenathus against the Sassanids.
Attested members
Name
Rank
Time frame
Province
Source
Lucius Funisulanus Vettonianus
legatus legionis
c. 62
Armenia
CIL III, 4013, Tacitus, Annales, xv.7
Gnaeus Pompeius Collega
legatus legionis
69-c. 70
Syria
Josephus, Bell. Jud. vii.3, 4
Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus
legatus legionis
c. 80-82
Syria
AE 1905, 120, AE 1905, 121
Aulus Larcius Priscus
legatus legionis
c. 97
Syria
CIL VIII, 17891, AE 1908, 237
Gaius Julius Severus
legatus legionis
c. 132
Syria
CIG 4031, 4032 = IGR III 173, 174
Gaius Julius Scapula
legatus legionis
c. 135
Syria
CIG 4022, 4023
Quintus Voconius Saxa Fidus
legatus legionis
?138-?141
Syria
IGR III 173, 174
Publius Cornelius Dexter
legatus legionis
?144-?147
Syria
CIL III, 12116 = ILS 1050
Lucius Septimius Severus
legatus legionis
c. 181 - c. 183
Syria
Historia Augusta, "Vita Severi" 3.6
Aulus Vicirius A.f. Proculus
tribunus laticlavius
c. 50
Syria
Quintus Paesidius Macedo
tribunus angusticlavius
between 40 and 54
Syria
AE 1923, 40
Lucius Julius Marinus Caecilius Simplex
tribunus laticlavius
c. 80
Syria
CIL IX, 4965
Gaius Julius Proculus
tribunus laticlavius
c. 100
Syria
CIL X, 6658 = ILS 1040
Publius Manilius Vopiscus Vicinillianus
tribunus laticlavius
c. 107
Syria
CIL XIV, 4242 = ILS 1044
Claudius Maximus
tribunus laticlavius
c. 115
Syria
CIL III, 10336
Tiberius Claudius Helius Secundus
tribunus angusticlavius
between 96 and 118
Syria
AE 1925, 44
Gnaeus Cornelius Pulcher
tribunus angusticlavius
between 96 and 118
Syria
IG 4.795
Tiberius Claudius Pius
tribunus angusticlavius
between 100 and 120
Syria
AE 1933, 270
T. Statilius nus
tribunus angusticlavius
between 118 and 130
Syria
C. Julius Juli Quadrati f. Severus
tribunus laticlavius
Before 134
Syria
AE 1923, 4
Gaius Arrius Antoninus
tribunus laticlavius
c. 150
Syria
CIL VIII, 7030
Gaius Sempronius Fidus
tribunus angusticlavius
between 70 and 150
Syria
CIL II, 4245
Publius Julius Geminius Marcianus
tribunus laticlavius
c. 155
Syria
Julius Antoninus
tribunus angusticlavius
between 118 and 161
Syria
IGR 3.500
Lucius Egnatuleius Sabinus
tribunus angusticlavius
c. 175
Syria
CIL VIII, 10500 = ILS 1409
Tiberius Claudius Telemachus
tribunus angusticlavius
after 185
Syria
AE 1981, 844
Lucius Marius Perpetuus
tribunus laticlavius
late 2nd century
Syria
CIL III, 1178 = ILS 1165
Gellius Maximus
tribunus laticlavius
c. 219
Syria
Dio Cassius lxxix.7.1
Gaius Aemilius Berenicianus Maximus
tribunus laticlavius
first quarter 3rd century
Syria
CIL XII, 3163 = ILS 1168
Epigraphic testimonies
Caio Sempronio Marci filio Galeria (tribu) Fido Calagorritano / tribuno militum legionis IIII Scythicae tribuno militum (...).
D(is) M(anibus) / Ael(ius) Verecundinus / (centurio) leg(ionis) IIII / Scy(thicae) hastatus (p)rior natus / in Dacia ad Vatabos mil(itavit) ann(os) XXI / primum exactus librarius / frum(entarius) speculator evocatus
Unit symbol
The legion's symbol was a capricorn.
In popular culture
The legion appeared in Harry Sidebottom's series of historical novels Warrior of Rome.
See also
List of Roman legions
Siege of Dura-Europos (256)
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Legio IIII Scythica - Livius". www.livius.org. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
^ This was a brevet promotion, as quaestors normally lacked the seniority to command a legion.
^ a b Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), p. 298
^ a b Paul M. M. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1989), p. 339
^ Vincenzo Saladino, "Iscrizioni Latine di Roselle (II)", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 39 (1980), pp. 229-232
^ Dabrowa, Legio X Fretensis: A Prosopographical Study of its Officers (I-III c. A.D.) (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1993), p. 60
^ Tarragona (Tarraco), Spain. CIL II 4427.
^ Epigraphic Database Heidelberg HD053009.
^ Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers 1971–2000, L. J. F. Keppie, page 128.
External links
livius.org account of Legio IV Scythica
vteRoman legions
Legio I Adiutrix
Legio I Armeniaca
Legio I Flavia Constantia
Legio I Germanica
Legio I Illyricorum
Legio I Iovia
Legio I Isaura Sagittaria
Legio I Italica
Legio I Macriana liberatrix
Legio I Maximiana
Legio I Minervia
Legio I Parthica
Legio II Adiutrix
Legio II Armeniaca
Legio II Augusta
Legio II Flavia Constantia
Legio II Flavia Virtutis
Legio II Gallica
Legio II Herculia
Legio II Isaura
Legio II Italica
Legio II Parthica
Legio II Traiana Fortis
Legio III Augusta
Legio III Cyrenaica
Legio III Diocletiana
Legio III Gallica
Legio III Isaura
Legio III Italica
Legio III Parthica
Legio IV Flavia Felix
Legio IV Italica
Legio IV Macedonica
Legio IV Martia
Legio IV Scythica
Legio V Alaudae
Legio V Iovia
Legio V Macedonica
Legio V Parthica
Legio VI Ferrata
Legio VI Herculia
Legio VI Hispana
Legio VI Victrix
Legio VII Claudia
Legio VII Gemina
Legio VIII Augusta
Legio IX Hispana
Legio X Equestris
Legio X Fretensis
Legio X Gemina
Legio XI
Legio XI Claudia
Legio XII Fulminata
Legio XIII Gemina
Legio XIV Gemina
Legio XV Apollinaris
Legio XV Primigenia
Legio XVI Flavia Firma
Legio XVI Gallica
Legio XVII
Legio XVIII
Legio XIX
Legio XX Siciliana
Legio XX Valeria Victrix
Legio XXI Rapax
Legio XXII Deiotariana
Legio XXII Primigenia
Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix
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On the reverse in the exergue, a capricorn, in reference to IIII Scythica, beneath a tetrastyle temple; mint of Zeugma, Roman Syria, a legionary camp. BMC 34.Legio IV Scythica (\"Scythian Fourth Legion\"), also written as Legio IIII Scythica,[1] was a legion of the Imperial Roman army founded in c. 42 BCE by the Roman general Mark Antony, for his campaign against the Parthian Empire, hence its other cognomen, Parthica. 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Nero ordered Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, the new legate of Cappadocia, to manage the matter. Corbulo brought the Legio IIII Scythica from Moesia, and with the legions III Gallica and VI Ferrata they defeated the Parthians, restoring Tigranes VI to the Armenian throne. In 62 CE, IIII Scythica and XII Fulminata, commanded by the new legate of Cappadocia, Lucius Caesennius Paetus, were defeated by the Parthians at the Battle of Rhandeia and forced to surrender. The legions were covered with shame and withdrawn from the war theatre to Zeugma. This city would be the base camp of IIII Scythica for the next century.[1]","title":"Service under the Roman Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Year of the Four Emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors"},{"link_name":"Vespasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespasian"},{"link_name":"First Jewish–Roman War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"pogrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch"},{"link_name":"Seleucia Pieria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria"}],"sub_title":"Year of the Four Emperors","text":"In the Year of the Four Emperors, in 69 CE, the IV Scythica, alongside the rest of the Eastern legions, sided with Vespasian immediately. Despite the demonstrated loyalty, IV Scythica was not involved in actual fighting because it was not considered a high-quality legion. This was a consequence of an earlier defeat in the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE).[1] In 70 CE, the legion was used to stop a pogrom against the Jewish population of Antioch. The legion would also build a canal in Seleucia Pieria.","title":"Service under the Roman Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parthian campaign of Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan%27s_Parthian_campaign"},{"link_name":"war against the Parthians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_161%E2%80%93166"},{"link_name":"Septimius Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus"},{"link_name":"Caracalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Roman–Parthian Wars and Roman–Sassanid Wars","text":"The IV Scythica took part in the Parthian campaign of Trajan, As well as the war against the Parthians (161–166 CE). Between 181 and 183 CE, Septimius Severus acted as the commander of the Eastern legions, and he later relied on the power of said legions to become the next Roman Emperor. The legion's former commander, now Emperor, Semptimus Severus would lead another campaign against the Parthians. This campaign also used the IV Scythica. The legion was most likely involved in the eastern campaign of Caracalla in 219 CE.[1]","title":"Service under the Roman Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman historiographical sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_historiography"},{"link_name":"Gellius Maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gellius_Maximus"},{"link_name":"Elagabalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Notitia Dignitatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum"},{"link_name":"Orese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Taybah"},{"link_name":"Severus Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Odaenathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus"}],"sub_title":"Revolt and disappearance","text":"The legion disappeared from Roman historiographical sources after 219 CE, when their commander, Gellius Maximus, rebelled against Emperor Elagabalus and proclaimed himself Emperor, but was defeated.[1] However, according to Notitia Dignitatum (XXXIII), in the early 3rd century, the IV Scythica was still active in Roman Syria, camped in Orese. It is possible this legion participated in the campaigns of Severus Alexander and Odaenathus against the Sassanids.","title":"Service under the Roman Empire"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Attested members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Caio Sempronio Marci filio Galeria (tribu) Fido Calagorritano / tribuno militum legionis IIII Scythicae tribuno militum (...). [7]\nD(is) M(anibus) / Ael(ius) Verecundinus / (centurio) leg(ionis) IIII / Scy(thicae) hastatus (p)rior natus / in Dacia ad Vatabos mil(itavit) ann(os) XXI / primum exactus librarius / frum(entarius) speculator evocatus [8]","title":"Epigraphic testimonies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capricorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The legion's symbol was a capricorn.[9]","title":"Unit symbol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Sidebottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Sidebottom"}],"text":"The legion appeared in Harry Sidebottom's series of historical novels Warrior of Rome.","title":"In popular culture"}]
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[{"image_text":"Coin issued by Philip the Arab for his wife Marcia Otacilia Severa. On the reverse in the exergue, a capricorn, in reference to IIII Scythica, beneath a tetrastyle temple; mint of Zeugma, Roman Syria, a legionary camp. BMC 34.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Otacilia_Severa-l4Scythica.jpg/300px-Otacilia_Severa-l4Scythica.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of Roman legions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions"},{"title":"Siege of Dura-Europos (256)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dura-Europos_(256)"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Legio IIII Scythica - Livius\". www.livius.org. Retrieved 2020-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-iiii-scythica/","url_text":"\"Legio IIII Scythica - Livius\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screensport
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Screensport (TV channel)
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["1 History","1.1 1984–1986: Early years","1.2 1987–1992: WHSmith era","1.3 1993: Merger and demise","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Former pan-European cable and satellite sports television network (1984–1993)
For indoor sports, see screen sports.
Television channel
ScreensportSportkanalSportnetTV SportCountryEuropeBroadcast areaUnited KingdomProgrammingLanguage(s)DutchEnglishSpanishFrenchGermanOwnershipOwnerWHSTV (WHSmith) ABC (7%)ESPN Inc.HistoryLaunched29 March 1984Closed1 March 1993Replaced byEurosport
Screensport was a pan-European cable and satellite sports television network that was on air from 1984 until 1993 before merging with Eurosport.
History
1984–1986: Early years
Original Screensport logo (1984–1987)
Screensport was founded in 1981 by Bob Kennedy — who had started up BBC Radio Leicester, Sky Channel (operators of the UK's first satellite television network which later became known as Sky One) and several independent commercial radio stations, backers included the American networks ABC and ESPN (which then-recently its majority 80% share was acquired by ABC). A programming deal with Trans World International allowed access to events taking place around the world.
The channel began broadcasting on 29 March 1984, with Media Communications controlled the studios and transmission facilities in Knutsford, while its administration office was based in London. Apart from American sports, the station aired regular and weekly British sports including speedways and stock cars. Screensport aired only recorded programming until 31 August of that year, when they showed live greyhound racing from Wembley Stadium – including the St Leger. By late 1984, WHSmith Television Group had purchased a 15% stake in the company, RCA also acquired a 10% share in the business, within other investors included Ladbrokes and the pension fund of the National Coal Board. Former BBC executive Aubrey Singer was a prominent board member.
On 28 August 1985, the station started to expand its broadcasting area to include the Netherlands and Sweden, introducing new programmes and sports including ice speedway, Dutch ice hockey and motor sport. Coverage of English football began in the same year, screening the Area and National finals from the Freight Rover Trophy, a competition for lower division clubs. In addition, the channel both sponsored and broadcast the Football League Super Cup in the 1985–86 season. The competition was designed to compensate clubs who were banned from European competition due to the Heysel Stadium disaster, but it was scrapped after the first edition.
1987–1992: WHSmith era
On 1 December 1986, the WHSmith Television Group took over the operation and management of the network when Bob Kennedy and ABC pulled out. By the end of that year, the station had lost £700,000 and no longer broadcast in Sweden, which resulted in a loss of 100,000 customers.
On 9 April 1987, as the channel had acquired rights to cover some major events, Screensport broadcast live coverage of the US Masters golf from Augusta, and many other PGA Tour events. Grand Slam tennis was also covered in the shape of the US Open. NHL ice hockey, NBA and NASCAR racing were common items on the schedule during this period. During the 1987–88 football season, Screensport was the only source of weekly extended English Football League highlights for viewers in the United Kingdom. The channel signed a deal with Thames Television, who were the Football League's agent for international distribution, to transmit 34 recorded matches via cable and satellite. Thames produced its programme, called the Big League Soccer.
Newer Screensport logo (1989–1993), until the channel was closed by new owners Eurosport
On 7 December 1988, ESPN increased its stake in the channel from 3.5% to 25.5% after purchasing shares from WHSmith for £4.4 million. By then, Screensport had increased its sports content, allowing the channel to broadcast for 18.5 hours each day within the schedule included ice hockey, skiing, golf, tennis, and yachting. By 1989, Screensport adopted the sub-title The European Sports Network, while the WHSmith Television Group later renamed itself as WHSTV. The channel also began broadcasting on the Astra 1A satellite in February of that year, following a move of its operations from the north of England to central London, after taking full control of Molinare later that year on 17 May, which helped to operate as one channel under four different names:
Screensport (English)
TV Sport (French)
Sportkanal (German)
Sportnet (Dutch)
On 15 May 1991, Screensport filed with the Commission of the European Communities, alleging that the joint purchasing scheme for sporting events by Eurosport's former owners, Sky Television and the European Broadcasting Union, violated the competition (antitrust) law rules of the Treaty of Rome. After provisions were made for non-member access to the programming, the Commission granted the EBU in a five-year conditional exemption from the requirements of the competition rules. On 28 February 1992, Screensport forged an alliance with ITV Sport to bid for rights to coverage of the newly formed English Premier League. Sky Sports and the BBC were the eventual winners of the contract.
1993: Merger and demise
On 14 January 1993, Eurosport and Screensport proposed a merger to provide a single channel as both were operating at a loss, hoping that a merged channel would become financially profitable. The merger finally took place on 1 March and that same day, Screensport was shut down permanently. It ended with a credit screen listing all the network's staff (akin to its sister channel Lifestyle's close on 24 January of that year), before cutting to Eurosport's feed surrounded by a notice telling viewers to watch any of its frequencies.
Finally on 6 March 1993 at 6.09am, Screensport's signal was shut down permanently as RTL Zwei was launched in its transponder place.
See also
Eurosport
References
^ a b "Commission Decision of 19 February 1991 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 85 of the EEC Treaty (IV/32.524 - Screensport/EBU members)". Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
^ MikeMcGrathBryan (10 December 2008). "ScreenSport: The Final Broadcast". Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2018 – via YouTube.
^ a b c "Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions". Answers.com. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ Chalaby, Jean K. (19 February 2009). Transnational Television in Europe: Reconfiguring Global Communications Networks. I.B.Tauris. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9780857717474. Retrieved 15 January 2018 – via Google Books.
^ Cable Television and the Future of Broadcasting. Edited by Ralph Negrine, 1985, ISBN 978-0-415-83924-2.
^ https://fr.linkedin.com/pub/robert-d-kennedy/17/798/5a1
^ "Screen International", 7 January 1984, p. 31
^ "Screen International", 25 February 1984, Issue 434, p. 19
^ Joint Ventures, Alliances, and Corporate Strategy Kathryn Rudie Harrigan. p. 169 ISBN 1-58798-195-5.
^ "tv-live.org.uk". www.tv-live.org.uk.
^ a b "RCA buys share in Screen Sport", The Stage and Television Today, 6 September 1984, Issue 5395, p. 13
^ Screen International, 25 August 1984, Issue 460, p. 37
^ Screen International, 26 May 1984, Issue 447, p. 23
^ Variety, 28 August 1985, Vol. 320, p. 67
^ TheBeelist (22 July 2011). "Brentford V Newport County - FRT Southern Area Final (17th May 1985)". Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2018 – via YouTube.
^ a b "Shadow cast over cable TV". Jonathan Miller, Media Correspondent. The Times, 1 December 1986; p. 3.
^ "ABC (Madrid) - 09/04/1987, p. 135 - ABC.es Hemeroteca". Hemeroteca.ABC.es. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ "ABC (Madrid) - 10/09/1987, p. 111 - ABC.es Hemeroteca". Hemeroteca.ABC.es. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ "Leeds game moved", The Guardian; 18 July 1987, p. 15
^ "ABC (Madrid) - 21/08/1987, p. 78 - ABC.es Hemeroteca". Hemeroteca.ABC.es. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ "Stake raised". The Times, 7 December 1988; p. 27
^ "WH Smith in £4.4m TV bid". The Times, 17 May 1989; p. 26
^ "EUR-Lex - 31991D0130 - EN". Eur-Lex.Europa.eu. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ From Satellite to Single Market: New Communication Technology and European ... Richard Collins, ISBN 0-203-98424-2.
^ "Screensport issues writ over TV pact". Melinda Wittstock. The Times 15 May 1991; p. 22
^ "Screensport part of ITV deal", The Guardian, Martin Thorpe, 28 February 1992, p. 18
^ "Screensport teams up with ITV", Broadcast, 6 March 1992, p. 1
^ "Satellite channels to merge". The Times 14 January 1993; p. 40
External links
Screensport at TV Ark
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Zone Horror
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"screen sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_sports"},{"link_name":"pan-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-European_identity"},{"link_name":"Eurosport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurosport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-answers.com-3"}],"text":"For indoor sports, see screen sports.Television channelScreensport was a pan-European cable and satellite sports television network that was on air from 1984 until 1993 before merging with Eurosport.[3]","title":"Screensport (TV channel)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Screensport_86.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Leicester"},{"link_name":"Sky Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Television_(1984%E2%80%931990)"},{"link_name":"satellite television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_television"},{"link_name":"Sky One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_One"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Trans World International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMG_(company)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Knutsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knutsford"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"speedways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedway_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"stock cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_cars"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Television_Today_1984,_p._13-11"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"St Leger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Leger_(greyhounds)"},{"link_name":"WHSmith Television Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHSmith"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-answers.com-3"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Corporation_of_America"},{"link_name":"Ladbrokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladbrokes"},{"link_name":"National Coal Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Coal_Board"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Television_Today_1984,_p._13-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Aubrey Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_Singer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Freight Rover Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_Rover_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Football League Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"Heysel Stadium disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heysel_Stadium_disaster"}],"sub_title":"1984–1986: Early years","text":"Original Screensport logo (1984–1987)Screensport was founded in 1981 by Bob Kennedy[4][5] — who had started up BBC Radio Leicester, Sky Channel (operators of the UK's first satellite television network which later became known as Sky One) and several independent commercial radio stations,[6] backers included the American networks ABC and ESPN (which then-recently its majority 80% share was acquired by ABC).[7] A programming deal with Trans World International allowed access to events taking place around the world.[8][9]The channel began broadcasting on 29 March 1984,[10] with Media Communications controlled the studios and transmission facilities in Knutsford, while its administration office was based in London. Apart from American sports, the station aired regular and weekly British sports including speedways and stock cars. Screensport aired only recorded programming until 31 August of that year,[11] when they showed live greyhound racing from Wembley Stadium – including the St Leger. By late 1984, WHSmith Television Group had purchased a 15% stake in the company,[3] RCA also acquired a 10% share in the business, within other investors included Ladbrokes and the pension fund of the National Coal Board.[11][12] Former BBC executive Aubrey Singer was a prominent board member.[13]On 28 August 1985, the station started to expand its broadcasting area to include the Netherlands and Sweden,[14] introducing new programmes and sports including ice speedway, Dutch ice hockey and motor sport. Coverage of English football began in the same year, screening the Area and National finals from the Freight Rover Trophy,[15] a competition for lower division clubs. In addition, the channel both sponsored and broadcast the Football League Super Cup in the 1985–86 season. The competition was designed to compensate clubs who were banned from European competition due to the Heysel Stadium disaster, but it was scrapped after the first edition.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WHSmith Television Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHSmith"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV._Jonathan_Miller_pg._3-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV._Jonathan_Miller_pg._3-16"},{"link_name":"US Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_National_Golf_Club"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League"},{"link_name":"Thames Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Television"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Screensport.jpg"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing"},{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"yachting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-europa.eu.int-1"},{"link_name":"Astra 1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_1A"},{"link_name":"north of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Commission of the European Communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"Eurosport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurosport"},{"link_name":"Sky Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Television_(1984%E2%80%931990)"},{"link_name":"European Broadcasting Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union"},{"link_name":"antitrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Screensport_(TV_channel)#Dubious"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"ITV Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Sport"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Sky Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Sports"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"}],"sub_title":"1987–1992: WHSmith era","text":"On 1 December 1986, the WHSmith Television Group took over the operation and management of the network when Bob Kennedy and ABC pulled out.[16] By the end of that year, the station had lost £700,000 and no longer broadcast in Sweden, which resulted in a loss of 100,000 customers.[16]On 9 April 1987, as the channel had acquired rights to cover some major events, Screensport broadcast live coverage of the US Masters golf from Augusta,[17] and many other PGA Tour events. Grand Slam tennis was also covered in the shape of the US Open.[18] NHL ice hockey, NBA and NASCAR racing were common items on the schedule during this period. During the 1987–88 football season, Screensport was the only source of weekly extended English Football League highlights for viewers in the United Kingdom. The channel signed a deal with Thames Television, who were the Football League's agent for international distribution, to transmit 34 recorded matches via cable and satellite.[19] Thames produced its programme, called the Big League Soccer.[20]Newer Screensport logo (1989–1993), until the channel was closed by new owners EurosportOn 7 December 1988, ESPN increased its stake in the channel from 3.5% to 25.5% after purchasing shares from WHSmith for £4.4 million.[21] By then, Screensport had increased its sports content, allowing the channel to broadcast for 18.5 hours each day within the schedule included ice hockey, skiing, golf, tennis, and yachting. By 1989, Screensport adopted the sub-title The European Sports Network, while the WHSmith Television Group later renamed itself as WHSTV.[1] The channel also began broadcasting on the Astra 1A satellite in February of that year, following a move of its operations from the north of England to central London, after taking full control of Molinare later that year on 17 May,[22] which helped to operate as one channel under four different names:Screensport (English)\nTV Sport (French)\nSportkanal (German)\nSportnet (Dutch)On 15 May 1991, Screensport filed with the Commission of the European Communities, alleging that the joint purchasing scheme for sporting events by Eurosport's former owners, Sky Television and the European Broadcasting Union, violated the competition (antitrust) law rules of the Treaty of Rome.[dubious – discuss] After provisions were made for non-member access to the programming, the Commission granted the EBU in a five-year conditional exemption from the requirements of the competition rules.[23][24][25] On 28 February 1992, Screensport forged an alliance with ITV Sport to bid for rights to coverage of the newly formed English Premier League.[26][27] Sky Sports and the BBC were the eventual winners of the contract.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurosport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurosport"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-answers.com-3"},{"link_name":"Lifestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifestyle_(British_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"RTL Zwei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTL_Zwei"}],"sub_title":"1993: Merger and demise","text":"On 14 January 1993, Eurosport and Screensport proposed a merger to provide a single channel as both were operating at a loss, hoping that a merged channel would become financially profitable.[28] The merger finally took place on 1 March and that same day, Screensport was shut down permanently.[3] It ended with a credit screen listing all the network's staff (akin to its sister channel Lifestyle's close on 24 January of that year), before cutting to Eurosport's feed surrounded by a notice telling viewers to watch any of its frequencies.Finally on 6 March 1993 at 6.09am, Screensport's signal was shut down permanently as RTL Zwei was launched in its transponder place.","title":"History"}]
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[{"image_text":"Original Screensport logo (1984–1987)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f0/Screensport_86.jpg"},{"image_text":"Newer Screensport logo (1989–1993), until the channel was closed by new owners Eurosport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4b/Screensport.jpg/220px-Screensport.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Eurosport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurosport"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Commission Decision of 19 February 1991 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 85 of the EEC Treaty (IV/32.524 - Screensport/EBU members)\". Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 15 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31991D0130:EN:NOT","url_text":"\"Commission Decision of 19 February 1991 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 85 of the EEC Treaty (IV/32.524 - Screensport/EBU members)\""}]},{"reference":"MikeMcGrathBryan (10 December 2008). \"ScreenSport: The Final Broadcast\". Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2018 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYqCTjreJiE","url_text":"\"ScreenSport: The Final Broadcast\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211218/ZYqCTjreJiE","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions\". Answers.com. Retrieved 15 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.answers.com/topic/screensport","url_text":"\"Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions\""}]},{"reference":"Chalaby, Jean K. (19 February 2009). Transnational Television in Europe: Reconfiguring Global Communications Networks. I.B.Tauris. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9780857717474. Retrieved 15 January 2018 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SoUAAwAAQBAJ&q=%22screen+sport%22+%22bob+kennedy%22&pg=PA18","url_text":"Transnational Television in Europe: Reconfiguring Global Communications Networks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857717474","url_text":"9780857717474"}]},{"reference":"\"tv-live.org.uk\". www.tv-live.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tv-live.org.uk/wp/index.php/other/defunct/screensport/","url_text":"\"tv-live.org.uk\""}]},{"reference":"TheBeelist (22 July 2011). \"Brentford V Newport County - FRT Southern Area Final (17th May 1985)\". Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2018 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1doEuzWcTg","url_text":"\"Brentford V Newport County - FRT Southern Area Final (17th May 1985)\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211218/Z1doEuzWcTg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ABC (Madrid) - 09/04/1987, p. 135 - ABC.es Hemeroteca\". Hemeroteca.ABC.es. Retrieved 15 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1987/04/09/135.html","url_text":"\"ABC (Madrid) - 09/04/1987, p. 135 - ABC.es Hemeroteca\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABC (Madrid) - 10/09/1987, p. 111 - ABC.es Hemeroteca\". Hemeroteca.ABC.es. Retrieved 15 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1987/09/10/111.html","url_text":"\"ABC (Madrid) - 10/09/1987, p. 111 - ABC.es Hemeroteca\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABC (Madrid) - 21/08/1987, p. 78 - ABC.es Hemeroteca\". Hemeroteca.ABC.es. Retrieved 15 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1987/08/21/078.html","url_text":"\"ABC (Madrid) - 21/08/1987, p. 78 - ABC.es Hemeroteca\""}]},{"reference":"\"EUR-Lex - 31991D0130 - EN\". Eur-Lex.Europa.eu. Retrieved 15 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31991D0130:EN:HTML","url_text":"\"EUR-Lex - 31991D0130 - EN\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_John_Henderson
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Albert John Henderson
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["1 Education and career","2 Federal judicial service","3 References","4 External links"]
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American judge
Albert John HendersonSenior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh CircuitIn officeJanuary 31, 1986 – May 11, 1999Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh CircuitIn officeOctober 1, 1981 – January 31, 1986Appointed byoperation of lawPreceded bySeat establishedSucceeded byJames Larry EdmondsonJudge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth CircuitIn officeJuly 13, 1979 – October 1, 1981Appointed byJimmy CarterPreceded bySeat established by 92 Stat. 1629Succeeded bySeat abolishedChief Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of GeorgiaIn office1976–1979Preceded byNewell EdenfieldSucceeded byCharles Allen Moye Jr.Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of GeorgiaIn officeOctober 11, 1968 – July 26, 1979Appointed byLyndon B. JohnsonPreceded byLewis Render MorganSucceeded byOrinda Dale Evans
Personal detailsBornAlbert John Henderson(1920-12-12)December 12, 1920Canton, GeorgiaDiedMay 11, 1999(1999-05-11) (aged 78)Marietta, GeorgiaEducationWalter F. George School of Law (LLB)
Albert John Henderson (December 12, 1920 – May 11, 1999) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit and earlier was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.
Education and career
Born in Canton, Georgia, Henderson was a Sergeant in the United States Army from 1943 to 1945, and then received a Bachelor of Laws from the Walter F. George School of Law at Mercer University in 1947. He was an underwriter for Lawyers Title Insurance Company in Atlanta, Georgia from 1947 to 1948, and was in private practice in Marietta, Georgia from 1948 to 1960. He was a trial attorney of the Assistant State Solicitor General's Office of the Blue Ridge Judicial Circuit from 1949 to 1952. He was a judge of the Juvenile Court of Cobb County, Georgia from 1953 to 1960, and then on the Superior Court of Cobb County from 1961 to 1968.
Federal judicial service
On September 25, 1968, Henderson was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia vacated by Judge Lewis Render Morgan. Henderson was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 10, 1968, and received his commission on October 11, 1968. He served as Chief Judge from 1976 to 1979. His service terminated on July 26, 1979, due to his elevation to the Fifth Circuit.
On April 18, 1979, President Jimmy Carter nominated Henderson to a new seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit created by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the Senate on July 12, 1979, receiving his commission the following day. On October 1, 1981, Henderson was reassigned by operation of law to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. He assumed senior status on January 31, 1986, serving in that capacity until his death, in Marietta.
References
^ a b c Albert John Henderson at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
External links
Albert John Henderson at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
Legal offices
Preceded byLewis Render Morgan
Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia 1968–1979
Succeeded byOrinda Dale Evans
Preceded byNewell Edenfield
Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia 1976–1979
Succeeded byCharles Allen Moye Jr.
Preceded bySeat established by 92 Stat. 1629
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit 1979–1981
Succeeded bySeat abolished
Preceded bySeat established
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit 1981–1986
Succeeded byJames Larry Edmondson
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States circuit judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_judge"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Georgia"}],"text":"Albert John Henderson (December 12, 1920 – May 11, 1999) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit and earlier was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.","title":"Albert John Henderson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"Walter F. George School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_F._George_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Mercer University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_University"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Marietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Cobb County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"}],"text":"Born in Canton, Georgia, Henderson was a Sergeant in the United States Army from 1943 to 1945, and then received a Bachelor of Laws from the Walter F. George School of Law at Mercer University in 1947. He was an underwriter for Lawyers Title Insurance Company in Atlanta, Georgia from 1947 to 1948, and was in private practice in Marietta, Georgia from 1948 to 1960. He was a trial attorney of the Assistant State Solicitor General's Office of the Blue Ridge Judicial Circuit from 1949 to 1952. He was a judge of the Juvenile Court of Cobb County, Georgia from 1953 to 1960, and then on the Superior Court of Cobb County from 1961 to 1968.[1]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Lewis Render Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Render_Morgan"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"operation of law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_of_law"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit"},{"link_name":"senior status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_status"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"}],"text":"On September 25, 1968, Henderson was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia vacated by Judge Lewis Render Morgan. Henderson was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 10, 1968, and received his commission on October 11, 1968. He served as Chief Judge from 1976 to 1979. His service terminated on July 26, 1979, due to his elevation to the Fifth Circuit.[1]On April 18, 1979, President Jimmy Carter nominated Henderson to a new seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit created by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the Senate on July 12, 1979, receiving his commission the following day. On October 1, 1981, Henderson was reassigned by operation of law to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. He assumed senior status on January 31, 1986, serving in that capacity until his death, in Marietta.[1]","title":"Federal judicial service"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.fjc.gov/node/1382041","external_links_name":"Albert John Henderson"},{"Link":"https://www.fjc.gov/node/1382041","external_links_name":"Albert John Henderson"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/169251516","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011049854","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46P/Wirtanen
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46P/Wirtanen
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["1 Discovery","2 Perihelion passages","3 Exploration proposals","4 Associated meteor showers","4.1 2023","4.2 2012","5 References","6 External links"]
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Periodic comet with 5 year orbit
46P/WirtanenWirtanen at perihelion on 12 December 2018DiscoveryDiscovered byCarl A. WirtanenDiscovery dateJanuary 17, 1948DesignationsAlternative designations1961 IV; 1960m;1967 XIV; 1967k;1974 XI; 1974i;1986 VI; 1985q;1991 XVI; 1991s;46P/1948 A1;1947 XIII; 1948b;46P/1954 R2;1954 XI;1954jOrbital characteristicsEpoch2023-02-25(JDT 2460000.5)Aphelion5.127 AUPerihelion1.055 AUSemi-major axis3.091 AUEccentricity0.65867Orbital period5.43 yrInclination11.749°Last perihelionDecember 12, 2018July 9, 2013February 2, 2008Next perihelion2024-May-19Earth MOID0.071 AU (10,600,000 km) Physical characteristicsDimensions1.4 km (radar)Synodic rotation period8.9 hours
Perihelion distanceat different epochs
Epoch
Perihelion(AU)
1967
1.61
1974
1.26
1986
1.08
2013
1.05
2035
1.08
2046
1.22
2059
1.98
2095
2.01
46P/Wirtanen is a small short-period comet with a current orbital period of 5.4 years. It was the original target for close investigation by the Rosetta spacecraft, planned by the European Space Agency, but an inability to meet the launch window caused Rosetta to be sent to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko instead. It belongs to the Jupiter family of comets, all of which have aphelia between 5 and 6 AU. Its diameter is estimated at 1.4 kilometres (0.9 mi). In December 2019, astronomers reported capturing an outburst of the comet in substantial detail by the TESS space telescope.
Discovery
46P/Wirtanen was discovered photographically on January 17, 1948, by the American astronomer Carl A. Wirtanen. The plate was exposed on January 15 during a stellar proper motion survey for the Lick Observatory. Due to a limited number of initial observations, it took more than a year to recognize this object as a short-period comet.
Perihelion passages
The July 2013 perihelion passage was not favorable, only reaching a magnitude of 14.7. Between January 23 and September 26 of 2013, the comet had an elongation less than 20 degrees from the Sun.
On 16 December 2018 the comet passed 0.07746 AU (11.6 million km; 7.20 million mi; 30.1 LD) from Earth, marking one of the 10 closest comet flybys of Earth in 70 years. The comet reached an estimated magnitude of 3.9, making this pass the brightest one predicted, and the brightest close approach for the next 20 years. The comet experienced six outbursts, with the comet brightening by −0.2 to −1.6 magnitudes.
The 2018 close approach, combined with Wirtanen's brightness provides an opportunity to study a potential future spacecraft mission target in detail. A worldwide observing campaign was organized to capitalize on the favorable circumstances of the 2018 apparition.
Path of 46P across the sky during 2018. Its size shown is inversely proportional to its distance.
Orbital approach of 46P during 2018, moving south to north and crossing the ecliptic near its closest approach to Earth on December 16, 2018
Amateur astronomical image of Comet 46P on 12 December 2018
View from the Hubble Space Telescope on December 13, 2018
File:Animation of 46P/Wirtanen orbit Sun · Mercury · Venus · Earth · Mars · Jupiter · 46P/Wirtanen
Comet 46P/Wirtanen photographed in the southern hemisphere, from Balcarce, Argentina.
Exploration proposals
In December 2018, comet 46P/Wirtanen passed within 11.6 million kilometres of the Earth.
Radar image of 46P/Wirtanen imaged by the Arecibo Observatory in 2018.
Main article: Comet Hopper
The comet was the target for the proposed Comet Hopper mission, which reached the finalist stage in the NASA Discovery program. It was one of only three missions in that selection to have a more detailed study. The selection process was ultimately won in 2012 by the InSight mission, a Mars lander. The Comet Hopper was designed to use the ASRG, the Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator.
The Comet Hopper mission, if it were selected, would have had multiple science goals over the 7.3 years of its nominal lifetime. At roughly 4.5 AU the spacecraft would rendezvous with Comet Wirtanen and begin to map the spatial heterogeneity of surface solids as well as gas and dust emissions from the coma - the nebulous envelope around the nucleus of a comet. The remote mapping would also allow for any nucleus structure, geologic processes, and coma mechanisms to be determined. After arriving at the comet, the spacecraft would approach and land, then subsequently hop to other locations on the comet. As the comet approached the Sun, the spacecraft would land and hop multiple times. The final landing would occur at 1.5 AU. As the comet approached the Sun and became more active, the spacecraft would be able to record surface changes.
Also, 46P/Wirtanen was the original destination of the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft mission, but launch delays meant that the comet was no longer easily reachable and another periodic comet, 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, was chosen as the mission's target instead.
Associated meteor showers
2023
Close approaches to Jupiter in 1972 and 1984 moved the comet's orbit closer to Earth, and as of epoch 2018 the comet has an Earth–MOID of 0.071 AU (10.6 million km; 6.6 million mi; 28 LD). In 2023 Earth is expected to pass through a denser part of the 1974 meteoroid stream than Earth did in 2007. The meteors would make atmospheric entry (Ve) at a relatively slow 15 km/s (10.3 km/s (Vg) before the influence of Earth's gravity). The radiant is near the southern constellation of Sculptor.
Possible meteoroid stream activity
Date
Stream
2007
1974
2018
1980
2023-December-12 10:54 UT
1974
2012
Russian forecaster Mikhail Maslov had predicted that the Earth's orbit would cross Comet Wirtanen's debris stream as many as four times between December 10 and December 14, 2012. As there had not previously been an encounter with this debris stream, it was not certain whether or not a meteor shower would be visible from Earth, but there was speculation that a shower with as many as 30 meteors per hour might occur.
Observers in Australia reported that on the night of December 14, 2012, as many as a dozen meteors were seen emanating from the predicted radiant in the constellation of Pisces.
References
^ a b c "46P/Wirtanen Orbit". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ Syuichi Nakano (2010-04-09). "46P/Wirtanen (NK 1909)". OAA Computing and Minor Planet Sections. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
^ a b c "JPL Small-Body Database: 46P/Wirtanen" (last observation: 2019-07-01; arc: 1.15 years). Archived from the original on 2021-07-23. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ a b "UA Researcher Captures Rare Radar Images of Comet 46P/Wirtanen". 20 December 2018.
^ Kinoshita, Kazuo (2019-06-09). "46P/Wirtanen past, present and future orbital elements". Comet Orbit. Archived from the original on 2012-04-22. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ a b Goddard Space Flight Center (3 December 2019). "NASA's exoplanet-hunting mission catches a natural comet outburst in unprecedented detail". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ a b University of Maryland (3 December 2019). "UMD astronomers catch a natural comet outburst in unprecedented detail - Data from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) reveal start-to-finish sequence of an outburst from comet 46P/Wirtanen". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ Ulamec, S.; Espinasse, S.; Feuerbacher, B.; Hilchenbach, M.; Moura, D.; et al. (April 2006). "Rosetta Lander—Philae: Implications of an alternative mission". Acta Astronautica. 58 (8): 435–441. Bibcode:2006AcAau..58..435U. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.12.009.
^ Kronk, Gary W. "46P/Wirtanen". Retrieved 2019-03-03. (Cometography Home Page)
^ a b "Comet 46P/Wirtanen Information". theskylive.com. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
^ "See a Passing Comet This Sunday". JPL. Retrieved 2019-03-03.
^ "Brightest comets seen since 1935". www.icq.eps.harvard.edu. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
^ Kelley, Michael S. P.; Farnham, Tony L.; Li, Jian-Yang; Bodewits, Dennis; Snodgrass, Colin; et al. (1 August 2021). "Six Outbursts of Comet 46P/Wirtanen". The Planetary Science Journal. 2 (4): 131. arXiv:2105.05826. Bibcode:2021PSJ.....2..131K. doi:10.3847/PSJ/abfe11.
^ "The Comet Wirtanen Observing Campaign". wirtanen.astro.umd.edu. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
^ "Picturesque poison". www.eso.org. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
^ "Maryland scientists vie for NASA missions". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-09-26. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
^ "Planetary Science Division Update" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-11-14. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
^ "Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko". Rosetta. ESA. 18 December 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
^ "Hubble Assists Rosetta Comet Mission" (Press release). Hubble Space Telescope. September 5, 2003. Retrieved May 20, 2014.
^ a b "A new meteor shower caused by comet 46P/Wirtanen". IMCCE. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ "A New Meteor Shower in December?". NASA. Archived from the original on 2012-12-12. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
^ "Comet Wirtanen meteors report". IceInSpace. Retrieved 2012-12-17.
External links
IAU Ephemerides page for 46P
46P on JPL Small-Body Database Browser
46P/Wirtanen – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net
vteCometsFeatures
Nucleus
Coma
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Comet dust
Meteor shower
Types
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Main-belt
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Naming of comets
Observational history of comets
Centaur
Comet discoverers
LINEAR
Extraterrestrial atmosphere
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Small Solar System body
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Exploration
List of missions to comets
List of comets visited by spacecraft
Latest
C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)
C/2023 E1 (ATLAS)
C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)
C/2022 E3 (ZTF)
C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS)
C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)
C/2021 A1 (Leonard)
C/2020 F8 (SWAN)
C/2020 F5 (MASTER)
C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)
C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)
C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS)
C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)
2I/Borisov
C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)
C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)
C/2017 U7
C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)
C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE)
C/2015 V2 (Johnson)
C/2015 G2 (MASTER)
C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)
C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli–Bernstein)
C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)
C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)
Culture andspeculation
Antimatter comet
Comets in fiction
Comet vintages
Lists of comets (more)PeriodiccometsUntil 1985(all)
1P/Halley
2P/Encke
3D/Biela
4P/Faye
5D/Brorsen
6P/d'Arrest
7P/Pons–Winnecke
8P/Tuttle
9P/Tempel
10P/Tempel
11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR
12P/Pons–Brooks
13P/Olbers
14P/Wolf
15P/Finlay
16P/Brooks
17P/Holmes
18D/Perrine–Mrkos
19P/Borrelly
20D/Westphal
21P/Giacobini–Zinner
22P/Kopff
23P/Brorsen–Metcalf
24P/Schaumasse
25D/Neujmin
26P/Grigg–Skjellerup
27P/Crommelin
28P/Neujmin
29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
30P/Reinmuth
31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
32P/Comas Solà
33P/Daniel
34D/Gale
35P/Herschel–Rigollet
36P/Whipple
37P/Forbes
38P/Stephan–Oterma
39P/Oterma
40P/Väisälä
41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák
42P/Neujmin
43P/Wolf–Harrington
44P/Reinmuth
45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková
46P/Wirtanen
47P/Ashbrook–Jackson
48P/Johnson
49P/Arend–Rigaux
50P/Arend
51P/Harrington
52P/Harrington–Abell
53P/Van Biesbroeck
54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT
55P/Tempel–Tuttle
56P/Slaughter–Burnham
57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte
58P/Jackson–Neujmin
59P/Kearns–Kwee
60P/Tsuchinshan
61P/Shajn–Schaldach
62P/Tsuchinshan
63P/Wild
64P/Swift–Gehrels
65P/Gunn
66P/du Toit
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
68P/Klemola
69P/Taylor
70P/Kojima
71P/Clark
72P/Denning–Fujikawa
73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
74P/Smirnova–Chernykh
75D/Kohoutek
76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura
77P/Longmore
78P/Gehrels
79P/du Toit–Hartley
80P/Peters–Hartley
81P/Wild
82P/Gehrels
83D/Russell
84P/Giclas
85D/Boethin
After 1985(notable)
88P/Howell
92P/Sanguin
96P/Machholz
97P/Metcalf–Brewington
103P/Hartley
107P/Wilson–Harrington
108P/Ciffréo
109P/Swift–Tuttle
122P/de Vico
126P/IRAS
141P/Machholz
144P/Kushida
147P/Kushida–Muramatsu
153P/Ikeya–Zhang
156P/Russell–LINEAR
161P/Hartley–IRAS
168P/Hergenrother
169P/NEAT
177P/Barnard
178P/Hug–Bell
205P/Giacobini
209P/LINEAR
238P/Read
246P/NEAT
252P/LINEAR
255P/Levy
273P/Pons–Gambart
289P/Blanpain
311P/PanSTARRS
322P/SOHO
323P/SOHO
332P/Ikeya–Murakami
333P/LINEAR
354P/LINEAR
362P
460P/PanSTARRS
Comet-likeasteroids
596 Scheila
2060 Chiron (95P)
4015 Wilson–Harrington (107P)
7968 Elst–Pizarro (133P)
165P/LINEAR
166P/NEAT
167P/CINEOS
60558 Echeclus (174P)
118401 LINEAR (176P)
238P/Read
259P/Garradd
311P/PanSTARRS
324P/La Sagra
331P/Gibbs
354P/LINEAR
358P/PANSTARRS
P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS)
(300163) 2006 VW139
LostRecovered
11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR
15P/Finlay
17P/Holmes
27P/Crommelin
54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT
55P/Tempel–Tuttle
57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte
69P/Taylor
72P/Denning–Fujikawa
80P/Peters–Hartley
97P/Metcalf–Brewington
107P/Wilson–Harrington
113P/Spitaler
122P/de Vico
157P/Tritton
177P/Barnard
205P/Giacobini
206P/Barnard–Boattini
226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski
271P/van Houten–Lemmon
289P/Blanpain
Destroyed
3D/Biela
D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9)
Not found
D/1770 L1 (Lexell)
5D/Brorsen
18D/Perrine–Mrkos
20D/Westphal
25D/Neujmin
34D/Gale
75D/Kohoutek
83D/Russell
85D/Boethin
Visited byspacecraft
21P/Giacobini–Zinner (1985)
1P/Halley (1986)
26P/Grigg–Skjellerup (1992)
19P/Borrelly (2001)
81P/Wild (2004)
9P/Tempel (2005, 2011)
C/2006 P1 (2007)
103P/Hartley (2010)
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (2014)
Near-Paraboliccomets(notable)Until 1990
C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet)
X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106)
C/1264 N1 (Great Comet of 1264)
C/1402 D1 (Great Comet of 1402)
C/1471 Y1 (Great Comet of 1472)
C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577)
C/1652 Y1
C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet))
C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702)
C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat)
C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux)
C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760)
C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769)
C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807)
C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811)
C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819)
C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823)
C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843)
C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet)
C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati)
C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher)
C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861)
C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865)
X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet)
C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia)
C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt)
C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882)
C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887)
C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901)
C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910)
C/1911 O1 (Brooks)
C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky)
C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup–Maristany)
C/1931 P1 (Ryves)
C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos)
C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet)
C/1948 V1 (Eclipse)
C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland)
C/1957 P1 (Mrkos)
C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)
C/1961 R1 (Humason)
C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines)
C/1963 A1 (Ikeya)
C/1963 R1 (Pereyra)
C/1964 N1 (Ikeya)
C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki)
C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)
C/1969 Y1 (Bennett)
C/1970 K1 (White–Ortiz–Bolelli)
C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek)
C/1975 V1 (West)
C/1980 E1 (Bowell)
C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock)
C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington)
C/1989 X1 (Austin)
C/1989 Y1 (Skorichenko–George)
After 1990
C/1990 K1 (Levy)
C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch–Rabinowitz)
C/1993 Y1 (McNaught–Russell)
C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)
C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)
C/1997 L1 (Zhu–Balam)
C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse)
C/1998 J1 (SOHO)
C/1999 F1 (Catalina)
C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)
C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR)
C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)
C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS)
C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)
C/2002 T7 (LINEAR)
C/2002 V1 (NEAT)
C/2004 F4 (Bradfield)
C/2004 Q2 (Machholz)
C/2006 A1 (Pojmański)
C/2006 M4 (SWAN)
C/2006 P1 (McNaught)
C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)
C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)
C/2007 N3 (Lulin)
C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring)
C/2007 W1 (Boattini)
C/2009 F6 (Yi–SWAN)
C/2009 R1 (McNaught)
C/2010 X1 (Elenin)
C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS)
C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)
C/2012 E2 (SWAN)
C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)
C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS)
C/2012 S1 (ISON)
C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy)
C/2013 US10 (Catalina)
C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)
C/2014 E2 (Jacques)
C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)
C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)
C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)
C/2015 V2 (Johnson)
C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)
1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua
C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)
2I/Borisov
C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)
C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)
C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)
C/2020 F8 (SWAN)
C/2021 A1 (Leonard)
C/2022 E3 (ZTF)
C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)
After 1910(by name)
Aarseth-Brewington
Arend–Roland
Austin
Beljawsky
Bennett
Boattini
Borisov
Bowell
Bradfield
Brooks
Catalina
C/1999 F1
C/2013 US10
de Kock–Paraskevopoulos
Eclipse
Elenin
Hale-Bopp
Humason
Hyakutake
Ikeya
C/1963 A1
C/1964 N1
Ikeya-Seki
IRAS–Araki–Alcock
ISON
Iwamoto
Jacques
Johnson
Kohoutek
Lemmon
C/2012 F6
C/2018 C2
C/2019 U6
Leonard
Levy
LINEAR
C/1999 S4
C/2000 WM1
C/2001 A2
C/2002 T7
LONEOS
C/2001 OG108
C/2007 F1
Lovejoy
C/2007 E2
C/2011 W3
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46P/Wirtanen
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2017 in outer space — 2018 in outer space — 2019 in outer space
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet"},{"link_name":"orbital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-20191203-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UM-20191203-7"},{"link_name":"Rosetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_probe"},{"link_name":"spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft"},{"link_name":"European Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"launch window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_window"},{"link_name":"67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"aphelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphelion"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"TESS space telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TESS"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-20191203-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UM-20191203-7"}],"text":"46P/Wirtanen is a small short-period comet with a current orbital period of 5.4 years.[6][7] It was the original target for close investigation by the Rosetta spacecraft, planned by the European Space Agency, but an inability to meet the launch window caused Rosetta to be sent to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko instead.[8] It belongs to the Jupiter family of comets, all of which have aphelia between 5 and 6 AU. Its diameter is estimated at 1.4 kilometres (0.9 mi). In December 2019, astronomers reported capturing an outburst of the comet in substantial detail by the TESS space telescope.[6][7]","title":"46P/Wirtanen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carl A. Wirtanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_A._Wirtanen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kronk-9"},{"link_name":"Lick Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lick_Observatory"}],"text":"46P/Wirtanen was discovered photographically on January 17, 1948, by the American astronomer Carl A. Wirtanen.[9] The plate was exposed on January 15 during a stellar proper motion survey for the Lick Observatory. Due to a limited number of initial observations, it took more than a year to recognize this object as a short-period comet.","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Comet_46P/Wirtanen_Information-10"},{"link_name":"elongation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elongation_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"km","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometre"},{"link_name":"mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile"},{"link_name":"LD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpldata-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPL-7306-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Comet_46P/Wirtanen_Information-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C46P-sky.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C46P-orbit.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comet_46P_Wirtanen_on_12_December_2018.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comet_46P_Wirtanen_STSCI-H-p1863.png"},{"link_name":"Hubble Space Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animation_of_46P%EF%BC%8FWirtanen_orbit.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cometa_46PWirtanen_desde_Argentina.jpg"},{"link_name":"Balcarce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcarce_Partido"}],"text":"The July 2013 perihelion passage was not favorable, only reaching a magnitude of 14.7.[10] Between January 23 and September 26 of 2013, the comet had an elongation less than 20 degrees from the Sun.On 16 December 2018 the comet passed 0.07746 AU (11.6 million km; 7.20 million mi; 30.1 LD) from Earth,[3] marking one of the 10 closest comet flybys of Earth in 70 years.[11] The comet reached an estimated magnitude of 3.9,[12] making this pass the brightest one predicted, and the brightest close approach for the next 20 years.[10] The comet experienced six outbursts, with the comet brightening by −0.2 to −1.6 magnitudes.[13]The 2018 close approach, combined with Wirtanen's brightness provides an opportunity to study a potential future spacecraft mission target in detail. A worldwide observing campaign[14] was organized to capitalize on the favorable circumstances of the 2018 apparition.Path of 46P across the sky during 2018. Its size shown is inversely proportional to its distance.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOrbital approach of 46P during 2018, moving south to north and crossing the ecliptic near its closest approach to Earth on December 16, 2018\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAmateur astronomical image of Comet 46P on 12 December 2018\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView from the Hubble Space Telescope on December 13, 2018\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFile:Animation of 46P/Wirtanen orbit Sun · Mercury · Venus · Earth · Mars · Jupiter · 46P/WirtanenComet 46P/Wirtanen photographed in the southern hemisphere, from Balcarce, Argentina.","title":"Perihelion passages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picturesque_poison_46P_Wirtanen.tif"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comet46P_AreciboRadar.gif"},{"link_name":"Radar image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_astronomy"},{"link_name":"Arecibo Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Comet Hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Hopper"},{"link_name":"Discovery program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_program"},{"link_name":"InSight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight"},{"link_name":"Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Stirling_radioisotope_generator"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_(cometary)"},{"link_name":"nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_nucleus"},{"link_name":"comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaltSun_MD-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdamsBrief-17"},{"link_name":"European Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"Rosetta spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In December 2018, comet 46P/Wirtanen passed within 11.6 million kilometres of the Earth.[15]Radar image of 46P/Wirtanen imaged by the Arecibo Observatory in 2018.The comet was the target for the proposed Comet Hopper mission, which reached the finalist stage in the NASA Discovery program. It was one of only three missions in that selection to have a more detailed study. The selection process was ultimately won in 2012 by the InSight mission, a Mars lander. The Comet Hopper was designed to use the ASRG, the Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator.The Comet Hopper mission, if it were selected, would have had multiple science goals over the 7.3 years of its nominal lifetime. At roughly 4.5 AU the spacecraft would rendezvous with Comet Wirtanen and begin to map the spatial heterogeneity of surface solids as well as gas and dust emissions from the coma - the nebulous envelope around the nucleus of a comet. The remote mapping would also allow for any nucleus structure, geologic processes, and coma mechanisms to be determined. After arriving at the comet, the spacecraft would approach and land, then subsequently hop to other locations on the comet. As the comet approached the Sun, the spacecraft would land and hop multiple times.[16] The final landing would occur at 1.5 AU. As the comet approached the Sun and became more active, the spacecraft would be able to record surface changes.[17]Also, 46P/Wirtanen was the original destination of the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft mission, but launch delays meant that the comet was no longer easily reachable and another periodic comet, 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, was chosen as the mission's target instead.[18][19]","title":"Exploration proposals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Associated meteor showers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"MOID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_orbit_intersection_distance"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"km","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometre"},{"link_name":"mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile"},{"link_name":"LD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpldata-3"},{"link_name":"meteoroid stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor_shower#Origin_of_meteoroid_streams"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMCCE2023-20"},{"link_name":"atmospheric entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_entry"},{"link_name":"radiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_(meteor_shower)"},{"link_name":"Sculptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptor_(constellation)"}],"sub_title":"2023","text":"Close approaches to Jupiter in 1972 and 1984 moved the comet's orbit closer to Earth, and as of epoch 2018 the comet has an Earth–MOID of 0.071 AU (10.6 million km; 6.6 million mi; 28 LD).[3] In 2023 Earth is expected to pass through a denser part of the 1974 meteoroid stream than Earth did in 2007.[20] The meteors would make atmospheric entry (Ve) at a relatively slow 15 km/s (10.3 km/s (Vg) before the influence of Earth's gravity). The radiant is near the southern constellation of Sculptor.","title":"Associated meteor showers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earth's orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit"},{"link_name":"meteor shower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor_shower"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Pisces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisces_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"2012","text":"Russian forecaster Mikhail Maslov had predicted that the Earth's orbit would cross Comet Wirtanen's debris stream as many as four times between December 10 and December 14, 2012. As there had not previously been an encounter with this debris stream, it was not certain whether or not a meteor shower would be visible from Earth, but there was speculation that a shower with as many as 30 meteors per hour might occur.[21]Observers in Australia reported that on the night of December 14, 2012, as many as a dozen meteors were seen emanating from the predicted radiant in the constellation of Pisces.[22]","title":"Associated meteor showers"}]
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[{"image_text":"Comet 46P/Wirtanen photographed in the southern hemisphere, from Balcarce, Argentina.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cometa_46PWirtanen_desde_Argentina.jpg/220px-Cometa_46PWirtanen_desde_Argentina.jpg"},{"image_text":"In December 2018, comet 46P/Wirtanen passed within 11.6 million kilometres of the Earth.[15]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Picturesque_poison_46P_Wirtanen.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Picturesque_poison_46P_Wirtanen.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Radar image of 46P/Wirtanen imaged by the Arecibo Observatory in 2018.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Comet46P_AreciboRadar.gif/220px-Comet46P_AreciboRadar.gif"}]
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[{"reference":"\"46P/Wirtanen Orbit\". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2023-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=46P","url_text":"\"46P/Wirtanen Orbit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center","url_text":"Minor Planet Center"}]},{"reference":"Syuichi Nakano (2010-04-09). \"46P/Wirtanen (NK 1909)\". OAA Computing and Minor Planet Sections. Retrieved 2012-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syuichi_Nakano","url_text":"Syuichi Nakano"},{"url":"http://www.oaa.gr.jp/~oaacs/nk/nk1909.htm","url_text":"\"46P/Wirtanen (NK 1909)\""}]},{"reference":"\"JPL Small-Body Database: 46P/Wirtanen\" (last observation: 2019-07-01; arc: 1.15 years). Archived from the original on 2021-07-23. Retrieved 2023-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=46P&view=OPC","url_text":"\"JPL Small-Body Database: 46P/Wirtanen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_arc","url_text":"arc"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210723152712/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=46P;orb=1;cad=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"UA Researcher Captures Rare Radar Images of Comet 46P/Wirtanen\". 20 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/ua-researcher-captures-rare-radar-images-comet-46pwirtanen","url_text":"\"UA Researcher Captures Rare Radar Images of Comet 46P/Wirtanen\""}]},{"reference":"Kinoshita, Kazuo (2019-06-09). \"46P/Wirtanen past, present and future orbital elements\". Comet Orbit. Archived from the original on 2012-04-22. Retrieved 2023-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://jcometobs.web.fc2.com/pcmtn/0046p.htm","url_text":"\"46P/Wirtanen past, present and future orbital elements\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120422080321/http://jcometobs.web.fc2.com/pcmtn/0046p.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goddard Space Flight Center (3 December 2019). \"NASA's exoplanet-hunting mission catches a natural comet outburst in unprecedented detail\". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 3 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center","url_text":"Goddard Space Flight Center"},{"url":"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-12/nsfc-nem120319.php","url_text":"\"NASA's exoplanet-hunting mission catches a natural comet outburst in unprecedented detail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EurekAlert!","url_text":"EurekAlert!"}]},{"reference":"University of Maryland (3 December 2019). \"UMD astronomers catch a natural comet outburst in unprecedented detail - Data from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) reveal start-to-finish sequence of an outburst from comet 46P/Wirtanen\". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 3 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland","url_text":"University of Maryland"},{"url":"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-12/uom-uac120319.php","url_text":"\"UMD astronomers catch a natural comet outburst in unprecedented detail - Data from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) reveal start-to-finish sequence of an outburst from comet 46P/Wirtanen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EurekAlert!","url_text":"EurekAlert!"}]},{"reference":"Ulamec, S.; Espinasse, S.; Feuerbacher, B.; Hilchenbach, M.; Moura, D.; et al. (April 2006). \"Rosetta Lander—Philae: Implications of an alternative mission\". Acta Astronautica. 58 (8): 435–441. Bibcode:2006AcAau..58..435U. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.12.009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AcAau..58..435U","url_text":"2006AcAau..58..435U"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2005.12.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.12.009"}]},{"reference":"Kronk, Gary W. \"46P/Wirtanen\". Retrieved 2019-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_W._Kronk","url_text":"Kronk, Gary W."},{"url":"http://cometography.com/pcomets/046p.html","url_text":"\"46P/Wirtanen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comet 46P/Wirtanen Information\". theskylive.com. Retrieved 2017-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://theskylive.com/46p-info","url_text":"\"Comet 46P/Wirtanen Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"See a Passing Comet This Sunday\". JPL. 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Bibcode:2021PSJ.....2..131K. doi:10.3847/PSJ/abfe11.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3847%2FPSJ%2Fabfe11","url_text":"\"Six Outbursts of Comet 46P/Wirtanen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.05826","url_text":"2105.05826"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PSJ.....2..131K","url_text":"2021PSJ.....2..131K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3847%2FPSJ%2Fabfe11","url_text":"10.3847/PSJ/abfe11"}]},{"reference":"\"The Comet Wirtanen Observing Campaign\". wirtanen.astro.umd.edu. Retrieved 2018-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://wirtanen.astro.umd.edu/","url_text":"\"The Comet Wirtanen Observing Campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Picturesque poison\". www.eso.org. 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IceInSpace. Retrieved 2012-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iceinspace.com.au/forum/showthread.php?p=925959","url_text":"\"Comet Wirtanen meteors report\""}]}]
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Data from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) reveal start-to-finish sequence of an outburst from comet 46P/Wirtanen\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AcAau..58..435U","external_links_name":"2006AcAau..58..435U"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2005.12.009","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.12.009"},{"Link":"http://cometography.com/pcomets/046p.html","external_links_name":"\"46P/Wirtanen\""},{"Link":"http://cometography.com/","external_links_name":"Cometography Home Page"},{"Link":"https://theskylive.com/46p-info","external_links_name":"\"Comet 46P/Wirtanen Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7306","external_links_name":"\"See a Passing Comet This Sunday\""},{"Link":"http://www.icq.eps.harvard.edu/brightest.html","external_links_name":"\"Brightest comets seen since 1935\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3847%2FPSJ%2Fabfe11","external_links_name":"\"Six Outbursts of Comet 46P/Wirtanen\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.05826","external_links_name":"2105.05826"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PSJ.....2..131K","external_links_name":"2021PSJ.....2..131K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3847%2FPSJ%2Fabfe11","external_links_name":"10.3847/PSJ/abfe11"},{"Link":"http://wirtanen.astro.umd.edu/","external_links_name":"\"The Comet Wirtanen Observing Campaign\""},{"Link":"https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1907a/","external_links_name":"\"Picturesque poison\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120926001329/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-05-29/news/bs-md-time-chopper-missions-20110529_1_nasa-missions-nasa-funding-bruce-banerdt/3","external_links_name":"\"Maryland scientists vie for NASA missions\""},{"Link":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-05-29/news/bs-md-time-chopper-missions-20110529_1_nasa-missions-nasa-funding-bruce-banerdt/3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111114141842/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/Adams%20PPS%2005102011.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Planetary Science Division Update\""},{"Link":"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/Adams%20PPS%2005102011.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://sci.esa.int/rosetta/14615-comet-67p/","external_links_name":"\"Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko\""},{"Link":"http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2003/26/text/","external_links_name":"\"Hubble Assists Rosetta Comet Mission\""},{"Link":"https://www.imcce.fr/recherche/campagnes-observations/meteors/2023wir","external_links_name":"\"A new meteor shower caused by comet 46P/Wirtanen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121212184725/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/11dec_newshower/","external_links_name":"\"A New Meteor Shower in December?\""},{"Link":"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/11dec_newshower/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.iceinspace.com.au/forum/showthread.php?p=925959","external_links_name":"\"Comet Wirtanen meteors report\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173342/http://scully.cfa.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/returnprepeph.cgi?d=c&o=0046P","external_links_name":"IAU Ephemerides page for 46P"},{"Link":"http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?ID=c00046_0;","external_links_name":"46P on JPL Small-Body Database Browser"},{"Link":"http://www.aerith.net/comet/catalog/0046P/index.html","external_links_name":"46P/Wirtanen"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1000109","external_links_name":"JPL SBDB"},{"Link":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=46P","external_links_name":"MPC"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y2K_(My_Name_Is_Earl)
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My Name Is Earl season 1
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["1 Main cast","2 Episodes","3 Reception","3.1 Awards and nominations","4 References"]
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Season of television series
My Name Is EarlSeason 1DVD coverNo. of episodes24ReleaseOriginal networkNBCOriginal releaseSeptember 20, 2005 (2005-09-20) –May 11, 2006 (2006-05-11)Season chronologyNext →Season 2 List of episodes
The first season of My Name Is Earl, an American sitcom television series created by Greg Garcia, premiered on September 20, 2005, and ended on May 11, 2006, on NBC. The DVD set was released on Region 2 on September 25, 2006, and on Region 1 on September 19, 2006. Its bonus material included: commentary for each episode, bloopers and deleted scenes.
The show is broadcast in English, however in other countries it will be in other languages, there are also English subtitles. Season 1 of My Name Is Earl runs for about 526 minutes and about 20 minutes for each episode. The season 1 DVD is produced by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.
Most episodes from the first season begin with Earl presenting the premise of the series:
You know the kind of guy who does nothing but bad things and then wonders why his life sucks? Well, that was me. Every time something good happened to me, something bad was always waiting around the corner: karma. That's when I realized that I had to change, so I made a list of everything bad I've ever done and one by one I'm gonna make up for all my mistakes. I'm just trying to be a better person. My name is Earl.
Main cast
Jason Lee as Earl Hickey
Ethan Suplee as Randy Hickey
Jaime Pressly as Joy Darville Turner
Eddie Steeples as Darnell Turner
Nadine Velazquez as Catalina
Episodes
See also: List of My Name Is Earl episodes
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)11"Pilot"Marc BucklandGreg GarciaSeptember 20, 2005 (2005-09-20)1ALJ7915.25
Earl J. Hickey (Jason Lee) is a small-time thief with a messed-up life. His "scratch-and-win" lottery ticket proves to be worth $100,000, but he is immediately hit by a car and watches the ticket blow away. While Earl recovers in hospital, his wife Joy (Jaime Pressly) divorces him, but Earl is introduced to the concept of karma while watching an interview with singer Trace Adkins on Last Call with Carson Daly. He resolves to try to make up for all the bad things he has done and writes a list of 259 items. After leaving the hospital he starts on his list by picking up litter, and right away finds his lost $100,000 ticket. Figuring karma works pretty well, he continues with the list, going next to #64: "Picked on Kenny James." Earl figures he needs to help Kenny to have friends. To Earl's shock, he learns that Kenny is gay and wants to skip this list item. After wrestling with what to do, he decides karma makes the rules to be kept, not he. Finally, he and his brother Randy (Ethan Suplee) resolve to take Kenny to a gay bar where he can find friends. Meanwhile Earl and Randy meet Catalina (Nadine Velazquez), the motel's beautiful maid, and Randy finds that he has feelings for her.
22"Quit Smoking"Marc BucklandKat Likkel & John HobergSeptember 27, 2005 (2005-09-27)1ALJ0111.36
Donny, an intimidating thug, spent two years in jail for a robbery Earl committed. Oddly enough, the only way Earl can make it up to him is by helping Donny's mom quit smoking. Meanwhile, Joy discovers she's the beneficiary of Earl's will and tries to kill him.
33"Randy's Touchdown"Marc BucklandJ.B. CookOctober 4, 2005 (2005-10-04)1ALJ0213.23
While Earl and Randy were in high school, Earl fixed a school football game to win a bet with a store owner, but realizes that he forced Randy to give up a touchdown that he would've gotten. Earl sends Randy back to high school to get his touchdown back, but finds out that Joy had his car impounded since he refused to give her any of his lotto money. Unknown to Joy at the time, the car contained the lotto money. Earl and Randy go to the impound yard to get the car back, but Earl has to pay $3000 for unpaid parking tickets. Meanwhile, during Randy's game, Earl and Catalina were there to give him support, and Randy almost gets a touchdown, but fumbles the ball, which costs his team the game. Earl finds out that Joy (who in the meantime had found out the money was in the car) got the $3000 to get his lotto money, but Randy drives up with his car and his money, and Randy told him that he fumbled the ball on purpose to win a bet for $3000.
44"Faked My Own Death"Tamra DavisHilary WinstonOctober 11, 2005 (2005-10-11)1ALJ0512.62
"Faked My Own Death" redirects here. Not to be confused with Fake My Own Death or I Faked My Own Death.When Earl met a raunchy biker chick at a Halloween party, it looked like a match made in heaven. But when he discovered the biker-girl persona was just a Halloween costume, the mismatch became apparent, as she was revealed to be a fluffy toy collector and nature-lover. Earl took drastic measures to get out of the relationship, culminating in getting Randy to tell her he's been killed. To cross her off his list, Earl must reveal that he isn't really dead. When her current boyfriend (Dax Shepard) pulls the same trick, Earl finds himself once again trapped by her.
55"Teacher Earl"Chris KochVictor FrescoOctober 18, 2005 (2005-10-18)1ALJ0412.19
With Catalina's advice, Earl decides to teach English as a Second language to cross "Made fun of people with accents" off his karma list. Meanwhile Ralph, an old friend and partner-in-crime, is released from prison; Earl tries to teach him about karma, but Ralph kidnaps Randy to try to get his hands on Earl’s lottery winnings.
66"Broke Joy's Fancy Figurine"Lev L. SpiroDanielle Sanchez-WitzelNovember 1, 2005 (2005-11-01)1ALJ0312.18
To replace a fancy figurine that he broke, Earl lends a hand to help Joy's former adversary and her daughter win a mother/daughter beauty pageant. Joy enters the pageant also with her "dead" mother trying to win that same figurine, believing that if she prevents Earl from winning it then she can force him to buy her a hot tub in exchange.
77"Stole Beer from a Golfer"Chris KochMichael PennieNovember 8, 2005 (2005-11-08)1ALJ0611.57
It's time for the Camden County Fair and Randy is eager to go, having gone with Earl every year since they were children. Earl, on the other hand, wants to cross something off the list and therefore chooses an easy one: making up for causing a golfer named Scott (Johnny Galecki) believe that he kept playing great games, in order to get him to buy everyone drinks. This proves more complicated than simply buying Scott alcohol, because Scott's obsession with golf cost him his job, girlfriend and apartment. As Earl gets more and more involved in Scott's life, Randy feels like they're never going to get to the fair. When Earl accuses Randy of not helping enough, Randy disappears, making Earl see that Scott isn't the only one with an obsession.
88"Joy's Wedding"Marc BucklandGreg GarciaNovember 15, 2005 (2005-11-15)1ALJ0711.51
Earl's ex-wife marries Darnell Turner (Eddie Steeples); Randy is invited but Earl is not. Doubling the insult, Joy schedules the wedding on Earl’s birthday so that all of their friends will be unable to celebrate with him. A drunken Earl crashes the party, accidentally breaking Joy’s nose, and adds "ruined Joy’s wedding" to his list. While he is trying to help her out on plans for a second, better wedding so she would forgive him, he ends up sleeping with Joy. When Darnell hears this, he is upset at first but then forgives Earl saying, "Hey, you weren't mad when I did it to you."
99"Cost Dad the Election"Chris KochBobby BowmanNovember 22, 2005 (2005-11-22)1ALJ0812.20
Earl tries to make up for stealing a car from a girl who only had one leg, and gets beat up by her boyfriend with no legs. When her boyfriend is hitting him with a campaign sign, Earl remembers #4, how he cost his father Carl (Beau Bridges) the last mayoral election by getting himself arrested. Earl visits his bitter father (who now has to put up with planes flying over his house due to losing the election) who doesn't want to run again, but despite his father's wishes Earl signs him up to run again. His father is at first angry at Earl for doing this, but after hearing the public's response, goes ahead with it. However, Earl manages to get himself arrested again and once again Carl loses the election because of this. When Carl arrives to bail Earl out for the first time in six years, Earl finds that, although he didn't manage to cross #4 off the list, he has made a little headway into patching up relations with his dad.
1010"White Lie Christmas"Marc BucklandTimothy StackDecember 6, 2005 (2005-12-06)1ALJ0913.99
Earl has wrecked every Christmas he's spent with Joy, so he, Randy and Catalina try to win a Dodge Neon in a contest wherein they had to keep their hands on said car, in an attempt to get Joy the car for a Christmas present. Earl is eliminated when he goes to shake hands with Randy, so it's up to Catalina and Randy to win the car. Meanwhile Earl decides to make up for wrecking Dodge's and Earl Jr.'s Christmas one year. He then finds out that Joy never told her parents that she and Earl were no longer married, and lied about his absence by saying he was serving in Iraq. She explains to Earl that her father is a racist and would freak if he knew she were married to Darnell. Joy's mother (Brett Butler) has also been struck with rheumatoid arthritis and kidney failure, and needs dialysis and is in a wheelchair. Earl finds out that this is a lie: she has been gambling away the "dialysis" money at an Indian casino. Earl has much work to do if he wants this Christmas to go well. Meanwhile the contest for the Dodge Neon comes down to Randy and Catalina, and when it turns out Catalina has no intention of giving the car to Joy, Randy becomes determined to defeat her.
1111"Barn Burner"Ken WhittinghamBrad CopelandJanuary 5, 2006 (2006-01-05)1ALJ1011.19
Earl goes back to the Camp for Troubled Boys to make up for #164 "Burned down a barn at camp" that got him and his relatives banned from the camp, so that Joy's kids can go. After building an ostrich pen to make up for it, Earl finds out that it was actually Randy who burnt down the barn. This means that Randy is responsible for all of Earl's bad doings after that point, and Earl happily hands over half of the responsibility for the list to him.
1212"O Karma, Where Art Thou?"Michael FrescoBarbie AdlerJanuary 12, 2006 (2006-01-12)1ALJ1212.49
Number 202: "Stole a wallet from a guy at the gas station." Earl gives back a wallet he stole, along with the $1000 that was in it. Earl finds out that the guy was going to use the money for his honeymoon, and now that he has the money, his wife wants to go on a real honeymoon. Since the guy can't get time off from work, Earl volunteers to fill in for him at a fast-food restaurant. The boss, Mr. Patrick (Jon Favreau), turns out to be a jerk who steals money from work, treats his employees with no respect, and cheats on his wife, but Earl can't understand why a guy like that has a good job, nice house, many friends, and a hot wife. Earl has had it with his new boss and when he embarrasses Earl with a balloon in front of children, Earl can't keep his cool any longer. He punches him in the face, causing the police to be called. And that's when Karma starts to kick in, causing the boss to lose his wife and sending him to prison for the stolen money. Earl realizes what he has done, though Randy explains that "karma doesn't have fists" and the guy who returns from his honeymoon becomes the new manager and his workmates all get a raise.
1313"Stole P's HD Cart"Chris KochJ.B. CookJanuary 19, 2006 (2006-01-19)1ALJ1410.78
Number 159: After Earl returns a hot dog cart that he and Ralph stole, his efforts are undone when Ralph, working for the competition, sets fire to the cart. Earl sets off to get the money to replace the cart from the competition, but that's harder than it sounds.
1414"Monkeys in Space"Marc BucklandGreg GarciaJanuary 26, 2006 (2006-01-26)1ALJ1310.45
Number 18: "Told an inappropriate story at Hank Lange's birthday party." Earl must work fast, before Hank gets shipped off to the state penitentiary. Unfortunately, Hank has a rather odd list of requests that Earl must fulfill. Earl is required to obtain various items and visit Hank in prison before visit-hours end. Meanwhile, Randy looks for a job.
1515"Something to Live For"Marc BucklandKat Likkel & John HobergFebruary 2, 2006 (2006-02-02)1ALJ1510.60
Earl's having car trouble, and sees it as a sign to make up for "Sucked gas out of a hose." (#62). It turns out that by stealing the gas he prevented a suicide. The guy is still suicidal, so Earl sets out to help him find a reason to live.
1616"The Professor"Marc BucklandDanielle Sanchez-WitzelFebruary 9, 2006 (2006-02-09)1ALJ1110.20
While Earl and Randy are trying to return a laptop they stole, they accidentally knock over a bus stop sign. Earl promises to fix the sign, but gets sidetracked by the laptop's owner, the beautiful college professor Alex Meyers (Christine Taylor). Alex takes an interest in Earl and his List, and they begin dating. Earl soon notices that he is the target of bad accidents and random acts of violence, and remembers that he hasn't fixed the bus stop sign yet, and Karma is punishing him. Meanwhile, Randy has taken an interest in college life and becoming a Frat Boy.
1717"Didn't Pay Taxes"Craig ZiskMichael PennieMarch 2, 2006 (2006-03-02)1ALJ1611.27
Earl finds a check from an old odd job he did, and feels he cheated the government because he never paid taxes. When he finds out the government does not want his money, he tries to find unorthodox ways of repaying his debt. He and Randy trespass on a water tower to get the government to notice them, but no one notices. When a plane flies by, they jump up and down to get its attention but fall through the roof. They are saved by the government, after which Earl is able to pay back the government via the assessed fine.
1818"Dad's Car"Chris KochBrad Copeland & Barbara FeldmanMarch 16, 2006 (2006-03-16)1ALJ1810.59
While trying to make up for Number 266, "Never gave Mom a good Mother's Day", Earl and Randy watch some old home movies that remind Carl of Number 108: "Lost Dad's Mustang." Although Earl told his dad that the car went into a lake, he had really lost it from a street race. Earl manages to get the car back, only to find out that his dad was planning to give him the Mustang when he turned 16 – leaving Earl in the confusing position of having to cross himself off the list.
1919"Y2K"Marc BucklandHilary WinstonMarch 23, 2006 (2006-03-23)1ALJ1911.31
Earl goes to make up for #24, "stole a ticket wheel." About six years ago, Crab Man tells Earl, Joy, Randy, Donny that Y2K was going to happen and that the world might end, so they decide not to buy their items at the Bargain Bag store and loot them later. At midnight, the power goes off, and the gang freak out when they hear gunshots (actually fireworks). The next morning they find the streets are empty (the entire town is having a parade), so they hide out at Bargain Bag. They each take different sections of the store, which turns everyone against each other. The episode also follows Catalina's journey sneaking into America.
2020"Boogeyman"Eyal GordinVali ChandrasekaranMarch 30, 2006 (2006-03-30)1ALJ209.90
Earl and the gang tried to rob a house, but the owners returned. Earl ends up stuck hiding in a kid's bedroom under the bed. When he tried to sneak out the kid mistook him for the boogeyman and has since been afraid of the dark. Earl tries to make up for this mistake. After helping the boy, he thinks that Earl cares about him more than his own father and wants to live with him, then Earl is accused of kidnapping the little boy.
2121"The Bounty Hunter"Marc BucklandHunter CovingtonApril 6, 2006 (2006-04-06)1ALJ1710.21
Before he was tricked into marrying Joy, Earl had been dating Jessie (Juliette Lewis), a clerk at a bail bonds company. When Jessie objected to being dumped, Joy knocked out her two front teeth. Jessie seeks revenge by becoming a bounty hunter. Joy hides from Jessie at an abandoned caravan in which Earl and she "own" but Jessie finds her and they fight but Joy knocks out her front teeth again.
2222"Stole a Badge"Marc BucklandVictor FrescoApril 27, 2006 (2006-04-27)1ALJ229.05
Earl tackles #127, "Stole a badge from a police officer". Earl finds that the officer got demoted to the worst police post because of him. Earl now has to make it up to the officer by getting him promoted.
2323"BB"Victor Nelli, Jr.Kat Likkel & John HobergMay 4, 2006 (2006-05-04)1ALJ218.80
Earl goes down to the courthouse to pay some tickets and meets Gwen Waters, a woman he shot with a BB when he was young (#147).
2424"Number One"Greg GarciaGreg GarciaMay 11, 2006 (2006-05-11)1ALJ239.35
Earl allows Darnell to pick his next list item and Darnell picks #1, the last bad thing Earl did before finding karma: "Stole $10 from a guy at the Camden Market", which he used to buy his winning lottery ticket. Earl discovers that the guy, named Paul, was planning to buy a lottery ticket and as it would have won the $100,000 Earl feels he has to hand over the money (which is short $5,000) to Paul which he does. Now Earl has to continue doing the list despite being completely broke, hoping karma will eventually help him out. When Earl starts handing over any money he gets his hands on to Paul to make up for the $5,000 shortfall, Randy reaches breaking point with both Earl and the list.
Reception
The series premiered on September 20, 2005, at 9:00 p.m. (ET/PT), and drew in 14.9 million viewers in the United States, earning a 6.6 rating. By the airing of the third episode it was apparent that My Name Is Earl was the highest rated of NBC's new fall offerings, and a full season (22 episodes) was ordered. In its first month, it was also the highest rated new sitcom of the season to air on any network and was the highest rated sitcom on any network in the 18–49-year-old demographic.
Metacritic gave the first season a weighted average score of 77 out of 100 based on 30 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Other reviews were mainly good.
Awards and nominations
Jason Lee was nominated for the Golden Globes and the Screen Actors Guild award both for best actor in a comedy television series. The series was nominated for the 2006 Golden Globes for best comedy television series. Gregory Thomas Garcia won the 2005/06 Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series.
References
^ My Name Is Earl#Season releases overview
^ a b "DVD Information : My Name Is Earl: Season 1". Archived from the original on October 21, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "My Name is Earl: Season 1". October 6, 2009 – via Amazon.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings Report (Sept. 19-25)". ABC Medianet. September 27, 2005. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings Report (Sept. 26-Oct. 2)". ABC Medianet. October 4, 2005. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (Oct. 3-9)". ABC Medianet. October 11, 2005. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (Oct. 10-16)". ABC Medianet. October 18, 2005. Archived from the original on April 28, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (Oct. 17-23)". ABC Medianet. October 25, 2005. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (Oct. 31-Nov. 6)". ABC Medianet. November 8, 2005. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (Nov. 7-13)". ABC Medianet. November 15, 2005. Archived from the original on March 11, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (Nov. 14-20)". ABC Medianet. November 22, 2005. Archived from the original on March 11, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (Nov. 21-27)". ABC Medianet. November 29, 2005. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (Dec. 5-11)". ABC Medianet. December 13, 2005. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Jan. 2-8)". The Los Angeles Times. January 11, 2006. Retrieved June 13, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (Jan. 9-15)". ABC Medianet. January 18, 2006. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (Jan. 16-22)". ABC Medianet. January 24, 2006. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (Jan. 23-29)". ABC Medianet. January 31, 2006. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (Jan. 30-Feb. 5)". ABC Medianet. February 7, 2006. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (Feb. 6-12)". ABC Medianet. February 14, 2006. Archived from the original on March 11, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (Feb. 27-Mar. 5)". ABC Medianet. March 7, 2006. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (Mar. 13-19)". ABC Medianet. March 21, 2006. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (Mar. 19-26)". ABC Medianet. March 28, 2006. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (Mar. 26-Apr. 2)". ABC Medianet. April 4, 2006. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (Apr. 3-9)". ABC Medianet. April 11, 2006. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (Apr. 24-30)". ABC Medianet. May 2, 2006. Archived from the original on December 27, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (May 1–7)". ABC Medianet. May 9, 2006. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "Weekly Program Rankings (May 8–14)". ABC Medianet. May 16, 2006. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
^ "My Name Is Earl". Metacritic.
^ My Name Is Earl#Awards and nominations
^ "My Name Is Earl". IMDb.
vteMy Name Is Earl
Characters
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
2
3
4
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"My Name Is Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Name_Is_Earl"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"Greg Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Garcia_(producer)"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Region 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_codes"},{"link_name":"Region 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_codes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-currentfilm-2"},{"link_name":"My Name Is Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Name_Is_Earl"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-currentfilm-2"}],"text":"Season of television seriesThe first season of My Name Is Earl, an American sitcom television series created by Greg Garcia, premiered on September 20, 2005, and ended on May 11, 2006, on NBC. The DVD set was released on Region 2 on September 25, 2006, and on Region 1 on September 19, 2006.[1] Its bonus material included: commentary for each episode, bloopers and deleted scenes.[2] \nThe show is broadcast in English, however in other countries it will be in other languages, there are also English subtitles. Season 1 of My Name Is Earl runs for about 526 minutes and about 20 minutes for each episode.[3] The season 1 DVD is produced by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.[2]Most episodes from the first season begin with Earl presenting the premise of the series:You know the kind of guy who does nothing but bad things and then wonders why his life sucks? Well, that was me. Every time something good happened to me, something bad was always waiting around the corner: karma. That's when I realized that I had to change, so I made a list of everything bad I've ever done and one by one I'm gonna make up for all my mistakes. I'm just trying to be a better person. My name is Earl.","title":"My Name Is Earl season 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jason Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Lee_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Earl Hickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Hickey"},{"link_name":"Ethan Suplee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Suplee"},{"link_name":"Randy Hickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Hickey"},{"link_name":"Jaime Pressly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Pressly"},{"link_name":"Joy Darville Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Turner"},{"link_name":"Eddie Steeples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Steeples"},{"link_name":"Darnell Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darnell_Turner"},{"link_name":"Nadine Velazquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Velazquez"},{"link_name":"Catalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalina_Aruca"}],"text":"Jason Lee as Earl Hickey\nEthan Suplee as Randy Hickey\nJaime Pressly as Joy Darville Turner\nEddie Steeples as Darnell Turner\nNadine Velazquez as Catalina","title":"Main cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of My Name Is Earl episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_My_Name_Is_Earl_episodes"}],"text":"See also: List of My Name Is Earl episodes","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"PT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"My Name Is Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Name_Is_Earl"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"demographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"weighted average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_average"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The series premiered on September 20, 2005, at 9:00 p.m. (ET/PT), and drew in 14.9 million viewers in the United States, earning a 6.6 rating. By the airing of the third episode it was apparent that My Name Is Earl was the highest rated of NBC's new fall offerings, and a full season (22 episodes) was ordered. In its first month, it was also the highest rated new sitcom of the season to air on any network and was the highest rated sitcom on any network in the 18–49-year-old demographic.Metacritic gave the first season a weighted average score of 77 out of 100 based on 30 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[28] Other reviews were mainly good.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jason Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Lee_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Golden Globes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globes"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award"},{"link_name":"2006 Golden Globes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Golden_Globes"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Awards and nominations","text":"Jason Lee was nominated for the Golden Globes and the Screen Actors Guild award both for best actor in a comedy television series. The series was nominated for the 2006 Golden Globes for best comedy television series. Gregory Thomas Garcia won the 2005/06 Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series.[29][30]","title":"Reception"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsuma-Kawashiri_Station
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Satsuma-Kawashiri Station
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["1 Lines","2 Adjacent stations"]
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Coordinates: 31°11′41.41″N 130°33′55.40″E / 31.1948361°N 130.5653889°E / 31.1948361; 130.5653889Railway station in Ibusuki, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan
Satsuma-Kawashiri Station薩摩川尻駅General informationLocationKaimon Kawashiri, Ibusuki, Kagoshima（鹿児島県指宿市開聞川尻）JapanOperated byJR KyushuLine(s)Ibusuki Makurazaki LineHistoryOpened1960
Satsuma-Kawashiri Station (薩摩川尻駅, Satsuma-Kawashiri-eki) is a railway station located in Ibusuki, Kagoshima, Japan. The station is unmanned and opened in 1960.
Lines
Kyushu Railway Company
Ibusuki Makurazaki Line
Adjacent stations
←
Service
→
Ibusuki Makurazaki Line
Nishi-Ōyama
Local
Higashi-Kaimon
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Satsuma-Kawashiri Station.
vteStations of the JR Kyushu Ibusuki Makurazaki Line
Kagoshima-Chūō
Kōrimoto
Minami-Kagoshima
Usuki
Taniyama
Jigenji
Sakanoue
Goino
Hirakawa
Sesekushi
Nakamyō
Kiire
Maenohama
Nukumi
Satsuma-Imaizumi
Miyagahama
Nigatsuden
Ibusuki
Yamakawa
Ōyama
Nishi-Ōyama
Satsuma-Kawashiri
Higashi-Kaimon
Kaimon
Irino
Ei
Nishi-Ei
Goryō
Ishikaki
Mizunarikawa
Ei-Ōkawa
Matsugaura
Satsuma-Shioya
Shirasawa
Satsuma-Itashiki
Makurazaki
31°11′41.41″N 130°33′55.40″E / 31.1948361°N 130.5653889°E / 31.1948361; 130.5653889
This Kagoshima Prefecture railroad station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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130.5653889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Satsuma-Kawashiri_Station¶ms=31_11_41.41_N_130_33_55.40_E_source:jawiki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Train_station.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuma-Kawashiri_Station&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kagoshima-railstation-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Kagoshima-railstation-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kagoshima-railstation-stub"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Satsuma-Kawashiri Station.vteStations of the JR Kyushu Ibusuki Makurazaki Line\nKagoshima-Chūō\nKōrimoto\nMinami-Kagoshima\nUsuki\nTaniyama\nJigenji\nSakanoue\nGoino\nHirakawa\nSesekushi\nNakamyō\nKiire\nMaenohama\nNukumi\nSatsuma-Imaizumi\nMiyagahama\nNigatsuden\nIbusuki\nYamakawa\nŌyama\nNishi-Ōyama\nSatsuma-Kawashiri\nHigashi-Kaimon\nKaimon\nIrino\nEi\nNishi-Ei\nGoryō\nIshikaki\nMizunarikawa\nEi-Ōkawa\nMatsugaura\nSatsuma-Shioya\nShirasawa\nSatsuma-Itashiki\nMakurazaki31°11′41.41″N 130°33′55.40″E / 31.1948361°N 130.5653889°E / 31.1948361; 130.5653889This Kagoshima Prefecture railroad station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Adjacent stations"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Humphrey_Plummer_Professor_of_Theoretical_Physics
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John Humphrey Plummer Professor
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["1 John Humphrey Plummer Professors","1.1 Colloidal Physics","1.2 Colloid Science","1.3 Mathematical Physics","1.4 Theoretical Chemistry","1.5 Physics","1.6 Biophysics","1.7 Applied Numerical Analysis","1.8 Cell Biology","1.9 Magnetic Resonance","1.10 Theoretical Physics","1.11 Developmental Biology","1.12 Chemical and Structural Biology","1.13 Physics of Materials","1.14 Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Medicine","2 References"]
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The John Humphrey Plummer Professorships were established in 1931 from a bequest of £200,000 under the will of John Humphrey Plummer, an estate agent of Southport, to the University of Cambridge for the advancement of science. The fund has been used to endow a series of professorships in various scientific fields under a number of titles.
John Humphrey Plummer Professors
Colloidal Physics
1930–1931 Sir Eric Rideal
Colloid Science
1931–1946 Sir Eric Rideal
1947–1966 Francis Roughton
Mathematical Physics
1932–1944 Sir Ralph H. Fowler
1946–1958 Douglas Hartree
Theoretical Chemistry
1932–1953 Sir John Lennard-Jones (elected Principal of the University College of North Staffordshire, later Keele University, in 1953)
1954–1967 Christopher Longuet-Higgins
Physics
1960–1971 Sir Brian Pippard (elected Cavendish Professor of Physics in 1971)
1972–1984 Sir Sam Edwards
Biophysics
1970–1981 Sir Alan Hodgkin (awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1963)
Applied Numerical Analysis
1976–2001 Michael J. D. Powell
Cell Biology
1983–2002 Sir John Gurdon (awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012)
Magnetic Resonance
1987–1999 Ray Freeman
Theoretical Physics
1993–2009 Michael Green (elected Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 2009)
Developmental Biology
2001–2008 Sir Jim Cuthbert Smith
Chemical and Structural Biology
2001–2017 Sir Chris Dobson (elected Master of St John's College in 2007)
Physics of Materials
2004–2014 Ullrich Steiner
Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Medicine
2018–present Mihaela van der Schaar
References
^ The Staits Times, 16 March 1929
^ a b c Venn Cambridge University database Archived 2010-06-14 at the Wayback Machine
|
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D. Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._D._Powell"}],"sub_title":"Applied Numerical Analysis","text":"1976–2001 Michael J. D. Powell","title":"John Humphrey Plummer Professors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Gurdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gurdon"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine"}],"sub_title":"Cell Biology","text":"1983–2002 Sir John Gurdon (awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012)","title":"John Humphrey Plummer Professors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ray Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Freeman"}],"sub_title":"Magnetic Resonance","text":"1987–1999 Ray Freeman","title":"John Humphrey Plummer Professors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Green_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"Lucasian Professor of Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucasian_Professor_of_Mathematics"}],"sub_title":"Theoretical Physics","text":"1993–2009 Michael Green (elected Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 2009)","title":"John Humphrey Plummer Professors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Cuthbert Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cuthbert_Smith"}],"sub_title":"Developmental Biology","text":"2001–2008 Sir Jim Cuthbert Smith","title":"John Humphrey Plummer Professors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Dobson"},{"link_name":"Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Masters_of_St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"St John's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"}],"sub_title":"Chemical and Structural Biology","text":"2001–2017 Sir Chris Dobson (elected Master of St John's College in 2007)","title":"John Humphrey Plummer Professors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ullrich Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ullrich_Steiner&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Physics of Materials","text":"2004–2014 Ullrich Steiner","title":"John Humphrey Plummer Professors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mihaela van der Schaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihaela_van_der_Schaar"}],"sub_title":"Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Medicine","text":"2018–present Mihaela van der Schaar","title":"John Humphrey Plummer Professors"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echelon_Barracks
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Echelon Barracks
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["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 6°55′56″N 79°50′39″E / 6.93222°N 79.84417°E / 6.93222; 79.84417
Echelon BarracksColombo First Prime Minister of Independent Sri Lanka Hon. D.S.Senanayaka visiting the 1st battalion of the CLI at the Echelon Square and watching volunteers being trained to handle light machine guns.Echelon BarracksLocation within Sri LankaCoordinates6°55′56″N 79°50′39″E / 6.93222°N 79.84417°E / 6.93222; 79.84417TypeHeadquarters buildingSite historyBuilt1880sIn use1880s – 1970sGarrison informationGarrisonCeylon Artillery
Echelon Barracks was a former military barracks situated in Colombo Fort, Colombo. It was occupied by the newly formed Ceylon Army following independence.
History
Built during the late nineteenth century as headquarters of the British Army Garrison of Ceylon, the camp was made up of a two-storey barrack blocks, with wide verandahs, formed a square around a parade ground large enough for several football and hockey pitches. This parade ground gained the name Echelon Square and adjoined the then old Parliament (now the Presidential Secretariat). Until 1963 it was the regimental headquarters of the Ceylon Artillery and housed the Ministry of Defence. In the early 1970s the barracks were demolished to make way for commercial development.
Since 1997 the World Trade Centre, Colombo has stood in Echelon Square.
References
^ "Letters". Burnley Express. 31 August 2005. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
^ Raven, Ellen (2010). ABIA: South and Southeast Asian Art and Archaeology Index: Volume Three. Brill. p. 634. ISBN 978-9004191488. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
External links
1941-1945 Eastern Travels Part 4 by cjcallis, BBC
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracks"},{"link_name":"Colombo Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo_Fort"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"Ceylon Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon_Army"}],"text":"Echelon Barracks was a former military barracks situated in Colombo Fort, Colombo. It was occupied by the newly formed Ceylon Army following independence.","title":"Echelon Barracks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison"},{"link_name":"parade ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_parade"},{"link_name":"old Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Parliament_Building,_Colombo"},{"link_name":"Presidential Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Secretariat_(Sri_Lanka)"},{"link_name":"Ceylon Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Sri_Lanka)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"World Trade Centre, Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(Colombo)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Built during the late nineteenth century as headquarters of the British Army Garrison of Ceylon, the camp was made up of a two-storey barrack blocks, with wide verandahs, formed a square around a parade ground large enough for several football and hockey pitches. This parade ground gained the name Echelon Square and adjoined the then old Parliament (now the Presidential Secretariat). Until 1963 it was the regimental headquarters of the Ceylon Artillery and housed the Ministry of Defence. In the early 1970s the barracks were demolished to make way for commercial development.[1]Since 1997 the World Trade Centre, Colombo has stood in Echelon Square.[2]","title":"History"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Letters\". Burnley Express. 31 August 2005. Retrieved 8 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.burnleyexpress.net/news/letters/letters-week-ending-september-1-1-1667091","url_text":"\"Letters\""}]},{"reference":"Raven, Ellen (2010). ABIA: South and Southeast Asian Art and Archaeology Index: Volume Three. Brill. p. 634. ISBN 978-9004191488. Retrieved 8 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fCL8pjd0JVMC&q=echelon+barracks+world+trade+centre&pg=PA634","url_text":"ABIA: South and Southeast Asian Art and Archaeology Index: Volume Three"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004191488","url_text":"978-9004191488"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Echelon_Barracks¶ms=6_55_56_N_79_50_39_E_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"6°55′56″N 79°50′39″E / 6.93222°N 79.84417°E / 6.93222; 79.84417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Echelon_Barracks¶ms=6_55_56_N_79_50_39_E_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"6°55′56″N 79°50′39″E / 6.93222°N 79.84417°E / 6.93222; 79.84417"},{"Link":"http://www.burnleyexpress.net/news/letters/letters-week-ending-september-1-1-1667091","external_links_name":"\"Letters\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fCL8pjd0JVMC&q=echelon+barracks+world+trade+centre&pg=PA634","external_links_name":"ABIA: South and Southeast Asian Art and Archaeology Index: Volume Three"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/38/a4428038.shtml","external_links_name":"1941-1945 Eastern Travels Part 4 by cjcallis, BBC"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranfield_Mill
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The Mill (building)
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["1 Design","2 Cladding","3 Damage","4 Financial difficulties","5 See also","6 References"]
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Coordinates: 52°03′08″N 1°09′19″E / 52.0523°N 1.1554°E / 52.0523; 1.1554
Residential in Suffolk, United KingdomThe MillThe Mill as seen from Stoke BridgeLocation within SuffolkGeneral informationStatusUnder constructionTypeResidentialArchitectural stylepostmodernismAddressThe Mill, Foundry LaneTown or cityIpswich, SuffolkCountry United KingdomConstruction started2007Completed2009; 15 years ago (2009)(exterior)Cost£42 millionOwnerCity Living Developments (Ipswich) LtdManagementRSM UKHeight71.00mTechnical detailsMaterialconcreteFloor count23Design and constructionArchitect(s)John Lyall ArchitectsDeveloperCity Living Developments (Ipswich) LtdMain contractorLaing O'RourkeReferences
The Mill is a 23 storey, mixed-used development located on the Ipswich Waterfront with access from College Street in Ipswich, Suffolk, England. The Mill was the first phase of the Cranfield Mill development at Albion Quay on the waterfront at a cost of £42 million and was designed by John Lyall Architects and was proposed to be the 'landmark' building of Ipswich. The development had financial difficulties only the shortest block, A3, was fitted out.
Design
The Mill consists of 300 apartments, offices, shops and restaurants. There is a paved courtyard in the centre of the development which provides access from College Street to the waterfront. The towers exterior was completed in 2009 and Dance East moved into the building later the same year through a different contractor. The main tower was designed to make the building visible from the town centre. At the base of the building there are many restaurants that sit on the promenade of the waterfront. The building is also home to the highly successful Jerwood Dancehouse, Dance East which is cladded in dark zinc panels. The apartment complex next to the main tower is built with dark bricks and dark cladding to reflect the historic mills on the waterfront.
The main tower is constructed out of concrete, cladded with white polystyrene tiles with splashes of colour to create a landmark of Ipswich.
Cladding
In 2014, fire experts warned that the Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) cladding on The Mill was so unsafe that all residents should be moved out.
In 2023, residents of The Mill protested outside of the building's administrator's offices in Bury St. Edmunds, RSM UK, due to unresolved cladding and structural problems. The Mill's residents said they felt like "prisoners in their own homes", because their properties have become worthless due to the unsafe cladding.
Tom Hunt, Ipswich's MP, raised The Mill in Prime Minister's Questions in 2024, and later, a report showed that repairs and cladding replacement work at The Mill would cost upwards of £30 million, and if that price cannot be justified, The Mill would be demolished. In April 2024, the decision was made to repair The Mill.
Damage
Damage to Cranfield Mill, taken from Dock Street
In October 2013 The Mill was subject to gale force winds causing damage which resulted in a road closure and criticism of the building's design. After a storm, many of the Mill's polystyrene tile cladding was ripped from the south facing façade. The building was assessed as there was many concerns of more cladding peeling off. The damage was not severe but the building aesthetics suffered as the concrete skeleton became exposed.
As of April 2024, the damage has not been repaired but the damaged south façade has had most remaining panels removed due to cladding issues caused by new regulations. There are also still ownership struggles at the block.
Financial difficulties
The company City Living Developments (Ipswich) Ltd had been involved with many commercial and residential projects along the waterfront including The Mill and The Regatta Quay hit financial difficulties after borrowing from the Anglo Irish and Allied Irish banks who went into administration. The project ran out of money and the interior was never completed.
See also
List of tallest buildings and structures in Ipswich
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cranfield Mill.
^ "Cranfield Towers". Emporis. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015.
^ a b "The Mill". Domus.
^ "John Lyall Architects: Jerwood DanceHouse at Cranfields Mill, Ipswich". Architecturetoday. January 2010. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
^ "Cladding dangers discovered at Suffolk's tallest building before Grenfell 'kept quiet', worried tenants claim". Ipswich Star. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
^ "'Prisoners in our own homes': Flats' leaseholders to protest over safety concerns". Suffolk News. 4 July 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
^ "'Cruellest form of limbo' - Ipswich tower block cladding scandal raised in PMQs". Ipswich Star. 18 January 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
^ "Cladding work at Suffolk's tallest building on Ipswich Waterfront 'could cost £30m'". Ipswich Star. 4 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
^ "The Mill Damage". BBC. October 2013.
^ cite https://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/combustible-cladding-at-the-mill-building-ipswich-6528124 cite. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Firm behind Ipswich waterfront scheme in administration". BBC. January 2010.
52°03′08″N 1°09′19″E / 52.0523°N 1.1554°E / 52.0523; 1.1554
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ipswich Waterfront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Waterfront"},{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DomusWeb-2"}],"text":"Residential in Suffolk, United KingdomThe Mill is a 23 storey, mixed-used development located on the Ipswich Waterfront with access from College Street in Ipswich, Suffolk, England. The Mill was the first phase of the Cranfield Mill development at Albion Quay on the waterfront at a cost of £42 million and was designed by John Lyall Architects and was proposed to be the 'landmark' building of Ipswich.[2] The development had financial difficulties only the shortest block, A3, was fitted out.","title":"The Mill (building)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DomusWeb-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Mill consists of 300 apartments, offices, shops and restaurants.[2] There is a paved courtyard in the centre of the development which provides access from College Street to the waterfront. The towers exterior was completed in 2009 and Dance East moved into the building later the same year through a different contractor. The main tower was designed to make the building visible from the town centre. At the base of the building there are many restaurants that sit on the promenade of the waterfront. The building is also home to the highly successful Jerwood Dancehouse, Dance East which is cladded in dark zinc panels. The apartment complex next to the main tower is built with dark bricks and dark cladding to reflect the historic mills on the waterfront.The main tower is constructed out of concrete, cladded with white polystyrene tiles with splashes of colour to create a landmark of Ipswich.[3]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tom Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hunt_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 2014, fire experts warned that the Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) cladding on The Mill was so unsafe that all residents should be moved out.[4]In 2023, residents of The Mill protested outside of the building's administrator's offices in Bury St. Edmunds, RSM UK, due to unresolved cladding and structural problems. The Mill's residents said they felt like \"prisoners in their own homes\", because their properties have become worthless due to the unsafe cladding.[5]Tom Hunt, Ipswich's MP, raised The Mill in Prime Minister's Questions in 2024,[6] and later, a report showed that repairs and cladding replacement work at The Mill would cost upwards of £30 million, and if that price cannot be justified, The Mill would be demolished.[7] In April 2024, the decision was made to repair The Mill.","title":"Cladding"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cranfield_Mill_Damage_Full.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Damage to Cranfield Mill, taken from Dock StreetIn October 2013 The Mill was subject to gale force winds causing damage which resulted in a road closure and criticism of the building's design. After a storm, many of the Mill's polystyrene tile cladding was ripped from the south facing façade. The building was assessed as there was many concerns of more cladding peeling off. The damage was not severe but the building aesthetics suffered as the concrete skeleton became exposed.[8]As of April 2024, the damage has not been repaired but the damaged south façade has had most remaining panels removed due to cladding issues caused by new regulations.[9] There are also still ownership struggles at the block.","title":"Damage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The company City Living Developments (Ipswich) Ltd had been involved with many commercial and residential projects along the waterfront including The Mill and The Regatta Quay hit financial difficulties after borrowing from the Anglo Irish and Allied Irish banks who went into administration. The project ran out of money and the interior was never completed.[10]","title":"Financial difficulties"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Damage to Cranfield Mill, taken from Dock Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cranfield_Mill_Damage_Full.jpg/220px-Cranfield_Mill_Damage_Full.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of tallest buildings and structures in Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Ipswich"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Cranfield Towers\". Emporis. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150523185416/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/210053/cranfield-towers-ipswich-united-kingdom","url_text":"\"Cranfield Towers\""},{"url":"http://www.emporis.com/buildings/210053/cranfield-towers-ipswich-united-kingdom","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Mill\". Domus.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.domusweb.it/en/news/2010/02/05/john-lyall-architects-cranfields-mill-development-in-ipswich.html","url_text":"\"The Mill\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Lyall Architects: Jerwood DanceHouse at Cranfields Mill, Ipswich\". Architecturetoday. January 2010. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173120/http://www.architecturetoday.co.uk/?p=2064","url_text":"\"John Lyall Architects: Jerwood DanceHouse at Cranfields Mill, Ipswich\""},{"url":"http://www.architecturetoday.co.uk/?p=2064","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cladding dangers discovered at Suffolk's tallest building before Grenfell 'kept quiet', worried tenants claim\". Ipswich Star. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/22024661.cladding-dangers-discovered-suffolks-tallest-building-grenfell-kept-quiet-worried-tenants-claim/","url_text":"\"Cladding dangers discovered at Suffolk's tallest building before Grenfell 'kept quiet', worried tenants claim\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Prisoners in our own homes': Flats' leaseholders to protest over safety concerns\". Suffolk News. 4 July 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.suffolknews.co.uk/ipswich/news/prisoners-in-our-own-homes-flats-leaseholders-to-protest-9320058/","url_text":"\"'Prisoners in our own homes': Flats' leaseholders to protest over safety concerns\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Cruellest form of limbo' - Ipswich tower block cladding scandal raised in PMQs\". Ipswich Star. 18 January 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/24059252.ipswich-mill-cladding-saga-raised-pmqs-tom-hunt/","url_text":"\"'Cruellest form of limbo' - Ipswich tower block cladding scandal raised in PMQs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cladding work at Suffolk's tallest building on Ipswich Waterfront 'could cost £30m'\". Ipswich Star. 4 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/24161586.cladding-ipswich-waterfront-building-could-cost-30m/","url_text":"\"Cladding work at Suffolk's tallest building on Ipswich Waterfront 'could cost £30m'\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Mill Damage\". BBC. October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk-24733301","url_text":"\"The Mill Damage\""}]},{"reference":"cite https://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/combustible-cladding-at-the-mill-building-ipswich-6528124 cite.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/combustible-cladding-at-the-mill-building-ipswich-6528124","url_text":"cite https://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/combustible-cladding-at-the-mill-building-ipswich-6528124 cite"}]},{"reference":"\"Firm behind Ipswich waterfront scheme in administration\". BBC. January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/suffolk/8475268.stm","url_text":"\"Firm behind Ipswich waterfront scheme in administration\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hiller
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John Hiller
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["1 Early years","2 Detroit Tigers","2.1 Minor leagues (1962–1965)","2.2 1965–1967","2.3 1968 and 1969 seasons","2.4 Heart attack","2.5 The comeback begins in 1972","2.6 The comeback peaks in 1973","2.7 1974 and 1975 seasons","2.8 1976–1980","3 Family, later years, and honors","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Canadian baseball player (born 1943)
For the photographer with a similar name, see John K. Hillers.
Baseball player
John HillerHiller in 1975PitcherBorn: (1943-04-08) April 8, 1943 (age 81)Toronto, Ontario, CanadaBatted: RightThrew: LeftMLB debutSeptember 6, 1965, for the Detroit TigersLast MLB appearanceMay 27, 1980, for the Detroit TigersMLB statisticsWin–loss record87–76Earned run average2.83Strikeouts1,036Saves125
Teams
Detroit Tigers (1965–1970, 1972–1980)
Career highlights and awards
All-Star (1974)
World Series champion (1968)
MLB saves leader (1973)
Member of the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame Induction1985
John Frederick Hiller (born April 8, 1943) is a Canadian former baseball relief pitcher who played 15 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Detroit Tigers between 1965 and 1980. A native of Toronto, he joined the Tigers in 1965 and was a member of the 1968 Detroit Tigers team that won the World Series. He set a major league record by starting a game with six consecutive strikeouts in 1968.
In January 1971, Hiller suffered a heart attack and underwent intestinal surgery to control his body's absorption of cholesterol. After missing the 1971 season, Hiller returned in 1972, helping the Tigers win the American League (AL) East title and winning Game 4 of the 1972 AL Championship Series. In 1973, he compiled a 1.44 earned run average (ERA) and broke the major league single-season saves record with 38. The Sporting News awarded Hiller its 1973 Comeback Player of the Year and Fireman of the Year awards.
In 1974, Hiller set an AL record with 17 relief wins and was selected as a member of the All-Star team. He continued to rank among the AL's elite relief pitchers through the 1978 season. He retired from playing in May 1980 with a career win–loss record of 87–76, a 2.83 career ERA, and 1,036 strikeouts. He continues to hold the Tigers' club record with 545 career games pitched. Hiller returned to professional baseball in the mid-1980s as a minor league pitching coach for the Tigers. He was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame, the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame, and Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.
Early years
Hiller was born in Toronto in 1943. He grew up in Scarborough, the son of an auto body repairman. He was a fan of the Toronto Maple Leafs while growing up and played ice hockey as a goaltender. He attended David-Mary Thomson Public School and West Hill Collegiate Institute, but dropped out after the 11th grade. He competed as a sprinter in the 220- and 440-yard dashes while in high school. He excelled in baseball as a pitcher, and reportedly once struck out 22 batters in a seven-inning game, including one batter who got on base due to a wild pitch (an uncaught third strike).
Detroit Tigers
Minor leagues (1962–1965)
In June 1962, Hiller, at age 19, signed a contract with the Detroit Tigers for $400 a month, a pair of spikes, and an old glove. Detroit scout Edwin "Cy" Williams discovered Hiller playing for the Scarborough Selects, an All-Star team composed of local sandlot players.
Hiller played for the Tigers' Jamestown, New York, club in the New York-Pennsylvania League during the 1963 season. He appeared in 29 games, 22 as a starter, and compiled a 14–9 record with a 4.03 ERA, 11 complete games, and 172 strikeouts in 181 innings pitched.
Hiller spent most of the 1964 season with the Duluth-Superior Dukes of the Northern League. He appeared in 30 games for the Dukes, 19 as a starter, and compiled a 10–13 record with a 3.45 ERA.
In 1965, Hiller was assigned to the Montgomery Rebels in the Southern League where he was converted to a relief pitcher. In 47 games for Montgomery (43 in relief), he compiled a 5–7 record with a 2.53 ERA. Hiller noted in early 1966 that he initially viewed the assignment to the bullpen as a demotion, but became accustomed to the role: "You don't have to worry about pacing yourself. You just come in and throw hard all the time. It's more exciting, too, once you accustom yourself to pitching with men on base."
1965–1967
On September 5, 1965, the Tigers purchased Hiller from Montgomery. He made five relief appearances for the 1965 Tigers and did not allow a run in six innings pitched.
Hiller began the 1966 season with the Tigers, but appeared in only one game, pitching two innings in relief against Washington on April 17, giving up two hits and two earned runs. Three days later, Hiller flew back to Detroit where he was hospitalized at Detroit Osteopathic Hospital with pneumonia and pleurisy. On May 11, he was sent down to the Syracuse Chiefs of the International League. He compiled a 4.45 ERA in 54 relief appearances for Syracuse in 1966.
Hiller started the 1967 season with the Toledo Mud Hens of the International League, compiling a 5–1 record with a 3.00 ERA. He was called up by the Tigers in late June for his third stint with the club. Farm director Don Lund noted at the time that Hiller had recently mastered his control on breaking pitches to balance his excellent fastball. Over the last three months of the 1967 season, Hiller appeared in 11 games, eight as a starter, and compiled a 4–2 record with a 2.50 ERA.
1968 and 1969 seasons
Hiller spent his first full season in the majors as a reliever and spot starter for the 1968 Tigers team that won the American League pennant and the 1968 World Series. Hiller appeared in 39 games, 12 as a starter, and compiled a 9–6 record with a 2.39 ERA and 78 strikeouts in 128 innings pitched. On August 6, he set a major league record when he struck out six consecutive batters against Cleveland to start a game. On August 20, he pitched a one-hit complete game shutout against the Chicago White Sox; the one hit came in the eighth inning on a ball that just missed Hiller's glove.
Hiller also had two relief appearances in the 1968 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals, pitching the last two innings in the 7–3 Game 3 loss, and facing five batters without recording an out in Game 4, a 10–1 loss. He allowed six hits and three walks, posting a 13.50 ERA, but the Tigers recovered to win the Series in seven games.
Following a players' strike in the spring of 1969, Hiller returned to the Tigers. He appeared in 40 games for the 1969 Tigers, but his ERA increased by more than a point-and-a-half to 3.99. During the 1969 season, Hiller acquired the nickname "Ratso" after he went with teammates to see the movie Midnight Cowboy. The character "Ratso" Rizzo, played by Dustin Hoffman, had a limp, as did Hiller at the time.
Hiller returned to form in 1970, appearing in 47 games, 42 in relief, and compiling a 6–6 record with a 3.03 ERA. On October 1, in the final game of the season, he pitched a two-hit, complete-game shutout and struck out 11 batters, including seven in a row. With Hiller pitching quickly, the game was played in only one hour and 41 minutes – the fastest game of the year at Tiger Stadium.
Heart attack
On January 11, 1971, Hiller, at the age of 27, suffered a heart attack at his home in Duluth, Minnesota. Hiller described the attack as follows: "I had just gotten up and was having a cup of coffee. I lit up a cigarette. It was strange – a heaviness in my chest. It felt like the pneumonia I had in 1966 so I put the cigarette out. Later I had another cigarette and had the same feeling. So I didn't smoke the rest of the day." He went to the hospital when the pain returned that night. He was hospitalized for three weeks and notified the Tigers of his heart attack in mid-February. Hiller was placed on a strict diet, quit smoking cigarettes, and lost 20 pounds in the month after his heart attack.
By late March, he weighed 180 pounds, 30 pounds lighter than he had been during the 1970 season. By the time of his 28th birthday, Hiller had lost 40 pounds and four pant sizes in the waist. He reported at the time: "The doctors have never even hinted that I'd be able to pitch again." Despite the pessimism of doctors, Hiller made a birthday promise to himself that he would pitch again. In April, Hiller underwent an ileo-bypass, a surgery in which about the doctors removed seven feet of his small intestines – the portions that are responsible for absorbing cholesterol. The Tigers announced in May that Hiller would not return to the team during the 1971 season. In August 1971, Hiller reported that he had lost 50 pounds (down to 160 pounds) and was selling furniture in Duluth and playing golf and paddleball.
The comeback begins in 1972
In February 1972, the Tigers invited Hiller to training camp as a minor league coach for the Lakeland Tigers. After spending the first half of the 1972 season as a pitching coach for Lakeland, Hiller announced in late June that he was running two miles a day, in top shape at 170 pounds, and ready to return to pitching. He said: "I'm ready to go. I'm just waiting for that call from Detroit. It's up to them now if they want me." Hiller suspected that the Tigers' willingness to take a chance on him was impacted by the sudden heart attack and death of Detroit Lions receiver Chuck Hughes during a game at Tiger Stadium in October 1971.
On July 7, 1972, the Tigers reinstated Hiller to their roster. He returned to the mound the next day, having had no rehab games in the minors and after not facing a batter in 18 months. He gave up a two-run home run to the first batter, Dick Allen, but Detroit manager Billy Martin opined that Hiller had pitched well, and Hiller confirmed after the game "this is what I want. I really want it." Two days later, Hiller returned to the mound and retired the side in a victory that gave the Tigers sole possession of first place in the American League East. On October 1, Hiller pitched a complete-game, five-hit victory over Milwaukee Brewers that Jim Hawkins of the Detroit Free Press called the "biggest win of the season". After the game, which was Hiller's first win since October 1, 1970, he told reporters: "I go at this game with a little different attitude than I used to. Before my sickness, I was more uptight every time I pitched. I used to get nervous warming up. Now I don't worry about tomorrow. If I do well, I do well. If I don't – well, there'll aways be another day."
In the last half of the 1972 season, Hiller helped the Tigers win the American League East pennant, appearing in 23 games with a strong 2.03 ERA. He also pitched in three games in the 1972 American League Championship Series against the Oakland Athletics, winning Game 4 when Detroit scored three times in the bottom of the 10th inning.
The comeback peaks in 1973
Hiller's comeback peaked in 1973 with what baseball historian Bill James rated as the most valuable season by a relief pitcher in baseball history. Hiller appeared in 65 games, all in relief, and compiled a 10–5 record. He broke Clay Carroll's Major League Baseball record with 38 saves. His single-season saves record stood for 10 years until Dan Quisenberry tallied 45 saves in 1983, and remained a Tigers team record until broken by Todd Jones in 2000.
Hiller also accumulated a career-low 1.44 ERA in 125 innings to win the American League ERA title; Rollie Fingers ranked second at 1.92. Demonstrating how dominant Hiller was during the 1973 season, his Adjusted ERA+, which adjusts a pitcher's ERA according to the pitcher's ballpark and the average ERA of the pitcher's league in a given year, was 285. Only two pitchers in major league history are known to have recorded a higher rating: Hall of Famers Tim Keefe in 1880 (293) and Pedro Martinez in 2000 (291).
Hiller also led the American League's pitchers with 65 appearances and 60 games finished.
On September 30, Hiller became the last man to win a game and the last to throw a pitch in the original Yankee Stadium, getting Yankees' first baseman Mike Hegan to fly out to center field in an 8–5 Detroit win.
As the first major league player to suffer a heart attack and then return an active competitor, Hiller's comeback was rated as "one of the most heartwarming sagas in sports." Slugger Frank Howard called it "the kind of thing you see once in a lifetime." After the 1973 season, Hiller won numerous awards for his remarkable accomplishments, including the following:
The Sporting News Comeback Player of the Year Award for the American League.
The Sporting News Fireman of the Year Award for the American League.
The Hutch Award as the player who "best exemplified the fighting spirit" of Fred Hutchinson.
Detroit baseball writers selected him as the "Tiger of the Year". Hiller received 32 votes (out of 33 votes cast) for the award, more than any other player in the history of the award to that time.
Detroit sports writers and broadcasters also selected him as Detroit's "Sportsman of the Year" for 1973.
In May 1974, the American Heart Association presented Hiller with its Heart of the Year Award which had not previously been awarded to an athlete and which been presented to President Richard Nixon the previous year. The Heart Association cited Hiller "for his courage in meeting the personal challenge of heart attack . . . and for his inspiring example to other heart attack victims."
In an era where no relief pitcher had ever won a Cy Young Award (Mike Marshall became the first one year later), Hiller finished fourth in the voting for the 1973 American League Cy Young Award behind starters Jim Palmer, Nolan Ryan, and Catfish Hunter. He also tied for fourth in the voting for the American League Most Valuable Player Award, behind Reggie Jackson and Rod Carew.
In January 1976, he was honored in Philadelphia with a Most Courageous Athlete award and acknowledged that, prior to the heart attack, he smoked too much, drank too much and ate too much. He described the broader life lesson that he hoped would be drawn from his comeback: "I hope I've helped a lot of people by talking to them. I hope they understand when you have a heart attack you haven't come to the end of your life or the end of your career."
1974 and 1975 seasons
John Hiller in the 1970s
In 1974, Hiller had another strong season as he broke the American League record with 17 relief wins. He appeared in 59 games, all in relief, compiled a 17–14 record with 2.64 ERA and a career-high 134 strikeouts. Hiller won his 10th game of the season on July 1 and was on pace to break Roy Face's major league record of 18 relief wins set in 1959. Two weeks later, he was named to the American League All-Star team for the only time his career, though he did not pitch in the game. On September 13, Hiller recorded his 17th relief win of the season against the Milwaukee Brewers. The win broke the American League record of 16 relief wins set by Dick Radatz in 1964. Bill Campbell tied the record in 1975, but it has not been broken.
In 1975, the Tigers compiled one of the worst seasons in club history with 102 losses and a team ERA of 4.27. However, Hiller had another outstanding season. He opened the season without allowing a run in his first five appearances totaling over 14 innings. He continued to pitch well and, during a stretch from late June to late July, he did not allow a hit in 10 games and 16+2⁄3 innings. He also struck out 87 batters in 70+2⁄3 inning pitched – giving him a career-high average of 11.1 strikeouts per nine innings. Hiller noted in late July: "I've never struck out people like this before."
While pitching against Cleveland on July 25, 1975, Hiller "felt something tear" in his throwing arm and was sidelined for the remainder of the season. While trying to come back in September, Hiller reported that, although the pain had subsided, he could still feel a lump under his left arm where the injury occurred. Despite playing only half the season, he led the team with 36 appearances and 14 saves and compiled a 2.17 ERA.
1976–1980
In 1976, Hiller returned to the Tigers' spring training with a shaved head. Sports writers joked that Hiller's head was as smooth as his delivery and compared the new look to Fu Manchu or "a cross between Genghis Khan and Kojak." Hiller got off to a slow start in the early weeks of the 1976 season, holding a 1–3 record and a 3.47 ERA in late May. However, he then regained his form and won 11 of 15 decisions for the balance of the season; his 2.38 ERA was on par with the 2.34 ERA recorded by the team's rookie sensation Mark Fidrych, who won the 1976 Rookie of the Year award. Hiller ranked fourth in the American League in games finished (46) and ninth in both adjusted pitching runs and adjusted pitching wins. He closed the 1976 season with a rare start (his first since 1972) and threw a four-hit, complete-game shutout against the Milwaukee Brewers.
In April 1977, the Tigers traded Willie Horton to the Texas Rangers for relief pitcher Steve Foucault. Foucault edged out Hiller as the Tigers' stopper, as Hiller was asked to pitch both in relief and as a spot starter. He started eight games and threw three complete games. However, his ERA jumped by more than a point to 3.56, and he compiled a record of 8–14 with only seven saves. In late September 1977, doctors diagnosed Hiller with an enlarged liver, possibly caused by the intestinal surgery he received after his heart attack; doctors advised that he should never have another drink for the rest of his life.
Hiller reclaimed his role as the Tigers' closer in 1978. He appeared in 51 games, all in relief, and his total of 46 games finished ranked sixth in the American League. He led the 1978 Tigers with a 2.34 ERA and 15 saves. The Tigers honored Hiller on June 25, 1978, with a John Hiller Recognition Day at Tiger Stadium.
In 1979, Hiller had 43 relief appearances, but Aurelio Lopez (acquired in a trade with the St. Louis Cardinals before the season began) took over as the Tigers' closer as Hiller's ERA soared to 5.22. Hiller played with pain in his left shoulder during the 1979 season, and his season ended on August 27 when he was placed on the disabled list. Hiller believed that he injured his shoulder in mid-May while "messing around trying to throw a screwball."
Hiller broke Hooks Dauss' team record of 538 games pitched.
Hiller returned to the Tigers briefly in 1980, just long enough to break Hooks Dauss' franchise record of 538 games pitched. Hiller broke Dauss' record on April 29 and ended his career having appeared in 545 games as a Tiger. He was the last member of Detroit's 1968 World Series championship team to remain with the club. During the 1970s, Hiller appeared in 426 games for the Tigers, nearly double the total of any other Detroit pitcher.
On May 30, 1980, after finishing a clubhouse card game with teammates, Hiller called a team meeting and announced that he was retiring. The Tigers interrupted the game that night to announce Hiller's decision. Hiller stepped out of the dugout in street clothes and waved to the crowd. The crowd reacted with polite applause at the surprise announcement and then began chanting, "We want Hiller! We want Hiller!" until the game was interrupted to allow Hiller to step onto the field for a final bow. Hiller told reporters after the game: "I just don't think I can compete here anymore. . . . I don't want to embarrass myself. I always said the hitters would let me know when it was time to retire, and they did."
After his retirement, the Detroit Free Press paid tribute to Hiller, not on its sports page but on its editorial page: "hat sets the John Hiller story apart is neither the professional skill nor the personal grace and style that were his in such an abundant measure. Detroiters have a special affection for Hiller for what he had to overcome and for the dogged persistence with which he fought his way back from a heart attack. By will and discipline, he made himself a fit professional athlete again. He overcame."
Hiller ended his career with a record of 87–76, a 2.83 ERA, 545 appearances, and 1,036 strikeouts in 1,242 innings pitched. At the time of his retirement, his 125 saves ranked behind only Sparky Lyle (231), Hoyt Wilhelm (154) and Rollie Fingers (136) in major league history, and remained a Detroit Tigers club record until 1993.
Family, later years, and honors
Hiller married Janis Patricia Baldwin in 1965. They had three children, including son Steve and daughter Wendy. His first marriage ended in divorce in February 1985, and he married his second wife, Linette, later that year.
After retiring from baseball, Hiller returned to his home in Duluth, Minnesota. Hiller and his first wife had lived in Duluth since 1966. In 1982, he bought an abandoned farm near Felch in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and played baseball for the Felch Rangers. He was appointed constable for Felch in 1983. Hiller later lived for more than 30 years in Hermansville and then Iron Mountain, both in the Upper Peninsula.
He also supported himself with jobs selling insurance, owning a pet shop, operating a country store, and working as a Pepsi distributor. From 1985 to 1987, he returned to professional baseball as a minor league pitching coach for the Tigers. His coaching career ended when he was diagnosed in 1988 with a blockage behind his right knee that had caused the arteries in his lower leg to deteriorate. Doctors recommended amputation, but Hiller declined.
Hiller has been inducted into several halls of fame, including the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame (inducted 1985), Michigan Sports Hall of Fame (inducted 1989), Canada's Sports Hall of Fame (inducted 1999), and the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame (inducted 2017).
See also
List of Detroit Tigers team records
List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise
References
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^ a b Rich Zitrin (June 22, 1972). "Hiller Says 'I'm Ready to Pitch Again'". Detroit Free Press. p. 7D – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "Tiger hurler beat big odds". The Journal Herald. March 18, 1974. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
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^ "Tigers Go Into First Alone, 8–3". Detroit Free Press. July 11, 1972. pp. 1C, 2C – via Newspapers.com.
^ Jim Hawkins (October 2, 1972). "It's Best-of-3 for All the Marbles!". Detroit Free Press. pp. 1D, 6D – via Newspapers.com.
^ Jim Hawkins (October 2, 1972). "Hiller Beat Heart Attack . . . Nothing Can Rile Him Now". Detroit Free Press. pp. 1D, 6D – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Miracles Do Happen, Tigers!". Detroit Free Press. October 12, 1972. pp. 1D, 9D – via Newspapers.com.
^ Bill James (2010). The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract. Simon and Schuster. p. 867. ISBN 978-1439106938.
^ "Quisenberry ties record, and Hiller's not surprised". Detroit Free Press. September 13, 1983. p. 4D – via Newspapers.com.
^ Holmes, Dan (March 15, 2015). "A Timeline of Detroit Tigers' Closers". VintageDetroit.com. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
^ "John Hiller wins ERA title". Battle Creek Enquirer and News. October 7, 1973. p. C3 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Single-Season Leaders & Records for Adjusted ERA+". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
^ "1973 AL Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
^ "The first goodbye: Old Yankee Stadium said farewell in 1973". New York Daily News. September 20, 2008.
^ a b c "Sports Mini-Profile: Death Was in the Batter's Box And the Count Was 3 and 2". Hattiesburg American. April 14, 1974.
^ "Fireman of the Year Award / Reliever of the Year Award by The Sporting News". Baseball Almanac. Archived from the original on March 17, 2015.
^ "Hiller Wins Hutch Award". Detroit Free Press. November 15, 1973. p. 4D – via Newspapers.com.
^ Jim Hawkins (November 11, 1973). "Hiller (Who Else?) Tiger of the Year". Detroit Free Press. p. 2E – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Hiller, Young Win Awards". Lansing State Journal. October 26, 1972. p. C6 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Schechter, Gabriel. "John Hiller's Amazing Comeback". Baseball Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on February 25, 2006. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
^ "Hiller wins major 1974 heart award". The Port Huron Times Herald. May 16, 1974. p. 1C – via Newspapers.com.
^ "'I Finally Made It' – Palmer". Lansing State Journal. November 7, 1973. p. C1 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Jackson unanimous MVP choice in AL". The Sun (San Bernardino). November 14, 1973. p. D1 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Heart Attack Victims Can Look To Hiller". The Philadelphia Inquirer. January 13, 1976. p. D1 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Jim Hawkins (July 3, 1974). "Hiller Piling Up Relief Wins At Record Pace". Detroit Free Press. p. 1D – via Newspapers.com.
^ Jim Hawkins (July 18, 1974). "Hiller Picked For AL Stars". Detroit Free Press. p. 2D – via Newspapers.com.
^ Jim Hawkins (September 13, 1974). "Hiller Busts Record With 17th Relief Win". Detroit Free Press. p. 1D – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Hiller Does It Again! Tiger Reliefer Off To Fast Start". The Ludington Daily News. May 9, 1975. p. 6.
^ a b Jim Hawkins (July 25, 1975). "Fire's Out! Hiller Rescues Coleman, 5–2". Detroit Free Press. p. 1D – via Newspapers.com.
^ Jim Hawkins (July 27, 1975). "Hiller Lost to Tigers for 21 Days". Detroit Free Press. p. 1E – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Hiller's Arm Still In Doubt". Detroit Free Press. August 23, 1975. p. 4C – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Hiller's Chomping at the Bit; Houk Won't Use Lefty, Yet". Detroit Free Press. September 3, 1975. p. 3D – via Newspapers.com.
^ "1975 Detroit Tigers Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
^ Jim Hawkins (February 29, 1976). "Where There's a Will . . . 'Manager' Hiller, Locked-Out Tigers Train on Own". Detroit Free Press. p. 1D – via Newspapers.com.
^ Larry Paladino (March 30, 1976). "Hairy situation: John Hiller of Tigers shaves head daily". Battle Creek Enquirer and News (AP story). p. B3.
^ "Think John Hiller's Worried? You Bet He Is". Detroit Free Press. May 23, 1976. p. 5E – via Newspapers.com.
^ Richard L. Shook (May 21, 1976). "What's Wrong With Hiller? The Answer Is . . . Nothing". The Ludington Daily News (UPI story). p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "1976 Detroit Tigers Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
^ "Hiller Tosses Four-Hitter In 1st Start Since '72". The Ludington Daily News. October 2, 1976. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Texas Deal Probably Best for Me – Horton". Detroit Free Press. April 13, 1977. p. 1D – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Houk's No. 1 stopper now: It's Foucault". Detroit Free Press. May 17, 1977. p. 1D.
^ "1977 Detroit Tigers Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
^ Jim Hawkins (September 28, 1977). "Hiller Has Liver Ailment". Detroit Free Press. p. 3D – via Newspapers.com.
^ "1978 Detroit Tigers Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
^ "Tigers' Hiller gets his day in the sun". Detroit Free Press. June 25, 1978. p. 1E – via Newspapers.com.
^ "1978 Detroit Tigers Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
^ Brian Bragg (August 28, 1979). "Hiller through for the year". Detroit Free Press. p. 4E – via Newspapers.com.
^ Brian Bragg (August 30, 1979). "What a relief! Hiller plans Tiger return". Detroit Free Press. pp. 1D, 7D – via Newspapers.com.
^ Jack Dulmage (April 30, 1980). "Tigers waiting to get off the ground". The Windsor Star. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Tiger pitching leaders of the 1970s". Detroit Free Press. April 13, 1980. p. 33 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b Brian Bragg (May 31, 1980). "Hiller calls it quits as Tiger hurler". Detroit Free Press. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Hiller: His story was distinctive, and so too his place in Detroit". Detroit Free Press. June 3, 1980. p. 8A – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b Anne Tobik (September 8, 1985). "Hiller to coach Tigers' farm arms". Detroit Free Press. p. 3D – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Farm club: Ex-Tiger Hiller settles in the UP as Felch's ace pitcher". Detroit Free Press. May 13, 1982. p. 1F – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Hiller finds paradise in small-town lifestyle". Detroit Free Press. August 6, 1983. p. 2D – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b Jerry Green (January 5, 1997). "Hiller a specialist in fine art of survival". The Detroit News. p. 2D – via Newspapers.com.
^ Peter J. Wallner (July 26, 2017). "Heart attack 46 years ago still impacts ex-Tigers pitcher John Hiller". Mlive.com.
^ "Hiller Returns To Baseball As Tiger Coach". The Herald-Palladium (AP story). March 20, 1986. p. 23 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Whatever happened to . . . John Hiller". Detroit Free Press. May 7, 1986. p. 5D – via Newspapers.com.
^ "John Hiller". Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
^ "John Frederick Hiller". Michigan Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
^ "John Hiller". Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
^ "'Hall call' for former Tigers great John Hiller". Iron Mountain Daily News. September 28, 2017.
^ "John Hiller". Ontario Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
vteSporting News American League Comeback Player of the Year Award
1965: Cash
1966: Powell
1967: Chance
1968: Harrelson
1969: Conigliaro
1970: Wright
1971: Cash
1972: Tiant
1973: Hiller
1974: Jenkins
1975: Powell
1976: Ellis
1977: Soderholm
1978: Caldwell
1979: Horton
1980: Keough
1981: Zisk
1982: Thornton
1983: Trammell
1984: Kingman
1985: G. Thomas
1986: Candelaria
1987: Saberhagen
1988: Davis
1989: Blyleven
1990: Winfield
1991: Guzmán
1992: Sutcliffe
1993: Jackson
1994: Canseco
1995: Wakefield
1996: Elster
1997: Justice
1998: Saberhagen
1999: Jaha
2000: F. Thomas
2001: Sierra
2002: Salmon
2003: Meche
2004: Konerko
2005: Giambi
2006: Thome
2007: Peña
2008: Lee
2009: Hill
2010: Guerrero
2011: Ellsbury
2012: Dunn
2013: Rivera
2014: Young
2015: Fielder
2016: Trumbo
2017: Moustakas
2018: Price
2019: Pence
2020: Carrasco
2021: Mancini
2022: Verlander
2023: Glasnow
vteHutch Award
1965: Mantle
1966: Koufax
1967: Yastrzemski
1968: Rose
1969: Kaline
1970: Conigliaro
1971: Torre
1972: Tolan
1973: Hiller
1974: Thompson
1975: Nolan
1976: John
1977: McCovey
1978: Stargell
1979: Brock
1980: Brett
1981: Bench
1982: Thornton
1983: Knight
1984: Robinson
1985: Reuschel
1986: Leonard
1987: Molitor
1988: Oester
1989: Dravecky
1990: Bream
1991: Wegman
1992: Lansford
1993: Olerud
1994: Dawson
1995: Abbott
1996: Vizquel
1997: Davis
1998: Cone
1999: Casey
2000: Giambi
2001: Schilling
2002: Salmon
2003: Moyer
2004: Hoffman
2005: Biggio
2006: Loretta
2007: Sweeney
2008: Lester
2009: Teahen
2010: Hudson
2011: Butler
2012: Zito
2013: Ibañez
2014: A. Gordon
2015: Wainwright
2016: McGowan
2017: Diekman
2018: Piscotty
2019: D. Gordon
2022: A. Fauci
vteAmerican League season saves leaders
1969: Perranoski
1970: Perranoski
1971: Sanders
1972: Lyle
1973: Hiller
1974: Forster
1975: Gossage
1976: Lyle
1977: Campbell
1978: Gossage
1979: Marshall
1980: Gossage & Quisenberry
1981: Fingers
1982: Quisenberry
1983: Quisenberry
1984: Quisenberry
1985: Quisenberry
1986: Righetti
1987: Henke
1988: Eckersley
1989: Russell
1990: Thigpen
1991: Harvey
1992: Eckersley
1993: Montgomery & Ward
1994: Smith
1995: Mesa
1996: Wetteland
1997: Myers
1998: Gordon
1999: Rivera
2000: Jones & Lowe
2001: Rivera
2002: Guardado
2003: Foulke
2004: Rivera
2005: Rodríguez & Wickman
2006: Rodríguez
2007: Borowski
2008: Rodríguez
2009: Fuentes
2010: Soriano
2011: Valverde
2012: Johnson
2013: Johnson
2014: Rodney
2015: Boxberger
2016: Britton
2017: Colomé
2018: Díaz
2019: Osuna
2020: Hand
2021: Hendriks
2022: Clase
2023: Clase
vteMembers of the Canadian Baseball Hall of FamePlayers, managers, and coaches
Bob Addy
Roberto Alomar
Felipe Alou
Sparky Anderson
Jimmy Archer
Jason Bay
George Bell
Reno Bertoia
Ted Bowsfield
Tom Burgess
Helen Callaghan
Gary Carter
Joe Carter
Nig Clarke
Jimmy Claxton
Reggie Cleveland
Frank Colman
Murray Cook
Rhéal Cormier
Charlie Culver
Andre Dawson
Carlos Delgado
Ryan Dempster
Rob Ducey
Tony Fernández
Russ Ford
Dick Fowler
Jeff Francis
Hippo Galloway
Cito Gaston
George Gibson
Roland Gladu
Jack Graney
Vladimir Guerrero
Roy Halladay
Vern Handrahan
Bill Harris
Jeff Heath
Tom Henke
Pat Hentgen
John Hiller
Arthur Irwin
Ferguson Jenkins
Oscar Judd
Corey Koskie
Tony Kubek
Tommy Lasorda
Phil Marchildon
Dennis Martínez
Pedro Martínez
Kirk McCaskill
Manny McIntyre
Dave McKay
Larry McLean
Roy Miller
Justin Morneau
Lloyd Moseby
Rocky Nelson
Wayne Norton
Tip O'Neill
Frank O'Rourke
John Olerud
Bill Phillips
Ron Piché
Terry Puhl
Paul Quantrill
Tim Raines
Claude Raymond
Sherry Robertson
Jackie Robinson
Steve Rogers
Goody Rosen
Jean-Pierre Roy
George Selkirk
Pop Smith
Matt Stairs
Rusty Staub
Ron Stead
Dave Stieb
Ron Taylor
Fred Thomas
Larry Walker
Tim Wallach
Duane Ward
Pete Ward
Ernie Whitt
Jimmy Williams
George Wood
Miscellaneous
Gord Ash
Nat Bailey
Paul Beeston
Richard Bélec
Andy Bilesky
Charles Bronfman
Bob Brown
Carmen Bush
James F. Cairns
Ray Carter
Tom Cheek
Jack Kent Cooke
Ronald Cullen
Jacques Doucet
John Ducey
Bob Elliot
Bob Emslie
Jim Fanning
Pat Gillick
Calvin Griffith
John Haar
Peter Hardy
Ron Hayter
Doug Hudlin
William Humber
Joseph Lannin
George "Knotty" Lee
Bobby Mattick
Don McDougall
John McHale
Jim McKean
Doug Melvin
Joe Page
Lester B. Pearson
Bob Prentice
Ernie Quigley
Hector Racine
Jimmy Rattlesnake
Jim Ridley
Ron Roncetti
Allan Roth
Gladwyn Scott
Frank Shaughnessy
Dave Shury
William Shuttleworth
Harry Simmons
Allan Simpson
Bill Slack
George Sleeman
Bernie Soulliere
Howard Starkman
Rob Thomson
Dave Van Horne
Peter Widdrington
Roy Yamamura
Harold Younker
Groups
Canadian-born players of the AAGPBL
Beachville & Zorra teams, 1838
London Tecumsehs, 1877
National youth team, 1991
Team Canada, 2011
Team Canada, 2015
Vancouver Asahi
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John K. Hillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_K._Hillers"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"relief pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_pitcher"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"1968 Detroit Tigers team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Detroit_Tigers_season"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_World_Series"},{"link_name":"strikeouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeout"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"cholesterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League_East"},{"link_name":"1972 AL Championship Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_American_League_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"earned run average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"saves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"The Sporting News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sporting_News"},{"link_name":"Comeback Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_News_Comeback_Player_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"Fireman of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_News_Reliever_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"All-Star team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"win–loss record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win%E2%80%93loss_record_(pitching)"},{"link_name":"games pitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_pitched"},{"link_name":"pitching coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitching_coach"},{"link_name":"Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Michigan Sports Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Sports_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Canada's Sports Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_Sports_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"Canadian baseball player (born 1943)For the photographer with a similar name, see John K. Hillers.Baseball playerJohn Frederick Hiller (born April 8, 1943) is a Canadian former baseball relief pitcher who played 15 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Detroit Tigers between 1965 and 1980. A native of Toronto, he joined the Tigers in 1965 and was a member of the 1968 Detroit Tigers team that won the World Series. He set a major league record by starting a game with six consecutive strikeouts in 1968.In January 1971, Hiller suffered a heart attack and underwent intestinal surgery to control his body's absorption of cholesterol. After missing the 1971 season, Hiller returned in 1972, helping the Tigers win the American League (AL) East title and winning Game 4 of the 1972 AL Championship Series. In 1973, he compiled a 1.44 earned run average (ERA) and broke the major league single-season saves record with 38. The Sporting News awarded Hiller its 1973 Comeback Player of the Year and Fireman of the Year awards.In 1974, Hiller set an AL record with 17 relief wins and was selected as a member of the All-Star team. He continued to rank among the AL's elite relief pitchers through the 1978 season. He retired from playing in May 1980 with a career win–loss record of 87–76, a 2.83 career ERA, and 1,036 strikeouts. He continues to hold the Tigers' club record with 545 career games pitched. Hiller returned to professional baseball in the mid-1980s as a minor league pitching coach for the Tigers. He was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame, the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame, and Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.","title":"John Hiller"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SABR-2"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SABR-2"},{"link_name":"West Hill Collegiate Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hill_Collegiate_Institute"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WS-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fam-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WS-3"},{"link_name":"uncaught third strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncaught_third_strike"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SABR-2"}],"text":"Hiller was born in Toronto in 1943.[1] He grew up in Scarborough, the son of an auto body repairman.[2] He was a fan of the Toronto Maple Leafs while growing up and played ice hockey as a goaltender.[2] He attended David-Mary Thomson Public School and West Hill Collegiate Institute,[3] but dropped out after the 11th grade.[4][5] He competed as a sprinter in the 220- and 440-yard dashes while in high school.[3] He excelled in baseball as a pitcher, and reportedly once struck out 22 batters in a seven-inning game, including one batter who got on base due to a wild pitch (an uncaught third strike).[2]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Detroit Tigers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WS-3"},{"link_name":"Jamestown, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York-Pennsylvania League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York-Pennsylvania_League"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRM-8"},{"link_name":"Duluth-Superior Dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth-Superior_Dukes_(1956%E2%80%9370)"},{"link_name":"Northern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_League_(baseball,_1902%E2%80%9371)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRM-8"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Rebels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Rebels"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRM-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Minor leagues (1962–1965)","text":"In June 1962, Hiller, at age 19, signed a contract with the Detroit Tigers for $400 a month, a pair of spikes, and an old glove.[6][7] Detroit scout Edwin \"Cy\" Williams discovered Hiller playing for the Scarborough Selects, an All-Star team composed of local sandlot players.[3]Hiller played for the Tigers' Jamestown, New York, club in the New York-Pennsylvania League during the 1963 season. He appeared in 29 games, 22 as a starter, and compiled a 14–9 record with a 4.03 ERA, 11 complete games, and 172 strikeouts in 181 innings pitched.[8]Hiller spent most of the 1964 season with the Duluth-Superior Dukes of the Northern League. He appeared in 30 games for the Dukes, 19 as a starter, and compiled a 10–13 record with a 3.45 ERA.[8]In 1965, Hiller was assigned to the Montgomery Rebels in the Southern League where he was converted to a relief pitcher. In 47 games for Montgomery (43 in relief), he compiled a 5–7 record with a 2.53 ERA.[8] Hiller noted in early 1966 that he initially viewed the assignment to the bullpen as a demotion, but became accustomed to the role: \"You don't have to worry about pacing yourself. You just come in and throw hard all the time. It's more exciting, too, once you accustom yourself to pitching with men on base.\"[9]","title":"Detroit Tigers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"1965 Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Detroit_Tigers_season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"pleurisy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurisy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Syracuse Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"International League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_League"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRM-8"},{"link_name":"Toledo Mud Hens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Mud_Hens"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRM-8"},{"link_name":"Don Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Lund"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"}],"sub_title":"1965–1967","text":"On September 5, 1965, the Tigers purchased Hiller from Montgomery.[10] He made five relief appearances for the 1965 Tigers and did not allow a run in six innings pitched.[1]Hiller began the 1966 season with the Tigers, but appeared in only one game, pitching two innings in relief against Washington on April 17, giving up two hits and two earned runs.[1] Three days later, Hiller flew back to Detroit where he was hospitalized at Detroit Osteopathic Hospital with pneumonia and pleurisy.[11] On May 11, he was sent down to the Syracuse Chiefs of the International League.[12] He compiled a 4.45 ERA in 54 relief appearances for Syracuse in 1966.[8]Hiller started the 1967 season with the Toledo Mud Hens of the International League, compiling a 5–1 record with a 3.00 ERA.[8] He was called up by the Tigers in late June for his third stint with the club. Farm director Don Lund noted at the time that Hiller had recently mastered his control on breaking pitches to balance his excellent fastball.[13] Over the last three months of the 1967 season, Hiller appeared in 11 games, eight as a starter, and compiled a 4–2 record with a 2.50 ERA.[1]","title":"Detroit Tigers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1968 Tigers team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Detroit_Tigers_season"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"1968 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Cleveland_Indians_season"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Chicago_White_Sox_season"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"1968 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_World_Series"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"walks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_on_balls"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"Midnight Cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Cowboy"},{"link_name":"Dustin Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"1968 and 1969 seasons","text":"Hiller spent his first full season in the majors as a reliever and spot starter for the 1968 Tigers team that won the American League pennant and the 1968 World Series. Hiller appeared in 39 games, 12 as a starter, and compiled a 9–6 record with a 2.39 ERA and 78 strikeouts in 128 innings pitched.[1] On August 6, he set a major league record when he struck out six consecutive batters against Cleveland to start a game.[14] On August 20, he pitched a one-hit complete game shutout against the Chicago White Sox;[15] the one hit came in the eighth inning on a ball that just missed Hiller's glove.[16]Hiller also had two relief appearances in the 1968 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals, pitching the last two innings in the 7–3 Game 3 loss, and facing five batters without recording an out in Game 4, a 10–1 loss. He allowed six hits and three walks, posting a 13.50 ERA, but the Tigers recovered to win the Series in seven games.Following a players' strike in the spring of 1969, Hiller returned to the Tigers. He appeared in 40 games for the 1969 Tigers, but his ERA increased by more than a point-and-a-half to 3.99.[1] During the 1969 season, Hiller acquired the nickname \"Ratso\" after he went with teammates to see the movie Midnight Cowboy. The character \"Ratso\" Rizzo, played by Dustin Hoffman, had a limp, as did Hiller at the time.[17]Hiller returned to form in 1970, appearing in 47 games, 42 in relief, and compiling a 6–6 record with a 3.03 ERA.[1] On October 1, in the final game of the season, he pitched a two-hit, complete-game shutout and struck out 11 batters, including seven in a row. With Hiller pitching quickly, the game was played in only one hour and 41 minutes – the fastest game of the year at Tiger Stadium.[18]","title":"Detroit Tigers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duluth, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRH-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRH-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HMSAP-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HMSAP-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Heart attack","text":"On January 11, 1971, Hiller, at the age of 27, suffered a heart attack at his home in Duluth, Minnesota. Hiller described the attack as follows: \"I had just gotten up and was having a cup of coffee. I lit up a cigarette. It was strange – a heaviness in my chest. It felt like the pneumonia I had in 1966 so I put the cigarette out. Later I had another cigarette and had the same feeling. So I didn't smoke the rest of the day.\"[19] He went to the hospital when the pain returned that night. He was hospitalized for three weeks and notified the Tigers of his heart attack in mid-February. Hiller was placed on a strict diet, quit smoking cigarettes, and lost 20 pounds in the month after his heart attack.[19]By late March, he weighed 180 pounds, 30 pounds lighter than he had been during the 1970 season.[20] By the time of his 28th birthday, Hiller had lost 40 pounds and four pant sizes in the waist. He reported at the time: \"The doctors have never even hinted that I'd be able to pitch again.\"[21] Despite the pessimism of doctors, Hiller made a birthday promise to himself that he would pitch again.[21] In April, Hiller underwent an ileo-bypass, a surgery in which about the doctors removed seven feet of his small intestines – the portions that are responsible for absorbing cholesterol.[22] The Tigers announced in May that Hiller would not return to the team during the 1971 season.[23] In August 1971, Hiller reported that he had lost 50 pounds (down to 160 pounds) and was selling furniture in Duluth and playing golf and paddleball.[24]","title":"Detroit Tigers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lakeland Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeland_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ready-26"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"Chuck Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hughes"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ready-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THBBO-27"},{"link_name":"Dick Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Allen"},{"link_name":"Billy Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Martin"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"1972 American League Championship Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_American_League_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"The comeback begins in 1972","text":"In February 1972, the Tigers invited Hiller to training camp as a minor league coach for the Lakeland Tigers.[25] After spending the first half of the 1972 season as a pitching coach for Lakeland, Hiller announced in late June that he was running two miles a day, in top shape at 170 pounds, and ready to return to pitching. He said: \"I'm ready to go. I'm just waiting for that call from Detroit. It's up to them now if they want me.\"[26] Hiller suspected that the Tigers' willingness to take a chance on him was impacted by the sudden heart attack and death of Detroit Lions receiver Chuck Hughes during a game at Tiger Stadium in October 1971.[26][27]On July 7, 1972, the Tigers reinstated Hiller to their roster. He returned to the mound the next day, having had no rehab games in the minors and after not facing a batter in 18 months. He gave up a two-run home run to the first batter, Dick Allen, but Detroit manager Billy Martin opined that Hiller had pitched well, and Hiller confirmed after the game \"this is what I want. I really want it.\"[28] Two days later, Hiller returned to the mound and retired the side in a victory that gave the Tigers sole possession of first place in the American League East.[29] On October 1, Hiller pitched a complete-game, five-hit victory over Milwaukee Brewers that Jim Hawkins of the Detroit Free Press called the \"biggest win of the season\".[30] After the game, which was Hiller's first win since October 1, 1970, he told reporters: \"I go at this game with a little different attitude than I used to. Before my sickness, I was more uptight every time I pitched. I used to get nervous warming up. Now I don't worry about tomorrow. If I do well, I do well. If I don't – well, there'll aways be another day.\"[31]In the last half of the 1972 season, Hiller helped the Tigers win the American League East pennant, appearing in 23 games with a strong 2.03 ERA.[1] He also pitched in three games in the 1972 American League Championship Series against the Oakland Athletics, winning Game 4 when Detroit scored three times in the bottom of the 10th inning.[32]","title":"Detroit Tigers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_James"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"Clay Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Dan Quisenberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Quisenberry"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Todd Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Jones"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Rollie Fingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollie_Fingers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Adjusted ERA+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjusted_ERA%2B"},{"link_name":"Tim Keefe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Keefe"},{"link_name":"Pedro Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Martinez"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Yankee Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"Mike Hegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hegan"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THBBO-27"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMP-40"},{"link_name":"Frank Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Howard_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMP-40"},{"link_name":"Sporting News Comeback Player of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_News_Comeback_Player_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMP-40"},{"link_name":"Sporting News Fireman of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sporting_News_Reliever_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Hutch Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutch_Award"},{"link_name":"Fred Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hutchinson"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"American Heart Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Association"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baseballhof-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Cy Young Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Young_Award"},{"link_name":"Mike Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Marshall_(pitcher)"},{"link_name":"Jim Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Nolan Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Catfish Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"American League Most Valuable Player Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League_Most_Valuable_Player_Award"},{"link_name":"Reggie Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Rod Carew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Carew"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"The comeback peaks in 1973","text":"Hiller's comeback peaked in 1973 with what baseball historian Bill James rated as the most valuable season by a relief pitcher in baseball history.[33] Hiller appeared in 65 games, all in relief, and compiled a 10–5 record.[1] He broke Clay Carroll's Major League Baseball record with 38 saves. His single-season saves record stood for 10 years until Dan Quisenberry tallied 45 saves in 1983,[34] and remained a Tigers team record until broken by Todd Jones in 2000.[35]Hiller also accumulated a career-low 1.44 ERA in 125 innings to win the American League ERA title; Rollie Fingers ranked second at 1.92.[1][36] Demonstrating how dominant Hiller was during the 1973 season, his Adjusted ERA+, which adjusts a pitcher's ERA according to the pitcher's ballpark and the average ERA of the pitcher's league in a given year, was 285. Only two pitchers in major league history are known to have recorded a higher rating: Hall of Famers Tim Keefe in 1880 (293) and Pedro Martinez in 2000 (291).[37]Hiller also led the American League's pitchers with 65 appearances and 60 games finished.[38]On September 30, Hiller became the last man to win a game and the last to throw a pitch in the original Yankee Stadium, getting Yankees' first baseman Mike Hegan to fly out to center field in an 8–5 Detroit win.[39]As the first major league player to suffer a heart attack and then return an active competitor,[27] Hiller's comeback was rated as \"one of the most heartwarming sagas in sports.\"[40] Slugger Frank Howard called it \"the kind of thing you see once in a lifetime.\"[40] After the 1973 season, Hiller won numerous awards for his remarkable accomplishments, including the following:The Sporting News Comeback Player of the Year Award for the American League.[40]\nThe Sporting News Fireman of the Year Award for the American League.[41]\nThe Hutch Award as the player who \"best exemplified the fighting spirit\" of Fred Hutchinson.[42]\nDetroit baseball writers selected him as the \"Tiger of the Year\". Hiller received 32 votes (out of 33 votes cast) for the award, more than any other player in the history of the award to that time.[43]\nDetroit sports writers and broadcasters also selected him as Detroit's \"Sportsman of the Year\" for 1973.[44]\nIn May 1974, the American Heart Association presented Hiller with its Heart of the Year Award which had not previously been awarded to an athlete and which been presented to President Richard Nixon the previous year.[45] The Heart Association cited Hiller \"for his courage in meeting the personal challenge of heart attack . . . and for his inspiring example to other heart attack victims.\"[46]In an era where no relief pitcher had ever won a Cy Young Award (Mike Marshall became the first one year later), Hiller finished fourth in the voting for the 1973 American League Cy Young Award behind starters Jim Palmer, Nolan Ryan, and Catfish Hunter.[47] He also tied for fourth in the voting for the American League Most Valuable Player Award, behind Reggie Jackson and Rod Carew.[48]In January 1976, he was honored in Philadelphia with a Most Courageous Athlete award and acknowledged that, prior to the heart attack, he smoked too much, drank too much and ate too much. He described the broader life lesson that he hoped would be drawn from his comeback: \"I hope I've helped a lot of people by talking to them. I hope they understand when you have a heart attack you haven't come to the end of your life or the end of your career.\"[49]","title":"Detroit Tigers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Hiller_-_Detroit_Tigers.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"Roy Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Face"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Milwaukee_Brewers_season"},{"link_name":"Dick Radatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Radatz"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Bill Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Campbell_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fire-54"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fire-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"1974 and 1975 seasons","text":"John Hiller in the 1970sIn 1974, Hiller had another strong season as he broke the American League record with 17 relief wins. He appeared in 59 games, all in relief, compiled a 17–14 record with 2.64 ERA and a career-high 134 strikeouts.[1] Hiller won his 10th game of the season on July 1 and was on pace to break Roy Face's major league record of 18 relief wins set in 1959.[50] Two weeks later, he was named to the American League All-Star team for the only time his career, though he did not pitch in the game.[51] On September 13, Hiller recorded his 17th relief win of the season against the Milwaukee Brewers. The win broke the American League record of 16 relief wins set by Dick Radatz in 1964.[52] Bill Campbell tied the record in 1975, but it has not been broken.In 1975, the Tigers compiled one of the worst seasons in club history with 102 losses and a team ERA of 4.27. However, Hiller had another outstanding season. He opened the season without allowing a run in his first five appearances totaling over 14 innings.[53] He continued to pitch well and, during a stretch from late June to late July, he did not allow a hit in 10 games and 16+2⁄3 innings.[54] He also struck out 87 batters in 70+2⁄3 inning pitched – giving him a career-high average of 11.1 strikeouts per nine innings.[1] Hiller noted in late July: \"I've never struck out people like this before.\"[54]While pitching against Cleveland on July 25, 1975, Hiller \"felt something tear\" in his throwing arm and was sidelined for the remainder of the season.[55][56] While trying to come back in September, Hiller reported that, although the pain had subsided, he could still feel a lump under his left arm where the injury occurred.[57] Despite playing only half the season, he led the team with 36 appearances and 14 saves and compiled a 2.17 ERA.[58]","title":"Detroit Tigers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Mark Fidrych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Fidrych"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Willie Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Horton_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Steve Foucault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Foucault"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"1978 Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Detroit_Tigers_season"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Aurelio Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelio_Lopez"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HooksDauss.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hooks Dauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooks_Dauss"},{"link_name":"Hooks Dauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooks_Dauss"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retire-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retire-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"strikeouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeout"},{"link_name":"innings pitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innings_pitched"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-1"},{"link_name":"Sparky Lyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparky_Lyle"},{"link_name":"Hoyt Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoyt_Wilhelm"},{"link_name":"Rollie Fingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollie_Fingers"}],"sub_title":"1976–1980","text":"In 1976, Hiller returned to the Tigers' spring training with a shaved head. Sports writers joked that Hiller's head was as smooth as his delivery and compared the new look to Fu Manchu or \"a cross between Genghis Khan and Kojak.\"[59][60] Hiller got off to a slow start in the early weeks of the 1976 season, holding a 1–3 record and a 3.47 ERA in late May.[61][62] However, he then regained his form and won 11 of 15 decisions for the balance of the season; his 2.38 ERA was on par with the 2.34 ERA recorded by the team's rookie sensation Mark Fidrych, who won the 1976 Rookie of the Year award.[63] Hiller ranked fourth in the American League in games finished (46) and ninth in both adjusted pitching runs and adjusted pitching wins.[1] He closed the 1976 season with a rare start (his first since 1972) and threw a four-hit, complete-game shutout against the Milwaukee Brewers.[64]In April 1977, the Tigers traded Willie Horton to the Texas Rangers for relief pitcher Steve Foucault.[65] Foucault edged out Hiller as the Tigers' stopper,[66] as Hiller was asked to pitch both in relief and as a spot starter. He started eight games and threw three complete games. However, his ERA jumped by more than a point to 3.56, and he compiled a record of 8–14 with only seven saves.[67] In late September 1977, doctors diagnosed Hiller with an enlarged liver, possibly caused by the intestinal surgery he received after his heart attack; doctors advised that he should never have another drink for the rest of his life.[68]Hiller reclaimed his role as the Tigers' closer in 1978. He appeared in 51 games, all in relief, and his total of 46 games finished ranked sixth in the American League.[1] He led the 1978 Tigers with a 2.34 ERA and 15 saves.[69] The Tigers honored Hiller on June 25, 1978, with a John Hiller Recognition Day at Tiger Stadium.[70]In 1979, Hiller had 43 relief appearances, but Aurelio Lopez (acquired in a trade with the St. Louis Cardinals before the season began) took over as the Tigers' closer as Hiller's ERA soared to 5.22.[71] Hiller played with pain in his left shoulder during the 1979 season, and his season ended on August 27 when he was placed on the disabled list.[72] Hiller believed that he injured his shoulder in mid-May while \"messing around trying to throw a screwball.\"[73]Hiller broke Hooks Dauss' team record of 538 games pitched.Hiller returned to the Tigers briefly in 1980, just long enough to break Hooks Dauss' franchise record of 538 games pitched. Hiller broke Dauss' record on April 29 and ended his career having appeared in 545 games as a Tiger.[74] He was the last member of Detroit's 1968 World Series championship team to remain with the club. During the 1970s, Hiller appeared in 426 games for the Tigers, nearly double the total of any other Detroit pitcher.[75]On May 30, 1980, after finishing a clubhouse card game with teammates, Hiller called a team meeting and announced that he was retiring. The Tigers interrupted the game that night to announce Hiller's decision. Hiller stepped out of the dugout in street clothes and waved to the crowd. The crowd reacted with polite applause at the surprise announcement and then began chanting, \"We want Hiller! We want Hiller!\" until the game was interrupted to allow Hiller to step onto the field for a final bow.[76] Hiller told reporters after the game: \"I just don't think I can compete here anymore. . . . I don't want to embarrass myself. I always said the hitters would let me know when it was time to retire, and they did.\"[76]After his retirement, the Detroit Free Press paid tribute to Hiller, not on its sports page but on its editorial page:\"[W]hat sets the John Hiller story apart is neither the professional skill nor the personal grace and style that were his in such an abundant measure. Detroiters have a special affection for Hiller for what he had to overcome and for the dogged persistence with which he fought his way back from a heart attack. By will and discipline, he made himself a fit professional athlete again. He overcame.\"[77]Hiller ended his career with a record of 87–76, a 2.83 ERA, 545 appearances, and 1,036 strikeouts in 1,242 innings pitched.[1] At the time of his retirement, his 125 saves ranked behind only Sparky Lyle (231), Hoyt Wilhelm (154) and Rollie Fingers (136) in major league history, and remained a Detroit Tigers club record until 1993.","title":"Detroit Tigers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WS-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fam-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SABR-2"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farmarms-78"},{"link_name":"Duluth, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Felch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felch,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Upper Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Hermansville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermansville,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Iron Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Mountain,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farmarms-78"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art-81"},{"link_name":"Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Michigan Sports Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Sports_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Canada's Sports Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_Sports_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Ontario Sports Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Sports_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"text":"Hiller married Janis Patricia Baldwin in 1965.[3] They had three children, including son Steve and daughter Wendy.[5] His first marriage ended in divorce in February 1985, and he married his second wife, Linette, later that year.[2][78]After retiring from baseball, Hiller returned to his home in Duluth, Minnesota. Hiller and his first wife had lived in Duluth since 1966. In 1982, he bought an abandoned farm near Felch in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and played baseball for the Felch Rangers.[79] He was appointed constable for Felch in 1983.[80] Hiller later lived for more than 30 years in Hermansville and then Iron Mountain, both in the Upper Peninsula.[81][82]He also supported himself with jobs selling insurance, owning a pet shop, operating a country store, and working as a Pepsi distributor. From 1985 to 1987, he returned to professional baseball as a minor league pitching coach for the Tigers.[78][83][84] His coaching career ended when he was diagnosed in 1988 with a blockage behind his right knee that had caused the arteries in his lower leg to deteriorate. Doctors recommended amputation, but Hiller declined.[81]Hiller has been inducted into several halls of fame, including the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame (inducted 1985),[85] Michigan Sports Hall of Fame (inducted 1989),[86] Canada's Sports Hall of Fame (inducted 1999),[87] and the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame (inducted 2017).[88][89]","title":"Family, later years, and honors"}]
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[{"image_text":"John Hiller in the 1970s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/John_Hiller_-_Detroit_Tigers.jpg/200px-John_Hiller_-_Detroit_Tigers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hiller broke Hooks Dauss' team record of 538 games pitched.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/HooksDauss.jpg/150px-HooksDauss.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of Detroit Tigers team records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Detroit_Tigers_team_records"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_saves_leaders"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_who_spent_their_entire_career_with_one_franchise"}]
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[{"reference":"\"John Hiller\". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/h/hillejo01.shtml","url_text":"\"John Hiller\""}]},{"reference":"Larry Hilliard and Rob Hilliard. \"John Hiller\". Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved July 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/bf95ab65","url_text":"\"John Hiller\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sports Chatter\". The Windsor Star. October 2, 1968. p. 34 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33775549/sports_chatter/","url_text":"\"Sports Chatter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Jim Hawkins (July 27, 1980). \"Hiller's anonymous now, and he loves every minute\". Detroit Free Press. p. B1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33763754/hillers_anonymous_now_and_he_loves/","url_text":"\"Hiller's anonymous now, and he loves every minute\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Tiger Wives Run the Show\". Detroit Free Press. March 27, 1977. p. 4C – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33772009/tiger_wives_run_the_show/","url_text":"\"Tiger Wives Run the Show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Tigers Sign, Farm Hiller\". The Baltimore Sun. June 20, 1962. p. B14 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33741359/tigers_sign_farm_hiller/","url_text":"\"Tigers Sign, Farm Hiller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Ernie Harwell (March 3, 1991). \"untitled\". The Detroit News. p. 7E – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33774470/harwell_on_hiller/","url_text":"\"untitled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"John Hiller Minor League Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=hiller001joh","url_text":"\"John Hiller Minor League Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pitcher John Hiller Has Best Chance of Sticking with Tigers\". The Battle Creek Enquirer and News. March 9, 1966. p. III-3 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33742528/pitcher_john_hiller_has_best_chance_of/","url_text":"\"Pitcher John Hiller Has Best Chance of Sticking with Tigers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Tigers Buy Pitcher\". Detroit Free Press. September 6, 1965. p. 3D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33742088/tigers_buy_pitcher/","url_text":"\"Tigers Buy Pitcher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Pneumonia hits Tigers' Hiller\". The Windsor Star. April 22, 1966. p. 22 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33742954/pneumonia_hits_tigers_hiller/","url_text":"\"Pneumonia hits Tigers' Hiller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Tigers Send Hiller, Sullivan To Minors\". The Montgomery Advertiser. May 12, 1966. p. 49 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33742777/tigers_send_hiller_sullivan_to_minors/","url_text":"\"Tigers Send Hiller, Sullivan To Minors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Tigers Land Jim Landis\". Detroit Free Press. June 30, 1967. p. 2D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33743180/tigers_land_jim_landis/","url_text":"\"Tigers Land Jim Landis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Hiller Fans Six in Row For Record\". Lansing State Journal. August 7, 1968. p. F1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33744836/hiller_fans_six_in_row_for_record/","url_text":"\"Hiller Fans Six in Row For Record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"John Hiller Hurls One-Hit Contest\". The Holland Evening Sentinel. August 21, 1968. p. II-1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/30397565/the_holland_evening_sentinel/","url_text":"\"John Hiller Hurls One-Hit Contest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Brian Bragg (August 17, 1978). \"The Champions\". Detroit Free Press. p. 1D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33773056/the_champions_john_hiller/","url_text":"\"The Champions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Neary, Kevin (March 5, 2013). Closer: Major League Players Reveal the Inside Pitch on Saving the Game. Running Press Book Publishers. p. 25. ISBN 9780762447169. Retrieved April 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/closermajorleagu0000near","url_text":"Closer: Major League Players Reveal the Inside Pitch on Saving the Game"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/closermajorleagu0000near/page/25","url_text":"25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762447169","url_text":"9780762447169"}]},{"reference":"\"Hiller Finishes Season In A Hurry\". The Port Huron Times Herald. October 2, 1970. p. B1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33745621/hiller_finishes_season_in_a_hurry/","url_text":"\"Hiller Finishes Season In A Hurry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Tigers' Hiller Reveals Heart Attack\". Detroit Free Press. February 19, 1971. pp. 1D, 2D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33745912/tigers_hiller_reveals_heart_attack/","url_text":"\"Tigers' Hiller Reveals Heart Attack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Jim Hawkins (March 26, 1971). \"Hiller May Be Ready To Pitch by Midseason\". Detroit Free Press. p. 2D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33746219/hiller_may_be_ready_to_pitch_by/","url_text":"\"Hiller May Be Ready To Pitch by Midseason\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Hiller Makes Self A Promise\". Lansing State Journal. April 8, 1971. p. E1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33746478/hiller_makes_self_a_promise/","url_text":"\"Hiller Makes Self A Promise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Earl McRae. \"John Hiller Had a Heart Attack: Now he's back pitching for the Tigers\". The Ottawa Citizen. pp. The Canadian Magazine, pp. 10–12 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33776221/john_hiller_had_a_heart_attack_now/","url_text":"\"John Hiller Had a Heart Attack: Now he's back pitching for the Tigers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Hiller Through For Year\". The Port Huron Times Herald. May 6, 1971. p. C3 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33746656/hiller_through_for_year/","url_text":"\"Hiller Through For Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Comeback?\". Lansing State Journal. August 16, 1971. p. C1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33746972/comeback/","url_text":"\"Comeback?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Hiller Back In Baseball As Coach\". Lansing State Journal. February 27, 1972. p. E7 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33748665/hiller_back_in_baseball_as_coach/","url_text":"\"Hiller Back In Baseball As Coach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Rich Zitrin (June 22, 1972). \"Hiller Says 'I'm Ready to Pitch Again'\". Detroit Free Press. p. 7D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33749178/hiller_says_im_ready_to_pitch_again/","url_text":"\"Hiller Says 'I'm Ready to Pitch Again'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Tiger hurler beat big odds\". The Journal Herald. March 18, 1974. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33753620/tiger_hurler_beat_big_odds/","url_text":"\"Tiger hurler beat big odds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Jim Hawkins (July 9, 1972). \"'This Is What I Want' – Hiller\". Detroit Free Press. p. D1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33749543/this_is_what_i_want_hiller/","url_text":"\"'This Is What I Want' – Hiller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Tigers Go Into First Alone, 8–3\". Detroit Free Press. July 11, 1972. pp. 1C, 2C – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33749660/tigers_go_into_first_alone_83/","url_text":"\"Tigers Go Into First Alone, 8–3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Jim Hawkins (October 2, 1972). \"It's Best-of-3 for All the Marbles!\". Detroit Free Press. pp. 1D, 6D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33750405/its_bestof3_for_all_the_marbles/","url_text":"\"It's Best-of-3 for All the Marbles!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Jim Hawkins (October 2, 1972). \"Hiller Beat Heart Attack . . . Nothing Can Rile Him Now\". Detroit Free Press. pp. 1D, 6D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33750343/hiller_beat_heart_attack__nothing/","url_text":"\"Hiller Beat Heart Attack . . . Nothing Can Rile Him Now\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Miracles Do Happen, Tigers!\". Detroit Free Press. October 12, 1972. pp. 1D, 9D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33750538/miracles_do_happen_tigers/","url_text":"\"Miracles Do Happen, Tigers!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Bill James (2010). The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract. Simon and Schuster. p. 867. ISBN 978-1439106938.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439106938","url_text":"978-1439106938"}]},{"reference":"\"Quisenberry ties record, and Hiller's not surprised\". Detroit Free Press. September 13, 1983. p. 4D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33755107/quisenberry_ties_record_and_hillers/","url_text":"\"Quisenberry ties record, and Hiller's not surprised\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Holmes, Dan (March 15, 2015). \"A Timeline of Detroit Tigers' Closers\". VintageDetroit.com. Retrieved July 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vintagedetroit.com/blog/2015/03/15/a-timeline-of-detroit-tigers-closers/","url_text":"\"A Timeline of Detroit Tigers' Closers\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Hiller wins ERA title\". Battle Creek Enquirer and News. October 7, 1973. p. C3 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33751391/john_hiller_wins_era_title/","url_text":"\"John Hiller wins ERA title\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Single-Season Leaders & Records for Adjusted ERA+\". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/earned_run_avg_plus_season.shtml","url_text":"\"Single-Season Leaders & Records for Adjusted ERA+\""}]},{"reference":"\"1973 AL Pitching Leaders\". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1973-pitching-leaders.shtml","url_text":"\"1973 AL Pitching Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"The first goodbye: Old Yankee Stadium said farewell in 1973\". New York Daily News. September 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/baseball/yankees/goodbye-old-yankee-stadium-farewell-1973-article-1.323687","url_text":"\"The first goodbye: Old Yankee Stadium said farewell in 1973\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sports Mini-Profile: Death Was in the Batter's Box And the Count Was 3 and 2\". Hattiesburg American. April 14, 1974.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33752949/sports_miniprofile_death_was_in_the/","url_text":"\"Sports Mini-Profile: Death Was in the Batter's Box And the Count Was 3 and 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fireman of the Year Award / Reliever of the Year Award by The Sporting News\". Baseball Almanac. Archived from the original on March 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baseball-almanac.com/awards/aw_snfi.shtml","url_text":"\"Fireman of the Year Award / Reliever of the Year Award by The Sporting News\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150317212854/http://www.baseball-almanac.com/awards/aw_snfi.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hiller Wins Hutch Award\". Detroit Free Press. November 15, 1973. p. 4D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33752332/hiller_wins_hutch_award/","url_text":"\"Hiller Wins Hutch Award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Jim Hawkins (November 11, 1973). \"Hiller (Who Else?) Tiger of the Year\". Detroit Free Press. p. 2E – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33751983/writers_pick_hiller_for_mvp_award/","url_text":"\"Hiller (Who Else?) Tiger of the Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Hiller, Young Win Awards\". Lansing State Journal. October 26, 1972. p. C6 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33751836/hiller_young_win_awards/","url_text":"\"Hiller, Young Win Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Schechter, Gabriel. \"John Hiller's Amazing Comeback\". Baseball Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on February 25, 2006. Retrieved August 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060225224547/http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/library/columns/gs_050625.htm","url_text":"\"John Hiller's Amazing Comeback\""},{"url":"http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/library/columns/gs_050625.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hiller wins major 1974 heart award\". The Port Huron Times Herald. May 16, 1974. p. 1C – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33754169/hiller_wins_major_1974_heart_award/","url_text":"\"Hiller wins major 1974 heart award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"'I Finally Made It' – Palmer\". Lansing State Journal. November 7, 1973. p. C1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33752739/hiller_who_else_tiger_of_the_year/","url_text":"\"'I Finally Made It' – Palmer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Jackson unanimous MVP choice in AL\". The Sun (San Bernardino). November 14, 1973. p. D1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33753271/jackson_unanimous_mvp_choice_in_al/","url_text":"\"Jackson unanimous MVP choice in AL\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Heart Attack Victims Can Look To Hiller\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. January 13, 1976. p. D1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33770954/heart_attack_victims_can_look_to_hiller/","url_text":"\"Heart Attack Victims Can Look To Hiller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Jim Hawkins (July 3, 1974). \"Hiller Piling Up Relief Wins At Record Pace\". Detroit Free Press. p. 1D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33760348/hiller_piling_up_relief_wins_at_record/","url_text":"\"Hiller Piling Up Relief Wins At Record Pace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Jim Hawkins (July 18, 1974). \"Hiller Picked For AL Stars\". Detroit Free Press. p. 2D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33760468/hiller_picked_for_al_stars/","url_text":"\"Hiller Picked For AL Stars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Jim Hawkins (September 13, 1974). \"Hiller Busts Record With 17th Relief Win\". Detroit Free Press. p. 1D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33760214/hiller_busts_record_with_17th_relief_win/","url_text":"\"Hiller Busts Record With 17th Relief Win\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Hiller Does It Again! Tiger Reliefer [sic] Off To Fast Start\". The Ludington Daily News. May 9, 1975. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33767824/hiller_does_it_again/","url_text":"\"Hiller Does It Again! Tiger Reliefer [sic] Off To Fast Start\""}]},{"reference":"Jim Hawkins (July 25, 1975). \"Fire's Out! Hiller Rescues Coleman, 5–2\". Detroit Free Press. p. 1D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33769065/fires_out_hiller_rescues_coleman_52/","url_text":"\"Fire's Out! Hiller Rescues Coleman, 5–2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Jim Hawkins (July 27, 1975). \"Hiller Lost to Tigers for 21 Days\". Detroit Free Press. p. 1E – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33769277/hiller_lost_to_tigers_for_21_days/","url_text":"\"Hiller Lost to Tigers for 21 Days\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Hiller's Arm Still In Doubt\". Detroit Free Press. August 23, 1975. p. 4C – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33769394/hillers_arm_still_in_doubt/","url_text":"\"Hiller's Arm Still In Doubt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Hiller's Chomping at the Bit; Houk Won't Use Lefty, Yet\". Detroit Free Press. September 3, 1975. p. 3D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33769741/hillers_chomping_at_the_bit_houk/","url_text":"\"Hiller's Chomping at the Bit; Houk Won't Use Lefty, Yet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"1975 Detroit Tigers Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/DET/1975.shtml","url_text":"\"1975 Detroit Tigers Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Jim Hawkins (February 29, 1976). \"Where There's a Will . . . 'Manager' Hiller, Locked-Out Tigers Train on Own\". Detroit Free Press. p. 1D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33770196/where_theres_a_will__manager/","url_text":"\"Where There's a Will . . . 'Manager' Hiller, Locked-Out Tigers Train on Own\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Larry Paladino (March 30, 1976). \"Hairy situation: John Hiller of Tigers shaves head daily\". Battle Creek Enquirer and News (AP story). p. B3.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33770421/hairy_situation_john_hiller_of_tigers/","url_text":"\"Hairy situation: John Hiller of Tigers shaves head daily\""}]},{"reference":"\"Think John Hiller's Worried? You Bet He Is\". Detroit Free Press. May 23, 1976. p. 5E – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33769993/think_john_hillers_worried_you_bet_he/","url_text":"\"Think John Hiller's Worried? You Bet He Is\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Richard L. Shook (May 21, 1976). \"What's Wrong With Hiller? The Answer Is . . . Nothing\". The Ludington Daily News (UPI story). p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33771281/whats_wrong_with_hiller_the_answer/","url_text":"\"What's Wrong With Hiller? The Answer Is . . . Nothing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"1976 Detroit Tigers Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/DET/1976.shtml","url_text":"\"1976 Detroit Tigers Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hiller Tosses Four-Hitter In 1st Start Since '72\". The Ludington Daily News. October 2, 1976. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33771495/hiller_tosses_fourhitter_in_1st_start/","url_text":"\"Hiller Tosses Four-Hitter In 1st Start Since '72\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Deal Probably Best for Me – Horton\". Detroit Free Press. April 13, 1977. p. 1D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/30500949/texas_deal_probably_best_for_me/","url_text":"\"Texas Deal Probably Best for Me – Horton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Houk's No. 1 stopper now: It's Foucault\". Detroit Free Press. May 17, 1977. p. 1D.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"1977 Detroit Tigers Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/DET/1977.shtml","url_text":"\"1977 Detroit Tigers Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Jim Hawkins (September 28, 1977). \"Hiller Has Liver Ailment\". Detroit Free Press. p. 3D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33772207/hiller_has_liver_ailment/","url_text":"\"Hiller Has Liver Ailment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"1978 Detroit Tigers Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/DET/1978.shtml","url_text":"\"1978 Detroit Tigers Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tigers' Hiller gets his day in the sun\". Detroit Free Press. June 25, 1978. p. 1E – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33772759/tigers_hiller_gets_his_day_in_the_sun/","url_text":"\"Tigers' Hiller gets his day in the sun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"1978 Detroit Tigers Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/DET/1978.shtml","url_text":"\"1978 Detroit Tigers Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Brian Bragg (August 28, 1979). \"Hiller through for the year\". Detroit Free Press. p. 4E – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33766993/hiller_through_for_the_year/","url_text":"\"Hiller through for the year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Brian Bragg (August 30, 1979). \"What a relief! Hiller plans Tiger return\". Detroit Free Press. pp. 1D, 7D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33767145/what_a_relief_hiller_plans_tiger_return/","url_text":"\"What a relief! Hiller plans Tiger return\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Jack Dulmage (April 30, 1980). \"Tigers waiting to get off the ground\". The Windsor Star. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33767395/tigers_waiting_to_get_off_the_ground/","url_text":"\"Tigers waiting to get off the ground\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Tiger pitching leaders of the 1970s\". Detroit Free Press. April 13, 1980. p. 33 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33762758/tigers_leaders_of_the_1970s/","url_text":"\"Tiger pitching leaders of the 1970s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Brian Bragg (May 31, 1980). \"Hiller calls it quits as Tiger hurler\". Detroit Free Press. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33763333/hiller_calls_it_quits_as_tiger_hurler/","url_text":"\"Hiller calls it quits as Tiger hurler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Hiller: His story was distinctive, and so too his place in Detroit\". Detroit Free Press. June 3, 1980. p. 8A – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33762996/hiller_his_story_was_distinctive_and/","url_text":"\"Hiller: His story was distinctive, and so too his place in Detroit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Anne Tobik (September 8, 1985). \"Hiller to coach Tigers' farm arms\". Detroit Free Press. p. 3D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33772419/hiller_to_coach_tigers_farm_arms/","url_text":"\"Hiller to coach Tigers' farm arms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Farm club: Ex-Tiger Hiller settles in the UP as Felch's ace pitcher\". Detroit Free Press. May 13, 1982. p. 1F – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33773459/farm_club_extiger_hiller_settles_in/","url_text":"\"Farm club: Ex-Tiger Hiller settles in the UP as Felch's ace pitcher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Hiller finds paradise in small-town lifestyle\". Detroit Free Press. August 6, 1983. p. 2D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5923746/john_hiller_on_his_retirement_in_felch/","url_text":"\"Hiller finds paradise in small-town lifestyle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Jerry Green (January 5, 1997). \"Hiller a specialist in fine art of survival\". The Detroit News. p. 2D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33755797/hiller_a_specialist_in_fine_art_of/","url_text":"\"Hiller a specialist in fine art of survival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Peter J. Wallner (July 26, 2017). \"Heart attack 46 years ago still impacts ex-Tigers pitcher John Hiller\". Mlive.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlive.com/whitecaps/2017/07/heart_attack_46_years_ago_stil.html","url_text":"\"Heart attack 46 years ago still impacts ex-Tigers pitcher John Hiller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlive.com","url_text":"Mlive.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Hiller Returns To Baseball As Tiger Coach\". The Herald-Palladium (AP story). March 20, 1986. p. 23 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33775100/hiller_returns_to_baseball_as_tiger/","url_text":"\"Hiller Returns To Baseball As Tiger Coach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Whatever happened to . . . John Hiller\". Detroit Free Press. May 7, 1986. p. 5D – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33774047/whatever_happened_to__john_hiller/","url_text":"\"Whatever happened to . . . John Hiller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"John Hiller\". Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved July 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://baseballhalloffame.ca/blog/2009/05/08/john-hiller/","url_text":"\"John Hiller\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Frederick Hiller\". Michigan Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://michigansportshof.org/inductee/john-frederick-hiller/","url_text":"\"John Frederick Hiller\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Hiller\". Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportshall.ca/hall-of-famers/hall-of-famers-search.html?proID=247&lang=EN","url_text":"\"John Hiller\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Hall call' for former Tigers great John Hiller\". Iron Mountain Daily News. September 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ironmountaindailynews.com/sports/local-sports/2017/09/hall-call-for-former-tigers-great/","url_text":"\"'Hall call' for former Tigers great John Hiller\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Hiller\". Ontario Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved December 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ontariosportshalloffame.com/john-hiller/","url_text":"\"John Hiller\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Montanari
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Richard Montanari
|
["1 Publishing history","1.1 Cleveland Series","1.2 Philadelphia Series","1.3 Other works","2 References","3 External links"]
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American crime writer (born 1952)This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Richard MontanariBorn (1952-12-06) December 6, 1952 (age 71)Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.NationalityAmericanPeriod1995–presentGenreCrime fiction, mystery, thrillerNotable worksDeviant Way, The Violet Hour, Kiss of Evil, The Rosary Girls, The Skin Gods, Merciless, Badlands, The Devil's Garden, The Echo ManNotable awardsOnline Mystery Award – Best First Mystery 1995 Deviant Way Websiterichardmontanari.com
Richard Montanari (born December 6, 1952) is an American crime writer who debuted with his novel Deviant Way, published by Simon & Schuster, in 1995. It won the Online Mystery Award (OLMA) for Best First Mystery. He has since published seven more novels, which are now available in almost 30 languages.
In 2005 he began his Philadelphia crime series with The Rosary Girls, a police procedural thriller set inside the homicide unit of the Philadelphia Police Department, introducing detectives Kevin Byrne and Jessica Balzano.
Montanari was born in Northeast Ohio, where he still resides.
Publishing history
Cleveland Series
Deviant Ways (1995)
Kiss of Evil (2001)
In 1995 Montanari wrote Deviant Way, introducing Cleveland Police Department homicide detective John Paris. The story, a suspense novel chronicling a pair of thrill killers, earned him a two-book deal from Michael Korda at Simon & Schuster. In 2001 Montanari published the sequel, Kiss of Evil. Both novels have been published worldwide, and were recently reissued by Random House UK.
Philadelphia Series
The Rosary Girls (2005)
The Skin Gods (2006)
Merciless (2007) (UK title Broken Angels) (2007)
Badlands (UK title Play Dead) (2008)
The Echo Man (2011)
The Killing Room (2012)
The Stolen Ones (2013)
The Doll Maker (2014)
Shutter Man (2015)
Set inside the homicide unit of the Philadelphia Police Department, these novels include the alternating narratives of veteran police detective Kevin Francis Byrne, and his younger partner Jessica Balzano.
The stories, which "possess a psychological depth all too rare in such fiction" (Publishers Weekly), also include other recurring characters, most notably Detective Joshua Bontrager, who was, at one time, a member of the Amish church. This series is published in France by Le Cherche Midi, in Italy by Editrice Nord, in Germany by Verlagsgruppe Lübbe, and in Denmark by People's Press.
Other works
In addition to his crime series, Montanari has penned two stand-alone novels. In 1998 he published The Violet Hour, a thriller featuring freelance writer Nicky Stella. In 2009 he published The Devil’s Garden, a psychological thriller introducing New York District Attorney Michael Roman.
As a journalist Montanari has written essays, profiles, articles, and both film and literary criticism in more than 200 publications, including The Chicago Tribune, Detroit Free Press, The Seattle Times, The Plain Dealer, and many others.
According to a 1997 interview published in Volume XI, Issue 4 of Ohio Writer, Montanari's first screenplay "The Skin Gods" made it as far as the 1996 quarter-finals of the Nicholl Fellowship in Screenwriting Awards. The novel of the same name was published in 2003.
References
"Interview, Richard Montanari" Book Reporter 2006
"Interview, Richard Montanari" Chris High, Crime Time Magazine 2007
"Interview, Richard Montanari" Shots Magazine 2009
External links
Richard Montanari website
Richard Montanari at Random House US
Richard Montanari at Random House UK
The Rosary Girls mini-site
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Japan
Czech Republic
Korea
Netherlands
Poland
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon & Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster"},{"link_name":"Online Mystery Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Online_Mystery_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"The Rosary Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rosary_Girls&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Northeast Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"}],"text":"Richard Montanari (born December 6, 1952) is an American crime writer who debuted with his novel Deviant Way, published by Simon & Schuster, in 1995. It won the Online Mystery Award (OLMA) for Best First Mystery. He has since published seven more novels, which are now available in almost 30 languages.In 2005 he began his Philadelphia crime series with The Rosary Girls, a police procedural thriller set inside the homicide unit of the Philadelphia Police Department, introducing detectives Kevin Byrne and Jessica Balzano.Montanari was born in Northeast Ohio, where he still resides.","title":"Richard Montanari"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publishing history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deviant Ways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviant_Ways"},{"link_name":"Kiss of Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiss_of_Evil_(Book)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Michael Korda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Korda"},{"link_name":"Simon & Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster"},{"link_name":"Random House UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House"}],"sub_title":"Cleveland Series","text":"Deviant Ways (1995)\nKiss of Evil (2001)In 1995 Montanari wrote Deviant Way, introducing Cleveland Police Department homicide detective John Paris. The story, a suspense novel chronicling a pair of thrill killers, earned him a two-book deal from Michael Korda at Simon & Schuster. In 2001 Montanari published the sequel, Kiss of Evil. Both novels have been published worldwide, and were recently reissued by Random House UK.","title":"Publishing history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Publishers Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Amish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish"}],"sub_title":"Philadelphia Series","text":"The Rosary Girls (2005)\nThe Skin Gods (2006)\nMerciless (2007) (UK title Broken Angels) (2007)\nBadlands (UK title Play Dead) (2008)\nThe Echo Man (2011)\nThe Killing Room (2012)\nThe Stolen Ones (2013)\nThe Doll Maker (2014)\nShutter Man (2015)Set inside the homicide unit of the Philadelphia Police Department, these novels include the alternating narratives of veteran police detective Kevin Francis Byrne, and his younger partner Jessica Balzano.The stories, which \"possess a psychological depth all too rare in such fiction\" (Publishers Weekly), also include other recurring characters, most notably Detective Joshua Bontrager, who was, at one time, a member of the Amish church. This series is published in France by Le Cherche Midi, in Italy by Editrice Nord, in Germany by Verlagsgruppe Lübbe, and in Denmark by People's Press.","title":"Publishing history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York District Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_District_Attorney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Detroit Free Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press"},{"link_name":"The Seattle Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times"},{"link_name":"The Plain Dealer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer"}],"sub_title":"Other works","text":"In addition to his crime series, Montanari has penned two stand-alone novels. In 1998 he published The Violet Hour, a thriller featuring freelance writer Nicky Stella. In 2009 he published The Devil’s Garden, a psychological thriller introducing New York District Attorney Michael Roman.As a journalist Montanari has written essays, profiles, articles, and both film and literary criticism in more than 200 publications, including The Chicago Tribune, Detroit Free Press, The Seattle Times, The Plain Dealer, and many others.According to a 1997 interview published in Volume XI, Issue 4 of Ohio Writer, Montanari's first screenplay \"The Skin Gods\" made it as far as the 1996 quarter-finals of the Nicholl Fellowship in Screenwriting Awards. The novel of the same name was published in 2003.","title":"Publishing history"}]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knocknahunshin
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Knocknahunshin
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 54°21′00″N 7°47′46″W / 54.350°N 7.796°W / 54.350; -7.79654°21′00″N 7°47′46″W / 54.350°N 7.796°W / 54.350; -7.796
Knocknahunshin (from Irish Cnoc na hUinseann 'the hill of the ash trees'), is a townland in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. It is in the civil parish of Boho, in between the townlands of Glenkeel and Reyfad. Within this area are the sub-townlands of Arduagh, Carricknamulloge (from Irish Carraig na Mullóige), Carricknine, Horse Rock, Legloughra, Owneyglas, Silkins and Sterrickinard.
This area is mentioned as far back as 1672 as "K:nahinshina" in the Barony of Magheraboy. Later on, in 1834, it was referred to by its Irish name of Cnoc na h-Uinnsean meaning "ridge of the ash trees".
See also
List of townlands in County Fermanagh
References
^ a b Boho Heritage Organisation (2009). Edel Bannon; Louise Mclaughlin; Cecilia Flanagan (eds.). Boho Heritage: A treasure trove of history and lore. Nicholson & Bass Ltd, Mallusk, Northern Ireland. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-9560607-0-9.
^ Journal of the Ulster Place-name Society Index of Contents. AINM - I-VIII Liam Ó Paircín
^ a b Place Names NI - Townland of Knocknahunshin
vtePlaces in County FermanaghList of places in County FermanaghTowns
Enniskillen
Villagesand townlands
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This article related to the geography of County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Act_1831
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Game Act 1831
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["1 Game covered","2 Game licences","3 Gamekeepers","4 Other birds","5 Notes","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"]
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United Kingdom legislationGame Act 1831Parliament of the United KingdomLong titleAn Act to amend the Laws in England relative to Game.Citation1 & 2 Will. 4. c. 32Territorial extent nothing in this Act contained shall extend to Scotland or IrelandDatesRoyal assent5 October 1831Commencement1 November 1831Other legislationRepeals/revokesGame Act 1710Status: AmendedText of statute as originally enactedText of the Game Act 1831 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.
The Game Act 1831 (1 & 2 Will. 4. c. 32) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which was passed to protect game birds by establishing a close season during which they could not be legally taken. The Act also established the need for game licences and the appointing of gamekeepers. It has covered the protection of game birds to this day.
Game covered
The Game Act designated certain species as game birds and their open season, when they may be shot:
Red grouse (Moor Game), 12 August – 10 December
Black grouse (Black Game), 20 August – 10 December
Pheasant, 1 October – 1 February
Partridge, 1 September – 1 February
As well as adhering to the seasons, game may not be taken on Sundays or Christmas Day.
The great bustard was protected under this Act, with its open season decided as 1 September to 1 March. This protection was little use, however, as the great bustard became extinct in Great Britain in the 1830s. It is currently part of a reintroduction programme.
Capercaillie are not protected in this Act, as they were extinct in Britain at the time. They were reintroduced to Scotland in 1837.
Brown hares are mentioned in the act but have no closed season. Two Hares Acts were passed in the 19th century. The first, in 1848, removed the requirement for a game certificate for occupiers to kill hares, regulated where hunting could take place, and the banned of baiting with poison. The second, in 1892, among other things, prohibited the sale of hare meat between March and July, which is the animals' breeding season.
Game licences
The Act made it lawful to take game only with the provision of a game licence. Also, it made an excise licence necessary to deal with game.
The Game Act 1831 protects game birds in England and Wales.
Game licences were abolished in England and Wales on 1 August 2007, as well as the need for game dealers licences, and the law changed to allow selling game, except hare, year round. In Northern Ireland, game licences and game dealing licences were abolished on 13 June 2011. In Scotland, game licences and game dealing licences were abolished on 29 June 2011.
Gamekeepers
The Act listed requirements on the appointment of gamekeepers and on the issuing of a gamekeepers licence on an estate.
Other birds
Although it is not included in this Act, a game licence was required to shoot woodcock and common snipe until 1 August 2007. Wildfowl are protected and their close seasons are stated in the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.
Notes
^ The provisions of the Game Act 1831 regarding game dealing licences were subsequently extended across the United Kingdom by section 13 of the Game Licences Act 1860.
References
^ The citation of this Act by this short title was authorised by the Short Titles Act 1896, section 1 and the first schedule. Due to the repeal of those provisions it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the Interpretation Act 1978.
^ "Game Licences Act 1860: Section 13", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 13 August 1860, 1860 c. 90 (s. 13), retrieved 16 February 2024
^ The Game Act 1831, section 1
^ "Hares Act 1848". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
^ "Hares Preservation Act 1892". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
^ "Game Licences". Defra. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007.
^ "The Regulatory Reform (Game) Order 2007", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 12 July 2007, SI 2007/2007, retrieved 16 February 2024
^ "Hares Preservation Act 1892: Section 2", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 20 May 1892, 1892 c. 8 (s. 2), retrieved 16 February 2024
^ Northern Ireland Assembly. Wildlife and Natural Environment Act (Northern Ireland) 2011 as amended (see also enacted form), from legislation.gov.uk.
^ Northern Ireland Assembly. The Wildlife and Natural Environment (2011 Act) (Commencement No.1) Order (Northern Ireland) 2011 as amended (see also as made), from legislation.gov.uk.
^ Scottish Parliament. Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Act 2011 as amended (see also enacted form), from legislation.gov.uk.
^ "Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Bill, Explanatory Notes" (PDF). Scottish Parliament. 9 June 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2024. The game licensing regime is repealed and not replaced... It is also proposed that the current restriction on when game can be sold is removed.
Sources
Halsbury's Statutes of England. Third Edition. Butterworths. London. 1969. Volume 14. Pages 448 to 469.
"The Game Act, 1831". Halsbury's Statutes of England. (The Complete Statutes of England). First Edition. 1929. Volume 8: . Page 1066.
J M Lely. "The Game Act, 1831". The Statutes of Practical Utility. (Chitty's Statutes). Fifth Edition. Sweet and Maxwell. Stevens and Sons. London. 1894. Volume 4. Title "Game". Pages 5 to 23.
Welsby and Beavan. Chitty's Collection of Statutes, with Notes thereon. Third Edition. Henry Sweet. Stevens and Sons. London. 1865. Volume 2. Title "Game". Pages 234 to 249.
James Paterson. "Game Act". The Game Laws of the United Kingdom. Shaw and Sons. London. 1861. Pages 1 to 83.
John Locke. The Game Laws. Second Edition. Shaw and Sons. London. 1840. Pages 1 to 60. Fourth Edition. 1856. Pages 93 to 178.
William Gurdon. "New Game Act". The Statutes in Force Relating to the Preserving and Killing of Game. Saunders and Benning. London. 1839. Pages 47 to 99.
John Collyer. The Criminal Statutes of England. Printed for S Sweet. London. Printed for W Wrightson. Birmingham. 1832. Pages 698 to 711. Note is at pages 710 and 711.
A F Jenkin. "The Game Act, 1831". The Law Relating to Parish Councils. Knight & Co. London. 1894. Pages 396 to 398.
Pudney v Eccles (1892) 17 Cox CC 594
External links
Defra Game Birds
Text of the Game Act 1831 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.
vteGame animals and shooting in the United KingdomGame birds
Common pheasant
Grey partridge
Red-legged partridge
Red grouse
Rock ptarmigan
Black grouse1
Eurasian woodcock
Common snipe
Quarry species
Mallard
Teal
Wood pigeon
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Other quarry
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European rabbit
Opponents
League Against Cruel Sports
Animal Aid
Law
Game Act 1831
Hunting Act 2004
See also
British Association for Shooting and Conservation
Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom
Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust
Countryside Alliance
Driven grouse shooting
Glorious Twelfth
Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom
Deer stalking
Deer forest
1 Rarely shot because of declining numbers.
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This protection was little use, however, as the great bustard became extinct in Great Britain in the 1830s. It is currently part of a reintroduction programme.Capercaillie are not protected in this Act, as they were extinct in Britain at the time. They were reintroduced to Scotland in 1837.Brown hares are mentioned in the act but have no closed season. Two Hares Acts were passed in the 19th century. 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Also, it made an excise licence necessary to deal with game.[6]The Game Act 1831 protects game birds in England and Wales.Game licences were abolished in England and Wales on 1 August 2007, as well as the need for game dealers licences, and the law changed to allow selling game, except hare, year round.[7][8] In Northern Ireland, game licences and game dealing licences were abolished on 13 June 2011.[9][10] In Scotland, game licences and game dealing licences were abolished on 29 June 2011.[11][12]","title":"Game licences"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Act listed requirements on the appointment of gamekeepers and on the issuing of a gamekeepers licence on an estate.","title":"Gamekeepers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"woodcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_woodcock"},{"link_name":"common snipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_snipe"},{"link_name":"Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_and_Countryside_Act_1981"}],"text":"Although it is not included in this Act, a game licence was required to shoot woodcock and common snipe until 1 August 2007. Wildfowl are protected and their close seasons are stated in the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.","title":"Other birds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"^ The provisions of the Game Act 1831 regarding game dealing licences were subsequently extended across the United Kingdom by section 13 of the Game Licences Act 1860.[2]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volume 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=w4JQAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=7IhQAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Cj9LAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=oIYaAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=NpgvAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA11-PA5"},{"link_name":"234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=eDc1AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA234"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=i4xhAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=f3pjAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR58-IA1"},{"link_name":"93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DHUZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA93"},{"link_name":"47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HnNjAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA47"},{"link_name":"698","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-3RjAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA689"},{"link_name":"396","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZRROAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA396"},{"link_name":"594","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wvkfAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA594"}],"text":"Halsbury's Statutes of England. Third Edition. Butterworths. London. 1969. Volume 14. Pages 448 to 469.\n\"The Game Act, 1831\". Halsbury's Statutes of England. (The Complete Statutes of England). First Edition. 1929. Volume 8: [1] [2] [3]. Page 1066.\nJ M Lely. \"The Game Act, 1831\". The Statutes of Practical Utility. (Chitty's Statutes). Fifth Edition. Sweet and Maxwell. Stevens and Sons. London. 1894. Volume 4. Title \"Game\". Pages 5 to 23.\nWelsby and Beavan. Chitty's Collection of Statutes, with Notes thereon. Third Edition. Henry Sweet. Stevens and Sons. London. 1865. Volume 2. Title \"Game\". Pages 234 to 249.\nJames Paterson. \"Game Act\". The Game Laws of the United Kingdom. Shaw and Sons. London. 1861. Pages 1 to 83.\nJohn Locke. The Game Laws. Second Edition. Shaw and Sons. London. 1840. Pages 1 to 60. Fourth Edition. 1856. Pages 93 to 178.\nWilliam Gurdon. \"New Game Act\". The Statutes in Force Relating to the Preserving and Killing of Game. Saunders and Benning. London. 1839. Pages 47 to 99.\nJohn Collyer. The Criminal Statutes of England. Printed for S Sweet. London. Printed for W Wrightson. Birmingham. 1832. Pages 698 to 711. Note is at pages 710 and 711.\nA F Jenkin. \"The Game Act, 1831\". The Law Relating to Parish Councils. Knight & Co. London. 1894. Pages 396 to 398.\nPudney v Eccles (1892) 17 Cox CC 594","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Game Act 1831 protects game birds in England and Wales.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Phasianus_colchicus_2_tom_%28Lukasz_Lukasik%29.jpg/220px-Phasianus_colchicus_2_tom_%28Lukasz_Lukasik%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Game Licences Act 1860: Section 13\", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 13 August 1860, 1860 c. 90 (s. 13), retrieved 16 February 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1860/90/section/13/","url_text":"\"Game Licences Act 1860: Section 13\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk","url_text":"legislation.gov.uk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Hares Act 1848\". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1848/29/enacted","url_text":"\"Hares Act 1848\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hares Preservation Act 1892\". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/55-56/8/contents","url_text":"\"Hares Preservation Act 1892\""}]},{"reference":"\"Game Licences\". Defra. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070702102728/http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/vertebrates/game-licences.htm","url_text":"\"Game Licences\""},{"url":"http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/vertebrates/game-licences.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Regulatory Reform (Game) Order 2007\", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 12 July 2007, SI 2007/2007, retrieved 16 February 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/2007/made","url_text":"\"The Regulatory Reform (Game) Order 2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk","url_text":"legislation.gov.uk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Hares Preservation Act 1892: Section 2\", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 20 May 1892, 1892 c. 8 (s. 2), retrieved 16 February 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1892/8/section/2/","url_text":"\"Hares Preservation Act 1892: Section 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk","url_text":"legislation.gov.uk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Bill, Explanatory Notes\" (PDF). Scottish Parliament. 9 June 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2024. The game licensing regime is repealed and not replaced... It is also proposed that the current restriction on when game can be sold is removed.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive2021.parliament.scot/S3_Bills/Wildlife%20and%20Natural%20Environment%20(Scotland)%20Bill/b52s3-introd-ex.pdf","url_text":"\"Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Bill, Explanatory Notes\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Will4/1-2/32/enacted","external_links_name":"Text of statute as originally enacted"},{"Link":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/id?title=Game+Act+1831","external_links_name":"Text of the Game Act 1831"},{"Link":"https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1860/90/section/13/","external_links_name":"\"Game Licences Act 1860: Section 13\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_K4uAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA143","external_links_name":"section 1"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1848/29/enacted","external_links_name":"\"Hares Act 1848\""},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/55-56/8/contents","external_links_name":"\"Hares Preservation Act 1892\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070702102728/http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/vertebrates/game-licences.htm","external_links_name":"\"Game Licences\""},{"Link":"http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/vertebrates/game-licences.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/2007/made","external_links_name":"\"The Regulatory Reform (Game) Order 2007\""},{"Link":"https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1892/8/section/2/","external_links_name":"\"Hares Preservation Act 1892: Section 2\""},{"Link":"http://legislation.gov.uk/nia/2011/15","external_links_name":"Wildlife and Natural Environment Act (Northern Ireland) 2011"},{"Link":"http://legislation.gov.uk/nia/2011/15/enacted","external_links_name":"enacted form"},{"Link":"http://legislation.gov.uk/nisr/2011/215","external_links_name":"The Wildlife and Natural Environment (2011 Act) (Commencement No.1) Order (Northern Ireland) 2011"},{"Link":"http://legislation.gov.uk/nisr/2011/215/made","external_links_name":"as made"},{"Link":"http://legislation.gov.uk/asp/2011/6","external_links_name":"Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Act 2011"},{"Link":"http://legislation.gov.uk/asp/2011/6/enacted","external_links_name":"enacted form"},{"Link":"https://archive2021.parliament.scot/S3_Bills/Wildlife%20and%20Natural%20Environment%20(Scotland)%20Bill/b52s3-introd-ex.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Bill, Explanatory Notes\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w4JQAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Volume 14"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7IhQAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Cj9LAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oIYaAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NpgvAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA11-PA5","external_links_name":"5"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eDc1AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA234","external_links_name":"234"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i4xhAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1","external_links_name":"1"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f3pjAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR58-IA1","external_links_name":"1"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DHUZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA93","external_links_name":"93"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HnNjAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA47","external_links_name":"47"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-3RjAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA689","external_links_name":"698"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRROAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA396","external_links_name":"396"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wvkfAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA594","external_links_name":"594"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070702100816/http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/vertebrates/gamebird.htm","external_links_name":"Defra Game Birds"},{"Link":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1831/32","external_links_name":"Text of the Game Act 1831"},{"Link":"https://id.parliament.uk/6G0ZzTxB","external_links_name":"UK Parliament"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_Productions
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Arcadia Productions
|
["1 Arcadia's repertory","2 Notes","3 External links"]
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Italian theatre companyArcadia Productions is the largest English-speaking theatre company in Italy. The company was formed as 'La Nuova Arcadia' in 1991, and changed its name and legal status in 2000, becoming Arcadia Productions s.a.s. Arcadia is co-directed by Graham Spicer and Carlo Orlandi. The majority of the company's work is for schools, which form 97% of its public. Arcadia is part of the Teatro per Ragazzi (Children's Theatre) network in the province of Lombardy. Arcadia currently has 9 productions in its repertoire, and adds a new production at the beginning most seasons.
The company's offices are in Milan, where the premières of all new productions take place, and where the company is in residence for 10 weeks each season. Though primarily a touring company, Arcadia has two bases in Milan: the Teatro San Carlo (490 seats) opposite Santa Maria delle Grazie which houses Leonardo da Vinci's 'The Last Supper'; and Teatro La Creta (400 seats) on the western outskirts of the city. The touring schedule takes Arcadia to most of the important cities and theatres in the north and central parts of Italy: Turin, Bergamo, Brescia, Verona, Vicenza, Padua, Udine, Pordenone, Firenze, Bologna, Imperia, Rome, Lecco, Monza and Novara. Historic theatres included in the season are the in Novara, the in Cremona, and the Teatro Fraschini in Pavia.
Arcadia's repertory
All productions are written by Graham Spicer and designed by Carlo Orlandi.
2011 I Love London (new version)
2008 Robbie the Robot
2007 The Great Britain Show
2006 William and the Sea People
2005 The Time Machine
2003 The Shakespeare Show
2001 Storybook
2000 Frankenstein
1999 William the Conqueror
1998 Shakespeare & Co.
1996 I Love London
1994 Stepping Out
1992 Tea For Two
Notes
^ Agis Lombarda Archived February 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ Sipario Repertory Presentation Archived January 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ Comune di Milano, theatre portal
^ Teatro Coccia Archived April 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ Teatro Ponchielli
^ Teatro Coccia Novara Presentation Archived February 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ Fondazione Teatro Ragazzi e Giovani Onlus
^ "Comune di Novara". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
^ "Teatro Giuditta Pasta Saronno Presentation". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
External links
Arcadia Productions website
Sipario - monthly theatre publication (list of Italian Theatre Companies)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria delle Grazie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_(Milan)"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"The Last Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Supper"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Bergamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergamo"},{"link_name":"Brescia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brescia"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"},{"link_name":"Vicenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicenza"},{"link_name":"Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua"},{"link_name":"Udine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udine"},{"link_name":"Pordenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pordenone"},{"link_name":"Firenze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"Imperia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperia"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Lecco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecco"},{"link_name":"Monza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza"},{"link_name":"Novara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novara"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Novara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novara"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cremona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremona"},{"link_name":"Teatro Fraschini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.teatrofraschini.it/"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia"}],"text":"Arcadia Productions is the largest English-speaking theatre company in Italy. The company was formed as 'La Nuova Arcadia' in 1991, and changed its name and legal status in 2000, becoming Arcadia Productions s.a.s. Arcadia is co-directed by Graham Spicer and Carlo Orlandi. The majority of the company's work is for schools, which form 97% of its public. Arcadia is part of the Teatro per Ragazzi (Children's Theatre) network in the province of Lombardy.[1] Arcadia currently has 9 productions in its repertoire, and adds a new production at the beginning most seasons.[2]The company's offices are in Milan,[3] where the premières of all new productions take place, and where the company is in residence for 10 weeks each season. Though primarily a touring company, Arcadia has two bases in Milan: the Teatro San Carlo (490 seats) opposite Santa Maria delle Grazie which houses Leonardo da Vinci's 'The Last Supper'; and Teatro La Creta (400 seats) on the western outskirts of the city. The touring schedule takes Arcadia to most of the important cities and theatres in the north and central parts of Italy: Turin, Bergamo, Brescia, Verona, Vicenza, Padua, Udine, Pordenone, Firenze, Bologna, Imperia, Rome, Lecco, Monza and Novara. Historic theatres included in the season are the [4] in Novara, the [5] in Cremona, and the Teatro Fraschini in Pavia.","title":"Arcadia Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"All productions are written by Graham Spicer and designed by Carlo Orlandi.2011 I Love London (new version)\n2008 Robbie the Robot\n2007 The Great Britain Show\n2006 William and the Sea People\n2005 The Time Machine[6][7][8]\n2003 The Shakespeare Show\n2001 Storybook\n2000 Frankenstein[9]\n1999 William the Conqueror\n1998 Shakespeare & Co.\n1996 I Love London\n1994 Stepping Out\n1992 Tea For Two","title":"Arcadia's repertory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Agis Lombarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lombardiaspettacolo.com/teatro/ragaz_tm.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090202104910/http://www.lombardiaspettacolo.com/teatro/ragaz_tm.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Sipario Repertory Presentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sipariospazioarte.it/arcadia.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080105113327/http://www.sipariospazioarte.it/arcadia.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Comune di Milano, theatre portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/contentlibrary/Milano/Milano/Cultura+ed+Eventi/Teatro/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Teatro Coccia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fondazioneteatrococcia.it/index2.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090417142637/http://www.fondazioneteatrococcia.it/index2.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Teatro Ponchielli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.teatroponchielli.it/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Teatro Coccia Novara Presentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fondazioneteatrococcia.it/ragazzi09_timemachine.asp"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100213174330/http://www.fondazioneteatrococcia.it/ragazzi09_timemachine.asp"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Fondazione Teatro Ragazzi e Giovani Onlus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fondazionetrg.it/progettotrgp/teatro_scuola/novara.html"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Comune di Novara\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160303172016/http://www.comune.novara.it/comune/comunicati/viewComunicato.php?nomeFile=comunicati%2F2008%2Fcs20081027_804560"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.comune.novara.it/comune/comunicati/viewComunicato.php?nomeFile=comunicati%2F2008%2Fcs20081027_804560"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Teatro Giuditta Pasta Saronno Presentation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110722054036/http://www.teatrogiudittapasta.it/eventi_evento.asp?EVE_ID=44&EVCAT_ID=4&EVTIP_ID=2"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.teatrogiudittapasta.it/eventi_evento.asp?EVE_ID=44&EVCAT_ID=4&EVTIP_ID=2"}],"text":"^ Agis Lombarda Archived February 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Sipario Repertory Presentation Archived January 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Comune di Milano, theatre portal\n\n^ Teatro Coccia Archived April 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Teatro Ponchielli\n\n^ Teatro Coccia Novara Presentation Archived February 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Fondazione Teatro Ragazzi e Giovani Onlus[permanent dead link]\n\n^ \"Comune di Novara\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2018-11-07.\n\n^ \"Teatro Giuditta Pasta Saronno Presentation\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-05-10.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bellinger_Bulloch
|
William B. Bulloch
|
["1 Biography","2 References"]
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American politician (1777–1852)
"Senator Bulloch" redirects here. For the Georgia State Senate member, see John Bulloch (politician).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "William B. Bulloch" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
William Bellinger BullochUnited States Senatorfrom GeorgiaIn officeApril 8, 1813 – November 6, 1813Appointed byDavid Brydie MitchellPreceded byWilliam H. CrawfordSucceeded byWilliam Wyatt BibbMember of the Georgia SenateMember of the Georgia House of Representatives
Personal detailsBorn1777Savannah, GeorgiaDiedMay 6, 1852 (aged 74–75)Savannah, GeorgiaPolitical partyDemocratic-Republican
William Bellinger Bulloch (1777 – May 6, 1852) was an American Senator from Georgia. He was the youngest son of Archibald Bulloch, uncle to James Stephens Bulloch, granduncle to James Dunwoody Bulloch, Martha Bulloch Roosevelt, and Irvine Stephens Bulloch, great-granduncle to President Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. and Elliott Roosevelt, and great-great-granduncle to First Lady of the United States Eleanor Roosevelt.
Biography
Bulloch was born in Savannah, Georgia, the youngest son of Archibald Bulloch, who died the same year. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in Savannah in 1797. In 1804, he was appointed United States district attorney. He was elected as mayor of Savannah in 1812 and alderman in 1814.
During the War of 1812, he served in the Savannah Heavy Artillery, a militia unit charged with defending the Georgia coast.
After the war, he served in a series of political positions in Georgia: solicitor general of the State, collector of customs, Georgia House of Representatives and the Georgia Senate. He was appointed as a Democratic-Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy left by the resignation of William H. Crawford and served from April 8, 1813, until November 6, 1813, when successor William Wyatt Bibb was elected.
Additionally, he was one of the founders of the State Bank of Georgia and served as its president from 1816 to 1843.
He owned a number of slaves. In 1830, he owned 7 slaves. In 1840, he owned 20 slaves. In 1850, he owned 44 slaves.
Bulloch died in Savannah in 1852 and was buried in Laurel Grove Cemetery in that same city.
References
^ Northen, William J. (1906). Men of Mark in Georgia. Atlanta: A.B. Caldwell. p. 172. Retrieved 21 October 2016. william bellinger bulloch.
^ 1830 United States Census, United States census, 1830; Savannah Anson Ward, Chatham, Georgia;. Retrieved on 6 March 2016.
^ 1840 United States Census, United States census, 1840; Savannah, Chatham, Georgia;. Retrieved on 6 March 2016.
^ 1850 United States Census, Slave Schedules, United States census, 1850; District 13, Chatham, Georgia;. Retrieved on 6 March 2016.
United States Congress. "William B. Bulloch (id: B001051)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
Political offices
Preceded byJohn Williamson
Mayor of Savannah 1809-1811
Succeeded byThomas Mendenhall
Preceded byThomas Mendenhall
Mayor of Savannah 1811-1812
Succeeded byGeorge Jones
U.S. Senate
Preceded byWilliam H. Crawford
U.S. senator (Class 2) from Georgia April 8, 1813–November 6, 1813 Served alongside: Charles Tait
Succeeded byWilliam W. Bibb
vteUnited States senators from GeorgiaClass 2
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This article about a mayor in Georgia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Escart%C3%ADn
|
Pedro Escartín
|
["1 Career as referee","2 Coaching career","3 Journalism","4 Trivia","5 References","6 Further reading"]
|
Spanish footballer, referee, coach, journalist and author
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Escartín and the second or maternal family name is Morán.
Bronze bust of Pedro Escartín in Madrid (Spain)
Pedro Escartín Morán (8 August 1902 – 21 May 1998) was a Spanish football player, referee, coach, journalist and author.
He was an international referee from 1928 to 1948, and a member of the FIFA Disciplinary Committee for 27 years. He also went on to manage the Spain national football team in two different tenures. He was also a journalist in Spain for most of his life, and is a well-respected figure of the sport in Spain in the 20th century.
Career as referee
Born in Madrid, Spain, Escartin played as a youngster at the club Real Sociedad Gimnástica Española during the beginnings of professionalism in Spanish football. He had to abandon playing in 1923 due to a pleural illness.
He began officiating football matches in 1924, and in 1928, he participated in his first international match, being in charge of the 1928 Olympic tournament semifinal between Argentina and Egypt. He participated at the 1934 World Cup, appearing in four matches as a linesman (assistant referee), and being the first Spanish referee to participate in a World Cup. He went on to become one of the most prestigious referees in Spain and Europe in the 1930s and 1940s. His last international match was a friendly between Italy and England in 1948, year in which he retired from refereeing.
He became a member of the FIFA Disciplinary Committee in 1940, remaining at that role for 27 years. He was also President of the Spanish Colegio Nacional de Arbitros (the national referees association) from 1952 to 1961.
Coaching career
Escartín's first tenure in charge of the Spain national football team was from 1952 to 1953 – succeeding Ricardo Zamora – and his second one in 1961, the latter involving all four matches of the 1962 World Cup qualification campaign (of which Spain won three and drew one). After helping Spain qualify to its third World Cup finals appearance and its first since 1950, Escartin ended his second period as national coach, as previously arranged, on 31 December 1961. His overall record as Spain's coach included 7 wins, 3 draws and 2 losses in 12 matches.
Journalism
Having begun his works in journalism in 1920, Escartín combined them with his activities as player, referee, and coach; in 1961, he became a full-time journalist, and worked for different agencies such as Heraldo de Madrid, El Alcázar, Pueblo, La Prensa, and Marca, among others. He wrote books, essays, and thousands of articles about football for newspapers and other publications. His Reglamento de Fútbol Asociación / comentarios y aclaraciones por Pedro Escartín Morán (Rules of Association Football with comments and clarifications) from 1941 remains to date an authoritative source.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)
Trivia
The stadium of CD Guadalajara in Guadalajara, Spain was named after him.
References
^ Source: http://www.clarin.com/diario/1998/05/23/r-00933d.htm
^ Source: http://www.gencat.net/cgi-bin/vtls/vtls.web.gateway?authority=0117-71080&conf=089090++++++++++++++
^ Source: http://www.vistazoalaprensa.com/firmas_art.asp?Id=1620 Archived 2006-05-10 at the Wayback Machine
Further reading
Segura Palomares, Juan. "Pedro Escartín - el hombre-fútbol". Don Balón (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2007-10-30. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
vteSpain national football team – managers
Bru (1920)
Ruete (1921–22)
Berraondo (1921–28)
Castro (1921–27)
Mateos (1922–33)
Díaz (1922)
Argüello (1923)
Parages (1923–24)
Cernuda (1923–24)
Colina (1924)
Rosich (1924)
Olave (1924)
Gutiérrez (1925)
Cabot (1925)
Montero (1926–27)
García (1934–36)
Teus (1941–42)
Quincoces (1945)
Pasarín (1946)
Coronado (1947)
Eizaguirre (1948–50)
Alcántara & Iceta & Quesada (1951)
Zamora (1951–52)
Escartín (1952–53)
Iribarren (1953–54)
Melcón (1955)
Coronado & Del Valle & Jiménez & Touzón (1955)
Eizaguirre (1955–56)
Meana (1957–59)
Costa & Gabilondo & Lasplazas (1959–60)
Herrera (1960–62)
Villalonga (1962–66)
Balmanya (1966–68)
Toba (1968–69)
Artigas & Molowny & Muñoz (1969)
Kubala (1969–80)
Santamaría (1980–82)
Muñoz (1982–88)
Suárez (1988–91)
Miera (1991–92)
Clemente (1992–98)
Camacho (1998–2002)
Sáez (2002–04)
Aragonés (2004–08)
Del Bosque (2008–16)
Lopetegui (2016–18)
Hierro (2018)
Luis Enrique (2018–19)
Moreno (2019)
Luis Enrique (2019–22)
de la Fuente (2022–)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
|
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He was also President of the Spanish Colegio Nacional de Arbitros (the national referees association) from 1952 to 1961.","title":"Career as referee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spain national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Zamora"},{"link_name":"1962 World Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification"},{"link_name":"His overall record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spain_national_football_team_managers"}],"text":"Escartín's first tenure in charge of the Spain national football team was from 1952 to 1953 – succeeding Ricardo Zamora – and his second one in 1961, the latter involving all four matches of the 1962 World Cup qualification campaign (of which Spain won three and drew one). After helping Spain qualify to its third World Cup finals appearance and its first since 1950, Escartin ended his second period as national coach, as previously arranged, on 31 December 1961. His overall record as Spain's coach included 7 wins, 3 draws and 2 losses in 12 matches.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Having begun his works in journalism in 1920, Escartín combined them with his activities as player, referee, and coach; in 1961, he became a full-time journalist, and worked for different agencies such as Heraldo de Madrid, El Alcázar, Pueblo, La Prensa, and Marca, among others. He wrote books, essays, and thousands of articles about football for newspapers and other publications. His Reglamento de Fútbol Asociación / comentarios y aclaraciones por Pedro Escartín Morán (Rules of Association Football with comments and clarifications) from 1941[2] remains to date an authoritative source.[3]","title":"Journalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CD Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Guadalajara_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara, Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Spain"}],"text":"The stadium of CD Guadalajara in Guadalajara, Spain was named after him.","title":"Trivia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Pedro Escartín - el hombre-fútbol\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071030014650/http://www.donbalon.com/front/default.asp?OPT=RER&RERID=1753"},{"link_name":"Don Balón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Bal%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"the 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team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spain_national_football_team_managers"},{"link_name":"Bru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Bru"},{"link_name":"Ruete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Ruete"},{"link_name":"Berraondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Berraondo"},{"link_name":"Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_Castro"},{"link_name":"Mateos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Mateos"},{"link_name":"Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salvador_D%C3%ADaz_(manager)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Argüello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_Arg%C3%BCello_(manager)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Parages"},{"link_name":"Cernuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Garc%C3%ADa_Cernuda"},{"link_name":"Colina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Colina_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Rosich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rosich"},{"link_name":"Olave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Olave"},{"link_name":"Gutiérrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Guti%C3%A9rrez_(manager)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Cabot_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Montero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezequiel_Montero"},{"link_name":"García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeo_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Teus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Teus"},{"link_name":"Quincoces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinto_Quincoces"},{"link_name":"Pasarín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Pasar%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Coronado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Coronado&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eizaguirre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Eizaguirre"},{"link_name":"Alcántara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulino_Alc%C3%A1ntara"},{"link_name":"Iceta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Iceta"},{"link_name":"Quesada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Quesada"},{"link_name":"Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Zamora"},{"link_name":"Escartín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Iribarren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Iribarren"},{"link_name":"Melcón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Melc%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Coronado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Coronado&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Del Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_del_Valle"},{"link_name":"Jiménez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emilio_Jim%C3%A9nez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Touzón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Touz%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Eizaguirre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Eizaguirre"},{"link_name":"Meana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Meana"},{"link_name":"Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Costa_(manager)"},{"link_name":"Gabilondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Gabilondo"},{"link_name":"Lasplazas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lasplazas"},{"link_name":"Herrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenio_Herrera"},{"link_name":"Villalonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Villalonga_(football_manager)"},{"link_name":"Balmanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A8nec_Balmanya"},{"link_name":"Toba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Toba"},{"link_name":"Artigas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Artigas"},{"link_name":"Molowny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Molowny"},{"link_name":"Muñoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Mu%C3%B1oz"},{"link_name":"Kubala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Kubala"},{"link_name":"Santamaría","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Santamar%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Muñoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Mu%C3%B1oz"},{"link_name":"Suárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Su%C3%A1rez_(footballer,_born_1935)"},{"link_name":"Miera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Miera"},{"link_name":"Clemente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Clemente"},{"link_name":"Camacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Camacho"},{"link_name":"Sáez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1aki_S%C3%A1ez"},{"link_name":"Aragonés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Aragon%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Del Bosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_del_Bosque"},{"link_name":"Lopetegui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julen_Lopetegui"},{"link_name":"Hierro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Hierro"},{"link_name":"Luis Enrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Enrique"},{"link_name":"Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moreno"},{"link_name":"Luis Enrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Enrique"},{"link_name":"de la Fuente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_la_Fuente_(footballer,_born_1961)"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q608927#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/6305151837994720520002"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdGRgrwxMKVTQWJCDgqcP"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1152098179"}],"text":"Segura Palomares, Juan. \"Pedro Escartín - el hombre-fútbol\". Don Balón (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2007-10-30. Retrieved 2007-03-08.vteSpain national football team – managers\nBru (1920)\nRuete (1921–22)\nBerraondo (1921–28)\nCastro (1921–27)\nMateos (1922–33)\nDíaz (1922)\nArgüello (1923)\nParages (1923–24)\nCernuda (1923–24)\nColina (1924)\nRosich (1924)\nOlave (1924)\nGutiérrez (1925)\nCabot (1925)\nMontero (1926–27)\nGarcía (1934–36)\nTeus (1941–42)\nQuincoces (1945)\nPasarín (1946)\nCoronado (1947)\nEizaguirre (1948–50)\nAlcántara & Iceta & Quesada (1951)\nZamora (1951–52)\nEscartín (1952–53)\nIribarren (1953–54)\nMelcón (1955)\nCoronado & Del Valle & Jiménez & Touzón (1955)\nEizaguirre (1955–56)\nMeana (1957–59)\nCosta & Gabilondo & Lasplazas (1959–60)\nHerrera (1960–62)\nVillalonga (1962–66)\nBalmanya (1966–68)\nToba (1968–69)\nArtigas & Molowny & Muñoz (1969)\nKubala (1969–80)\nSantamaría (1980–82)\nMuñoz (1982–88)\nSuárez (1988–91)\nMiera (1991–92)\nClemente (1992–98)\nCamacho (1998–2002)\nSáez (2002–04)\nAragonés (2004–08)\nDel Bosque (2008–16)\nLopetegui (2016–18)\nHierro (2018)\nLuis Enrique (2018–19)\nMoreno (2019)\nLuis Enrique (2019–22)\nde la Fuente (2022–)Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Bronze bust of Pedro Escartín in Madrid (Spain)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Busto_de_Pedro_Escart%C3%ADn_por_Juan_Serrano_%28Madrid%29_01.jpg/220px-Busto_de_Pedro_Escart%C3%ADn_por_Juan_Serrano_%28Madrid%29_01.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Segura Palomares, Juan. \"Pedro Escartín - el hombre-fútbol\". Don Balón (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2007-10-30. Retrieved 2007-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071030014650/http://www.donbalon.com/front/default.asp?OPT=RER&RERID=1753","url_text":"\"Pedro Escartín - el hombre-fútbol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Bal%C3%B3n","url_text":"Don Balón"},{"url":"http://www.donbalon.com/front/default.asp?OPT=RER&RERID=1753","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasarathi_Tah
|
Dasarathi Tah
|
["1 Early life","2 Elections","3 Journalist","4 References"]
|
Indian politician and journalist
Dasarathi TahPolitician, journalistConstituencyRaina
Personal detailsBorn23.7.1318 Bengali era (1911 Christian era)Died14.1.1387 Bengali era (1980 Christian era)NationalityIndianSpouseRoma TahResidence(s)Dhamas, Raina
Dasarathi Tah (1911–1980) was a politician and journalist in the Indian state of West Bengal.
Early life
Dasarathi Tah did not have the benefit of any formal education and was a completely self-educated person. Politically inclined from his younger days, he joined the Congress Party in 1930 and actively participated in many political movements such as the Salt Satyagraha, personal satyagraha, flood prevention in the Damodar, and the canal movement. During the Quit India Movement he was involved in the occupation of Jamalpur police station. He was sent to jail several times for his political activities.
Elections
He won elections to the West Bengal state assembly from Raina constituency in 1951, 1957 and 1967. While he contested on a Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party ticket in 1951, he fought the other elections on a Praja Socialist Party ticket.
Journalist
Dasarathi Tah was a pioneering journalist. He edited and published the weekly Damodar before independence and then started the daily Damodar after independence. Both were the earliest in their category in Bardhaman district.
References
^ a b Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan (in Bengali), vol 2, p. 128,
^ "Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections". General Election Results and Statistics. Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
vteMembers of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from Burdwan division Malda division MLAs Medinipur division MLAs
Presidency division MLAs
Mrinal Banerjee
Rabindranath Bhattacharjee
Santasri Chatterjee
Rabiranjan Chattopadhyay
Bansa Gopal Chowdhury
Benoy Choudhury
Nure Alam Chowdhury
Dr. Ratna De (Nag)
Moloy Ghatak
Dr. Prafulla Chandra Ghosh
Ram Narayan Goswami
Syed Abul Mansur Habibullah
Benoy Krishna Konar
Hare Krishna Konar
Becharam Manna
Abhijit Mukherjee
Ajoy Mukherjee
Ananda Gopal Mukhopadhyay
Nikhilananda Sar
Prafulla Chandra Sen
Rachhpal Singh
Chandranath Singha
Dasarathi Tah
Mahboob Zahedi
Divisions of West Bengal
This article about a West Bengal politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"}],"text":"Dasarathi Tah (1911–1980) was a politician and journalist in the Indian state of West Bengal.","title":"Dasarathi Tah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congress Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Salt Satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"Damodar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damodar_River"},{"link_name":"Quit India Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India_Movement"},{"link_name":"Jamalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamalpur,_Bardhaman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-samsad-1"}],"text":"Dasarathi Tah did not have the benefit of any formal education and was a completely self-educated person. Politically inclined from his younger days, he joined the Congress Party in 1930 and actively participated in many political movements such as the Salt Satyagraha, personal satyagraha, flood prevention in the Damodar, and the canal movement. During the Quit India Movement he was involved in the occupation of Jamalpur police station. He was sent to jail several times for his political activities.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raina_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan_Mazdoor_Praja_Party"},{"link_name":"Praja Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praja_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"He won elections to the West Bengal state assembly from Raina constituency in 1951, 1957 and 1967. While he contested on a Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party ticket in 1951, he fought the other elections on a Praja Socialist Party ticket.[2]","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bardhaman district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardhaman_district"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-samsad-1"}],"text":"Dasarathi Tah was a pioneering journalist. He edited and published the weekly Damodar before independence and then started the daily Damodar after independence. Both were the earliest in their category in Bardhaman district.[1]","title":"Journalist"}]
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[{"image_text":"Divisions of West Bengal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Division_Of_West_Bangal_Map.jpg/199px-Division_Of_West_Bangal_Map.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections\". General Election Results and Statistics. Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp","url_text":"\"Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp","external_links_name":"\"Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dasarathi_Tah&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dovey
|
John Dovey
|
["1 References"]
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American baseball executive
John DoveyDovey pictured on a 1907 baseball postcardBorn(1865-09-19)September 19, 1865DiedUnknownOccupationAmerican baseball executive
John S. C. Dovey (September 19, 1865 – ?) was the co-owner of the Boston Doves of the National League with his brother George Dovey from 1907 through 1909, and later sole principal owner for the 1910 season. He was born in Philadelphia in 1865 to John J. and Catharine (née Creswell) Dovey. In 1907, the Dovey brothers purchased the club from Arthur Soden. After becoming principal owner upon the death of his brother in 1909, he sold the franchise to John P. Harris one season later.
References
^ "Person Details for John S. C. Dovey, "Pennsylvania, Philadelphia City Births, 1860-1906"". familysearch.org. Retrieved 2015-04-06.
^ "A New Owner For Boston Doves". Portsmouth Daily Times. November 15, 1910. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
^ Caruso, G. (1995). The Braves Encyclopedia. Temple University Press. p. 318. ISBN 9781566393843. Retrieved 2015-04-06.
vtePrincipal owners of the Atlanta Braves franchiseBoston Red Stockings/Red Caps/Beaneaters/Doves/Rustlers/Bees/Braves (1871–1952)
Ivers Whitney Adams
John Conkey
Charles Porter
Nicholas Apollonio
Arthur Soden
George & John Dovey
John Dovey
John P. Harris
William Hepburn Russell
James Gaffney
John Montgomery Ward & James Gaffney
James Gaffney
Percy Haughton
George W. Grant
Christy Mathewson & Emil Fuchs
Emil Fuchs
Charles Adams
Bob Quinn
Lou Perini
Milwaukee Braves (1953–1965)
Lou Perini
William Bartholomay
Atlanta Braves (1966–present)
William Bartholomay
Ted Turner
Turner Broadcasting
Time Warner
Liberty Media
vteBoston/Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves team presidentsBoston Red Stockings/Red Caps/Beaneaters/Doves/Rustlers/Bees/Braves (1871–1952)
Adams
Conkey
Porter
Apollonio
Soden
G. Dovey
J. Dovey
Russell
Ward
Gaffney
Haughton
Grant
Mathewson
Fuchs
Quinn
Perini
Milwaukee Braves (1953–1965)
Perini
Cairnes
McHale
Atlanta Braves (1966–present)
McHale
Bartholomay
Donahue
Turner
Kasten
McGuirk
Schuerholz
Schiller
This biographical article relating to an American baseball executive is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Doves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Doves"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"George Dovey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dovey"},{"link_name":"1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-familysearch-1"},{"link_name":"Arthur Soden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Soden"},{"link_name":"John P. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Harris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-3"}],"text":"John S. C. Dovey (September 19, 1865 – ?) was the co-owner of the Boston Doves of the National League with his brother George Dovey from 1907 through 1909, and later sole principal owner for the 1910 season. He was born in Philadelphia in 1865 to John J. and Catharine (née Creswell) Dovey.[1] In 1907, the Dovey brothers purchased the club from Arthur Soden. After becoming principal owner upon the death of his brother in 1909, he sold the franchise to John P. Harris one season later.[2][3]","title":"John Dovey"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Person Details for John S. C. Dovey, \"Pennsylvania, Philadelphia City Births, 1860-1906\"\". familysearch.org. Retrieved 2015-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/VB11-H3L","url_text":"\"Person Details for John S. C. Dovey, \"Pennsylvania, Philadelphia City Births, 1860-1906\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"A New Owner For Boston Doves\". Portsmouth Daily Times. November 15, 1910. Retrieved 2010-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZxtaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oUsNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4530,2578849","url_text":"\"A New Owner For Boston Doves\""}]},{"reference":"Caruso, G. (1995). The Braves Encyclopedia. Temple University Press. p. 318. ISBN 9781566393843. Retrieved 2015-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bravesencycloped00caru","url_text":"The Braves Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bravesencycloped00caru/page/318","url_text":"318"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781566393843","url_text":"9781566393843"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/VB11-H3L","external_links_name":"\"Person Details for John S. C. Dovey, \"Pennsylvania, Philadelphia City Births, 1860-1906\"\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZxtaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oUsNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4530,2578849","external_links_name":"\"A New Owner For Boston Doves\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bravesencycloped00caru","external_links_name":"The Braves Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bravesencycloped00caru/page/318","external_links_name":"318"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Dovey&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Mongolia
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Rail transport in Mongolia
|
["1 Routes","1.1 Proposed lines","2 Rolling stock","3 Maps","4 Tourist attractions","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Ulaanbaatar Tömör Zam freight train near Sainshand
Rail network in Mongolia
Rail transport is an important means of travel in the landlocked country of Mongolia, which has relatively few paved roads. According to official statistics, rail transport carried 93% of Mongolian freight and 43% of passenger turnover in 2007. The Mongolian rail system employs 12,500 people. The national operator is UBTZ (Ulaanbataar Railway, Mongolian: Улаанбаатар төмөр зам), traditionally also known as Mongolian Railway (MTZ, Mongolian: Монголын төмөр зам). This can be a source of confusion, since MTZ is a distinct company established in 2008. The Mongolian Railway College is located in Ulaanbaatar.
Routes
Traders in Zamyn-Üüd station, Dornogovi aimag
The Trans-Mongolian Railway connects the Trans-Siberian Railway from Ulan Ude in Russia to Erenhot and Beijing in China through the capital Ulaanbaatar. The Mongolian section of this line runs for 1,110 kilometres (690 mi). The Trans-Mongolian Railway runs through Mongolia on 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) Russian gauge track, changing to standard gauge track after entering China. There are several spur lines: to the copper combine in Erdenet, to coal mines in Sharyngol, Nalaikh and Baganuur, to the fluorspar mine in Bor-Öndör, to the former Soviet military base and refinery at Züünbayan. Another line links Züünbayan with Khangi on the Chinese border.
A separate railway line exists in the east of the country between Choibalsan and the Trans-Siberian at Borzya; however, that line is closed to passengers across the Mongolia-Russia border; passenger trains terminate at Chuluunkhoroot (Ereentsav). This line used to have a spur line to the uranium mine at Mardai, however this spur line was torn up and sold in the late 1990s/ early 2000s.
For domestic transport, daily trains run from Ulaanbaatar to Darkhan, Sukhbaatar, and Erdenet, as well as Zamyn-Üüd, Choir and Sainshand. Mongolia uses the 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) (Russian gauge) with a total system length of 2,810 kilometres (1,750 mi).
The Mongolian Railway (MongolRail) is slated to cover 7,588 kilometres (4,715 mi) by year 2025. The coverage track distance will get increased by 4,778 kilometres (2,969 mi). Mongolian railways transported 20.5 million tons of freight in 2013, which is close to the system's full capacity.
Transporting transit cargo between Russia and China is an important source of revenue for the country's railway system; in addition to this, railways are used to transport domestic coal to power plants. As of November 2023, Tavantolgoi-Zuunbayan railway and the Khangi-Mandal crossing on Mongolia’s border with China has been completed adding 226.9km (140 miles) across the south-east of Mongolia.
Proposed lines
A 2010 Mongolian government plan proposed 5,683.5 kilometres (3,531.6 mi) of new track, for the primary purpose of connecting Dalanzadgad and Choibalsan, to be built in three stages:
the first stage, totaling 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) and linking Dalanzadgad–Tavan Tolgoi mine–Tsagaan Suvarga mine–Züünbayan (400 km (250 mi)), Sainshand–Baruun-Urt (350 km (220 mi)), Baruun-Urt–Khööt mine (140 km (87 mi)), and Khööt–Choibalsan (200 km (120 mi));
the second stage, totaling 900 kilometres (560 mi) and connecting the first stage with the Chinese border, linking Nariin Sukhait mine–Shivee Khüren (45.5 km (28.3 mi)), Tavan Tolgoi–Gashuun Sukhait (267 km (166 mi)), Khööt–Tamsagbulag–Nömrög (380 km (240 mi)), and Khööt–Bichigt (200 km (120 mi)); and
the third stage, totaling 3,600 kilometres (2,200 mi)) and not described in detail, but including a link with Tsagaannuur on the Russian border and a line from Ulaanbaatar to Kharkhorin.
In 2012, a line connecting Erdenet–Mörön–Ovoot mine–Arts Suuri on the Russian border (547 km (340 mi)) was approved, but never built. In 2014, it was announced that the planned Tavan Tolgoi–Gashuun Sukhait and Khööt–Bichigt lines were to be of Chinese gauge, while the Dalanzadgad–Choibalsan, Khööt–Nömrög, and Erdenet–Artssuuri lines were to be of Russian gauge. In 2016, a line linking Züünbayan to Khangi on the Chinese border (280 km (170 mi)) was approved; it was completed in 2023. A 2017 government plan, greatly reduced in scope from the 2010 one, proposed linking Khööt–Choibalsan, Nariin Sukhait–Shivee Khüren, Khööt–Bichigt, and Züünbayan–Khangi.
Rolling stock
As Mongolia's railroads are not electrified, UBTZ relies entirely on Diesel traction. Most common locomotives are M62 variants, including five rebuilt 2Zagal (two white horses) double engines. Other engines include TEM2 and TE116 variants, Dash-7 and one Evolution locomotive on lease from GE. In October 2010, Ulaanbaatar Railway ordered 35 2TE116UM diesel freight locomotives from Transmash.
Maps
UN Map(Dead link, 05.28.23)
UNHCR Map(Dead link, 05.28.23)
Tourist attractions
Mongolian Railway History Museum
See also
Transport in Mongolia
References
^ Freight and passenger turnover in tons*km and passenger*km, respectively. 2007 Statistical Yearbook of Mongolia, p. 252
^ a b Montsame News Agency. Mongolia. 2006, ISBN 99929-0-627-8, p. 93
^ See "Company Introduction". Archived from the original on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2014-08-28.
^ "Institute of Railways | Ranking & Review".
^ Lonely Planet Mongolia: Choibalsan transport (archived version 18 Jan 2012)
^ Lonely Planet Mongolia: Rail Transport Archived 2012-01-19 at the Wayback Machine
^ The Mongolian-Russian-Chinese Northern Railway Corridor. Publication: Eurasia Daily Monitor. Volume: 11; Issue: 15. January 24, 2014.
By: Alicia J. Campi
^ Dharma, RanjithKumar (2022-11-28). "Zuunbayan-Khangi rail link opens in Mongolia". Railway Technology. Retrieved 2024-02-09.
^ a b Sanders, Alan J.K. (2017). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia (4th ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 547–549. ISBN 9781538102268.
^ 2Zagal-006 and -007 are rebuilt TE10s.
^ GE press release Archived 2010-12-28 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Railway Gazette: Ulaanbaatar Railway orders Transmash locomotives". Retrieved 2010-11-01.
External links
(in Mongolian) Official site Railway Authority of Mongolia
Gallery of railways pictures in Mongolia
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UBTZ_2TE25KM-0455_Tyshljeg_-_Sainshand.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sainshand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainshand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karte_Schienennetz_Mongolei.svg"},{"link_name":"Rail transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport"},{"link_name":"landlocked country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked_country"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mna93-2"},{"link_name":"UBTZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBTZ"},{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mongolian Railway College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_Railway_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ulaanbaatar Tömör Zam freight train near SainshandRail network in MongoliaRail transport is an important means of travel in the landlocked country of Mongolia, which has relatively few paved roads. According to official statistics, rail transport carried 93% of Mongolian freight and 43% of passenger turnover in 2007.[1] The Mongolian rail system employs 12,500 people.[2] The national operator is UBTZ (Ulaanbataar Railway, Mongolian: Улаанбаатар төмөр зам), traditionally also known as Mongolian Railway (MTZ, Mongolian: Монголын төмөр зам). This can be a source of confusion, since MTZ is a distinct company established in 2008.[3] The Mongolian Railway College is located in Ulaanbaatar.[4]","title":"Rail transport in Mongolia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zamyn_Uud_traders.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zamyn-Üüd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamyn-%C3%9C%C3%BCd"},{"link_name":"Dornogovi aimag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornogovi_Province"},{"link_name":"Trans-Mongolian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Mongolian_Railway"},{"link_name":"Trans-Siberian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway"},{"link_name":"Ulan Ude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulan_Ude"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Erenhot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erenhot"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Ulaanbaatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaanbaatar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mna93-2"},{"link_name":"Russian gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"Erdenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdenet"},{"link_name":"Sharyngol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharyngol"},{"link_name":"Nalaikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalaikh"},{"link_name":"Baganuur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baganuur"},{"link_name":"fluorspar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorite"},{"link_name":"Bor-Öndör","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor-%C3%96nd%C3%B6r"},{"link_name":"Züünbayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Z%C3%BC%C3%BCnbayan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Choibalsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choibalsan_(city)"},{"link_name":"Borzya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borzya"},{"link_name":"Chuluunkhoroot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuluunkhoroot"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mardai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardai"},{"link_name":"Ulaanbaatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulan_Bator_train_station"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Traders in Zamyn-Üüd station, Dornogovi aimagThe Trans-Mongolian Railway connects the Trans-Siberian Railway from Ulan Ude in Russia to Erenhot and Beijing in China through the capital Ulaanbaatar. The Mongolian section of this line runs for 1,110 kilometres (690 mi).[2] The Trans-Mongolian Railway runs through Mongolia on 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) Russian gauge track, changing to standard gauge track after entering China. There are several spur lines: to the copper combine in Erdenet, to coal mines in Sharyngol, Nalaikh and Baganuur, to the fluorspar mine in Bor-Öndör, to the former Soviet military base and refinery at Züünbayan. Another line links Züünbayan with Khangi on the Chinese border.A separate railway line exists in the east of the country between Choibalsan and the Trans-Siberian at Borzya; however, that line is closed to passengers across the Mongolia-Russia border; passenger trains terminate at Chuluunkhoroot (Ereentsav).[5] This line used to have a spur line to the uranium mine at Mardai, however this spur line was torn up and sold in the late 1990s/ early 2000s.For domestic transport, daily trains run from Ulaanbaatar to Darkhan, Sukhbaatar, and Erdenet, as well as Zamyn-Üüd, Choir and Sainshand. Mongolia uses the 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) (Russian gauge) with a total system length of 2,810 kilometres (1,750 mi).[6]\nThe Mongolian Railway (MongolRail) is slated to cover 7,588 kilometres (4,715 mi) by year 2025. The coverage track distance will get increased by 4,778 kilometres (2,969 mi). Mongolian railways transported 20.5 million tons of freight in 2013, which is close to the system's full capacity. \nTransporting transit cargo between Russia and China is an important source of revenue for the country's railway system; in addition to this, railways are used to transport domestic coal to power plants.[7] As of November 2023, Tavantolgoi-Zuunbayan railway and the Khangi-Mandal crossing on Mongolia’s border with China has been completed adding 226.9km (140 miles) across the south-east of Mongolia.[8]","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dalanzadgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalanzadgad"},{"link_name":"Choibalsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choibalsan_(city)"},{"link_name":"Tavan Tolgoi mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavan_Tolgoi"},{"link_name":"Tsagaan Suvarga mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsagaan_Suvarga_mine"},{"link_name":"Baruun-Urt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruun-Urt"},{"link_name":"Khööt mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuut_coal_mine"},{"link_name":"Nariin Sukhait mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nariin_Sukhait_mining_complex"},{"link_name":"Shivee Khüren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shivee_Kh%C3%BCren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gashuun Sukhait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gashuun_Sukhait&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tamsagbulag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamsagbulag&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nömrög","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C3%B6mr%C3%B6g&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bichigt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bichigt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tsagaannuur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsagaannuur,_Bayan-%C3%96lgii"},{"link_name":"Kharkhorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkhorin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Mörön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6r%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"Ovoot mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ovoot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arts Suuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arts_Suuri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"}],"sub_title":"Proposed lines","text":"A 2010 Mongolian government plan proposed 5,683.5 kilometres (3,531.6 mi) of new track, for the primary purpose of connecting Dalanzadgad and Choibalsan, to be built in three stages:the first stage, totaling 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) and linking Dalanzadgad–Tavan Tolgoi mine–Tsagaan Suvarga mine–Züünbayan (400 km (250 mi)), Sainshand–Baruun-Urt (350 km (220 mi)), Baruun-Urt–Khööt mine (140 km (87 mi)), and Khööt–Choibalsan (200 km (120 mi));\nthe second stage, totaling 900 kilometres (560 mi) and connecting the first stage with the Chinese border, linking Nariin Sukhait mine–Shivee Khüren (45.5 km (28.3 mi)), Tavan Tolgoi–Gashuun Sukhait (267 km (166 mi)), Khööt–Tamsagbulag–Nömrög (380 km (240 mi)), and Khööt–Bichigt (200 km (120 mi)); and\nthe third stage, totaling 3,600 kilometres (2,200 mi)) and not described in detail, but including a link with Tsagaannuur on the Russian border and a line from Ulaanbaatar to Kharkhorin.[9]In 2012, a line connecting Erdenet–Mörön–Ovoot mine–Arts Suuri on the Russian border (547 km (340 mi)) was approved, but never built. In 2014, it was announced that the planned Tavan Tolgoi–Gashuun Sukhait and Khööt–Bichigt lines were to be of Chinese gauge, while the Dalanzadgad–Choibalsan, Khööt–Nömrög, and Erdenet–Artssuuri lines were to be of Russian gauge. In 2016, a line linking Züünbayan to Khangi on the Chinese border (280 km (170 mi)) was approved; it was completed in 2023. A 2017 government plan, greatly reduced in scope from the 2010 one, proposed linking Khööt–Choibalsan, Nariin Sukhait–Shivee Khüren, Khööt–Bichigt, and Züünbayan–Khangi.[9]","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M62_locomotive"},{"link_name":"two white horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Two_White_Horses_of_Genghis_Khan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"TEM2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEM2"},{"link_name":"TE116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2TE116"},{"link_name":"Dash-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Dash_7_Series"},{"link_name":"Evolution locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Evolution_Series"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2TE116UM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2TE116"},{"link_name":"Transmash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmashholding"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"As Mongolia's railroads are not electrified, UBTZ relies entirely on Diesel traction. Most common locomotives are M62 variants, including five rebuilt 2Zagal (two white horses) double engines.[10] Other engines include TEM2 and TE116 variants, Dash-7 and one Evolution locomotive on lease from GE.[11] In October 2010, Ulaanbaatar Railway ordered 35 2TE116UM diesel freight locomotives from Transmash.[12]","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UN Map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/mongolia.pdf"},{"link_name":"UNHCR Map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendocPDFViewer.html?docid=3f3c9d942&query=Mongolia"}],"text":"UN Map(Dead link, 05.28.23)\nUNHCR Map(Dead link, 05.28.23)","title":"Maps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mongolian Railway History Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_Railway_History_Museum"}],"text":"Mongolian Railway History Museum","title":"Tourist attractions"}]
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[{"image_text":"Ulaanbaatar Tömör Zam freight train near Sainshand","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/UBTZ_2TE25KM-0455_Tyshljeg_-_Sainshand.jpg/300px-UBTZ_2TE25KM-0455_Tyshljeg_-_Sainshand.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rail network in Mongolia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Karte_Schienennetz_Mongolei.svg/300px-Karte_Schienennetz_Mongolei.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Traders in Zamyn-Üüd station, Dornogovi aimag","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Zamyn_Uud_traders.jpg/220px-Zamyn_Uud_traders.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Transport in Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Mongolia"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Company Introduction\". Archived from the original on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2014-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808105313/http://www.mtz.mn/eng/index.php/2014-03-14-00-50-52/company-introduction","url_text":"\"Company Introduction\""},{"url":"http://www.mtz.mn/eng/index.php/2014-03-14-00-50-52/company-introduction","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Institute of Railways | Ranking & Review\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.4icu.org/reviews/12212.htm","url_text":"\"Institute of Railways | Ranking & Review\""}]},{"reference":"Dharma, RanjithKumar (2022-11-28). \"Zuunbayan-Khangi rail link opens in Mongolia\". Railway Technology. Retrieved 2024-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railway-technology.com/news/zuunbayan-khangi-rail-link-mongolia/","url_text":"\"Zuunbayan-Khangi rail link opens in Mongolia\""}]},{"reference":"Sanders, Alan J.K. (2017). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia (4th ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 547–549. ISBN 9781538102268.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538102268","url_text":"9781538102268"}]},{"reference":"\"Railway Gazette: Ulaanbaatar Railway orders Transmash locomotives\". Retrieved 2010-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/ulaanbaatar-railway-orders-transmash-locomotives.html","url_text":"\"Railway Gazette: Ulaanbaatar Railway orders Transmash locomotives\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/mongolia.pdf","external_links_name":"UN Map"},{"Link":"http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendocPDFViewer.html?docid=3f3c9d942&query=Mongolia","external_links_name":"UNHCR Map"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808105313/http://www.mtz.mn/eng/index.php/2014-03-14-00-50-52/company-introduction","external_links_name":"\"Company Introduction\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtz.mn/eng/index.php/2014-03-14-00-50-52/company-introduction","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.4icu.org/reviews/12212.htm","external_links_name":"\"Institute of Railways | Ranking & Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120118101838/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mongolia/eastern-mongolia/choibalsan/transport/getting-there-away","external_links_name":"Lonely Planet Mongolia: Choibalsan transport (archived version 18 Jan 2012)"},{"Link":"http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mongolia/transport/getting-around#183568","external_links_name":"Lonely Planet Mongolia: Rail Transport"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120119052755/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mongolia/transport/getting-around","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=41873","external_links_name":"The Mongolian-Russian-Chinese Northern Railway Corridor"},{"Link":"https://www.railway-technology.com/news/zuunbayan-khangi-rail-link-mongolia/","external_links_name":"\"Zuunbayan-Khangi rail link opens in Mongolia\""},{"Link":"http://www.gereports.com/from-erie-to-mongolia-ges-evo-locomotive-arrives/","external_links_name":"GE press release"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101228154248/http://www.gereports.com/from-erie-to-mongolia-ges-evo-locomotive-arrives","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/ulaanbaatar-railway-orders-transmash-locomotives.html","external_links_name":"\"Railway Gazette: Ulaanbaatar Railway orders Transmash locomotives\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100925063358/http://www.railway.gov.mn/","external_links_name":"Official site Railway Authority of Mongolia"},{"Link":"https://trainspo.com/country/mn/gallery/","external_links_name":"Gallery of railways pictures in Mongolia"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upsetters_14_Dub_Blackboard_Jungle
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Upsetters 14 Dub Blackboard Jungle
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["1 Track listing","1.1 Side one","1.2 Side two","2 Personnel","3 References"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Upsetters 14 Dub Blackboard Jungle" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1973 studio album by Upsetters 14 DubBlack Board JungleStudio album by Upsetters 14 DubReleased1973GenreDubLength44:17LabelUpsetterProducerLee PerryUpsetters 14 Dub chronology
Rhythm Shower(1973)
Black Board Jungle(1973)
Double Seven(1974)
Black Board Jungle, often called Blackboard Jungle Dub, is a studio album by The Upsetters. The album, originally released in 1973 under artist name "Upsetters 14 Dub", was pressed in only 300 copies and issued only in Jamaica.
According to Pauline Morrison, this was the first ever dub album that came out, although there is a lot of speculation on the subject. Nevertheless, this was the first stereo dub album, as well as the first to include reverb. Later pressings released as Blackboard Jungle Dub have a different track listing. The album was re-issued as a 3x 10" colored vinyl box set as part of Record Store Day in April, 2012.
Track listing
Side one
"Black Panta"
"V/S Panta Rock"
"Khasha Macka"
"Elephant Rock"
"African Skank"
"Dreamland Skank" – The Wailers
"Jungle Jim"
Side two
"Drum Rock"
"Dub Organizer" – Dillinger
"Lovers Skank"
"Mooving Skank" – The Wailers
"Apeman Skank"
"Jungle Fever"
"Kaya Skank" – The Wailers
Personnel
Drums – Lloyd "Tin Legs" Adams, Carly Barrett, Anthony "Benbow" Creary, Leroy "Horsemouth" Wallace
Bass – Family Man, Lloyd Parks, Errol "Bagga" Walker
Guitar – Alva Lewis, Valentine "Tony" Chin, Anthony "Sangie" Davis, Barrington Daley
Organ – Glen Adams, Winston Wright, Bernard "Touter" Harvey
Piano – Gladstone "Gladdy" Anderson, Tommy McCook
Melodica – Augustus Pablo
Trombone – Ronald Wilson
Trumpet – Bobby Ellis
Percussion – Noel "Skully" Simms, Uziah "Sticky" Thompson, Lee Perry
Engineers – Lee Perry, King Tubby
References
^ "An Essential Guide to Lee "Scratch" Perry". exclaim.ca. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
^ original pressing label
^ Katz, David (2009-11-17). People Funny Boy: The Genius Of Lee 'Scratch' Perry. Omnibus Press. ISBN 9780857120342.
^ Partridge, Christopher (December 2007). "King Tubby meets the Upsetter at the grass roots of dub: Some thoughts on the early history and influence of dub reggae". Popular Music History. 2 (3): 309–331. doi:10.1558/pomh.v2i3.309.
vteLee "Scratch" Perry and the UpsettersStudio albums
The Upsetter (1969)
Return of Django (1969)
Clint Eastwood (1970)
Many Moods of the Upsetters (1970)
Scratch the Upsetter Again (1970)
Eastwood Rides Again (1970)
Africa's Blood (1972)
Cloak and Dagger (1973)
Rhythm Shower (1973)
14 Dub Blackboard Jungle (1973)
Double Seven (1974)
Musical Bones (1975)
Return of Wax (1975)
Kung Fu Meets the Dragon (1975)
Revolution Dub (1975)
Super Ape (1976)
Roast Fish Collie Weed & Corn Bread (1978)
Return of the Super Ape (1978)
History, Mystery & Prophesy (1984)
Battle of Armagideon (Millionaire Liquidator) (1986)
Time Boom X De Devil Dead (1987)
Super Ape Inna Jungle (1996)
Dub Take the Voodoo Out of Reggae (1996)
Jamaican E.T. (2002)
Panic in Babylon (2004)
Repentance (2008)
The Orbserver in the Star House (2012)
More Tales from the Orbservatory (2013)
King Perry (2024)
Compilations
DIP Presents the Upsetter (1975)
Reggae Greats: Lee "Scratch" Perry (1984)
Arkology (1997)
Singles
"Run for Cover" (1967)
"Return of Django" (1969)
"Small Axe" (1971)
"Cow Thief Skank" (1973)
Related
Black Ark Studios
Upsetter Records
The Silvertones
Dif Juz
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Dwinell
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Bright (American band)
|
["1 History","2 Discography","2.1 LP recordings","2.2 Singles, EPs and compilations","3 References","4 External links"]
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American bandBrightOriginBoston, MassachusettsGenresPost-rockInstrument(s)Vocals, accordion, clarinet, electric guitar, Fender Rhodes, mandolin musical keyboard, steel-string acoustic guitarYears active1993–presentLabelsBa Da Bing! Strange Attractors Audio HouseDarla RecordsMusical artist
Bright is a post-rock and ambient music group based in Brooklyn, New York.
History
Bright self-released a cassette before signing deals with two independent labels, Ba Da Bing! Records and Darla Records, and releasing records alternately on both labels. Darla released their 1997 full-length An Albatross Guest House and Bright's 1998 contribution to the Bliss Out series, Blue Christian, while Ba Da Bing! released a self-titled 1996 album, Full Negative or Breaks in 2000, and The Miller Fantasies in 2002, as well as a 2003 compilation called A Music Sampler. Switching to the Strange Attractors label, they released the album Bells Break their Towers in 2005, their latest album to date.
Discography
LP recordings
Bright (1995 cassette-only release on Eek, limited to 100 copies)
Bright (1996 release on Ba Da Bing!)
The Albatross Guest House (1997 release on Darla)
Blue Christian (1998 release that also served as Bright's contribution to the Bliss Out series on Darla)
Full Negative (or) Breaks (2000 release on Ba Da Bing!)
The Miller Fantasies (2002 release on Ba Da Bing!)
Bells Break Their Towers (2005 release on Strange Attractors)
Singles, EPs and compilations
V/A Dreamboat "Cecilia" (1997 release on Cassiel Records)
Fuxa / Bright "City and Metro" and "How I Reached Home" (1997 split 7-inch on Darla Records)
"Plymouth Rock" b/w "Superstrings," "Nova" (1998 7-inch on Ba Da Bing!)
V/A Badaboom Gramophone, Vol. 2 (1998 release on Ba Da Bing!)
V/A Darla 100 (2000 release on Darla)
V/A Neon Meate Dream of a Octafish: A Tribute to Captain Beefheart & His Magic Band (2003 release on Animal World)
V/A Yeti No. 4 (2006 Yeti Magazine CD compilation)
References
^ "Music | BRIGHT". 2007-09-30. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
^ Review of Full Negative or Breaks Exclaim!, December 2000.
^ Review of A Music Sampler, Ink 19, March 27, 2003.
^ Review of Bells Break Their Towers, Pitchfork Media, January 2, 2006.
External links
Band bio from Strange Attractors Audio House
Feature on Mark Dwinell from the Boston Phoenix
Bright at AllMusic
Bright discography at Discogs
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Music | BRIGHT\". 2007-09-30. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2023-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181455/http://bostonphoenix.com/boston/music/live/documents/05091762.asp","url_text":"\"Music | BRIGHT\""},{"url":"http://bostonphoenix.com/boston/music/live/documents/05091762.asp","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Gonzalez
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Arthur Gonzalez
|
["1 Significant cases","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Arthur J. GonzalezBornBrooklyn, NYOccupationProfessor of Law
Arthur J. Gonzalez is a senior fellow at New York University School of Law and member of the PROMESA oversight board in charge of resolving the Puerto Rican government-debt crisis. Before his retirement from the bench, he was chief judge of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York.
Gonzalez received his undergraduate degree from Fordham University in 1969. Following graduation, he worked as a New York City public school teacher until 1982, earning a master's degree from the Brooklyn College School of Education. After earning a law degree in the Evening Program at Fordham in 1982, Gonzalez became an attorney for the Manhattan District Counsel Office of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). He left the IRS in 1988 and worked as a private lawyer for several firms. During this period, he earned a Master of Laws from New York University (NYU). In 1991, Gonzalez re-entered government to become an Assistant United States Trustee for the Southern District of New York. He was promoted in 1993 to become trustee for New York, Connecticut, and Vermont. Judge Gonzalez was appointed bankruptcy judge in 1995.
Significant cases
Gonzalez handled the Chrysler LLC bankruptcy case until his retirement. Previously, Gonzalez presided over the bankruptcy proceedings for WorldCom, at that point the largest U.S. bankruptcy case (since overtaken by the collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008), and Enron. The criminal proceedings against the corporate executives of WorldCom and Enron did not originate from the bankruptcy proceedings before Gonzalez via mandatory referral of possible crimes under Title 18 U.S.C. § 3057; in contrast the post petition corporate entities both sought releases and compensation for the benefit of their current and former senior officers.
References
^ Wall Street Journal, May 1, 2009New York Times, April 30, 2009
External links
Official biographical profile
Text of opinions
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"PROMESA oversight board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROMESA#Composition"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican government-debt crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_government-debt_crisis"},{"link_name":"United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bankruptcy_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Fordham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"public school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_College"},{"link_name":"law degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Internal Revenue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"Master of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"United States Trustee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Trustee"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"}],"text":"Arthur J. Gonzalez is a senior fellow at New York University School of Law and member of the PROMESA oversight board in charge of resolving the Puerto Rican government-debt crisis. Before his retirement from the bench, he was chief judge of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York.Gonzalez received his undergraduate degree from Fordham University in 1969. Following graduation, he worked as a New York City public school teacher until 1982, earning a master's degree from the Brooklyn College School of Education. After earning a law degree in the Evening Program at Fordham in 1982, Gonzalez became an attorney for the Manhattan District Counsel Office of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). He left the IRS in 1988 and worked as a private lawyer for several firms. During this period, he earned a Master of Laws from New York University (NYU). In 1991, Gonzalez re-entered government to become an Assistant United States Trustee for the Southern District of New York. He was promoted in 1993 to become trustee for New York, Connecticut, and Vermont. Judge Gonzalez was appointed bankruptcy judge in 1995.","title":"Arthur Gonzalez"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chrysler LLC bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_LLC_bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"WorldCom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCom"},{"link_name":"collapse of Lehman Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_Lehman_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Enron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron_scandal"}],"text":"Gonzalez handled the Chrysler LLC bankruptcy case until his retirement.[1] Previously, Gonzalez presided over the bankruptcy proceedings for WorldCom, at that point the largest U.S. bankruptcy case (since overtaken by the collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008), and Enron. The criminal proceedings against the corporate executives of WorldCom and Enron did not originate from the bankruptcy proceedings before Gonzalez via mandatory referral of possible crimes under Title 18 U.S.C. § 3057; in contrast the post petition corporate entities both sought releases and compensation for the benefit of their current and former senior officers.","title":"Significant cases"}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124113741389375543","external_links_name":"Wall Street Journal, May 1, 2009"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/01/business/01judge.html?_r=2&scp=1&sq=gonzalez&st=cse","external_links_name":"New York Times, April 30, 2009"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060619174652/http://www.nysb.uscourts.gov/judges/ajg.html","external_links_name":"Official biographical profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060818101842/http://www.nysb.uscourts.gov/opinions/ajg/ajg.html","external_links_name":"Text of opinions"}]
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