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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bear_Lake_(novel)
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Great Bear Lake (novel)
|
["1 Synopsis","2 Publication history","3 Themes","4 Critical reception","5 References"]
|
2009 novel by Erin Hunter
Great Bear Lake The cover of Great Bear LakeAuthorErin Hunter (Cherith Baldry)Cover artistWayne McLoughlinLanguageEnglishSeriesSeekersGenreFantasy novelPublisherHarperCollinsPublication date10 February 2009Publication placeUnited Kingdom, United StatesPages320ISBN0060871253Preceded byThe Quest Begins Followed bySmoke Mountain
Great Bear Lake is the second novel in the Seekers series written by Erin Hunter, which is a pseudonym used by authors Cherith Baldry, Kate Cary, Tui Sutherland and editor Victoria Holmes. This specific novel was written by Cherith Baldry. The novel follows the adventures of three bears, Toklo, Kallik, and Lusa. Each bear finds the other by coincidence and form a bond. The declining environment and racism among the bears are two of the themes present in the novel. The novel was released in the US on 10 February 2009 and has also been released in the UK, Canada and translated into Russian. Critical reception was positive with reviewers praising the realistic behavior of the bears and the honest approach to various themes.
Synopsis
Great Bear Lake continues the story of Kallik, Lusa, Toklo, and Ujurak as the bear cubs try to find their way to the Arctic. It starts with Lusa meeting Toklo and Ujurak. She tries to deliver Oka's message to Toklo, but he doesn't want to hear what his mother said. Lusa earns a little respect from Toklo when she saves his life, but he still doesn't want to talk about Oka. Ujurak, due to his kinder personality, befriends Lusa and welcomes her on his mission. Kallik is traveling alone, trying to find her brother Taqqiq. She eventually makes it to the Great Bear Lake. Lusa, Toklo and Ujurak go to the Great Bear Lake too, and Lusa befriends a black bear cub named Miki. However, he is later kidnapped by selfish and bullying white bears, which includes Taqqiq. Kallik tries to convince him to stop, but he ignores her. She ends up in the lake and nearly drowns. Lusa, who is looking for Miki, luckily hears her cries and carries her to safety. Grateful that Lusa saved her life, Kallik teams up with the black bear cub, along with Toklo and Ujurak to save Miki, and stop the white bears from causing more damage. They succeed and Taqqiq leaves his friends to travel with the four bears.
Publication history
Great Bear Lake was first published in the United States as a hardcover and audiobook on 10 February 2009. The book was also released as a paperback on 5 January 2010 and as an e-book on 6 October 2009.
The books have also been released in the United Kingdom and Canada. Canada received the second book on 1 January 2010. It was released in the United Kingdom on 28 June 2012. The first three books have also been translated into Russian.
Themes
Children's Literature comments that the book deals with familiar themes to the Warriors series such as youth versus age, new versus tradition, and the discovery that others are not very different from oneself. KidsReads states that the theme of racism is honestly dealt throughout the book along with the fact that a strong message about the environment is sent. A reviewer from Voice of Youth Advocates finds that themes like adolescent rebellion, habitat destruction and global climate change are found in the book.
Critical reception
Great Bear Lake reached number 68 on Publishers Weekly's Children's Fiction Bestsellers during the week of 22 March 2010, having sold 150,000 copies.
Booklist comments that the story is told with a balance between anthropomorphic characterization, realistic behavior and the brutalities of life in the wild. Children's Literature notes the similarity of themes to the Warriors series and that fans will appreciate new clans and traditions. The reviewer comments that it is not as action packed as the Warriors series, as suggested by the title. Chris Shanley-Delliman from Kidsreads praises the book for it vivid descriptions. He states that Hunter takes on the theme of racism through a "honest approach" - three bears of different color and background meeting together. The reviewer also states that the book deals with an environment theme. The Horn Book Magazine states in a review for Great Bear Lake and Smoke Mountain that the latter may leave readers wondering where the series is heading to while noting that fans will enjoy the mix of fantasy adventure and realistic animal behavior in both books. Voice of Youth Advocates notes that the book is not "great literature" but nevertheless is a good story. The reviewer notes that the bears are "appealingly bearlike" despite being anthropomorphized and having human issues like conflicts with friends and adolescence. The reviewer also mentions the theme of habitat destruction and global climate change. Readers are advised to read the series in order as the volume does not provide a summary of the first novel.
References
Children's literature portal
^ Hunter, Erin. "Seekers #2: Great Bear Lake - Erin Hunter - Hardcover". HarperCollins US.
^ Hunter, Erin. "Seekers #2: Great Bear Lake - Erin Hunter - Digital Audiobook". HarperCollins US.
^ Hunter, Erin. "Seekers #2: Great Bear Lake - Erin Hunter - Paperback". HarperCollins US.
^ Hunter, Erin. "Seekers #2: Great Bear Lake - Erin Hunter - E-book". HarperCollins US.
^ Hunter, Erin (1 January 2010). Great Bear Lake. Turtle Back Books. ASIN 0606147551.
^ Hunter, Erin (28 June 2012). Great Bear Lake. Egmont. ASIN 1405246103.
^ OZON.ru — Книги – Дымная гора – Эрин Хантер – Smoked Mountain – Странники – Купить книги: интернет-магазин / (in Russian). Ozon.ru. 2010. ISBN 978-5-373-03479-1. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
^ a b c Noble, Barnes &. "Great Bear Lake (Seekers Series #2)". Barnes & Noble.
^ a b "Seekers #2: Great Bear Lake - Kidsreads". kidsreads.com.
^ a b c Hunter, Erin $0(DLC)471823; Hunter, Erin (9 August 2017). Great Bear Lake. Seekers. HarperCollins. OCLC 232977539 – via kcls Library Catalog.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Facts and Figures 2009: Meyer's Reign Continues". publishersweekly.com.
vteErin Hunter's Seekers seriesMain seriesSeekers: The Original Series
The Quest Begins
Great Bear Lake
Authors
Erin Hunter
Kate Cary
Cherith Baldry
Victoria Holmes
Related series
Warriors
Survivors
Bravelands
WikiProject
|
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The novel was released in the US on 10 February 2009 and has also been released in the UK, Canada and translated into Russian. Critical reception was positive with reviewers praising the realistic behavior of the bears and the honest approach to various themes.","title":"Great Bear Lake (novel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"Great Bear Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bear_Lake"}],"text":"Great Bear Lake continues the story of Kallik, Lusa, Toklo, and Ujurak as the bear cubs try to find their way to the Arctic. It starts with Lusa meeting Toklo and Ujurak. She tries to deliver Oka's message to Toklo, but he doesn't want to hear what his mother said. Lusa earns a little respect from Toklo when she saves his life, but he still doesn't want to talk about Oka. Ujurak, due to his kinder personality, befriends Lusa and welcomes her on his mission. Kallik is traveling alone, trying to find her brother Taqqiq. She eventually makes it to the Great Bear Lake. Lusa, Toklo and Ujurak go to the Great Bear Lake too, and Lusa befriends a black bear cub named Miki. However, he is later kidnapped by selfish and bullying white bears, which includes Taqqiq. Kallik tries to convince him to stop, but he ignores her. She ends up in the lake and nearly drowns. Lusa, who is looking for Miki, luckily hears her cries and carries her to safety. Grateful that Lusa saved her life, Kallik teams up with the black bear cub, along with Toklo and Ujurak to save Miki, and stop the white bears from causing more damage. They succeed and Taqqiq leaves his friends to travel with the four bears.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Great Bear Lake was first published in the United States as a hardcover and audiobook on 10 February 2009.[1][2] The book was also released as a paperback on 5 January 2010[3] and as an e-book on 6 October 2009.[4]The books have also been released in the United Kingdom and Canada. Canada received the second book on 1 January 2010.[5] It was released in the United Kingdom on 28 June 2012.[6] The first three books have also been translated into Russian.[7]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Children's Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Literature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noble-8"},{"link_name":"KidsReads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidsreads"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kidsreads-9"},{"link_name":"Voice of Youth Advocates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_Youth_Advocates"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kcls-10"}],"text":"Children's Literature comments that the book deals with familiar themes to the Warriors series such as youth versus age, new versus tradition, and the discovery that others are not very different from oneself.[8] KidsReads states that the theme of racism is honestly dealt throughout the book along with the fact that a strong message about the environment is sent.[9] A reviewer from Voice of Youth Advocates finds that themes like adolescent rebellion, habitat destruction and global climate change are found in the book.[10]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Publishers Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Booklist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booklist"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noble-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noble-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kidsreads-9"},{"link_name":"The Horn Book Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horn_Book_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kcls-10"},{"link_name":"habitat destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kcls-10"}],"text":"Great Bear Lake reached number 68 on Publishers Weekly's Children's Fiction Bestsellers during the week of 22 March 2010, having sold 150,000 copies.[11]Booklist comments that the story is told with a balance between anthropomorphic characterization, realistic behavior and the brutalities of life in the wild.[8] Children's Literature notes the similarity of themes to the Warriors series and that fans will appreciate new clans and traditions. The reviewer comments that it is not as action packed as the Warriors series, as suggested by the title.[8] Chris Shanley-Delliman from Kidsreads praises the book for it vivid descriptions. He states that Hunter takes on the theme of racism through a \"honest approach\" - three bears of different color and background meeting together. The reviewer also states that the book deals with an environment theme.[9] The Horn Book Magazine states in a review for Great Bear Lake and Smoke Mountain that the latter may leave readers wondering where the series is heading to while noting that fans will enjoy the mix of fantasy adventure and realistic animal behavior in both books.[10] Voice of Youth Advocates notes that the book is not \"great literature\" but nevertheless is a good story. The reviewer notes that the bears are \"appealingly bearlike\" despite being anthropomorphized and having human issues like conflicts with friends and adolescence. The reviewer also mentions the theme of habitat destruction and global climate change. Readers are advised to read the series in order as the volume does not provide a summary of the first novel.[10]","title":"Critical reception"}]
|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_C%C3%B3rdoba_Ronquillo
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Luis Córdoba Ronquillo
|
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links and additional sources"]
|
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Córdoba and the second or maternal family name is Ronquillo.
Most ReverendLuis Córdoba RonquilloBishop of TrujilloChurchCatholic ChurchDioceseDiocese of Cartagena in ColombiaIn office1630–1640PredecessorDiego Montoya MendozaSuccessorPedro de Ortega y SotomayorOrdersConsecrationApril 1631by Bernardino de Almansa CarriónPersonal detailsBornGranada, SpainDied24 November 1640Trujillo, PeruPrevious post(s)Bishop of Cartagena (1630–1640)
Luis Córdoba Ronquillo, O.SS.T. also Luis de Córdoba y Ronquillo (died 24 November 1640) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Trujillo (1640) and Bishop of Cartagena in Colombia (1630–1640).
Biography
Luis Córdoba Ronquillo was born in Granada, Spain and ordained a priest in the Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives.
On 9 September 1630, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Cartagena in Colombia.
In April 1631, he was consecrated bishop by Bernardino de Almansa Carrión, Archbishop of Santo Domingo, with Luis Camargo Pacheco, Titular Bishop of Centuria, and Alonso Godina, Titular Bishop of Utica, serving as co-consecrators.
On 14 April 1640, he was selected by the King of Spain as Bishop of Trujillo and confirmed by Pope Urban VIII on 13 August 1640.
He served as Bishop of Trujillo until his death on 24 November 1640.
While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Agustín de Ugarte y Sarabia, Bishop of Chiapas (1631); and Cristóbal de Torres, Archbishop of Santafé en Nueva Granada (1635).
References
^ a b Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). HIERARCHIA CATHOLICA MEDII ET RECENTIORIS AEVI Vol IV. Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. pp. 137 and 437. (in Latin)
^ a b c d e f g "Bishop Luis Córdoba Ronquillo, O.SS.T." Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved July 24, 2017
^ Pacheco, Juan Manuel. Los Primeros Obispos de Cartagena. Archived from the original on 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
External links and additional sources
Cheney, David M. "Archdiocese of Trujillo". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops)
Chow, Gabriel. "Metropolitan Archdiocese of Trujillo (Peru)". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops)
Cheney, David M. "Archdiocese of Cartagena". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops)
Chow, Gabriel. "Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cartagena". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops)
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byDiego Ramirez de Cepeda
Bishop of Cartagena in Colombia 1630–1640
Succeeded byCristóbal Pérez Lazarraga y Maneli Viana
Preceded byDiego Montoya Mendoza
Bishop of Trujillo 1640
Succeeded byPedro de Ortega y Sotomayor
Portals: Biography Catholicism Spain Peru
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"O.SS.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.SS.T."},{"link_name":"Bishop of Trujillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Trujillo"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Cartagena in Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cartagena_in_Colombia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierLuCorRonq-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Córdoba and the second or maternal family name is Ronquillo.Luis Córdoba Ronquillo, O.SS.T. also Luis de Córdoba y Ronquillo (died 24 November 1640) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Trujillo (1640) and Bishop of Cartagena in Colombia (1630–1640).[1][2][3]","title":"Luis Córdoba Ronquillo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Trinity_and_of_the_Captives"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierLuCorRonq-2"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Cartagena in Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cartagena_in_Colombia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierLuCorRonq-2"},{"link_name":"consecrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecrated"},{"link_name":"Bernardino de Almansa Carrión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_de_Almansa_Carri%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Luis Camargo Pacheco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Camargo_Pacheco"},{"link_name":"Titular Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Alonso Godina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_Godina"},{"link_name":"Titular Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_Bishop"},{"link_name":"co-consecrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-consecrators"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierLuCorRonq-2"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Trujillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Trujillo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierLuCorRonq-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierLuCorRonq-2"},{"link_name":"principal consecrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_consecrator"},{"link_name":"Agustín de Ugarte y Sarabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Ugarte_y_Sarabia"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Chiapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Chiapas"},{"link_name":"Cristóbal de Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Torres"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Santafé en Nueva Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Santaf%C3%A9_en_Nueva_Granada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierLuCorRonq-2"}],"text":"Luis Córdoba Ronquillo was born in Granada, Spain and ordained a priest in the Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives.[2]\nOn 9 September 1630, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Cartagena in Colombia.[1][2]\nIn April 1631, he was consecrated bishop by Bernardino de Almansa Carrión, Archbishop of Santo Domingo, with Luis Camargo Pacheco, Titular Bishop of Centuria, and Alonso Godina, Titular Bishop of Utica, serving as co-consecrators.[2] \nOn 14 April 1640, he was selected by the King of Spain as Bishop of Trujillo and confirmed by Pope Urban VIII on 13 August 1640.[2]\nHe served as Bishop of Trujillo until his death on 24 November 1640.[2]While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Agustín de Ugarte y Sarabia, Bishop of Chiapas (1631); and Cristóbal de Torres, Archbishop of Santafé en Nueva Granada (1635).[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Archdiocese of Trujillo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dtrup.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"[self-published]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS"},{"link_name":"\"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Trujillo (Peru)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/truj0.htm"},{"link_name":"[self-published]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS"},{"link_name":"\"Archdiocese of Cartagena\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dcart.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"[self-published]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS"},{"link_name":"\"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cartagena\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/cart0.htm"},{"link_name":"[self-published]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spain"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Peru"}],"text":"Cheney, David M. \"Archdiocese of Trujillo\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]\nChow, Gabriel. \"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Trujillo (Peru)\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]\nCheney, David M. \"Archdiocese of Cartagena\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]\nChow, Gabriel. \"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cartagena\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]Portals: Biography Catholicism Spain Peru","title":"External links and additional sources"}]
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[{"reference":"Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). HIERARCHIA CATHOLICA MEDII ET RECENTIORIS AEVI Vol IV. Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. pp. 137 and 437.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/hierarchiacathol04eubeuoft","url_text":"HIERARCHIA CATHOLICA MEDII ET RECENTIORIS AEVI Vol IV"}]},{"reference":"Pacheco, Juan Manuel. Los Primeros Obispos de Cartagena. Archived from the original on 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2017-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160914121508/http://www.javeriana.edu.co/theologica/descargas.php?archivo=Volumen%20VI%20-%20Seccion%20historica.pdf&idArt=1284&edicion=8","url_text":"Los Primeros Obispos de Cartagena"},{"url":"http://www.javeriana.edu.co/theologica/descargas.php?archivo=Volumen%20VI%20-%20Seccion%20historica.pdf&idArt=1284&edicion=8","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cheney, David M. \"Archdiocese of Trujillo\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dtrup.html","url_text":"\"Archdiocese of Trujillo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]},{"reference":"Chow, Gabriel. \"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Trujillo (Peru)\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/truj0.htm","url_text":"\"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Trujillo (Peru)\""}]},{"reference":"Cheney, David M. \"Archdiocese of Cartagena\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dcart.html","url_text":"\"Archdiocese of Cartagena\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]},{"reference":"Chow, Gabriel. \"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cartagena\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/cart0.htm","url_text":"\"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cartagena\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Gardens
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Midway Gardens
|
["1 History","2 Features and entertainment","3 Design","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 41°47′07″N 87°36′24″W / 41.7853411°N 87.6067936°W / 41.7853411; -87.6067936Chicago entertainment facility (1914–1929)
Reproductions of the Wright-designed Midway Gardens sprites were later added to the Arizona Biltmore Hotel
Midway Gardens (opened in 1914, demolished in 1929) was a 360,000 square feet indoor/outdoor entertainment facility in the Hyde Park neighborhood on the South Side of Chicago. It was designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright, who also collaborated with sculptors Richard Bock and Alfonso Iannelli on the famous "sprite" sculptures decorating the facility. Designed to be a European–style concert garden with space for year-round dining, drinking, and performances, Midway Gardens hosted popular performers and entertainers but struggled financially and the structure was torn down in October 1929.
History
Midway Gardens was opened on the site of the former Sans Souci amusement park on the southwest corner of Cottage Grove Avenue and East 60th Street. Edward C. Waller Jr. commissioned Frank Lloyd Wright to design and build the Gardens in 1914 (Waller's father, Edward Waller Sr., had commissioned an apartment building from Wright, the Waller Apartments). Construction was completed very quickly, and the Gardens opened in June, 1914.
Although at first business was strong, Waller never had enough funds to back the construction and upkeep of Midway Gardens and declared bankruptcy in March 1916. At this point, Midway Gardens was purchased by the Schoenhofen Brewing Company and renamed "Edelweiss Gardens" (after the brewery's main beer brand). Wright, who generally exerted strong creative control over his completed projects, was disgusted by the aesthetic changes the new owner made to the Gardens. He wrote that Edelweiss had added "obnoxious features" and that the whole effect of "the proud Midway Gardens" "was cheapened to suit a hearty bourgeois taste". Edelweiss Gardens continued through the war years (closing briefly in 1918) and stayed open as a dry establishment during Prohibition. In 1921, the building was sold once more, to the E. C. Dietrich Midway Automobile Tire and Supply Company, and renamed "The Midway Dancing Gardens".
Finally, in October 1929, Midway Gardens was closed permanently and demolished. A testament to Wright's design, the building was so solidly constructed that tearing it down sent the wrecking company into bankruptcy.
Features and entertainment
Midway Gardens was an indoor/outdoor entertainment center intended to act as a beer hall and concert/dance hall which featured bands including the Midway Gardens Orchestra. The large area (equivalent to a city block) offered entertainment to a wide variety of people in a German-style meeting place. The Gardens included restaurants, saloons, newspaper and cigar stands, and arcades. When Prohibition was passed, the Gardens lost part of their entertainment value.
When it opened, Midway Gardens was an upscale entertainment venue that was also affordable to the common person. Max Bendix and the National Symphony Orchestra frequented the concert section because they were the "house band". The ballet dancer Anna Pavlova performed numerous times as well. Frank Lloyd Wright brought in popular acts to sing, dance, and play music, which created a bourgeois environment. After it became Edelweiss Gardens, however, the high class atmosphere switched to one of vaudeville, ragtime, and cabaret. In the early 1920s, a young clarinetist Benny Goodman played in the house band.
Design
The modernist architecture of the Gardens was based on strict geometrical forms. A large, open–air central area, filled with tables and chairs, was ringed by a series of three–story buildings with indoor spaces for dancing and other activities, as well as cantilevered balconies with overhanging roofs. There were terraced gardens, pools, and a music pavilion and stage.
The building itself was made of yellow brick and patterned concrete block. It featured highly intricate ornament and many geometric sculptures, which Frank Lloyd Wright named "sprites" and were co-designed with Alfonso Ianelli. Some of these sculptures escaped demolition and can be found elsewhere. In keeping with Wright's style, the building also featured rows of art glass and hidden entries. The interior was likewise intricately ornamented and filled with Wright-designed furniture and accoutrements, right down to the napkin rings.
See also
List of Frank Lloyd Wright works
References
^ "✅ Midway Gardens - Data, Photos & Plans". Archived from the original on 2020-09-29. Retrieved 2019-09-18.
^ a b Cashman, Sean Dennis (1988). America in the Age of the Titans: The Progressive Era and World War I, pp. 367-68. New York University Press.
^ Sengstock, Charles A. (2004). That Toddlin' Town: Chicago's White Dance Bands and Orchestras, 1900-1950, pp. 56-58. University of Illinois Press.
^ a b c d e Sebesta, Judith A. "Spectacular Failure: Frank Lloyd Wright's Midway Gardens and Chicago Entertainment." Theatre Journal, Vol. 53, No. 2, May 2001, pp. 304–07.
^ Wright, Frank Lloyd (1943) (2005 ed.) An Autobiography, p. 191. Pomegranate Communications, Inc.
^ a b c "Frank Lloyd Wright". Archived from the original on 2011-04-03. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
^ Gill, Many Masks: A Life of Frank Lloyd Wright, p. 228.
^ "Frank Lloyd Wright Statues Adorn Phoenix Resort". about.com. Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
Storrer, William Allin. The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University Of Chicago Press, 2006, ISBN 0-226-77621-2 (S.180)
External links
Archival Photographs of Midway gardens from the University of Chicago
41°47′07″N 87°36′24″W / 41.7853411°N 87.6067936°W / 41.7853411; -87.6067936
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arizona_Biltmore_-_Wright_sprite_3.JPG"},{"link_name":"Arizona Biltmore Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Biltmore_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Frank Lloyd Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright"},{"link_name":"Richard Bock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bock"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Iannelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Iannelli"}],"text":"Chicago entertainment facility (1914–1929)Reproductions of the Wright-designed Midway Gardens sprites were later added to the Arizona Biltmore HotelMidway Gardens (opened in 1914, demolished in 1929) was a 360,000 square feet[1] indoor/outdoor entertainment facility in the Hyde Park neighborhood on the South Side of Chicago. It was designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright, who also collaborated with sculptors Richard Bock and Alfonso Iannelli on the famous \"sprite\" sculptures decorating the facility. Designed to be a European–style concert garden with space for year-round dining, drinking, and performances, Midway Gardens hosted popular performers and entertainers but struggled financially and the structure was torn down in October 1929.","title":"Midway Gardens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waller Apartments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waller_Apartments"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cash-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seng-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tj-4"},{"link_name":"Schoenhofen Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoenhofen_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tj-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-steinerag.com-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Midway Gardens was opened on the site of the former Sans Souci amusement park on the southwest corner of Cottage Grove Avenue and East 60th Street. Edward C. Waller Jr. commissioned Frank Lloyd Wright to design and build the Gardens in 1914 (Waller's father, Edward Waller Sr., had commissioned an apartment building from Wright, the Waller Apartments). Construction was completed very quickly,[2] and the Gardens opened in June, 1914.[3]Although at first business was strong, Waller never had enough funds to back the construction and upkeep of Midway Gardens and declared bankruptcy in March 1916.[4] At this point, Midway Gardens was purchased by the Schoenhofen Brewing Company and renamed \"Edelweiss Gardens\" (after the brewery's main beer brand). Wright, who generally exerted strong creative control over his completed projects, was disgusted by the aesthetic changes the new owner made to the Gardens. He wrote that Edelweiss had added \"obnoxious features\" and that the whole effect of \"the proud Midway Gardens\" \"was cheapened to suit a hearty bourgeois taste\".[5] Edelweiss Gardens continued through the war years (closing briefly in 1918) and stayed open as a dry establishment during Prohibition.[4] In 1921, the building was sold once more, to the E. C. Dietrich Midway Automobile Tire and Supply Company, and renamed \"The Midway Dancing Gardens\".[6]Finally, in October 1929, Midway Gardens was closed permanently and demolished. A testament to Wright's design, the building was so solidly constructed that tearing it down sent the wrecking company into bankruptcy.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beer hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_hall"},{"link_name":"concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert"},{"link_name":"dance hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_hall"},{"link_name":"Midway Gardens Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Gardens_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Max Bendix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Bendix"},{"link_name":"Anna Pavlova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Pavlova"},{"link_name":"Benny Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tj-4"}],"text":"Midway Gardens was an indoor/outdoor entertainment center intended to act as a beer hall and concert/dance hall which featured bands including the Midway Gardens Orchestra. The large area (equivalent to a city block) offered entertainment to a wide variety of people in a German-style meeting place. The Gardens included restaurants, saloons, newspaper and cigar stands, and arcades. When Prohibition was passed, the Gardens lost part of their entertainment value.When it opened, Midway Gardens was an upscale entertainment venue that was also affordable to the common person. Max Bendix and the National Symphony Orchestra frequented the concert section because they were the \"house band\". The ballet dancer Anna Pavlova performed numerous times as well. Frank Lloyd Wright brought in popular acts to sing, dance, and play music, which created a bourgeois environment. After it became Edelweiss Gardens, however, the high class atmosphere switched to one of vaudeville, ragtime, and cabaret. In the early 1920s, a young clarinetist Benny Goodman played in the house band.[4]","title":"Features and entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cash-2"},{"link_name":"cantilevered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tj-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-steinerag.com-6"},{"link_name":"terraced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_garden"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-steinerag.com-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tj-4"}],"text":"The modernist architecture of the Gardens was based on strict geometrical forms.[2] A large, open–air central area, filled with tables and chairs, was ringed by a series of three–story buildings with indoor spaces for dancing and other activities, as well as cantilevered balconies with overhanging roofs.[4][6] There were terraced gardens, pools, and a music pavilion and stage.The building itself was made of yellow brick and patterned concrete block. It featured highly intricate ornament and many geometric sculptures, which Frank Lloyd Wright named \"sprites\" and were co-designed with Alfonso Ianelli. Some of these sculptures escaped demolition and can be found elsewhere.[8] In keeping with Wright's style, the building also featured rows of art glass and hidden entries. The interior was likewise intricately ornamented and filled with Wright-designed furniture and accoutrements, right down to the napkin rings.[6][4]","title":"Design"}]
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[{"image_text":"Reproductions of the Wright-designed Midway Gardens sprites were later added to the Arizona Biltmore Hotel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Arizona_Biltmore_-_Wright_sprite_3.JPG/220px-Arizona_Biltmore_-_Wright_sprite_3.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Frank_Lloyd_Wright_LC-USZ62-36384.jpg/86px-Frank_Lloyd_Wright_LC-USZ62-36384.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of Frank Lloyd Wright works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Frank_Lloyd_Wright_works"}]
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[{"reference":"\"✅ Midway Gardens - Data, Photos & Plans\". Archived from the original on 2020-09-29. Retrieved 2019-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/midway-gardens/","url_text":"\"✅ Midway Gardens - Data, Photos & Plans\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200929134739/https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/midway-gardens/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Lloyd Wright\". Archived from the original on 2011-04-03. Retrieved 2011-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.steinerag.com/flw/Artifact%20Pages/PhRtS180.htm","url_text":"\"Frank Lloyd Wright\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110403074039/http://www.steinerag.com/flw/Artifact%20Pages/PhRtS180.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Lloyd Wright Statues Adorn Phoenix Resort\". about.com. Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161209001250/http://phoenix.about.com/cs/famous/a/sprites01.htm","url_text":"\"Frank Lloyd Wright Statues Adorn Phoenix Resort\""},{"url":"http://phoenix.about.com/cs/famous/a/sprites01.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Midway_Gardens¶ms=41.7853411_N_87.6067936_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°47′07″N 87°36′24″W / 41.7853411°N 87.6067936°W / 41.7853411; -87.6067936"},{"Link":"https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/midway-gardens/","external_links_name":"\"✅ Midway Gardens - Data, Photos & Plans\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200929134739/https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/midway-gardens/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lj_Ra-rITeUC&pg=PA367","external_links_name":"America in the Age of the Titans: The Progressive Era and World War I"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q0_sWHQoVG8C&pg=PA56","external_links_name":"That Toddlin' Town: Chicago's White Dance Bands and Orchestras, 1900-1950"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S8zlZcJjNEMC&pg=PA191","external_links_name":"An Autobiography"},{"Link":"http://www.steinerag.com/flw/Artifact%20Pages/PhRtS180.htm","external_links_name":"\"Frank Lloyd Wright\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110403074039/http://www.steinerag.com/flw/Artifact%20Pages/PhRtS180.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161209001250/http://phoenix.about.com/cs/famous/a/sprites01.htm","external_links_name":"\"Frank Lloyd Wright Statues Adorn Phoenix Resort\""},{"Link":"http://phoenix.about.com/cs/famous/a/sprites01.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://photoarchive.lib.uchicago.edu/db.xqy?keywords=Midway+Gardens","external_links_name":"Archival Photographs of Midway gardens from the University of Chicago"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Midway_Gardens¶ms=41.7853411_N_87.6067936_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°47′07″N 87°36′24″W / 41.7853411°N 87.6067936°W / 41.7853411; -87.6067936"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscataquis_River
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Piscataquis River
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["1 External links","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 45°14′20″N 68°39′22″W / 45.239°N 68.656°W / 45.239; -68.656 (Piscataquis River)River in the United StatesPiscataquis RiverLocationCountryUnited StatesPhysical characteristicsSource • locationMaine • elevation590 feet (180 m)
Mouth • locationPenobscot River • coordinates45°14′20″N 68°39′22″W / 45.239°N 68.656°W / 45.239; -68.656 (Piscataquis River) • elevation130 feet (40 m)Lengthabout 62 miles (100 km)Basin featuresTributaries • leftEast Branch Piscataquis River, Sebec River, Pleasant River • rightWest Branch Piscataquis River
The Piscataquis River (/pɪˈskætəkwɪs/) is a major tributary of the Penobscot River, found in Piscataquis County, Maine, United States. It starts from the confluence of its East Branch and West Branch (45°16′54″N 69°35′24″W / 45.2817°N 69.5901°W / 45.2817; -69.5901 (Piscataquis River source)) in Blanchard. The river flows in a mostly eastern direction until it meets the Penobscot at Howland. It is approximately 65 miles (105 km) in length.
The United States government maintains three river flow gauges on the Piscataquis river. The first is at Blanchard (45°16′02″N 69°35′03″W / 45.26722°N 69.58417°W / 45.26722; -69.58417 (Blanchard river gauge)) where the rivershed is 118 square miles (306 km2). Flow here has ranged from 7,550 to 4.8 cubic feet per second (213.79 to 0.14 m3/s). The second is near Dover-Foxcroft, Maine (45°10′31″N 69°18′55″W / 45.17528°N 69.31528°W / 45.17528; -69.31528 (Dover-Foxcroft river gauge)) where the rivershed is 298 square miles (772 km2). Flow here has ranged from 37,300 to 5 cubic feet (1,056.22 to 0.14 m3) per second. The third is in Medford, Maine (45°15′40″N 68°52′07″W / 45.26111°N 68.86861°W / 45.26111; -68.86861 (Medford river gauge)) where the rivershed is 1,162 square miles (3,010 km2). Flow here has ranged from 60,100 to 66 cubic feet (1,701.8 to 1.9 m3) per second.
The Appalachian Trail runs along the West Branch of the Piscataquis, crossing the East Branch just upstream from their joining. The river is impounded by the Howland Dam at its confluence with the Penobscot River.
External links
"Piscataquis River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. 30 September 1980. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
Real-time flow data for the Blanchard, Dover-Foxcroft, or Medford flow gages.
River elevation tables
National Weather Service forecast of river levels and flow.
References
^ "Piscataquis River".
^ G.J. Stewart; J.P. Nielsen; J.M. Caldwell; A.R. Cloutier (2002). "Water Resources Data - Maine, Water Year 2001" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-11-18. Retrieved 2006-05-07.
^ "Howland Dam". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
vtePenobscot River WatershedTributaries
Dead River
East Branch Mattawamkeag River
East Branch Penobscot River
East Branch Piscataquis River
East Branch Pleasant River
Kenduskeag Stream
Little Seboeis River
Mattawamkeag River
Middle Branch Pleasant River
Molunkus Stream
Narramissic River
North Branch Marsh River
North Branch Penobscot River
Orland River
Passadumkeag River
Piscataquis River
Pleasant River
Sebec River
Seboeis River
South Branch Marsh River
South Branch Penobscot River
Stillwater River
West Branch Mattawamkeag River
West Branch Penobscot River
West Branch Piscataquis River
West Branch Pleasant River
Lakes
Allagash Lake
Canada Falls Lake
Caucomgomoc Lake
Chamberlain Lake
Chesuncook Lake
Cold Stream Pond
Debsconeag Lakes
Grand Lake Seboeis
Jo-Mary Lakes
Lobster Lake
Lower Wilson Pond
Matagamon Lake
Mattawamkeag Lake
Millinocket Lake
Nahmakanta Lake
Nicatous Lake
Lake Onawa
Pemadumcook Chain of Lakes
Pleasant Lake
Pushaw Lake
Ragged Lake
Rainbow Lake
Schoodic Lake
Sebec Lake
Seboeis Lake
Seboomook Lake
South Twin Lake
Telos Lake
Toddy Pond
Upper Wilson Pond
Towns
Abbot
Bangor
Bradley
Brewer
Brooks
Brownville
Bucksport
Burlington
Carmel
Charleston
Danforth
Dover-Foxcroft
East Millinocket
Eddington
Enfield
Frankfort
Guilford
Hampden
Haynesville
Hermon
Howland
Hudson
Island Falls
Kenduskeag
Kingman
Lee
Levant
Lincoln
Macwahoc
Mattawamkeag
Medway
Milford
Millinocket
Milo
Monson
Oakfield
Old Town
Orland
Orono
Orrington
Passadumkeag
Patten
Prospect
Sangerville
Sherman
Smyrna
Springfield
Veazie
Verona
Winn
Winterport
Wytopitlock
Landmarks
Bangor and Aroostook Railroad
Baxter State Park
Fort Knox
Gero Island
Great Northern Paper Company
Great Works Dam
Hundred-Mile Wilderness
Katahdin Iron Works
Maine Central Railroad
Monson Railroad
Mount Katahdin
North Maine Woods
Orono Dam
Peaks-Kenny State Park
Penobscot Indian Island Reservation
Penobscot Narrows Bridge and Observatory
Ripogenus Gorge
Stillwater Dam
University of Maine
Veazie Dam
Waldo–Hancock Bridge
vteRivers of Maine by drainage systemBay of FundyPassamaquoddy Bay
Little River (Big Lake)
Little River (Passamaquoddy Bay)
Pennamaquan River
St. Croix River
Saint John River Watershed
Allagash River
Aroostook River
Baker Branch Saint John River
Blackwater River
Big Black River
Birch River
Brown River
Campbell Branch Little Black River
Chimenticook River
Daaquam River
Depot River
East Branch Pocwock Stream
Fish River
Gobeil River
Little Black River
Little Machias River
Little Madawaska River
Little River
Little Saint Roch River
Little Southwest Branch Saint John River
Machias River
Meduxnekeag River
Musquacook Stream
North Branch Birch River
North Branch Blackwater River
North Branch Meduxnekeag River
Northwest Branch Saint John River
Otter River
Pocwock River
Red River
River De Chute
Saint Francis River
Saint John River
Shields Branch
South Branch Birch River
South Branch Blackwater River
South Branch Machias River
South Branch Meduxnekeag River
Southwest Branch Saint John River
St. Croix Stream
West Branch Little Black River
West Branch Pocwock Stream
Wolastoq
Casco BayFore River Watershed
Fore River
Long Creek
Stroudwater River
South Branch Stroudwater River
Presumpscot River Watershed
Bear River
Chute River
Crooked River
East Branch Piscataqua River
Little River
Muddy River
North Branch Little River
Northwest River
Piscataqua River
Pleasant River
Presumpscot River
Songo River
Sticky River
Tenny River
Others
Cousins River
Harraseeket River
Little River
New Meadows River
Royal River
Gulf of MaineBlue Hill Bay(Union River Watershed)
Bog River
East Branch Union River
Little Bog River
Middle Branch Union River
Union River
West Branch Union River
Chandler Bay
Sandy River
Dennys Bay
Dennys River
Hardscrabble River
Orange River
Englishman Bay
Chandler River
East Branch Chandler River
Englishman River
Frenchman Bay
Jordan Stream
Skillings River
Harrington Bay
Harrington River
Mill River
Little River Watershed
Little River (Drakes Island)
Merriland River
Machias Bay(Machias River Watershed)
Crooked River
East Machias River
Machias River
Maine River
Middle River
West Branch Machias River
Mousam River Watershed
Littlefield River
Middle Branch Mousam River
Mousam River
Narraguagus Bay(Narraguagus River Watershed)
Little Narraguagus River
Narraguagus River
Spring River
West Branch Narraguagus River (Cherryfield)
West Branch Narraguagus River (Hancock County)
Pleasant Bay(Pleasant River Watershed)
Little River
Pleasant River
West Branch Pleasant River
Western Little River
Piscataqua River Watershed
Great Works River
Little River
Neoutaquet River
Piscataqua River
Salmon Falls River
Sheepscot River Watershed
Back River
Cross River
Dyer River
Marsh River
Sasanoa River
Sheepscot River
West Branch Sheepscot River
Wohoa Bay
Indian River
Southwest Branch Indian River
West River
Others
Batson River
Benjamin River
Cape Neddick River
Damariscotta River
Johns River
Jordan River
Josias River
Kennebunk River
Little River (Boothbay)
Little River (Georgetown)
Little River (Goosefare Bay)
Little River (York)
Morse River
Ogunquit River
Pemaquid River
Sprague River
Webhannet River
York River
Merrymeeting BayAndroscoggin River Watershed
Alder River
Androscoggin River
Bear River
Cathance River
Concord River
Cupsuptic River
Dead Cambridge River
Dead River (Androscoggin)
Dead River (Sabattus)
East Branch Cupsuptic River
East Branch Nezinscot River
East Branch Pleasant River
East Branch Swift River
Ellis River
First East Branch Magalloway River
Kennebago River
Little Androscoggin River
Little East Branch Cupsuptic River
Little Magalloway River
Little River
Magalloway River
Middle Branch Little Magalloway River
Muddy River
Nezinscot River
Pleasant River
Rangeley River
Rapid River
Sabattus River
Sanborn River
Second East Branch Magalloway River
South Branch Sunday River
Sunday River
Swift Cambridge River
Swift River
Third East Branch Magalloway River
Webb River
West Branch Ellis River
West Branch Little Magalloway River
West Branch Magalloway River
West Branch Nezinscot River
West Branch Pleasant River
West Branch Swift River
Wild River
Kennebec River Watershed
Abagadasset River
Back River
Carrabassett River
Dead River
East Branch Eastern River
East Branch Moose River
East Branch Sebasticook River
Eastern River
Kennebec River
Lemon Stream
Little River
Moose River
Moxie Falls
North Branch Dead River
Roach River
Sandy River
Sebasticook River
South Branch Dead River
South Branch Moose River
South Branch Sandy River
Temple Stream
West Branch Carrabassett River
West Branch Eastern River
West Branch Moose River
Muscongus BaySaint George River Watershed
Back River
Dead River
East Branch Oyster River
Mill River
Oyster River
Saint George River
West Branch Oyster River
Others
Back River (Medomak)
Back River (Meduncook)
Goose River
Medomak River
Meduncook River
Penobscot BayPenobscot River Watershed
Dead River
East Branch Mattawamkeag River
East Branch Penobscot River
East Branch Piscataquis River
East Branch Pleasant River
Kenduskeag Stream
Little Seboeis River
Mattawamkeag River
Middle Branch Pleasant River
Molunkus Stream
North Branch Marsh River
North Branch Penobscot River
Narramissic River
Orland River
Passadumkeag River
Penobscot River
Pleasant River
Piscataquis River
Sebec River
Seboeis River
South Branch Marsh River
South Branch Penobscot River
Stillwater River
West Branch Mattawamkeag River
West Branch Penobscot River
West Branch Piscataquis River
West Branch Pleasant River
Others
Bagaduce River
Ducktrap River
Goose River (Belfast Bay)
Goose River (Rockport Harbor)
Little River
Megunticook River
Passagassawakeag River
Weskeag River
Saco BaySaco River Watershed
Charles River
Cold River
Hancock Brook
Kezar River
Little Cold River
Little Ossipee River
Little River
Little Saco River
Mad River
Middle Branch Mad River
Old Course Saco River
Ossipee River
Saco River
Shepards River
South Branch Mad River
South River
Tenmile River
West Branch Tenmile River
Others
Dunstan River
Libby River
Nonesuch River
Scarborough River
Spurwink River
This article related to a river in Maine is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Piscataquis River\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. 30 September 1980. Retrieved 2010-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/573447","url_text":"\"Piscataquis River\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Piscataquis River\".","urls":[{"url":"http://newenglandtowns.org/maine/piscataquis-river","url_text":"\"Piscataquis River\""}]},{"reference":"G.J. Stewart; J.P. Nielsen; J.M. Caldwell; A.R. Cloutier (2002). \"Water Resources Data - Maine, Water Year 2001\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-11-18. Retrieved 2006-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051118072701/http://me.water.usgs.gov/Maine01adr.pdf","url_text":"\"Water Resources Data - Maine, Water Year 2001\""},{"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/Maine01adr.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Howland Dam\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved December 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1773793","url_text":"\"Howland Dam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Piscataquis_River¶ms=45.239_N_68.656_W_region:US-ME&title=Piscataquis+River_type:river","external_links_name":"45°14′20″N 68°39′22″W / 45.239°N 68.656°W / 45.239; -68.656 (Piscataquis River)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Piscataquis_River¶ms=45.239_N_68.656_W_region:US-ME&title=Piscataquis+River_type:river","external_links_name":"45°14′20″N 68°39′22″W / 45.239°N 68.656°W / 45.239; -68.656 (Piscataquis River)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Piscataquis_River¶ms=45.2817_N_69.5901_W_type:river_region:US-ME&title=Piscataquis+River+source","external_links_name":"45°16′54″N 69°35′24″W / 45.2817°N 69.5901°W / 45.2817; -69.5901 (Piscataquis River source)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Piscataquis_River¶ms=45_16_02_N_69_35_03_W_type:landmark_region:US-ME&title=Blanchard+river+gauge","external_links_name":"45°16′02″N 69°35′03″W / 45.26722°N 69.58417°W / 45.26722; -69.58417 (Blanchard river gauge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Piscataquis_River¶ms=45_10_31_N_69_18_55_W_type:landmark_region:US-ME&title=Dover-Foxcroft+river+gauge","external_links_name":"45°10′31″N 69°18′55″W / 45.17528°N 69.31528°W / 45.17528; -69.31528 (Dover-Foxcroft river gauge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Piscataquis_River¶ms=45_15_40_N_68_52_07_W_type:landmark_region:US-ME&title=Medford+river+gauge","external_links_name":"45°15′40″N 68°52′07″W / 45.26111°N 68.86861°W / 45.26111; -68.86861 (Medford river gauge)"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/573447","external_links_name":"\"Piscataquis River\""},{"Link":"https://waterdata.usgs.gov/usa/nwis/uv?site_no=01031300","external_links_name":"Blanchard"},{"Link":"https://waterdata.usgs.gov/usa/nwis/uv?site_no=01031500","external_links_name":"Dover-Foxcroft"},{"Link":"https://waterdata.usgs.gov/usa/nwis/uv?site_no=0103400","external_links_name":"Medford"},{"Link":"http://www.cohp.org/records/relief/Helman_counties.html","external_links_name":"River elevation tables"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080531042805/http://newweb.erh.noaa.gov/ahps2/index.php?wfo=car","external_links_name":"forecast"},{"Link":"http://newenglandtowns.org/maine/piscataquis-river","external_links_name":"\"Piscataquis River\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051118072701/http://me.water.usgs.gov/Maine01adr.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Water Resources Data - Maine, Water Year 2001\""},{"Link":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/Maine01adr.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1773793","external_links_name":"\"Howland Dam\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piscataquis_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavona_(coral)
|
Pavona (coral)
|
["1 Characteristics","2 Species","3 References"]
|
Genus of corals
Pavona
Potato chip coral (Pavona cactus)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Cnidaria
Class:
Hexacorallia
Order:
Scleractinia
Family:
Agariciidae
Genus:
PavonaLamarck, 1801
Species
See text
Synonyms
List
Lophoseris Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849
Pavonia Lamarck, 1801
Polyastra Ehrenberg, 1834
Pseudocolumnastrea Yabe & Sugiyama, 1933
Tichoseris Quelch, 1884
Pavona is a genus of colonial stony corals in the family Agariciidae. These corals are found in shallow waters in the Indo-Pacific region.
Characteristics
Pavona decussata skeleton
Corals in this genus have a range of different forms including those that are massive, meandering, columnar, leaf-like, and plate-like. A single species may vary in form according to the current, wave action, lighting conditions, and depth of its location. Members of the genus are distinguished from other corals by having no walls to the corallites, but having clearly delineated septocostae that connect each corallite to its neighbours, giving a flower-like pattern on the surface of the coral. The corallites themselves are shallow depressions with central columella and may be separated by ridges. The polyps, with the exception of Pavona explanulata, are only extended at night. The foliose and plate-like forms tend to be two-sided. If they do not get enough nutrients or “food” from photosynthesis they switch to the autotrophic mode, and obtain some of their nutrition from their symbiotic algae. They can also absorb nutrients from uptaking dissolved organics from the water and even using carbon dioxide to turn it in organic carbon sources they can feed on.
Species
The World Register of Marine Species recognises these species:
Pavona bipartita Nemenzo, 1980
Pavona cactus (Forskål, 1775)
Pavona chiriquiensis Glynn, Mate & Stemann, 2001
Pavona clavus (Dana, 1846)
Pavona danai Milne Edwards, 1860
Pavona decussata (Dana, 1846)
Pavona diffluens (Lamarck, 1816)
Pavona dilatata Nemenzo & Montecillo, 1985
Pavona diminuta Veron, 1990
Pavona divaricata Lamarck, 1816
Pavona duerdeni Scheer & Pillai, 1974
Pavona explanulata (Lamarck, 1816)
Pavona frondifera (Lamarck, 1816)
Pavona gigantea Verrill, 1869
Pavona maldivensis (Gardiner, 1905)
Pavona minor Brüggemann
Pavona minuta Wells, 1954
Pavona varians Verrill, 1864
Pavona venosa (Ehrenberg, 1834)
Pavona xarifae Scheer & Pillai, 1974
Pavona bipartita
Pavona cactus
Pavona clavus
Pavona decussata
Pavona duerdeni
Pavona explanulata
Pavona frondifera
Pavona maldivensis
Pavona minuta
Pavona varians
Pavona venosa
References
^ a b c Martinez, Olga (2012). "Pavona Lamarck, 1801". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
^ "Pavona". Coral Hub. CICBP. Archived from the original on 2013-04-16. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
^ "Pavona Coral - Cactus Coral - Many Images". REEF2REEF Saltwater and Reef Aquarium Forum. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
vteCorals and coral reefsHexacorallia
Black
Brain
Elegance
Hermatypic
Chalice
Pillar
Table
Elkhorn
Staghorn
†Rugose
†Tabulate
Octocorallia
Bamboo
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Organ pipe
Sea fans
Sea pens
Coral reefs
Atoll
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Coral
Deep-water coral
mesophotic coral reef
Fringing
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Coral reef fish
Census of Coral Reefs
The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
Catlin Seaview Survey
Spur and groove formation
Coral regions
List of reefs
African coral reefs
Amazon Reef
Andros, Bahamas
Belize Barrier Reef
Coral Sea Islands
Coral Triangle
East African coral coast
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
Great Barrier Reef
India
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Non-tropical regions
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
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Virgin Islands
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Coral diseases
Coral bleaching
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Skeletal eroding band
Stony coral tissue loss disease
White band disease
White pox disease
Conservation
Environmental issues with coral reefs
Coral reef protection
Coral reef restoration
Reef resilience
Organizations
Coral Reef Alliance
Green Fins
International Coral Reef Society
Project AWARE
Reef Ball
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Symbiotic algae
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Artificial reef
Aquaculture of coral
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Coralline algae
Deep-water coral
Fire coral
Taxon identifiersPavona
Wikidata: Q3932738
Wikispecies: Pavona
ADW: Pavona
AFD: Pavona
BOLD: 83584
CoL: 84RVB
GBIF: 2260525
iNaturalist: 90878
IRMNG: 1374377
ITIS: 53066
NCBI: 46725
NZOR: 4f8e47ce-dfc6-4786-aaac-9b1da3c7c464
Open Tree of Life: 990300
Paleobiology Database: 6711
Plazi: 86129D47-589F-A6BB-5556-79E43B7C137C
uBio: 5757448
WoRMS: 206614
ZooBank: A6CED50E-549C-44C3-8E14-27C533A2B252
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)"},{"link_name":"stony corals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scleractinia"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Agariciidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agariciidae"},{"link_name":"Indo-Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pacific"}],"text":"Pavona is a genus of colonial stony corals in the family Agariciidae. These corals are found in shallow waters in the Indo-Pacific region.","title":"Pavona (coral)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skeleton_Pavona_decussata_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pavona decussata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavona_decussata"},{"link_name":"corallites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corallite"},{"link_name":"polyps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyp_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"Pavona explanulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavona_explanulata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Pavona decussata skeletonCorals in this genus have a range of different forms including those that are massive, meandering, columnar, leaf-like, and plate-like. A single species may vary in form according to the current, wave action, lighting conditions, and depth of its location. Members of the genus are distinguished from other corals by having no walls to the corallites, but having clearly delineated septocostae that connect each corallite to its neighbours, giving a flower-like pattern on the surface of the coral. The corallites themselves are shallow depressions with central columella and may be separated by ridges. The polyps, with the exception of Pavona explanulata, are only extended at night. The foliose and plate-like forms tend to be two-sided.[1][2] If they do not get enough nutrients or “food” from photosynthesis they switch to the autotrophic mode, and obtain some of their nutrition from their symbiotic algae. They can also absorb nutrients from uptaking dissolved organics from the water and even using carbon dioxide to turn it in organic carbon sources they can feed on.[3]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Register of Marine Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"},{"link_name":"Pavona bipartita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavona_bipartita"},{"link_name":"Pavona cactus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavona_cactus"},{"link_name":"Pavona chiriquiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavona_chiriquiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pavona clavus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavona_clavus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pavona danai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavona_danai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pavona decussata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavona_decussata"},{"link_name":"Pavona diffluens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavona_diffluens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pavona dilatata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavona_dilatata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pavona diminuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavona_diminuta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pavona divaricata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavona_divaricata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pavona duerdeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavona_duerdeni"},{"link_name":"Pavona explanulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavona_explanulata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pavona frondifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavona_frondifera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pavona gigantea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavona_gigantea"},{"link_name":"Pavona maldivensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavona_maldivensis"},{"link_name":"Pavona minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavona_minor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pavona minuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavona_minuta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pavona varians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavona_varians"},{"link_name":"Pavona venosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavona_venosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pavona xarifae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavona_xarifae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavona_bipartita,_colonia_in_situ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pavona bipartita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavona_bipartita"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavona_cactus,_colonia_in_situ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pavona cactus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavona_cactus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavona_clavus,_colonia_in_situ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pavona clavus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavona_clavus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavona_decussata_R%C3%A9union.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pavona decussata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavona_decussata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavona_duerdeni,_in_situ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pavona duerdeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavona_duerdeni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavona_explanulata,_in_situ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pavona explanulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavona_explanulata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavona_frondifera.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pavona frondifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavona_frondifera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavona_maldivensis,_in_situ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pavona maldivensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavona_maldivensis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavona_minuta,_in_situ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pavona minuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavona_minuta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavona_varians.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pavona varians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavona_varians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavona_venosa,_in_situ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pavona venosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavona_venosa&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The World Register of Marine Species recognises these species:[1]Pavona bipartita Nemenzo, 1980\nPavona cactus (Forskål, 1775)\nPavona chiriquiensis Glynn, Mate & Stemann, 2001\nPavona clavus (Dana, 1846)\nPavona danai Milne Edwards, 1860\nPavona decussata (Dana, 1846)\nPavona diffluens (Lamarck, 1816)\nPavona dilatata Nemenzo & Montecillo, 1985\nPavona diminuta Veron, 1990\nPavona divaricata Lamarck, 1816\nPavona duerdeni Scheer & Pillai, 1974\nPavona explanulata (Lamarck, 1816)\nPavona frondifera (Lamarck, 1816)\nPavona gigantea Verrill, 1869\nPavona maldivensis (Gardiner, 1905)\nPavona minor Brüggemann\nPavona minuta Wells, 1954\nPavona varians Verrill, 1864\nPavona venosa (Ehrenberg, 1834)\nPavona xarifae Scheer & Pillai, 1974Pavona bipartita\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPavona cactus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPavona clavus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPavona decussata\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPavona duerdeni\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPavona explanulata\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPavona frondifera\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPavona maldivensis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPavona minuta\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPavona varians\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPavona venosa","title":"Species"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Pavona decussata skeleton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Skeleton_Pavona_decussata_2.JPG/220px-Skeleton_Pavona_decussata_2.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Martinez, Olga (2012). \"Pavona Lamarck, 1801\". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2013-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=206614","url_text":"\"Pavona Lamarck, 1801\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species","url_text":"World Register of Marine Species"}]},{"reference":"\"Pavona\". Coral Hub. CICBP. Archived from the original on 2013-04-16. Retrieved 2013-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130416003552/http://www.coralhub.info/cf/a-z/pavona/","url_text":"\"Pavona\""},{"url":"http://www.coralhub.info/cf/a-z/pavona/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pavona Coral - Cactus Coral - Many Images\". REEF2REEF Saltwater and Reef Aquarium Forum. Retrieved 2018-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reef2reef.com/threads/pavona-coral-cactus-coral-many-images.105126/","url_text":"\"Pavona Coral - Cactus Coral - Many Images\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naik_(military_rank)
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Naik (military rank)
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["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
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Rank in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan
For other uses, see Nayak (title).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Naik" military rank – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Naik Indian and Pakistani rank insigniaCountry Bangladesh India PakistanService branchArmyAbbreviationNkRank groupEnlisted rankNext higher rankHavildarNext lower rankLance naikEquivalent ranksCorporal
Naik (Nk; sometimes historically spelled nayak) is an Indian Army, Pakistan Army and Bangladesh Police rank equivalent to corporal. The rank was previously used in the Indian Army during the Raj and the Camel Corps, ranking between lance naik and havildar. In cavalry units, the equivalent is lance daffadar. Like a British corporal, a naik wears two rank chevrons.
See also
Army ranks and insignia of India
Army ranks and insignia of Pakistan
References
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Naik" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links
The dictionary definition of naik at Wiktionary
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This military article about the Indian Armed Forces is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nayak (title)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayak_(title)"},{"link_name":"Indian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Police"},{"link_name":"corporal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Indian Army during the Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"lance naik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_naik"},{"link_name":"havildar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havildar"},{"link_name":"lance daffadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_daffadar"},{"link_name":"chevrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)"}],"text":"For other uses, see Nayak (title).Naik (Nk; sometimes historically spelled nayak) is an Indian Army, Pakistan Army and Bangladesh Police rank equivalent to corporal.[1] The rank was previously used in the Indian Army during the Raj and the Camel Corps, ranking between lance naik and havildar. In cavalry units, the equivalent is lance daffadar. Like a British corporal, a naik wears two rank chevrons.","title":"Naik (military rank)"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Army ranks and insignia of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_ranks_and_insignia_of_India"},{"title":"Army ranks and insignia of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_ranks_and_insignia_of_Pakistan"}]
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[{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Naik\" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Naik","url_text":"\"Naik\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelworks
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Steel mill
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["1 History","2 Integrated mill","3 Minimill","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
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Plant for steelmaking
For a mechanical device that produced sparks for lighting in mines, see mechanically powered flashlight § "Steel mills".
For the band, see Steel Mill.
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Integrated steel mill in the Netherlands. The two large towers are blast furnaces.
A steel mill or steelworks is an industrial plant for the manufacture of steel. It may be an integrated steel works carrying out all steps of steelmaking from smelting iron ore to rolled product, but may also be a plant where steel semi-finished casting products are made from molten pig iron or from scrap.
History
Otis Steel Mill, Ohio, 1929
Since the invention of the Bessemer process, steel mills have replaced ironworks, based on puddling or fining methods. New ways to produce steel appeared later: from scrap melted in an electric arc furnace and, more recently, from direct reduced iron processes.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the world's largest steel mill was the Barrow Hematite Steel Company steelworks located in Barrow-in-Furness, United Kingdom. Today, the world's largest steel mill is in Gwangyang, South Korea.
Integrated mill
Plan of the Lackawanna Steel plant in Buffalo, New York ca. 1903, showing the various elements of an integrated steel mill
Blast furnaces of Třinec Iron and Steel Works
Interior of a steel mill
An integrated steel mill has all the functions for primary steel
production:
iron making (conversion of ore to liquid iron),
steel making (conversion of pig iron to liquid steel),
casting (solidification of the liquid steel),
roughing rolling/billet rolling (reducing size of blocks)
product rolling (finished shapes).
The principal raw materials for an integrated mill are iron ore, limestone, and coal (or coke). These materials are charged in batches into a blast furnace where the iron compounds in the ore give up excess oxygen and become liquid iron. At intervals of a few hours, the accumulated liquid iron is tapped from the blast furnace and either cast into pig iron or directed to other vessels for further steel making operations. Historically the Bessemer process was a major advancement in the production of economical steel, but it has now been entirely replaced by other processes such as the basic oxygen furnace.
Molten steel is cast into large blocks called blooms. During the casting process various methods are used, such as addition of aluminum, so that impurities in the steel float to the surface where they can be cut off the finished bloom.
Because of the energy cost and structural stress associated with heating and cooling a blast furnace, typically these primary steel making vessels will operate on a continuous production campaign of several years duration. Even during periods of low steel demand, it may not be feasible to let the blast furnace grow cold, though some adjustment of the production rate is possible.
Integrated mills are large facilities that are typically only economical to build in 2,000,000-ton per year annual capacity and up. Final products made by an integrated plant are usually large structural sections, heavy plate, strip, wire rod, railway rails, and occasionally long products such as bars and pipe.
A major environmental hazard associated with integrated steel mills is the pollution produced in the manufacture of coke, which is an essential intermediate product in the reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace.
Integrated mills may also adopt some of the processes used in mini-mills, such as arc furnaces and direct casting, to reduce production costs.
Minimill
An ingot of steel entering a rolling mill
A minimill is traditionally a secondary steel producer; however, Nucor (one of the world's largest steel producers) and Commercial Metals Company (CMC) use minimills exclusively. Usually it obtains most of its iron from scrap steel, recycled from used automobiles and equipment or byproducts of manufacturing. Direct reduced iron (DRI) is sometimes used with scrap, to help maintain desired chemistry of the steel, though usually DRI is too expensive to use as the primary raw steelmaking material. A typical mini-mill will have an electric arc furnace for scrap melting, a ladle furnace or vacuum furnace for precision control of chemistry, a strip or billet continuous caster for converting molten steel to solid form, a reheat furnace and a rolling mill.
Originally the minimill was adapted to production of bar products only, such as concrete reinforcing bar, flats, angles, channels, pipe, and light rails. Since the late 1980s, successful introduction of the direct strip casting process has made minimill production of strip feasible. Often a minimill will be constructed in an area with no other steel production, to take advantage of local markets, resources, or lower-cost labour. Minimill plants may specialize, for example, in making coils of rod for wire-drawing use, or pipe, or in special sections for transportation and agriculture.
Capacities of minimills vary: some plants may make as much as 3,000,000 tons per year, a typical size is in the range 200,000 to 400,000 tons per year, and some old or specialty plants may make as little as 50,000 tons per year of finished product. Nucor Corporation, for example, annually produces around 9,100,000 tons of sheet steel from its four sheet mills, 6,700,000 tons of bar steel from its 10 bar mills and 2,100,000 tons of plate steel from its two plate mills.
Since the electric arc furnace can be easily started and stopped on a regular basis, minimills can follow the market demand for their products easily, operating on 24-hour schedules when demand is high and cutting back production when sales are lower.
See also
Foundry
List of steel producers
Steel § Industry
References
^ "Barrow". Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust. Archived from the original on 2007-08-19. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
^ "POSCO Steel's Fourth Quarter Executive Board Meeting in India" Archived 2012-07-20 at archive.today New Delhi, October 18, 2007
Further reading
McGannon, Harold E. (editor) (1971). The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Ninth Edition. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: United States Steel Corporation.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Steel mill.
Travel Channel video 1 of the Homestead Works
An extensive picture gallery of all methods of production in North America and Europe
History of steelworks in Scotland Archived 2018-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
Trends in EAF quality capability 1980–2010
vteIron and steel production
History of ferrous metallurgy
List of steel producers
Iron production(Ironworks)Smelting
Bloomery (produces sponge iron)
Blast furnace (produces pig iron)
Cold blast
Hot blast
Anthracite iron
Direct reduced iron
Secondary
Wrought iron (via Finery forge or Reverberatory Puddling Furnace)
Cast iron (via Cupola furnace or Induction furnace)
Steelmaking(Steel mill)Primary (Pre-1850)
Pattern welding
Crucible steel (Damascus steel, Wootz steel)
Tatara furnace
Cementation process
Primary (Post-1850)
Bessemer process
Open hearth furnace
Electric arc furnace
Basic oxygen process
Secondary
Electro-slag remelting
Vacuum arc remelting
Argon oxygen decarburization
Heat treatment methodsAnnealing
Low hydrogen
Short circuit
Hardening / Case-hardening
Ausforming
Boriding
Carbonitriding
Carburizing
Cryogenic
Ferritic nitrocarburizing
Induction
Nitriding
Precipitation
Quench polish quench
Tempering
Austempering
Martempering
Cryogenic treatment (Deburring
Deflashing
Hardening)
Differential heat treatment
Decarburization
Forming gas
Post weld heat treatment
Quenching
Superplastic forming
Production by country
Bangladesh
China
India
Italy
Luxembourg
Nigeria
United States
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mechanically powered flashlight § \"Steel mills\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanically_powered_flashlight#%22Steel_mills%22"},{"link_name":"Steel Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Mill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoogovens.JPG"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"blast furnaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace"},{"link_name":"industrial plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_plant"},{"link_name":"manufacture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacture"},{"link_name":"steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"},{"link_name":"steelmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelmaking"},{"link_name":"iron ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore"},{"link_name":"semi-finished casting products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-finished_casting_products"},{"link_name":"pig iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_iron"},{"link_name":"scrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrap"}],"text":"For a mechanical device that produced sparks for lighting in mines, see mechanically powered flashlight § \"Steel mills\".For the band, see Steel Mill.Integrated steel mill in the Netherlands. The two large towers are blast furnaces.A steel mill or steelworks is an industrial plant for the manufacture of steel. It may be an integrated steel works carrying out all steps of steelmaking from smelting iron ore to rolled product, but may also be a plant where steel semi-finished casting products are made from molten pig iron or from scrap.","title":"Steel mill"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Otis_Steel_Mill,_Ohio,_1929.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bessemer process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessemer_process"},{"link_name":"ironworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironworks"},{"link_name":"puddling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puddling_(metallurgy)"},{"link_name":"fining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finery_forge"},{"link_name":"electric arc furnace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace"},{"link_name":"direct reduced iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron"},{"link_name":"Barrow Hematite Steel Company steelworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_Hematite_Steel_Company"},{"link_name":"Barrow-in-Furness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Gwangyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangyang"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Otis Steel Mill, Ohio, 1929Since the invention of the Bessemer process, steel mills have replaced ironworks, based on puddling or fining methods. New ways to produce steel appeared later: from scrap melted in an electric arc furnace and, more recently, from direct reduced iron processes.In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the world's largest steel mill was the Barrow Hematite Steel Company steelworks located in Barrow-in-Furness, United Kingdom. Today, the world's largest steel mill is in Gwangyang, South Korea.[1][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lackawanna_steel_plant_1903.png"},{"link_name":"Lackawanna Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackawanna_Steel_Company"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VysokePece1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Třinec Iron and Steel Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%99inec_Iron_and_Steel_Works"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SteelMill_interior.jpg"},{"link_name":"iron making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironmaking"},{"link_name":"ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore"},{"link_name":"steel making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelmaking"},{"link_name":"pig iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_iron"},{"link_name":"casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting"},{"link_name":"roughing rolling/billet rolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)"},{"link_name":"product rolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_mill"},{"link_name":"blast furnace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace"},{"link_name":"pig iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_iron"},{"link_name":"Bessemer process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessemer_process"},{"link_name":"basic oxygen furnace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_oxygen_furnace"},{"link_name":"aluminum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum"},{"link_name":"railway rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_tracks"},{"link_name":"long products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_steel_products"},{"link_name":"bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_steel"},{"link_name":"pipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_(material)"},{"link_name":"environmental hazard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_hazard"},{"link_name":"coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_(fuel)"}],"text":"Plan of the Lackawanna Steel plant in Buffalo, New York ca. 1903, showing the various elements of an integrated steel millBlast furnaces of Třinec Iron and Steel WorksInterior of a steel millAn integrated steel mill has all the functions for primary steel \nproduction:iron making (conversion of ore to liquid iron),\nsteel making (conversion of pig iron to liquid steel),\ncasting (solidification of the liquid steel),\nroughing rolling/billet rolling (reducing size of blocks)\nproduct rolling (finished shapes).The principal raw materials for an integrated mill are iron ore, limestone, and coal (or coke). These materials are charged in batches into a blast furnace where the iron compounds in the ore give up excess oxygen and become liquid iron. At intervals of a few hours, the accumulated liquid iron is tapped from the blast furnace and either cast into pig iron or directed to other vessels for further steel making operations. Historically the Bessemer process was a major advancement in the production of economical steel, but it has now been entirely replaced by other processes such as the basic oxygen furnace.Molten steel is cast into large blocks called blooms. During the casting process various methods are used, such as addition of aluminum, so that impurities in the steel float to the surface where they can be cut off the finished bloom.Because of the energy cost and structural stress associated with heating and cooling a blast furnace, typically these primary steel making vessels will operate on a continuous production campaign of several years duration. Even during periods of low steel demand, it may not be feasible to let the blast furnace grow cold, though some adjustment of the production rate is possible.Integrated mills are large facilities that are typically only economical to build in 2,000,000-ton per year annual capacity and up. Final products made by an integrated plant are usually large structural sections, heavy plate, strip, wire rod, railway rails, and occasionally long products such as bars and pipe.A major environmental hazard associated with integrated steel mills is the pollution produced in the manufacture of coke, which is an essential intermediate product in the reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace.Integrated mills may also adopt some of the processes used in mini-mills, such as arc furnaces and direct casting, to reduce production costs.","title":"Integrated mill"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Block-Grobstrasse_Witten.tif"},{"link_name":"Nucor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucor"},{"link_name":"Commercial Metals Company (CMC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Metals_Company"},{"link_name":"scrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrap"},{"link_name":"Direct reduced iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron"},{"link_name":"electric arc furnace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace"},{"link_name":"ladle furnace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladle_(metallurgy)"},{"link_name":"vacuum furnace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_furnace"},{"link_name":"continuous caster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_Casting"},{"link_name":"reheat furnace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reheat_furnace&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"rolling mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_mill"},{"link_name":"concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete"},{"link_name":"reinforcing bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebar"},{"link_name":"direct strip casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_casting#Direct_strip_casting"},{"link_name":"wire-drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_drawing"},{"link_name":"Nucor Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucor_Corporation"}],"text":"An ingot of steel entering a rolling millA minimill is traditionally a secondary steel producer; however, Nucor (one of the world's largest steel producers) and Commercial Metals Company (CMC) use minimills exclusively. Usually it obtains most of its iron from scrap steel, recycled from used automobiles and equipment or byproducts of manufacturing. Direct reduced iron (DRI) is sometimes used with scrap, to help maintain desired chemistry of the steel, though usually DRI is too expensive to use as the primary raw steelmaking material. A typical mini-mill will have an electric arc furnace for scrap melting, a ladle furnace or vacuum furnace for precision control of chemistry, a strip or billet continuous caster for converting molten steel to solid form, a reheat furnace and a rolling mill.Originally the minimill was adapted to production of bar products only, such as concrete reinforcing bar, flats, angles, channels, pipe, and light rails. Since the late 1980s, successful introduction of the direct strip casting process has made minimill production of strip feasible. Often a minimill will be constructed in an area with no other steel production, to take advantage of local markets, resources, or lower-cost labour. Minimill plants may specialize, for example, in making coils of rod for wire-drawing use, or pipe, or in special sections for transportation and agriculture.Capacities of minimills vary: some plants may make as much as 3,000,000 tons per year, a typical size is in the range 200,000 to 400,000 tons per year, and some old or specialty plants may make as little as 50,000 tons per year of finished product. Nucor Corporation, for example, annually produces around 9,100,000 tons of sheet steel from its four sheet mills, 6,700,000 tons of bar steel from its 10 bar mills and 2,100,000 tons of plate steel from its two plate mills.Since the electric arc furnace can be easily started and stopped on a regular basis, minimills can follow the market demand for their products easily, operating on 24-hour schedules when demand is high and cutting back production when sales are lower.","title":"Minimill"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"McGannon, Harold E. (editor) (1971). The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Ninth Edition. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: United States Steel Corporation.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Integrated steel mill in the Netherlands. The two large towers are blast furnaces.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hoogovens.JPG/300px-Hoogovens.JPG"},{"image_text":"Otis Steel Mill, Ohio, 1929","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Otis_Steel_Mill%2C_Ohio%2C_1929.jpg/220px-Otis_Steel_Mill%2C_Ohio%2C_1929.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plan of the Lackawanna Steel plant in Buffalo, New York ca. 1903, showing the various elements of an integrated steel mill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lackawanna_steel_plant_1903.png/220px-Lackawanna_steel_plant_1903.png"},{"image_text":"Blast furnaces of Třinec Iron and Steel Works","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/VysokePece1.jpg/220px-VysokePece1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior of a steel mill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/SteelMill_interior.jpg/220px-SteelMill_interior.jpg"},{"image_text":"An ingot of steel entering a rolling mill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Block-Grobstrasse_Witten.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Block-Grobstrasse_Witten.tif.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundry"},{"title":"List of steel producers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_steel_producers"},{"title":"Steel § Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel#Industry"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Barrow\". Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust. Archived from the original on 2007-08-19. Retrieved 2007-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070819160207/http://www.ironbridge.org.uk/about_us/ironbridge_archaeology/projects/barrow/","url_text":"\"Barrow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge","url_text":"Ironbridge Gorge"},{"url":"http://www.ironbridge.org.uk/about_us/ironbridge_archaeology/projects/barrow/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Steel+mill%22","external_links_name":"\"Steel mill\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Steel+mill%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Steel+mill%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Steel+mill%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Steel+mill%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Steel+mill%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070819160207/http://www.ironbridge.org.uk/about_us/ironbridge_archaeology/projects/barrow/","external_links_name":"\"Barrow\""},{"Link":"http://www.ironbridge.org.uk/about_us/ironbridge_archaeology/projects/barrow/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://posco-india.com/website/press-room/news/posco-board-meeting-in-india.htm","external_links_name":"\"POSCO Steel's Fourth Quarter Executive Board Meeting in India\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120720005735/http://posco-india.com/website/press-room/news/posco-board-meeting-in-india.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.travelchannel.com/video/steel-city-usa","external_links_name":"Travel Channel video 1 of the Homestead Works"},{"Link":"http://www.stahlseite.de/","external_links_name":"An extensive picture gallery of all methods of production in North America and Europe"},{"Link":"http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/clydebridge","external_links_name":"History of steelworks in Scotland"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180722214317/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/clydebridge/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.steelonthenet.com/kb/eaf-technology-trends.html","external_links_name":"Trends in EAF quality capability 1980–2010"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534178805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85127851","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_Settlements_cricket_team
|
Straits Settlements cricket team
|
["1 History","2 Players","3 References"]
|
Cricket team that represented Straits Settlements (1890–1940)
The Straits Settlements cricket team was the team that represented the Straits Settlements in international cricket matches between 1890 and 1940.
History
Between 1890 and 1909, the Straits Settlements played regular Interport matches against Hong Kong, Ceylon and Shanghai. After 1909 they formed the combined Malaya cricket team along with the Federated Malay States for these matches, but continued to play international matches against the Federated Malay States.
Players
The following players played for the Straits Settlements and also played first-class cricket:
Charles Higginbotham - played for the South African Army in 1906 and the British Army in 1912
Henry Talbot - played for the MCC in 1895
Theodore Hubback - played for Lancashire in 1892
John Healing - played for Cambridge University and Gloucestershire between 1894 and 1906
Edward Barrett - played for Hampshire between 1896 and 1925
Walter Parsons - played for Hampshire in 1882
Francis Mugliston - played for Lancashire between 1906 and 1908
Bruce Eddis - played for a combined Army/Navy team in 1919
William Goodman - played for the Gentlemen of Philadelphia in 1899
Sydney Maartensz - played for Hampshire in 1919
John Chamberlain - played for Western Australia in 1907
Robert Braddell - played for Oxford University and the MCC between 1908 and 1911
Cyril Simpson - played for Northamptonshire in 1908
Richard Wodehouse - played for the Europeans in India in 1923 and 1924
Trevor Spring - played for Somerset in 1909 and 1910
Edward Baker - played for Sussex between 1912 and 1919 and for Somerset in 1921
Gerald Livock - played for Middlesex between 1925 and 1927
Robert Phayre - played first-class cricket in India in 1925
Edward Armitage - played for Hampshire between 1919 and 1925
Billy King - played for Dublin University in 1922
Charles Congdon - played for the Royal Navy between 1921 and 1929
John Neve - played for the MCC in 1936
Philip Stewart-Brown - played for Oxford University between 1924 and 1926
Gerald Aste - played for various teams in India between 1922 and 1936
Herbert Hopkins - played for Worcestershire between 1921 and 1931
Godfrey Bryan - played for Kent between 1920 and 1933
Cecil Wigglesworth - played for the Royal Air Force in 1927
Denys Hill - played for Worcestershire between 1927 and 1929
Bertie Perkins - played for Glamorgan between 1925 and 1933
Victor Croome - played for the Royal Air Force between 1928 and 1930
Cyril Reed - played ten first class matches in India between 1928 and 1948
Frank Simpson - played for the Army in 1931
Ernest Dynes - played for the Minor Counties between 1928 and 1930
Laddie Outschoorn - played for Worcestershire between 1946 and 1959
Reginald Thoy - played two first-class matches in England in 1955 and 1957
Francis Hugonin - played for Essex in 1927 and 1928
References
^ Encyclopaedia of World Cricket by Roy Morgan, Sport Books Publishing, 2007
^ Charles Higginbotham at CricketArchive
^ Henry Talbot at CricketArchive
^ Theodore Huback at CricketArchive
^ John Healing at CricketArchive
^ Edward Barrett at CricketArchive
^ Walter Parsons at CricketArchive
^ Francis Mugliston at CricketArchive
^ Bruce Eddis at CricketArchive
^ William Goodman at CricketArchive
^ Sydney Maartensz at CricketArchive
^ John Chamberlain at CricketArchive
^ Robert Braddell at CricketArchive
^ Cyril Simpson at CricketArchive
^ Richard Wodehouse at CricketArchive
^ Trevor Spring at CricketArchive
^ Edward Baker at CricketArchive
^ Gerald Livock at CricketArchive
^ Robert Phayre at CricketArchive
^ Edward Armitage at CricketArchive
^ Billy King at CricketArchive
^ Charles Congdon at CricketArchive
^ John Neve at CricketArchive
^ Phillip Stewart-Brown at CricketArchive
^ Gerald Aste at CricketArchive
^ Herbert Hopkins at CricketArchive
^ Godfrey Bryan at CricketArchive
^ Cecil Wigglesworth at CricketArchive
^ Denys Hill at CricketArchive
^ Bertie Perkins at CricketArchive
^ Victor Croome at CricketArchive
^ Cyril Reed at CricketArchive
^ Frank Simpson at CricketArchive
^ Ernest Dynes at CricketArchive
^ Laddy Outschoorn at CricketArchive
^ Reginald Thoy at CricketArchive
^ Francis Hugonin at CricketArchive
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Straits Settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_Settlements"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"}],"text":"The Straits Settlements cricket team was the team that represented the Straits Settlements in international cricket matches between 1890 and 1940.","title":"Straits Settlements cricket team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interport matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interport_matches"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Malaya cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaya_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Federated Malay States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Malay_States_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Between 1890 and 1909, the Straits Settlements played regular Interport matches against Hong Kong, Ceylon and Shanghai. After 1909 they formed the combined Malaya cricket team along with the Federated Malay States for these matches, but continued to play international matches against the Federated Malay States.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Charles Higginbotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Higginbotham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Henry Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Talbot_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"MCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Theodore Hubback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Hubback"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John Healing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Healing"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Edward Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Barrett_(English_sportsman)"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Walter Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Parsons"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Francis Mugliston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Mugliston"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bruce Eddis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Eddis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"William Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ernest_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Gentlemen of Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphian_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sydney Maartensz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Maartensz"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"John Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Robert Braddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Braddell"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cyril Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Richard Wodehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wodehouse"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Trevor Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Spring"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Edward Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Baker_(cricketer,_born_1892)"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Gerald Livock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Livock"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Robert Phayre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Phayre_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Edward Armitage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Armitage_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Billy King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_King_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Dublin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_University_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Charles Congdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Congdon_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"John Neve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Neve"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Philip Stewart-Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Stewart-Brown"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Gerald Aste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Aste"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Godfrey Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Bryan"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Cecil Wigglesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Wigglesworth"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Denys Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denys_Hill"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Bertie Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Victor Croome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Croome"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Cyril Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Reed"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Frank Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Simpson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Ernest Dynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Dynes"},{"link_name":"Minor Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_counties_of_English_cricket"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Laddie Outschoorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laddie_Outschoorn"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Reginald Thoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Thoy"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Francis Hugonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Hugonin"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"The following players played for the Straits Settlements and also played first-class cricket:Charles Higginbotham - played for the South African Army in 1906 and the British Army in 1912[2]\nHenry Talbot - played for the MCC in 1895[3]\nTheodore Hubback - played for Lancashire in 1892[4]\nJohn Healing - played for Cambridge University and Gloucestershire between 1894 and 1906[5]\nEdward Barrett - played for Hampshire between 1896 and 1925[6]\nWalter Parsons - played for Hampshire in 1882[7]\nFrancis Mugliston - played for Lancashire between 1906 and 1908[8]\nBruce Eddis - played for a combined Army/Navy team in 1919[9]\nWilliam Goodman - played for the Gentlemen of Philadelphia in 1899[10]\nSydney Maartensz - played for Hampshire in 1919[11]\nJohn Chamberlain - played for Western Australia in 1907[12]\nRobert Braddell - played for Oxford University and the MCC between 1908 and 1911[13]\nCyril Simpson - played for Northamptonshire in 1908[14]\nRichard Wodehouse - played for the Europeans in India in 1923 and 1924[15]\nTrevor Spring - played for Somerset in 1909 and 1910[16]\nEdward Baker - played for Sussex between 1912 and 1919 and for Somerset in 1921[17]\nGerald Livock - played for Middlesex between 1925 and 1927[18]\nRobert Phayre - played first-class cricket in India in 1925[19]\nEdward Armitage - played for Hampshire between 1919 and 1925[20]\nBilly King - played for Dublin University in 1922[21]\nCharles Congdon - played for the Royal Navy between 1921 and 1929[22]\nJohn Neve - played for the MCC in 1936[23]\nPhilip Stewart-Brown - played for Oxford University between 1924 and 1926[24]\nGerald Aste - played for various teams in India between 1922 and 1936[25]\nHerbert Hopkins - played for Worcestershire between 1921 and 1931[26]\nGodfrey Bryan - played for Kent between 1920 and 1933[27]\nCecil Wigglesworth - played for the Royal Air Force in 1927[28]\nDenys Hill - played for Worcestershire between 1927 and 1929[29]\nBertie Perkins - played for Glamorgan between 1925 and 1933[30]\nVictor Croome - played for the Royal Air Force between 1928 and 1930[31]\nCyril Reed - played ten first class matches in India between 1928 and 1948[32]\nFrank Simpson - played for the Army in 1931[33]\nErnest Dynes - played for the Minor Counties between 1928 and 1930[34]\nLaddie Outschoorn - played for Worcestershire between 1946 and 1959[35]\nReginald Thoy - played two first-class matches in England in 1955 and 1957[36]\nFrancis Hugonin - played for Essex in 1927 and 1928[37]","title":"Players"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/24/24521/24521.html","external_links_name":"Charles Higginbotham"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/33/33172/33172.html","external_links_name":"Henry Talbot"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/30/30437/30437.html","external_links_name":"Theodore Huback"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/30/30108/30108.html","external_links_name":"John Healing"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/6/6468/6468.html","external_links_name":"Edward Barrett"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/6/6791/6791.html","external_links_name":"Walter Parsons"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/31/31610/31610.html","external_links_name":"Francis Mugliston"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/29/29221/29221.html","external_links_name":"Bruce Eddis"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/27/27264/27264.html","external_links_name":"William Goodman"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/6/6741/6741.html","external_links_name":"Sydney Maartensz"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/15/15852/15852.html","external_links_name":"John Chamberlain"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/28/28078/28078.html","external_links_name":"Robert Braddell"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/32/32776/32776.html","external_links_name":"Cyril Simpson"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/14/14945/14945.html","external_links_name":"Richard Wodehouse"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/3/3825/3825.html","external_links_name":"Trevor Spring"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/3/3416/3416.html","external_links_name":"Edward Baker"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/31/31028/31028.html","external_links_name":"Gerald Livock"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/14/14309/14309.html","external_links_name":"Robert Phayre"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/6/6452/6452.html","external_links_name":"Edward Armitage"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/6/6452/6452.html","external_links_name":"Billy King"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/28/28674/28674.html","external_links_name":"Charles Congdon"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/31/31688/31688.html","external_links_name":"John Neve"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/33/33040/33040.html","external_links_name":"Phillip Stewart-Brown"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/12/12640/12640.html","external_links_name":"Gerald Aste"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/30/30363/30363.html","external_links_name":"Herbert Hopkins"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/28/28245/28245.html","external_links_name":"Godfrey Bryan"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/33/33850/33850.html","external_links_name":"Cecil Wigglesworth"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/30/30233/30233.html","external_links_name":"Denys Hill"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/4/4849/4849.html","external_links_name":"Bertie Perkins"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/28/28844/28844.html","external_links_name":"Victor Croome"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/14/14408/14408.html","external_links_name":"Cyril Reed"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/32/32779/32779.html","external_links_name":"Frank Simpson"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/29/29188/29188.html","external_links_name":"Ernest Dynes"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/31/31828/31828.html","external_links_name":"Laddy Outschoorn"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/33/33311/33311.html","external_links_name":"Reginald Thoy"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/4/4913/4913.html","external_links_name":"Francis Hugonin"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_Folklorico
|
Baile folklórico
|
["1 Mexico","1.1 Dances","1.2 Costumes","1.3 States of Mexico with Baile Folklórico","1.4 Popularity","1.5 Amalia Hernandez, mestizaje and national identity","2 Central America","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Collective term for traditional Mexican dances
Ballet folklórico at the Celebration of Mexican political anniversaries in 2010
Baile folklórico, "folkloric dance" in Spanish, also known as ballet folklórico, is a collective term for traditional cultural dances that emphasize local folk culture with ballet characteristics – pointed toes, exaggerated movements, highly choreographed. Baile folklórico differs from danzas and regional bailes. Although it has some association from “danzas nationalists". Folk dances", that is, "dances that you will find in the villages, not on stage" were researched and disseminated by Alura Angeles de Flores. Each region in Mexico, the Southwestern United States and Central American countries is known for a handful of locally characteristic dances.
Mexico
Main article: Folk dance of Mexico
Dances
A woman dancing folklórico in the traditional dress of Jalisco
The state of Jalisco, for example is especially known for its Jarabe Tapatio, son and el baile de los sonajeros which accompany its famous mariachi. One of the most popular songs is "El Son de la Negra". The state of Guerrero is known for its sintesis and tixtla. Michoacán is known for its huetamo and “Historia del Traje de la Mujer Michoacana,” a dance which depicts a local folktale Alegria, 1995. Though the dances differ from region to region, the basic steps and style of dance are similar. Traditional bailes in the majority of regions of Mexico are characterized by a basic set of steps called zapateados which involve percussive heel-stomping.
Costumes
Costumes in the southwest United States are characterized by denim and western shirts while costumes of the Federal District of Mexico reflect a stronger traditional Spanish influence and those of the Yucatán reflect indigenous traditions.
In the folk dances of Northern Mexico, men generally wear black pants with galas on each side of the leg, accented with a red tie and belt and a black wide-brimmed hat.
The women wear tighter fitting and shorter skirts and either white or black boots. The costumes from Jalisco require the women to wear brightly colored ruffled skirts trimmed with ribbons whose colors are local signifiers, shoes with heavy clog-like heels and ornate hair pieces. Shoes vary in color but usually they are either black, white, or red, depending on the song and region. For the region of Veracruz, the women wear white dresses that are full of lace. They use white shoes, and a small apron with a bandana that hangs off the side of the dress.
Whether the woman is married or not determines what side the bandana will hang and which side the floral head piece will lie. Married women wear it the bandana on the left side and, single women it hang on the right.
Sinaloan women, from the coastal region, wear lighter and more colorful dresses. The people of the Americas typically wear darker colors as a show of mourning for the dead. When dancing ballet folklórico there is a different outfit that goes with each different state of Mexico.
Some dancing includes dancing with partners while others require using a bandana or fan, like the state of Guerrero and Veracruz. Oaxaca is most recognized for the detail in the embroidery of their dresses and the empowerment their costumes give woman from the attention to detail and extravagance. Heavy makeup for many regions is also heavily encouraged to resemble a doll.
States of Mexico with Baile Folklórico
Aguascalientes
Baja California
Campeche
Chiapas
Chihuahua
Coahuila
Colima
Durango
Guanajuato
Guerrero
Hidalgo
Jalisco
Michoacán
Nayarit
Nuevo León
Oaxaca
Puebla
Querétaro
Quintana Roo
San Luis Potosí
Sinaloa
Sonora
Tabasco
Tamaulipas
Tlaxcala
Veracruz
Yucatán
Zacatecas
Popularity
Exhibition of Colombian baile folklorico at the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City
Amalia Hernandez pioneered baile folklorico in the 1950s with her establishment and leadership of the Ballet Folklorico Mexico. Additionally, she founded a school in Mexico City for the study and practice of classical and folkloric dance techniques.
Prior to its rise in popularity among student and community groups, bailes folklóricos were (and currently are) performed as a part of large parties or community events. The mariachi musicians generally stand in a line at the back of the performance space and perform without written musical notation, while the dancers perform in couples in front of the mariachis. Nowadays there are both private and public Folklorico groups that get together and compete, for example the USA Ballet Folklorico Nationals.
Amalia Hernandez, mestizaje and national identity
Mestizaje refers to the whitening of Indigenous people during the colonisation of the Americas specifically by Spanish and Portuguese colonisers. In Mexico, there have been attempts at using Mestizaje to create a national identity through art, music, and dance. Ballet Folklorico has also become a symbol of Mestizaje and the mixing of Spanish and Indigenous Mexican music and dance forms. This can be seen in its history and its formal elements such body movements, gestures, and dress.
Jarana Yucateca dance
One example of this is in Ballet Folklorico of Mexico (founded by Amalia Hernandez, a self-identified Mestiza). In one program, they noted: “It is in the mestizaje of the indigenous and the Spanish where one will find one of the essential traits of the mexican people: A whole series of expressions are colored by their own vigorous style.” The company, like many other folkloric Mexican dance companies draw on indigenous dances and “remodel” them with their own style and for stage performance. In the case of Ballet Folklorico, that involves western techniques brought in through Amalia Hernandez, whose own upbringing and dance education was multicultural and international. She learned ballet from Russian and French teachers and “studied indigenous and regional Mexican dance, tap, modern” and other dance forms. She was sent to the United States to learn English, and finished her formal dance education at Mexico's National School of Dance. She created Ballet Folklorico of Mexico in an attempt to create “her own concept of nationalist dance.” Hernandez's personal history cannot be disregarded in the consideration of Ballet Folklorico because she was such an influential figure in its history.
Some of the formal elements of Ballet Folklorico are derived from both Indigenous and colonial dance forms. For example, the charro suit and the zapateo, or foot stomping, both are influenced by Spanish dress and flamenco dance and are symbols of mestizaje. Some of the women's costumes utilize the high neck, also a symbol of colonial dress. The colors of the costumes and many of the dances’ subjects are symbols of Indigenous communities and culture. Traditional Indigenous dance would not have been performed on the proscenium stage, therefore, Ballet Folklorico uses European theatrical conventions to modify Indigenous-based movement to function in a new cultural medium. Ballet Folklorico is a living history of colonisation and cross cultural art.
Central America
Central America has many Bailes Folkloricos. One typical dance from Costa Rica is the Punto guanacasteco .
Honduras has very active folk dance programs in schools and communities with a series of regional and national dance festivals. These culminate at the end of October in a festival, called El Grande de Grandes, that attracts over 50 groups and more than 1000 dancers to La Esperanza, Intibucá, from many different communities in Honduras. Many different traditional dances have been documented in the cities, towns, villages and hamlets of Honduras. These are certified authentic and cataloged in the library of the National Office of Folklore of Honduras. The folkloric dances of Honduras incorporate elements of the indigenous, European and African ancestry fused in the Honduran culture. The mix includes dances that have originated locally as well as dances that have been brought by people from surrounding countries and regions. Reflecting both history and culture, Honduran folk traditions accompany and represent significant events in peoples' lives. Since the 1950s, folklorists starting with Rafael Manzanares Aguilar have documented about 150 traditional dances and the costumes and music that have accompanied them in the communities from which they originated. The National Office of Folklore is part of the Ministry of Public Education. These are broadly categorized as colonial, mestizo, indigenous (or campesino), and Garifuna, reflecting the primary cultural influence of a particular dance. The costumes fall into similar categories.
References
^ Vamanu, Iulian; Terronez, Micaela (2022-01-20). ""Our ancestors passed this down to us for a reason": information practices of ballet folklórico dancers in Mexican-American communities". Journal of Documentation. 78 (6): 1213–1227. doi:10.1108/jd-11-2021-0225. ISSN 0022-0418.
^ a b "Chismes de la Farandula de Famosos y Celebridades". Alegria.org. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
^ The JVC/Smithsonian Folkways video anthology of music and dance of the Americas: Volume 6 Central and South America. Dir. and Prod. Ohta, Horoaki, Katsumori Ichikawa, Yuji Ichihashi and Nihon Bikuta Kabushiki Kaisha. Videocassette. Multicultural Media, 1995.
^ Past Cowan Event – Ballet Folklorico de Mexico de Amalia Hernandez Archived September 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ Martinez-Echazabal, Lourdes (1998). "Mestizaje and the Discourse of National/Cultural Identity in Latin America, 1845-1959". Latin American Perspectives. 25 (3): 21–42. ISSN 0094-582X.
^ a b c d e Hutchinson, Sydney. "The Ballet Folklórico de México and the construction of the Mexican nation through dance". Dancing across borders: Danzas y bailes mexicanos, eds. Olga Najera-Ramirez, Norma Cantu, and Brenda Romero.
^ Sevilla, Amparo (1998). " "Mexico" In the International Encyclopedia of Dance"
^ Johonny Gonzalez. "Festival Folclorico Grande de Grandes 2013: La Cultura y El Arte en Honduras Sigue Viva!" (in Spanish). Asociación de Periodistas Deportivos de Honduras. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
^ Samai Torres (July 4, 2014). "El Rescate del Folclore de Honduras" . El Heraldo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-10-18.
^ Griffin, Wendy. "Perspectives on Punta Dance". Stanford University-Expressions of Honduras. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
Loeffler, Jack. La Música de los Viejitos: Hispano Folk Music of the Rio Grande del Norte. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Folk dance of Mexico.
Baile folklórico at Curlie
Dances and videos
Folklorico Sources & Information
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DancingNEStageMarGrito2010.JPG"},{"link_name":"Celebration of Mexican political anniversaries in 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebration_of_Mexican_political_anniversaries_in_2010"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Southwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Central American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"}],"text":"Ballet folklórico at the Celebration of Mexican political anniversaries in 2010Baile folklórico, \"folkloric dance\" in Spanish, also known as ballet folklórico, is a collective term for traditional cultural dances that emphasize local folk culture with ballet characteristics – pointed toes, exaggerated movements, highly choreographed. Baile folklórico differs from danzas and regional bailes. Although it has some association from “danzas nationalists\".[1] Folk dances\", that is, \"dances that you will find in the villages, not on stage\" were researched and disseminated by Alura Angeles de Flores. Each region in Mexico, the Southwestern United States and Central American countries is known for a handful of locally characteristic dances.","title":"Baile folklórico"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bailando.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco"},{"link_name":"Jarabe Tapatio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarabe_Tapatio"},{"link_name":"Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrero"},{"link_name":"sintesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sintesis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tixtla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tixtla"},{"link_name":"Michoacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-al-2"}],"sub_title":"Dances","text":"A woman dancing folklórico in the traditional dress of JaliscoThe state of Jalisco, for example is especially known for its Jarabe Tapatio, son and el baile de los sonajeros which accompany its famous mariachi. One of the most popular songs is \"El Son de la Negra\". The state of Guerrero is known for its sintesis and tixtla. Michoacán is known for its huetamo and “Historia del Traje de la Mujer Michoacana,” a dance which depicts a local folktale Alegria, 1995.[2] Though the dances differ from region to region, the basic steps and style of dance are similar. Traditional bailes in the majority of regions of Mexico are characterized by a basic set of steps called zapateados which involve percussive heel-stomping.","title":"Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal District of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_District_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"the Yucatán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-al-2"},{"link_name":"Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz"},{"link_name":"Sinaloan women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaloa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"}],"sub_title":"Costumes","text":"Costumes in the southwest United States are characterized by denim and western shirts while costumes of the Federal District of Mexico reflect a stronger traditional Spanish influence and those of the Yucatán reflect indigenous traditions.[2]\nIn the folk dances of Northern Mexico, men generally wear black pants with galas on each side of the leg, accented with a red tie and belt and a black wide-brimmed hat.The women wear tighter fitting and shorter skirts and either white or black boots. The costumes from Jalisco require the women to wear brightly colored ruffled skirts trimmed with ribbons whose colors are local signifiers, shoes with heavy clog-like heels and ornate hair pieces. Shoes vary in color but usually they are either black, white, or red, depending on the song and region. For the region of Veracruz, the women wear white dresses that are full of lace. They use white shoes, and a small apron with a bandana that hangs off the side of the dress.Whether the woman is married or not determines what side the bandana will hang and which side the floral head piece will lie. Married women wear it the bandana on the left side and, single women it hang on the right.Sinaloan women, from the coastal region, wear lighter and more colorful dresses. The people of the Americas typically wear darker colors as a show of mourning for the dead. When dancing ballet folklórico there is a different outfit that goes with each different state of Mexico.Some dancing includes dancing with partners while others require using a bandana or fan, like the state of Guerrero and Veracruz.[3] Oaxaca is most recognized for the detail in the embroidery of their dresses and the empowerment their costumes give woman from the attention to detail and extravagance. Heavy makeup for many regions is also heavily encouraged to resemble a doll.","title":"Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aguascalientes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguascalientes"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"Campeche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeche"},{"link_name":"Chiapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas"},{"link_name":"Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)"},{"link_name":"Coahuila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coahuila"},{"link_name":"Colima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colima"},{"link_name":"Durango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durango"},{"link_name":"Guanajuato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanajuato"},{"link_name":"Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)"},{"link_name":"Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco"},{"link_name":"Michoacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Nayarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayarit"},{"link_name":"Nuevo León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"Puebla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla"},{"link_name":"Querétaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro"},{"link_name":"Quintana Roo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintana_Roo"},{"link_name":"San Luis Potosí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Sinaloa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaloa"},{"link_name":"Sonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonora"},{"link_name":"Tabasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabasco"},{"link_name":"Tamaulipas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaulipas"},{"link_name":"Tlaxcala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala"},{"link_name":"Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz"},{"link_name":"Yucatán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Zacatecas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacatecas"}],"sub_title":"States of Mexico with Baile Folklórico","text":"Aguascalientes\nBaja California\nCampeche\nChiapas\nChihuahua\nCoahuila\nColima\nDurango\nGuanajuato\nGuerrero\nHidalgo\nJalisco\nMichoacán\nNayarit\nNuevo León\nOaxaca\nPuebla\nQuerétaro\nQuintana Roo\nSan Luis Potosí\nSinaloa\nSonora\nTabasco\nTamaulipas\nTlaxcala\nVeracruz\nYucatán\nZacatecas","title":"Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:04162012Bailes032.JPG"},{"link_name":"Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Education,_Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Amalia Hernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalia_Hernandez"},{"link_name":"Ballet Folklorico Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_Folklorico_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"mariachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariachi"}],"sub_title":"Popularity","text":"Exhibition of Colombian baile folklorico at the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico CityAmalia Hernandez pioneered baile folklorico in the 1950s with her establishment and leadership of the Ballet Folklorico Mexico. Additionally, she founded a school in Mexico City for the study and practice of classical and folkloric dance techniques.[4]Prior to its rise in popularity among student and community groups, bailes folklóricos were (and currently are) performed as a part of large parties or community events. The mariachi musicians generally stand in a line at the back of the performance space and perform without written musical notation, while the dancers perform in couples in front of the mariachis. Nowadays there are both private and public Folklorico groups that get together and compete, for example the USA Ballet Folklorico Nationals.","title":"Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jarana_Yucateca.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amalia Hernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalia_Hern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutchinson-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutchinson-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutchinson-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutchinson-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutchinson-6"}],"sub_title":"Amalia Hernandez, mestizaje and national identity","text":"Mestizaje refers to the whitening of Indigenous people during the colonisation of the Americas specifically by Spanish and Portuguese colonisers.[5] In Mexico, there have been attempts at using Mestizaje to create a national identity through art, music, and dance. Ballet Folklorico has also become a symbol of Mestizaje and the mixing of Spanish and Indigenous Mexican music and dance forms. This can be seen in its history and its formal elements such body movements, gestures, and dress.Jarana Yucateca danceOne example of this is in Ballet Folklorico of Mexico (founded by Amalia Hernandez, a self-identified Mestiza[6]). In one program, they noted: “It is in the mestizaje of the indigenous and the Spanish where one will find one of the essential traits of the mexican people: A whole series of expressions are colored by their own vigorous style.”[6] The company, like many other folkloric Mexican dance companies draw on indigenous dances and “remodel”[7] them with their own style and for stage performance. In the case of Ballet Folklorico, that involves western techniques brought in through Amalia Hernandez, whose own upbringing and dance education was multicultural and international. She learned ballet from Russian and French teachers and “studied indigenous and regional Mexican dance, tap, modern” and other dance forms.[6] She was sent to the United States to learn English, and finished her formal dance education at Mexico's National School of Dance. She created Ballet Folklorico of Mexico in an attempt to create “her own concept of nationalist dance.”[6] Hernandez's personal history cannot be disregarded in the consideration of Ballet Folklorico because she was such an influential figure in its history.Some of the formal elements of Ballet Folklorico are derived from both Indigenous and colonial dance forms. For example, the charro suit and the zapateo, or foot stomping, both are influenced by Spanish dress and flamenco dance and are symbols of mestizaje. Some of the women's costumes utilize the high neck, also a symbol of colonial dress.[6] The colors of the costumes and many of the dances’ subjects are symbols of Indigenous communities and culture. Traditional Indigenous dance would not have been performed on the proscenium stage, therefore, Ballet Folklorico uses European theatrical conventions to modify Indigenous-based movement to function in a new cultural medium. Ballet Folklorico is a living history of colonisation and cross cultural art.","title":"Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Punto guanacasteco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punto_guanacasteco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_guanacasteco"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-viva-8"},{"link_name":"Honduran folk traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduran_folklore"},{"link_name":"Rafael Manzanares Aguilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Manzanares_Aguilar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate_folclore-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Central America has many Bailes Folkloricos. One typical dance from Costa Rica is the Punto guanacasteco [es].Honduras has very active folk dance programs in schools and communities with a series of regional and national dance festivals. These culminate at the end of October in a festival, called El Grande de Grandes,[8] that attracts over 50 groups and more than 1000 dancers to La Esperanza, Intibucá, from many different communities in Honduras. Many different traditional dances have been documented in the cities, towns, villages and hamlets of Honduras. These are certified authentic and cataloged in the library of the National Office of Folklore of Honduras. The folkloric dances of Honduras incorporate elements of the indigenous, European and African ancestry fused in the Honduran culture. The mix includes dances that have originated locally as well as dances that have been brought by people from surrounding countries and regions. Reflecting both history and culture, Honduran folk traditions accompany and represent significant events in peoples' lives. Since the 1950s, folklorists starting with Rafael Manzanares Aguilar have documented about 150 traditional dances and the costumes and music that have accompanied them in the communities from which they originated.[9] The National Office of Folklore is part of the Ministry of Public Education. These are broadly categorized as colonial, mestizo, indigenous (or campesino), and Garifuna,[10] reflecting the primary cultural influence of a particular dance. The costumes fall into similar categories.","title":"Central America"}]
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[{"image_text":"Ballet folklórico at the Celebration of Mexican political anniversaries in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DancingNEStageMarGrito2010.JPG/250px-DancingNEStageMarGrito2010.JPG"},{"image_text":"A woman dancing folklórico in the traditional dress of Jalisco","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bailando.jpg/200px-Bailando.jpg"},{"image_text":"Exhibition of Colombian baile folklorico at the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/04162012Bailes032.JPG/250px-04162012Bailes032.JPG"},{"image_text":"Jarana Yucateca dance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Jarana_Yucateca.jpg/250px-Jarana_Yucateca.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Vamanu, Iulian; Terronez, Micaela (2022-01-20). \"\"Our ancestors passed this down to us for a reason\": information practices of ballet folklórico dancers in Mexican-American communities\". Journal of Documentation. 78 (6): 1213–1227. doi:10.1108/jd-11-2021-0225. ISSN 0022-0418.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-11-2021-0225","url_text":"\"\"Our ancestors passed this down to us for a reason\": information practices of ballet folklórico dancers in Mexican-American communities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1108%2Fjd-11-2021-0225","url_text":"10.1108/jd-11-2021-0225"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0418","url_text":"0022-0418"}]},{"reference":"\"Chismes de la Farandula de Famosos y Celebridades\". Alegria.org. Retrieved 2012-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alegria.org/","url_text":"\"Chismes de la Farandula de Famosos y Celebridades\""}]},{"reference":"Martinez-Echazabal, Lourdes (1998). \"Mestizaje and the Discourse of National/Cultural Identity in Latin America, 1845-1959\". Latin American Perspectives. 25 (3): 21–42. ISSN 0094-582X.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2634165","url_text":"\"Mestizaje and the Discourse of National/Cultural Identity in Latin America, 1845-1959\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-582X","url_text":"0094-582X"}]},{"reference":"Hutchinson, Sydney. \"The Ballet Folklórico de México and the construction of the Mexican nation through dance\". Dancing across borders: Danzas y bailes mexicanos, eds. Olga Najera-Ramirez, Norma Cantu, and Brenda Romero.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/5536772/The_Ballet_Folkl%C3%B3rico_de_M%C3%A9xico_and_the_construction_of_the_Mexican_nation_through_dance","url_text":"\"The Ballet Folklórico de México and the construction of the Mexican nation through dance\""}]},{"reference":"Johonny Gonzalez. \"Festival Folclorico Grande de Grandes 2013: La Cultura y El Arte en Honduras Sigue Viva!\" [Folklore Festival El Grande de Grandes 2013: Culture and Art in Honduras Still Lives!] (in Spanish). Asociación de Periodistas Deportivos de Honduras. Retrieved 2017-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://apdhmedios.weebly.com/grande-de-grandes-2013-la-fuerza-viva-de-la-tradicion.html","url_text":"\"Festival Folclorico Grande de Grandes 2013: La Cultura y El Arte en Honduras Sigue Viva!\""}]},{"reference":"Samai Torres (July 4, 2014). \"El Rescate del Folclore de Honduras\" [The Rescue of Honduran Folklore]. El Heraldo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elheraldo.hn/vida/596649-220/al-rescate-del-folclore-de-honduras","url_text":"\"El Rescate del Folclore de Honduras\""}]},{"reference":"Griffin, Wendy. \"Perspectives on Punta Dance\". Stanford University-Expressions of Honduras. Retrieved October 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.stanford.edu/group/arts/honduras/discovery_eng/art/dance/punta2.html","url_text":"\"Perspectives on Punta Dance\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_D._Rome_Sr.
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Kevin D. Rome
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References"]
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American academic administrator
Kevin D. Rome16th President of Fisk UniversityIn officeJuly 1, 2017 – August 25, 2020Preceded byH. James WilliamsSucceeded byVann R. Newkirk19th President of Lincoln UniversityIn officeJune 1, 2013 – June 30, 2017Preceded byCarolyn MahoneySucceeded byJerald Woolfolk
Personal detailsSpouseStephanie BakerChildren2ResidenceNashville, TennesseeAlma materMorehouse College (BA)University of Georgia (MA) University of Texas at Austin (PhD)ProfessionAcademic administrator
Kevin D. Rome Sr. (born May 29, 1966) is an American university administrator. He served as the 16th president of Fisk University, a historically black university in Nashville, Tennessee. He was previously the president of Lincoln University from 2013 to 2017.
Early life
Kevin Darnell Rome was born May 29, 1966. He was educated at the Spencer High School in Columbus, Georgia. He graduated from Morehouse College, where he earned a bachelor's degree in English in 1989. He earned a master's degree of education in College Student Personnel from the University of Georgia in 1991 and a PhD in Higher Education Administration from the University of Texas at Austin in 2001.
Career
Rome was assistant vice chancellor for student life and diversity at Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis, vice president for campus life at Clayton State University, and vice president for student services at Morehouse College. He was also the vice chancellor for student affairs and enrollment management at North Carolina Central University until 2013.
Rome was the president of Lincoln University from 2013 to 2017. During his tenure, he focused on rebranding the school and recruiting students from all over Missouri, especially "better-prepared students." In November 2016, he urged students to focus on building careers and pursuing leadership positions instead of protesting.
Rome succeeded Frank L. Sims as the 16th president of Fisk University in June 2017. Rome departed Fisk in August 2020, following the filing of a restraining order alleging that he had threatened a man that he had an intimate relationship with. The man also alleged that Rome drugged him. Rome and his attorney stated the allegations were false and no official charges were filed against Rome at the time of his removal.
Personal life
Rome is a lifetime member of Phi Beta Sigma. Rome and his wife, Stefanie Baker Rome, have twins; son, Kevin and daughter Kendel. He met his wife in 2000 on a blind date in Los Angeles, where he traveled to be a contestant on Wheel of Fortune and won $5,000.
References
^ a b Tamburin, Adam. "Fisk president Kevin Rome out after restraining order, court allegations". The Tennessean. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
^ a b c Rice, Mark (July 28, 2013). "Spencer High graduate rises from Columbus public housing to college president". Ledger-Enquirer. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
^ a b c d e f "Fisk names new president". Nashville Post. March 23, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
^ a b c Swisher, Kaija (November 8, 2016). "'Leading Beyond Anger'. Lincoln University president discusses action, commitment to making change". The Black Hills Pioneer. Spearfish, South Dakota. pp. 3, 9. Retrieved December 8, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b King, Chris (June 12, 2014). "Rebranding Lincoln University". St. Louis American. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
^ "Dr. Kevin D. Rome, Sr. Named 16th President of Fisk University". Fisk University. March 23, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
^ "Fisk President Kevin Rome out after abuse allegation". Nashville Post. August 24, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
^ "Fisk president Kevin Rome out after restraining order, court allegations". The Tennessean.
^ "Fisk University cuts ties with Dr. Kevin Rome, names interim president". August 12, 2020.
vtePresidents of Lincoln University (Missouri)
Richard Baxter Foster (1866–1870)
W. B. Payne (1870–1871)
Henry Smith (1871–1875)
Samuel T. Mitchell (1875–1878)
Henry Smith (1879)
A. C. Clayton (1879–1880)
Inman E. Page (1880–1898)
John H. Jackson (1898–1902)
Edward E. Clarke (1902)
Benjamin F. Allen (1902–1918)
Clement Richardson (1918–1922)
Inman E. Page (1922–1923)
Nathan B. Young (1923–1927)
William B. Jason (1927–1929)
Nathan B. Young (1929–1931)
Charles W. Florence (1931–1937)
William B. Jason (1937–1938)
Sherman D. Scruggs (1938–1956)
Earl Edgar Dawson (1956–1969)
Walter C. Daniel (1969–1972)
William G. Brooks # (1972–1973)
James Frank (1973–1982)
John Chavis # (1982–1984)
Thomas Miller Jenkins (1984–1986)
Wendell G. Rayburn (1988–1996)
David B. Henson (1996–2005)
Carolyn Mahoney (2005–2012)
Kevin D. Rome (2013–2017)
Michael Middleton # (2017–2018)
Jerald Woolfolk (2018–2021)
John B. Moseley (2021– )
# denotes interim president
vtePresidents of Fisk University
Erastus Milo Cravath (1875–1900)
James Griswold Merrill (1901–1908)
George Augustus Gates (1909–1912)
Fayette Avery McKenzie (1915–1925)
Thomas E. Jones (1926–1946)
Charles S. Johnson (1947–1956)
Stephen Junius Wright (1957–1966)
James Raymond Lawson (1967–1975)
Rutherford Hamlet Adkins # (1975–1976)
George W. Gore # (1976–1977)
Walter J. Leonard (1977–1984)
Robert Lee Satcher # (1984)
Henry Ponder (1984–1996)
Rutherford Hamlet Adkins # (1996–1997)
Rutherford Hamlet Adkins (1997–1998)
Charles William Johnson # (1998–1999)
John L. Smith (1999–2001)
Carolyn Reid-Wallace (2001–2003)
Hazel R. O'Leary (2004–2012)
H. James Williams (2013–2015)
Frank L. Sims # (2015–2017)
Kevin D. Rome (2017– )
# denotes acting or interim president
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Rome"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ledgerenquirerspencerhighgraduate-2"},{"link_name":"Spencer High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_High_School_(Columbus,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ledgerenquirerspencerhighgraduate-2"},{"link_name":"Morehouse College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morehouse_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nashpostfisknamesnew-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackhillspioneerleadingbeyondanger-4"},{"link_name":"University of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nashpostfisknamesnew-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackhillspioneerleadingbeyondanger-4"}],"text":"Kevin Darnell Rome was born May 29, 1966.[2] He was educated at the Spencer High School in Columbus, Georgia.[2] He graduated from Morehouse College,[3] where he earned a bachelor's degree in English in 1989.[4] He earned a master's degree of education in College Student Personnel from the University of Georgia in 1991 and a PhD in Higher Education Administration from the University of Texas at Austin in 2001.[3][4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_%E2%80%93_Purdue_University_Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Clayton State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_State_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nashpostfisknamesnew-3"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Central University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Central_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nashpostfisknamesnew-3"},{"link_name":"Lincoln University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Missouri)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nashpostfisknamesnew-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stlouisamericanrebranding-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackhillspioneerleadingbeyondanger-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nashpostfisknamesnew-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fiskuniversitynamed-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tamburin-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Rome was assistant vice chancellor for student life and diversity at Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis, vice president for campus life at Clayton State University, and vice president for student services at Morehouse College.[3] He was also the vice chancellor for student affairs and enrollment management at North Carolina Central University until 2013.[3]Rome was the president of Lincoln University from 2013 to 2017.[3] During his tenure, he focused on rebranding the school and recruiting students from all over Missouri, especially \"better-prepared students.\"[5] In November 2016, he urged students to focus on building careers and pursuing leadership positions instead of protesting.[4]\nRome succeeded Frank L. Sims as the 16th president of Fisk University in June 2017.[3][6] Rome departed Fisk in August 2020, following the filing of a restraining order alleging that he had threatened a man that he had an intimate relationship with.[1] The man also alleged that Rome drugged him.[7] Rome and his attorney stated the allegations were false and no official charges were filed against Rome at the time of his removal. [8][9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phi Beta Sigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Sigma"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stlouisamericanrebranding-5"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Wheel of Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(U.S._game_show)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ledgerenquirerspencerhighgraduate-2"}],"text":"Rome is a lifetime member of Phi Beta Sigma. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Elman
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Philip Elman
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["1 Early life and education","2 Legal career","2.1 Judicial clerkships","2.2 Solicitor General's office","2.3 Federal Trade Commission","3 Later in life","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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American lawyer
Philip ElmanCommissioner of the Federal Trade CommissionIn officeApril 21, 1961 – October 18, 1970PresidentJohn F. KennedyLyndon B. JohnsonRichard Nixon
Personal detailsBorn(1918-03-14)March 14, 1918Paterson, New Jersey, U.S.DiedNovember 30, 1999(1999-11-30) (aged 81)Washington, D.C., U.S.Political partyIndependentEducationCity College of New York (BA)Harvard University (LLB)
Philip Elman (March 14, 1918 – November 30, 1999) was an American lawyer at the United States Department of Justice and former member of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Elman is best known for writing the government's brief in Brown v. Board of Education. Elman is also notable for being one of just three political independents to have ever served on the FTC.
Early life and education
Elman was born in Paterson, New Jersey, to Polish-Jewish immigrants who worked in the silk industry. During the Great Depression, he moved with his family to New York City, where he attended DeWitt Clinton High School and the City College of New York. He went on to Harvard Law School, where he was an editor of the Harvard Law Review in 1938 and 1939.
Legal career
Judicial clerkships
Elman began his legal career as a law clerk to Judge Calvert Magruder of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, 1939–1940. After a brief stint at the Federal Communications Commission (1940–1941), he served as a law clerk to U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter from 1941 to 1943. Among the opinions Elman was involved in drafting during his clerkship was Frankfurter's dissent in the second Flag Salute case, West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette. Elman and Frankfurter remained close friends; Elman would later recount that Frankfurter still regarded him as his clerk for years after Elman had joined the Justice Department.
Solicitor General's office
After his clerkship with Frankfurter, Elman joined the United States Department of Justice, where he worked as an assistant to the Solicitor General of the United States from 1944 to 1961. He took part in drafting briefs and arguments for a number of civil rights cases, including Shelley v. Kraemer.
In his oral history about his time at the Solicitor General's office, Elman recounted his involvement in Brown v. Board of Education. He explained how the Solicitor General's brief used the phrase "with all deliberate speed":
It's because we were the first to suggest, and all the parties and amicus on both sides rejected it after the government proposed it, that if the Court should hold that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional, it should give the district courts a reasonable period of time to work out the details and timing of the implementation of the decision. In other words, "with all deliberate speed".
Elman wanted a "middle ground" between reaffirming the "separate but equal" doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson and requiring immediate integration of all public schools, even though that meant separating the constitutional principle from the judicial remedy. He believed that otherwise the Supreme Court could not have decided the case unanimously and the American public would not have tolerated the decision.
According to Elman, he borrowed the deliberate speed concept from antitrust cases and boundary dispute cases in the United States Supreme Court, particularly opinions by Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., but he had difficulty tracking down the phrase's precise origin. Researchers from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People later discovered the phrase in Francis Thompson's poem, The Hound of Heaven.
Federal Trade Commission
Elman wanted to become an Assistant Attorney General of the United States, but an interview with then-United States Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy did not go as he had hoped. Instead, Elman was nominated to a seat on the Federal Trade Commission. The United States Senate confirmed the nomination. Elman served on the FTC from 1961 to 1970.
While at the FTC, his main agenda was enforcing federal laws against false advertising. His actions led to the FTC requiring warning labels on cigarette packs in the United States. One of Elman's assistants at the FTC was a young Richard Posner, who went on to become a professor at University of Chicago Law School and a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.
Since Elman's tenure, only two other political independents have served on the body: Mary Azcuenaga, who served from 1984 to 1998, and Pamela Jones Harbour, who served from 2003 to 2009.
Later in life
Elman taught at Georgetown University Law Center from 1970 to 1976.
Elman admitted in his oral history that he and Justice Frankfurter conferred privately about the intended remedy in the case, which technically constituted a breach of judicial ethics. He was publicly criticized for this in 1987 by Time and The New York Times. Elman defended both himself and Justice Frankfurter by stating that these discussions took place before the United States became a party to the case, and even then, the United States was not an adversary party but rather an amicus curiae.
Elman died at Sibley Memorial Hospital in 1999.
See also
List of former FTC commissioners
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)
References
^ a b Saxon, Wolfgang (December 5, 1999). "Philip Elman, 81, Government Lawyer in 1954 Desegregation Case (obituary)". The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2009.
^ "Independent commissioners have shaped key FTC decisions - FTCWatch". www.mlexwatch.com. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
^ a b c d e The Solicitor General's Office, Justice Frankfurter, and Civil Rights Litigation: An Oral History. 100 Harvard Law Review 4
^ a b Newman, Roger K. (May 21, 2004). "Justice Frankfurter's "Junior Partner": A Review of Norman Silber's Book on Philip Elman". Writ. FindLaw. Retrieved October 1, 2009.
^ Richard Posner's biography at University of Chicago Law School
^ "Independent commissioners have shaped key FTC decisions - FTCWatch". www.mlexwatch.com. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
^ Elman, Philip (October 1990). "Papers, 1925–1979". Harvard Law School Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Call No. HOLLIS 2277376.
^ Lacayo, Richard; Sanders, Alain L. (April 6, 1987). "Law: A Judge's Breach of Confidence". Time. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
External links
With All Deliberate Speed: The Life of Philip Elman by Norman Silber from Google Books
Review of Silber's book from University of Michigan Press
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
Netherlands
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Board of Education.[1] Elman is also notable for being one of just three political independents to have ever served on the FTC.[2]","title":"Philip Elman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"DeWitt Clinton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton_High_School"},{"link_name":"City College of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Harvard Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Harvard Law Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HLR-3"}],"text":"Elman was born in Paterson, New Jersey, to Polish-Jewish immigrants who worked in the silk industry. During the Great Depression, he moved with his family to New York City, where he attended DeWitt Clinton High School and the City College of New York. He went on to Harvard Law School, where he was an editor of the Harvard Law Review in 1938 and 1939.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"law clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_clerk"},{"link_name":"Calvert Magruder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvert_Magruder"},{"link_name":"U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Felix Frankfurter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter"},{"link_name":"dissent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissenting_opinion"},{"link_name":"West Virginia State Board of Education v. 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Barnette.[4] Elman and Frankfurter remained close friends; Elman would later recount that Frankfurter still regarded him as his clerk for years after Elman had joined the Justice Department.[3]","title":"Legal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Shelley v. Kraemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley_v._Kraemer"},{"link_name":"oral history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_history"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"racial segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"district courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_district_court"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HLR-3"},{"link_name":"Plessy v. Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson"},{"link_name":"judicial remedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_remedy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HLR-3"},{"link_name":"antitrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law"},{"link_name":"boundary dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_dispute"},{"link_name":"Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr."},{"link_name":"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People"},{"link_name":"Francis Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Thompson"},{"link_name":"The Hound of Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hound_of_Heaven"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HLR-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Solicitor General's office","text":"After his clerkship with Frankfurter, Elman joined the United States Department of Justice, where he worked as an assistant to the Solicitor General of the United States from 1944 to 1961. He took part in drafting briefs and arguments for a number of civil rights cases, including Shelley v. Kraemer.In his oral history about his time at the Solicitor General's office, Elman recounted his involvement in Brown v. Board of Education. He explained how the Solicitor General's brief used the phrase \"with all deliberate speed\":It's because we were the first to suggest, and all the parties and amicus on both sides rejected it after the government proposed it, that if the Court should hold that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional, it should give the district courts a reasonable period of time to work out the details and timing of the implementation of the decision. In other words, \"with all deliberate speed\".[3]Elman wanted a \"middle ground\" between reaffirming the \"separate but equal\" doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson and requiring immediate integration of all public schools, even though that meant separating the constitutional principle from the judicial remedy. He believed that otherwise the Supreme Court could not have decided the case unanimously and the American public would not have tolerated the decision.[3]According to Elman, he borrowed the deliberate speed concept from antitrust cases and boundary dispute cases in the United States Supreme Court, particularly opinions by Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., but he had difficulty tracking down the phrase's precise origin. Researchers from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People later discovered the phrase in Francis Thompson's poem, The Hound of Heaven.[3][citation needed]","title":"Legal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assistant Attorney General of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Attorney_General_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Federal Trade Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-1"},{"link_name":"false advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_advertising"},{"link_name":"warning labels on cigarette packs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_packaging_warning_messages#United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Writ-4"},{"link_name":"Richard Posner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Posner"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mary Azcuenaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Azcuenaga"},{"link_name":"Pamela Jones Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Jones_Harbour"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Federal Trade Commission","text":"Elman wanted to become an Assistant Attorney General of the United States, but an interview with then-United States Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy did not go as he had hoped. Instead, Elman was nominated to a seat on the Federal Trade Commission. The United States Senate confirmed the nomination. Elman served on the FTC from 1961 to 1970.[1]While at the FTC, his main agenda was enforcing federal laws against false advertising. His actions led to the FTC requiring warning labels on cigarette packs in the United States.[4] One of Elman's assistants at the FTC was a young Richard Posner, who went on to become a professor at University of Chicago Law School and a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.[5]Since Elman's tenure, only two other political independents have served on the body: Mary Azcuenaga, who served from 1984 to 1998, and Pamela Jones Harbour, who served from 2003 to 2009.[6]","title":"Legal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgetown University Law Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University_Law_Center"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"breach of judicial ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_misconduct"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_(law)"},{"link_name":"amicus curiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sibley Memorial Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibley_Memorial_Hospital"}],"text":"Elman taught at Georgetown University Law Center from 1970 to 1976.[7]Elman admitted in his oral history that he and Justice Frankfurter conferred privately about the intended remedy in the case, which technically constituted a breach of judicial ethics. He was publicly criticized for this in 1987 by Time and The New York Times. Elman defended both himself and Justice Frankfurter by stating that these discussions took place before the United States became a party to the case, and even then, the United States was not an adversary party but rather an amicus curiae.[8]Elman died at Sibley Memorial Hospital in 1999.","title":"Later in life"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"List of former FTC commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission#List_of_former_commissioners"},{"title":"List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_2)"}]
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[{"reference":"Saxon, Wolfgang (December 5, 1999). \"Philip Elman, 81, Government Lawyer in 1954 Desegregation Case (obituary)\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/05/us/philip-elman-81-government-lawyer-in-1954-desegregation-case.html","url_text":"\"Philip Elman, 81, Government Lawyer in 1954 Desegregation Case (obituary)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Independent commissioners have shaped key FTC decisions - FTCWatch\". www.mlexwatch.com. Retrieved September 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlexwatch.com/articles/2697/print?section=ftcwatch","url_text":"\"Independent commissioners have shaped key FTC decisions - FTCWatch\""}]},{"reference":"Newman, Roger K. (May 21, 2004). \"Justice Frankfurter's \"Junior Partner\": A Review of Norman Silber's Book on Philip Elman\". Writ. FindLaw. Retrieved October 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://writ.news.findlaw.com/books/reviews/20040521_newman.html","url_text":"\"Justice Frankfurter's \"Junior Partner\": A Review of Norman Silber's Book on Philip Elman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ_(website)","url_text":"Writ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FindLaw","url_text":"FindLaw"}]},{"reference":"\"Independent commissioners have shaped key FTC decisions - FTCWatch\". www.mlexwatch.com. Retrieved September 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlexwatch.com/articles/2697/print?section=ftcwatch","url_text":"\"Independent commissioners have shaped key FTC decisions - FTCWatch\""}]},{"reference":"Elman, Philip (October 1990). \"Papers, 1925–1979\". Harvard Law School Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Call No. HOLLIS 2277376.","urls":[{"url":"http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~law00050","url_text":"\"Papers, 1925–1979\""}]},{"reference":"Lacayo, Richard; Sanders, Alain L. (April 6, 1987). \"Law: A Judge's Breach of Confidence\". Time. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved March 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101022221639/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963917,00.html","url_text":"\"Law: A Judge's Breach of Confidence\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963917,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/05/us/philip-elman-81-government-lawyer-in-1954-desegregation-case.html","external_links_name":"\"Philip Elman, 81, Government Lawyer in 1954 Desegregation Case (obituary)\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlexwatch.com/articles/2697/print?section=ftcwatch","external_links_name":"\"Independent commissioners have shaped key FTC decisions - FTCWatch\""},{"Link":"http://writ.news.findlaw.com/books/reviews/20040521_newman.html","external_links_name":"\"Justice Frankfurter's \"Junior Partner\": A Review of Norman Silber's Book on Philip Elman\""},{"Link":"http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/posner-r/","external_links_name":"Richard Posner's biography at University of Chicago Law School"},{"Link":"https://www.mlexwatch.com/articles/2697/print?section=ftcwatch","external_links_name":"\"Independent commissioners have shaped key FTC decisions - FTCWatch\""},{"Link":"http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~law00050","external_links_name":"\"Papers, 1925–1979\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101022221639/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963917,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Law: A Judge's Breach of Confidence\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963917,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zo_uUqRI5GIC","external_links_name":"With All Deliberate Speed: The Life of Philip Elman by Norman Silber"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041015014309/http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailPraise.do?id=17479","external_links_name":"Review of Silber's book from University of Michigan Press"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/453315/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000039132036","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/63557577","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdWRGcbwFXJ3vQ4qQycfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007334573405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00076679","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p113950373","external_links_name":"Netherlands"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptolide
|
Triptolide
|
["1 Mechanism of action","2 Water-soluble prodrugs","3 References"]
|
Not to be confused with Triptonide, another derivative of Tripterygium wilfordii.
Triptolide
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
(3bS,4aS,5aS,6R,6aR,7aS,7bS,8aS,9bS)-6-Hydroxy-8b-methyl-6a-(propan-2-yl)-3b,4,4a,5a,6,6a,7a,7b,8a,8b,9,10-dodecahydrotris(oxireno)phenanthrofuran-1(3H)-one
Identifiers
CAS Number
38748-32-2 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:9747
ChemSpider
97099
ECHA InfoCard
100.208.723
KEGG
C09204
PubChem CID
107985
UNII
19ALD1S53J Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID5041144
InChI
InChI=1S/C20H24O6/c1-8(2)18-13(25-18)14-20(26-14)17(3)5-4-9-10(7-23-15(9)21)11(17)6-12-19(20,24-12)16(18)22/h8,11-14,16,22H,4-7H2,1-3H3/t11-,12-,13-,14-,16+,17-,18-,19+,20+/m0/s1Key: DFBIRQPKNDILPW-CIVMWXNOSA-N
SMILES
CC(C)12(O1)34(O3)5(CCC6=C(5C74(2O)O7)COC6=O)C
Properties
Chemical formula
C20H24O6
Molar mass
360.406 g·mol−1
Solubility in water
0.017 mg/mL
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Triptolide is a diterpenoid epoxide which is produced by the thunder god vine, Tripterygium wilfordii. It has in vitro and in vivo activities against mouse models of polycystic kidney disease and pancreatic cancer, but its physical properties and severe toxicity limit its therapeutic potential. Consequently, a synthetic water-soluble prodrug, minnelide, is being studied clinically instead.
Triptolide is a component of ContraPest, a contraceptive pest control liquid used to reduce rat populations in the United States.
Mechanism of action
Several putative target proteins of triptolide have been reported, including polycystin-2, ADAM10, DCTPP1, TAB1, and XPB. Multiple triptolide-resistant mutations exist in XPB (ERCC3) and its partner protein GTF2H4. However, no triptolide-resistant mutations were found in polycystin-2, ADAM10, DCTPP1 and TAB1. Cys342 of XPB was identified as the residue that undergoes covalent modification by the 12,13-epoxide group of triptolide, and the XPB-C342T mutant rendered the T7115 cell line nearly completely resistant to triptolide. The level of resistance conferred by the C342T mutation is about 100-fold higher than the most triptolide-resistant mutants previously identified. Together, these results validate XPB as a target responsible for the antiproliferative activity of triptolide. The disruption of super-enhancer networks has also been suggested as a mechanism of action.
Water-soluble prodrugs
Minnelide is a more water-soluble synthetic prodrug of triptolide which is converted to triptolide in vivo. In a preclinical mouse model of pancreatic cancer, it was "even more effective than gemcitabine". Its Phase II clinical trials are expected to conclude in February 2019.
Minnelide
Glutriptolide, a glucose conjugate of triptolide with better solubility and lower toxicity, did not inhibit XPB activity in vitro, but exhibited tumor control in vivo, which is likely due to sustained stepwise release of active triptolide within cancer cells. A second generation glutriptolide has been recently reported for targeting hypoxic cancer cells with increased glucose transporter expression.
References
^ Patil, Satish; Lis, Lev G.; Schumacher, Robert J.; Norris, Beverly J.; Morgan, Monique L.; Cuellar, Rebecca A. D.; Blazar, Bruce R.; Suryanarayanan, Raj; Gurvich, Vadim J.; Georg, Gunda I. (10 December 2015). "Phosphonooxymethyl Prodrug of Triptolide: Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization, and Efficacy in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma and Ovarian Cancer Xenografts". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 58 (23): 9334–9344. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01329. PMC 4678411. PMID 26596892.
^ Leuenroth, Stephanie (2007). "Triptolide is a traditional Chinese medicine-derived inhibitor of polycystic kidney disease". PNAS. 104 (11): 4389–4394. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.4389L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0700499104. PMC 1838612. PMID 17360534.
^ a b c Chugh, Rohit (2012). "A Preclinical Evaluation of Minnelide as a Therapeutic Agent Against Pancreatic Cancer". Science Translational Medicine. 4 (156): 156ra139. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004334. PMC 3656604. PMID 23076356.
^ Liu Q. (2011). "Triptolide and its expanding multiple pharmacological functions". International Immunopharmacology. 11 (3): 377–383. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2011.01.012. PMID 21255694.
^ "Study of Minnelide in Patients With Advanced GI Tumors". Retrieved 6 October 2016.
^ S. J. Leuenroth, D. Okuhara, J. D. Shotwell, G. S. Markowitz, Z. Yu, S. Somlo, C. M. Crews, Triptolide is a traditional Chinese medicine-derived inhibitor of polycystic kidney disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104, 4389-4394;
^ R. Soundararajan, R. Sayat, G. S. Robertson, P. A. Marignani,Triptolide: An inhibitor of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) in cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2009, 8, 2054-2062;
^ T. W. Corson, H. Cavga, N. Aberle, C. M. Crews, Triptolide directly inhibits dCTP pyrophosphatase. ChemBioChem 2011, 12, 1767-1773;
^ Y. Lu, Y. Zhang, L. Li, X. Feng, S. Ding, W.Zheng, J. Li, P. Shen,TAB1: A Target of Triptolide in Macrophages. Chem. Biol. 2014, 21, 246 – 256.
^ a b Q. L. He, D. V. Titov, J. Li, M. Tan, Z. Ye, Y. Zhao, D. Romo, and J. O. Liu. Covalent Modification of a Cysteine Residue in the XPB Subunit of the General Transcription Factor TFIIH Through Single Epoxide Cleavage of the Transcription Inhibitor Triptolide. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 1859 –1863
^ D. V. Titov, B. Gilman, Q. L.He, S. Bhat,W. K. Low, Y. Dang,M.Smeaton, A. L. Demain, P. S. Miller, J. F. Kugel, J. A. Goodrich,J. O. Liu, XPB, a subunit of TFIIH, is a target of the natural product triptolide. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2011, 7, 182 – 188.
^ a b Y. Smurnyy, M. Cai, H. Wu, E. McWhinnie, J. A. Tallarico, Y.Yang, Y. Feng, DNA sequencing and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing for target validation in mammalian cells. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2014, 10, 623 – 625
^ Noel, Pawan; Hussein, Shaimaa; Ng, Serina; Antal, Corina E.; Lin, Wei; Rodela, Emily; Delgado, Priscilla; Naveed, Sanna; Downes, Michael; Lin, Yin; Evans, Ronald M.; Von Hoff, Daniel D.; Han, Haiyong (9 November 2020). "Triptolide targets super-enhancer networks in pancreatic cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts". Oncogenesis. 9 (11): 100. doi:10.1038/s41389-020-00285-9. PMC 7653036. PMID 33168807.
^ Thunder God Vine Drug Zaps Pancreatic Cancer. GenEng. 2012
^ "A Phase II, International Open Label Trial of Minnelide in Patients With Refractory Pancreatic Cancer". ClinicalTrials.gov. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ He, Qing-Li; Minn, Il; Wang, Qiaoling; Xu, Peng; Head, Sarah A; Datan, Emmanuel; Yu, Biao; Pomper, Martin G; Liu, Jun O (2016). "Targeted Delivery and Sustained Antitumor Activity of Triptolide through Glucose Conjugation". Angewandte Chemie. 128 (39): 12214. Bibcode:2016AngCh.12812214H. doi:10.1002/ange.201606121.
^ Datan E, Minn I, Peng X, He QL, Ahn H, Yu B, Pomper MG, Liu JO (2020). "A Glucose-Triptolide Conjugate Selectively Targets Cancer Cells under Hypoxia". iScience. 23 (9): 101536. Bibcode:2020iSci...23j1536D. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101536. PMC 7509213. PMID 33083765.
vteTRP channel modulatorsTRPAActivators
4-Hydroxynonenal
4-Oxo-2-nonenal
4,5-EET
12S-HpETE
15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2
α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
Acrolein
Allicin (garlic)
Allyl isothiocyanate (mustard, radish, horseradish, wasabi)
AM404
ASP-7663
Bradykinin
Cannabichromene (cannabis)
Cannabidiol (cannabis)
Cannabigerol (cannabis)
Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon)
CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)
CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)
Cuminaldehyde (cumin)
Curcumin (turmeric)
Dehydroligustilide (celery)
Diallyl disulfide
Dicentrine (Lindera spp.)
Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid
Formalin
Gingerols (ginger)
Hepoxilin A3
Hepoxilin B3
Hydrogen peroxide
Icilin
Isothiocyanate
JT-010
Ligustilide (celery, Angelica acutiloba)
Linalool (Sichuan pepper, thyme)
Methylglyoxal
Methyl salicylate (wintergreen)
N-Methylmaleimide
Nicotine (tobacco)
Oleocanthal (olive oil)
Paclitaxel (Pacific yew)
Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
PF-4840154
Phenacyl chloride
Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper)
Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
Tear gases
Tetrahydrocannabinol (cannabis)
Tetrahydrocannabiorcol
Thiopropanal S-oxide (onion)
Umbellulone (Umbellularia californica)
WIN 55,212-2
Blockers
A-967079
AM-0902
Dehydroligustilide (celery)
HC-030031
Nicotine (tobacco)
PF-04745637
Ruthenium red
TRPCActivators
Adhyperforin (St John's wort)
Diacyl glycerol
GSK1702934A
Hyperforin (St John's wort)
Substance P
Blockers
DCDPC
DHEA-S
Flufenamic acid
GSK417651A
GSK2293017A
Meclofenamic acid
N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
Niflumic acid
Pregnenolone sulfate
Progesterone
Pyr3
Tolfenamic acid
TRPMActivators
ADP-ribose
BCTC
Calcium (intracellular)
CIM-0216
Cold
Coolact P
Cooling Agent 10
Eucalyptol (eucalyptus)
Frescolat MGA
Frescolat ML
Geraniol
Hydroxycitronellal
Icilin
Linalool
Menthol (mint)
PMD 38
Pregnenolone sulfate
Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens)
Steviol glycosides (e.g., stevioside) (Stevia rebaudiana)
Sweet tastants (e.g., glucose, fructose, sucrose; indirectly)
Thio-BCTC
WS-12
Blockers
AMG-333
Capsazepine
Clotrimazole
DCDPC
Elismetrep
Flufenamic acid
Meclofenamic acid
Mefenamic acid
N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
Nicotine (tobacco)
Niflumic acid
Ononetin
PF-05105679
RQ-00203078
Ruthenium red
Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens)
Tolfenamic acid
TPPO
TRPM4-IN-5
TRPMLActivators
EVP21
MK6-83
ML-SA1
ML2-SA1
PI(3,5)P2
SF-22
SN-2
Blockers
ML-SI3
PI(4,5)P2
TRPPActivators
Triptolide (Tripterygium wilfordii)
Blockers
Ruthenium red
TRPVActivators
2-APB
5',6'-EET
9-HODE
9-oxoODE
12S-HETE
12S-HpETE
13-HODE
13-oxoODE
20-HETE
α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
Allicin (garlic)
AM404
Anandamide
Bisandrographolide (Andrographis paniculata)
Camphor (camphor laurel, rosemary, camphorweed, African blue basil, camphor basil)
Cannabidiol (cannabis)
Cannabidivarin (cannabis)
Capsaicin (chili pepper)
Carvacrol (oregano, thyme, pepperwort, wild bergamot, others)
DHEA
Diacyl glycerol
Dihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper)
Estradiol
Eugenol (basil, clove)
Evodiamine (Euodia ruticarpa)
Gingerols (ginger)
GSK1016790A
Heat
Hepoxilin A3
Hepoxilin B3
Homocapsaicin (chili pepper)
Homodihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper)
Incensole (incense)
Lysophosphatidic acid
Low pH (acidic conditions)
Menthol (mint)
N-Arachidonoyl dopamine
N-Oleoyldopamine
N-Oleoylethanolamide
Nonivamide (PAVA) (PAVA spray)
Nordihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper)
Paclitaxel (Pacific yew)
Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
Phenylacetylrinvanil
Phorbol esters (e.g., 4α-PDD)
Piperine (black pepper, long pepper)
Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper)
Probenecid
Protons
RhTx
Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens)
Resiniferatoxin (RTX) (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii)
Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
Tetrahydrocannabivarin (cannabis)
Thymol (thyme, oregano)
Tinyatoxin (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii)
Tramadol
Vanillin (vanilla)
Zucapsaicin
Blockers
α-Spinasterol (Vernonia tweediana)
AMG-517
AMG-9810
Asivatrep
BCTC
Cannabigerol (cannabis)
Cannabigerolic acid (cannabis)
Cannabigerovarin (cannabis)
Cannabinol (cannabis)
Capsazepine
DCDPC
DHEA
DHEA-S
Flufenamic acid
GRC-6211
HC-067047
Lanthanum
Mavatrep
Meclofenamic acid
N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
NGD-8243
Niflumic acid
Pregnenolone sulfate
RN-1734
RN-9893
Ruthenium red
SB-366791
SB-705498
Tivanisiran
Tolfenamic acid
TRPV3-74a
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Ion channel modulators
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Triptonide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptonide"},{"link_name":"Tripterygium wilfordii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripterygium_wilfordii"},{"link_name":"diterpenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diterpenoid"},{"link_name":"epoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxide"},{"link_name":"Tripterygium wilfordii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripterygium_wilfordii"},{"link_name":"in vitro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro"},{"link_name":"in vivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vivo"},{"link_name":"mouse models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_model"},{"link_name":"polycystic kidney disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_disease"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"pancreatic cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer"},{"link_name":"physical properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druglikeness"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chugh-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu2011-4"},{"link_name":"prodrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrug"},{"link_name":"clinically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trials"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chugh-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"ContraPest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ContraPest"},{"link_name":"contraceptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraceptive"},{"link_name":"pest control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_control"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Triptonide, another derivative of Tripterygium wilfordii.Chemical compoundTriptolide is a diterpenoid epoxide which is produced by the thunder god vine, Tripterygium wilfordii. It has in vitro and in vivo activities against mouse models of polycystic kidney disease[2] and pancreatic cancer, but its physical properties[3] and severe toxicity[4] limit its therapeutic potential. Consequently, a synthetic water-soluble prodrug, minnelide, is being studied clinically instead.[3][5]Triptolide is a component of ContraPest, a contraceptive pest control liquid used to reduce rat populations in the United States.","title":"Triptolide"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polycystin-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystin-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ADAM10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAM10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"DCTPP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DCTPP1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"TAB1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAB1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"XPB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPB"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu2015-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"GTF2H4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTF2H4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feng2014-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu2015-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feng2014-12"},{"link_name":"super-enhancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-enhancer"},{"link_name":"networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_regulatory_network"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Several putative target proteins of triptolide have been reported, including polycystin-2,[6] ADAM10,[7] DCTPP1,[8] TAB1,[9] and XPB.[10][11] Multiple triptolide-resistant mutations exist in XPB (ERCC3) and its partner protein GTF2H4.[12] However, no triptolide-resistant mutations were found in polycystin-2, ADAM10, DCTPP1 and TAB1. Cys342 of XPB was identified as the residue that undergoes covalent modification by the 12,13-epoxide group of triptolide, and the XPB-C342T mutant rendered the T7115 cell line nearly completely resistant to triptolide.[10] The level of resistance conferred by the C342T mutation is about 100-fold higher than the most triptolide-resistant mutants previously identified.[12] Together, these results validate XPB as a target responsible for the antiproliferative activity of triptolide. The disruption of super-enhancer networks has also been suggested as a mechanism of action.[13]","title":"Mechanism of action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prodrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrug"},{"link_name":"in vivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vivo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chugh-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GN-min-2012-14"},{"link_name":"gemcitabine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemcitabine"},{"link_name":"Phase II clinical trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_II"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Minnelide_structure.png"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Minnelide is a more water-soluble synthetic prodrug of triptolide which is converted to triptolide in vivo.[3][14] In a preclinical mouse model of pancreatic cancer, it was \"even more effective than gemcitabine\". Its Phase II clinical trials are expected to conclude in February 2019.[15]MinnelideGlutriptolide, a glucose conjugate of triptolide with better solubility and lower toxicity, did not inhibit XPB activity in vitro, but exhibited tumor control in vivo, which is likely due to sustained stepwise release of active triptolide within cancer cells.[16] A second generation glutriptolide has been recently reported for targeting hypoxic cancer cells with increased glucose transporter expression.[17]","title":"Water-soluble prodrugs"}]
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[{"image_text":"Minnelide","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Minnelide_structure.png/220px-Minnelide_structure.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Patil, Satish; Lis, Lev G.; Schumacher, Robert J.; Norris, Beverly J.; Morgan, Monique L.; Cuellar, Rebecca A. D.; Blazar, Bruce R.; Suryanarayanan, Raj; Gurvich, Vadim J.; Georg, Gunda I. (10 December 2015). \"Phosphonooxymethyl Prodrug of Triptolide: Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization, and Efficacy in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma and Ovarian Cancer Xenografts\". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 58 (23): 9334–9344. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01329. PMC 4678411. PMID 26596892.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4678411","url_text":"\"Phosphonooxymethyl Prodrug of Triptolide: Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization, and Efficacy in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma and Ovarian Cancer Xenografts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jmedchem.5b01329","url_text":"10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01329"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4678411","url_text":"4678411"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26596892","url_text":"26596892"}]},{"reference":"Leuenroth, Stephanie (2007). \"Triptolide is a traditional Chinese medicine-derived inhibitor of polycystic kidney disease\". PNAS. 104 (11): 4389–4394. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.4389L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0700499104. PMC 1838612. PMID 17360534.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1838612","url_text":"\"Triptolide is a traditional Chinese medicine-derived inhibitor of polycystic kidney disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PNAS..104.4389L","url_text":"2007PNAS..104.4389L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0700499104","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0700499104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1838612","url_text":"1838612"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17360534","url_text":"17360534"}]},{"reference":"Chugh, Rohit (2012). \"A Preclinical Evaluation of Minnelide as a Therapeutic Agent Against Pancreatic Cancer\". Science Translational Medicine. 4 (156): 156ra139. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004334. PMC 3656604. PMID 23076356.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3656604","url_text":"\"A Preclinical Evaluation of Minnelide as a Therapeutic Agent Against Pancreatic Cancer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscitranslmed.3004334","url_text":"10.1126/scitranslmed.3004334"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3656604","url_text":"3656604"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23076356","url_text":"23076356"}]},{"reference":"Liu Q. (2011). \"Triptolide and its expanding multiple pharmacological functions\". International Immunopharmacology. 11 (3): 377–383. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2011.01.012. PMID 21255694.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intimp.2011.01.012","url_text":"10.1016/j.intimp.2011.01.012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21255694","url_text":"21255694"}]},{"reference":"\"Study of Minnelide in Patients With Advanced GI Tumors\". Retrieved 6 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01927965","url_text":"\"Study of Minnelide in Patients With Advanced GI Tumors\""}]},{"reference":"Noel, Pawan; Hussein, Shaimaa; Ng, Serina; Antal, Corina E.; Lin, Wei; Rodela, Emily; Delgado, Priscilla; Naveed, Sanna; Downes, Michael; Lin, Yin; Evans, Ronald M.; Von Hoff, Daniel D.; Han, Haiyong (9 November 2020). \"Triptolide targets super-enhancer networks in pancreatic cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts\". Oncogenesis. 9 (11): 100. doi:10.1038/s41389-020-00285-9. PMC 7653036. PMID 33168807.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7653036","url_text":"\"Triptolide targets super-enhancer networks in pancreatic cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41389-020-00285-9","url_text":"10.1038/s41389-020-00285-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7653036","url_text":"7653036"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33168807","url_text":"33168807"}]},{"reference":"\"A Phase II, International Open Label Trial of Minnelide in Patients With Refractory Pancreatic Cancer\". ClinicalTrials.gov. Retrieved 13 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03117920","url_text":"\"A Phase II, International Open Label Trial of Minnelide in Patients With Refractory Pancreatic Cancer\""}]},{"reference":"He, Qing-Li; Minn, Il; Wang, Qiaoling; Xu, Peng; Head, Sarah A; Datan, Emmanuel; Yu, Biao; Pomper, Martin G; Liu, Jun O (2016). \"Targeted Delivery and Sustained Antitumor Activity of Triptolide through Glucose Conjugation\". Angewandte Chemie. 128 (39): 12214. Bibcode:2016AngCh.12812214H. doi:10.1002/ange.201606121.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AngCh.12812214H","url_text":"2016AngCh.12812214H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fange.201606121","url_text":"10.1002/ange.201606121"}]},{"reference":"Datan E, Minn I, Peng X, He QL, Ahn H, Yu B, Pomper MG, Liu JO (2020). \"A Glucose-Triptolide Conjugate Selectively Targets Cancer Cells under Hypoxia\". iScience. 23 (9): 101536. Bibcode:2020iSci...23j1536D. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101536. PMC 7509213. PMID 33083765.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7509213","url_text":"\"A Glucose-Triptolide Conjugate Selectively Targets Cancer Cells under Hypoxia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020iSci...23j1536D","url_text":"2020iSci...23j1536D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.isci.2020.101536","url_text":"10.1016/j.isci.2020.101536"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7509213","url_text":"7509213"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33083765","url_text":"33083765"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamloops_Indian_Residential_School
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Kamloops Indian Residential School
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["1 History","1.1 School attendance and conditions","1.2 Mandatory European folk dancing","2 Possible unmarked graves","2.1 Early claims","2.2 Investigation","2.3 Reactions","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 50°40′47″N 120°17′42″W / 50.67972°N 120.29500°W / 50.67972; -120.29500Defunct Canadian residential school
Kamloops Indian Residential SchoolKamloops Indian Residential School c. 1930.LocationKamloops, British ColumbiaCanadaCoordinates50°40′47″N 120°17′43″W / 50.6796°N 120.2952°W / 50.6796; -120.2952InformationFormer nameKamloops Industrial SchoolTypeCanadian Indian residential schoolReligious affiliation(s)CatholicEstablished1893Closed1978AuthorityCatholic Church in CanadaOversightDepartment of Indian Affairs and Northern DevelopmentPrincipalMicheal Hagan (1890–1892)A.M. Carion (1893–1916)James Mcguire (?–1927)John Duplanil (1927–?)T. Kennedy (?-1939)James Fergus O'Grady (1939–?)G.P. Dunlop (1958–?)GenderCoedEnrolment500LanguageEnglish
The Kamloops Indian Residential School was part of the Canadian Indian residential school system. Located in Kamloops, British Columbia, it was once the largest residential school in Canada, with its enrolment peaking at 500 in the 1950s. The school was established in 1890 and operated until 1969, when it was taken over from the Catholic Church by the federal government to be used as a day school residence. It closed in 1978. The school building still stands today, and is located on the Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc First Nation.: 14
A tooth and rib were found in the area in the 1990s and early 2000s, both of which were of animal origin.In 2021, Sarah Beaulieu— an anthropologist at the University of the Fraser Valley—surveyed the area with ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and concluded the probable presence of about 200 unmarked graves, though "only forensic investigation with excavation" could confirm if these were actually human remains. As of May 2022, debates were ongoing on whether to conduct an archaeological excavation to exhume potential human remains or leave the site undisturbed.
History
What would become the Kamloops Indian Residential School was established in 1893, after initially opening on May 19, 1890, as the Kamloops Industrial School. The stated aim of the school was the acculturation of Indigenous children. J.D. Ross of Kamloops was awarded the $10,000 contract to erect the initial set of industrial school buildings in April 1889. Three two-story wooden structures were the first buildings on the site, consisting of separate living quarters for boys and girls, and the school's teachers, along with classrooms and a recreation area.
Michel Hagan, the industrial school's first principal, resigned in 1892, at which time the government charged the Oblates of Mary Immaculate with running the school. Father Alphonse-Marie Carion was named principal of the school in March 1893, following Hagan's departure. In his 1896 annual report to the Department of Indian Affairs, Carion emphasized that the moral and religious training of students at the school was "the most important of all" and that school officials kept "constantly before their mind the object which the Government has in view in carrying on the industrial-schools, which is to civilize the Indians, to make them good, useful and lawabiding members of society." He remained principal of the school until 1916.: 34
In 1927, John Duplanil succeeded James Mcguire as principal of the school, following Maguire's (McGuire's) appointment as curate of St. Patrick's Church in Lethbridge, Alberta. James Fergus O'Grady was named principal in 1939, following the departure of T. Kennedy.: 719 G.P. Dunlop took over as head of the school in 1958, relocating from a position at the Eugene Mission Indian School in Cranbrook, British Columbia.
The school, located on the traditional territory of the Secwepemc (Secwépemcúl'ecw), continued to operate as the Kamloops Indian Residential School until 1978. The school was taken over by the federal government in 1969. During this time it operated as a residence for students attending other area schools until it permanently closed.
The school was featured in the 1962 Christmas-themed film Eyes of the Children. Produced by George Robertson, the film followed 400 students as they prepared for Christmas and aired on the CBC on Christmas Day. Gerald Mathieu Moran worked there while the documentary was filmed. A boy's supervisor, he was charged in the 1990s with several dozen sex crimes committed at the Kamloops Indian Residential School. He pled guilty and spent three years in jail. A former student told a TRC hearing that another instructor would come into the girls' dorm at night with a flashlight and choose a girl to assault.
In the 1988 book Resistance and renewal: surviving the Indian residential school, Celia Haig-Brown argued that the school system had failed due to the resistance of the Shuswap (Secwepemc) people, since they still existed as a nation: "Although its effects have been devastating for individuals, the Kamloops Indian Residential School was not successful in its attempts to assimilate the Native people of the Central Interior of the province.": 57 In 1991, a special edition of Secwepemc News offered a different perspective, reporting that the public policy which led to the 80-year operation of the school had "done its job; English is now the predominant language within the Shuswap Nation and the survival of the Shuswap language is uncertain."
In 1982, the building opened for use as the first location of the Secwepemc Museum.
School attendance and conditions
New classroom building of Kamloops Indian Residential School circa 1950
Hundreds of children attended the school, many forcibly removed from their homes following the introduction of mandatory attendance laws in the 1920s. The children who attended were not allowed to speak their native languages and were whipped for using them. In addition to Secwépemc children, students from communities across British Columbia attended the school, including Penticton, Hope, Mount Currie, and Lillooet, along with students from other provinces.
At one point, this was the largest Canadian residential school. Canadian politician Leonard Marchand (Okanagan Indian Band) attended the school. So did George Manuel (Secwépemc Nation), who said his three strongest memories of the school were: "hunger; speaking English; and being called a heathen because of my grandfather.": 191
In 1910, the principal said that the government did not provide enough money to properly feed the students. On December 24, 1924, the girls' wing of the school was destroyed by a fire, forcing 40 students into −10 °C (14 °F) weather in only their night clothes. Three years later, in 1927, a report outlining the conditions at the school concluded that the poor construction of buildings at the school led to "numerous infections, colds, bronchitis, and pneumonia" during the previous winter.: 55 During the 1957–1958 influenza pandemic, the Kamloops district health officer, D. M. Black, reported that half of the students at the school had been ill. At the time, health officials from the University of British Columbia acknowledged the infection rate was "slightly more than normal but not a serious worry."
In 2015, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada determined that the residential schools were a system of "cultural genocide". It concluded that at least 4,100 students died while attending the schools, many of them due to abuse, negligence, disease, and accidents. The report concluded that it would be impossible to estimate the total number of deaths that occurred at the schools.
Students at the school received harsh treatment, including being hit with a shillelagh or being shamed for minor mistakes.: 484
Mandatory European folk dancing
The school operated a girls' folk dancing program beginning in the 1940s that focused only on European dance styles.: 479 Sister Mary Leonita initially taught Irish dancing, and later, other European folk styles including Swiss and Ukrainian dancing.: 479 Children in the program were prohibited from learning indigenous dances.
Dancers from the program were featured at the 1960 Pacific National Exhibition. In July 1964, girls from the school went to Mexico and performed in a series of festivals. Canadian embassy officials called them the "finest ambassadors ever to come from Canada". The Knights of Columbus raised the funds for the trip. The same year, group leader Sister Mary Leonita transferred away from the school, and the dance program ended.
Possible unmarked graves
Early claims
In 2021, Dr. Sarah Beaulieu, an anthropologist with "about a decade of experience searching for historical grave sites", surveyed the area with ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and observed "disruptions in the ground" which she theorized to be 200 unmarked graves, based on "their placement, size, depth, and other features". The indigenous community had long suspected that unmarked graves were located at the residential school, attested to by oral history and eyewitness' memories. Chief Rosanne Casimir of Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc (TteS) said that work was underway to determine whether the Royal British Columbia Museum held relevant records.
Preliminary findings announced in May 2021 by Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc suggested that 215 graves could exist at the site. The National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation had officially recognized 51 students who died at the school. Their dates of death range from 1919 until 1971. In July 2021, Beaulieu revised her estimate to 200 and noted that they should be considered "probable burials" or "targets of interest", and said that only with an excavation could they be confirmed as human remains. Beaulieu also noted that the apple orchard she surveyed constituted only two acres of the 160-acre residential school site, and speculated that other parts of the property could also be potential burial sites.
Terry Teegee, the Regional Chief of the British Columbia Assembly of First Nations, speculated that human remains were at the site. In May 2021 he said that plans were being made for forensic experts to exhume, identify and repatriate the potential remains of children from the school.
Investigation
A year after the announcement, no attempted exhumations had yet taken place. In May 2022, Chief Rosanne Casimir said that a technical taskforce had been formed "of various professors as well as technical archeologists" and that work on an archeological dig and possible exhumations could soon begin. CBC reported that the proposed idea remained controversial among school survivors, "with some seeing exhumation as a process that could help lay victims properly to rest, while others want them left undisturbed." The RCMP "E" Division stated at the time that while it had opened an investigation "so that we can assist should our assistance be required", it was "respect that Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc remains as the lead official at this time", and was not looking into the site itself.
As of March 2024, no remains have been excavated, with Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc stating that a decision to excavate the unmarked graves is "unresolved". As of May 2024, investigations into the reported mass graves at the site have ended with no conclusive evidence of such graves. Despite significant resources invested in various investigative efforts, including fieldwork, archival searches, and securing the school site, no human remains have been found. Carolane Gratton, spokesperson for the Department of Crown-Indigenous Relations confirmed the allocation of $7.9 million for these endeavors. In a statement, the Tk'emlups te Secwepemc First Nation reiterated their focus on the scientific work required but declined to discuss the $7.9 million allocation.
Reactions
The community memorial at the Vancouver Art Gallery as of 6 June 2021
Chief Rosanne Casimir called the finding "an unthinkable loss ... never documented by the school's administrators".
Numerous political leaders expressed opinions about the potential findings. Richard Jock, CEO of First Nations Health Authority, expressed sadness in a released statement. "That this situation exists is sadly not a surprise and illustrates the damaging and lasting impacts that the residential school system continues to have on First Nations people, their families and communities."
Premier of British Columbia John Horgan said that he was "horrified and heartbroken" at the discovery, and that he supported further efforts to bring to "light the full extent of this loss". Federal Minister of Indigenous Services Marc Miller also offered his support. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau called the discovery "heartbreaking" the day of the announcement, and, on May 30, advised the Governor General to order flags on federal buildings to be flown at half-mast until further notice. Some institutions flew the Canadian flag at half-mast for 215 hours, to mark one hour for each suspected missing child. Other half-mastings included flags at the BC and Manitoba legislatures as well as individual municipalities such as Ottawa, Montreal, Edmonton, Mississauga, Brampton, and Toronto, which also ordered the 3D Toronto sign dimmed for 215 hours.
In a statement released May 31, 2021, the Office of the Chief of Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc acknowledged the gestures made by the government and federal parties, but insisted the government face accountability to all communities subjected to the enduring effects of the federally-mandated Indian Residential School system.
Angela White, executive director for the Indian Residential School Survivors Society, also called on the Canadian federal government and Catholic Church to take action and responsibility towards reconciliation efforts, stating "Reconciliation does not mean anything if there is no action to those words ... ell-wishes and prayers only go so far. If we are going to actually create positive strides forward there needs to be that ability to continue the work, like the Indian Residential School Survivors Society does, in a meaningful way."
The discovery inspired a community memorial at the Vancouver Art Gallery, at which 215 pairs of children's shoes were laid out in rows. Similar memorials were created across Canada, including in front of government buildings and buildings of churches that had been in charge of running the residential school system. At the Ontario Legislative Building, security initially ordered the shoes removed before acquiescing. The Anishinabek Nation tweeted in support of social media calls to put out teddy bears on porches on May 31, similar to what was done after the 2018 Humboldt Broncos bus crash with hockey sticks. Another popular campaign called on people to wear orange on May 31.
Within days of the report, the University of British Columbia announced a review of an honorary degree it had granted in 1986 to Bishop James Fergus O'Grady, a former principal of Kamloops Indian Residential School. He had written a letter to parents in 1948 about the "privilege" of Christmas break, stating that any travel costs associated with students going home would have to be covered by their families and that any children who failed to return to school by January 3 would be prohibited from Christmas break the following year.: 15 In the 2007 documentary The Fallen Feather, Ernie Philip shared his experience of corporal punishment as a student at the school, stating that he "got 50 lashes on my back" from O'Grady after Philip was caught running away from the school.: 15 : 21
On June 2, 2021, Archbishop of Vancouver J. Michael Miller said that the Catholic Church would help to identify the deceased children.
Alberta premier Jason Kenney, leader of the United Conservative Party, argued in a June 3 op-ed on the front page of the National Post that "If we want to get into cancelling every figure in our history who took positions on issues at the time that we now judge harshly, and rightly, in historical retrospect, then I think the entire founding leadership of our country gets cancelled."
On June 4, 2021, nine United Nations human rights experts called on Canada and the Catholic Church to carry out thorough investigations, and "conduct full-fledged investigations into the circumstances and responsibilities surrounding these deaths, including forensic examinations of the remains found, and to proceed to the identification and registration of the missing children." On June 6, 2021, speaking to people gathered in St. Peter's Square, Pope Francis commented on the discovery:
"This sad discovery increases the awareness of the sorrows and sufferings of the past ... May the political and religious authorities continue to collaborate with determination to shed light on this sad affair and to commit to a path of healing."
In response to the initial announcement, the Government of Ontario pledged $10 million to fund a search for unmarked graves at Ontario residential schools. Many Canada Day festivities were either cancelled or modified to promote reconciliation, out of respect for the discovery. On June 10, the city of Victoria, British Columbia announced the cancellation of its Canada Day festivities – already a virtual event due to COVID-19 restrictions. An alternative broadcast would be produced in collaboration with the local First Nations to " what it means to be Canadian, in light of recent events." Similar decisions to cancel municipality-led Canada Day festivities were made by Prince Edward County, Ontario, Air Ronge, La Ronge, and Lac La Ronge Indian Band. According to a poll released on June 17, 2021, by the Innovative Research Group, 77% of Canadian respondents said they were "very familiar" or "somewhat familiar" with the reports of possible human remains of Kamloops Indian Residential School.
On June 22, 2021, the Chinese government demanded an investigation into the human rights violations against the Indigenous people in Canada at the UN Human Rights Council, which was supported by Belarus, Iran, North Korea, Syria, Russia, and Venezuela. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau responded that, "In Canada, we had a Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Where's China's Truth and Reconciliation Commission? China is not recognizing there is even a problem. That is a pretty fundamental difference."
Some individuals, such as journalist Terry Glavin of the National Post and American political scientist Wilfred Reilly, writing in British internet-based magazine Spiked, have stated skepticism about the claims, due to the lack of exhumations.
See also
List of Indian residential schools in Canada
Canadian Indian residential school gravesites
Florida School for Boys, reform school where the remains of dozens of children were found in unmarked graves
Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home, maternity home in Ireland where 800 children were found in unmarked graves
Medomsley Detention Centre, a prison for young males in England where more than 1,800 living former inmates reported sexual and physical abuse by staff.
Marieval Indian Residential School, another Residential School in Canada, where 751 unmarked graves were found in June 2021.
Jersey child abuse investigation
Notes
^ The year the school closed is inconsistently reported with some indicating 1977 and other indicating 1978 as the final year of operation. The National Student Memorial, maintained by the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation, lists the year the school closed as 1978.
^ Surname erroneously spelled in publication as 'Maguire'. Volume 1 of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada uses Mcguire as spelling and identifies first name as James.: 420 The same surname spelling appears in the 1927 Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs.
^ The Indian Residential School History & Dialogue Centre's entry for the Kamloops school includes a more extensive list of students' home communities.
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Further reading
Haig-Brown, Celia (2006). Resistance and renewal : surviving the Indian Residential School. Vancouver, B.C.: Arsenal Pulp Press. ISBN 9780889781894.
Jack, Agnes S. (2000). Behind closed doors: stories from the Kamloops Indian Residential School. Kamloops, B.C.: Secwepemc Cultural Education Society. ISBN 0919441971.
External links
Kamloops Indian Residential School—The Land of the Secwepemc website
Eyes of the Children – 1962 CBC documentary about the school
50°40′47″N 120°17′42″W / 50.67972°N 120.29500°W / 50.67972; -120.29500
vteCanadian Indian residential school gravesites
Kamloops, British Columbia (May 2021)
Brandon, Manitoba (June 2021)
Marieval, Saskatchewan (June 2021)
Kootenay, British Columbia (June 2021)
Kuper Island, British Columbia (July 2021)
Related
Monuments and memorials in Canada removed in 2020–2022
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Indian residential school system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system"},{"link_name":"Kamloops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamloops"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austen-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farvholdt-2"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBCRemainsFound-3"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tk%E2%80%99eml%C3%BAps_te_Secw%C3%A9pemc"},{"link_name":"First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PofH-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"University of the Fraser Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Fraser_Valley"},{"link_name":"ground-penetrating radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-penetrating_radar"},{"link_name":"unmarked graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_Indian_residential_schools_gravesite_discoveries"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMRemainsFound-July-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBCmay2022-12"}],"text":"Defunct Canadian residential schoolThe Kamloops Indian Residential School was part of the Canadian Indian residential school system. Located in Kamloops, British Columbia, it was once the largest residential school in Canada, with its enrolment peaking at 500 in the 1950s.[1][2] The school was established in 1890 and operated until 1969, when it was taken over from the Catholic Church by the federal government to be used as a day school residence. It closed in 1978.[3][nb 1] The school building still stands today, and is located on the Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc First Nation.[5]: 14A tooth and rib were found in the area in the 1990s and early 2000s, both of which were of animal origin.[6]In 2021, Sarah Beaulieu— an anthropologist at the University of the Fraser Valley—surveyed the area with ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and concluded the probable presence of about 200 unmarked graves,[7][8][9] though \"only forensic investigation with excavation\" could confirm if these were actually human remains.[10] As of May 2022, debates were ongoing on whether to conduct an archaeological excavation to exhume potential human remains or leave the site undisturbed.[11]","title":"Kamloops Indian Residential School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farvholdt-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRSHDCKamloops-13"},{"link_name":"acculturation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acculturation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farvholdt-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas-15"},{"link_name":"Oblates of Mary Immaculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblates_of_Mary_Immaculate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farvholdt-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carion1896-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haig-Brown-18"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Lethbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethbridge"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRCPt1-19"},{"link_name":"Eugene Mission Indian School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kootenay_Indian_Residential_School"},{"link_name":"Cranbrook, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbrook,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Secwepemc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secwepemc"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCTRKamloops-4"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-np-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-np-26"},{"link_name":"Secwepemc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secwepemc"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haig-Brown-18"},{"link_name":"Shuswap language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuswap_language"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Secwepemc Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secwepemc_Museum_and_Heritage_Park"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"What would become the Kamloops Indian Residential School was established in 1893, after initially opening on May 19, 1890, as the Kamloops Industrial School.[2][12] The stated aim of the school was the acculturation of Indigenous children.[2] J.D. Ross of Kamloops was awarded the $10,000 contract to erect the initial set of industrial school buildings in April 1889.[13] Three two-story wooden structures were the first buildings on the site, consisting of separate living quarters for boys and girls, and the school's teachers, along with classrooms and a recreation area.[14]Michel Hagan, the industrial school's first principal, resigned in 1892, at which time the government charged the Oblates of Mary Immaculate with running the school.[2] Father Alphonse-Marie Carion was named principal of the school in March 1893, following Hagan's departure.[15] In his 1896 annual report to the Department of Indian Affairs, Carion emphasized that the moral and religious training of students at the school was \"the most important of all\" and that school officials kept \"constantly before their mind the object which the Government has in view in carrying on the industrial-schools, which is to civilize the Indians, to make them good, useful and lawabiding members of society.\"[16] He remained principal of the school until 1916.[17]: 34In 1927, John Duplanil succeeded James Mcguire[nb 2] as principal of the school, following Maguire's (McGuire's) appointment as curate of St. Patrick's Church in Lethbridge, Alberta.[20] James Fergus O'Grady was named principal in 1939, following the departure of T. Kennedy.[18]: 719 G.P. Dunlop took over as head of the school in 1958, relocating from a position at the Eugene Mission Indian School in Cranbrook, British Columbia.[21]The school, located on the traditional territory of the Secwepemc (Secwépemcúl'ecw), continued to operate as the Kamloops Indian Residential School until 1978. The school was taken over by the federal government in 1969. During this time it operated as a residence for students attending other area schools until it permanently closed.[4]The school was featured in the 1962 Christmas-themed film Eyes of the Children.[22] Produced by George Robertson, the film followed 400 students as they prepared for Christmas and aired on the CBC on Christmas Day.[23] Gerald Mathieu Moran worked there while the documentary was filmed. A boy's supervisor, he was charged in the 1990s with several dozen sex crimes committed at the Kamloops Indian Residential School. He pled guilty and spent three years in jail.[24] A former student told a TRC hearing that another instructor would come into the girls' dorm at night with a flashlight and choose a girl to assault.[24]In the 1988 book Resistance and renewal: surviving the Indian residential school, Celia Haig-Brown argued that the school system had failed due to the resistance of the Shuswap (Secwepemc) people, since they still existed as a nation:\"Although its effects have been devastating for individuals, the Kamloops Indian Residential School was not successful in its attempts to assimilate the Native people of the Central Interior of the province.\"[17]: 57In 1991, a special edition of Secwepemc News offered a different perspective, reporting that the public policy which led to the 80-year operation of the school had \"done its job; English is now the predominant language within the Shuswap Nation and the survival of the Shuswap language is uncertain.\"[25]In 1982, the building opened for use as the first location of the Secwepemc Museum.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kamloops_Indian_Residential_School_classroom_1950.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farvholdt-2"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fournier-29"},{"link_name":"Penticton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penticton"},{"link_name":"Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Mount Currie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Currie_Band"},{"link_name":"Lillooet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillooet_Indians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farvholdt-2"},{"link_name":"[nb 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Canadian residential school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCTRKamloops-4"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMRemainsFound-31"},{"link_name":"Leonard Marchand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Marchand"},{"link_name":"Okanagan Indian Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan_Indian_Band"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-32"},{"link_name":"George Manuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Manuel"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRCPt1-19"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRCV4Missing-35"},{"link_name":"1957–1958 influenza pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%931958_influenza_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CityFree1957-36"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CityFree1957-36"},{"link_name":"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"cultural genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austen-1"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"shillelagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shillelagh_(club)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRCReportPt2-38"}],"sub_title":"School attendance and conditions","text":"New classroom building of Kamloops Indian Residential School circa 1950Hundreds of children attended the school, many forcibly removed from their homes following the introduction of mandatory attendance laws in the 1920s.[2] The children who attended were not allowed to speak their native languages and were whipped for using them.[27] In addition to Secwépemc children, students from communities across British Columbia attended the school, including Penticton, Hope, Mount Currie, and Lillooet, along with students from other provinces.[2][nb 3]At one point, this was the largest Canadian residential school.[4][28] Canadian politician Leonard Marchand (Okanagan Indian Band) attended the school.[29] So did George Manuel (Secwépemc Nation), who said his three strongest memories of the school were: \"hunger; speaking English; and being called a heathen because of my grandfather.\"[18]: 191In 1910, the principal said that the government did not provide enough money to properly feed the students.[30] On December 24, 1924, the girls' wing of the school was destroyed by a fire, forcing 40 students into −10 °C (14 °F) weather in only their night clothes.[31] Three years later, in 1927, a report outlining the conditions at the school concluded that the poor construction of buildings at the school led to \"numerous infections, colds, bronchitis, and pneumonia\" during the previous winter.[32]: 55 During the 1957–1958 influenza pandemic, the Kamloops district health officer, D. M. Black, reported that half of the students at the school had been ill.[33] At the time, health officials from the University of British Columbia acknowledged the infection rate was \"slightly more than normal but not a serious worry.\"[33]In 2015, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada determined that the residential schools were a system of \"cultural genocide\". It concluded that at least 4,100 students died while attending the schools, many of them due to abuse, negligence, disease, and accidents.[1] The report concluded that it would be impossible to estimate the total number of deaths that occurred at the schools.[34]Students at the school received harsh treatment, including being hit with a shillelagh or being shamed for minor mistakes.[35]: 484","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRCReportPt2-38"},{"link_name":"Irish dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_dance"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_dance"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRCReportPt2-38"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas-15"},{"link_name":"Pacific National Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_National_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silver-40"},{"link_name":"Knights of Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Mandatory European folk dancing","text":"The school operated a girls' folk dancing program beginning in the 1940s that focused only on European dance styles.[35]: 479 Sister Mary Leonita initially taught Irish dancing, and later, other European folk styles including Swiss and Ukrainian dancing.[35]: 479 Children in the program were prohibited from learning indigenous dances.[14]Dancers from the program were featured at the 1960 Pacific National Exhibition.[36] In July 1964, girls from the school went to Mexico and performed in a series of festivals. Canadian embassy officials called them the \"finest ambassadors ever to come from Canada\".[37] The Knights of Columbus raised the funds for the trip.[38] The same year, group leader Sister Mary Leonita transferred away from the school, and the dance program ended.[39]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Possible unmarked graves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ground-penetrating radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-penetrating_radar"},{"link_name":"unmarked graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_Indian_residential_schools_gravesite_discoveries"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBCRemainsFound-July-44"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMRemainsFound-July-8"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austen-1"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_government"},{"link_name":"Rosanne Casimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosanne_Casimir"},{"link_name":"Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tk%E2%80%99eml%C3%BAps_te_Secw%C3%A9pemc"},{"link_name":"Royal British Columbia Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_British_Columbia_Museum"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMRemainsFound-31"},{"link_name":"National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_for_Truth_and_Reconciliation"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-47"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-47"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMRemainsFound-July-8"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-July2021-48"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBCRemainsFound-July-44"},{"link_name":"exhume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhume"},{"link_name":"repatriate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriate"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Early claims","text":"In 2021, Dr. Sarah Beaulieu, an anthropologist with \"about a decade of experience searching for historical grave sites\", surveyed the area with ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and observed \"disruptions in the ground\" which she theorized to be 200 unmarked graves, based on \"their placement, size, depth, and other features\".[40][41][7][42] The indigenous community had long suspected that unmarked graves were located at the residential school, attested to by oral history and eyewitness' memories.[1][43] Chief Rosanne Casimir of Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc (TteS) said that work was underway to determine whether the Royal British Columbia Museum held relevant records.[28]Preliminary findings announced in May 2021 by Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc suggested that 215 graves could exist at the site. The National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation had officially recognized 51 students who died at the school.[44] Their dates of death range from 1919 until 1971.[44] In July 2021, Beaulieu revised her estimate to 200 and noted that they should be considered \"probable burials\" or \"targets of interest\", and said that only with an excavation could they be confirmed as human remains.[7] Beaulieu also noted that the apple orchard she surveyed constituted only two acres of the 160-acre residential school site, and speculated that other parts of the property could also be potential burial sites.[45][41]Terry Teegee, the Regional Chief of the British Columbia Assembly of First Nations, speculated that human remains were at the site. In May 2021 he said that plans were being made for forensic experts to exhume, identify and repatriate the potential remains of children from the school.[46]","title":"Possible unmarked graves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBCmay2022-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBCmay2022-12"},{"link_name":"RCMP \"E\" Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCMP_%22E%22_Division"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBCmay2022-12"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamloops_Indian_Residential_School&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-53"}],"sub_title":"Investigation","text":"A year after the announcement, no attempted exhumations had yet taken place.[11] In May 2022, Chief Rosanne Casimir said that a technical taskforce had been formed \"of various professors as well as technical archeologists\" and that work on an archeological dig and possible exhumations could soon begin. CBC reported that the proposed idea remained controversial among school survivors, \"with some seeing exhumation as a process that could help lay victims properly to rest, while others want them left undisturbed.\"[11] The RCMP \"E\" Division stated at the time that while it had opened an investigation \"so that we can assist should our assistance be required\", it was \"respect[ing] that Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc remains as the lead official at this time\", and was not looking into the site itself.[11]As of March 2024[update], no remains have been excavated, with Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc stating that a decision to excavate the unmarked graves is \"unresolved\".[47][48] As of May 2024, investigations into the reported mass graves at the site have ended with no conclusive evidence of such graves.[49] Despite significant resources invested in various investigative efforts, including fieldwork, archival searches, and securing the school site, no human remains have been found. Carolane Gratton, spokesperson for the Department of Crown-Indigenous Relations confirmed the allocation of $7.9 million for these endeavors. In a statement, the Tk'emlups te Secwepemc First Nation reiterated their focus on the scientific work required but declined to discuss the $7.9 million allocation.[50]","title":"Possible unmarked graves"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vancouver_Art_Gallery_community_memorial_on_the_215_buried_children_at_Kamloops_Residential_School.png"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJ-54"},{"link_name":"First Nations Health Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_Health_Authority"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBCRemainsFound-3"},{"link_name":"John Horgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Horgan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austen-1"},{"link_name":"Minister of Indigenous Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Indigenous_Services"},{"link_name":"Marc Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Miller_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBCRemainsFound-3"},{"link_name":"Justin Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"Governor General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"half-mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-mast"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBCFlagsLowered-56"},{"link_name":"3D Toronto sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_Toronto_sign"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBCFlagsLowered-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YunAgecoutayJones-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-58"},{"link_name":"[w]ell-wishes and prayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoughts_and_prayers"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPVanMemorial-60"},{"link_name":"Ontario Legislative Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Legislative_Building"},{"link_name":"Anishinabek Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anishinabek_Nation"},{"link_name":"teddy bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_bear"},{"link_name":"2018 Humboldt Broncos bus crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Humboldt_Broncos_bus_crash"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YunAgecoutayJones-57"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurjata-61"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurjata-61"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PofH-6"},{"link_name":"corporal punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_punishment"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PofH-6"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bezeau-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_archbishops_of_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"J. Michael Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Michael_Miller"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Jason Kenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Kenney"},{"link_name":"United Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Conservative_Party"},{"link_name":"National Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Post"},{"link_name":"cancelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancel_culture"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"St. Peter's Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Government of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Canada Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Day"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-72"},{"link_name":"Victoria, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"virtual event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_event"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-72"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward County, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Air Ronge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Ronge"},{"link_name":"La Ronge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ronge"},{"link_name":"Lac La Ronge Indian Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_La_Ronge_Indian_Band"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"UN Human Rights Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Human_Rights_Council"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Terry Glavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Glavin"},{"link_name":"National Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Post"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Reilly"},{"link_name":"Spiked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiked_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"Reactions","text":"The community memorial at the Vancouver Art Gallery as of 6 June 2021Chief Rosanne Casimir called the finding \"an unthinkable loss ... never documented by the school's administrators\".[51]Numerous political leaders expressed opinions about the potential findings. Richard Jock, CEO of First Nations Health Authority, expressed sadness in a released statement.\"That this situation exists is sadly not a surprise and illustrates the damaging and lasting impacts that the residential school system continues to have on First Nations people, their families and communities.\"[3]Premier of British Columbia John Horgan said that he was \"horrified and heartbroken\" at the discovery, and that he supported further efforts to bring to \"light the full extent of this loss\".[1] Federal Minister of Indigenous Services Marc Miller also offered his support.[3] Prime Minister Justin Trudeau called the discovery \"heartbreaking\" the day of the announcement, and, on May 30, advised the Governor General to order flags on federal buildings to be flown at half-mast until further notice. Some institutions flew the Canadian flag at half-mast for 215 hours, to mark one hour for each suspected missing child.[52][53] Other half-mastings included flags at the BC and Manitoba legislatures as well as individual municipalities such as Ottawa, Montreal, Edmonton, Mississauga, Brampton, and Toronto, which also ordered the 3D Toronto sign dimmed for 215 hours.[53][54]In a statement released May 31, 2021, the Office of the Chief of Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc acknowledged the gestures made by the government and federal parties, but insisted the government face accountability to all communities subjected to the enduring effects of the federally-mandated Indian Residential School system.[55]Angela White, executive director for the Indian Residential School Survivors Society, also called on the Canadian federal government and Catholic Church to take action and responsibility towards reconciliation efforts, stating \"Reconciliation does not mean anything if there is no action to those words ... [w]ell-wishes and prayers only go so far. If we are going to actually create positive strides forward there needs to be that ability to continue the work, like the Indian Residential School Survivors Society does, in a meaningful way.\"[56]The discovery inspired a community memorial at the Vancouver Art Gallery, at which 215 pairs of children's shoes were laid out in rows.[57] Similar memorials were created across Canada, including in front of government buildings and buildings of churches that had been in charge of running the residential school system. At the Ontario Legislative Building, security initially ordered the shoes removed before acquiescing. The Anishinabek Nation tweeted in support of social media calls to put out teddy bears on porches on May 31, similar to what was done after the 2018 Humboldt Broncos bus crash with hockey sticks. Another popular campaign called on people to wear orange on May 31.[54]Within days of the report, the University of British Columbia announced a review of an honorary degree it had granted in 1986 to Bishop James Fergus O'Grady, a former principal of Kamloops Indian Residential School.[58] He had written a letter to parents in 1948 about the \"privilege\" of Christmas break, stating that any travel costs associated with students going home would have to be covered by their families and that any children who failed to return to school by January 3 would be prohibited from Christmas break the following year.[58][5]: 15 In the 2007 documentary The Fallen Feather, Ernie Philip shared his experience of corporal punishment as a student at the school, stating that he \"got 50 lashes on my back\" from O'Grady after Philip was caught running away from the school.[5]: 15 [59]: 21 [60]On June 2, 2021, Archbishop of Vancouver J. Michael Miller said that the Catholic Church would help to identify the deceased children.[61]Alberta premier Jason Kenney, leader of the United Conservative Party, argued in a June 3 op-ed on the front page of the National Post that \"If we want to get into cancelling every figure in our history who took positions on issues at the time that we now judge harshly, and rightly, in historical retrospect, then I think the entire founding leadership of our country gets cancelled.\"[62]On June 4, 2021, nine United Nations human rights experts called on Canada and the Catholic Church to carry out thorough investigations, and \"conduct full-fledged investigations into the circumstances and responsibilities surrounding these deaths, including forensic examinations of the remains found, and to proceed to the identification and registration of the missing children.\"[63] On June 6, 2021, speaking to people gathered in St. Peter's Square, Pope Francis commented on the discovery:[64]\"This sad discovery increases the awareness of the sorrows and sufferings of the past ... May the political and religious authorities continue to collaborate with determination to shed light on this sad affair and to commit to a path of healing.\"[65][66][67]In response to the initial announcement, the Government of Ontario pledged $10 million to fund a search for unmarked graves at Ontario residential schools.[68] Many Canada Day festivities were either cancelled or modified to promote reconciliation, out of respect for the discovery.[69] On June 10, the city of Victoria, British Columbia announced the cancellation of its Canada Day festivities – already a virtual event due to COVID-19 restrictions. An alternative broadcast would be produced in collaboration with the local First Nations to \"[explore] what it means to be Canadian, in light of recent events.\"[69][70] Similar decisions to cancel municipality-led Canada Day festivities were made by Prince Edward County, Ontario,[71] Air Ronge, La Ronge, and Lac La Ronge Indian Band.[72] According to a poll released on June 17, 2021, by the Innovative Research Group, 77% of Canadian respondents said they were \"very familiar\" or \"somewhat familiar\" with the reports of possible human remains of Kamloops Indian Residential School.[73]On June 22, 2021, the Chinese government demanded an investigation into the human rights violations against the Indigenous people in Canada at the UN Human Rights Council, which was supported by Belarus, Iran, North Korea, Syria, Russia, and Venezuela. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau responded that, \"In Canada, we had a Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Where's China's Truth and Reconciliation Commission? China is not recognizing there is even a problem. That is a pretty fundamental difference.\"[74][75]Some individuals, such as journalist Terry Glavin of the National Post and American political scientist Wilfred Reilly, writing in British internet-based magazine Spiked, have stated skepticism about the claims, due to the lack of exhumations.[76][77]","title":"Possible unmarked graves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCTRKamloops-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRCPt1-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DIAReport1927-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRSHDCKamloops-13"}],"text":"^ The year the school closed is inconsistently reported with some indicating 1977 and other indicating 1978 as the final year of operation. The National Student Memorial, maintained by the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation, lists the year the school closed as 1978.[4]\n\n^ Surname erroneously spelled in publication as 'Maguire'. Volume 1 of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada uses Mcguire as spelling and identifies first name as James.[18]: 420 The same surname spelling appears in the 1927 Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs.[19]\n\n^ The Indian Residential School History & Dialogue Centre's entry for the Kamloops school includes a more extensive list of students' home communities.[12]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Resistance and renewal : surviving the Indian Residential School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/resistancerenewa0000haig"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780889781894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780889781894"},{"link_name":"Behind closed doors: stories from the Kamloops Indian Residential School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arcabc.ca/islandora/object/tru:1611"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0919441971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919441971"}],"text":"Haig-Brown, Celia (2006). Resistance and renewal : surviving the Indian Residential School. Vancouver, B.C.: Arsenal Pulp Press. ISBN 9780889781894.\nJack, Agnes S. (2000). Behind closed doors: stories from the Kamloops Indian Residential School. Kamloops, B.C.: Secwepemc Cultural Education Society. ISBN 0919441971.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"New classroom building of Kamloops Indian Residential School circa 1950","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kamloops_Indian_Residential_School_classroom_1950.jpg/250px-Kamloops_Indian_Residential_School_classroom_1950.jpg"},{"image_text":"The community memorial at the Vancouver Art Gallery as of 6 June 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vancouver_Art_Gallery_community_memorial_on_the_215_buried_children_at_Kamloops_Residential_School.png/220px-Vancouver_Art_Gallery_community_memorial_on_the_215_buried_children_at_Kamloops_Residential_School.png"}]
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[{"title":"List of Indian residential schools in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_residential_schools_in_Canada"},{"title":"Canadian Indian residential school gravesites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_gravesites"},{"title":"Florida School for Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_School_for_Boys"},{"title":"Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Secours_Mother_and_Baby_Home"},{"title":"Medomsley Detention Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medomsley_Detention_Centre"},{"title":"Marieval Indian Residential School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marieval_Indian_Residential_School"},{"title":"Jersey child abuse investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_child_abuse_investigation"}]
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[{"reference":"Austen, Ian (May 28, 2021). \"'Horrible History': Mass Grave of Indigenous Children Reported in Canada\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 31, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/28/world/canada/kamloops-mass-grave-residential-schools.html","url_text":"\"'Horrible History': Mass Grave of Indigenous Children Reported in Canada\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210531085232/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/28/world/canada/kamloops-mass-grave-residential-schools.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Favrholdt, Ken. \"Kamloops History: The dark and difficult legacy of the Kamloops Indian Residential School\". Kamloops This Week. Archived from the original on March 29, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210329204620/https://www.kamloopsthisweek.com/community/kamloops-history-the-dark-and-difficult-legacy-of-the-kamloops-indian-residential-school-1.24215330","url_text":"\"Kamloops History: The dark and difficult legacy of the Kamloops Indian Residential School\""},{"url":"https://www.kamloopsthisweek.com/community/kamloops-history-the-dark-and-difficult-legacy-of-the-kamloops-indian-residential-school-1.24215330","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Remains of 215 children found buried at former B.C. residential school, First Nation says\". CBC News. May 28, 2021. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/tk-emlups-te-secw%C3%A9pemc-215-children-former-kamloops-indian-residential-school-1.6043778","url_text":"\"Remains of 215 children found buried at former B.C. residential school, First Nation says\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210706203908/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/tk-emlups-te-secw%C3%A9pemc-215-children-former-kamloops-indian-residential-school-1.6043778","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kamloops (St. Louis)\". National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. January 22, 2021. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nctr.ca/residential-schools/british-columbia/kamloops-st-louis/","url_text":"\"Kamloops (St. Louis)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210602071051/https://nctr.ca/residential-schools/british-columbia/kamloops-st-louis/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Project of the Heart: Illuminating the hidden history of Indian Residential Schools in BC (PDF). The BC Teachers’ Federation: Educating for truth and reconciliation. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bctf.ca/HiddenHistory/eBook.pdf","url_text":"Project of the Heart: Illuminating the hidden history of Indian Residential Schools in BC"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210201230341/https://bctf.ca/HiddenHistory/eBook.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rouillard, Jacques. \"Professor\". Dorchester Review. Retrieved June 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dorchesterreview.ca/blogs/news/in-kamloops-not-one-body-has-been-found","url_text":"\"Professor\""}]},{"reference":"Jana G. Pruden; Mike Hager (July 15, 2021). \"Anthropologist explains how she concluded 200 children were buried at the Kamloops Residential School\". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-kamloops-residential-school-unmarked-graves-discovery-update/","url_text":"\"Anthropologist explains how she concluded 200 children were buried at the Kamloops Residential School\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220930023637/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-kamloops-residential-school-unmarked-graves-discovery-update/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Indigenous Groups in Canada Call for Nationwide Search After Recent Discovery of Mass Grave at Kamloops Indian Residential School | June 1, 2021\". The Daily NewsBrief. June 1, 2021. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/06/01/indigenous-groups-in-canada-call-for-nationwide-search-after-recent-discovery-of-mass-grave-at-kamloops-indian-residential-school/","url_text":"\"Indigenous Groups in Canada Call for Nationwide Search After Recent Discovery of Mass Grave at Kamloops Indian Residential School | June 1, 2021\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213921/https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/06/01/indigenous-groups-in-canada-call-for-nationwide-search-after-recent-discovery-of-mass-grave-at-kamloops-indian-residential-school/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc release final report on unmarked graves at former Kamloops residential school\". Ici.radio-canada.ca. July 15, 2021. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ici.radio-canada.ca/rci/en/news/1809374/tkemlups-te-secwepemc-release-final-report-on-unmarked-graves-at-former-kamloops-residential-school","url_text":"\"Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc release final report on unmarked graves at former Kamloops residential school\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210729055121/https://ici.radio-canada.ca/rci/en/news/1809374/tkemlups-te-secwepemc-release-final-report-on-unmarked-graves-at-former-kamloops-residential-school","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Sydney (September 18, 2021). \"No digging yet at Tk'emlups\". Castanet Kamloops. Archived from the original on January 30, 2022. Retrieved January 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.castanetkamloops.net/news/Kamloops/346110/Band-says-no-excavation-work-has-taken-place-at-former-residential-school","url_text":"\"No digging yet at Tk'emlups\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220130183101/https://www.castanetkamloops.net/news/Kamloops/346110/Band-says-no-excavation-work-has-taken-place-at-former-residential-school","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Work to exhume remains at former Kamloops residential school could begin soon, chief says\". Cbc.ca. Archived from the original on May 31, 2022. Retrieved June 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/tk-eml%C3%BAps-kamloops-indian-residential-school-215-exhumations-1.6460796","url_text":"\"Work to exhume remains at former Kamloops residential school could begin soon, chief says\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220531235119/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/tk-eml%C3%BAps-kamloops-indian-residential-school-215-exhumations-1.6460796","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kamloops (BC)\". Indian Residential School History & Dialogue Centre. Archived from the original on May 31, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.irshdc.ubc.ca/index.php/Detail/entities/46","url_text":"\"Kamloops (BC)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210531014959/https://collections.irshdc.ubc.ca/index.php/Detail/entities/46","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"One for Kamloops\". Inland Sentinel. April 13, 1889. p. A04. Archived from the original on May 30, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://arch.tnrl.ca/pages/search/index.html?browse=true&f_pub=INS&f_year=1889&f_month=4","url_text":"\"One for Kamloops\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210530052652/https://arch.tnrl.ca/pages/search/index.html?browse=true&f_pub=INS&f_year=1889&f_month=4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Leona (June 1990). \"KIRS – First school built 1890\". Secwepemc News. Kamloops, British Columbia: Shuswap Nation. p. 22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Our Inland Empire: Mining, Agriculture and Other News Culled and Condensed\". Vancouver Daily World. March 8, 1983. p. 5. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/62084152/","url_text":"\"Our Inland Empire: Mining, Agriculture and Other News Culled and Condensed\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213740/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/62084152/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carion, A.M. (1896). \"Kamloops Industrial School, Kamloops, B.C., August 1, 1896\". Dominion of Canada Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs for the Year Ended June 30, 1896. Department of Indian Affairs: 604–608. Archived from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.item/?id=1896-IAAR-RAAI&op=pdf&app=indianaffairs","url_text":"\"Kamloops Industrial School, Kamloops, B.C., August 1, 1896\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408054619/https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.item/?id=1896-IAAR-RAAI&op=pdf&app=indianaffairs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Haig-Brown, Celia (2006). Resistance and renewal : surviving the Indian Residential School. Vancouver, B.C.: Arsenal Pulp Press. ISBN 0889781893. Retrieved June 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/resistancerenewa0000haig","url_text":"Resistance and renewal : surviving the Indian Residential School"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0889781893","url_text":"0889781893"}]},{"reference":"Canada's Residential Schools:The History, Part 1 – Origins to 1939 (PDF). Montreal: Truth and Conciliation Commission of Canada. 2015. ISBN 978-0773546509. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2021. 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The Province. Vancouver. p. 13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Remains of 215 children found at former Kamloops residential school\". The Globe and Mail. May 28, 2021. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-remains-of-215-children-found-at-former-residential-school-in-british/","url_text":"\"Remains of 215 children found at former Kamloops residential school\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210618213750/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-remains-of-215-children-found-at-former-residential-school-in-british/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Bryce (June 20, 1968). \"Kamloops: 23-Year Fulton Empire Shaky?\". The Vancouver Sun. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vancouver_Sun","url_text":"The Vancouver Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Kamloops Indian School Burned\". Victoria Daily Times. December 24, 1924. p. 1. 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The Province. Vancouver. September 30, 1957. p. 19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Paula Newton (May 29, 2021). \"'Unthinkable' discovery in Canada as remains of 215 children found buried near residential school\". CNN. Archived from the original on May 30, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/28/world/children-remains-discovered-canada-kamloops-school/index.html","url_text":"\"'Unthinkable' discovery in Canada as remains of 215 children found buried near residential school\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210530145844/https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/28/world/children-remains-discovered-canada-kamloops-school/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 2 – 1939 to 2000 (PDF). Montreal: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2015. ISBN 978-0-7735-4652-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 10, 2021. 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Retrieved June 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2021/06/01/this-radar-technology-helped-find-the-burial-site-of-215-children-in-kamloops-bc-could-it-find-others.html","url_text":"\"This radar technology helped find the burial site of 215 children in Kamloops, B.C. — could it find others?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210603141718/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2021/06/01/this-radar-technology-helped-find-the-burial-site-of-215-children-in-kamloops-bc-could-it-find-others.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"05-May-27-2021-TteS-MEDIA-RELEASE.pdf\" (PDF) (Press release). Kamloops: Office of the Chief, Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc. May 27, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2021. We had a knowing in our community that we were able to verify. To our knowledge, these missing children are undocumented deaths,\" stated Kukpi7 Rosanne Casimir. \"Some were as young as three years old. We sought out a way to confirm that knowing, out of deepest respect and love for those lost children and their families, understanding that Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc is the final resting place of these children.","urls":[{"url":"https://tkemlups.ca/wp-content/uploads/05-May-27-2021-TteS-MEDIA-RELEASE.pdf","url_text":"\"05-May-27-2021-TteS-MEDIA-RELEASE.pdf\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210603023404/https://tkemlups.ca/wp-content/uploads/05-May-27-2021-TteS-MEDIA-RELEASE.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Memorial\". December 18, 2020. Archived from the original on June 7, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://memorial.nctr.ca/?p=1452","url_text":"\"Memorial\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210607211836/https://memorial.nctr.ca/?p=1452","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Paula Newton (July 16, 2021). \"Thousands of children from Canadian schools for indigenous communities may be buried in unmarked graves, officials say\". CNN. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/16/americas/canada-indigenous-school-graves","url_text":"\"Thousands of children from Canadian schools for indigenous communities may be buried in unmarked graves, officials say\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210729053317/https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/16/americas/canada-indigenous-school-graves","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Meissner, Dirk (May 29, 2021). \"Work underway for forensic experts to identify, repatriate children's remains from B.C. residential school\". The Canadian Press. CBC. Archived from the original on May 30, 2021. 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Tke̓ mlúps te Secwépemc Kukpi7 Rosanne Casimir says the excavation of the suspected unmarked graves of children who attended the Kamloops Indian Residential School has not yet started.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/10390953/kamloops-indian-residential-school-update-historic-agreement/","url_text":"\"Update on suspected Tke̓ mlúps burial site as nation signs historic agreement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc says decision on whether to excavate unmarked graves in Kamloops still unresolved\". The Globe and Mail. March 28, 2024. Retrieved April 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-tkemlups-te-secwepemc-says-decision-on-whether-to-excavate-unmarked/","url_text":"\"Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc says decision on whether to excavate unmarked graves in Kamloops still unresolved\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kamloops Indian Residential School Mass Graves: No Bodies Found Despite $8 Million Probe\". Times Now. May 12, 2024. 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Retrieved June 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tkemlups.ca/wp-content/uploads/05-May-31-2021-TteS-MEDIA-RELEASE.pdf","url_text":"\"Statement from the Office of the Chief, Kukpi7 Rosanne Casimir\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210601195101/https://tkemlups.ca/wp-content/uploads/05-May-31-2021-TteS-MEDIA-RELEASE.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dickson, Courtney (May 28, 2021). \"Residential school survivors society calls for action following discovery of children's remains\". CBC. CBC. Archived from the original on May 30, 2021. 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sites\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210713170500/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario-residential-schools-ford-announcement-burial-sites-1.6065934","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/one-canadian-city-has-cancelled-canada-day-should-toronto-follow-suit-1.5472720","external_links_name":"\"One Canadian city has cancelled Canada Day: Should Toronto follow suit?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210619162200/https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/one-canadian-city-has-cancelled-canada-day-should-toronto-follow-suit-1.5472720","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://globalnews.ca/news/7940445/victoria-axes-online-canada-day-event-residential-school/","external_links_name":"\"Victoria scraps online Canada Day event after remains found at Kamloops residential school\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210620205615/https://globalnews.ca/news/7940445/victoria-axes-online-canada-day-event-residential-school/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://globalnews.ca/news/7957805/prince-edward-county-canada-day-different-2021/","external_links_name":"\"Prince Edward County to celebrate Canada Day differently this year\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210617194407/https://globalnews.ca/news/7957805/prince-edward-county-canada-day-different-2021/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/northern-sask-communities-cancel-canada-day-celebrations-1.5476773","external_links_name":"\"Northern Sask. communities cancel Canada Day celebrations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210618211108/https://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/northern-sask-communities-cancel-canada-day-celebrations-1.5476773","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20210624075816/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/kamloops-residential-schools-indigenous-reconciliation-trudeau-1.6075886","external_links_name":"\"The news from Kamloops shook this country. Will it change anything?\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/kamloops-residential-schools-indigenous-reconciliation-trudeau-1.6075886","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20210622213628/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/06/22/china-canada-uighur-indigenous/","external_links_name":"\"China calls for Canada human rights inquiry, preempting demand for investigation into abuse of Uyghurs\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/06/22/china-canada-uighur-indigenous/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20210622191626/https://www.reuters.com/world/china-allies-seek-probe-into-indigenous-childrens-remains-canada-2021-06-22/","external_links_name":"\"Canada's Trudeau angrily questions China seeking probe of indigenous children's remains\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/china-allies-seek-probe-into-indigenous-childrens-remains-canada-2021-06-22/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nationalpost.com/opinion/the-year-of-the-graves-how-the-worlds-media-got-it-wrong-on-residential-school-graves","external_links_name":"\"The year of the graves: How the world's media got it wrong on residential school graves\""},{"Link":"https://www.spiked-online.com/2022/08/09/the-myth-of-the-kamloops-mass-grave/","external_links_name":"\"The myth of the Kamloops mass grave\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/resistancerenewa0000haig","external_links_name":"Resistance and renewal : surviving the Indian Residential School"},{"Link":"https://arcabc.ca/islandora/object/tru:1611","external_links_name":"Behind closed doors: stories from the Kamloops Indian Residential School"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070323031251/http://landoftheshuswap.com/msite/residential.php","external_links_name":"Kamloops Indian Residential School"},{"Link":"https://youtube/2Ex4rv5kixY","external_links_name":"Eyes of the Children"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kamloops_Indian_Residential_School¶ms=50_40_47_N_120_17_42_W_type:landmark_region:CA-BC","external_links_name":"50°40′47″N 120°17′42″W / 50.67972°N 120.29500°W / 50.67972; -120.29500"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyNews
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Sky News
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["1 History","1.1 Establishment and early years","1.2 2000–2018","1.3 Comcast acquisition, 2018–present","2 Reception","2.1 Sky News International","2.2 Related channels","2.3 Previous partnership with CBS News","3 Sky News HD","4 Sky News Radio","5 Additional channels","5.1 Sky News Raw","5.2 Sky News Brexit-Free","6 In-depth series","7 Criticism and perception","7.1 Fabrication","8 Legal cases","9 Awards","10 Sponsorship","11 Online","12 Virgin Media dispute","13 Audience figures","14 Organisation","14.1 Budget","14.2 On-air staff","14.3 Bureaux and studios","15 See also","16 References","17 External links"]
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Coordinates: 51°29′19″N 00°19′41″W / 51.48861°N 0.32806°W / 51.48861; -0.32806British and international television news channel
This article is about the British channel. For the Australian channel, see Sky News Australia. For the pan-Arab channel, see Sky News Arabia. For the Irish channel, see Sky News Ireland.
Television channel
Sky NewsLogo used since 2021CountryUnited KingdomBroadcast areaWorldwideHeadquartersSky Central, Osterley, LondonProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishPicture format1080i HDTV(downscaled to 16:9 576i for the SDTV feed)OwnershipOwnerComcastParentSky GroupKey peopleDavid Rhodes (Head of Sky News Group); Jonathan Levy (Managing Director and Executive Editor, Sky News UK)Sister channelsList of Sky UK channelsHistoryLaunched5 February 1989; 35 years ago (1989-02-05)LinksWebcast
Live Stream
720p Live Stream
Websitenews.sky.comAvailabilityTerrestrialFreeviewChannel 233EE TVChannel 233; Channel 313; Channel 385 (HD)Saorview (Ireland)Channel 23
Sky News is a British free-to-air television news channel and organisation. Sky News is distributed via an English-language radio news service, and through online channels. It is owned by Sky Group, a division of Comcast. In 2019, Sky News was named Royal Television Society News Channel of the Year, the 12th time it has held the award. The channel and its live streaming world news is available on its website, TV platforms, and online platforms such as YouTube and Apple TV, and various mobile devices and digital media players.
A sister channel, Sky News Arabia, is operated as a joint venture with the Abu Dhabi Media Investment Corporation. A channel called Sky News International, simulcasting the UK channel directly but without British advertisements, is available in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, South Asia, Asia Pacific, Australia, and the Americas. Narrated segments (which generally cover lighter issues unrelated to current news stories) are played in lieu of advertisements, and international weather forecasts also are given at the end of each half-hour newswheel. Sponsored advertisements are still broadcast before and/or after the sports news and weather segments. Sky News Radio provides national and international news to commercial radio and community radio stations in the UK and other English-language stations around the world. Sky News also provides content to Yahoo! News.
Sky News Australia was part-owned by Sky News parent Sky plc until December 2016. Sky News Australia and Sky News UK are presently unlinked, despite the similar names and logos.
History
Further information: Timeline of Sky News
Establishment and early years
On 8 June 1988, Rupert Murdoch announced in a speech to the British Academy of Film and Television Arts plans to start a new television news service. Sky News started broadcasting at 6 pm on 5 February 1989.
Visually Sky News looked very neat, with slick and classy presentation and John O'Loan's original vocation as an architect showing in the studio set. Sky had gone for the same format as the Nine O'Clock News on the BBC, which had recently been redesigned to give the impression of activity and immediacy by placing the newsreader against a backdrop of the working newsroom. Sky News, it was universally agreed as staff nodded in vigorous approval, had succeeded rather better at the same thing. The critics were mildly taken aback. Contrary to some of the horror scenarios bandied about by the chattering classes there seemed to be little to grumble about. And as its slogan of 'We're there when you need us,' emphasised, it was always on.
In the early days, the channel operated on a £40 million budget (plus £10 million share of overheads), which led Sam Chisholm, chief executive of the newly merged BSkyB, to suggest to Murdoch that the station be closed, but Murdoch was "pleased with its achievements ... there were overriding reasons of prestige and politics for keeping it ... the final hurdle of the Broadcasting Bill had still to be overcome and the case for the acceptability of Sky would collapse if suddenly there was no news channel." Former Home Secretary William Whitelaw said in the House of Lords in 1990 that Sky News had "a very high reputation ... I admire it, as do many other people, it will certainly waken up both the BBC and ITN and ensure that they compete with what is a very important news service" Hansard October 1990. The channel has never been run for a profit, and has considered using ITN to supplement the service.
By March 1992, Sky News' parent company turned from loss to profit.
Sky News was the UK's first 24-hour news channel, broadcast on Astra 1A. It had no local competition until November 1997, when BBC News launched a new 24-hour channel, BBC News 24, now known simply as BBC News. In September 1999, the European Commission ruled against a Sky News complaint, which argued that the publicly funded BBC News 24 was unfair and illegal under EU law. The EC ruled that the television licence fee should be considered state aid (within the meaning of Article 87), but that the BBC's public service remit justified the channel.
2000–2018
Former Sky News logo, used until 2018
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In March 2000, Sky News Active, a 24-hour interactive service providing headlines and other services which ranged from weather, the top story of the day, and showbiz on demand, was launched.
Analogue broadcasting of the channel ceased on 30 June 2001.
In March 2004, Sky News was announced to have won a five-year contract to supply news bulletins to Channel 5, taking over from ITN in January 2005.
On 24 October 2005, Sky News moved to new studios in Isleworth, Greater London, and underwent a major on-screen revamp. The new studio was integrated with the newsroom and boasted the biggest video wall in Britain; it was designed by New York architects Janson Design Group. New music was scored by Adelphoi Music and recorded with a full orchestra at Air Studios, Hampstead, and mastered at Metropolis Studios. New on-screen graphics were launched and the channel began broadcasting in widescreen (16:9) format.
The 2005 relaunch also had the introduction of a new schedule designed around "appointment to view" programmes rather than continuous rolling news. James Rubin joined to present a new evening programme called World News Tonight, Julie Etchingham presented another new "hard-hitting" evening show called The Sky Report, Eamonn Holmes joined to present Sunrise, Kay Burley presented a new programme called Lunchtime Live from 12 to 2 pm, and the daytime show Sky News Today had the introduction of a three-presenter format. However, the relaunched schedule was unsuccessful, and from October 2005, the BBC News channel overtook Sky News in the ratings.
In response to the schedule's unpopularity with viewers, July 2006 saw the removal of the evening programmes—which were replaced by rolling news and an interactive programme, Sky News with Martin Stanford, and the return to a two-presenter format on Sky News Today. These changes came with the arrival of John Ryley, who is still the head of Sky News. On 1 October 2007, Sky introduced another new schedule, extending Kay Burley's Lunchtime Live programme and renaming it Afternoon Live. It also switched to a new format for much of the day, with a solo lead presenter and a summary newsreader. Sky News put more emphasis on interactive news with Martin Stanford's new SkyNews.com programme; an early evening financial news programme presented by Jeff Randall, was also introduced, initially on Mondays only. Further changes were made to the Sky News schedule on 8 September 2008, with Colin Brazier presenting a new show from 1 – 2 pm, The Live Desk, and Martin Stanford's Sky.com News became SkyNews.com, moving to 7 pm every weeknight. More changes took place during the early part of 2009. These changes involved major changes to the layout of the newsroom/studio, the introduction of a morning edition of The Live Desk and the extension of the financial news programme Jeff Randall Live to run for four nights each week, Monday to Thursday.
From 6 am to midnight on 8 March 2010, Sky News was presented and produced exclusively by women to mark International Women's Day. This exercise was repeated in 2011 and 2012.
In preparation for the start of high-definition broadcasting, Sky News moved to its second studio (Studio B) on the morning of 30 March 2010. Broadcasting from Studio B continued until 9 pm on 6 May, when it moved back to the main newsroom and launched Sky News HD in time for the 2010 general election results. Sky News received a graphics refresh and a new logo to coincide with the launch of the new HD channel – this was tried out during the soft launch for Sky News HD on 22 April; Sky News' distinctive orchestral theme music, in use since 2005, was also updated on 6 May 2010. The new title music, orchestrated by David Arnold, was recorded with a 60-piece Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in Angel Recording Studios, London, and uses more than 132 audio channels for 18 seconds of sound.
Following the 2015 general election, Sky News was rebranded, with a new top-of-the-hour sequence and on-screen graphics. The traditional opening voiceover, read by Bruce Hammal, was dropped after two decades in use. On 24 October 2016, Sky News began broadcasting from a new studio (Studio 21) at Sky Central, Sky's new headquarters in West London. The "glass box" studio was initially used for broadcasts from 6 am to 6.30 pm each weekday (with the exception of All Out Politics, which comes from Sky's Westminster studio) - as of April 2019 it was only used from 11 am to 7 pm, and 9 pm to 12 am. The schedule was also changed.
In January 2017, Sky moved its business operations into the News Building in central London. On 16 January 2018, Sky moved all its news operations over to Studio 21, "the glass box", and a new studio in Sky Studios.
Comcast acquisition, 2018–present
On 9 December 2016, Sky shareholder 21st Century Fox announced that it had made an offer to acquire the remainder of the company for £11.7 billion. The combination of Sky with Fox's other assets led to concerns that the Murdoch family would attain "material influence over news providers with a significant presence across all key platforms" and "increased influence over the UK news agenda and the political process". Concerns were also raised about recent sexual harassment allegations centred upon Fox's U.S. network Fox News, although Ofcom did deem 21st Century Fox to be "fit and proper" to hold broadcast licences. On 14 December 2017, The Walt Disney Company in turn announced its intent to acquire 21st Century Fox, following the divestiture of certain assets (particularly the U.S. Fox network proper). Analysts felt that would ease regulatory tensions surrounding the Fox purchase of Sky, as Sky was to be included in the purchase, and Disney's scope of media ownership in the UK was not as wide.
In January 2018, the Competition and Markets Authority issued a preliminary report recommending that Sky News be insulated from the remainder of Murdoch's assets, or divested, in order to preserve its editorial independence. The following month, Fox proposed a commitment to funding Sky News for 10 years, and the establishment of an independent editorial board. The commitments would have been inherited by Disney if it completed its purchase. On 3 April 2018, Fox stated that Disney had expressed interest in acquiring Sky News in a separate transaction, not dependent on the outcome of the Disney/Fox purchase.
On 5 June 2018, Culture Secretary Matt Hancock cleared Fox's proposed deal, contingent on the divestiture of Sky News. It also cleared counteroffers for Sky that were being made in a bidding war by U.S. telecoms and media conglomerate Comcast. Comcast made a US$65 billion counter-offer to acquire the 21st Century Fox assets being sold to Disney. Fox rejected the offer, in favour of a higher-valued offer from Disney. Comcast subsequently pursued a counter-offer for Sky only, resulting in the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers ordering that a blind auction be held between Comcast and Fox. On 22 September, Comcast was declared the winner of the auction, resulting in Fox agreeing to sell its controlling stake in Sky to the company.
The sale made Sky News a sister division to NBC News—a U.S.-based news operation owned by Comcast's U.S. media division NBCUniversal, its U.S. pay television news channel MSNBC, as well as Euronews—a pan-European news channel which NBCUniversal owned a stake in at the time of purchase. In April 2019, Comcast CEO Brian Roberts stated that the company was exploring the establishment of a "global" news channel as a joint venture between Sky News and NBC News. In January 2020, it was stated that this new channel would also be carried on NBCUniversal's new U.S. streaming video platform Peacock. In April 2020, it was stated that the launch of the service, by then known as NBC Sky World News, would be delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 20 April 2020, NBCUniversal sold its stake in Euronews to one of its existing shareholders, citing a desire to prioritise the NBC/Sky service instead. The proposed service was scrapped in August 2020, resulting in layoffs of 60 employees.
On 3 June 2021, Sky News updated its top-of-the-hour sequence, soundtrack, and on-screen graphics package. A Sky News source denied the move was related to the launch of GB News. On 9 February 2023, David Rhodes was appointed Executive Chairman of the Sky News Group in charge of all Sky's news operations. Jonathan Levy was appointed Managing Director and Executive Editor, Sky News UK.
Reception
Sky News is free-to-air on the Astra 28.2°E satellites carrying Sky. It is also available on Freeview and analogue and digital cable. In 2007, BSkyB announced its intention to cease broadcasting Sky News – as well as other BSkyB channels – over Freeview, pending Ofcom approval.
In the 1990s, short-form news updates were broadcast between programs on other Sky networks, including Sky One, Sky Movies and The Movie Channel. Sky One also simulcast the 11PM Sky World News Hour for a time in the early 1990s.
Sky News International
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Sky News is also available internationally on cable systems, on satellite, and in some hotels. While the UK feed is broadcast in 16:9, the international version remained broadcast in a 4:3 picture format until August 2010. Sky News broadcasts in Europe, Middle East, Africa.
The international version is shown as free-to-air on Astra 1L at 19.2° east. It is also carried encrypted on a number of satellites for international reception, including Hot Bird, Nilesat, Amos 1, and Intelsat 10-02. It is also usually carried on cable systems in Europe, particularly in Northern Europe, especially in the Scandinavian countries.
International viewers receive the same programming line-up of Sky News as the UK version. Brief news stories, entertainment news, worldwide weather forecast summaries, and the front pages of international newspapers are broadcast in lieu of UK commercials. The timepiece on the lower left side of the ticker is covered with a banner that says "skynews.com".
Sky News is not available on Sky Deutschland, Sky plc's offering in Germany, but is available on Sky Italia.
On 19 June 2013, Sky News International was added to Apple TV for users in the UK, Ireland, and the United States. Viewers can watch clips or live streaming of the channel at no charge. On 24 July 2013, it was added to the Roku streaming player. Sky News International is available on news.sky.com to viewers around the world. On 30 September 2014, Sky News began live streaming the channel on YouTube. The free streaming service Pluto TV also offers a live feed of Sky News to American users on channel 135. Since its acquisition by Comcast, Sky News has been made available in the U.S. on the Peacock streaming service run by NBCUniversal, and simulcast on MSNBC and NBC News Now during breaking news events of major significance such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the death of Queen Elizabeth II, the Wagner Group rebellion, and the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.
Sky News International and Sky News Ireland feeds are registered to broadcast within the European Union/EEA through ALIA in Luxembourg.
In 2023 Sky News UK launched on Bell Fibe in Canada, it was previously on Videotron,
Related channels
Sky News Arabia, broadcasting in Arabic and headquartered in Abu Dhabi, UAE, launched in 2012. Sky plc owns 50% of the channel.
Sky TG24, Italy's version of Sky News, launched in 2003.
Sky News Australia was one-third owned by Sky plc until December 2016, when it was acquired by News Corp Australia. It carries Sky News UK overnight and shares some of its presentational style. On Foxtel in Australia, Sky News UK is available on channel 604.
From 2004 to 2006, Sky News Ireland broadcast two newscasts produced in Dublin. The newscasts were cancelled due to low viewership. Sky News in Ireland now carries the same programming as Sky News in the UK, but with local advertising.
Previous partnership with CBS News
Until 2017, Sky News had a resource-sharing agreement with CBS News in the United States to share footage and reporting. In July 2017, in the wake of Sky's pending takeover by 21st Century Fox (which runs the competing and former de facto sister Fox News Channel in the U.S.), and NBC News acquiring a stake in Euronews, CBS ended the agreement and entered into a similar deal with the BBC.
Sky News HD
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Former Sky News HD logo (2015–18)
Former Sky News HD logo (2010–13)
Beginning in early 2008, Sky News began using HD-capable cameras in the field. Some one-off programmes were made available in HD to Sky+ HD subscribers on Sky On Demand. The programmes included Technofile, Diana: The Final Word, Canoe Man: Rise and Fall of John Darwin, and Pathfinders: Into The Heart Of Afghanistan.
On 20 January 2009, before the launch of the Sky News HD channel, Sky Arts broadcast Sky News coverage in HD of the Inauguration of Barack Obama. Jeremy Thompson fronted the coverage from Washington, D.C. Michael Jackson's memorial service was also broadcast in HD, with Kay Burley presenting.
Sky News moved operations to a chroma-key set in Studio B from 30 March 2010, so final preparations for HD could take place in the main newsroom.
The first live broadcast of Sky News HD, on Sky Channel 517, was the channel's election debate, which was held on 22 April 2010. For the 10 days leading up to the debate, channel 517 displayed a countdown clock to launch. The debate was hosted in HD by Kay Burley and Adam Boulton. Following the end of the coverage for the evening, channel 517 moved to show a looping preview tape. The tape included the HD, which were available on Sky Anytime. The loop continued until Sky News HD was launched on the evening of 6 May 2010, coinciding with the coverage of the 2010 general election results, hosted by Adam Boulton.
On 26 July 2010, Sky News HD launched on the OSN Network, broadcasting to the Middle East and Africa.
On 1 January 2015, Sky News HD launched on Virgin Media.
Sky News Radio
Main article: Sky News Radio
Sky News Radio provides news bulletins to radio stations in the United Kingdom and to other English-language radio stations around the world.
In March 2007, BSkyB and Chrysalis Group announced plans to launch a dedicated Sky News Radio station on the proposed bid by Channel 4's 4 Digital Group for the second digital audio broadcasting multiplex in the United Kingdom. However, two months later Chrysalis sold its radio stations to Global Radio, and in October 2007 following a business review Global's chief executive announced that it would be withdrawing from the joint venture.
The Sky News Radio feed is available free-to-air on the Astra 2A satellite at 28.2 East by tuning it manually: 12207.00 V, 27500, 2/3 (Label: SNR).
Additional channels
Sky News Raw
On 5 February 2019, Sky News launched a pop-up channel called Sky News Raw. It aired with behind-the-scenes programming from 07:00 to 17:00 on channel 523 on Sky TV and online via Sky News' social media channels. The pop-up channel celebrated the 30th anniversary of Sky News, having first broadcast on 5 February 1989.
Robotic cameras were placed around the newsroom and planning rooms at Sky Studios, in the three main television studios at Osterley and Millbank, and in the broadcast galleries. There were also behind-the-scenes features from elsewhere in the newsgathering operation, such as the Sky News helicopter and ENG vehicles.
Sky News Raw logo as used in January and February 2019
The Sky News Helicopter was featured on the channel.
Cameras were also installed in the Millbank studios.
Sky News Brexit-Free
From 16 October to 1 November 2019, Sky News ran a pop-up channel called Sky News Brexit-Free. The channel aired on weekdays from 17:00 to 22:00 and carried coverage of other news headlines unrelated to the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union. Sky News head John Ryley cited viewer fatigue over the near-constant coverage of Brexit as justification for the channel.
In-depth series
The channel occasionally focuses on specific areas of society and current affairs. Past examples include Inside Iraq, Green Britain and Crime Uncovered.
Pakistan: On Terror's Frontline was shown throughout the week beginning Monday 23 March 2009. A Sky News press release stated:
Over three days, Sky News will explore why Pakistan has become the frontline of terror and ask what the West can do about it. Jeremy Thompson will present live from the capital Islamabad, interviewing key figures across the community.
The series of reports won a 2009 RTS Award for International News Coverage.
Criticism and perception
Main article: Criticisms of Sky UK
Sky News viewing peaked during major events such as the September 11 attacks, Iraq War, Asian tsunami, 7 July 2005 London bombings and the death of Diana, Princess of Wales but has generally declined to a quarter achieved in 1992–95.
Sky News operates under Ofcom broadcasting regulations which require impartial, unbiased coverage and prevent the channel from being encrypted in the UK. The channel is viewed by some in the media establishment as an impartial and unbiased provider of news.
There are sources stating that Sky News may be inherently biased because throughout the 1990s and 2000s it was minority-owned and dominated by Rupert Murdoch's right-leaning News Corporation, and thereafter the Murdoch family's 21st Century Fox. Many News Corp subsidiaries, including News Corp UK & Ireland Ltd, the owner of the Sun, Times and Sunday Times newspapers, have an openly conservative or right-wing outlook. In a 2010 article in the New Statesman, prominent journalist and broadcaster Mehdi Hasan argued that "in style and in substance, of course, it is nothing like the pro-war, pro-Republican, pro-Palin Fox News Channel... Sky News remains, as far as I can see, free of party political bias." As of October 2018, Fox no longer has any stake in the broadcaster.
Ofcom received complaints regarding the network's lack of neutrality ahead of the 2010 general election, but these were not upheld.
In early 1994 Kelvin MacKenzie, former editor of The Sun newspaper, was appointed managing director of BSkyB, Sky News's parent company at the time. MacKenzie's proposed changes to Sky News led to clashes with CEO Sam Chisholm and the head of Sky News, Ian Frykberg, who protested at what they saw as an attempt to take the channel's news values downmarket. The most ferocious battle occurred when Mackenzie wanted Sky News to run an interview with Lady Bienvenida Buck. Frykberg refused to air the interview and resigned shortly afterwards. The interview was broadcast on Sky One. MacKenzie announced his resignation in August 1994, but not before Sky News had transmitted live pictures of the freeway chase of O. J. Simpson's white Bronco on 17 June 1994, bringing US helicopter journalism to the UK.
In 1997, Sky News broadcast live coverage of Louise Woodward's trial, held in Boston, Massachusetts, US. When Sky returned to a regular schedule, viewers demanded the trial coverage be continued. Sky News broadcast reaction from Woodward's home town of Elton, Cheshire, leading to criticism that the station had a pro-Louise Woodward stance.
In November 2005 the then head of BBC News, Peter Horrocks, acknowledged that Sky News remained the first choice for "key opinion formers".
Ofcom received 652 complaints regarding the network's neutrality after it hosted the second leaders' debate ahead of the 2010 General Election.
Ofcom received 832 complaints about a May 2010 interview with electoral reformist David Babbs conducted by Sky News presenter Kay Burley. The interview led to Burley being heckled by protesters while reporting from Westminster, and further protest via a Twitter campaign.
Ofcom received 696 complaints relating to Sky News's then political editor Adam Boulton's conduct during a May 2010 interview with Alastair Campbell.
In 2014, Sky News journalist Colin Brazier rifled through a Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 victim's possessions on live TV. He picked up objects and briefly described what he had before putting them down and saying "we shouldn't really be doing this I suppose, really". 110 complaints were submitted to Ofcom. Sky News stated both Brazier and Sky News "apologise profusely for any offence caused".
Sky News was again embroiled in controversy in October 2014, when crime correspondent Martin Brunt and his camera crew doorstepped Brenda Leyland, who had posted controversial comments concerning the McCann investigation on social media. Following the confrontation Leyland was found dead in a hotel, leading to calls on social media for Brunt to be sacked. During the inquest into Leyland's death, Brunt expressed to the coroner that he was devastated at hearing the news of Leyland's suicide. Following the inquest, Ofcom reported it had received 171 complaints in relation to the case and that it would consider these complaints in light of the coroner's verdict.
In 2015, Kay Burley caused further controversy when, in response to the November 2015 Paris attacks, she tweeted a photograph of a Golden Retriever dog, to which she had added, "Sadness in his eyes #parisattacks".
In February 2023, Sky News faced further criticism over its handling and reporting of missing person Nicola Bulley.
Fabrication
In April 2003, Sky News carried a report from James Forlong aboard the British nuclear submarine HMS Splendid purportedly showing a live firing of a cruise missile during the Iraq war. The report was a fabrication, with the crew acting along for the benefit of the cameras. The Sky News team did not accompany the submarine when it left port and the scenes were recorded whilst the vessel was docked. The shot of the missile launch had been obtained from stock footage.
The faked report was revealed because another film crew did accompany the vessel to sea, and its footage showed that a modern missile is not launched by a crew member pressing a red button marked with the word "FIRE", as had been portrayed in the Sky News report, but is launched with a left mouse click. When the fabrication was exposed, Forlong and his producer were suspended. The next day, The Guardian reported that Forlong had resigned following an internal investigation. In a follow-up article, The Guardian speculated on the long-term effects on Sky News credibility. In October 2003, Forlong was found dead by his wife after committing suicide. In December, Sky News was fined £50,000 by the Independent Television Commission for breaching accuracy regulations.
In August 2016 Sky News was criticised after allegedly paying €2,000 to a group of Romanians to pretend they were part of an eastern European gang selling guns to terrorists in Syria. The Romanians were arrested by Romanian DIICOT and confessed that they were paid by Sky News journalist Stuart Ramsay to pretend they were gun traffickers. The guns featured in the report were legally owned and were hunting weapons. Sky News has said it stands by the story.
Legal cases
In November 2008 BSkyB paid substantial undisclosed libel damages to Robert Murat in relation to their reporting of the abduction of Madeleine McCann. Sky News had falsely suggested that Murat, who was assisting in the search of McCann, had acted like child murderer Ian Huntley following McCann's disappearance. Sky News also falsely accused Murat of misleading journalists into thinking he was working for the police. An apology was also placed on the Sky News website, the libellous material removed and Murat's costs were paid.
In November 2010 the Attorney General for England and Wales, Dominic Grieve QC, was given the right to launch contempt of court proceedings against Sky News over the broadcaster's alleged breach of a media injunction. It was in relation to the reporting of the story of Paul and Rachel Chandler, a Kent couple who were held captive by Somali pirates for 13 months. The media was blocked from publishing details of the couple's "health and welfare" prior to their being freed on 14 November 2010. Sky claims that it "scrupulously observed the terms of the injunction", but also admitted that it "followed the spirit, if not the letter" of the order. At the time, lawyers representing the Chandlers obtained the court order over fears that their lives could be put in danger by the media reporting their capture. Sky News was alleged to have breached the injunction on the day of their release around from Somalia, leading the Attorney General to seek permission at the High Court to bring contempt proceedings. The Attorney General dropped the case in January 2012; a spokesperson for his office said that continuing with proceedings would no longer be in the public interest.
In March 2013 Sky News journalist Mark Stone and his camera operator were detained in Tiananmen Square live on television, in what he described as a surreal but telling episode about reporting in China. Viewers saw Stone being directed into a police van live from Beijing. A police officer was filmed asking the Sky team to switch off their camera, saying they were now inside the Forbidden City and did not have permission to film there. While they had permission to film in the square, Stone said police told him the team were not displaying their passes correctly.
Awards
Sky News won BAFTA awards for coverage of the 11 September 2001 attacks and the 2002 Soham murders.
Sky News's coverage of the 7 July 2005 London bombings won the 2006 International Emmy for Breaking News award. The coverage was commended as "fast and accurate".
In June 2007, Sky News was named Best News Channel at the Broadcast Digital Channel Awards. It beat several other national and international broadcasters, including Al Jazeera English and the BBC.
The channel won a BAFTA Award in the News Category on 10 May 2015, for Alex Crawford's coverage of the 2014 Ebola crisis.
In 2018, Sky News was named Royal Television Society News Channel of the Year, the eleventh time the channel had won the award.
Sky News won a BAFTA Award in the News Category on 13 May 2018 for "The Rohingya Crisis". Special Correspondent Alex Crawford, cameraman Martin Smith and producer Neville Lazarus travelled into Myanmar to bring a first-hand report of what was happening in Rakhine State. The same programme also won an International Emmy Award for News in October 2018.
Sponsorship
In November 2014, Sky News sponsored the Young Person in Business category of the National Chamber Awards. It was won by Oliver Bryssau of Origin Broadband, which was named Business of the Year.
Online
news.sky.com is the channel's main website. It provides news, sport, weather, showbiz, and business stories.
In 2009, the website changed to bring it in line with the on-screen look of Sky News. The site made use of Flash video encoding to match the visual style of the TV channel with pictures and breaking news. The site underwent a further refresh in 2012, when both the look of the pages and the content management system were updated.
In 2021, to bring the website in line with the new Sky News branding on-screen minor tweaks were made such as font updates and updated breaking news graphics.
Virgin Media dispute
Virgin Media's Electronic Program Guide contents after Virgin Media's contract to carry Sky News expired
On 1 March 2007, Sky's agreement to provide its basic channels (including Sky News) to Virgin Media expired. At midnight, Sky News was removed and the EPG entry for the channel was changed to "Sky Snooze Try BBC" until Sir Richard Branson demanded the message be removed, saying: "I have asked them to take it down. We do not mean any disrespect to Sky News. I think it is a very good news channel."
Sky News, and the other Sky channels that had been removed, reappeared on Virgin Media on 13 November 2008.
Audience figures
The Daily Telegraph reported in November 2021, "Sky's top performing shows, including Trevor Phillips on Sunday, average around 160,000 viewers".
In the period from 22 November 2022 to 21 December 2022, Sky News averaged 52,230 each day for its prime-time audience (between 7pm and 11pm). Its all-day average was 53,350.
Organisation
Budget
As of 2018, Sky News had an estimated £90 million annual budget, employs about 500 staff, but it makes a loss of between £15 million and £20 million a year, according to The Guardian.
On-air staff
Main article: Sky News presenters and editorial team
Bureaux and studios
Sky News has bureaux across the world; some are operated in conjunction with other media outlets.
United Kingdom
Osterley, London, England (Sky Group's headquarters)
City of Westminster, London, England
Belfast, Northern Ireland
Birmingham, England
Bristol, England
Edinburgh, Scotland
Manchester, England
Bureaux
Beijing, China
Brussels, Belgium
Dubai, UAE
Dublin, Ireland
Jerusalem, Israel
Johannesburg, South Africa
Melbourne, Australia (with Sky News Australia)
Moscow, Russia (with NTV)
New Delhi, India (with WION and Zee Live)
New York City, U.S.
Sydney (with Sky News Australia)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Additional live studios
Auckland, New Zealand (with Sky News New Zealand)
Adelaide, Australia (with Sky News Australia)
Brisbane, Australia (with Sky News Australia)
Canberra, Australia (with Sky News Australia)
Los Angeles, U.S.
Milan, Italy (with Sky TG24)
Perth, Australia (with Sky News Australia)
Rome, Italy (with Sky TG24)
See also
List of television stations in the United Kingdom
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^ "MediaGuardian Briefing: November 19". The Guardian. 19 November 2003. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
^ "Barbatul care a inlesnit intalnirea dintre jurnalistii Sky News si presupusii traficanti de arme: Am fost pacalit, mi-au spus ca este un documentar". 10 August 2016. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
^ "Sky News journalists' intermediary: These people tricked me; they said it was a documentary – AGERPRES". www.agerpres.ro. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
^ Day, Matthew (19 August 2016). "Romanian investigators accuse British journalists of fabricating arms trading investigation". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
^ "Madeleine McCann: Robert Murat accepts libel damages from BSkyB". The Daily Telegraph. London. 14 November 2008. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
^ "Sky News facing contempt case over kidnap report". London: Digital Spy. 21 November 2011. Archived from the original on 24 December 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
^ "Sky News contempt action dropped". BBC News. 16 October 2017. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
^ Bump, Philip (15 March 2013). "Chinese Police Detain British Reporter, Live, on Camera, in Tiananmen Square". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
^ Halliday, Josh (15 March 2013). "Sky News reporter detained while filming live on air in China". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
^ "BAFTA Awards: 2002". IMDb. Archived from the original on 31 December 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2007.
^ "Bafta 2003: the winners". Archived from the original on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2007.
^ "Sky News Wins 7/7 Award". Sky News. 26 September 2006. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
^ "::: digital channel awards 2007 :: broadcastnow". 30 September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
^ "2015 Television News Coverage - BAFTA Awards". awards.bafta.org. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
^ "Sky | News International". Skynewsinternational.com. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
^ "RTS Television Journalism Awards 2018 - The Results • News Coverage". TV Newsroom. 28 February 2018. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ "The Rohingya Crisis (Sky News) - Winners' Acceptance Speech, News Coverage, Virgin TV British Academy Television Awards in 2018". BAFTA. 13 May 2018. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
^ Crawford, Alex (13 November 2017). "Rohingya babies dumped and left to die in Myanmar crisis". Sky News. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
^ "2018 INTERNATIONAL EMMY® AWARDS WINNERS FOR NEWS & CURRENT AFFAIRS ANNOUNCED – International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". International Emmy Awards. 1 October 2018. Archived from the original on 20 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019. The 2018 International Emmy for News was presented tonight to Rohingya Crisis (Sky News, United Kingdom)
^ "The Latest News from the UK and Around the World". Sky News. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
^ "Sky One, Sky News pulled from Virgin". Digital Spy. March 2007. Archived from the original on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
^ Busfield, Steve (2 March 2007). "Richard Branson puts stop to 'Sky Snooze' joke". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 4 March 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2007.
^ Armstrong, Stephen (12 November 2021). "Eamonn Holmes may not be enough to save GB News". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
^ Maher, Bron (23 December 2022). "GB News beat Sky News for prime time ratings over past month". Retrieved 8 April 2023.
^ "Murdoch 'must increase Sky News budget to £100m' | 21st Century Fox". The Guardian. London. 19 June 2018. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ "Sky News | News | Press releases". Archived from the original on 24 February 2009. Retrieved 30 March 2009.
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51°29′19″N 00°19′41″W / 51.48861°N 0.32806°W / 51.48861; -0.32806
|
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News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_News"},{"link_name":"Sky News Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News_Australia"}],"text":"British and international television news channelThis article is about the British channel. For the Australian channel, see Sky News Australia. For the pan-Arab channel, see Sky News Arabia. For the Irish channel, see Sky News Ireland.Television channelSky News is a British free-to-air television news channel and organisation. Sky News is distributed via an English-language radio news service, and through online channels. It is owned by Sky Group, a division of Comcast. In 2019, Sky News was named Royal Television Society News Channel of the Year, the 12th time it has held the award.[1] The channel and its live streaming world news is available on its website, TV platforms, and online platforms such as YouTube and Apple TV, and various mobile devices and digital media players.A sister channel, Sky News Arabia, is operated as a joint venture with the Abu Dhabi Media Investment Corporation. A channel called Sky News International, simulcasting the UK channel directly but without British advertisements, is available in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, South Asia, Asia Pacific, Australia, and the Americas. Narrated segments (which generally cover lighter issues unrelated to current news stories) are played in lieu of advertisements, and international weather forecasts also are given at the end of each half-hour newswheel. Sponsored advertisements are still broadcast before and/or after the sports news and weather segments. Sky News Radio provides national and international news to commercial radio and community radio stations in the UK and other English-language stations around the world. Sky News also provides content to Yahoo! News.Sky News Australia was part-owned by Sky News parent Sky plc until December 2016. Sky News Australia and Sky News UK are presently unlinked, despite the similar names and logos.","title":"Sky News"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of Sky News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Sky_News"}],"text":"Further information: Timeline of Sky News","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rupert Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch"},{"link_name":"British Academy of Film and Television Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nine O'Clock News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Nine_O%27Clock_News"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Sam Chisholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"William Whitelaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whitelaw,_1st_Viscount_Whitelaw"},{"link_name":"Hansard October 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1990/oct/09/broadcasting-bill#S5LV0522P0_19901009_HOL_315"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsjournalisminuk-5"},{"link_name":"Astra 1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_1A"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"television licence fee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_licence_fee"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Establishment and early years","text":"On 8 June 1988, Rupert Murdoch announced in a speech to the British Academy of Film and Television Arts plans to start a new television news service. Sky News started broadcasting at 6 pm on 5 February 1989.[2]Visually Sky News looked very neat, with slick and classy presentation and John O'Loan's original vocation as an architect showing in the studio set. Sky had gone for the same format as the Nine O'Clock News on the BBC, which had recently been redesigned to give the impression of activity and immediacy by placing the newsreader against a backdrop of the working newsroom. Sky News, it was universally agreed as staff nodded in vigorous approval, had succeeded rather better at the same thing. The critics were mildly taken aback. Contrary to some of the horror scenarios bandied about by the chattering classes there seemed to be little to grumble about. And as its slogan of 'We're there when you need us,' emphasised, it was always on.In the early days, the channel operated on a £40 million budget (plus £10 million share of overheads), which led Sam Chisholm, chief executive of the newly merged BSkyB, to suggest to Murdoch that the station be closed, but Murdoch was \"pleased with its achievements ... there were overriding reasons of prestige and politics for keeping it ... the final hurdle of the Broadcasting Bill had still to be overcome and the case for the acceptability of Sky would collapse if suddenly there was no news channel.\"[3] Former Home Secretary William Whitelaw said in the House of Lords in 1990 that Sky News had \"a very high reputation ... I admire it, as do many other people, it will certainly waken up both the BBC and ITN and ensure that they compete with what is a very important news service\" Hansard October 1990. The channel has never been run for a profit,[4] and has considered using ITN to supplement the service.[citation needed]By March 1992, Sky News' parent company turned from loss to profit.[5] \nSky News was the UK's first 24-hour news channel, broadcast on Astra 1A. It had no local competition until November 1997, when BBC News launched a new 24-hour channel, BBC News 24, now known simply as BBC News. In September 1999, the European Commission ruled against a Sky News complaint, which argued that the publicly funded BBC News 24 was unfair and illegal under EU law. The EC ruled that the television licence fee should be considered state aid (within the meaning of Article 87), but that the BBC's public service remit justified the channel.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sky_News_2015_Logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Channel 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_5_(UK)"},{"link_name":"ITN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITN"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Isleworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isleworth"},{"link_name":"Janson Design Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janson_Design_Group"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-8"},{"link_name":"Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"widescreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widescreen"},{"link_name":"16:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-8"},{"link_name":"James Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rubin"},{"link_name":"Julie Etchingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Etchingham"},{"link_name":"The Sky Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sky_Report"},{"link_name":"Eamonn Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamonn_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News_Sunrise"},{"link_name":"Kay Burley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Burley"},{"link_name":"Lunchtime Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunchtime_Live"},{"link_name":"Sky News Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News_Today"},{"link_name":"Sky News with Martin Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News_with_Martin_Stanford"},{"link_name":"Martin Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Stanford"},{"link_name":"SkyNews.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyNews.com"},{"link_name":"Jeff Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Randall_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Colin Brazier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Brazier"},{"link_name":"The Live Desk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Live_Desk_(Sky)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Randall Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Randall_Live"},{"link_name":"International Women's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2010 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"David Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Arnold_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"Royal Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Angel Recording Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Recording_Studios"},{"link_name":"audio channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_channel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2015 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"the News Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_Building_(London)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sky Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Campus"}],"sub_title":"2000–2018","text":"Former Sky News logo, used until 2018In March 2000, Sky News Active, a 24-hour interactive service providing headlines and other services which ranged from weather, the top story of the day, and showbiz on demand, was launched.Analogue broadcasting of the channel ceased on 30 June 2001.In March 2004, Sky News was announced to have won a five-year contract to supply news bulletins to Channel 5, taking over from ITN in January 2005.[7]On 24 October 2005, Sky News moved to new studios in Isleworth, Greater London, and underwent a major on-screen revamp. The new studio was integrated with the newsroom and boasted the biggest video wall in Britain; it was designed by New York architects Janson Design Group.[8] New music was scored by Adelphoi Music and recorded with a full orchestra at Air Studios, Hampstead, and mastered at Metropolis Studios.[9] New on-screen graphics were launched and the channel began broadcasting in widescreen (16:9) format.The 2005 relaunch also had the introduction of a new schedule designed around \"appointment to view\" programmes rather than continuous rolling news.[8] James Rubin joined to present a new evening programme called World News Tonight, Julie Etchingham presented another new \"hard-hitting\" evening show called The Sky Report, Eamonn Holmes joined to present Sunrise, Kay Burley presented a new programme called Lunchtime Live from 12 to 2 pm, and the daytime show Sky News Today had the introduction of a three-presenter format. However, the relaunched schedule was unsuccessful, and from October 2005, the BBC News channel overtook Sky News in the ratings.In response to the schedule's unpopularity with viewers, July 2006 saw the removal of the evening programmes—which were replaced by rolling news and an interactive programme, Sky News with Martin Stanford, and the return to a two-presenter format on Sky News Today. These changes came with the arrival of John Ryley, who is still the head of Sky News. On 1 October 2007, Sky introduced another new schedule, extending Kay Burley's Lunchtime Live programme and renaming it Afternoon Live. It also switched to a new format for much of the day, with a solo lead presenter and a summary newsreader. Sky News put more emphasis on interactive news with Martin Stanford's new SkyNews.com programme; an early evening financial news programme presented by Jeff Randall, was also introduced, initially on Mondays only. Further changes were made to the Sky News schedule on 8 September 2008, with Colin Brazier presenting a new show from 1 – 2 pm, The Live Desk, and Martin Stanford's Sky.com News became SkyNews.com, moving to 7 pm every weeknight. More changes took place during the early part of 2009. These changes involved major changes to the layout of the newsroom/studio, the introduction of a morning edition of The Live Desk and the extension of the financial news programme Jeff Randall Live to run for four nights each week, Monday to Thursday.From 6 am to midnight on 8 March 2010, Sky News was presented and produced exclusively by women to mark International Women's Day.[10] This exercise was repeated in 2011 and 2012.In preparation for the start of high-definition broadcasting, Sky News moved to its second studio (Studio B) on the morning of 30 March 2010. Broadcasting from Studio B continued until 9 pm on 6 May, when it moved back to the main newsroom and launched Sky News HD in time for the 2010 general election results. Sky News received a graphics refresh and a new logo to coincide with the launch of the new HD channel – this was tried out during the soft launch for Sky News HD on 22 April; Sky News' distinctive orchestral theme music, in use since 2005, was also updated on 6 May 2010. The new title music, orchestrated by David Arnold, was recorded with a 60-piece Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in Angel Recording Studios, London, and uses more than 132 audio channels for 18 seconds of sound.[11]Following the 2015 general election, Sky News was rebranded, with a new top-of-the-hour sequence and on-screen graphics. The traditional opening voiceover, read by Bruce Hammal, was dropped after two decades in use. On 24 October 2016, Sky News began broadcasting from a new studio (Studio 21) at Sky Central, Sky's new headquarters in West London.[12] The \"glass box\" studio was initially used for broadcasts from 6 am to 6.30 pm each weekday (with the exception of All Out Politics, which comes from Sky's Westminster studio) - as of April 2019 it was only used from 11 am to 7 pm, and 9 pm to 12 am. The schedule was also changed.In January 2017, Sky moved its business operations into the News Building in central London.[13] On 16 January 2018, Sky moved all its news operations over to Studio 21, \"the glass box\", and a new studio in Sky Studios.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"21st Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-foxtakeover-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-sky21cf-15"},{"link_name":"Murdoch family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdoch_family"},{"link_name":"sexual harassment allegations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News#Sexual_harassment"},{"link_name":"Fox News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-bradley-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-foxreview-18"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"acquire 21st Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_21st_Century_Fox_by_Disney"},{"link_name":"Fox network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Competition and Markets Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Culture Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Digital,_Culture,_Media_and_Sport"},{"link_name":"Matt Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hancock"},{"link_name":"bidding war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidding_war"},{"link_name":"Comcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Panel on Takeovers and Mergers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_on_Takeovers_and_Mergers"},{"link_name":"blind auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-price_sealed-bid_auction"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"NBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News"},{"link_name":"NBCUniversal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCUniversal"},{"link_name":"MSNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC"},{"link_name":"Euronews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronews"},{"link_name":"Brian Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_L._Roberts"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"GB News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB_News"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"David Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rhodes_(media_executive)"}],"sub_title":"Comcast acquisition, 2018–present","text":"On 9 December 2016, Sky shareholder 21st Century Fox announced that it had made an offer to acquire the remainder of the company for £11.7 billion.[14][15] The combination of Sky with Fox's other assets led to concerns that the Murdoch family would attain \"material influence over news providers with a significant presence across all key platforms\" and \"increased influence over the UK news agenda and the political process\". Concerns were also raised about recent sexual harassment allegations centred upon Fox's U.S. network Fox News, although Ofcom did deem 21st Century Fox to be \"fit and proper\" to hold broadcast licences.[16][17][18] On 14 December 2017, The Walt Disney Company in turn announced its intent to acquire 21st Century Fox, following the divestiture of certain assets (particularly the U.S. Fox network proper). Analysts felt that would ease regulatory tensions surrounding the Fox purchase of Sky, as Sky was to be included in the purchase, and Disney's scope of media ownership in the UK was not as wide.[19]In January 2018, the Competition and Markets Authority issued a preliminary report recommending that Sky News be insulated from the remainder of Murdoch's assets, or divested, in order to preserve its editorial independence.[20] The following month, Fox proposed a commitment to funding Sky News for 10 years, and the establishment of an independent editorial board. The commitments would have been inherited by Disney if it completed its purchase.[21][22] On 3 April 2018, Fox stated that Disney had expressed interest in acquiring Sky News in a separate transaction, not dependent on the outcome of the Disney/Fox purchase.[23]On 5 June 2018, Culture Secretary Matt Hancock cleared Fox's proposed deal, contingent on the divestiture of Sky News. It also cleared counteroffers for Sky that were being made in a bidding war by U.S. telecoms and media conglomerate Comcast.[24][25] Comcast made a US$65 billion counter-offer to acquire the 21st Century Fox assets being sold to Disney.[26] Fox rejected the offer, in favour of a higher-valued offer from Disney.[27] Comcast subsequently pursued a counter-offer for Sky only, resulting in the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers ordering that a blind auction be held between Comcast and Fox. On 22 September, Comcast was declared the winner of the auction,[28][29] resulting in Fox agreeing to sell its controlling stake in Sky to the company.[30][31]The sale made Sky News a sister division to NBC News—a U.S.-based news operation owned by Comcast's U.S. media division NBCUniversal, its U.S. pay television news channel MSNBC, as well as Euronews—a pan-European news channel which NBCUniversal owned a stake in at the time of purchase. In April 2019, Comcast CEO Brian Roberts stated that the company was exploring the establishment of a \"global\" news channel as a joint venture between Sky News and NBC News.[32] In January 2020, it was stated that this new channel would also be carried on NBCUniversal's new U.S. streaming video platform Peacock.[33] In April 2020, it was stated that the launch of the service, by then known as NBC Sky World News, would be delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[34] On 20 April 2020, NBCUniversal sold its stake in Euronews to one of its existing shareholders, citing a desire to prioritise the NBC/Sky service instead.[35] The proposed service was scrapped in August 2020, resulting in layoffs of 60 employees.[36]On 3 June 2021, Sky News updated its top-of-the-hour sequence, soundtrack, and on-screen graphics package. A Sky News source denied the move was related to the launch of GB News.[37] On 9 February 2023, David Rhodes was appointed Executive Chairman of the Sky News Group in charge of all Sky's news operations. Jonathan Levy was appointed Managing Director and Executive Editor, Sky News UK.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"free-to-air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-air"},{"link_name":"Astra 28.2°E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_28.2%C2%B0E"},{"link_name":"Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_UK"},{"link_name":"Freeview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeview_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Ofcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Sky One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_One"},{"link_name":"Sky Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Cinema"},{"link_name":"The Movie Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Movie_Channel_(British_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Sky News is free-to-air on the Astra 28.2°E satellites carrying Sky. It is also available on Freeview and analogue and digital cable. In 2007, BSkyB announced its intention to cease broadcasting Sky News – as well as other BSkyB channels – over Freeview, pending Ofcom approval.[38][39]In the 1990s, short-form news updates were broadcast between programs on other Sky networks, including Sky One, Sky Movies and The Movie Channel.[40] Sky One also simulcast the 11PM Sky World News Hour for a time in the early 1990s.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Astra 1L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"Hot Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Bird"},{"link_name":"Nilesat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilesat"},{"link_name":"Intelsat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelsat"},{"link_name":"Sky Deutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Deutschland"},{"link_name":"Sky Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Italia"},{"link_name":"Apple TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Roku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roku"},{"link_name":"live streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_stream"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Pluto TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto_TV"},{"link_name":"Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)"},{"link_name":"NBC News Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News_Now"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"death of Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Wagner Group rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion"},{"link_name":"2023 Israel–Hamas war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Bell Fibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Fibe"},{"link_name":"Videotron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotron"}],"sub_title":"Sky News International","text":"Sky News is also available internationally on cable systems, on satellite, and in some hotels. While the UK feed is broadcast in 16:9, the international version remained broadcast in a 4:3 picture format until August 2010. Sky News broadcasts in Europe, Middle East, Africa.The international version is shown as free-to-air on Astra 1L at 19.2° east. It is also carried encrypted on a number of satellites for international reception, including Hot Bird, Nilesat, Amos 1, and Intelsat 10-02. It is also usually carried on cable systems in Europe, particularly in Northern Europe, especially in the Scandinavian countries.International viewers receive the same programming line-up of Sky News as the UK version. Brief news stories, entertainment news, worldwide weather forecast summaries, and the front pages of international newspapers are broadcast in lieu of UK commercials. The timepiece on the lower left side of the ticker is covered with a banner that says \"skynews.com\".Sky News is not available on Sky Deutschland, Sky plc's offering in Germany, but is available on Sky Italia.On 19 June 2013, Sky News International was added to Apple TV for users in the UK, Ireland, and the United States. Viewers can watch clips or live streaming of the channel at no charge.[41] On 24 July 2013, it was added to the Roku streaming player. Sky News International is available on news.sky.com to viewers around the world. On 30 September 2014, Sky News began live streaming the channel on YouTube.[42] The free streaming service Pluto TV also offers a live feed of Sky News to American users on channel 135. Since its acquisition by Comcast, Sky News has been made available in the U.S. on the Peacock streaming service run by NBCUniversal, and simulcast on MSNBC and NBC News Now during breaking news events of major significance such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the death of Queen Elizabeth II, the Wagner Group rebellion, and the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.[43]Sky News International and Sky News Ireland feeds are registered to broadcast within the European Union/EEA through ALIA in Luxembourg.[44][45]In 2023 Sky News UK launched on Bell Fibe in Canada, it was previously on Videotron,","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sky News Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Sky TG24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_TG24"},{"link_name":"Sky News Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News_Australia"},{"link_name":"News Corp Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corp_Australia"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Foxtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtel"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Sky News Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News_Ireland"}],"sub_title":"Related channels","text":"Sky News Arabia, broadcasting in Arabic and headquartered in Abu Dhabi, UAE, launched in 2012. Sky plc owns 50% of the channel.[46]Sky TG24, Italy's version of Sky News, launched in 2003.Sky News Australia was one-third owned by Sky plc until December 2016, when it was acquired by News Corp Australia.[47] It carries Sky News UK overnight and shares some of its presentational style. On Foxtel in Australia, Sky News UK is available on channel 604.[48]From 2004 to 2006,[49] Sky News Ireland broadcast two newscasts produced in Dublin. The newscasts were cancelled due to low viewership. Sky News in Ireland now carries the same programming as Sky News in the UK, but with local advertising.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBS News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News"},{"link_name":"21st Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Fox News Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News_Channel"},{"link_name":"NBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News"},{"link_name":"Euronews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronews"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Previous partnership with CBS News","text":"Until 2017, Sky News had a resource-sharing agreement with CBS News in the United States to share footage and reporting. In July 2017, in the wake of Sky's pending takeover by 21st Century Fox (which runs the competing and former de facto sister Fox News Channel in the U.S.), and NBC News acquiring a stake in Euronews, CBS ended the agreement and entered into a similar deal with the BBC.[50]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sky_News_HD_2015_Logo.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sky_News_HD.png"},{"link_name":"Sky+ HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky%2B_HD"},{"link_name":"Sky On Demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Demand_(Sky)"},{"link_name":"Sky Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Arts"},{"link_name":"Inauguration of Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Thompson_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"chroma-key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_key"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Kay Burley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Burley"},{"link_name":"Adam Boulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Boulton"},{"link_name":"2010 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"OSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSN"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Former Sky News HD logo (2015–18)Former Sky News HD logo (2010–13)Beginning in early 2008, Sky News began using HD-capable cameras in the field. Some one-off programmes were made available in HD to Sky+ HD subscribers on Sky On Demand. The programmes included Technofile, Diana: The Final Word, Canoe Man: Rise and Fall of John Darwin, and Pathfinders: Into The Heart Of Afghanistan.On 20 January 2009, before the launch of the Sky News HD channel, Sky Arts broadcast Sky News coverage in HD of the Inauguration of Barack Obama. Jeremy Thompson fronted the coverage from Washington, D.C. Michael Jackson's memorial service was also broadcast in HD, with Kay Burley presenting.Sky News moved operations to a chroma-key set in Studio B from 30 March 2010, so final preparations for HD could take place in the main newsroom.[51]The first live broadcast of Sky News HD, on Sky Channel 517, was the channel's election debate, which was held on 22 April 2010. For the 10 days leading up to the debate, channel 517 displayed a countdown clock to launch. The debate was hosted in HD by Kay Burley and Adam Boulton. Following the end of the coverage for the evening, channel 517 moved to show a looping preview tape. The tape included the HD, which were available on Sky Anytime. The loop continued until Sky News HD was launched on the evening of 6 May 2010, coinciding with the coverage of the 2010 general election results, hosted by Adam Boulton.On 26 July 2010, Sky News HD launched on the OSN Network, broadcasting to the Middle East and Africa.[52]On 1 January 2015, Sky News HD launched on Virgin Media.[citation needed]","title":"Sky News HD"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Chrysalis Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysalis_Group"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"4 Digital Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Digital_Group"},{"link_name":"digital audio broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"multiplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAB_ensemble"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Global Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Radio"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"free-to-air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-air"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Sky News Radio provides news bulletins to radio stations in the United Kingdom and to other English-language radio stations around the world.[53]In March 2007, BSkyB and Chrysalis Group announced plans to launch a dedicated Sky News Radio station on the proposed bid by Channel 4's 4 Digital Group for the second digital audio broadcasting multiplex in the United Kingdom.[54] However, two months later Chrysalis sold its radio stations to Global Radio,[55] and in October 2007 following a business review Global's chief executive announced that it would be withdrawing from the joint venture.[56]The Sky News Radio feed is available free-to-air on the Astra 2A satellite at 28.2 East by tuning it manually: 12207.00 V, 27500, 2/3 (Label: SNR).[57]","title":"Sky News Radio"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Additional channels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Sky Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Campus"},{"link_name":"broadcast galleries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_control_room"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"ENG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_News_Gathering"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sky_News_Raw.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sky_News_Helicopter_(6905905008).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romeva_a_Sky_News_-_%22Si_el_%27s%C3%AD%27_guanya_el_refer%C3%A8ndum,_Catalunya_ser%C3%A0_un_estat_independent%22.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Sky News Raw","text":"On 5 February 2019, Sky News launched a pop-up channel called Sky News Raw.[58] It aired with behind-the-scenes programming from 07:00 to 17:00 on channel 523 on Sky TV and online via Sky News' social media channels. The pop-up channel celebrated the 30th anniversary of Sky News, having first broadcast on 5 February 1989.[59]Robotic cameras were placed around the newsroom and planning rooms at Sky Studios, in the three main television studios at Osterley and Millbank, and in the broadcast galleries.[60] There were also behind-the-scenes features from elsewhere in the newsgathering operation, such as the Sky News helicopter and ENG vehicles.[61]Sky News Raw logo as used in January and February 2019\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Sky News Helicopter was featured on the channel.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCameras were also installed in the Millbank studios.","title":"Additional channels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Sky News Brexit-Free","text":"From 16 October to 1 November 2019, Sky News ran a pop-up channel called Sky News Brexit-Free. The channel aired on weekdays from 17:00 to 22:00 and carried coverage of other news headlines unrelated to the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union. Sky News head John Ryley cited viewer fatigue over the near-constant coverage of Brexit as justification for the channel.[62][63]","title":"Additional channels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"The channel occasionally focuses on specific areas of society and current affairs. Past examples include Inside Iraq, Green Britain and Crime Uncovered.[64]Pakistan: On Terror's Frontline was shown throughout the week beginning Monday 23 March 2009.[65] A Sky News press release stated:Over three days, Sky News will explore why Pakistan has become the frontline of terror and ask what the West can do about it. Jeremy Thompson will present live from the capital Islamabad, interviewing key figures across the community.The series of reports won a 2009 RTS Award for International News Coverage.[66]","title":"In-depth series"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sky_News_viewing_share_history.png"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Asian tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"7 July 2005 London bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings"},{"link_name":"death of Diana, Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Ofcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Independent_2012-5-28-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hasan-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sweney-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wollaston-72"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"New Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman"},{"link_name":"Mehdi Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Palin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Palin"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hasan-68"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sweney-69"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wollaston-72"},{"link_name":"Kelvin MacKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_MacKenzie"},{"link_name":"The Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"downmarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/downmarket"},{"link_name":"Lady Bienvenida Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Antony_Fyson_Buck"},{"link_name":"Sky One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_One"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live_TV-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Live_TV-74"},{"link_name":"O. J. Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._J._Simpson"},{"link_name":"Bronco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Bronco"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ldandb-75"},{"link_name":"Louise Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Woodward"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-76"},{"link_name":"Elton, Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-76"},{"link_name":"Peter Horrocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Horrocks"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Ofcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom"},{"link_name":"2010 General Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sweney-69"},{"link_name":"Kay Burley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Burley"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Adam Boulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Boulton"},{"link_name":"Alastair Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Colin Brazier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Brazier"},{"link_name":"Malaysia Airlines Flight 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Martin Brunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Brunt"},{"link_name":"McCann investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearance_of_Madeleine_McCann"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Ofcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"November 2015 Paris attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks"},{"link_name":"tweeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"Golden Retriever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Retriever"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dog-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sad-86"},{"link_name":"missing person Nicola Bulley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Nicola_Bulley"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"text":"Sky News viewing peaked during major events such as the September 11 attacks, Iraq War, Asian tsunami, 7 July 2005 London bombings and the death of Diana, Princess of Wales but has generally declined to a quarter achieved in 1992–95.Sky News operates under Ofcom broadcasting regulations which require impartial, unbiased coverage and prevent the channel from being encrypted in the UK. The channel is viewed by some in the media establishment as an impartial and unbiased provider of news.[67]There are sources stating[68][69][70][71][72] that Sky News may be inherently biased because throughout the 1990s and 2000s it was minority-owned and dominated by Rupert Murdoch's right-leaning News Corporation, and thereafter the Murdoch family's 21st Century Fox. Many News Corp subsidiaries, including News Corp UK & Ireland Ltd, the owner of the Sun, Times and Sunday Times newspapers, have an openly conservative or right-wing outlook. In a 2010 article in the New Statesman, prominent journalist and broadcaster Mehdi Hasan argued that \"in style and in substance, of course, it is nothing like the pro-war, pro-Republican, pro-Palin Fox News Channel... Sky News remains, as far as I can see, free of party political bias.\"[68] As of October 2018, Fox no longer has any stake in the broadcaster.[73]Ofcom received complaints regarding the network's lack of neutrality ahead of the 2010 general election, but these were not upheld.[69][72]In early 1994 Kelvin MacKenzie, former editor of The Sun newspaper, was appointed managing director of BSkyB, Sky News's parent company at the time. MacKenzie's proposed changes to Sky News led to clashes with CEO Sam Chisholm and the head of Sky News, Ian Frykberg, who protested at what they saw as an attempt to take the channel's news values downmarket. The most ferocious battle occurred when Mackenzie wanted Sky News to run an interview with Lady Bienvenida Buck. Frykberg refused to air the interview and resigned shortly afterwards. The interview was broadcast on Sky One.[74] MacKenzie announced his resignation in August 1994,[74] but not before Sky News had transmitted live pictures of the freeway chase of O. J. Simpson's white Bronco on 17 June 1994, bringing US helicopter journalism to the UK.[75]In 1997, Sky News broadcast live coverage of Louise Woodward's trial, held in Boston, Massachusetts, US.[76] When Sky returned to a regular schedule, viewers demanded the trial coverage be continued.[76] Sky News broadcast reaction from Woodward's home town of Elton, Cheshire, leading to criticism that the station had a pro-Louise Woodward stance.[76]In November 2005 the then head of BBC News, Peter Horrocks, acknowledged that Sky News remained the first choice for \"key opinion formers\".[77]Ofcom received 652 complaints regarding the network's neutrality after it hosted the second leaders' debate ahead of the 2010 General Election.[69]Ofcom received 832 complaints about a May 2010 interview with electoral reformist David Babbs conducted by Sky News presenter Kay Burley. The interview led to Burley being heckled by protesters while reporting from Westminster, and further protest via a Twitter campaign.[78]Ofcom received 696 complaints relating to Sky News's then political editor Adam Boulton's conduct during a May 2010 interview with Alastair Campbell.[79]In 2014, Sky News journalist Colin Brazier rifled through a Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 victim's possessions on live TV. He picked up objects and briefly described what he had before putting them down and saying \"we shouldn't really be doing this I suppose, really\". 110 complaints were submitted to Ofcom. Sky News stated both Brazier and Sky News \"apologise profusely for any offence caused\".[80]Sky News was again embroiled in controversy in October 2014, when crime correspondent Martin Brunt and his camera crew doorstepped Brenda Leyland, who had posted controversial comments concerning the McCann investigation on social media.[81][82] Following the confrontation Leyland was found dead in a hotel, leading to calls on social media for Brunt to be sacked.[83] During the inquest into Leyland's death, Brunt expressed to the coroner that he was devastated at hearing the news of Leyland's suicide. Following the inquest, Ofcom reported it had received 171 complaints in relation to the case and that it would consider these complaints in light of the coroner's verdict.[84]In 2015, Kay Burley caused further controversy when, in response to the November 2015 Paris attacks, she tweeted a photograph of a Golden Retriever dog, to which she had added, \"Sadness in his eyes #parisattacks\".[85][86]In February 2023, Sky News faced further criticism over its handling and reporting of missing person Nicola Bulley.[87]","title":"Criticism and perception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"HMS Splendid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Splendid"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Independent Television Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Television_Commission"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"DIICOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIICOT"},{"link_name":"Stuart Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Ramsay"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"sub_title":"Fabrication","text":"In April 2003, Sky News carried a report from James Forlong aboard the British nuclear submarine HMS Splendid purportedly showing a live firing of a cruise missile during the Iraq war. The report was a fabrication, with the crew acting along for the benefit of the cameras. The Sky News team did not accompany the submarine when it left port and the scenes were recorded whilst the vessel was docked. The shot of the missile launch had been obtained from stock footage.The faked report was revealed because another film crew did accompany the vessel to sea, and its footage showed that a modern missile is not launched by a crew member pressing a red button marked with the word \"FIRE\", as had been portrayed in the Sky News report, but is launched with a left mouse click. When the fabrication was exposed, Forlong and his producer were suspended. The next day, The Guardian reported that Forlong had resigned following an internal investigation.[88] In a follow-up article, The Guardian speculated on the long-term effects on Sky News credibility.[89] In October 2003, Forlong was found dead by his wife after committing suicide.[90] In December, Sky News was fined £50,000 by the Independent Television Commission for breaching accuracy regulations.[91][92]In August 2016 Sky News was criticised after allegedly paying €2,000 to a group of Romanians to pretend they were part of an eastern European gang selling guns to terrorists in Syria. The Romanians were arrested by Romanian DIICOT and confessed that they were paid by Sky News journalist Stuart Ramsay to pretend they were gun traffickers. The guns featured in the report were legally owned and were hunting weapons.[93][94] Sky News has said it stands by the story.[95]","title":"Criticism and perception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Murat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Murat"},{"link_name":"Madeleine McCann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_McCann"},{"link_name":"Ian Huntley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Huntley"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Attorney General for England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Dominic Grieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Grieve"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"contempt of court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contempt_of_court"},{"link_name":"Paul and Rachel Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_hostages_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Somali pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Tiananmen Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_Square"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Forbidden City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_City"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"}],"text":"In November 2008 BSkyB paid substantial undisclosed libel damages to Robert Murat in relation to their reporting of the abduction of Madeleine McCann. Sky News had falsely suggested that Murat, who was assisting in the search of McCann, had acted like child murderer Ian Huntley following McCann's disappearance. Sky News also falsely accused Murat of misleading journalists into thinking he was working for the police. An apology was also placed on the Sky News website, the libellous material removed and Murat's costs were paid.[96]In November 2010 the Attorney General for England and Wales, Dominic Grieve QC, was given the right to launch contempt of court proceedings against Sky News over the broadcaster's alleged breach of a media injunction. It was in relation to the reporting of the story of Paul and Rachel Chandler, a Kent couple who were held captive by Somali pirates for 13 months. The media was blocked from publishing details of the couple's \"health and welfare\" prior to their being freed on 14 November 2010. Sky claims that it \"scrupulously observed the terms of the injunction\", but also admitted that it \"followed the spirit, if not the letter\" of the order. At the time, lawyers representing the Chandlers obtained the court order over fears that their lives could be put in danger by the media reporting their capture. Sky News was alleged to have breached the injunction on the day of their release around from Somalia, leading the Attorney General to seek permission at the High Court to bring contempt proceedings.[97] The Attorney General dropped the case in January 2012; a spokesperson for his office said that continuing with proceedings would no longer be in the public interest.[98]In March 2013 Sky News journalist Mark Stone and his camera operator were detained in Tiananmen Square live on television, in what he described as a surreal but telling episode about reporting in China.[99] Viewers saw Stone being directed into a police van live from Beijing. A police officer was filmed asking the Sky team to switch off their camera, saying they were now inside the Forbidden City and did not have permission to film there. While they had permission to film in the square, Stone said police told him the team were not displaying their passes correctly.[100]","title":"Legal cases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BAFTA awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Television_Awards"},{"link_name":"11 September 2001 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Soham murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soham_murders"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"7 July 2005 London bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Al Jazeera English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Alex Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Crawford"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Royal Television Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Television_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sky_News-1"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Alex Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Crawford"},{"link_name":"Rakhine State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_State"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"International Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"text":"Sky News won BAFTA awards for coverage of the 11 September 2001 attacks[101] and the 2002 Soham murders.[102]Sky News's coverage of the 7 July 2005 London bombings won the 2006 International Emmy for Breaking News award. The coverage was commended as \"fast and accurate\".[103]In June 2007, Sky News was named Best News Channel at the Broadcast Digital Channel Awards. It beat several other national and international broadcasters, including Al Jazeera English and the BBC.[104]The channel won a BAFTA Award in the News Category on 10 May 2015, for Alex Crawford's coverage of the 2014 Ebola crisis.[105]In 2018, Sky News was named Royal Television Society News Channel of the Year, the eleventh time the channel had won the award.[1][106][107]Sky News won a BAFTA Award in the News Category on 13 May 2018 for \"The Rohingya Crisis\".[108] Special Correspondent Alex Crawford, cameraman Martin Smith and producer Neville Lazarus travelled into Myanmar to bring a first-hand report of what was happening in Rakhine State.[109] The same programme also won an International Emmy Award for News in October 2018.[110]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Chamber Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Chambers_of_Commerce#Chamber_Awards"}],"text":"In November 2014, Sky News sponsored the Young Person in Business category of the National Chamber Awards. It was won by Oliver Bryssau of Origin Broadband, which was named Business of the Year.","title":"Sponsorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Flash video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_video"},{"link_name":"breaking news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_news"}],"text":"news.sky.com[111] is the channel's main website. It provides news, sport, weather, showbiz, and business stories.In 2009, the website changed to bring it in line with the on-screen look of Sky News. The site made use of Flash video encoding to match the visual style of the TV channel with pictures and breaking news. The site underwent a further refresh in 2012, when both the look of the pages and the content management system were updated.In 2021, to bring the website in line with the new Sky News branding on-screen minor tweaks were made such as font updates and updated breaking news graphics.","title":"Online"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sky_News_Virgin_EPG.jpg"},{"link_name":"Virgin Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Media"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"EPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_program_guide"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Richard Branson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Virgin Media's Electronic Program Guide contents after Virgin Media's contract to carry Sky News expiredOn 1 March 2007, Sky's agreement to provide its basic channels (including Sky News) to Virgin Media expired.[112] At midnight, Sky News was removed and the EPG entry for the channel was changed to \"Sky Snooze Try BBC\" until Sir Richard Branson demanded the message be removed,[113] saying: \"I have asked them to take it down. We do not mean any disrespect to Sky News. I think it is a very good news channel.\"Sky News, and the other Sky channels that had been removed, reappeared on Virgin Media on 13 November 2008.[citation needed]","title":"Virgin Media dispute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"}],"text":"The Daily Telegraph reported in November 2021, \"Sky's top performing shows, including Trevor Phillips on Sunday, average around 160,000 viewers\".[114]In the period from 22 November 2022 to 21 December 2022, Sky News averaged 52,230 each day for its prime-time audience (between 7pm and 11pm). Its all-day average was 53,350.[115]","title":"Audience figures"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"}],"sub_title":"Budget","text":"As of 2018, Sky News had an estimated £90 million annual budget, employs about 500 staff, but it makes a loss of between £15 million and £20 million a year, according to The Guardian.[116]","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"On-air staff","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osterley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osterley"},{"link_name":"City of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Sky News Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News_Australia"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"NTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTV_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"WION","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WION"},{"link_name":"Zee Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Live"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Sky News New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_(New_Zealand)#Sky_News_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Sky News Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News_Australia"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Sky TG24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_TG24"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"}],"sub_title":"Bureaux and studios","text":"Sky News has bureaux across the world; some are operated in conjunction with other media outlets.United KingdomOsterley, London, England (Sky Group's headquarters)\nCity of Westminster, London, England\nBelfast, Northern Ireland\nBirmingham, England\nBristol, England\nEdinburgh, Scotland\nManchester, EnglandBureauxBeijing, China\nBrussels, Belgium\nDubai, UAE[117]\nDublin, Ireland\nJerusalem, Israel\nJohannesburg, South Africa\nMelbourne, Australia (with Sky News Australia)\nMoscow, Russia (with NTV)\nNew Delhi, India (with WION and Zee Live)\nNew York City, U.S.\nSydney (with Sky News Australia)\nWashington, D.C., U.S.Additional live studiosAuckland, New Zealand (with Sky News New Zealand)\nAdelaide, Australia (with Sky News Australia)\nBrisbane, Australia (with Sky News Australia)\nCanberra, Australia (with Sky News Australia)\nLos Angeles, U.S.\nMilan, Italy (with Sky TG24)\nPerth, Australia (with Sky News Australia)\nRome, Italy (with Sky TG24)","title":"Organisation"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Former Sky News logo, used until 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sky_News_2015_Logo.svg/220px-Sky_News_2015_Logo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Former Sky News HD logo (2015–18)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sky_News_HD_2015_Logo.png/220px-Sky_News_HD_2015_Logo.png"},{"image_text":"Former Sky News HD logo (2010–13)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sky_News_HD.png/220px-Sky_News_HD.png"},{"image_text":"Sky News viewing peaked during major events such as the September 11 attacks, Iraq War, Asian tsunami, 7 July 2005 London bombings and the death of Diana, Princess of Wales but has generally declined to a quarter achieved in 1992–95.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sky_News_viewing_share_history.png/220px-Sky_News_viewing_share_history.png"},{"image_text":"Virgin Media's Electronic Program Guide contents after Virgin Media's contract to carry Sky News expired","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sky_News_Virgin_EPG.jpg/220px-Sky_News_Virgin_EPG.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of television stations in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Sky News wins RTS News Channel of the Year for second time running\". Sky News. 28 February 2019. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sky.com/story/sky-news-wins-rts-news-channel-of-the-year-for-second-time-running-11650362","url_text":"\"Sky News wins RTS News Channel of the Year for second time running\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190423223806/https://news.sky.com/story/sky-news-wins-rts-news-channel-of-the-year-for-second-time-running-11650362","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sky News Success Story\". www.successstory.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://successstory.com/companies/sky-news","url_text":"\"Sky News Success Story\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191015213345/https://successstory.com/companies/sky-news","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chippindale, Peter; Franks, Suzanne (1991). \"Tie Me Kangaroo Down Sport\". Dished! The Rise and Fall of British Satellite Broadcasting. Simon & Schuster. p. 262. ISBN 9780671710774.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671710774","url_text":"9780671710774"}]},{"reference":"\"Touch down for Sky\". BBC News. 7 January 2002. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 29 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/1742197.stm","url_text":"\"Touch down for Sky\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060427004814/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/1742197.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McNair, Brian (2009). News and Journalism in the UK (Communication and Society). Routledge. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-415-41072-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41072-4","url_text":"978-0-415-41072-4"}]},{"reference":"\"SG(99) D10201 – State aid No NN 88/98–UNITED KINGDOM Financing of a 24-hour advertising-free news channel out of the licence fee by the BBC\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://ec.europa.eu/community_law/state_aids/comp-1998/nn088-98.pdf","url_text":"\"SG(99) D10201 – State aid No NN 88/98–UNITED KINGDOM Financing of a 24-hour advertising-free news channel out of the licence fee by the BBC\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070616200156/http://ec.europa.eu/community_law/state_aids/comp-1998/nn088-98.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Five to take Sky News bulletins\". BBC News. 3 April 2007. Archived from the original on 17 January 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/3546373.stm","url_text":"\"Five to take Sky News bulletins\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070117142208/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/3546373.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Owen Gibson (21 October 2005). \"Sky News unveils new studios and beefed up schedule\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/oct/21/broadcasting.bskyb","url_text":"\"Sky News unveils new studios and beefed up schedule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170118065620/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/oct/21/broadcasting.bskyb","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Adelphoi Music – Music Composition and Sound Design\". Archived from the original on 2 February 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adelphoimusic.com/","url_text":"\"Adelphoi Music – Music Composition and Sound Design\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110202090025/http://adelphoimusic.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sky News | News | Press releases\". Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928052418/http://www.skypressoffice.co.uk/SkyNews/Resources/showarticle.asp?id=2932","url_text":"\"Sky News | News | Press releases\""},{"url":"http://www.skypressoffice.co.uk/SkyNews/Resources/showarticle.asp?id=2932","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Recording the SKY News HD Theme at Angel Studios\". Davidarnoldmusic.com. 5 May 2010. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://davidarnoldmusic.com/sky-news-hd/","url_text":"\"Recording the SKY News HD Theme at Angel Studios\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160924062341/http://davidarnoldmusic.com/sky-news-hd/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sky Central now open.\" 18 July 2016. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvnewsroom.site/sky-news/sky-central-now-open-145750/","url_text":"\"Sky Central now open.\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160814154200/http://tvnewsroom.site/sky-news/sky-central-now-open-145750/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sky News to open new business studio at the 'Baby Shard'\" (Press release). Sky TV. 7 November 2016. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170106102034/https://corporate.sky.com/media-centre/news-page/2016/sky_news_to_open_new_business_studio_at_the_baby_shard","url_text":"\"Sky News to open new business studio at the 'Baby Shard'\""},{"url":"https://corporate.sky.com/media-centre/news-page/2016/sky_news_to_open_new_business_studio_at_the_baby_shard","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"21st Century Fox Agrees to Buy Sky\". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. 9 December 2016. 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Variety. 29 June 2017. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/fox-news-sexual-harassment-sky-21st-century-fox-1202482623/","url_text":"\"Fox News Scandals, Political Influence Concerns Cast Long Shadow Over Sky Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170630214302/http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/fox-news-sexual-harassment-sky-21st-century-fox-1202482623/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Murdoch's Sky bid likely to be referred to competition authorities\". The Guardian. 29 June 2017. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petras_%C5%A0iurskas
|
Petras Šiurskas
|
["1 References"]
|
Lithuanian Soviet sprint canoer (born 1953)
Petras Šiurskas
Medal record
Men's canoe sprint
World Championships
1977 Sofia
K-2 10000 m
1975 Belgrade
K-2 10000 m
Petras Šiurskas (born 11 August 1953) is a Lithuanian Soviet sprint canoer who competed in the mid to late 1970s. He won two medals in the K-2 10000 m event at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a gold in 1977 and a bronze in 1975.
References
ICF medalists for Olympic and World Championships – Part 1: flatwater (now sprint): 1936–2007 at the Wayback Machine (archived 2010-01-05)
ICF medalists for Olympic and World Championships – Part 2: rest of flatwater (now sprint) and remaining canoeing disciplines: 1936–2007 at WebCite (archived 2009-11-09)
vteWorld Champions in Men's Canoe Sprint K-2 10000 m
1938: Sweden (Gunnar Johansson & Berndt Berndtsson)
1938: (folding) Sweden (Carl-Gustav Hellstrandt & Erik Helsvik)
1950: Sweden (Gunnar Åkerlund & Hans Wetterström)
1954: Austria (Maximilian Raub & Herbert Wiedermann)
1958: Hungary (János Urányi & László Fábián)
1963: Hungary (László Fábián & István Timár)
1966: Hungary (Imre Szöllősi & László Fábián)
1970: Soviet Union (Konstantin Kostenko & Vyacheslav Kononov)
1971: Soviet Union (Konstantin Kostenko & Vyacheslav Kononov)
1973: Hungary (Zoltán Bakó & Géza Csapó)
1974: Romania (Antrop Varabiev & Ion Terente)
1975: Hungary (Zoltán Bakó & István Szabó)
1977: Soviet Union (Petras Šiurskas & Anatoliy Korolkov)
1978: Hungary (Zoltán Bakó & István Szabó)
1979: Romania (Nicușor Eșanu & Ion Bîrlădeanu)
1981: Soviet Union (Nikolay Astapkovich & Vladimir Romanovsky)
1982: France (Bernard Brégeon & Patrick Lefoulon)
1983: Great Britain (Stephen Jackson & Alan Williams)
1985: Sweden (Mikael Berger & Conny Edholm)
1986: Hungary (Gábor Kulcsar & László Gindl)
1987: France (Philippe Boccara & Pascal Boucherit)
1989: Hungary (Attila Ábrahám & Sándor Hódosi)
1990: Great Britain (Grayson Bourne & Ivan Lawler)
1991: France (Philippe Boccara & Pascal Boucherit)
1993: Hungary (Zsolt Borhi & Attila Ábrahám)
This article about a Soviet canoeist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Lithuanian canoeist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"sprint canoer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoe_racing"},{"link_name":"ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships"}],"text":"Petras Šiurskas (born 11 August 1953) is a Lithuanian Soviet sprint canoer who competed in the mid to late 1970s. He won two medals in the K-2 10000 m event at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a gold in 1977 and a bronze in 1975.","title":"Petras Šiurskas"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Algerian_Affairs
|
Minister of Algerian Affairs
|
["1 Office holders","2 References"]
|
French government ministry
The Minister of Algerian Affairs (French: Ministre d’État aux Affaires Algériennes) or Minister of Algeria (French: Ministre de l'Algérie) was a ministerial post in the Government of France from its creation in 1858 until Algerian independence in 1962. The Ministry was created to supervise administration of French Algeria through a military governor general assisted by a civil minister. Previously, the governor general alone wielded civil and military jurisdiction. Notably, the Ministry was empowered to implement the Constantine Plan to economically and socially develop Algeria in preparation for their independence.
Office holders
Name
Took office
Left office
Georges Catroux
1 February 1956
13 June 1957
Robert Lacoste
13 June 1957
14 April 1958
André Mutter
14 May 1958
1 June 1958
Charles de Gaulle
12 June 1958
9 January 1959
Louis Joxe
22 November 1960
28 November 1962
Jean de Broglie†
6 December 1962
8 January 1966
† As Secretary of State for Algerian affairs
References
^ Bakhti, Toufik. "The Algerian Peoples History Images and Texts 1830 - 1962". eldjazaer. tripod. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
^ "France: Aid and Cooperation". Archive.org. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
vteGovernment of FranceHead of governmentPrime MinisterMinisterial portfolios
Europe and Foreign Affairs
National Education, Youth and Sports
Economy and Finance
Armed Forces
Interior
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Ecological Transition
Territorial Cohesion and Relations with Local Authorities
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Culture
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Former portfolios
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Authority control databases International
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IdRef
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Civil_Code
|
Egyptian Civil Code
|
["1 Historical background","2 See also","3 Bibliography","4 References","5 External links"]
|
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The Egyptian Civil Code is the primary source of civil law for Egypt.
The first version of Egyptian Civil Code was written in 1949 containing 1149 articles. The prime author of the 1949 code was the jurist Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri, who received assistance from Dean Edouard Lambert of the University of Lille. Perhaps due to Lambert's influence, the 1949 code followed the French civil law model. The code focuses on the regulation of business and commerce, and does not include any provisions regarding family law. El-Sanhuri purposely left out family law and succession to set it apart from the Turkish civil code.
Article 1 of the code provides that, “in the absence of any applicable legislation, the judge shall decide according to the custom and failing the custom, according to the principles of Islamic Law. In the absence of these principles, the judge shall have recourse to natural law and the rules of equity.” Despite this invocation of Islamic law, one commentator has argued that 1949 code reflected a "hodgepodge of socialist doctrine and sociological jurisprudence."
The Egyptian Civil Code has been the source of law and inspiration for numerous other Middle Eastern jurisdictions, including pre-dictatorship kingdoms of Libya and Iraq (both drafted by El-Sanhuri himself and a team of native jurists under his guidance), in addition to Jordan (completed in 1976, after his death) Bahrain (2001), as well as Qatar (1971) (these last two merely inspired by his notions), and the commercial code of Kuwait (drafted by El-Sanhuri). When Sudan drafted its own civil code in 1970, it was in large part copied from the Egyptian Civil Code with slight modifications. The Saudi Civil Code, introduced in December 2023, is also modelled after the Egyptian Civil Code. Today, all Mashriq Arab nations possessing modern civil codes, with the exception of Lebanon and Oman, are based fully or partly on the Egyptian Civil Code.
Historical background
Egypt began legal reform in 1875 when it gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in judicial and legal matters, which led to the establishment of the Mixed Courts to deal with foreigners and national courts. This necessitated a need for a set of laws that had secular influence. When Egypt obtained the needed international agreement for the union of its legal system in 1937, it started to draw up a new series of comprehensive codes. Most of this effort was overseen by the Egyptian jurist Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri. The code was originally drafted in 1942, but went through several revisions before its passage in 1949.
Its author, Al-Sanhuri, stayed loyal to his vision of having judges rule in accordance with the code itself before considering using Shari’a, which had not been codified for a long time. For the first time in the modern history of the Arab Middle East, the Shari’a would be used to back up a secular document. With the civil code as the principal source of law, all Shari’a courts were abolished. The writing of the civil code was an attempt on the part of Al-Sanhuri to modernize Islamic law by adopting ideas from western civil law, a concept greatly supported by the elite members of Egyptian society. Westernization meant confining certain Islamic law to mostly matters dealing with personal status such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance.
British colonization led to some shift to the common law, but the common law had little long-term impact on the legal systems of many countries that fell under British rule where there was an existing codified system. Thus civil law, mostly of French origins, now prevails throughout the Middle East, and the occasional remnants of common law are likely not to survive (with the exception of Israeli law which remains largely based on common law as it pertains to non-private matters). As a result, the modern legal systems of Middle Eastern countries share the basic features of French law, such as relying on complete and logical statements of the law in codes as official sources of law, keeping a sharp division between public and private law and between commercial and private law.
See also
Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
Application of sharia law by country
Egyptian law
Bibliography
Bechor, Guy. The Sanhuri Code, and the Emergence of Modern Arab Civil Law (1932 To 1949), (2007), ISBN 9789004158788.
Hoyle, Mark, The Mixed Courts of Egypt, (1991), ISBN 1-85333-321-2.
References
^ "Between Identity And Redistribution: Sanhuri, Genealogy And The Will To Islamise » Brill Online". Ingentaconnect.com. 2001-06-01. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
^ Bälz, Amereller-Kilian; Fawzy, Farah (2023-10-30). "The New Saudi Civil Code (2023) - a Primer". Lexology. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
^ "Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im". Law.emory.edu. 2015-09-27. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
^ "The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions". Answers. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
External links
Hans W. Baade, Transplants of Laws and of Lawyers, University of Texas colloquia paper
Mohamed Mattar, Islamic Law, Common Law, and Civil Law: The Place of Islamic Law in the Legal Family
Anne E. Mayer, Modern Law: Varieties in Legal Systems in Middle Eastern Countries
Egypt, Arab Republic of
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|
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In the absence of these principles, the judge shall have recourse to natural law and the rules of equity.” Despite this invocation of Islamic law, one commentator has argued that 1949 code reflected a \"hodgepodge of socialist doctrine and sociological jurisprudence.\"[1]The Egyptian Civil Code has been the source of law and inspiration for numerous other Middle Eastern jurisdictions, including pre-dictatorship kingdoms of Libya and Iraq (both drafted by El-Sanhuri himself and a team of native jurists under his guidance), in addition to Jordan (completed in 1976, after his death) Bahrain (2001), as well as Qatar (1971) (these last two merely inspired by his notions), and the commercial code of Kuwait (drafted by El-Sanhuri). When Sudan drafted its own civil code in 1970, it was in large part copied from the Egyptian Civil Code with slight modifications. The Saudi Civil Code, introduced in December 2023, is also modelled after the Egyptian Civil Code.[2] Today, all Mashriq Arab nations possessing modern civil codes, with the exception of Lebanon and Oman, are based fully or partly on the Egyptian Civil Code.[3]","title":"Egyptian Civil Code"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mixed Courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mixed_Courts_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_El-Razzak_El-Sanhuri"},{"link_name":"Israeli law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_law"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Egypt began legal reform in 1875 when it gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in judicial and legal matters, which led to the establishment of the Mixed Courts to deal with foreigners and national courts. This necessitated a need for a set of laws that had secular influence. 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As a result, the modern legal systems of Middle Eastern countries share the basic features of French law, such as relying on complete and logical statements of the law in codes as official sources of law, keeping a sharp division between public and private law and between commercial and private law.[4]","title":"Historical background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_literature"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789004158788","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004158788"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_in_literature"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85333-321-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85333-321-2"}],"text":"Bechor, Guy. 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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictly_FX
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Strictly FX
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["1 About","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Company logo
Strictly FX is a live special effects company. The company are 12 time winners of the Parnelli award for Pyro Company of the Year.
About
Fireworks by Strictly FX for the Celebrating America television special in 2021
In 1996, Strictly FX was founded by industry veterans Ted Maccabee and Mark Grega. Strictly FX is a live special effects company that focuses on concert tours, sporting and corporate events. The company's work consist of aiding in the performance of the show, including; lasers, pyrotechnics, flames, cryogenics, confetti, streamers, drones, as well as design.
Strictly FX provides their services to over 500 shows every year, including working with Roger Waters, Luke Bryan, WWE and the Super Bowl. Strictly FX has won multiple awards, including; the Parnelli Pyro Company of the Year in 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020 and 2023. They've also been awarded the Tour Link Top Dog Award for best Pyro/special effects company in 2012 and 2014.
The firm also was in charge of the fireworks for the Celebrating America television special, which was part of the festivities for the Inauguration of Joe Biden.
In 2021, Strictly FX acquired the UK based company Quantum Special Effects and opened their first overseas branch, Strictly FX UK Ltd.
References
^ "Parnelli Awards". Archived from the original on 2006-09-07.
^ Perkins, Meghan (24 February 2016). "Super Bowl 50 Pregame Renderings". LiveDesignOnline. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
^ "The Concert Touring Industry Source - TourLinkPro".
^ Lampert-Greaux, Ellen (3 February 2021). "Inauguration Fireworks by Strictly FX". LiveDesignOnline. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
http://www.strictlyfx.com/
http://www.strictlyfxuk.com/
https://parnelliawards.com/
https://www.tourlinkpro.com/
External links
Official website
This corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Strictly FX is a live special effects company. The company are 12 time winners of the Parnelli award for Pyro Company of the Year.[1]","title":"Strictly FX"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:667A0935_(50911775693).jpg"},{"link_name":"Roger Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Waters"},{"link_name":"Luke Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Bryan"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Celebrating America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrating_America"},{"link_name":"Inauguration of Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Fireworks by Strictly FX for the Celebrating America television special in 2021In 1996, Strictly FX was founded by industry veterans Ted Maccabee and Mark Grega. Strictly FX is a live special effects company that focuses on concert tours, sporting and corporate events. The company's work consist of aiding in the performance of the show, including; lasers, pyrotechnics, flames, cryogenics, confetti, streamers, drones, as well as design.Strictly FX provides their services to over 500 shows every year, including working with Roger Waters, Luke Bryan, WWE[citation needed] and the Super Bowl.[2] Strictly FX has won multiple awards, including; the Parnelli Pyro Company of the Year in 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020 and 2023. They've also been awarded the Tour Link Top Dog Award for best Pyro/special effects company in 2012 and 2014.[3]The firm also was in charge of the fireworks for the Celebrating America television special, which was part of the festivities for the Inauguration of Joe Biden.[4]In 2021, Strictly FX acquired the UK based company Quantum Special Effects and opened their first overseas branch, Strictly FX UK Ltd.","title":"About"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_the_Dyna-Mite
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List of DC Comics characters: D
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List of DC Comics characters
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Dan the Dyna-Mite
Dan the Dyna-Mite is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.
Danny Dunbar was the star pupil of Thomas N. Thomas, a high school chemistry and physical education teacher.
One evening while Thomas and Dunbar are working on an experiment, Thomas' hand accidentally touches Dunbar's and both teacher and student find themselves feeling more energized. Thomas realizes that each of them has somehow absorbed the chemicals with which they have been working. By touching each other, Thomas and Dunbar now become charged with an unknown form of energy and briefly possess superhuman powers.
They decide not to reveal their discovery publicly for fear that it would be misused. Instead, they use their new super-powers to fight crime as costumed heroes. Thomas becomes known as TNT and Dunbar as Dan the Dyna-Mite, and both join the wartime All-Star Squadron. Thomas and Dunbar each wears a "dyna-ring". By pressing the rings together, Thomas and Dunbar trigger a chemical reaction that temporarily charges the two heroes with energy.
In April 1942, TNT and Dyna-Mite battle Nazi saboteurs who are attempting to blow up a dam in Colorado. When the saboteurs flee in a car, the pair gives chase in their own auto. One of the bullets hits the tire of the heroes' car and it crashes and bursts into flames. The young hero Iron Munro pulls TNT and Dyna-Mite from the wreckage. TNT is already dead and his spirit is carried off by the Valkyrie called Gudra (a member of Axis Amerika). Munro takes Dyna-Mite to a hospital, where he soon recovers.
Danny is grief-stricken but bucks up when President Roosevelt requests that he and other young members of the All-Star Squadron take a cross-country tour to encourage the buying of war bonds. His depression is worsened by the assumption that without TNT, he can no longer use his own super-powers. Soon, Danny learns he can activate them by wearing both dyna-rings and pressing them together.
In his "golden years", Dan joins his childhood friends Neptune Perkins, Doiby Dickles, Merry Pemberton, Thorndyke Thompkins of the Minute Men of America, and the Cyclone Kids (now called the Cyclones) to form "Old Justice". They were all once sidekicks to older superheroes. They advocate abolishing teen super-teams and butt heads with Young Justice many times. Over the course of the Sins of Youth storyline, a rally in D.C. over this issue occurs. It is attacked and dozens of adult superheroes turn young and the Young Justice members turn adult. Old Justice, unaffected, find themselves having to supervise the chaotic crowd of younger heroes with the aid of the now-adult Young Justice. Temporarily working out of the JLA HQ in Happy Harbor, everyone must deal with Klarion the Witch Boy, other younger supervillains, and dozens of magically created monsters. It comes down to every available hand in a vicious battle in the snowfields outside an Alaskan scientific complex. At the end of the adventure once Klarion is blackmailed into restoring the altered heroes, Old Justice realizes Young Justice really are worthy heroes.
In 2010's DCU: Legacies #2, TNT and Dyna-Mite are revealed to have been founding members of the Seven Soldiers of Victory. How this retcon affects their histories, such as the previously established death of TNT and Dyna-Mite's Young All-Stars stint, has not yet been revealed.
During the "Dark Nights: Death Metal" storyline, Dan the Dyna-Mite is among the superheroes revived by Batman using a Black Lantern ring.
In the pages of "The New Golden Age", Daniel Dunbar reminisces about the time when he and TNT thwarted a robbery by the Fox and the Crow as well as TNT getting killed in action. Stargirl and Red Arrow later visit the house of Daniel Dunbar where they find that he had been investigating what happened to Miss America's sidekicks Betsy Ross and Molly Pitcher, John Henry Jr., and Human Bomb's sidekick Cherry Bomb as well as the disappearance of Hourman's sidekick Tick-Tock. Daniel took a boat out to sea. When his boat crashes off the coast of an island, he saves his rings and heads to shore. Daniel finds himself younger as a voice states that he shouldn't have come to this island. Dan the Dyna-Mite is among the Lost Children who are freed by Red Arrow and Boom. By the time Red Arrow reunited with Stargirl, Dan the Dyna-Mite was among those subdued by the Hourman android. Thanks to a diversion from Corky Baxter, Boom used this diversion to free everyone. Following Time Master and Childminder's defeat and Wing being sent back to his own time, Dan the Dyna-Mite is among the Lost Children that are brought to Stargirl's time by the Hourman android due to paradoxical reasons, though he is still in his de-aged state.
Dan the Dyna-Mite later assisted Damage in fighting Reichsmark as Dan made a comment to Damage about him planning to have used the alias of TNT.
Mister Terrific later mentioned that Dan the Dyna-Mite and Damage are officially partnered up.
Alternate versions of Dan the Dyna-mite
In the 1993 Elseworlds series The Golden Age, Dan Dunbar retires from his superhero identity following the end of the second world war and goes to Princeton for college. However, Dan flunks due to poor grades, continued feelings of guilt over his mentor's death, and being unable to adapt to life as a civilian after spending his youth as a super-hero. He is recruited by Tex Thompson, the Americomando, for a secret project to gain atomic powers and become "Dynaman"; a government sponsored super-hero. However, Dan is murdered on the day he is to gain his new atomic powers, so that Thompson (secretly the Ultra-Humanite in the former hero's body) can put the brain of Adolf Hitler into Dan's body and infuse him with atomic energies to give Hitler super-powers. Hitler and Ultra-Humanite are ultimately exposed and defeated, in a bloody battle with many casualties, before Liberty Belle kills Dynaman to stop his rampage.
Damien Darhk
Damien Darhk is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.
Damien Darhk is an elusive and dangerous criminal mastermind and enemy of the Teen Titans. He makes his first appearance in Titans #1 (March 1999). Claiming to be a major player in the American underworld and implying he has an army at his disposal, Darhk is shown to be well-established and well-connected despite being in his early 20s and has remained untouchable by the FBI and the CIA.
He appears to have some connection to the crime syndicate the H.I.V.E. and has access to unique high-tech equipment unknown to any organization. Darhk uses trickery and forgotten science to make his followers and the public believe he has mystical or magical powers, but is later proven to be a fraud. Darhk is also a Wi-Fi genius, able to stay in touch with anyone by the very latest forms of mass communication. During an altercation with the Titans, Darhk was shot to death by Vandal Savage. Thanks to Adeline Kane, he survived.
Damien Darhk in other media
Damien Darkh appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
Damien Darhk appears in media set in the Arrowverse, portrayed by Neal McDonough.
First appearing in the fourth season of the TV series Arrow, this version is a ruthless yet honorable friend-turned-rival of Ra's al Ghul and a renegade member of the League of Assassins who left after being denied leadership and formed H.I.V.E. Additionally, he acquired a magical artifact called the Khushu Idol, which grants telekinesis and the ability to drain life energy through physical contact, though individuals resurrected by Lazarus Pits have an adverse effect on him. Throughout the season, he battles Oliver Queen and his allies until Vixen destroys the Khushu Idol. Damien is prosecuted and sent to Iron Heights Penitentiary, but recruits Malcolm Merlyn, Brick, and Murmur before eventually breaking out, killing Laurel Lance in the process. After Anarky kills his wife and destroys the "Ark" in which he and H.I.V.E. planned to survive the nuclear holocaust they wanted to cause, Damien becomes nihilistic and maintains his attempt to destroy the world until Queen, his allies, Mr. Terrific, and the Calculator disable all but one of H.I.V.E.'s nuclear bombs and rally Star City's citizens against him, with the outpouring of hope negating Damien's powers. He is subsequently killed by Queen in a final battle.
Damien makes a cameo appearance in the crossover "Heroes Join Forces".
Damien appears in the TV series Legends of Tomorrow. A past version from 1975 makes a minor appearance in the two-part pilot episode. A time-displaced version appears in the second season as a member of the Reverse-Flash's Legion of Doom, having joined to avert his death despite initial hesitancy to work with him and going on to form a rivalry with Sara Lance. The Legion eventually obtains the Spear of Destiny and create a new timeline for themselves, with Damien becoming Star City's mayor and restoring his magical powers, but the Legends travel back in time to undo their victory, defeat them, and return them to the points in time where they were pulled from with no memory of their activities. In the third season, Damien is resurrected and has his memories restored by his daughter Nora Darhk before he agrees to help free Mallus by creating time aberrations to weaken the latter's interdimensional prison. However, the Darhks clash over their differing approaches to their relationship. After Nate Heywood and Ray Palmer convince Damien that Nora will cease to exist if he frees Mallus, Damien joins the Legends in thwarting the demon's plot to possess her, sacrificing himself to save her in the process. In the fifth season episode "Mr. Parker's Cul-De-Sac", Astra Logue resurrects Damien once more in an attempt to spread misery, but he abandons her to see Nora instead, only to learn his daughter had become a fairy godmother and entered a relationship with Palmer. Nora's current charge, Pippa, wishes the Darhks and Legends into an episode of her favorite TV show, Mr. Parker's Cul-De-Sac, to force them to reconcile before Damien gives Palmer his blessing to marry Nora and borrows a "Hellsword" the Legends acquired to kill himself.
An alternate timeline version of Damien appears in the TV series The Flash five-part episode "Armageddon". After the Reverse-Flash creates a "Reverse-Flashpoint" timeline to alter Barry Allen's life, Damien lost his daughter and joined forces with his version of the Reverse-Flash to kill several heroes. Though he was apprehended, he got off due to a technicality. Upon learning Nora is alive in the original timeline, Damien helps Allen restore it.
Darkseid
Main article: Darkseid
Dark Angel
Main article: Dark Angel (DC Comics)
Dark Arrow
Dark Arrow is an alias used by characters appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics as a counterpart of Green Arrow and Red Arrow.
Hannibal Bates
Main article: Everyman (DC Comics)
Roy McQueen
A different version, Roy McQueen, was created by James Robinson and Nicola Scott, and first appeared in Earth 2 #14 (September 2013). He is an archer with partial enhancement who is part of the World Army while known as Connor Hawke.
Dark Arrow in other media
A character loosely inspired by Dark Arrow called Black Arrow appears in the Arrowverse web series Freedom Fighters: The Ray, voiced by Matthew Mercer. This version also hails from Earth-X and serves as a member of the New Reichsmen.
An original incarnation of Dark Arrow appears in the Arrowverse crossover "Crisis on Earth-X", portrayed by Stephen Amell. This version is the Earth-X doppelgänger of Oliver Queen, the Führer of a reality where the Nazis achieved world domination.
Dark Flash
The Dark Flash is a character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is a counterpart of the Flash.
Walter West
Walter West was created by Mark Waid and Paul Pelletier, and first appeared in The Flash (vol. 2) #150 (July 1999). Appearing in the main DC universe in recognition of his other self's sacrifice, he is from another reality within Hypertime who was unable to save his loved ones from death at Kobra's hands. After his presence in the main DC Universe starts to cause other realities in Hypertime to bleed over into the main one, the Dark Flash is forced by Superman and Wonder Woman to transverse Hypertime and return home. The Dark Flash leaves the main DC Universe, but seems to go from reality to reality with no success. However, the Dark Flash was among the speedsters that help to fight Professor Zoom and the Legion of Zoom.
Earth 10 version
An alternative version of the Dark Flash (also called the Flash) appears as an inhabitant of Earth-10 as seen in the stories 52, Countdown and Countdown to Final Crisis. He is a member of the JSAxis before he is recruited by the Monarch over Forerunner's protests and presumably died alongside Overgirl while fighting the Monitors.
Barry Allen
Main article: Flash (Barry Allen)
The Negative Flash, created by Joshua Williamson, Paul Pelletier and Howard Porter, and debuted in The Flash (vol. 5) #26 (September 2017), is Barry Allen while corrupted by the Negative Speed Force thanks to Eobard Thawne and later dealt with Bloodwork.
True Flash
Main article: Hunter Zolomon
The True Flash is Hunter Zolomon enhanced with the energies of the Strength Force, the Sage Force and the Still Force after escalating conflict between Barry Allen and Wally West to break the Speed Force so he can try to set history to his own design.
Dark Flash in other media
Walter West / Dark Flash appears in Justice League Heroes as an alternate costume for Wally West.
Variations of the Dark Flash appears in the Arrowverse series The Flash.
One appears during the sixth season as a corrupted version of Barry Allen (portrayed by Grant Gustin) due to Ramsey Russo.
Another appears with Eobard Thawne (portrayed by Tom Cavanagh) as a general on Earth-X in the crossover Crisis on Earth-X and enhanced by the Negative Still Force in the eighth season.
The Dark Flash appears in the DC Extended Universe film The Flash as an alternate version of Barry Allen (portrayed by Ezra Miller) who continuously reversed time to prevent his reality's destruction.
Dava
Main article: Dava (comics)
Dawnstar
Main article: Dawnstar
Deadman
Main article: Deadman (comics)
Deadshot
Main article: Deadshot
Death
Main article: Death of the Endless
Deathstorm
Deathstorm is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by Geoff Johns and Peter Tomasi. He is a counterpart of Firestorm, and a nemesis of Ronnie Raymond, Jason Rusch and Martin Stein.
Black Lantern version
The Black Lantern version first appeared in Blackest Night #2 (August 2009).
He is Ronnie's reanimated corpse via a black power ring of the Black Lantern Corps. He's shown alongside Hawkman, Hawkgirl, the Elongated Man, Sue Dibny, and J'onn J'onzz confronting Barry Allen / The Flash and Hal Jordan / Green Lantern. He then attacks and absorbs Jason into his Firestorm Matrix. Then, using Jason's unique abilities, he turns Gehenna into table salt, simultaneously ripping Gehenna's heart out with a smile. He uses the Firestorm Matrix to absorb Jason's anger over Gehenna's death, providing the Black Lanterns with even more emotional energies. He goes on to attack Barry and company at the Justice League satellite. Jason then briefly asserts himself, allowing the heroes to escape. Regaining control, Ronnie proceeds to absorb Jason's willpower. Like other Black Lanterns, the undead creature mimics Ronnie's personality, often wisecracking and exhibiting other stereotypical teenage behavior. In the final battle against Nekron, the creature is defeated to which Ronnie is restored alongside Jason.
While tensions between Ronnie and Jason continued, a creature occasionally caused disruptions before reaching out of Firestorm, forcibly separating Ronnie and Jason while officially calling himself Deathstorm from a combination of the Black Lantern Corps power and the Firestorm matrix. Deathstorm intended to use the emotional instability between Ronnie and Jason so the Firestorm matrix will trigger a Big Bang-level event to destroy all life in the universe, absorbing Professor Stein and Alvin Rusch into himself to torture the two. Deathstorm beckons Firestorm to follow to Silver City, New Mexico which is the Central Power White Lantern Battery's resting place. Deathstorm tries to lift the White Lantern battery, but is unable to until he infects the object with black energy after which he is able to lift with ease. Deathstorm uses the corrupted object to create an army of the Black Lantern spectrums of Professor Zoom / Reverse-Flash, Maxwell Lord, Hank Hall, Jade, Captain Boomerang, the Martian Manhunter, Aquaman, Hawkman, Hawkgirl, Deadman and Osiris. Deathstorm and the Black Lanterns move to an unknown location. Deathstorm has an internal argument with Martin and Alvin, messing with his two hostages. Deathstorm and the Black Lanterns are shown on Qward delivering his corrupted power source for the Anti-Monitor seeking to harvest the life energy to grow stronger. Firestorm takes the White Lantern Battery and attempts to fight Deathstorm and the Anti-Monitor but is defeated. Deathstorm brings Martin out of his own Firestorm Matrix to taunt. Deathstorm then attempts to kill Jason and Ronnie, but the Professor takes the attack. Ronnie and Jason truly work together, and the Entity then unleashes a burst of white energy that obliterates the Black Lanterns, returns Alvin home, and deposits Firestorm in the Star City forest.
Earth 3 version
An Earth 3 equivalent of Deathstorm appears as a fusion of Earth-3's Professor Stein and a corpse. During the "Trinity War" event, Deathstorm is a member of the Crime Syndicate until being killed by Mazahs.
Deathstorm in other media
Two incarnations of Deathstorm appear in The Flash, both portrayed by Robbie Amell.
An Earth-2 incarnation appears in the episode "Welcome to Earth-2" as Earth-1 Ronnie Raymond / Firestorm's villainous doppelganger, Killer Frost's significant other, and an enforcer for Zoom. Deathstorm nearly kills Barry Allen, but Zoom kills the former for his recklessness.
An Earth-Prime incarnation (inspired by the Black Lantern incarnation) appears in the eighth season, additionally portrayed by Milton Barnes, Alexa Barajas, Rick Cosnett, and Michelle Harrison. This version is a cold fusion entity who initially obtained sentience as a "Black Flame" after Earth-1 Raymond's sacrifice. Deathstorm attacks and kills indiscriminately throughout Central City via phantoms of deceased loved ones to feed on grief until it is defeated by Hell Frost.
The Martin Stein incarnation of Deathstorm appears in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced by Lex Lang.
Deathstroke
Main article: Deathstroke
Decay
Main article: Decay (DC Comics)
Deep Blue
Further reading
Deep Blue at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
Deep Blue at the Grand Comics Database
Deep Blue is a superhero in the DC Universe. The character was created by Peter David and Jim Calafiore, and first appeared in Aquaman (vol. 3) #23 (August 1996).
Within the context of the stories, Debbie Perkins is the daughter of Tsunami and grew up believing Neptune Perkins to be her father, while Rhombus believed her to be his daughter. As Deep Blue, she is among the heroes who respond to Aquaman's call to unite the undersea kingdoms. Over time, she begins to insist on being called Indigo and learns that Atlan claims to be her true father.
Duela Dent
Main article: Duela Dent
DeSaad
Main article: DeSaad
Despero
Main article: Despero
Detective Chimp
Main article: Detective Chimp
Devil Ray
Devil Ray is a fictional character who was originally created for the TV series Justice League Unlimited before appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He first appears in Black Manta #1 (November 2021).
The Justice League Unlimited incarnation of Devil Ray was created for the series because, according to writer Dwayne McDuffie, the rights to the Aquaman characters, such as Black Manta, were no longer available due to a possible Aquaman TV series that was being planned. He appears as a member of Gorilla Grodd's Secret Society until he is killed by Deadman.
The comic book incarnation of Devil Ray is a human with some of his heritage coming from the Atlanteans' Deserter branch. He is a former member of Black Manta's henchmen called the Manta Men. After branching off, he worked for Human Flame before killing him and taking his henchmen Red and Orange under his wing. Due to having come in contact with the Orichalcum metal where he heard the voices of the ancestral Deserters, Devil Ray worked to have the Orichalcum metal made into a trident where it's radiation output killed Red and Orange. Upon knowing that Deserters can properly wield it, Devil Ray reunited with Black Manta at Doctor Mist's headquarters in Ethiopia where they put the finishing touches on it. When Devil Ray was unable to go through with his plans to detonate the poison bombs around Atlantis, Black Manta showed up to fight him and confiscated the Orichalcum Trident. Though Black Manta does allow Devil Ray to leave while advising him not to go down the same path as him.
Dex-Starr
Comics character
Dex-StarrPublication informationPublisherDC ComicsFirst appearanceFinal Crisis: Rage of The Red Lanterns #1Created byGeoff JohnsShane DavisIn-story informationAlter egoDexterPlace of originEarthTeam affiliationsRed Lantern CorpsAbilitiesRed power ring:
Red energy conduit
Rage plasma
Rage transformation
Flight
Rage empowerment
Force field generation
Claws
Dex-Starr is an abandoned stray blue domestic cat from Earth, adopted by a woman in Brooklyn who names him Dexter. During a break-in, Dex-Starr scratched a burglar before his owner was killed and he was evicted by the police. Homeless, he was grabbed by two street thugs and thrown off the Brooklyn Bridge, but the rage that he felt caught the attention of a red power ring and it came to him before he hit the water. As a member of the Red Lantern Corps, wearing his red power ring around his tail, he killed the two thugs and slept on their skulls, proclaiming himself to be a "good kitty" using thoughts expressed in simple sentences. He was described by Geoff Johns in an interview with Wizard as "the most sadistic and malicious" of the Red Lanterns. Originally intended as a joke by Shane Davis, he began being featured more prominently due to positive reception. Dex-Starr frequently travels with Atrocitus, with his vengeful quest centering on finding the burglar that murdered his owner. Dex-Starr gained the ability to create constructs after drinking the blood of Rankorr and, unbeknownst to his fellow Red Lanterns, used this ability to save Atrocitus from certain death after Guy Gardner steals his ring.: 89
Dex-Starr in other media
Dex-Starr appears in Justice League Action, with vocal effects provided by Jason J. Lewis.
Dex-Starr appears in DC Super Hero Girls, voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson as a Red Lantern while Fred Tatasciore provides his vocal effects. This version previously resided at the Metropolis Animal Shelter and was considered to be euthanized due to his aggressive nature and inability to be adopted. Amidst Jessica Cruz's efforts to do so, Dex-Starr briefly gains a Red Lantern ring before she ultimately adopts him. In the episode "#It'sComplicated", Dex-Starr regains his powers and joins Star Sapphire and Sinestro in attacking Cruz and Hal Jordan until Jordan apologizes to the trio.
Dex-Starr appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Aquaman – Rage of Atlantis, voiced by Dee Bradley Baker.
Dex-Starr appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
Dex-Starr appears as an assist character for Atrocitus in Injustice 2.
Dex-Starr appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham and Lego DC Super-Villains, with vocal effects provided again by Dee Bradley Baker.
Ding Dong Daddy
Main article: Ding Dong Daddy
Djuba
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2023)
Djuba is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.
Djuba is a mutated red gorilla who lives in a cave at the top of Mount Kilimanjaro. When an airplane carrying Mike Maxwell and Rupert Kenboya crashed on Mount Kilimanjaro after being struck by lightning from a thunderstorm. When Mike drank the strange rainwaters in the cave, he became large and strong enough to subdue Djuba. Afterwards, Djuba gave Mike a special helmet that enables him to understand animals and control them. Thus, B'wana Beast was born.
Djuba in other media
Djuba appears in a flashback in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "The Siege of Starro!". This version was mutated by toxic waste that polluted the water hole that it drank from. It fights wrestler Mike Maxwell, who later comes into contact with the same polluted water, defeats Djuba, takes its mask, and becomes B'wana Beast.
Djuba appeared in a flashback in the Titans episode "Dude, Where's My Gar?". This version is a western lowland gorilla and friend of Freedom Beast who Dr. Myers subjected to the Green Plague on the Chief's behalf. Upon finding a dying Djuba, Freedom Beast fused it with Dr. Myers to ensure that he would die as well.
Djuba appears in the comic book tie-in to Young Justice. This version is a member of Solovar's troop who was enhanced with Kobra venom by the Brain and Ultra-Humanite.
Doctor Alchemy
Main article: Doctor Alchemy
Doctor Chaos
First appearanceThe New Adventures of Superboy #25 (1982)Created byMartin Pasko (writer) Kurt Schaffenberger (penciler)TeamsLords of ChaosAbilitiesAccess to the artifact known as the "Helmet of Chaos" gants the user magic and spellcasting.
In the Earth-1 universe, Professor Lewis Lang and his assistant Burt Belker discover a helmet in the Valley of Ur in Mesopotamia that is identical to the helmet on Earth-2 except for its blue color. This helmet contains a Lord of Chaos that possesses Burt and turns him into the sorcerer Doctor Chaos, whose costume is identical to Doctor Fate's except for a reversed color scheme. Superboy confronts Doctor Chaos and removes the helmet from Burt, jettisoning it into space.
A new version of Doctor Chaos later appeared briefly in the Justice League of America 2018 series within the main DC Comics Universe. This version is aligned with the Lords of Chaos outfitted in garb similar to Doctor Fate except for a reverse color scheme much like the Earth-1 version. Acting as a protector of the Lords of Chaos's base of operations, the Chaos Realm, he appears when the Justice League's mystical villain, Queen of Fables, attempts to escape her imprisonment. He is swiftly killed by the Queen of Fables and escapes the Chaos Realm. The identity of the person behind Doctor Chaos remains unknown.
Doctor Cyber
Main article: Doctor Cyber
Doctor Destiny
Main article: Doctor Destiny
Doctor Fate
Main article: Doctor Fate
Doctor Leviticus
Doctor Leviticus is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.
An unknown woman used the name of Doctor Leviticus to experiment on electrum which would later be used in the Talon experiments of her group the Court of Owls.
Doctor Leviticus in other media
A variation of Doctor Leviticus appears in Gotham Knights, portrayed by Lauren Stamile. This version, originally named Rebekah Leviticus and also known as Rebecca March, is Lincoln March's wife, mother of Brody March, and the leader of the Court of Owls. She additionally killed Lincoln for standing in her way and was responsible for scarring Harvey Dent. Ultimately, she is killed in an explosion during a battle with the Gotham Knights.
Doctor Light
Main article: Doctor Light (character)
Arthur Light
Main article: Doctor Light (Arthur Light)
Kimiyo Hoshi
Main article: Doctor Light (Kimiyo Hoshi)
Doctor Manhattan
Main article: Doctor Manhattan
Doctor Mid-Nite
Main article: Doctor Mid-Nite
Doctor Moon
Doctor Moon is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.
Doctor Moon is a criminal neurosurgeon who sells his services to other villains that require his unethical skills of body modifications, psychological conditions, and torture. Doctor Moon was first seen in the Pre-Crisis as a member of the League of Assassins. Ra's al Ghul wanted him to reanimate a brain of a corpse so that he can interrogate only for that plan to be foiled by Batman.
Doctor Cyber later enlisted Doctor Moon as part of a plot to switch brains with Wonder Woman. This plan failed and Wonder Woman defeated both villains.
Doctor Moon was later hired by Guano Cravat to assist in his revenge on Richard Dragon and Lady Shiva. To assist in this plot, Doctor Moon performed surgical enhancements on a group of brutes. These brutes were defeated by Richard Dragon and Lady Shiva.
Ivan Angst of Mercenaries Inc. hired Doctor Moon to experiment on a human test subject and make it into the perfect fighting machine named Gork to defeat Batman. Angst and Gork perished in the conflict, but Doctor Moon got away.
Doctor Moon was later hired by Tobias Whale where his experiment confirmed that Halo lost her memory.
In the Post-Crisis, Doctor Moon was responsible for turning Air Wave II into Maser.
On behalf of Intergang, Doctor Moon prepared Cat Grant for a brainwashing program so that she would change her testimony against Morgan Edge. The plot was foiled by Batman, Superman, and Gangbuster.
Doctor Moon was later killed by Manhunter, who stabbed him with a scalpel.
Doctor Moon in other media
Doctor Moon appears in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Question Authority", voiced by an uncredited Jeffrey Combs. This version is a member of Project Cadmus.
Doctor Moon Dae-il appears in Young Justice, voiced by Vic Chao.
Doctor No-Face
Further reading
Doctor No-Face at the Grand Comics Database
Doctor No-Face is a supervillain in the DC Universe.
The character, created by Dave Wood and Sheldon Moldoff, only appeared in Detective Comics #319 (September 1963).
Within the context of the stories, Bart Magan attempts to remove a facial scar using an experimental device. When the device erases all of his facial features instead, he takes the name "Doctor No-Face" and starts a short-lived crime spree in Gotham City.
Doctor No-Face in other media
Doctor No-Face appears in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "A Bat Divided!".
Doctor Occult
Main article: Doctor Occult
Doctor Poison
Main article: Doctor Poison
Doctor Polaris
Main article: Doctor Polaris
Doctor Psycho
Main article: Doctor Psycho
Doctor Sivana
Main article: Doctor Sivana
Doctor Trap
Doctor Lawrence Trapp, a.k.a. Doctor Trap, is a supervillain with a mechanical jaw. He is an enemy to the Justice Experience, the Martian Manhunter, and Cameron Chase. Created by Dan Curtis Johnson and J. H. Williams III, he first appeared in Chase #3 (April 1998).
Doctor Trap in other media
Doctor Trap appears in Harley Quinn, voiced by Alan Tudyk. After Gotham fell into ruin during the first season finale, this version took over a museum, stole various weapons from other supervillains, and used booby traps to protect them. In the second season episode "Trapped", Harley Quinn, Poison Ivy, Kite Man, and Catwoman break into Trap's museum to retrieve Firefly's flamethrower, in the process breaking his jaw with a baseball bat. Trap later makes a cameo appearance in the episode "Something Borrowed, Something Green", having had his jaw repaired and attending Ivy and Kite Man's wedding. As of the fourth season, he has joined the Legion of Doom.
Doctor Tyme
Doctor Tyme (Percival Sutter) is a supervillain in the DC Universe and enemy of the Doom Patrol. He wields a ray that enables him to manipulate and freeze time. Created by Arnold Drake and Bruno Premiani, he first appeared in Doom Patrol #92 (December 1964).
Doctor Tyme in other media
Doctor Tyme makes a cameo appearance in a flashback in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "The Last Patrol!".
Doctor Tyme appears in Super Friends #24 as a member of W.O.R.M.S., a group of mad scientists led by Lex Luthor.
Doctor Tyme appears in Doom Patrol, portrayed by Brandon Perea and voiced by Dan Martin.
Dodger
Debuting in Green Arrow and Black Canary #7 (June 2008), Dodger is a thief who deals in high-end merchandise. Operating from London, England, Dodger will steal and/or sell anything from information to advanced technology.
At one point he came into possession of what appeared to be an alien spacecraft. Recognizing that the vehicle's stealth capabilities made it a lucrative commodity, he began leasing the vessel to various underworld figures, including the League of Assassins. When the vessel in question was linked to an assassination attempt against Connor Hawke, Green Arrow, and Black Canary began investigating its activity. The trail led them to London where they (along with Mia "Speedy" Dearden) engaged in combat with Dodger at a local pub. Although Dodger proved to be an able-bodied physical combatant, "Team Arrow" subdued him and he told them about the League of Assassins.
When pressed for more information, Dodger was unwilling to cooperate, so the Green Arrow and the Black Canary dropped him from the belly of a cargo plane suspended by a bungee cord until he agreed to give them better intelligence. He took them to his secret lair and triangulated the last location of the stealth ship he had leased.
The Green Arrow and the Black Canary then persuaded him to accompany them on the search, which brought them to a castle in Leichestershire, England. They evaded several traps and finally discovered a cryogenics tube containing the compressed form of former Justice Leaguer Plastic Man.
Dodger continued to work alongside "Team Arrow" and fought a team of metahumans who claimed to represent the League of Assassins. Dodger contributed very little to the battle; however, he did manage to distract one of them long enough for Batman to subdue him. Dodger continued adventuring with the group, battled foes and completed the adventure along with the team.
After settling their business with the League of Assassins, Dodger accompanied "Team Arrow" back to the United States, where he struck up a romantic relationship with Mia Dearden. Mia has now left the States and traveled to London to continue this relationship.
Dodger in other media
Dodger appears in a self-titled episode of Arrow, portrayed by James Callis. This version is Winnick Norton, a British jewel thief who wields a stun stick and employs hostages with bomb collars to steal for him until he is defeated by Oliver Queen and John Diggle and arrested by the Starling City Police Department.
The Arrow incarnation of Dodger appears in the non-canonical tie-in comic Arrow: Season 2.5. After escaping from prison, he moves to Blüdhaven and joins a mercenary group called the Renegades. Under Clinton Hogue's orders, they kidnap Felicity Smoak, but are defeated by Queen, Roy Harper and Helena Bertinelli, who leave them for the police.
Doll Man
Main article: Doll Man
Dollmaker
Main article: Dollmaker (comics)
Dominus
For the Marvel Comics villain, see Dominus (Marvel Comics).
Dominus is a fictional character and a DC Comics supervillain who first appeared in Action Comics #747. He appears primarily as an opponent of Superman.
Originally, Dominus was an alien priest named Tuoni, who served as one of the five custodians of his world's faith. During this time, he fell in love with his peer, Ahti. However, he was driven mad by jealousy when Ahti ascended past him and assumed the mantle of Kismet, Illuminator of All Realities.
Studying infernal forbidden magic in an attempt to gain the power to challenge his former lover and rob her of the power of Kismet, Tuoni's assault was reflected by Kismet's divine energies and his body was incinerated. Despite Tuoni's deceit, the omnibenevolent Kismet showed him mercy and shunted his shattered, still-living body into the Phantom Zone.
Within the Phantom Zone, Tuoni encountered a holographic projection of Superman's long-dead Kryptonian ancestor, Kem-L, who was able to use his own ancient variety of arcane Kryptonian science to rebuild the former holy man as a psionic cosmic phantasm known as "Dominus".
In this new all-powerful form, Dominus escaped the Zone via Superman's Fortress of Solitude and attacked Earth. Attempting to find Kismet to steal her cosmic powers, he was opposed by Superman. Swearing vengeance, Dominus telepathically entered Superman's mind and preyed on one of the Man of Steel's greatest weaknesses; his fear of failing the people of Earth.
Using mind control, Dominus convinced Superman to take control of Earth and build the Superman robots to police the planet 24 hours a day, seven days a week forever. In another battle, Dominus used his reality-warping powers to become Superman, using the Superman robots to search for Kismet while Superman was disguised as one of his own robots and later as Dominus.
During his captivity in these other forms Superman improved on his use of Torquasm Vo, an ancient Kryptonian warrior discipline technique where the warrior can control what they think. Superman and Dominus then engaged in a mental-physical battle with Dominus using any stray thought of Superman to reshape reality. The battle ends with Superman banishing Dominus to the Phantom Zone.
Doomsday
Main article: Doomsday (DC Comics)
Dabney Donovan
Dabney Donovan is a character in DC Comics.
Dabney Donovan is a genetic scientist who founded Project Cadmus with Reginald Augustine and Thomas Thompkins. Dabney Donovan was ultimately fired from the Project because he felt there should never be limits in understanding the potential of the genetic code. Donovan had largely been accredited for the non-human creations of the Project, referred to as "DNAliens" (human beings cloned then genetically altered to discover superhuman potential while also giving them a more "alien" appearance), various normal clones, and monsters based on Donovan's favorite horror films (who lived on a small artificial planet on Earth called Transilvane). One of the DNAliens named Dubbilex became a prominent staff member.
Lex Luthor's estranged wife Contessa Portenza worked Dabney Donovan shortly after Superman regained his normal powers when he expended his electromagnetic ones. To assist in the Contessa's plot, Dabney created his own Bizarro clone.
During the "Fall of Metropolis" storyline, Dabney Donovan was revealed to be the creator of the Underworlders and the true mastermind behind the clone virus. He later murders Paul Westfield and cuts off one of his ears as a trophy.
Dabney Donovan returned multiple times to plague Cadmus, such as capturing the adult Legion and subjecting them to various torments as wells. After the death of his clone, Dabney was underground when he found Moxie Mannheim badly injured. He even created youthful clone bodies for Moxie Mannheim and his dead henchmen Ginny "Torcher" McCree, Mike "Machine" Gunn, Noose, and Rough House where they also received superpowers. With an older clone of him used as a bomb upon its death during a meeting with the other crime lords, Moxie had Noose kill Vincent Edge while Dabney Donovan makes use of any genetic material that he can salvage from the dead crime lords.
When Mickey Cannon re-established Project Cadmus, Dabney Donovan was brought back under armed guard and made an "imprisoned advisor". He briefly took control of the place during the "Evil Factory" storyline.
Dabney Donovan in other media
A variation of Dabney Donovan appears in Young Justice, voiced by Phil LaMarr. This version is a human disguise utilized by Dubbilex.
Dabney Donovan appears in Superman & Lois, portrayed by Robel Zere. This version is a physician, scientist, and former MIT student who assists Morgan Edge in his experiments involving the Eradicator and X-Kryptonite, having originally discovered the latter in Europe. In the episode "Loyal Subjekts", Donovan and Edge empower several of Smallville's citizens with X-Kryptonite and the Eradicator. In the episode "O Mother, Where Art Thou?", Superman and a military group led by Sam Lane find Donovan, with Superman persuading him to cooperate with the Department of Defense.
Dabney Donovan appears in the DC Animated Movie Universe (DCAMU) films The Death of Superman and Reign of the Supermen, voiced by Trevor Devall. This version is a LexCorp employee who formerly worked for Project Cadmus and specializes in bio-engineering. He is tasked by Lex Luthor with creating an army of Superman clones. After he gives information on the cloning program to Lois Lane, Dabney is killed by Luthor via several failed clones.
Dabney Donovan appears in DC Universe Online. This version is an associate of the Legion of Doom and vendor in the Hall of Doom's Meta Wing.
Double Dare
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Double Dare are a group of fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. They were created by Chuck Dixon and Scott McDaniel.
Introduced in the pages of Nightwing, Double Dare aka Aliki and Margot Marceau are two female French Cirque acrobats in Blüdhaven where they operate as skilled thieves. Hired by mob boss Blockbuster, they encounter Dick Grayson and form a tenuous alliance with him after being betrayed by Blockbuster.
They later join the new expansive Secret Society led by Alexander Luthor Jr. during Infinite Crisis. In Villains United, the twins encounter the Secret Six.
Double Dare in other media
Double Dare appear as character summons in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
Double Dare appear in DC Super Hero Girls, both voiced by Lauren Tom.
Double Down
Double Down is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He was introduced in The Flash: Iron Heights by Geoff Johns and Ethan Van Sciver.
A con man and compulsive gambler, Jeremy Tell gained his powers following a card game in which he lost. Incensed, he attacked and killed the man who had beaten him. The man had in his possession a cursed deck of cards, which cleaved to Tell's flesh and burned off much of his skin. The cards now act as the top layer of his skin, and can be wielded as weapons.
During his time in prison, the serial killer Murmur released the Frenzy virus at Iron Heights. Tell tried to escape in the ensuing mass breakout, but was stopped by Pied Piper. He was taken back to solitary confinement. A later attempt to break out was successful.
After escaping Iron Heights, he and Girder were both hired by Penguin to help him establish a crime ring in Keystone City, but was stopped by Flash and Nightwing.
In the aftermath of the ambush at the wedding of Green Arrow and Black Canary, Double Down hid in the backseat of a car and escaped with Piper and Trickster He held them at knife-point to help him in joining in their escape. At a roadside diner, Double Down wanted to join the two in their run from the law, afraid of the recent supervillain disappearances. The Suicide Squad had tracked them to the diner, and Double Down was taken in. The other two escaped.
Double Down in other media
Jeremy Tell / Double Down appears in the Arrow episode "Restoration", portrayed by J.R. Bourne. This version acquired his powers while receiving a tattoo in Central City amidst the explosion of Harrison Wells' particle accelerator, gaining the ability to manifest physical cards from his tattoos and utilize them as weapons. After being hired by Mina Fayad of H.I.V.E. to kill the Green Arrow, Tell fights him and Spartan until the Green Arrow defeats him. Tell is later incarcerated in Iron Heights Penitentiary.
Double Down makes a cameo appearance in The Suicide Squad, portrayed by Jared Leland Gore. This version is an inmate of Belle Reve Penitentiary.
Draaga
Draaga is a fictional alien character in the DC Comics universe. He first appeared in The Adventures of Superman #454 and was created by Jerry Ordway, Roger Stern, and George Pérez.
In the "Superman in Exile" storyline, Superman has exiled himself from Earth due to psychological problems he was suffering from at the time, and was forced by the space villain Mongul to participate in his gladiatorial games. Draaga is the champion of the games, but Superman defeats him, then refuses to kill him. This baffles Draaga, whose code of honor demands a rematch against Superman, though he later comes to respect the hero. After Superman deposes of Mongul, the aliens who control the artificial planet Warworld choose Draaga to be their ruler.
Draaga returns in the "Panic in the Sky" storyline where Maxima hires him to destroy Superman. The Superman he encounters here is the android Supergirl Matrix wearing Superman's form, who loses to Draaga on an asteroid. The second time Draaga loses on Warworld is in a contest held by Brainiac. Later Draaga joins Superman in the fight against Brainiac to regain his honor. He is killed while jumping into an organic anti-matter doomsday device created by Brainiac and is buried beside The Cleric, on the asteroid on which he first encountered Supergirl. The shapeshifting Matrix honours Draaga during the battle against Brainiac by adopting his form.
Draaga in other media
Draaga appears in the Justice League two-part episode "War World", voiced by William Smith.
Draaga appears in the Supergirl episode "Survivors", portrayed by John DeSantis. This version is a combatant in Roulette's underground fight club in National City.
Draaga appears in Young Justice #20.
Dragon King
Dragon King is a fictional character from DC Comics. He was created by Roy Thomas and Rich Buckler, and first appeared in All-Star Squadron #4, in December 1981.
The man known as "Dragon King" was a high-ranking official and scientist in the Japanese government during World War II, who created the nerve gas K887. He obtained the mythical Holy Grail for Japan, and was able to combine it with Adolf Hitler's Spear of Destiny which the German dictator had loaned to Japanese General Hideki Tōjō. With the two items, the Dragon King and Hitler were able to create a field of arcane magic that shielded imperial Japan and Fortress Europa from attack by the allies' super heroes or "Mystery Men". The field ensured that any hero with magic-based powers, or a vulnerability to magic (like Superman), would instantly be converted to the Axis cause, keeping some of the allies' most powerful heroes out of the theatre of war. Some heroes were temporarily able to circumvent this for humanitarian missions, despite the Dragon King's best efforts. After Japan's surrender on August 15, 1945, the Dragon King went into hiding and experimented with combining his own genetic material with that of a lizard. He eventually succeeded in making himself a hybrid of human and reptile.
In more recent history (in modern age), the Dragon King resurfaced in the fictional town of Blue Valley, Nebraska, with a daughter named Cindy Burman, now a villainess called "Shiv". While making use of a robot that operated as Principal Sherman at Blue Valley High School, Dragon King is served by Paintball, Skeeter, and Stunt. He clashed against the second Star-Spangled Kid, Courtney Whitmore, her sidekick S.T.R.I.P.E., and the Shining Knight, while the latter was on a quest to reclaim the Holy Grail. It is strongly implied during this confrontation that the Dragon King had in the past murdered the All-Star Squadron member Firebrand. During this fight, the Dragon King himself was defeated and apparently killed by the Shining Knight, although his body was never found.
He later resurfaced with the Spear of Destiny in his possession and attempted to raise an army of super-powered soldiers, but was defeated by the Justice Society of America.
Dragon King in other media
Dragon King makes a cameo appearance in a flashback in the Young Justice episode "Humanity". He attempted to assassinate the Flash at the 1939 World's Fair, but Firebrand sacrificed herself to save the latter.
Dragon King appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
Dragon King appears in Stargirl, portrayed by Nelson Lee. This version, Shiro Ito, is an Imperial Japanese war criminal from World War II who was supposedly executed for his work with biological weapons. Having survived to the present day and acquired reptilian scales, he hides his identity with an elaborate costume, experiments on himself and his patients, and joined the Injustice Society of America (ISA). Throughout the first season, he assists the ISA in their plot to enact "Project: New America" while monitoring Brainwave's son Henry King Jr. for burgeoning powers by forcing his daughter Cindy Burman to date the latter. By the season finale, Ito is fatally wounded by Burman. As of the third season, he had transplanted his brain into the body of Ultra-Humanite, who in turn transplanted his into that of Starman's as part of Icicle's plot to have "Starman" and Icicle's son Cameron defeat Ito to prove their worth as heroes. While fighting the Justice Society of America (JSA) however, Ito is turned into a plush toy by Jakeem Williams and Thunderbolt.
Richard Dragon
Main article: Richard Dragon
Carl Draper
"Master Jailer" redirects here. For the Image Comics character, see Reborn (comics) § Characters.
Carl Draper is a fictional character in DC Comics, an enemy of Superman. Draper made his first appearance in Superman #331 (January 1979), written by Martin Pasko and drawn by Curt Swan and Frank Chiaramonte.
In the Pre-Crisis comics, Carl "Moosie" Draper grew up in Smallville (see Kator below). Draper was an overweight clumsy teenager whom most of the other kids never noticed or made fun of and was in love with Lana Lang, who had eyes only for Superboy, much to Draper's resentment. As an adult, Draper underwent a self-imposed self-improvement regimen, including exercise and cosmetic surgery, to overcome his physical shortcomings. He became an expert locksmith and architect, designing an inescapable prison for supervillains called "Mount Olympus". Impressed by the achievement, Superman augmented the prison's security by placing it on an antigravity platform. Initially dubbed "Draper's Island" by Superman, it was informally renamed "Superman Island" by the adult Lana—with whom Draper remained smitten, just as she remained lovestruck by Superman. It was the latter name, plus the novelty of the floating platform, that caught public attention, diverting recognition from Draper himself. This proved the final straw for Draper, who snapped and became the costumed supervillain the Master Jailer. He attacked Superman and kidnapped Lana under that name. Superman defeated him and he was sent to his own prison.
In The New Adventures of Superboy #17 (May 1981), at the prodding of Carl, Superboy creates a robot named Kator as a sparring adversary (and gives the "safety cutoff switch" to Jonathan Kent). Kator, however, developed an artificial intelligence and almost killed the Boy of Steel before being destroyed (in The New Adventures of Superboy #18). The robot apparently gave Draper its identity and powers before being destroyed. Draper (as the new Kator) then engages Superboy in combat, but Jonathan Kent presses the safety switch on the "cutoff" device, which removes "Kator's" superpowers from Draper, and Superboy removes the memory of Draper ever being Kator.
In the Post-Crisis comics, Carl Draper first appeared in The Adventures of Superman #517 (November 1994). This was during the "Dead Again" storyline, when Superman was suspected of being an impostor after his body was found still in his tomb (from The Death of Superman storyline). Draper was hired by S.T.A.R. Labs to design a holding cell for Conduit, when his daughter, Carla, asked him if he could build a prison that could hold even Superman. Draper initially designed a trap that only the real Superman could escape from, explaining this to Superman by way of a hologram of a costumed figure named Deathtrap. When Superman escaped the trap, Draper became obsessed with proving that he could capture the real thing. This version of Draper was dressed in casual wear, only getting an updated costume with chain-based attacks later.
Draper made several other attempts to capture Superman, often programming the Deathtrap hologram in advance so he could publicly be elsewhere. On one occasion, in Superman: The Man of Steel #43 (April 1995), he programmed Deathtrap to appear during a Draper Security press conference and display how Draper's devices were being "subverted", thus both removing suspicion from him and acting as an advertisement for the company.
In Action Comics #739, Superman (in his blue energy form) was captured in an "energy hobble" by Deathtrap, now calling himself the Locksmith. At the end of the story, it was revealed to the reader that his daughter, Carla Draper, was running the hologram this time and that her father was unaware of this. The now-costumed Master Jailer was one of the villains along with Neutron controlled by Manchester Black in the 2002 storyline "Ending Battle"; however, it was not clear that it was, in fact, Draper.
Carl Draper appears in Checkmate #17 (October 2007). At some point, Checkmate discovered his multiple identities and used this to force him into becoming a security consultant, protecting Checkmate itself from attack. In the issue, he prevents numerous assaults on Checkmate headquarters and is promoted to head of security with the title Castellan. Although he has not told his superiors, he strongly suspects that Carla is involved in the attacks. The issue also contains an Easter egg—computer displays show an actual website (now defunct) that could be accessed with the username "CARL DRAPER" and the password "wilhelmina". The site was a journal and database written from Draper's perspective. In his journal, he claimed to have been only Deathtrap and that he was unconnected with the Post-Crisis Master Jailer.
A DC Rebirth version of the Master Jailer appears in the Aquaman/Suicide Squad crossover "Sinking Atlantis" as a member of the Squad. Aspects of his pre- and Post-Crisis history are present, with Carl growing up in Smallville and having a daughter.
Carl Draper in other media
The Master Jailer appears in Supergirl, portrayed by Jeff Branson. This version is an alien from the planet Trombus and a guard at the Kryptonian prison Fort Rozz until the prison ship landed on Earth and many of the inmates escaped. He turned vigilante, hunting down and lynching several escapees until he was thwarted by Kara. Additionally, on Earth, he posed as Detective Draper of the National City Police Department.
Carla Draper
Carla Draper is the daughter of Carl Draper who made an appearance in Superboy (vol. 4) #26 (May 1996) under the name Snare. She responded to a request from the Hawaiian Special Crimes Unit to Draper Security for assistance in capturing the supervillain Knockout, who was on the run with a misguided Superboy in tow. Snare, aware of her father's obsession, tried to prove that she could do something that he could not by capturing Superboy. This led to a fight with the SCU, during which Superboy and Knockout escaped.
Penny Dreadful
Penny Dreadful is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.
She is one of the children that Doctor Love experimented on while she was in her mother's womb. This experiment enabled her to develop energy-absorbing abilities. Taking the name Penny Dreadful, she became part of Helix where they fought Infinity, Inc. on occasion.
Penny Dreadful in other media
Penny Dreadful appears in the Stargirl episode "Frenemies – Chapter Eight: Infinity Inc. Part Two", portrayed by Megan Ashley Brown. This version is a patient at the Helix Institute for Youth Rehabilitation and resides in a room that is covered in mirrors.
Dreadnought
The Dreadnought is a fictional character in DC Comics appearing in The New 52 continuity. He serves as an agent of the H.I.V.E., along with Psiphon. He appears in Superboy (vol. 4) #20, where he is sent by the H.I.V.E. to New York City to apprehend Doctor Psycho, who had escaped from a H.I.V.E. facility, and Superboy, whose psionic powers were of interest to the H.I.V.E. The two characters teamed up and managed to defeat the H.I.V.E. soldiers. The Dreadnought was sent flying by Superboy and landed in the Hudson River.
Dream
Main article: Dream (character)
Dream Girl
Main article: Nura Nal
Dubbilex
Dubbilex is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.
Dubbilex started off his life as a creation of Dabney Donovan. He is a so-called DNAlien — a human clone whose DNA was modified to create an alien-looking creature with paranormal abilities. In Dubbilex's case, he possesses telepathic and telekinetic abilities.
Making his post-Crisis debut in Superman Annual (2nd series) #2, Dubbilex's origins remained the same: the DNAlien creation of Dabney Donovan. He goes to work for Cadmus Labs. He becomes an ally to the Man of Steel and is accepted as one of the powered beings forming his honor guard during Superman's funeral.
Dubbilex grew close to Superboy, having aided in his creation by providing mental impressions he had gained from past encounters with Superman to provide Superboy with his 'template's' memories in the absence of Superman's actual mind. Once Kon-El left the Labs for Hawaii, Dubbilex accompanied him to report his status to Cadmus. Although their relationship started off somewhat rocky, they became great friends. Superboy taught Dubbilex about many things of the modern world, while Dubbilex represented Superboy during a 'parent's' night' for the members of Superboy's first team, Young Justice (The other attendes being Nightwing for Robin, Max Mercury for Impulse, Bonnie King for Arrowette and Helena Sandsmark for Wonder Girl).
Dubbilex gains many friends of his own while in Hawaii. Agent Rex Leech, Rex's daughter Roxy, TV reporter Tana Moon, and Bibbo Bibbowski's white puppy named Krypto. Superboy and most of this group end up operating out of a small, weather-beaten, out of the way house. Dubbilex also helps uncover the nature of Knockout, While Superboy's super-powered girlfriend has fought villains many times, it is revealed, via Dubbilex's powers, that she casually kills an innocent police officer simply because he was in her way.
Once Superboy returned to Cadmus, Dubbilex followed and became the Head of Genetics. Although partly blaming himself for Tana Moon’s death, Dubbilex eventually found a retreat and learned from a monk that Superboy needed to move on with life without his guidance. After Superboy left the Project, Dubbilex has stayed in the background.
Dubbilex, and the rest of Project Cadmus, resurfaced during Countdown Week 32 (September 2007), in an attempt to help Jimmy Olsen with his new superpowers.
Dubbilex seemingly died due to wounds sustained in battle with Codename: Assassin, when the assassin attempted to eliminate anyone affiliated with the truth about Cadmus's cloning experiments. Despite being shot in the head, his unique physiology allowed him to survive long enough for Jimmy Olsen to find him and learn the truth about recent events. In his apparent last words, he asked Jimmy to consider him a man rather than a creation. Olsen comes to believe Dubbilex were murdered as part of a plot to destroy Superman and all other Kryptonians, such as the recently enlarged citizens of Kandor. He was later proven correct; as 'Assassin' is seen working for Lex Luthor and General Sam Lane, avowed enemies of Kryptonians.
Dubbilex (or a new clone of him) still lives and returned to battle Supergirl.
In 2011, "The New 52" rebooted the DC universe. Dubbilex appeared briefly during a scene where Kevin Kho OMAC attack Project Cadmus.
Dubbilex in other media
Dubbilex appears in Young Justice, voiced by Phil LaMarr. This version is a Genomorph, a genetically-engineered creature created by Project Cadmus who works with Dr. Mark Desmond, Guardian, and Dr. Amanda Spence. After Desmond is defeated by Robin, Kid Flash, Aqualad, and Superboy and taken away by the Justice League, Dubbilex remains at Cadmus to protect his fellow Genomorphs. Upon learning they are not allowed to leave the premises, Dubbilex secretly liberates several Genomorphs and builds an underground city called Genomorph City in the hopes that they will eventually be accepted among humanity. Eventually, with the League's help, the Genomorphs build and move to Geranium City, where they disguise themselves as humans, with Dubbilex serving as "Mayor Donovan".
Henri Ducard
Henri Ducard is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character, created by Sam Hamm and Denys Cowan, first appeared in Detective Comics #599 (April 1989).
Henri Ducard was a French detective who trained Bruce Wayne in manhunting and acting as one of his mentors, but his moral ambiguity played a role in their conflict. He'd later encounter and befriend Tim Drake on a case involving Lady Shiva and King Snake.
In The New 52, Ducard would return in the series Batman and Robin, where he'd train his son Morgan in the art of assassinating under the name "NoBody".
Henri Ducard in other media
"Henri Ducard" appears in Batman Begins, portrayed by Liam Neeson. In addition to being Bruce Wayne's mentor, this version is the true Ra's al Ghul in disguise as a lesser member of the League of Shadows.
Henri Ducard appears in the Robot Chicken episode "Password: Swordfish", voiced by Seth Green. He trains Henry Heimlich to use the Heimlich maneuver in a segment that parodies his character in Batman Begins.
Henri Ducard appears in the Gotham Knights episode "Night of the Owls", portrayed by Charles Mesure. In addition to training Batman, this version trained Turner Hayes's birth parents and wishes to train Turner as well.
Cal Durham
Further reading
Cal Durham at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
Cal Durham at the Grand Comics Database
Cal Durham is a former henchman of Black Manta and a public figure in the DC Universe.
The character, created by David Michelinie and Jim Aparo, first appeared in Aquaman #57 (August–September 1977).
Within the context of the stories, Cal Durham is a mercenary hired by Black Manta under the pretense of establishing an African American-dominated underwater society. To this end, Durham undergoes surgical procedures to emulate Atlantean physiology. Discovering that Manta is more focused on destroying Aquaman than fulfilling his social promise, he rebels. This results in Manta attempting to kill him and Durham re-evaluating his goals. Much later during One Year Later, he appears as the mayor of Sub Diego.
Cal Durham in other media
Calvin "Cal" Durham appears in Young Justice, voiced by Phil LaMarr. This version is Kaldur'ahm's foster father and former henchman of Black Manta who was genetically modified to gain Atlantean-like abilities and infiltrate Atlantis, though he defected and subsequently settled down with Sha'lain'a of Shayeris.
Durham also appears in the Young Justice tie-in comic book.
References
Text was copied from Jeremy Tell (New Earth) at DC Database, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license.
Text was copied from Jeremy Tell (Arrowverse) at DC Database, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license.
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android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourman_(android)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damage_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Mister Terrific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Terrific_(Michael_Holt)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Dan the Dyna-Mite is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.Danny Dunbar was the star pupil of Thomas N. Thomas, a high school chemistry and physical education teacher.[1]One evening while Thomas and Dunbar are working on an experiment, Thomas' hand accidentally touches Dunbar's and both teacher and student find themselves feeling more energized. Thomas realizes that each of them has somehow absorbed the chemicals with which they have been working. By touching each other, Thomas and Dunbar now become charged with an unknown form of energy and briefly possess superhuman powers.[2]They decide not to reveal their discovery publicly for fear that it would be misused. Instead, they use their new super-powers to fight crime as costumed heroes. Thomas becomes known as TNT and Dunbar as Dan the Dyna-Mite, and both join the wartime All-Star Squadron.[3] Thomas and Dunbar each wears a \"dyna-ring\". By pressing the rings together, Thomas and Dunbar trigger a chemical reaction that temporarily charges the two heroes with energy.In April 1942, TNT and Dyna-Mite battle Nazi saboteurs who are attempting to blow up a dam in Colorado. When the saboteurs flee in a car, the pair gives chase in their own auto. One of the bullets hits the tire of the heroes' car and it crashes and bursts into flames. The young hero Iron Munro pulls TNT and Dyna-Mite from the wreckage. TNT is already dead and his spirit is carried off by the Valkyrie called Gudra (a member of Axis Amerika). Munro takes Dyna-Mite to a hospital, where he soon recovers.[4]Danny is grief-stricken but bucks up when President Roosevelt requests that he and other young members of the All-Star Squadron take a cross-country tour to encourage the buying of war bonds.[5] His depression is worsened by the assumption that without TNT, he can no longer use his own super-powers. Soon, Danny learns he can activate them by wearing both dyna-rings and pressing them together.[6]In his \"golden years\", Dan joins his childhood friends Neptune Perkins, Doiby Dickles, Merry Pemberton, Thorndyke Thompkins of the Minute Men of America, and the Cyclone Kids (now called the Cyclones) to form \"Old Justice\". They were all once sidekicks to older superheroes. They advocate abolishing teen super-teams and butt heads with Young Justice many times. Over the course of the Sins of Youth storyline, a rally in D.C. over this issue occurs. It is attacked and dozens of adult superheroes turn young and the Young Justice members turn adult. Old Justice, unaffected, find themselves having to supervise the chaotic crowd of younger heroes with the aid of the now-adult Young Justice. Temporarily working out of the JLA HQ in Happy Harbor, everyone must deal with Klarion the Witch Boy, other younger supervillains, and dozens of magically created monsters. It comes down to every available hand in a vicious battle in the snowfields outside an Alaskan scientific complex. At the end of the adventure once Klarion is blackmailed into restoring the altered heroes, Old Justice realizes Young Justice really are worthy heroes.[7]In 2010's DCU: Legacies #2, TNT and Dyna-Mite are revealed to have been founding members of the Seven Soldiers of Victory.[8][9][10] How this retcon affects their histories, such as the previously established death of TNT and Dyna-Mite's Young All-Stars stint, has not yet been revealed.During the \"Dark Nights: Death Metal\" storyline, Dan the Dyna-Mite is among the superheroes revived by Batman using a Black Lantern ring.[11]In the pages of \"The New Golden Age\", Daniel Dunbar reminisces about the time when he and TNT thwarted a robbery by the Fox and the Crow as well as TNT getting killed in action. Stargirl and Red Arrow later visit the house of Daniel Dunbar where they find that he had been investigating what happened to Miss America's sidekicks Betsy Ross and Molly Pitcher, John Henry Jr., and Human Bomb's sidekick Cherry Bomb as well as the disappearance of Hourman's sidekick Tick-Tock. Daniel took a boat out to sea. When his boat crashes off the coast of an island, he saves his rings and heads to shore. Daniel finds himself younger as a voice states that he shouldn't have come to this island.[12] Dan the Dyna-Mite is among the Lost Children who are freed by Red Arrow and Boom. By the time Red Arrow reunited with Stargirl, Dan the Dyna-Mite was among those subdued by the Hourman android.[13] Thanks to a diversion from Corky Baxter, Boom used this diversion to free everyone. Following Time Master and Childminder's defeat and Wing being sent back to his own time, Dan the Dyna-Mite is among the Lost Children that are brought to Stargirl's time by the Hourman android due to paradoxical reasons, though he is still in his de-aged state.[14]Dan the Dyna-Mite later assisted Damage in fighting Reichsmark as Dan made a comment to Damage about him planning to have used the alias of TNT.[15]Mister Terrific later mentioned that Dan the Dyna-Mite and Damage are officially partnered up.[16]","title":"Dan the Dyna-Mite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elseworlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elseworlds"},{"link_name":"The Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Age_(comics)"}],"sub_title":"Alternate versions of Dan the Dyna-mite","text":"In the 1993 Elseworlds series The Golden Age, Dan Dunbar retires from his superhero identity following the end of the second world war and goes to Princeton for college. However, Dan flunks due to poor grades, continued feelings of guilt over his mentor's death, and being unable to adapt to life as a civilian after spending his youth as a super-hero. He is recruited by Tex Thompson, the Americomando, for a secret project to gain atomic powers and become \"Dynaman\"; a government sponsored super-hero. However, Dan is murdered on the day he is to gain his new atomic powers, so that Thompson (secretly the Ultra-Humanite in the former hero's body) can put the brain of Adolf Hitler into Dan's body and infuse him with atomic energies to give Hitler super-powers. Hitler and Ultra-Humanite are ultimately exposed and defeated, in a bloody battle with many casualties, before Liberty Belle kills Dynaman to stop his rampage.","title":"Dan the Dyna-Mite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teen Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Titans"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuideDCComics-18"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"H.I.V.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.I.V.E."},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"},{"link_name":"Vandal Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal_Savage"},{"link_name":"Adeline Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeline_Kane"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Damien Darhk is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.Damien Darhk is an elusive and dangerous criminal mastermind and enemy of the Teen Titans.[17] He makes his first appearance in Titans #1 (March 1999).[18] Claiming to be a major player in the American underworld and implying he has an army at his disposal, Darhk is shown to be well-established and well-connected despite being in his early 20s and has remained untouchable by the FBI and the CIA.[19]He appears to have some connection to the crime syndicate the H.I.V.E. and has access to unique high-tech equipment unknown to any organization. Darhk uses trickery and forgotten science to make his followers and the public believe he has mystical or magical powers, but is later proven to be a fraud. Darhk is also a Wi-Fi genius, able to stay in touch with anyone by the very latest forms of mass communication. During an altercation with the Titans, Darhk was shot to death by Vandal Savage. Thanks to Adeline Kane, he survived.[20]","title":"Damien Darhk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribblenauts_Unmasked:_A_DC_Comics_Adventure"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"Damien Darhk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Darhk_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Arrowverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowverse"},{"link_name":"Neal McDonough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_McDonough"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"fourth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_season_4"},{"link_name":"Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Ra's al Ghul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"League of Assassins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Assassins"},{"link_name":"H.I.V.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.I.V.E."},{"link_name":"Oliver Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Queen_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Vixen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_McCabe_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Iron Heights Penitentiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Heights_Penitentiary"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Merlyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Merlyn_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_(character)"},{"link_name":"Murmur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmur_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Laurel Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Lance_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Anarky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarky_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Mr. Terrific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Holt_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Calculator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Kuttler_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Heroes Join Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_Join_Forces"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Legends of Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"pilot episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_(Legends_of_Tomorrow)"},{"link_name":"second season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow_(season_2)"},{"link_name":"Reverse-Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eobard_Thawne_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Legion of Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Doom"},{"link_name":"Sara Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Lance"},{"link_name":"Spear of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spear_of_Destiny"},{"link_name":"third season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow_(season_3)"},{"link_name":"Nora Darhk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Darhk"},{"link_name":"Mallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallus_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Nate Heywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Heywood_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Ray Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Palmer_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"fifth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow_(season_5)"},{"link_name":"Astra Logue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Logue_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"The Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(2014_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Flashpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashpoint_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Barry Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Allen_(Arrowverse)"}],"sub_title":"Damien Darhk in other media","text":"Damien Darkh appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.[21]\nDamien Darhk appears in media set in the Arrowverse, portrayed by Neal McDonough.[22]\nFirst appearing in the fourth season of the TV series Arrow,[23] this version is a ruthless yet honorable friend-turned-rival of Ra's al Ghul and a renegade member of the League of Assassins who left after being denied leadership and formed H.I.V.E. Additionally, he acquired a magical artifact called the Khushu Idol, which grants telekinesis and the ability to drain life energy through physical contact, though individuals resurrected by Lazarus Pits have an adverse effect on him. Throughout the season, he battles Oliver Queen and his allies until Vixen destroys the Khushu Idol. Damien is prosecuted and sent to Iron Heights Penitentiary, but recruits Malcolm Merlyn, Brick, and Murmur before eventually breaking out, killing Laurel Lance in the process. After Anarky kills his wife and destroys the \"Ark\" in which he and H.I.V.E. planned to survive the nuclear holocaust they wanted to cause, Damien becomes nihilistic and maintains his attempt to destroy the world until Queen, his allies, Mr. Terrific, and the Calculator disable all but one of H.I.V.E.'s nuclear bombs and rally Star City's citizens against him, with the outpouring of hope negating Damien's powers. He is subsequently killed by Queen in a final battle.\nDamien makes a cameo appearance in the crossover \"Heroes Join Forces\".[24]\nDamien appears in the TV series Legends of Tomorrow.[25][26] A past version from 1975 makes a minor appearance in the two-part pilot episode. A time-displaced version appears in the second season as a member of the Reverse-Flash's Legion of Doom, having joined to avert his death despite initial hesitancy to work with him and going on to form a rivalry with Sara Lance. The Legion eventually obtains the Spear of Destiny and create a new timeline for themselves, with Damien becoming Star City's mayor and restoring his magical powers, but the Legends travel back in time to undo their victory, defeat them, and return them to the points in time where they were pulled from with no memory of their activities. In the third season, Damien is resurrected and has his memories restored by his daughter Nora Darhk before he agrees to help free Mallus by creating time aberrations to weaken the latter's interdimensional prison. However, the Darhks clash over their differing approaches to their relationship. After Nate Heywood and Ray Palmer convince Damien that Nora will cease to exist if he frees Mallus, Damien joins the Legends in thwarting the demon's plot to possess her, sacrificing himself to save her in the process. In the fifth season episode \"Mr. Parker's Cul-De-Sac\", Astra Logue resurrects Damien once more in an attempt to spread misery, but he abandons her to see Nora instead, only to learn his daughter had become a fairy godmother and entered a relationship with Palmer. Nora's current charge, Pippa, wishes the Darhks and Legends into an episode of her favorite TV show, Mr. Parker's Cul-De-Sac, to force them to reconcile before Damien gives Palmer his blessing to marry Nora and borrows a \"Hellsword\" the Legends acquired to kill himself.\nAn alternate timeline version of Damien appears in the TV series The Flash five-part episode \"Armageddon\". After the Reverse-Flash creates a \"Reverse-Flashpoint\" timeline to alter Barry Allen's life, Damien lost his daughter and joined forces with his version of the Reverse-Flash to kill several heroes. Though he was apprehended, he got off due to a technicality. Upon learning Nora is alive in the original timeline, Damien helps Allen restore it.","title":"Damien Darhk"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Darkseid"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dark Angel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Red Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Arrow_(comics)"}],"text":"Dark Arrow is an alias used by characters appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics as a counterpart of Green Arrow and Red Arrow.","title":"Dark Arrow"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hannibal Bates","title":"Dark Arrow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"James Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robinson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Nicola Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Scott"},{"link_name":"Connor Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connor_Hawke"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Roy McQueen","text":"A different version, Roy McQueen,[27] was created by James Robinson and Nicola Scott, and first appeared in Earth 2 #14 (September 2013). He is an archer with partial enhancement who is part of the World Army while known as Connor Hawke.[28]","title":"Dark Arrow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freedom Fighters: The Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Fighters:_The_Ray"},{"link_name":"Matthew Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Mercer"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FreedomFighters-29"},{"link_name":"Arrowverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowverse"},{"link_name":"Crisis on Earth-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_on_Earth-X"},{"link_name":"Stephen Amell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Amell"},{"link_name":"Earth-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-X_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Queen_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Führer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"the Nazis achieved world domination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothetical_Axis_victory_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Dark Arrow in other media","text":"A character loosely inspired by Dark Arrow called Black Arrow appears in the Arrowverse web series Freedom Fighters: The Ray, voiced by Matthew Mercer. This version also hails from Earth-X and serves as a member of the New Reichsmen.[29]\nAn original incarnation of Dark Arrow appears in the Arrowverse crossover \"Crisis on Earth-X\", portrayed by Stephen Amell. This version is the Earth-X doppelgänger of Oliver Queen, the Führer of a reality where the Nazis achieved world domination.[30][31]","title":"Dark Arrow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(DC_Comics_character)"}],"text":"The Dark Flash is a character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is a counterpart of the Flash.","title":"Dark Flash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Waid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Waid"},{"link_name":"Paul Pelletier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pelletier"},{"link_name":"Hypertime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertime"},{"link_name":"Kobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobra_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"Wonder Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Legion of Zoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Zoom_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Walter West","text":"Walter West was created by Mark Waid and Paul Pelletier, and first appeared in The Flash (vol. 2) #150 (July 1999). Appearing in the main DC universe in recognition of his other self's sacrifice, he is from another reality within Hypertime who was unable to save his loved ones from death at Kobra's hands. After his presence in the main DC Universe starts to cause other realities in Hypertime to bleed over into the main one, the Dark Flash is forced by Superman and Wonder Woman to transverse Hypertime and return home. The Dark Flash leaves the main DC Universe, but seems to go from reality to reality with no success.[32] However, the Dark Flash was among the speedsters that help to fight Professor Zoom and the Legion of Zoom.[33]","title":"Dark Flash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(DC_Comics_character)"},{"link_name":"Earth-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-10"},{"link_name":"52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52_(comics)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Forerunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forerunner_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Overgirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overgirl"},{"link_name":"Monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitors_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Earth 10 version","text":"An alternative version of the Dark Flash (also called the Flash) appears as an inhabitant of Earth-10 as seen in the stories 52, Countdown and Countdown to Final Crisis.[citation needed] He is a member of the JSAxis before he is recruited by the Monarch over Forerunner's protests and presumably died alongside Overgirl while fighting the Monitors.[34][35][36][37]","title":"Dark Flash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Porter_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Eobard Thawne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eobard_Thawne"},{"link_name":"Bloodwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodwork_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Barry Allen","text":"The Negative Flash, created by Joshua Williamson, Paul Pelletier and Howard Porter, and debuted in The Flash (vol. 5) #26 (September 2017), is Barry Allen while corrupted by the Negative Speed Force thanks to Eobard Thawne and later dealt with Bloodwork.[38]","title":"Dark Flash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wally West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_West"},{"link_name":"Speed Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Force"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"True Flash","text":"The True Flash is Hunter Zolomon enhanced with the energies of the Strength Force, the Sage Force and the Still Force after escalating conflict between Barry Allen and Wally West to break the Speed Force so he can try to set history to his own design.[39][40]","title":"Dark Flash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justice League Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_Heroes"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Arrowverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowverse"},{"link_name":"The Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(2014_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"sixth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(season_6)"},{"link_name":"Barry Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Allen_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Grant Gustin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Gustin"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Eobard Thawne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eobard_Thawne_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Tom Cavanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cavanagh"},{"link_name":"Crisis on Earth-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_on_Earth-X"},{"link_name":"eighth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(season_8)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"DC Extended Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Extended_Universe"},{"link_name":"The Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(film)"},{"link_name":"Barry Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Allen_(DC_Extended_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Ezra Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Miller"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Dark Flash in other media","text":"Walter West / Dark Flash appears in Justice League Heroes as an alternate costume for Wally West.[41]\nVariations of the Dark Flash appears in the Arrowverse series The Flash.\nOne appears during the sixth season as a corrupted version of Barry Allen (portrayed by Grant Gustin) due to Ramsey Russo.[42]\nAnother appears with Eobard Thawne (portrayed by Tom Cavanagh) as a general on Earth-X in the crossover Crisis on Earth-X and enhanced by the Negative Still Force in the eighth season.[43][44]\nThe Dark Flash appears in the DC Extended Universe film The Flash as an alternate version of Barry Allen (portrayed by Ezra Miller) who continuously reversed time to prevent his reality's destruction.[45]","title":"Dark Flash"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dava"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dawnstar"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Deadman"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Deadshot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Geoff Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Johns"},{"link_name":"Peter Tomasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tomasi"},{"link_name":"Firestorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestorm_(character)"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Raymond_(character)"},{"link_name":"Jason Rusch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Rusch"},{"link_name":"Martin Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Stein"}],"text":"Deathstorm is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by Geoff Johns and Peter Tomasi. He is a counterpart of Firestorm, and a nemesis of Ronnie Raymond, Jason Rusch and Martin Stein.","title":"Deathstorm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blackest Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackest_Night"},{"link_name":"black power ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_ring_(DC_Comics)#Black"},{"link_name":"Black Lantern Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lantern_Corps"},{"link_name":"Hawkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkman_(Carter_Hall)"},{"link_name":"Hawkgirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendra_Saunders"},{"link_name":"Elongated Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elongated_Man"},{"link_name":"Sue Dibny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Dibny"},{"link_name":"J'onn J'onzz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_Manhunter"},{"link_name":"Barry Allen / The Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(Barry_Allen)"},{"link_name":"Hal Jordan / Green Lantern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Jordan"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bn2-46"},{"link_name":"Gehenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehenna_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Nekron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekron"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Professor Zoom / Reverse-Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eobard_Thawne"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Lord"},{"link_name":"Hank Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Hall"},{"link_name":"Jade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Captain Boomerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Boomerang"},{"link_name":"Martian Manhunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_Manhunter"},{"link_name":"Aquaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaman"},{"link_name":"Deadman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadman_(character)"},{"link_name":"Osiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Qward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qward"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Anti-Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Monitor"},{"link_name":"Entity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Lantern_Corps"},{"link_name":"Star City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_City_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Black Lantern version","text":"The Black Lantern version first appeared in Blackest Night #2 (August 2009).He is Ronnie's reanimated corpse via a black power ring of the Black Lantern Corps. He's shown alongside Hawkman, Hawkgirl, the Elongated Man, Sue Dibny, and J'onn J'onzz confronting Barry Allen / The Flash and Hal Jordan / Green Lantern.[46] He then attacks and absorbs Jason into his Firestorm Matrix. Then, using Jason's unique abilities, he turns Gehenna into table salt, simultaneously ripping Gehenna's heart out with a smile. He uses the Firestorm Matrix to absorb Jason's anger over Gehenna's death, providing the Black Lanterns with even more emotional energies.[47] He goes on to attack Barry and company at the Justice League satellite. Jason then briefly asserts himself, allowing the heroes to escape. Regaining control, Ronnie proceeds to absorb Jason's willpower. Like other Black Lanterns, the undead creature mimics Ronnie's personality, often wisecracking and exhibiting other stereotypical teenage behavior.[48] In the final battle against Nekron, the creature is defeated to which Ronnie is restored alongside Jason.[49]While tensions between Ronnie and Jason continued,[50][51][52][53] a creature occasionally caused disruptions[54][55][56] before reaching out of Firestorm, forcibly separating Ronnie and Jason while officially calling himself Deathstorm from a combination of the Black Lantern Corps power and the Firestorm matrix.[57] Deathstorm intended to use the emotional instability between Ronnie and Jason so the Firestorm matrix will trigger a Big Bang-level event to destroy all life in the universe, absorbing Professor Stein and Alvin Rusch into himself to torture the two. Deathstorm beckons Firestorm to follow to Silver City, New Mexico which is the Central Power White Lantern Battery's resting place. Deathstorm tries to lift the White Lantern battery, but is unable to until he infects the object with black energy after which he is able to lift with ease. Deathstorm uses the corrupted object to create an army of the Black Lantern spectrums of Professor Zoom / Reverse-Flash, Maxwell Lord, Hank Hall, Jade, Captain Boomerang, the Martian Manhunter, Aquaman, Hawkman, Hawkgirl, Deadman and Osiris.[58] Deathstorm and the Black Lanterns move to an unknown location.[59] Deathstorm has an internal argument with Martin and Alvin, messing with his two hostages.[60] Deathstorm and the Black Lanterns are shown on Qward delivering his corrupted power source[61] for the Anti-Monitor seeking to harvest the life energy to grow stronger. Firestorm takes the White Lantern Battery and attempts to fight Deathstorm and the Anti-Monitor but is defeated. Deathstorm brings Martin out of his own Firestorm Matrix to taunt. Deathstorm then attempts to kill Jason and Ronnie, but the Professor takes the attack. Ronnie and Jason truly work together, and the Entity then unleashes a burst of white energy that obliterates the Black Lanterns, returns Alvin home, and deposits Firestorm in the Star City forest.[62]","title":"Deathstorm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earth 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-Three#The_New_52"},{"link_name":"Trinity War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_War"},{"link_name":"Crime Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_Syndicate_of_America"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Earth 3 version","text":"An Earth 3 equivalent of Deathstorm appears as a fusion of Earth-3's Professor Stein and a corpse. During the \"Trinity War\" event, Deathstorm is a member of the Crime Syndicate until being killed by Mazahs.[63][64][65][66][67]","title":"Deathstorm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(2014_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Robbie Amell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Amell"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Earth-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-2_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Welcome to Earth-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_Earth-2"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Raymond / Firestorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Raymond_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Killer Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Frost_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Zoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Zolomon_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Barry Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Allen_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Earth-Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-Prime_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"eighth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_season_8"},{"link_name":"Rick Cosnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Cosnett"},{"link_name":"Michelle Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Harrison_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Central City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_City_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Lego DC Super-Villains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_DC_Super-Villains"},{"link_name":"Lex Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Lang"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Deathstorm in other media","text":"Two incarnations of Deathstorm appear in The Flash, both portrayed by Robbie Amell.[68][69]\nAn Earth-2 incarnation appears in the episode \"Welcome to Earth-2\" as Earth-1 Ronnie Raymond / Firestorm's villainous doppelganger, Killer Frost's significant other, and an enforcer for Zoom. Deathstorm nearly kills Barry Allen, but Zoom kills the former for his recklessness.\nAn Earth-Prime incarnation (inspired by the Black Lantern incarnation) appears in the eighth season, additionally portrayed by Milton Barnes, Alexa Barajas, Rick Cosnett, and Michelle Harrison.[70] This version is a cold fusion entity who initially obtained sentience as a \"Black Flame\" after Earth-1 Raymond's sacrifice. Deathstorm attacks and kills indiscriminately throughout Central City via phantoms of deceased loved ones to feed on grief until it is defeated by Hell Frost.\nThe Martin Stein incarnation of Deathstorm appears in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced by Lex Lang.[71][72]","title":"Deathstorm"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Deathstroke"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Decay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"DC Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Universe"},{"link_name":"Peter David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_David"},{"link_name":"Jim Calafiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Calafiore"},{"link_name":"Aquaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaman"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Neptune Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Aquaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaman"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Atlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlan_(DC_Comics)"}],"text":"Deep Blue is a superhero in the DC Universe. The character was created by Peter David and Jim Calafiore, and first appeared in Aquaman (vol. 3) #23 (August 1996).[73]Within the context of the stories, Debbie Perkins is the daughter of Tsunami and grew up believing Neptune Perkins to be her father, while Rhombus believed her to be his daughter. As Deep Blue, she is among the heroes who respond to Aquaman's call to unite the undersea kingdoms.[74] Over time, she begins to insist on being called Indigo and learns that Atlan claims to be her true father.","title":"Deep Blue"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Duela Dent"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"DeSaad"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Despero"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Detective Chimp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justice League Unlimited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_Unlimited"},{"link_name":"Dwayne McDuffie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_McDuffie"},{"link_name":"Aquaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaman"},{"link_name":"Black Manta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Manta"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Gorilla Grodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_Grodd"},{"link_name":"Secret Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Society_of_Super_Villains"},{"link_name":"Deadman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadman_(character)"},{"link_name":"Black Manta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Manta"},{"link_name":"Human Flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Flame"},{"link_name":"Doctor Mist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Mist"},{"link_name":"Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_(Aquaman)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"text":"Devil Ray is a fictional character who was originally created for the TV series Justice League Unlimited before appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He first appears in Black Manta #1 (November 2021).The Justice League Unlimited incarnation of Devil Ray was created for the series because, according to writer Dwayne McDuffie, the rights to the Aquaman characters, such as Black Manta, were no longer available due to a possible Aquaman TV series that was being planned.[75] He appears as a member of Gorilla Grodd's Secret Society until he is killed by Deadman.The comic book incarnation of Devil Ray is a human with some of his heritage coming from the Atlanteans' Deserter branch. He is a former member of Black Manta's henchmen called the Manta Men. After branching off, he worked for Human Flame before killing him and taking his henchmen Red and Orange under his wing. Due to having come in contact with the Orichalcum metal where he heard the voices of the ancestral Deserters, Devil Ray worked to have the Orichalcum metal made into a trident where it's radiation output killed Red and Orange. Upon knowing that Deserters can properly wield it, Devil Ray reunited with Black Manta at Doctor Mist's headquarters in Ethiopia where they put the finishing touches on it. When Devil Ray was unable to go through with his plans to detonate the poison bombs around Atlantis, Black Manta showed up to fight him and confiscated the Orichalcum Trident. Though Black Manta does allow Devil Ray to leave while advising him not to go down the same path as him.[76]","title":"Devil Ray"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"domestic cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat"},{"link_name":"red power ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_ring_(DC_Comics)#Red"},{"link_name":"Red Lantern Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lantern_Corps"},{"link_name":"Geoff Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Johns"},{"link_name":"Wizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Atrocitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrocitus"},{"link_name":"Guy Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Gardner_(character)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide-77"}],"text":"Comics characterDex-Starr is an abandoned stray blue domestic cat from Earth, adopted by a woman in Brooklyn who names him Dexter. During a break-in, Dex-Starr scratched a burglar before his owner was killed and he was evicted by the police. Homeless, he was grabbed by two street thugs and thrown off the Brooklyn Bridge, but the rage that he felt caught the attention of a red power ring and it came to him before he hit the water. As a member of the Red Lantern Corps, wearing his red power ring around his tail, he killed the two thugs and slept on their skulls, proclaiming himself to be a \"good kitty\" using thoughts expressed in simple sentences. He was described by Geoff Johns in an interview with Wizard as \"the most sadistic and malicious\" of the Red Lanterns. Originally intended as a joke by Shane Davis, he began being featured more prominently due to positive reception. Dex-Starr frequently travels with Atrocitus, with his vengeful quest centering on finding the burglar that murdered his owner. Dex-Starr gained the ability to create constructs after drinking the blood of Rankorr and, unbeknownst to his fellow Red Lanterns, used this ability to save Atrocitus from certain death after Guy Gardner steals his ring.[77]: 89","title":"Dex-Starr"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justice League Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_Action"},{"link_name":"Jason J. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_J._Lewis"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva-78"},{"link_name":"DC Super Hero Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Super_Hero_Girls_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Michael Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Michael_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Fred Tatasciore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Tatasciore"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva2-79"},{"link_name":"Jessica Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Star Sapphire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Ferris"},{"link_name":"Sinestro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinestro"},{"link_name":"Hal Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Aquaman – Rage of Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_DC_Comics_Super_Heroes:_Aquaman_%E2%80%93_Rage_of_Atlantis"},{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva-78"},{"link_name":"Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribblenauts_Unmasked:_A_DC_Comics_Adventure"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"Injustice 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injustice_2"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Batman_3:_Beyond_Gotham"},{"link_name":"Lego DC Super-Villains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_DC_Super-Villains"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"sub_title":"Dex-Starr in other media","text":"Dex-Starr appears in Justice League Action, with vocal effects provided by Jason J. Lewis.[78]\nDex-Starr appears in DC Super Hero Girls, voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson as a Red Lantern while Fred Tatasciore provides his vocal effects.[78][79] This version previously resided at the Metropolis Animal Shelter and was considered to be euthanized due to his aggressive nature and inability to be adopted. Amidst Jessica Cruz's efforts to do so, Dex-Starr briefly gains a Red Lantern ring before she ultimately adopts him. In the episode \"#It'sComplicated\", Dex-Starr regains his powers and joins Star Sapphire and Sinestro in attacking Cruz and Hal Jordan until Jordan apologizes to the trio.\nDex-Starr appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Aquaman – Rage of Atlantis, voiced by Dee Bradley Baker.[78]\nDex-Starr appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.[80][21]\nDex-Starr appears as an assist character for Atrocitus in Injustice 2.[81]\nDex-Starr appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham and Lego DC Super-Villains, with vocal effects provided again by Dee Bradley Baker.[82][83]","title":"Dex-Starr"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ding Dong Daddy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gorilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla"},{"link_name":"Mount Kilimanjaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro"},{"link_name":"B'wana Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%27wana_Beast"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"text":"Djuba is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.Djuba is a mutated red gorilla who lives in a cave at the top of Mount Kilimanjaro. When an airplane carrying Mike Maxwell and Rupert Kenboya crashed on Mount Kilimanjaro after being struck by lightning from a thunderstorm. When Mike drank the strange rainwaters in the cave, he became large and strong enough to subdue Djuba. Afterwards, Djuba gave Mike a special helmet that enables him to understand animals and control them. Thus, B'wana Beast was born.[84]","title":"Djuba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batman: The Brave and the Bold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_The_Brave_and_the_Bold"},{"link_name":"Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titans_(2018_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"western lowland gorilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_lowland_gorilla"},{"link_name":"Freedom Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Beast"},{"link_name":"Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Young Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Justice_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Solovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solovar"},{"link_name":"Kobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobra_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Ultra-Humanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-Humanite"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"Djuba in other media","text":"Djuba appears in a flashback in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode \"The Siege of Starro!\". This version was mutated by toxic waste that polluted the water hole that it drank from. It fights wrestler Mike Maxwell, who later comes into contact with the same polluted water, defeats Djuba, takes its mask, and becomes B'wana Beast.\nDjuba appeared in a flashback in the Titans episode \"Dude, Where's My Gar?\". This version is a western lowland gorilla and friend of Freedom Beast who Dr. Myers subjected to the Green Plague on the Chief's behalf. Upon finding a dying Djuba, Freedom Beast fused it with Dr. Myers to ensure that he would die as well.[85]\nDjuba appears in the comic book tie-in to Young Justice. This version is a member of Solovar's troop who was enhanced with Kobra venom by the Brain and Ultra-Humanite.[86]","title":"Djuba"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Doctor Alchemy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Superboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superboy_(Kal-El)"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Justice League of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_of_America"},{"link_name":"DC Comics Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Universe"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"text":"In the Earth-1 universe, Professor Lewis Lang and his assistant Burt Belker discover a helmet in the Valley of Ur in Mesopotamia that is identical to the helmet on Earth-2 except for its blue color. This helmet contains a Lord of Chaos that possesses Burt and turns him into the sorcerer Doctor Chaos, whose costume is identical to Doctor Fate's except for a reversed color scheme. Superboy confronts Doctor Chaos and removes the helmet from Burt, jettisoning it into space.[87]A new version of Doctor Chaos later appeared briefly in the Justice League of America 2018 series within the main DC Comics Universe. This version is aligned with the Lords of Chaos outfitted in garb similar to Doctor Fate except for a reverse color scheme much like the Earth-1 version. Acting as a protector of the Lords of Chaos's base of operations, the Chaos Realm, he appears when the Justice League's mystical villain, Queen of Fables, attempts to escape her imprisonment. He is swiftly killed by the Queen of Fables and escapes the Chaos Realm. The identity of the person behind Doctor Chaos remains unknown.[88]","title":"Doctor Chaos"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Doctor Cyber"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Doctor Destiny"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Doctor Fate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Court of Owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Owls"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"text":"Doctor Leviticus is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.An unknown woman used the name of Doctor Leviticus to experiment on electrum which would later be used in the Talon experiments of her group the Court of Owls.[89]","title":"Doctor Leviticus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gotham Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_Knights_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lauren Stamile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Stamile"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Lincoln March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_March"},{"link_name":"Harvey Dent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Face"}],"sub_title":"Doctor Leviticus in other media","text":"A variation of Doctor Leviticus appears in Gotham Knights, portrayed by Lauren Stamile.[90] This version, originally named Rebekah Leviticus and also known as Rebecca March, is Lincoln March's wife, mother of Brody March, and the leader of the Court of Owls. She additionally killed Lincoln for standing in her way and was responsible for scarring Harvey Dent. Ultimately, she is killed in an explosion during a battle with the Gotham Knights.","title":"Doctor Leviticus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Doctor Light"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Arthur Light","title":"Doctor Light"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kimiyo Hoshi","title":"Doctor Light"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Doctor Manhattan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Doctor Mid-Nite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League of Assassins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Assassins"},{"link_name":"Ra's al Ghul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Doctor Cyber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Cyber"},{"link_name":"Wonder Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Richard Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Lady Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Shiva"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Tobias Whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Whale"},{"link_name":"Halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Air Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Wave"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Intergang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergang"},{"link_name":"Cat Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Grant"},{"link_name":"Morgan Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Edge"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"Gangbuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangbuster_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Manhunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunter_(Kate_Spencer)"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"text":"Doctor Moon is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.Doctor Moon is a criminal neurosurgeon who sells his services to other villains that require his unethical skills of body modifications, psychological conditions, and torture. Doctor Moon was first seen in the Pre-Crisis as a member of the League of Assassins. Ra's al Ghul wanted him to reanimate a brain of a corpse so that he can interrogate only for that plan to be foiled by Batman.[91]Doctor Cyber later enlisted Doctor Moon as part of a plot to switch brains with Wonder Woman. This plan failed and Wonder Woman defeated both villains.[92]Doctor Moon was later hired by Guano Cravat to assist in his revenge on Richard Dragon and Lady Shiva. To assist in this plot, Doctor Moon performed surgical enhancements on a group of brutes. These brutes were defeated by Richard Dragon and Lady Shiva.[93]Ivan Angst of Mercenaries Inc. hired Doctor Moon to experiment on a human test subject and make it into the perfect fighting machine named Gork to defeat Batman. Angst and Gork perished in the conflict, but Doctor Moon got away.[94]Doctor Moon was later hired by Tobias Whale where his experiment confirmed that Halo lost her memory.[95]In the Post-Crisis, Doctor Moon was responsible for turning Air Wave II into Maser.[96]On behalf of Intergang, Doctor Moon prepared Cat Grant for a brainwashing program so that she would change her testimony against Morgan Edge. The plot was foiled by Batman, Superman, and Gangbuster.[97]Doctor Moon was later killed by Manhunter, who stabbed him with a scalpel.[98]","title":"Doctor Moon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justice League Unlimited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_Unlimited"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Combs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Combs"},{"link_name":"Project Cadmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Cadmus"},{"link_name":"Young Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Justice_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Vic Chao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Chao"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"}],"sub_title":"Doctor Moon in other media","text":"Doctor Moon appears in the Justice League Unlimited episode \"Question Authority\", voiced by an uncredited Jeffrey Combs. This version is a member of Project Cadmus.\nDoctor Moon Dae-il appears in Young Justice,[99] voiced by Vic Chao.[100]","title":"Doctor Moon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supervillain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervillain"},{"link_name":"DC Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Universe"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Sheldon Moldoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Moldoff"},{"link_name":"Detective Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_Comics"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Gotham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_City"},{"link_name":"[Batman 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"text":"Doctor No-Face is a supervillain in the DC Universe.[101]The character, created by Dave Wood and Sheldon Moldoff, only appeared in Detective Comics #319 (September 1963).[102]Within the context of the stories, Bart Magan attempts to remove a facial scar using an experimental device. When the device erases all of his facial features instead, he takes the name \"Doctor No-Face\" and starts a short-lived crime spree in Gotham City.[Batman 1]","title":"Doctor No-Face"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batman: The Brave and the Bold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_The_Brave_and_the_Bold"}],"sub_title":"Doctor No-Face in other media","text":"Doctor No-Face appears in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode \"A Bat Divided!\".","title":"Doctor No-Face"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Doctor Occult"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Doctor Poison"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Doctor Polaris"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Doctor Psycho"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Doctor Sivana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martian Manhunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_Manhunter"},{"link_name":"Cameron Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Dan Curtis Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Curtis_Johnson"},{"link_name":"J. H. Williams III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._H._Williams_III"}],"text":"Doctor Lawrence Trapp, a.k.a. Doctor Trap, is a supervillain with a mechanical jaw. He is an enemy to the Justice Experience, the Martian Manhunter, and Cameron Chase. Created by Dan Curtis Johnson and J. H. Williams III, he first appeared in Chase #3 (April 1998).","title":"Doctor Trap"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harley Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Quinn_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Alan Tudyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Tudyk"},{"link_name":"fell into ruin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_No_Man%27s_Land"},{"link_name":"Harley Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Quinn"},{"link_name":"Poison Ivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_Ivy_(character)"},{"link_name":"Kite Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_Man"},{"link_name":"Catwoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catwoman"},{"link_name":"Firefly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"cameo appearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"},{"link_name":"Legion of Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Doom"}],"sub_title":"Doctor Trap in other media","text":"Doctor Trap appears in Harley Quinn, voiced by Alan Tudyk. After Gotham fell into ruin during the first season finale, this version took over a museum, stole various weapons from other supervillains, and used booby traps to protect them. In the second season episode \"Trapped\", Harley Quinn, Poison Ivy, Kite Man, and Catwoman break into Trap's museum to retrieve Firefly's flamethrower, in the process breaking his jaw with a baseball bat. Trap later makes a cameo appearance in the episode \"Something Borrowed, Something Green\", having had his jaw repaired and attending Ivy and Kite Man's wedding. As of the fourth season, he has joined the Legion of Doom.","title":"Doctor Trap"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supervillain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervillain"},{"link_name":"DC Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Universe"},{"link_name":"Doom Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Arnold Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Drake"},{"link_name":"Bruno Premiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Premiani"}],"text":"Doctor Tyme (Percival Sutter) is a supervillain in the DC Universe and enemy of the Doom Patrol. He wields a ray that enables him to manipulate and freeze time. Created by Arnold Drake and Bruno Premiani, he first appeared in Doom Patrol #92 (December 1964).","title":"Doctor Tyme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batman: The Brave and the Bold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_The_Brave_and_the_Bold"},{"link_name":"Super Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Friends"},{"link_name":"Lex Luthor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Luthor"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Doom Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_Patrol_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dan Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Martin_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"Doctor Tyme in other media","text":"Doctor Tyme makes a cameo appearance in a flashback in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode \"The Last Patrol!\".\nDoctor Tyme appears in Super Friends #24 as a member of W.O.R.M.S., a group of mad scientists led by Lex Luthor.[103]\nDoctor Tyme appears in Doom Patrol, portrayed by Brandon Perea and voiced by Dan Martin.[104]","title":"Doctor Tyme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League of Assassins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Assassins"},{"link_name":"Connor Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Arrow_(Connor_Hawke)"},{"link_name":"Green Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Black Canary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Canary"},{"link_name":"Mia \"Speedy\" Dearden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedy_(Mia_Dearden)"},{"link_name":"Plastic Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_Man"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"}],"text":"Debuting in Green Arrow and Black Canary #7 (June 2008), Dodger is a thief who deals in high-end merchandise. Operating from London, England, Dodger will steal and/or sell anything from information to advanced technology.At one point he came into possession of what appeared to be an alien spacecraft. Recognizing that the vehicle's stealth capabilities made it a lucrative commodity, he began leasing the vessel to various underworld figures, including the League of Assassins. When the vessel in question was linked to an assassination attempt against Connor Hawke, Green Arrow, and Black Canary began investigating its activity. The trail led them to London where they (along with Mia \"Speedy\" Dearden) engaged in combat with Dodger at a local pub. Although Dodger proved to be an able-bodied physical combatant, \"Team Arrow\" subdued him and he told them about the League of Assassins.When pressed for more information, Dodger was unwilling to cooperate, so the Green Arrow and the Black Canary dropped him from the belly of a cargo plane suspended by a bungee cord until he agreed to give them better intelligence. He took them to his secret lair and triangulated the last location of the stealth ship he had leased.The Green Arrow and the Black Canary then persuaded him to accompany them on the search, which brought them to a castle in Leichestershire, England. They evaded several traps and finally discovered a cryogenics tube containing the compressed form of former Justice Leaguer Plastic Man.Dodger continued to work alongside \"Team Arrow\" and fought a team of metahumans who claimed to represent the League of Assassins. Dodger contributed very little to the battle; however, he did manage to distract one of them long enough for Batman to subdue him. Dodger continued adventuring with the group, battled foes and completed the adventure along with the team.After settling their business with the League of Assassins, Dodger accompanied \"Team Arrow\" back to the United States, where he struck up a romantic relationship with Mia Dearden. Mia has now left the States and traveled to London to continue this relationship.","title":"Dodger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"James Callis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Callis"},{"link_name":"Oliver Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Queen_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"John Diggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Diggle_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Arrow: Season 2.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow:_Season_2.5"},{"link_name":"Clinton Hogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Blood"},{"link_name":"Felicity Smoak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_Smoak_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Roy Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Harper_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Helena Bertinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Bertinelli_(Arrowverse)"}],"sub_title":"Dodger in other media","text":"Dodger appears in a self-titled episode of Arrow, portrayed by James Callis. This version is Winnick Norton, a British jewel thief who wields a stun stick and employs hostages with bomb collars to steal for him until he is defeated by Oliver Queen and John Diggle and arrested by the Starling City Police Department.\nThe Arrow incarnation of Dodger appears in the non-canonical tie-in comic Arrow: Season 2.5. After escaping from prison, he moves to Blüdhaven and joins a mercenary group called the Renegades. Under Clinton Hogue's orders, they kidnap Felicity Smoak, but are defeated by Queen, Roy Harper and Helena Bertinelli, who leave them for the police.","title":"Dodger"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Doll Man"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dollmaker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Dominus (Marvel Comics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominus_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"supervillain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervillain"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dc-ency-106"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dc-ency-106"},{"link_name":"omnibenevolent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibenevolent"},{"link_name":"Phantom Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_Zone"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dc-ency-106"},{"link_name":"Kryptonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krypton_(comics)"},{"link_name":"arcane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arcane"},{"link_name":"psionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psionic"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Fortress of Solitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_of_Solitude"},{"link_name":"telepathically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepathy"},{"link_name":"Superman robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_robots"}],"text":"For the Marvel Comics villain, see Dominus (Marvel Comics).Dominus is a fictional character and a DC Comics supervillain who first appeared in Action Comics #747. He appears primarily as an opponent of Superman.[105]Originally, Dominus was an alien priest named Tuoni, who served as one of the five custodians of his world's faith. During this time, he fell in love with his peer, Ahti. However, he was driven mad by jealousy when Ahti ascended past him and assumed the mantle of Kismet, Illuminator of All Realities.[105]Studying infernal forbidden magic in an attempt to gain the power to challenge his former lover and rob her of the power of Kismet, Tuoni's assault was reflected by Kismet's divine energies and his body was incinerated. Despite Tuoni's deceit, the omnibenevolent Kismet showed him mercy and shunted his shattered, still-living body into the Phantom Zone.[105]Within the Phantom Zone, Tuoni encountered a holographic projection of Superman's long-dead Kryptonian ancestor, Kem-L, who was able to use his own ancient variety of arcane Kryptonian science to rebuild the former holy man as a psionic cosmic phantasm known as \"Dominus\".[106]In this new all-powerful form, Dominus escaped the Zone via Superman's Fortress of Solitude and attacked Earth. Attempting to find Kismet to steal her cosmic powers, he was opposed by Superman. Swearing vengeance, Dominus telepathically entered Superman's mind and preyed on one of the Man of Steel's greatest weaknesses; his fear of failing the people of Earth.Using mind control, Dominus convinced Superman to take control of Earth and build the Superman robots to police the planet 24 hours a day, seven days a week forever. In another battle, Dominus used his reality-warping powers to become Superman, using the Superman robots to search for Kismet while Superman was disguised as one of his own robots and later as Dominus.During his captivity in these other forms Superman improved on his use of Torquasm Vo, an ancient Kryptonian warrior discipline technique where the warrior can control what they think. Superman and Dominus then engaged in a mental-physical battle with Dominus using any stray thought of Superman to reshape reality. The battle ends with Superman banishing Dominus to the Phantom Zone.","title":"Dominus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Doomsday"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Project Cadmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Cadmus"},{"link_name":"horror films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"Dubbilex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbilex"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Bizarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizarro"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Paul Westfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Westfield"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Moxie Mannheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxie_Mannheim"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Ginny \"Torcher\" McCree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginny_McCree"},{"link_name":"Mike \"Machine\" Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gunn_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Noose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noose_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Rough House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_House_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Vincent Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Edge"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"text":"Dabney Donovan is a character in DC Comics.Dabney Donovan is a genetic scientist who founded Project Cadmus with Reginald Augustine and Thomas Thompkins. Dabney Donovan was ultimately fired from the Project because he felt there should never be limits in understanding the potential of the genetic code. Donovan had largely been accredited for the non-human creations of the Project, referred to as \"DNAliens\" (human beings cloned then genetically altered to discover superhuman potential while also giving them a more \"alien\" appearance), various normal clones, and monsters based on Donovan's favorite horror films (who lived on a small artificial planet on Earth called Transilvane). One of the DNAliens named Dubbilex became a prominent staff member.[107]Lex Luthor's estranged wife Contessa Portenza worked Dabney Donovan shortly after Superman regained his normal powers when he expended his electromagnetic ones. To assist in the Contessa's plot, Dabney created his own Bizarro clone.[108]During the \"Fall of Metropolis\" storyline, Dabney Donovan was revealed to be the creator of the Underworlders and the true mastermind behind the clone virus. He later murders Paul Westfield and cuts off one of his ears as a trophy.[109]Dabney Donovan returned multiple times to plague Cadmus, such as capturing the adult Legion and subjecting them to various torments as wells. After the death of his clone, Dabney was underground when he found Moxie Mannheim badly injured.[110] He even created youthful clone bodies for Moxie Mannheim and his dead henchmen Ginny \"Torcher\" McCree, Mike \"Machine\" Gunn, Noose, and Rough House where they also received superpowers. With an older clone of him used as a bomb upon its death during a meeting with the other crime lords, Moxie had Noose kill Vincent Edge while Dabney Donovan makes use of any genetic material that he can salvage from the dead crime lords.[111]When Mickey Cannon re-established Project Cadmus, Dabney Donovan was brought back under armed guard and made an \"imprisoned advisor\". He briefly took control of the place during the \"Evil Factory\" storyline.[112]","title":"Dabney Donovan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Young Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Justice_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Phil LaMarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_LaMarr"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva4-114"},{"link_name":"Superman & Lois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_%26_Lois"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Morgan Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Edge"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Kent_(Superman_%26_Lois)"},{"link_name":"Sam Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Lane_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"DC Animated Movie Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Animated_Movie_Universe"},{"link_name":"The Death of Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Superman_(film)"},{"link_name":"Reign of the Supermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_the_Supermen_(film)"},{"link_name":"Trevor Devall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Devall"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva4-114"},{"link_name":"LexCorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LexCorp"},{"link_name":"Project Cadmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Cadmus"},{"link_name":"DC Universe Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Universe_Online"},{"link_name":"Legion of Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Doom"}],"sub_title":"Dabney Donovan in other media","text":"A variation of Dabney Donovan appears in Young Justice, voiced by Phil LaMarr.[113] This version is a human disguise utilized by Dubbilex.\nDabney Donovan appears in Superman & Lois, portrayed by Robel Zere. This version is a physician, scientist, and former MIT student who assists Morgan Edge in his experiments involving the Eradicator and X-Kryptonite, having originally discovered the latter in Europe. In the episode \"Loyal Subjekts\", Donovan and Edge empower several of Smallville's citizens with X-Kryptonite and the Eradicator. In the episode \"O Mother, Where Art Thou?\", Superman and a military group led by Sam Lane find Donovan, with Superman persuading him to cooperate with the Department of Defense.\nDabney Donovan appears in the DC Animated Movie Universe (DCAMU) films The Death of Superman and Reign of the Supermen, voiced by Trevor Devall.[113] This version is a LexCorp employee who formerly worked for Project Cadmus and specializes in bio-engineering. He is tasked by Lex Luthor with creating an army of Superman clones. After he gives information on the cloning program to Lois Lane, Dabney is killed by Luthor via several failed clones.\nDabney Donovan appears in DC Universe Online. This version is an associate of the Legion of Doom and vendor in the Hall of Doom's Meta Wing.","title":"Dabney Donovan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chuck Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Scott McDaniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_McDaniel"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Nightwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightwing"},{"link_name":"French Cirque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque"},{"link_name":"Blüdhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%BCdhaven"},{"link_name":"Blockbuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Dick Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Grayson"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Secret Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Society_of_Super_Villains"},{"link_name":"Alexander Luthor Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Luthor_Jr."},{"link_name":"Infinite Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Villains United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villains_United"},{"link_name":"Secret Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Six_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"text":"Double Dare are a group of fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. They were created by Chuck Dixon and Scott McDaniel.[114]Introduced in the pages of Nightwing, Double Dare aka Aliki and Margot Marceau are two female French Cirque acrobats in Blüdhaven where they operate as skilled thieves. Hired by mob boss Blockbuster, they encounter Dick Grayson and form a tenuous alliance with him after being betrayed by Blockbuster.[115]They later join the new expansive Secret Society led by Alexander Luthor Jr. during Infinite Crisis. In Villains United, the twins encounter the Secret Six.[116]","title":"Double Dare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribblenauts_Unmasked:_A_DC_Comics_Adventure"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"DC Super Hero Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Super_Hero_Girls_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lauren Tom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Tom"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva7-118"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva8-119"}],"sub_title":"Double Dare in other media","text":"Double Dare appear as character summons in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.[21]\nDouble Dare appear in DC Super Hero Girls, both voiced by Lauren Tom.[117][118]","title":"Double Dare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iron Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Heights"},{"link_name":"Geoff Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Johns"},{"link_name":"Ethan Van Sciver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Van_Sciver"},{"link_name":"Pied Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_Piper_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Girder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_(character)"},{"link_name":"Nightwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Grayson"},{"link_name":"Trickster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickster_(comics)"}],"text":"Double Down is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He was introduced in The Flash: Iron Heights by Geoff Johns and Ethan Van Sciver.A con man and compulsive gambler, Jeremy Tell gained his powers following a card game in which he lost. Incensed, he attacked and killed the man who had beaten him. The man had in his possession a cursed deck of cards, which cleaved to Tell's flesh and burned off much of his skin. The cards now act as the top layer of his skin, and can be wielded as weapons.During his time in prison, the serial killer Murmur released the Frenzy virus at Iron Heights. Tell tried to escape in the ensuing mass breakout, but was stopped by Pied Piper. He was taken back to solitary confinement. A later attempt to break out was successful.After escaping Iron Heights, he and Girder were both hired by Penguin to help him establish a crime ring in Keystone City, but was stopped by Flash and Nightwing.In the aftermath of the ambush at the wedding of Green Arrow and Black Canary, Double Down hid in the backseat of a car and escaped with Piper and Trickster He held them at knife-point to help him in joining in their escape. At a roadside diner, Double Down wanted to join the two in their run from the law, afraid of the recent supervillain disappearances. The Suicide Squad had tracked them to the diner, and Double Down was taken in. The other two escaped.","title":"Double Down"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"J.R. Bourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R._Bourne"},{"link_name":"Harrison Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Wells"},{"link_name":"H.I.V.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.I.V.E."},{"link_name":"Green Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Queen_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Spartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Diggle_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"The Suicide Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suicide_Squad_(film)"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"sub_title":"Double Down in other media","text":"Jeremy Tell / Double Down appears in the Arrow episode \"Restoration\", portrayed by J.R. Bourne. This version acquired his powers while receiving a tattoo in Central City amidst the explosion of Harrison Wells' particle accelerator, gaining the ability to manifest physical cards from his tattoos and utilize them as weapons. After being hired by Mina Fayad of H.I.V.E. to kill the Green Arrow, Tell fights him and Spartan until the Green Arrow defeats him. Tell is later incarcerated in Iron Heights Penitentiary.[119]\nDouble Down makes a cameo appearance in The Suicide Squad, portrayed by Jared Leland Gore.[120] This version is an inmate of Belle Reve Penitentiary.","title":"Double Down"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrials"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Jerry Ordway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Ordway"},{"link_name":"Roger Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Stern"},{"link_name":"George Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P%C3%A9rez"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"Mongul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongul"},{"link_name":"Maxima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Supergirl Matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergirl_(Matrix)"},{"link_name":"Brainiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainiac_(character)"},{"link_name":"doomsday device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomsday_device"},{"link_name":"The Cleric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleric_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"}],"text":"Draaga is a fictional alien character in the DC Comics universe. He first appeared in The Adventures of Superman #454 and was created by Jerry Ordway, Roger Stern, and George Pérez.In the \"Superman in Exile\" storyline, Superman has exiled himself from Earth due to psychological problems he was suffering from at the time, and was forced by the space villain Mongul to participate in his gladiatorial games. Draaga is the champion of the games, but Superman defeats him, then refuses to kill him. This baffles Draaga, whose code of honor demands a rematch against Superman, though he later comes to respect the hero. After Superman deposes of Mongul, the aliens who control the artificial planet Warworld choose Draaga to be their ruler.Draaga returns in the \"Panic in the Sky\" storyline where Maxima hires him to destroy Superman. The Superman he encounters here is the android Supergirl Matrix wearing Superman's form, who loses to Draaga on an asteroid. The second time Draaga loses on Warworld is in a contest held by Brainiac. Later Draaga joins Superman in the fight against Brainiac to regain his honor. He is killed while jumping into an organic anti-matter doomsday device created by Brainiac and is buried beside The Cleric, on the asteroid on which he first encountered Supergirl. The shapeshifting Matrix honours Draaga during the battle against Brainiac by adopting his form.[121]","title":"Draaga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justice League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"William Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva3-123"},{"link_name":"Supergirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergirl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"John DeSantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_DeSantis"},{"link_name":"Roulette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roulette_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Young Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Justice_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"}],"sub_title":"Draaga in other media","text":"Draaga appears in the Justice League two-part episode \"War World\", voiced by William Smith.[122]\nDraaga appears in the Supergirl episode \"Survivors\", portrayed by John DeSantis. This version is a combatant in Roulette's underground fight club in National City.\nDraaga appears in Young Justice #20.[123]","title":"Draaga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Roy Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Rich Buckler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Buckler"},{"link_name":"All-Star Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Star_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dc-ency-106"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-captain-125"},{"link_name":"imperial Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_(Earth-Two)"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-captain-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dc-ency-106"},{"link_name":"Shiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Paintball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintball_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Star-Spangled Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-Spangled_Kid"},{"link_name":"Courtney Whitmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Whitmore_(comics)"},{"link_name":"S.T.R.I.P.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Dugan"},{"link_name":"Shining Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shining_Knight"},{"link_name":"Firebrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebrand_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dc-ency-106"},{"link_name":"Justice Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"text":"Dragon King is a fictional character from DC Comics. He was created by Roy Thomas and Rich Buckler, and first appeared in All-Star Squadron #4, in December 1981.[105]The man known as \"Dragon King\" was a high-ranking official and scientist in the Japanese government during World War II, who created the nerve gas K887. He obtained the mythical Holy Grail for Japan, and was able to combine it with Adolf Hitler's Spear of Destiny which the German dictator had loaned to Japanese General Hideki Tōjō.[124] With the two items, the Dragon King and Hitler were able to create a field of arcane magic that shielded imperial Japan and Fortress Europa from attack by the allies' super heroes or \"Mystery Men\".[125] The field ensured that any hero with magic-based powers, or a vulnerability to magic (like Superman), would instantly be converted to the Axis cause, keeping some of the allies' most powerful heroes out of the theatre of war.[124] Some heroes were temporarily able to circumvent this for humanitarian missions, despite the Dragon King's best efforts.[126] After Japan's surrender on August 15, 1945, the Dragon King went into hiding and experimented with combining his own genetic material with that of a lizard. He eventually succeeded in making himself a hybrid of human and reptile.[105]In more recent history (in modern age), the Dragon King resurfaced in the fictional town of Blue Valley, Nebraska, with a daughter named Cindy Burman, now a villainess called \"Shiv\". While making use of a robot that operated as Principal Sherman at Blue Valley High School, Dragon King is served by Paintball, Skeeter, and Stunt. He clashed against the second Star-Spangled Kid, Courtney Whitmore, her sidekick S.T.R.I.P.E., and the Shining Knight, while the latter was on a quest to reclaim the Holy Grail. It is strongly implied during this confrontation that the Dragon King had in the past murdered the All-Star Squadron member Firebrand.[127] During this fight, the Dragon King himself was defeated and apparently killed by the Shining Knight, although his body was never found.[105]He later resurfaced with the Spear of Destiny in his possession and attempted to raise an army of super-powered soldiers, but was defeated by the Justice Society of America.[128]","title":"Dragon King"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Young Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Justice_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(Jay_Garrick)"},{"link_name":"Firebrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebrand_(DC_Comics)#Danette_Reilly"},{"link_name":"Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribblenauts_Unmasked:_A_DC_Comics_Adventure"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"Stargirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargirl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Nelson Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Lee"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Injustice Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injustice_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"Brainwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Wave_(character)"},{"link_name":"Henry King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainwave_(character)"},{"link_name":"Cindy Burman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Ultra-Humanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-Humanite"},{"link_name":"Starman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Pemberton"},{"link_name":"Icicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icicle_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Justice Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"Jakeem Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakeem_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Thunderbolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt_(DC_Comics)"}],"sub_title":"Dragon King in other media","text":"Dragon King makes a cameo appearance in a flashback in the Young Justice episode \"Humanity\". He attempted to assassinate the Flash at the 1939 World's Fair, but Firebrand sacrificed herself to save the latter.\nDragon King appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.[21]\nDragon King appears in Stargirl, portrayed by Nelson Lee.[129] This version, Shiro Ito, is an Imperial Japanese war criminal from World War II who was supposedly executed for his work with biological weapons. Having survived to the present day and acquired reptilian scales, he hides his identity with an elaborate costume, experiments on himself and his patients, and joined the Injustice Society of America (ISA). Throughout the first season, he assists the ISA in their plot to enact \"Project: New America\" while monitoring Brainwave's son Henry King Jr. for burgeoning powers by forcing his daughter Cindy Burman to date the latter. By the season finale, Ito is fatally wounded by Burman. As of the third season, he had transplanted his brain into the body of Ultra-Humanite, who in turn transplanted his into that of Starman's as part of Icicle's plot to have \"Starman\" and Icicle's son Cameron defeat Ito to prove their worth as heroes. While fighting the Justice Society of America (JSA) however, Ito is turned into a plush toy by Jakeem Williams and Thunderbolt.","title":"Dragon King"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Richard Dragon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reborn (comics) § Characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reborn_(comics)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Martin Pasko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Pasko"},{"link_name":"Curt Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Swan"},{"link_name":"Frank Chiaramonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Chiaramonte"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_on_Infinite_Earths"},{"link_name":"Smallville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallville_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Lana Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Lang"},{"link_name":"Superboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superboy"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_%22Pa%22_Kent"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"The Death of Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Superman"},{"link_name":"S.T.A.R. Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.T.A.R._Labs"},{"link_name":"Conduit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Superman: The Man of Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman:_The_Man_of_Steel"},{"link_name":"Carla Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Carla_Draper"},{"link_name":"Neutron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Manchester Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Black"},{"link_name":"Checkmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkmate_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Easter egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_egg_(media)"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"DC Rebirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Rebirth"},{"link_name":"Aquaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaman"},{"link_name":"Suicide Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_Squad"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"}],"text":"\"Master Jailer\" redirects here. For the Image Comics character, see Reborn (comics) § Characters.Carl Draper is a fictional character in DC Comics, an enemy of Superman.[130] Draper made his first appearance in Superman #331 (January 1979), written by Martin Pasko and drawn by Curt Swan and Frank Chiaramonte.[131]In the Pre-Crisis comics, Carl \"Moosie\" Draper grew up in Smallville (see Kator below). Draper was an overweight clumsy teenager whom most of the other kids never noticed or made fun of and was in love with Lana Lang, who had eyes only for Superboy, much to Draper's resentment.[132] As an adult, Draper underwent a self-imposed self-improvement regimen, including exercise and cosmetic surgery, to overcome his physical shortcomings. He became an expert locksmith and architect, designing an inescapable prison for supervillains called \"Mount Olympus\". Impressed by the achievement, Superman augmented the prison's security by placing it on an antigravity platform. Initially dubbed \"Draper's Island\" by Superman, it was informally renamed \"Superman Island\" by the adult Lana—with whom Draper remained smitten, just as she remained lovestruck by Superman. It was the latter name, plus the novelty of the floating platform, that caught public attention, diverting recognition from Draper himself. This proved the final straw for Draper, who snapped and became the costumed supervillain the Master Jailer.[133] He attacked Superman and kidnapped Lana under that name. Superman defeated him and he was sent to his own prison.[134]In The New Adventures of Superboy #17 (May 1981), at the prodding of Carl, Superboy creates a robot named Kator as a sparring adversary (and gives the \"safety cutoff switch\" to Jonathan Kent). Kator, however, developed an artificial intelligence and almost killed the Boy of Steel before being destroyed (in The New Adventures of Superboy #18). The robot apparently gave Draper its identity and powers before being destroyed. Draper (as the new Kator) then engages Superboy in combat, but Jonathan Kent presses the safety switch on the \"cutoff\" device, which removes \"Kator's\" superpowers from Draper, and Superboy removes the memory of Draper ever being Kator.[135][136]In the Post-Crisis comics, Carl Draper first appeared in The Adventures of Superman #517 (November 1994). This was during the \"Dead Again\" storyline, when Superman was suspected of being an impostor after his body was found still in his tomb (from The Death of Superman storyline). Draper was hired by S.T.A.R. Labs to design a holding cell for Conduit, when his daughter, Carla, asked him if he could build a prison that could hold even Superman. Draper initially designed a trap that only the real Superman could escape from, explaining this to Superman by way of a hologram of a costumed figure named Deathtrap. When Superman escaped the trap, Draper became obsessed with proving that he could capture the real thing. This version of Draper was dressed in casual wear, only getting an updated costume with chain-based attacks later.Draper made several other attempts to capture Superman, often programming the Deathtrap hologram in advance so he could publicly be elsewhere. On one occasion, in Superman: The Man of Steel #43 (April 1995), he programmed Deathtrap to appear during a Draper Security press conference and display how Draper's devices were being \"subverted\", thus both removing suspicion from him and acting as an advertisement for the company.In Action Comics #739, Superman (in his blue energy form) was captured in an \"energy hobble\" by Deathtrap, now calling himself the Locksmith. At the end of the story, it was revealed to the reader that his daughter, Carla Draper, was running the hologram this time and that her father was unaware of this. The now-costumed Master Jailer was one of the villains along with Neutron controlled by Manchester Black in the 2002 storyline \"Ending Battle\"; however, it was not clear that it was, in fact, Draper.Carl Draper appears in Checkmate #17 (October 2007). At some point, Checkmate discovered his multiple identities and used this to force him into becoming a security consultant, protecting Checkmate itself from attack. In the issue, he prevents numerous assaults on Checkmate headquarters and is promoted to head of security with the title Castellan. Although he has not told his superiors, he strongly suspects that Carla is involved in the attacks. The issue also contains an Easter egg—computer displays show an actual website (now defunct)[137] that could be accessed with the username \"CARL DRAPER\" and the password \"wilhelmina\". The site was a journal and database written from Draper's perspective. In his journal, he claimed to have been only Deathtrap and that he was unconnected with the Post-Crisis Master Jailer.A DC Rebirth version of the Master Jailer appears in the Aquaman/Suicide Squad crossover \"Sinking Atlantis\" as a member of the Squad. Aspects of his pre- and Post-Crisis history are present, with Carl growing up in Smallville and having a daughter.[138]","title":"Carl Draper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supergirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergirl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Branson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Branson"},{"link_name":"Fort Rozz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Rozz"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"}],"sub_title":"Carl Draper in other media","text":"The Master Jailer appears in Supergirl, portrayed by Jeff Branson. This version is an alien from the planet Trombus and a guard at the Kryptonian prison Fort Rozz until the prison ship landed on Earth and many of the inmates escaped. He turned vigilante, hunting down and lynching several escapees until he was thwarted by Kara. Additionally, on Earth, he posed as Detective Draper of the National City Police Department.[139]","title":"Carl Draper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carl Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Carl_Draper"},{"link_name":"Knockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Superboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon-El"}],"text":"Carla Draper is the daughter of Carl Draper who made an appearance in Superboy (vol. 4) #26 (May 1996) under the name Snare. She responded to a request from the Hawaiian Special Crimes Unit to Draper Security for assistance in capturing the supervillain Knockout, who was on the run with a misguided Superboy in tow. Snare, aware of her father's obsession, tried to prove that she could do something that he could not by capturing Superboy. This led to a fight with the SCU, during which Superboy and Knockout escaped.","title":"Carla Draper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Infinity, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"}],"text":"Penny Dreadful is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.She is one of the children that Doctor Love experimented on while she was in her mother's womb. This experiment enabled her to develop energy-absorbing abilities. Taking the name Penny Dreadful, she became part of Helix where they fought Infinity, Inc. on occasion.[140]","title":"Penny Dreadful"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stargirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargirl_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Penny Dreadful in other media","text":"Penny Dreadful appears in the Stargirl episode \"Frenemies – Chapter Eight: Infinity Inc. Part Two\", portrayed by Megan Ashley Brown. This version is a patient at the Helix Institute for Youth Rehabilitation and resides in a room that is covered in mirrors.","title":"Penny Dreadful"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"The New 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_52"},{"link_name":"H.I.V.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.I.V.E."},{"link_name":"Psiphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Psiphon"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Doctor Psycho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Psycho"},{"link_name":"Superboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superboy"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"}],"text":"The Dreadnought is a fictional character in DC Comics appearing in The New 52 continuity. He serves as an agent of the H.I.V.E., along with Psiphon. He appears in Superboy (vol. 4) #20, where he is sent by the H.I.V.E. to New York City to apprehend Doctor Psycho, who had escaped from a H.I.V.E. facility, and Superboy, whose psionic powers were of interest to the H.I.V.E. The two characters teamed up and managed to defeat the H.I.V.E. soldiers. The Dreadnought was sent flying by Superboy and landed in the Hudson River.","title":"Dreadnought"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dream"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dream Girl"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dabney Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabney_Donovan"},{"link_name":"DNAlien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAlien_(comics)"},{"link_name":"clone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning"},{"link_name":"paranormal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal"},{"link_name":"telepathic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepathic"},{"link_name":"telekinetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekinetic"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"Cadmus Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Cadmus"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Superboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superboy_(Kon-El)"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sb1-144"},{"link_name":"Young Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Justice"},{"link_name":"Nightwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Grayson"},{"link_name":"Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Drake"},{"link_name":"Max Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Mercury"},{"link_name":"Impulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Allen"},{"link_name":"Bonnie King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowette#Bonnie_King"},{"link_name":"Wonder Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Girl_(Cassie_Sandsmark)"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting_Agent"},{"link_name":"Rex Leech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Leech"},{"link_name":"Roxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxy_Leech"},{"link_name":"Tana Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tana_Moon"},{"link_name":"Bibbo Bibbowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibbo_Bibbowski"},{"link_name":"Krypto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krypto#Krypto_and_Bibbo"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sb1-144"},{"link_name":"Knockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Tana Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tana_Moon"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countdown_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Olsen"},{"link_name":"Codename: Assassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codename:_Assassin"},{"link_name":"Kandor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandor_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Supergirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergirl_(Kara_Zor-El)"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"The New 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_52"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"}],"text":"Dubbilex is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.Dubbilex started off his life as a creation of Dabney Donovan. He is a so-called DNAlien — a human clone whose DNA was modified to create an alien-looking creature with paranormal abilities. In Dubbilex's case, he possesses telepathic and telekinetic abilities.[141]Making his post-Crisis debut in Superman Annual (2nd series) #2, Dubbilex's origins remained the same: the DNAlien creation of Dabney Donovan. He goes to work for Cadmus Labs. He becomes an ally to the Man of Steel and is accepted as one of the powered beings forming his honor guard during Superman's funeral.[142]Dubbilex grew close to Superboy, having aided in his creation by providing mental impressions he had gained from past encounters with Superman to provide Superboy with his 'template's' memories in the absence of Superman's actual mind. Once Kon-El left the Labs for Hawaii, Dubbilex accompanied him to report his status to Cadmus.[143] Although their relationship started off somewhat rocky, they became great friends. Superboy taught Dubbilex about many things of the modern world, while Dubbilex represented Superboy during a 'parent's' night' for the members of Superboy's first team, Young Justice (The other attendes being Nightwing for Robin, Max Mercury for Impulse, Bonnie King for Arrowette and Helena Sandsmark for Wonder Girl).[144]Dubbilex gains many friends of his own while in Hawaii. Agent Rex Leech, Rex's daughter Roxy, TV reporter Tana Moon, and Bibbo Bibbowski's white puppy named Krypto.[143] Superboy and most of this group end up operating out of a small, weather-beaten, out of the way house. Dubbilex also helps uncover the nature of Knockout, While Superboy's super-powered girlfriend has fought villains many times, it is revealed, via Dubbilex's powers, that she casually kills an innocent police officer simply because he was in her way.[145]Once Superboy returned to Cadmus, Dubbilex followed and became the Head of Genetics.[146] Although partly blaming himself for Tana Moon’s death, Dubbilex eventually found a retreat and learned from a monk that Superboy needed to move on with life without his guidance.[147] After Superboy left the Project, Dubbilex has stayed in the background.Dubbilex, and the rest of Project Cadmus, resurfaced during Countdown Week 32 (September 2007), in an attempt to help Jimmy Olsen with his new superpowers.Dubbilex seemingly died due to wounds sustained in battle with Codename: Assassin, when the assassin attempted to eliminate anyone affiliated with the truth about Cadmus's cloning experiments. Despite being shot in the head, his unique physiology allowed him to survive long enough for Jimmy Olsen to find him and learn the truth about recent events. In his apparent last words, he asked Jimmy to consider him a man rather than a creation. Olsen comes to believe Dubbilex were murdered as part of a plot to destroy Superman and all other Kryptonians, such as the recently enlarged citizens of Kandor.[148] He was later proven correct; as 'Assassin' is seen working for Lex Luthor and General Sam Lane, avowed enemies of Kryptonians.Dubbilex (or a new clone of him) still lives and returned to battle Supergirl.[149]In 2011, \"The New 52\" rebooted the DC universe. Dubbilex appeared briefly during a scene where Kevin Kho OMAC attack Project Cadmus.[150]","title":"Dubbilex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Young Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Justice_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Phil LaMarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_LaMarr"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva5-152"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Project Cadmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Cadmus"},{"link_name":"Dr. Mark Desmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Grayson"},{"link_name":"Kid Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_West"},{"link_name":"Aqualad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldur%27ahm"},{"link_name":"Superboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superboy_(Kon-El)"},{"link_name":"Justice League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League"}],"sub_title":"Dubbilex in other media","text":"Dubbilex appears in Young Justice, voiced by Phil LaMarr.[151][152] This version is a Genomorph, a genetically-engineered creature created by Project Cadmus who works with Dr. Mark Desmond, Guardian, and Dr. Amanda Spence. After Desmond is defeated by Robin, Kid Flash, Aqualad, and Superboy and taken away by the Justice League, Dubbilex remains at Cadmus to protect his fellow Genomorphs. Upon learning they are not allowed to leave the premises, Dubbilex secretly liberates several Genomorphs and builds an underground city called Genomorph City in the hopes that they will eventually be accepted among humanity. Eventually, with the League's help, the Genomorphs build and move to Geranium City, where they disguise themselves as humans, with Dubbilex serving as \"Mayor Donovan\".","title":"Dubbilex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Sam Hamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Hamm"},{"link_name":"Denys Cowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denys_Cowan"},{"link_name":"Detective Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_Comics"},{"link_name":"Bruce Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Tim Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Drake"},{"link_name":"Lady Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Shiva"},{"link_name":"King Snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Snake"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"The New 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_52"},{"link_name":"Batman and Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_and_Robin_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Batman_family_enemies#Enemies_of_lesser_renown"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"}],"text":"Henri Ducard is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character, created by Sam Hamm and Denys Cowan, first appeared in Detective Comics #599 (April 1989).Henri Ducard was a French detective who trained Bruce Wayne in manhunting and acting as one of his mentors,[153] but his moral ambiguity played a role in their conflict. He'd later encounter and befriend Tim Drake on a case involving Lady Shiva and King Snake.[154]In The New 52, Ducard would return in the series Batman and Robin, where he'd train his son Morgan in the art of assassinating under the name \"NoBody\".[155]","title":"Henri Ducard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batman Begins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_Begins"},{"link_name":"Liam Neeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Neeson"},{"link_name":"Bruce Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Wayne_(Dark_Knight_trilogy)"},{"link_name":"Ra's al Ghul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul"},{"link_name":"League of Shadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Shadows"},{"link_name":"Robot Chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Chicken"},{"link_name":"Seth Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Green"},{"link_name":"Henry Heimlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Heimlich"},{"link_name":"Heimlich maneuver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimlich_maneuver"},{"link_name":"Gotham Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_Knights_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Charles Mesure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mesure"}],"sub_title":"Henri Ducard in other media","text":"\"Henri Ducard\" appears in Batman Begins, portrayed by Liam Neeson. In addition to being Bruce Wayne's mentor, this version is the true Ra's al Ghul in disguise as a lesser member of the League of Shadows.\nHenri Ducard appears in the Robot Chicken episode \"Password: Swordfish\", voiced by Seth Green. He trains Henry Heimlich to use the Heimlich maneuver in a segment that parodies his character in Batman Begins.\nHenri Ducard appears in the Gotham Knights episode \"Night of the Owls\", portrayed by Charles Mesure. In addition to training Batman, this version trained Turner Hayes's birth parents and wishes to train Turner as well.","title":"Henri Ducard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Manta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Manta"},{"link_name":"DC Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Universe"},{"link_name":"David Michelinie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Michelinie"},{"link_name":"Jim Aparo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Aparo"},{"link_name":"Aquaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaman"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"Black Manta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Manta"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Aquaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaman"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"One Year Later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Year_Later"},{"link_name":"Sub Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_Diego"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"}],"text":"Cal Durham is a former henchman of Black Manta and a public figure in the DC Universe.The character, created by David Michelinie and Jim Aparo, first appeared in Aquaman #57 (August–September 1977).[156]Within the context of the stories, Cal Durham is a mercenary hired by Black Manta under the pretense of establishing an African American-dominated underwater society.[157] To this end, Durham undergoes surgical procedures to emulate Atlantean physiology. Discovering that Manta is more focused on destroying Aquaman than fulfilling his social promise, he rebels. This results in Manta attempting to kill him and Durham re-evaluating his goals.[158] Much later during One Year Later, he appears as the mayor of Sub Diego.[159][160][161]","title":"Cal Durham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Young Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Justice_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Phil LaMarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_LaMarr"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva6-163"},{"link_name":"Kaldur'ahm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldur%27ahm"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"}],"sub_title":"Cal Durham in other media","text":"Calvin \"Cal\" Durham appears in Young Justice, voiced by Phil LaMarr.[162] This version is Kaldur'ahm's foster father and former henchman of Black Manta who was genetically modified to gain Atlantean-like abilities and infiltrate Atlantis, though he defected and subsequently settled down with Sha'lain'a of Shayeris.[163]\nDurham also appears in the Young Justice tie-in comic book.[164]","title":"Cal Durham"}]
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[{"reference":"Markstein, Don. \"TNT and Dan the Dyna-Mite\". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Retrieved 23 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toonopedia.com/tnt.htm","url_text":"\"TNT and Dan the Dyna-Mite\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Kurt; Thomas, Roy (2019). American Comic Book Chronicles: 1940-1944. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 150. ISBN 978-1605490892.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1605490892","url_text":"978-1605490892"}]},{"reference":"Nevins, Jess (2013). Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes. High Rock Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-61318-023-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61318-023-5","url_text":"978-1-61318-023-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Continue to explore the history of the DCU with LEGACIES #2\". 15 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/06/15/continue-to-explore-the-history-of-the-dcu-with-legacies-2/","url_text":"\"Continue to explore the history of the DCU with LEGACIES #2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dueling Review: DC Universe: Legacies #2 | Major Spoilers - Comic Book Reviews and News\". Archived from the original on June 25, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100625003119/http://www.majorspoilers.com/archives/42515.htm/","url_text":"\"Dueling Review: DC Universe: Legacies #2 | Major Spoilers - Comic Book Reviews and News\""},{"url":"http://www.majorspoilers.com/archives/42515.htm/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Newest Seven Soldiers in DC Legacies #2 (Spoilers) - the Comic Bloc Forums\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2010-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718120413/http://www.comicbloc.com/forums/showthread.php?p=1617133","url_text":"\"Newest Seven Soldiers in DC Legacies #2 (Spoilers) - the Comic Bloc Forums\""},{"url":"http://www.comicbloc.com/forums/showthread.php?p=1617133","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Korte, Steve; Manning, Matt; Wiacek, Win; Wilson, Sven (2016). The DC Comics Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the Characters of the DC Universe. DK Publishing. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-4654-5357-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-5357-0","url_text":"978-1-4654-5357-0"}]},{"reference":"Eisen, Andrew (October 4, 2013). \"DC Characters and Objects - Scribblenauts Unmasked Guide\". IGN. Retrieved June 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/wikis/scribblenauts-unmasked/DC_Characters_and_Objects","url_text":"\"DC Characters and Objects - Scribblenauts Unmasked Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Perry, Spencer (July 10, 2015). \"Arrow Recruits Neal McDonough as New Big Bad Damien Darhk\". SuperHeroHype. Retrieved September 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.superherohype.com/news/346737-arrow-recruits-neal-mcdonough-as-damien-darhk","url_text":"\"Arrow Recruits Neal McDonough as New Big Bad Damien Darhk\""}]},{"reference":"Webb, Matt (April 29, 2015). \"Arrow Recap: You Can Call Me Al—Plus, Who's Heading for a Wedding?\". TVLine. Retrieved September 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvline.com/2015/04/29/arrow-season-3-recap-oliver-nyssa-wedding/","url_text":"\"Arrow Recap: You Can Call Me Al—Plus, Who's Heading for a Wedding?\""}]},{"reference":"Garofalo, Alex (December 1, 2015). \"'The Flash' Season 2, Episode 8 Recap\". International Business Times. Retrieved June 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibtimes.com/flash-season-2-spoilers-team-arrow-joins-barry-episode-8-crossover-legends-today-2207119","url_text":"\"'The Flash' Season 2, Episode 8 Recap\""}]},{"reference":"Burlingame, Russ (October 12, 2015). \"EXCLUSIVE: Damien Darhk To Be On The Flash & Legends of Tomorrow\". Comic Book.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/2015/10/12/exclusive-damien-darhk-to-be-on-the-flash-legends-of-tomorrow/","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Damien Darhk To Be On The Flash & Legends of Tomorrow\""}]},{"reference":"Bucksbaum, Sydney (July 23, 2016). \"Comic-Con: 'Legends of Tomorrow' to Tackle Legion of Doom Villain Team In Season 2\". 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Vol. 4, Surgical strike"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4012-8058-1","url_text":"978-1-4012-8058-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1014090846","url_text":"1014090846"}]},{"reference":"Petski, Denise (November 8, 2022). \"Gotham Knights: Lauren Stamile & Damon Dayoub Join CW Series As Recurring\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022. 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The Essential Superman Encyclopedia. Del Rey. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-0-345-50108-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-50108-0","url_text":"978-0-345-50108-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Dabney Donovan Voices (Superman)\". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved March 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/Superman/Dabney-Donovan/","url_text":"\"Dabney Donovan Voices (Superman)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aliki Voice - DC Super Hero Girls (TV Show)\". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved June 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/tv-shows/DC-Super-Hero-Girls/Aliki/","url_text":"\"Aliki Voice - DC Super Hero Girls (TV Show)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Margot Voice - DC Super Hero Girls (TV Show)\". Behind The Voice Actors. 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The Encyclopedia of Supervillains. New York: Facts on File. pp. 209–210. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-1356-X","url_text":"0-8160-1356-X"}]},{"reference":"\"supermanwho\". Supermanartists.comics.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232751/http://www.supermanartists.comics.org/superwhoswho/Superframe.htm","url_text":"\"supermanwho\""},{"url":"http://www.supermanartists.comics.org/superwhoswho/Superframe.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Manning, Matthew K.; McAvennie, Michael; Wallace, Daniel (2010). DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle. DK Publishing. p. 172. 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(Issue)\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Coko
|
Hot Coko
|
["1 Background and recording","2 Composition and lyrics","3 Reception","4 Track listing","5 Charts","6 References","7 External links"]
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1999 studio album by CokoHot CokoStudio album by CokoReleasedAugust 10, 1999 (1999-08-10)Studio"B" Section (Elk Grove, California)Capitol (Hollywood, California)Electric Lady, Manhattan Center, The Hit Factory, A Room with a View, Right Track Recording, Sony Music (New York City)Studio 17 (White Plains, New York)Pacifique (North Hollywood, California)Brandon's Way Recording (Los Angeles)Vanguard (Oak Park, Michigan)Enterprise (Burbank, California)Record Plant (Hollywood, California)Genre
R&B
hip hop soul
Length51:32Label
RCA
BMG
Producer
Anthony Morgan
Bink!
Brian Alexander Morgan
Damon Thomas
John Daniels
Laney Stewart
Marc Anthony
Michael J. Powell
Missy Elliott
Rodney Jerkins
Coko chronology
Hot Coko(1999)
Grateful(2006)
Singles from Hot Coko
"Sunshine"Released: July 12, 1999
"Triflin'"Released: November 1, 1999
Hot Coko is the debut solo studio album by American R&B singer Coko. It was released by RCA Records on August 10, 1999.Hot Coko served as the singer's debut effort following the release of her band SWV's third album Release Some Tension (1997), which led towards the group's first disbandment in 1998. Guest appearances on the album are made by rapper Eve and singer Tyrese. Hot Coko features production from the likes of Damon Thomas, Rodney Jerkins, Marc Anthony, Missy Elliott, Timbaland and Brian Alexander Morgan, whom Coko worked with while a member of SWV earlier in the decade.
The album debuted at number 68 on the US Billboard 200 and entered the top 20 of the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. It received generally mixed to positive reviews from music critics upon its release. Hot Coko spawned two singles that found minimal Billboard chart success, with its lead single "Sunshine", reaching the lower ranks of the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, where it reached the top seventy, becoming her sole appearance on that chart to date. Shortly after the album's underperformance on the Billboard charts, Coko departed RCA in late 1999.
Background and recording
Coko first rose to prominence in the 1990s as a member of the trio SWV. Following the group's disbandment in 1998, she pursued a solo music career. In a 1999 Billboard interview, Coko said that she had been unable to record solo music due to her SWV obligations. Her debut studio album was recorded in various studios in California and New York. Coko took more creative control of her music by co-writing songs and picking producers. She co-wrote music with Rodney Jerkins who also produced songs for the album.
Although she described hip hop music as "cool", Coko identified herself as a R&B artist. She referred to the album as representing her "gospel roots" and likened her sound to Alvin and the Chipmunks with a "Coko twist". RCA executive Brett Wright believed that Coko would remain "true to her R&B roots" and cited the "urban crossover market" as her primary demographic.
Composition and lyrics
Billboard's Steven J. Horowitz wrote that "Sunshine" was an "ebullient ode to a loved one". Coko dedicated the song to her then three-year-old son Lil Tracy. Produced by Jerkins, the instrumentation consists of "interlocking jerky drum loops and squelching basslines" and a "stuttering production". Noisey's David Lehmann wrote it was similar to Jenkins' other late 1990s songs. Recording the song with "multi-layered vocals", Coko sings the lyrics: "Sunshine, sunshine / You brighten up my days / I love you always". Vibe's Larry Flick likened the lyrics to a nursery rhyme, and described "Bigger Than We" and "Try-Na Come Home" as soul ballads. Flick compared Coko's vocals for "Bigger Than We" to Gladys Knight, specifically due to the song's "layer rhythm-harmony arrangement".
"Triflin'", featuring a rap verse from Eve, is an R&B song with hip hop influences and lyrics about a woman teasing her boyfriend. The hook includes: "Ghetto / Sorry / Oh no / Tired game / And that's such a shame / ... pitiful." Entertainment Weekly's Matt Diehl cited "Triflin'" and "I Ain't Feelin You" as examples of hip hop soul. Flick wrote that "I Ain't Feelin You" was a "funk anthem" and referred to "Everytime" as "smooth warmly romantic". Coko recorded "If This World Were Mine", originally a 1967 single by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell, as a duet with Tyrese. Flick described the cover as a slow jam. The standard edition of the album ends with "So Hard to Say Goodbye" which features backing vocals from Babyface and Kevon Edmonds.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicBillboard(favorable)Entertainment WeeklyC+Rolling StoneVibe(favorable)
Hot Coko was released to a generally positive reception. AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that " isn't the most charismatic singer, but she is blessed with a strong voice that sounds very inviting when placed in the right settings." Matt Diehl from
Entertainment Weekly found that Hot Coko "plays like a game of 'Name That Diva': Too often, she obliges Mary J. Blige fans with copycat vocals of their idol while faithfully replicating Faith Evans’ smooth sound. But when Coko’s flamethrower pipes cook the chocolaty-good hip-hop soul rhythms that drive ”Triflin”’ and ”I Ain’t Feeling You,” she’s not just a sister with a voice but with an attitude."
Track listing
Hot Coko track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Intro"
Shawn Carter
Trevor Job
0:402."Don't Take Your Love Away"
LaShawn Daniels
Cheryl Gamble
Fred Jerkins III
Rodney Jerkins
Jerkins4:103."Sunshine"
Daniels
Gamble
Jerkins
Jerkins III
Marc Anthony
Jerkins4:074."You and Me"
Daniels
Gamble
Jerkins
Jerkins III
Anthony
Jerkins4:265."Bigger Than We"Brian Alexander MorganMorgan4:376."Try-Na Come Home"
John Daniels
LaShawn Daniels
Gamble
J. Daniels4:287."Triflin'" (featuring Eve)
Roosevelt Harrell III
Eve Jeffers
Morgan
Bink!Morgan4:478."I Ain't Feelin You"
Daniels
Gamble
Jerkins
Isaac Phillips
Jerkins III
Jerkins4:279."Everytime"
Gamble
Morgan
Morgan5:0710."All My Lovin'"
Daniels
Gamble
Jerkins
Jerkins III
Jerkins5:0211."If This World Were Mine" (featuring Tyrese)Marvin GayeMichael J. Powell5:2112."So Hard to Say Goodbye"
Eric Jackson
Damon Thomas
Thomas4:21
European bonus trackNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length13."He Be Back"Missy ElliottTimothy MosleyElliott4:52
Japanese bonus trackNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length14."This Ain't Love"Laney StewartStewart4:19
Charts
Chart performanc for Hot Coko
Chart (1999)
Peakposition
US Billboard 200
68
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)
14
References
^ "ADDvance Notice" (PDF). Radio & Records. July 9, 1999. p. 57. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
^ "Gavin Top40/Rhythm: Impact Dates". Gavin Report. No. 2278. November 1, 1999. p. 9.
^ "Billboard". July 17, 1999.
^ Phares, Heather. "Coko: Artist Biography by Heather Phares". AllMusic. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015.
^ a b c d e Hay, Carla (July 17, 1999). "SWV's Coko Aims To Make Solo Splash". Billboard. Vol. 111, no. 29. pp. 24, 28. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Hot Coko: AllMusic Review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine". AllMusic. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018.
^ "Coko Breaks Down SWV Break-Up". MTV News. Archived from the original on June 30, 2018.
^ Mao, Andrea Duncan (August 24, 1999). "Coko Sounds off On Solo Debut". MTV News. Archived from the original on June 30, 2018.
^ Horowitz, Steven J. (March 4, 2015). "Girl Group Solo Songs: The 10 Best (Non-Beyonce) Singles of the Modern Era". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017.
^ Marcus, Ezra (March 7, 2019). "Lil Tracy's Third Life". The Fader. Archived from the original on March 8, 2019.
^ a b Lehmann, David (December 12, 2014). "The Noisey Guide to Rodney 'Darkchild' Jerkins". Noisey. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
^ a b c d e f Flick, Larry (October 1999). "Hot Coko". Vibe. 7 (8): 177–178. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
^ Taylor, Chuck (November 20, 1999). "Singles: Triflin'". Billboard. Vol. 111, no. 47. p. 25. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
^ Diehl, Matt (August 13, 1999). "Music Review: 'Hot Coko'". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015.
^ a b Verna, Paul (August 28, 1999). "Hot Coko". Billboard. Vol. 111, no. 35. p. 26. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
^ a b "Hot Coko - Coko | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic.
^ "Billboard". August 28, 1999.
^ a b Diehl, Matt (August 13, 1999). "Music Review: 'Hot Coko'". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
^ a b "Vibe". Vibe Media. October 1999.
^ "Coko Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
^ "Coko Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
External links
Hot Coko at Discogs
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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It was released by RCA Records on August 10, 1999.[3]Hot Coko served as the singer's debut effort following the release of her band SWV's third album Release Some Tension (1997), which led towards the group's first disbandment in 1998. Guest appearances on the album are made by rapper Eve and singer Tyrese. Hot Coko features production from the likes of Damon Thomas, Rodney Jerkins, Marc Anthony, Missy Elliott, Timbaland and Brian Alexander Morgan, whom Coko worked with while a member of SWV earlier in the decade.The album debuted at number 68 on the US Billboard 200 and entered the top 20 of the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. It received generally mixed to positive reviews from music critics upon its release. Hot Coko spawned two singles that found minimal Billboard chart success, with its lead single \"Sunshine\", reaching the lower ranks of the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, where it reached the top seventy, becoming her sole appearance on that chart to date. Shortly after the album's underperformance on the Billboard charts, Coko departed RCA in late 1999.","title":"Hot Coko"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coko"},{"link_name":"SWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWV"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source1-4"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source2-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal2-5"},{"link_name":"Rodney Jerkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Jerkins"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal2-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source3-7"},{"link_name":"hip hop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal2-5"},{"link_name":"Alvin and the Chipmunks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source10-8"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_contemporary"},{"link_name":"crossover market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_music"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal2-5"}],"text":"Coko first rose to prominence in the 1990s as a member of the trio SWV. Following the group's disbandment in 1998, she pursued a solo music career.[4] In a 1999 Billboard interview, Coko said that she had been unable to record solo music due to her SWV obligations.[5] Her debut studio album was recorded in various studios in California and New York.[6] Coko took more creative control of her music by co-writing songs and picking producers.[5] She co-wrote music with Rodney Jerkins who also produced songs for the album.[5][7]Although she described hip hop music as \"cool\", Coko identified herself as a R&B artist.[5] She referred to the album as representing her \"gospel roots\" and likened her sound to Alvin and the Chipmunks with a \"Coko twist\".[8] RCA executive Brett Wright believed that Coko would remain \"true to her R&B roots\" and cited the \"urban crossover market\" as her primary demographic.[5]","title":"Background and recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source4-9"},{"link_name":"Lil Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Tracy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source5-10"},{"link_name":"Noisey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisey"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source6-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source6-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal1-12"},{"link_name":"Vibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"nursery rhyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursery_rhyme"},{"link_name":"soul ballads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_ballad"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal1-12"},{"link_name":"Gladys Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Knight"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal1-12"},{"link_name":"Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal3-13"},{"link_name":"hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(music)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal1-12"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"hip hop soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_soul"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source11-14"},{"link_name":"funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal1-12"},{"link_name":"If This World Were Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_This_World_Were_Mine"},{"link_name":"Marvin Gaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Gaye"},{"link_name":"Tammi Terrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammi_Terrell"},{"link_name":"Tyrese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrese_Gibson"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal4-15"},{"link_name":"slow jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_jam"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal1-12"},{"link_name":"backing vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocalist"},{"link_name":"Babyface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyface_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Kevon Edmonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevon_Edmonds"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal4-15"}],"text":"Billboard's Steven J. Horowitz wrote that \"Sunshine\" was an \"ebullient ode to a loved one\".[9] Coko dedicated the song to her then three-year-old son Lil Tracy.[10] Produced by Jerkins, the instrumentation consists of \"interlocking jerky drum loops and squelching basslines\" and a \"stuttering production\". Noisey's David Lehmann wrote it was similar to Jenkins' other late 1990s songs.[11] Recording the song with \"multi-layered vocals\",[11] Coko sings the lyrics: \"Sunshine, sunshine / You brighten up my days / I love you always\".[12] Vibe's Larry Flick likened the lyrics to a nursery rhyme, and described \"Bigger Than We\" and \"Try-Na Come Home\" as soul ballads.[12] Flick compared Coko's vocals for \"Bigger Than We\" to Gladys Knight, specifically due to the song's \"layer rhythm-harmony arrangement\".[12]\"Triflin'\", featuring a rap verse from Eve, is an R&B song with hip hop influences and lyrics about a woman teasing her boyfriend.[13] The hook includes: \"Ghetto / Sorry / Oh no / Tired game / And that's such a shame / ... pitiful.\"[12] Entertainment Weekly's Matt Diehl cited \"Triflin'\" and \"I Ain't Feelin You\" as examples of hip hop soul.[14] Flick wrote that \"I Ain't Feelin You\" was a \"funk anthem\" and referred to \"Everytime\" as \"smooth [and] warmly romantic\".[12] Coko recorded \"If This World Were Mine\", originally a 1967 single by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell, as a duet with Tyrese.[15] Flick described the cover as a slow jam.[12] The standard edition of the album ends with \"So Hard to Say Goodbye\" which features backing vocals from Babyface and Kevon Edmonds.[15]","title":"Composition and lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-16"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Mary J. Blige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_J._Blige"},{"link_name":"Faith Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_Evans"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ew-18"}],"text":"Hot Coko was released to a generally positive reception. AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that \"[Coko] isn't the most charismatic singer, but she is blessed with a strong voice that sounds very inviting when placed in the right settings.\"[16] Matt Diehl from \nEntertainment Weekly found that Hot Coko \"plays like a game of 'Name That Diva': Too often, she obliges Mary J. Blige fans with copycat vocals of their idol while faithfully replicating Faith Evans’ smooth sound. But when Coko’s flamethrower pipes cook the chocolaty-good hip-hop soul rhythms that drive ”Triflin”’ and ”I Ain’t Feeling You,” she’s not just a sister with a voice but with an attitude.\"[18]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shawn Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Z"},{"link_name":"LaShawn Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaShawn_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Fred Jerkins III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Jerkins_III"},{"link_name":"Rodney Jerkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Jerkins"},{"link_name":"Marc Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Anthony"},{"link_name":"Brian Alexander Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Alexander_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt Harrell III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bink!"},{"link_name":"Eve Jeffers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Bink!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bink!"},{"link_name":"Isaac Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Tyrese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrese_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Marvin Gaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Gaye"},{"link_name":"Missy Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Timothy Mosley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Mosley"}],"text":"Hot Coko track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Intro\"\nShawn Carter\nTrevor Job\n 0:402.\"Don't Take Your Love Away\"\nLaShawn Daniels\nCheryl Gamble\nFred Jerkins III\nRodney Jerkins\nJerkins4:103.\"Sunshine\"\nDaniels\nGamble\nJerkins\nJerkins III\nMarc Anthony\nJerkins4:074.\"You and Me\"\nDaniels\nGamble\nJerkins\nJerkins III\nAnthony\nJerkins4:265.\"Bigger Than We\"Brian Alexander MorganMorgan4:376.\"Try-Na Come Home\"\nJohn Daniels\nLaShawn Daniels\nGamble\nJ. Daniels4:287.\"Triflin'\" (featuring Eve)\nRoosevelt Harrell III\nEve Jeffers\nMorgan\nBink!Morgan4:478.\"I Ain't Feelin You\"\nDaniels\nGamble\nJerkins\nIsaac Phillips\nJerkins III\nJerkins4:279.\"Everytime\"\nGamble\nMorgan\nMorgan5:0710.\"All My Lovin'\"\nDaniels\nGamble\nJerkins\nJerkins III\nJerkins5:0211.\"If This World Were Mine\" (featuring Tyrese)Marvin GayeMichael J. Powell5:2112.\"So Hard to Say Goodbye\"\nEric Jackson\nDamon Thomas\nThomas4:21European bonus trackNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length13.\"He Be Back\"Missy ElliottTimothy MosleyElliott4:52Japanese bonus trackNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length14.\"This Ain't Love\"Laney StewartStewart4:19","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"ADDvance Notice\" (PDF). Radio & Records. July 9, 1999. p. 57. Retrieved September 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Archive-RandR/1990s/1999/RR-1999-07-09.pdf","url_text":"\"ADDvance Notice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%26_Records","url_text":"Radio & Records"}]},{"reference":"\"Gavin Top40/Rhythm: Impact Dates\". Gavin Report. No. 2278. November 1, 1999. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Report","url_text":"Gavin Report"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard\". July 17, 1999.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kAgEAAAAMBAJ&dq=hot+coko+august+1999&pg=PA24","url_text":"\"Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"Phares, Heather. \"Coko: Artist Biography by Heather Phares\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/coko-mn0000089042/biography","url_text":"\"Coko: Artist Biography by Heather Phares\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150503043429/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/coko-mn0000089042/biography","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hay, Carla (July 17, 1999). \"SWV's Coko Aims To Make Solo Splash\". Billboard. Vol. 111, no. 29. pp. 24, 28. Retrieved March 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kAgEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Hot+Coko%22&pg=PA24","url_text":"\"SWV's Coko Aims To Make Solo Splash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"Hot Coko: AllMusic Review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/hot-coko-mw0000668343","url_text":"\"Hot Coko: AllMusic Review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181210214257/https://www.allmusic.com/album/hot-coko-mw0000668343","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Coko Breaks Down SWV Break-Up\". MTV News. Archived from the original on June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1427206/coko-breaks-down-swv-break-up/","url_text":"\"Coko Breaks Down SWV Break-Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_News","url_text":"MTV News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180630111858/http://www.mtv.com/news/1427206/coko-breaks-down-swv-break-up/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mao, Andrea Duncan (August 24, 1999). \"Coko Sounds off On Solo Debut\". MTV News. Archived from the original on June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1427204/coko-sounds-off-on-solo-debut/","url_text":"\"Coko Sounds off On Solo Debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_News","url_text":"MTV News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180630113052/http://www.mtv.com/news/1427204/coko-sounds-off-on-solo-debut/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Horowitz, Steven J. (March 4, 2015). \"Girl Group Solo Songs: The 10 Best (Non-Beyonce) Singles of the Modern Era\". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/pop-shop/girl-group-week/6487786/top-10-girl-group-solo-songs","url_text":"\"Girl Group Solo Songs: The 10 Best (Non-Beyonce) Singles of the Modern Era\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171023160134/http://www.billboard.com/articles/pop-shop/girl-group-week/6487786/top-10-girl-group-solo-songs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marcus, Ezra (March 7, 2019). \"Lil Tracy's Third Life\". The Fader. Archived from the original on March 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefader.com/2019/03/07/lil-tracy-cover-story","url_text":"\"Lil Tracy's Third Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fader","url_text":"The Fader"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190308072452/https://www.thefader.com/2019/03/07/lil-tracy-cover-story","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lehmann, David (December 12, 2014). \"The Noisey Guide to Rodney 'Darkchild' Jerkins\". Noisey. Retrieved March 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://noisey.vice.com/en_us/article/6azzdz/the-noisey-guide-to-rodney-darkchild-jerkins","url_text":"\"The Noisey Guide to Rodney 'Darkchild' Jerkins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisey","url_text":"Noisey"}]},{"reference":"Flick, Larry (October 1999). \"Hot Coko\". Vibe. 7 (8): 177–178. Retrieved March 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MSgEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Hot+Coko%22&pg=PA178","url_text":"\"Hot Coko\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)","url_text":"Vibe"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Chuck (November 20, 1999). \"Singles: Triflin'\". Billboard. Vol. 111, no. 47. p. 25. Retrieved March 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fwgEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Coko%22+%22Eve%22+%22Triflin%22&pg=PA25","url_text":"\"Singles: Triflin'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Diehl, Matt (August 13, 1999). \"Music Review: 'Hot Coko'\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/1999/08/13/music-review-hot-coko/","url_text":"\"Music Review: 'Hot Coko'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151120171237/http://www.ew.com/article/1999/08/13/music-review-hot-coko","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Verna, Paul (August 28, 1999). \"Hot Coko\". Billboard. Vol. 111, no. 35. p. 26. Retrieved March 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nggEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22So+Hard+to+Say+Goodbye%22+%22Coko%22&pg=PA26","url_text":"\"Hot Coko\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Coko - Coko | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/hot-coko-mw0000668343","url_text":"\"Hot Coko - Coko | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard\". August 28, 1999.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nggEAAAAMBAJ&q=coko+hot+coko+reviews&pg=PA26","url_text":"\"Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"Diehl, Matt (August 13, 1999). \"Music Review: 'Hot Coko'\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151120171237/http://www.ew.com/article/1999/08/13/music-review-hot-coko","url_text":"\"Music Review: 'Hot Coko'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"http://www.ew.com/article/1999/08/13/music-review-hot-coko","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vibe\". Vibe Media. October 1999.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MSgEAAAAMBAJ/page/n183/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Vibe\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(324)
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Battle of Adrianople (324)
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["1 Background","2 Battle","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","6.1 Primary sources","6.2 Secondary sources"]
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Coordinates: 41°40′12″N 26°31′30″E / 41.67000°N 26.52500°E / 41.67000; 26.52500Constantine I's victory over Licinius
For battles on other dates, see Battle of Adrianople (disambiguation).
Battle of AdrianoplePart of the civil wars of the TetrarchyConstantine I crowned as a victorious general – 4th century cameoDateJuly 3, 324 ADLocationNear Adrianople (modern Edirne, Turkey)Result
Constantinian victoryBelligerents
Forces of Constantine(Western Empire)
Forces of Licinius(Eastern Empire)Commanders and leaders
Constantine the Great
LiciniusStrength
130,000
165,000Casualties and losses
Unknown
34,000 deadvteFourth-century Roman civil warsCivil wars of the Tetrarchy
Segusio
Turin
Brescia
Verona
Milvian Bridge
Tzirallum
Cibalae
Mardia
Adrianople
Hellespont
Byzantium
Chrysopolis
350–353
Mursa Major
Mons Seleucus
Jewish revolt
Late period
Thyatira
Save
Frigidus
Gildonic WarvteBattles of Constantine ICivil wars of the Tetrarchy
Segusio
Turin
Brescia
Verona
Milvian Bridge
Cibalae
Mardia
Adrianople
Hellespont
Byzantium
Chrysopolis
German and Sarmatian campaigns
The Battle of Adrianople was fought in Thrace on July 3, 324, during a Roman civil war, the second to be waged between the two emperors Constantine I and Licinius. Licinius was soundly defeated, his army suffering heavy casualties as a result. Constantine built up military momentum, winning further battles on land and sea, eventually leading to the final defeat of Licinius at Chrysopolis.
Background
The Danubian Provinces of Rome. Adrianople (Hadrianoplis) and the Hebrus River are shown in the Province of Thrace
Constantine had, in a previous war (in 316), defeated Licinius at the Battle of Cibalae and conquered from him the entire Balkan Peninsula, with the exception of Thrace and Lower Moesia. A peace deal had been arranged, but the relationship between the two emperors remained uneasy. By 324 Constantine was ready to renew the conflict, and when his army, in pursuit of a raiding force of Visigoths, or possibly Sarmatians, crossed into Licinius' territory, an opportune casus belli was created. The reaction of Licinius to this incursion was overtly hostile, inducing Constantine to go on the offensive. Constantine invaded Thrace in force; his army was smaller than that of Licinius, but it contained many battle-hardened veterans and, as he had control of the Illyrian region, the finest-quality new recruits.
Battle
Constantine's labarum standard, from an antique silver medal
Licinius encamped his army in a strong position near Adrianople (Hadrianopolis), the major city of inland Thrace. Constantine advanced eastward from Thessalonica until he came to the Hebrus River, on which Adrianople stands, and set up his own camp. Licinius arranged his defensive line, of 200 stades in length, in a strong position between a height overlooking the town and the confluence of the Hebrus with a tributary. The two armies remained in position for a number of days before battle was finally joined, when Constantine took the initiative by crossing the river against a well-prepared and positioned enemy that had a superior number of soldiers.
Constantine used a ruse to get his troops across the Hebrus. Having noticed a suitable crossing point where the river narrowed and was overlooked by a wooded hillside, he ordered material and ropes to be conspicuously assembled at another place on the river, well away from his chosen crossing, to give the impression that he intended to build a bridge to cross there. On the wooded hillside, he secretly assembled 5,000 foot archers and a force of cavalry. He then led his cavalry over the river crossing at the narrows, and fell on the enemy unexpectedly. The surprise attack was a complete success, and the remainder of his army then crossed at the same point. With his position on the river outflanked, Licinius' withdrew his forces and took up a defensive position on higher ground. However, this gave Constantine the initiative once more, and his attack was again successful. What followed, in the words of historian Zosimus, was “a great massacre”. According to Zosimus, Licinius' army suffered losses of 34,000 dead, but this figure is considered an exaggeration by modern historians.
During the onslaught, Constantine directed the guard of his Christian standard, the labarum, to move the standard to any part of the field where his troops seemed to be faltering. The appearance of this talisman emboldened his own troops and dismayed those of Licinius. Constantine, who had been slightly wounded in the thigh, halted his attack at sunset. Darkness allowed Licinius and the remains of his force to withdraw to Byzantium, the coast, and the safety of his fleet.
The battle was one of the largest of the 4th century. Zosimus describes Constantine personally leading the cavalry charge which broke Licinus' defences and attributes the success of the Constantinian forces to the courage and martial prowess of Constantine himself. Other contemporary accounts—however, ascribe success to the discipline of the troops and Constantine's felicitas, his 'good fortune'.
Aftermath
Constantine's effort to start a civil conflict proved successful, as did his campaign against Licinius. Following the battle at Adrianople, Constantine moved to besiege Byzantium. At this point in the campaign, control of the narrow waters separating Thrace and Asia Minor became of the utmost importance to both emperors. Constantine's son Crispus commanded his navy in a struggle with the larger fleet of Licinius. Following Crispus' naval victory in the Battle of the Hellespont, Constantine crossed with his army into Bithynia. He met Licinius' army in the final battle of the war at Chrysopolis, on the Asiatic shore of the Bosporus. Constantine won an overwhelming victory.
Initially, yielding to the pleas of his sister, Constantine spared the life of his brother-in-law, but some months later he ordered his execution, thereby breaking his solemn oath. This occurred because Licinius was suspected of treasonable actions, and the army command pressed for his execution. A year later, Constantine's nephew, the younger Licinius II, also fell victim to the emperor's anger or suspicions. He was executed in 326 and his name was expunged from official inscriptions. Constantine became the first man to be master of the entire Roman world since the elevation of Maximian as co-emperor by Diocletian in 286.
See also
Siege of Byzantium (324)
List of sieges of Constantinople
Notes
^ a b c d e Grant, p. 46
^ Eutropius, p. 155
^ Odahl, p. 164
^ Grant, p. 45
^ a b c d e f Zosimus, II.22.3–7
^ a b c Pears, p. 5
^ a b c d e Stephenson, p. 180
^ Syvanne, p. 270
^ Pears, p. 6
^ Odahl, p. 178
^ Lieu and Montserrat, p. 47
^ Odahl, pp. 179–180
^ Odahl, p. 180
^ Odahl, p. 160
^ Grant, pp. 47–48
^ Dunstan, p. 436
References
Primary sources
Eutropius (1993). The Breviarum Ab Urbe Condita of Eutropius: The Right Honourable Secretary of State for General Petitions. Translated by Bird, H. W. Liverpool University Press. p. 155. ISBN 9780853232087. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
Zosimus, Historia nova, English translation: R.T. Ridley, Zosimus: New History, Byzantina Australiensia 2, Canberra (1982).
1814 English translation at Wikisource
Secondary sources
Dunstan, W.E. (2010) Rome, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham MD. ISBN 9780742568341
Grant, Michael (1993), The Emperor Constantine, London. ISBN 0-7538-0528-6
Lieu, S.N.C and Montserrat, D. (Ed.s) (1996), From Constantine to Julian, London. ISBN 0-415-09336-8
Pears, E. (1909) "The Campaign against Paganism A. D. 324", The English Historical Review, Vol. 24, No. 93 (Jan., 1909), pp. 1–17
Odahl, C.M., (2004) Constantine and the Christian Empire, Routledge 2004. ISBN 0-415-17485-6
Stephenson, P. (2009) Constantine: Unconquered Emperor, Christian Victor, Quercus, London. ISBN 9781849160025
Syvanne, I. (2015) Military History of Late Rome 284–361 Pen and Sword, Barnsley Yorks.
41°40′12″N 26°31′30″E / 41.67000°N 26.52500°E / 41.67000; 26.52500
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campaigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_and_Sarmatian_campaigns_of_Constantine"},{"link_name":"Adrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianople"},{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_emperor"},{"link_name":"Constantine I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I"},{"link_name":"Licinius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licinius"},{"link_name":"Chrysopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chrysopolis"}],"text":"Constantine I's victory over LiciniusFor battles on other dates, see Battle of Adrianople (disambiguation).Battle of AdrianoplePart of the civil wars of the TetrarchyConstantine I crowned as a victorious general – 4th century cameoDateJuly 3, 324 ADLocationNear Adrianople (modern Edirne, Turkey)Result\nConstantinian victoryBelligerents\nForces of Constantine(Western Empire)\nForces of Licinius(Eastern Empire)Commanders and leaders\nConstantine the Great\nLiciniusStrength\n130,000[1]\n165,000[1]Casualties and losses\nUnknown\n34,000 dead[1]vteFourth-century Roman civil warsCivil wars of the Tetrarchy\nSegusio\nTurin\nBrescia\nVerona\nMilvian Bridge\nTzirallum\nCibalae\nMardia\nAdrianople\nHellespont\nByzantium\nChrysopolis\n350–353\n\nMursa Major\nMons Seleucus\nJewish revolt\n Late period\n\nThyatira\nSave\nFrigidus\nGildonic WarvteBattles of Constantine ICivil wars of the Tetrarchy\nSegusio\nTurin\nBrescia\nVerona\nMilvian Bridge\nCibalae\nMardia\nAdrianople\nHellespont\nByzantium\nChrysopolis\nGerman and Sarmatian campaignsThe Battle of Adrianople was fought in Thrace on July 3, 324,[2] during a Roman civil war, the second to be waged between the two emperors Constantine I and Licinius. Licinius was soundly defeated, his army suffering heavy casualties as a result. Constantine built up military momentum, winning further battles on land and sea, eventually leading to the final defeat of Licinius at Chrysopolis.","title":"Battle of Adrianople (324)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_provinces_in_a_1867_school_atlas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cibalae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cibalae"},{"link_name":"Balkan Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace"},{"link_name":"Moesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Visigoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic"},{"link_name":"Sarmatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatian"},{"link_name":"casus belli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casus_belli"},{"link_name":"Illyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Danubian Provinces of Rome. Adrianople (Hadrianoplis) and the Hebrus River are shown in the Province of ThraceConstantine had, in a previous war (in 316), defeated Licinius at the Battle of Cibalae and conquered from him the entire Balkan Peninsula, with the exception of Thrace and Lower Moesia.[3] A peace deal had been arranged, but the relationship between the two emperors remained uneasy. By 324 Constantine was ready to renew the conflict, and when his army, in pursuit of a raiding force of Visigoths, or possibly Sarmatians, crossed into Licinius' territory, an opportune casus belli was created. The reaction of Licinius to this incursion was overtly hostile, inducing Constantine to go on the offensive. Constantine invaded Thrace in force; his army was smaller than that of Licinius, but it contained many battle-hardened veterans and, as he had control of the Illyrian region, the finest-quality new recruits.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konstantin_den_stores_labarum,_Nordisk_familjebok.png"},{"link_name":"labarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labarum"},{"link_name":"Adrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianople"},{"link_name":"Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessalonica"},{"link_name":"Hebrus River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritsa"},{"link_name":"stades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_(unit_of_length)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zosimus-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zosimus-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pears,_p._5-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephenson,_p._180-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephenson,_p._180-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zosimus-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pears,_p._5-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zosimus-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pears,_p._5-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephenson,_p._180-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Zosimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zosimus-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephenson,_p._180-7"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"labarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labarum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grant46-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zosimus-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grant46-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephenson,_p._180-7"}],"text":"Constantine's labarum standard, from an antique silver medalLicinius encamped his army in a strong position near Adrianople (Hadrianopolis), the major city of inland Thrace. Constantine advanced eastward from Thessalonica until he came to the Hebrus River, on which Adrianople stands, and set up his own camp. Licinius arranged his defensive line, of 200 stades in length,[5] in a strong position between a height overlooking the town and the confluence of the Hebrus with a tributary. The two armies remained in position for a number of days before battle was finally joined, when Constantine took the initiative by crossing the river against a well-prepared and positioned enemy that had a superior number of soldiers.[5][6][7]Constantine used a ruse to get his troops across the Hebrus.[7] Having noticed a suitable crossing point where the river narrowed and was overlooked by a wooded hillside, he ordered material and ropes to be conspicuously assembled at another place on the river, well away from his chosen crossing, to give the impression that he intended to build a bridge to cross there.[5][6] On the wooded hillside, he secretly assembled 5,000 foot archers and a force of cavalry. He then led his cavalry over the river crossing at the narrows, and fell on the enemy unexpectedly. The surprise attack was a complete success, and the remainder of his army then crossed at the same point.[5][6][7] With his position on the river outflanked, Licinius' withdrew his forces and took up a defensive position on higher ground. However, this gave Constantine the initiative once more, and his attack was again successful.[8] What followed, in the words of historian Zosimus, was “a great massacre”. According to Zosimus, Licinius' army suffered losses of 34,000 dead, but this figure is considered an exaggeration by modern historians.[5][9][7]During the onslaught, Constantine directed the guard of his Christian standard, the labarum, to move the standard to any part of the field where his troops seemed to be faltering. The appearance of this talisman emboldened his own troops and dismayed those of Licinius.[10] Constantine, who had been slightly wounded in the thigh,[11] halted his attack at sunset. Darkness allowed Licinius and the remains of his force to withdraw to Byzantium, the coast, and the safety of his fleet.[1][5]The battle was one of the largest of the 4th century.[1] Zosimus describes Constantine personally leading the cavalry charge which broke Licinus' defences and attributes the success of the Constantinian forces to the courage and martial prowess of Constantine himself. Other contemporary accounts—however, ascribe success to the discipline of the troops and Constantine's felicitas, his 'good fortune'.[7]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"besiege Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Byzantium_(324)"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"},{"link_name":"Crispus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispus"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Hellespont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hellespont"},{"link_name":"Bithynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithynia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Chrysopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chrysopolis"},{"link_name":"Bosporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Licinius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licinius_II"},{"link_name":"name was expunged from official inscriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Maximian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximian"},{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Constantine's effort to start a civil conflict proved successful, as did his campaign against Licinius. Following the battle at Adrianople, Constantine moved to besiege Byzantium. At this point in the campaign, control of the narrow waters separating Thrace and Asia Minor became of the utmost importance to both emperors. Constantine's son Crispus commanded his navy in a struggle with the larger fleet of Licinius. Following Crispus' naval victory in the Battle of the Hellespont, Constantine crossed with his army into Bithynia.[12] He met Licinius' army in the final battle of the war at Chrysopolis, on the Asiatic shore of the Bosporus. Constantine won an overwhelming victory.[13]Initially, yielding to the pleas of his sister, Constantine spared the life of his brother-in-law, but some months later he ordered his execution, thereby breaking his solemn oath. This occurred because Licinius was suspected of treasonable actions, and the army command pressed for his execution. A year later, Constantine's nephew, the younger Licinius II, also fell victim to the emperor's anger or suspicions. He was executed in 326 and his name was expunged from official inscriptions.[14][15] Constantine became the first man to be master of the entire Roman world since the elevation of Maximian as co-emperor by Diocletian in 286.[16]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grant46_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grant46_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grant46_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grant46_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grant46_1-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zosimus_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zosimus_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zosimus_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zosimus_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zosimus_5-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zosimus_5-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pears,_p._5_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pears,_p._5_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pears,_p._5_6-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stephenson,_p._180_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stephenson,_p._180_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stephenson,_p._180_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stephenson,_p._180_7-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stephenson,_p._180_7-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"}],"text":"^ a b c d e Grant, p. 46\n\n^ Eutropius, p. 155\n\n^ Odahl, p. 164\n\n^ Grant, p. 45\n\n^ a b c d e f Zosimus, II.22.3–7\n\n^ a b c Pears, p. 5\n\n^ a b c d e Stephenson, p. 180\n\n^ Syvanne, p. 270\n\n^ Pears, p. 6\n\n^ Odahl, p. 178\n\n^ Lieu and Montserrat, p. 47\n\n^ Odahl, pp. 179–180\n\n^ Odahl, p. 180\n\n^ Odahl, p. 160\n\n^ Grant, pp. 47–48\n\n^ Dunstan, p. 436","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Danubian Provinces of Rome. Adrianople (Hadrianoplis) and the Hebrus River are shown in the Province of Thrace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Roman_provinces_in_a_1867_school_atlas.jpg/220px-Roman_provinces_in_a_1867_school_atlas.jpg"},{"image_text":"Constantine's labarum standard, from an antique silver medal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Konstantin_den_stores_labarum%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/220px-Konstantin_den_stores_labarum%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Eutropius (1993). The Breviarum Ab Urbe Condita of Eutropius: The Right Honourable Secretary of State for General Petitions. Translated by Bird, H. W. Liverpool University Press. p. 155. ISBN 9780853232087. Retrieved 1 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)","url_text":"Eutropius"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BSlGy6kLCVAC&pg=PA155","url_text":"The Breviarum Ab Urbe Condita of Eutropius: The Right Honourable Secretary of State for General Petitions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853232087","url_text":"9780853232087"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shrike_(play)
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The Shrike (play)
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["1 Plot","2 Original production","2.1 Awards","2.2 Revivals","3 Film adaptation","4 References","5 External links"]
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"Mary Bell (actress)" redirects here. Not to be confused with Mary Hayley Bell.
The ShrikeMary Bell as Nurse WingateWritten byJoseph KrammCharactersAnn DownsJim DownsDr. SchlesingerPerkinsNurse WingateDr. BarrowGrossbergDr. BellmanJoe MajorDate premieredJanuary 15, 1952Place premieredCort TheaterNew York CityOriginal languageEnglishSubject GenreDramaSettinga hospital
The Shrike is a play written by American dramatist Joseph Kramm. The play won the 1952 Pulitzer Prize for Drama.
Plot
The play, set in the mental ward of a city hospital, revolves around a theatrical director named Jim Downs, who has been driven to the verge of insanity and suicide by his estranged wife Ann.
To outsiders, Ann seems to epitomize sweetness, kindness and graciousness. In reality, she is a bitter, manipulative shrew. Like the shrike, a small predatory bird that kills and impales its prey, Ann seems harmless but her coercion of Jim incapacitates his free will and traps him under her control.
Ann married Jim in hopes that he eventually would gain wealth and stardom, and so his lack of success galls her. Her mockery and nagging led Jim to a suicide attempt when he swallowed a bottle of sleeping pills. The play opens with Jim's being admitted to the hospital, where doctors manage to save his life. Upon waking, Jim discovers that he is legally trapped in the hospital because the psychiatrists deem him a threat to himself and others and are unwilling to release him.
Ann regularly visits Jim at the hospital, supposedly to provide comfort and love, but really to continue her hectoring and manipulation of him. She is able to charm the doctors, who usually accede to her wishes and follow her advice as to what is best for Jim.
Jim comes to realize that the only way to secure his freedom is by cooperating with Ann, who has exploited the situation to regain power over her husband. In the end, Jim is released into Ann's care, thus moving from one type of prison to another.
Original production
It was Kramm's ninth play but his first professionally produced one.
José Ferrer was attached to the project in June 1950. It was going to be produced by Jed Harris, then Aldirch and Myers, and Ferrer decided to produce it.
The Shrike premiered on Broadway at the Cort Theater on January 15, 1952 and closed on May 31, 1952 after 161 performances. José Ferrer was the producer, director and star (as Jim Downs). The cast featured Judith Evelyn (Ann Downs), Somer Alberg (Dr. Schlesinger), James Hawthorne Bay (Perkins), and Mary Bell (Miss Wingate). Ferrer could only make a limited engagement because he was needed for Moulin Rouge.
The New York Times called it "a plausible melodrama that is likely to scare the living daylights out of you."
Awards
Kramm received the 1952 Pulitzer Prize for Drama.
José Ferrer won the 1952 Tony Award, Actor in a Play and Direction.
Revivals
The play was revived on Broadway at New York City Center, running from November 25, 1953 to December 6, 1953. Ferrer and Kramm directed, and Ferrer and Judith Evelyn starred.
Van Heflin toured in the play.
In a 1955 production starring Dane Clark, actress Isabel Bonner, who was married to the author, died during a performance on stage of a brain hemorrhage.
Film adaptation
Main article: The Shrike (film)
The play was adapted for a 1955 film starring José Ferrer and June Allyson.
References
^ JOSEPH KRAMM. (Feb 24, 1952). "A PERSONAL HISTORY: ' Shrike's' Author Tells of His Struggles Preceding First Stage Success". New York Times. p. X1.
^ Schallert, Edwin. (July 20, 1950). "Lundigan Sets Record in Changing Partners; Roth Hinted for Julie". Los Angeles Times. p. A11.
^ SAM ZOLOTOW. (Dec 10, 1951). "RICE'S 27TH PLAY TO OPEN TONIGHT: 'Grand Tour,' With Beatrice Straight and Richard Derr, Due at Martin Beck That Man Ferrer Again to Stage Play, Too Frene Browne Coming Here". New York Times. p. 44.
^ a b "'The Shrike' 1952" playbillvault.com, accessed November 28, 2015
^ Kramm, Joseph. "Introduction", The Shrike, Dramatists Play Service, Inc., 1980, ISBN 0822210266, p. 3
^ BROOKS ATKINSON. (Jan 16, 1952). "AT THE THEATRE". New York Times. p. 20.
^ Fischer, Heinz-D. "1952 Award", Drama / Comedy Awards 1917–1996. Part 4, Volume 12 of Fischer, Heinz-D. The Pulitzer Prize Arechive, Walter de Gruyter, 1998, ISBN 3110955784, p. 143
^ '"the Shrike' 1953" playbillvault.com, accessed November 28, 2015
^ "ACTRESS DROPS DEAD ON CARTHAY CIRCLE STAGE: Collapses in Hospital Bed Scene Incomplete Source". Los Angeles Times. July 2, 1955. p. 1.
^ "WITH LAUGHTER ON HER LIPS: Dane Clark Tells How Actress Died in His Arms at Carthay Circle". Los Angeles Times. July 3, 1955. p. 1.
^ "'The Shrike' Film Overview" New York Times, accessed November 28, 2015
External links
The Shrike at the Internet Broadway Database
The Shrike at the Internet Broadway Database
vtePulitzer Prize for Drama1918–1950
Why Marry? (1918)
Beyond the Horizon (1920)
Miss Lulu Bett (1921)
Anna Christie (1922)
Icebound (1923)
Hell-Bent Fer Heaven (1924)
They Knew What They Wanted (1925)
Craig's Wife (1926)
In Abraham's Bosom (1927)
Strange Interlude (1928)
Street Scene (1929)
The Green Pastures (1930)
Alison's House (1931)
Of Thee I Sing (1932)
Both Your Houses (1933)
Men in White (1934)
The Old Maid (1935)
Idiot's Delight (1936)
You Can't Take It with You (1937)
Our Town (1938)
Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1939)
The Time of Your Life (1940)
There Shall Be No Night (1941)
The Skin of Our Teeth (1943)
Harvey (1945)
State of the Union (1946)
A Streetcar Named Desire (1948)
Death of a Salesman (1949)
South Pacific (1950)
1951–1975
The Shrike (1952)
Picnic (1953)
The Teahouse of the August Moon (1954)
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955)
The Diary of Anne Frank (1956)
Long Day's Journey into Night (1957)
Look Homeward, Angel (1958)
J.B. (1959)
Fiorello! (1960)
All the Way Home (1961)
How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying (1962)
The Subject Was Roses (1965)
A Delicate Balance (1967)
The Great White Hope (1969)
No Place to Be Somebody (1970)
The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds (1971)
That Championship Season (1973)
Seascape (1975)
1976–2000
A Chorus Line (1976)
The Shadow Box (1977)
The Gin Game (1978)
Buried Child (1979)
Talley's Folly (1980)
Crimes of the Heart (1981)
A Soldier's Play (1982)
'night, Mother (1983)
Glengarry Glen Ross (1984)
Sunday in the Park with George (1985)
Fences (1987)
Driving Miss Daisy (1988)
The Heidi Chronicles (1989)
The Piano Lesson (1990)
Lost in Yonkers (1991)
The Kentucky Cycle (1992)
Angels in America: Millennium Approaches (1993)
Three Tall Women (1994)
The Young Man from Atlanta (1995)
Rent (1996)
How I Learned to Drive (1998)
Wit (1999)
Dinner with Friends (2000)
2001–2025
Proof (2001)
Topdog/Underdog (2002)
Anna in the Tropics (2003)
I Am My Own Wife (2004)
Doubt: A Parable (2005)
Rabbit Hole (2007)
August: Osage County (2008)
Ruined (2009)
Next to Normal (2010)
Clybourne Park (2011)
Water by the Spoonful (2012)
Disgraced (2013)
The Flick (2014)
Between Riverside and Crazy (2015)
Hamilton (2016)
Sweat (2017)
Cost of Living (2018)
Fairview (2019)
A Strange Loop (2020)
The Hot Wing King (2021)
Fat Ham (2022)
English (2023)
Primary Trust (2024)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Hayley Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Hayley_Bell"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kramm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kramm"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama"}],"text":"\"Mary Bell (actress)\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Mary Hayley Bell.The Shrike is a play written by American dramatist Joseph Kramm. The play won the 1952 Pulitzer Prize for Drama.","title":"The Shrike (play)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrike"}],"text":"The play, set in the mental ward of a city hospital, revolves around a theatrical director named Jim Downs, who has been driven to the verge of insanity and suicide by his estranged wife Ann.To outsiders, Ann seems to epitomize sweetness, kindness and graciousness. In reality, she is a bitter, manipulative shrew. Like the shrike, a small predatory bird that kills and impales its prey, Ann seems harmless but her coercion of Jim incapacitates his free will and traps him under her control.Ann married Jim in hopes that he eventually would gain wealth and stardom, and so his lack of success galls her. Her mockery and nagging led Jim to a suicide attempt when he swallowed a bottle of sleeping pills. The play opens with Jim's being admitted to the hospital, where doctors manage to save his life. Upon waking, Jim discovers that he is legally trapped in the hospital because the psychiatrists deem him a threat to himself and others and are unwilling to release him.Ann regularly visits Jim at the hospital, supposedly to provide comfort and love, but really to continue her hectoring and manipulation of him. She is able to charm the doctors, who usually accede to her wishes and follow her advice as to what is best for Jim.Jim comes to realize that the only way to secure his freedom is by cooperating with Ann, who has exploited the situation to regain power over her husband. In the end, Jim is released into Ann's care, thus moving from one type of prison to another.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"José Ferrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cort Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cort_Theater"},{"link_name":"Judith Evelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Evelyn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vault-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"It was Kramm's ninth play but his first professionally produced one.[1]José Ferrer was attached to the project in June 1950.[2] It was going to be produced by Jed Harris, then Aldirch and Myers, and Ferrer decided to produce it.[3]The Shrike premiered on Broadway at the Cort Theater on January 15, 1952 and closed on May 31, 1952 after 161 performances. José Ferrer was the producer, director and star (as Jim Downs). The cast featured Judith Evelyn (Ann Downs), Somer Alberg (Dr. Schlesinger), James Hawthorne Bay (Perkins), and Mary Bell (Miss Wingate).[4][5] Ferrer could only make a limited engagement because he was needed for Moulin Rouge.The New York Times called it \"a plausible melodrama that is likely to scare the living daylights out of you.\"[6]","title":"Original production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vault-4"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"Kramm received the 1952 Pulitzer Prize for Drama.[7]José Ferrer won the 1952 Tony Award, Actor in a Play and Direction.[4]","title":"Original production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Van Heflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Heflin"},{"link_name":"Dane Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_Clark"},{"link_name":"Isabel Bonner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Bonner"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Revivals","text":"The play was revived on Broadway at New York City Center, running from November 25, 1953 to December 6, 1953. Ferrer and Kramm directed, and Ferrer and Judith Evelyn starred.[8]Van Heflin toured in the play.In a 1955 production starring Dane Clark, actress Isabel Bonner, who was married to the author, died during a performance on stage of a brain hemorrhage.[9][10]","title":"Original production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"June Allyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Allyson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The play was adapted for a 1955 film starring José Ferrer and June Allyson.\n[11]","title":"Film adaptation"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"JOSEPH KRAMM. (Feb 24, 1952). \"A PERSONAL HISTORY: ' Shrike's' Author Tells of His Struggles Preceding First Stage Success\". New York Times. p. X1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schallert, Edwin. (July 20, 1950). \"Lundigan Sets Record in Changing Partners; Roth Hinted for Julie\". Los Angeles Times. p. A11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"SAM ZOLOTOW. (Dec 10, 1951). \"RICE'S 27TH PLAY TO OPEN TONIGHT: 'Grand Tour,' With Beatrice Straight and Richard Derr, Due at Martin Beck That Man Ferrer Again to Stage Play, Too Frene Browne Coming Here\". New York Times. p. 44.","urls":[]},{"reference":"BROOKS ATKINSON. (Jan 16, 1952). \"AT THE THEATRE\". New York Times. p. 20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"ACTRESS DROPS DEAD ON CARTHAY CIRCLE STAGE: Collapses in Hospital Bed Scene Incomplete Source\". Los Angeles Times. July 2, 1955. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"WITH LAUGHTER ON HER LIPS: Dane Clark Tells How Actress Died in His Arms at Carthay Circle\". Los Angeles Times. July 3, 1955. p. 1.","urls":[]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alena_Arzamasskaia
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Alena Arzamasskaia
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["1 Early life","2 Peasant's Revolt","3 References","4 Sources"]
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Russian military rebel (died 1670)
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (October 2014) Click for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Alena ArzamasskaiaNickname(s)The Russian Joan of ArcBornVyezdnoyeDied1670Battles/warsPeasants' Revolt
Alena Arzamasskaia (or Alyona; Erzyan: Эрзямассонь Олёна, Russian: Алёна Арзамасская; died 1670), sometimes called the Russian Joan of Arc, was a famed female rebel fighter in 17th-century Russia, posing as a man and fighting in Cossack Stepan Razin's (Peasants' Revolt) revolt of 1670 in southern Russia. Unlike Joan of Arc, who was fighting in the name of her king, Alyona was rebelling against her czar. She was an Erzyan female ataman under the leadership of Stepan Razin. A peasant by birth from the Vyezdnaya sloboda of Arzamas, she was an elderly nun ("старица") before becoming an ataman. She commanded a detachment of about 600 men and participated in the capture of Temnikov in 1670, before being burned at the stake.
Early life
Alyona was a peasant by birth from the Vyezdnaya sloboda of Arzamas (Volga region) and married a peasant while still a young girl. Her son died and as a child widow, she then became a nun at Nikolaevskii Monastery. While there, she read and studied medicine. She was unhappy at the convent due to the strict regulated life she had to lead. In 1669, she left the convent, cutting her hair and dressing as a man.
Peasant's Revolt
Upon leaving the convent, she joined the Peasants' Revolt (1670-1671) of Stepan Razin as their leader. The revolt was initially a success in southern Russia.
In 1670, she participated in the capture of Temnikov while pretending to be a Cossack rebel leader. She gathered a regiment of men from the areas around her hometown. She soon lead a regiment of 300-400 men (in some sources, six thousand fighters) unaware that their leader was a woman. Her skill as an archer and in medicine which learned at the convent, made her popular and respected among the men.
Three months later, the Russian Tsar launched a campaign to suppress the rebels and captured Arzamasskaia. On 30 November 1670, Temnikov was re-taken by Tsarists troops under General Yury A. Dolgorukov. According to a description from 1677, she hid in a church and shot several soldiers before she was taken, embracing the altar, on 4 December. She was tortured in an effort to get the identities of other rebels; however, she resisted and did not divulge any information. Some sources say she was accused of sorcery and heresy; others that she was convicted of brigandage for her role in taking over Temnikov, she was sentenced to be burned at the stake.
The stake was formed as a small cottage with a hole in the "roof", in which she would be burned. She was to have climbed to the stake in silence, performed her rites, jumped down and closed the hatch without a word, and burned in silence. Alyona is described as an amazon with great physical strength and courage greater than most men.
When she was burned at the stake, witnesses reported that she did not make a single sound as she burned to death.
References
^ a b Pennington, Reina (2003). Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A Biographical Dictionary of Military Women. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-313-32707-0.
^ Natalʹi︠a︡ Lʹvovna Pushkareva, Eve Levin, "Women in Russian history: from the tenth to the twentieth century", M.E. Sharpe, 1997
^ Adrienne Marie Harris "THE MYTH OF THE WOMAN WARRIOR AND WORLD WAR II IN SOVIET CULTURE", University of Kansas, 2001
Sources
Степан Разин и его соратники, «Мысль», 1988 г.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erzyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzyan_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Joan of Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc"},{"link_name":"Cossack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack"},{"link_name":"Stepan Razin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepan_Razin"},{"link_name":"Peasants' Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt_(1670-1671)"},{"link_name":"Erzyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzya_people"},{"link_name":"ataman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataman"},{"link_name":"Stepan Razin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepan_Razin"},{"link_name":"sloboda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloboda_(settlement)"},{"link_name":"Arzamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzamas"},{"link_name":"Temnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temnikov"}],"text":"Alena Arzamasskaia (or Alyona; Erzyan: Эрзямассонь Олёна, Russian: Алёна Арзамасская; died 1670), sometimes called the Russian Joan of Arc, was a famed female rebel fighter in 17th-century Russia, posing as a man and fighting in Cossack Stepan Razin's (Peasants' Revolt) revolt of 1670 in southern Russia. Unlike Joan of Arc, who was fighting in the name of her king, Alyona was rebelling against her czar. She was an Erzyan female ataman under the leadership of Stepan Razin. A peasant by birth from the Vyezdnaya sloboda of Arzamas, she was an elderly nun (\"старица\") before becoming an ataman. She commanded a detachment of about 600 men and participated in the capture of Temnikov in 1670, before being burned at the stake.","title":"Alena Arzamasskaia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vyezdnaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyezdnoye"},{"link_name":"sloboda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloboda_(settlement)"},{"link_name":"Arzamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzamas"},{"link_name":"Volga region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_region"},{"link_name":"Nikolaevskii Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolaevskii_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Alyona was a peasant by birth from the Vyezdnaya sloboda of Arzamas (Volga region) and married a peasant while still a young girl. Her son died and as a child widow, she then became a nun at Nikolaevskii Monastery. While there, she read and studied medicine. She was unhappy at the convent due to the strict regulated life she had to lead. In 1669, she left the convent, cutting her hair and dressing as a man.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peasants' Revolt (1670-1671)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt_(1670-1671)"},{"link_name":"Stepan Razin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepan_Razin"},{"link_name":"Temnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temnikov"},{"link_name":"archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery"},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar"},{"link_name":"brigandage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigandage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"burned at the stake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burned_at_the_stake"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Upon leaving the convent, she joined the Peasants' Revolt (1670-1671) of Stepan Razin as their leader. The revolt was initially a success in southern Russia.In 1670, she participated in the capture of Temnikov while pretending to be a Cossack rebel leader. She gathered a regiment of men from the areas around her hometown. She soon lead a regiment of 300-400 men (in some sources, six thousand fighters) unaware that their leader was a woman. Her skill as an archer and in medicine which learned at the convent, made her popular and respected among the men.[2]Three months later, the Russian Tsar launched a campaign to suppress the rebels and captured Arzamasskaia. On 30 November 1670, Temnikov was re-taken by Tsarists troops under General Yury A. Dolgorukov. According to a description from 1677, she hid in a church and shot several soldiers before she was taken, embracing the altar, on 4 December. She was tortured in an effort to get the identities of other rebels; however, she resisted and did not divulge any information. Some sources say she was accused of sorcery and heresy; others that she was convicted of brigandage for her role in taking over Temnikov, she was sentenced to be burned at the stake.[1]The stake was formed as a small cottage with a hole in the \"roof\", in which she would be burned. She was to have climbed to the stake in silence, performed her rites, jumped down and closed the hatch without a word, and burned in silence. Alyona is described as an amazon with great physical strength and courage greater than most men.When she was burned at the stake, witnesses reported that she did not make a single sound as she burned to death.[3]","title":"Peasant's Revolt"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Степан Разин и его соратники, «Мысль», 1988 г.","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Pennington, Reina (2003). Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A Biographical Dictionary of Military Women. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-313-32707-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32707-0","url_text":"978-0-313-32707-0"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8sfJb6nFFmUC&pg=PA83","external_links_name":"\"Women in Russian history: from the tenth to the twentieth century\""},{"Link":"http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/bitstream/1808/4136/1/umi-ku-2564_1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"THE MYTH OF THE WOMAN WARRIOR AND WORLD WAR II IN SOVIET CULTURE\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettering_Conference_Centre
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Kettering Conference Centre
|
["1 History","2 Conference facilities","3 Arena Sports","3.1 Kids Kingdom","4 National Volleyball Centre","5 Lighthouse theatre","6 Transport","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°23′14.78″N 0°44′8.36″W / 52.3874389°N 0.7356556°W / 52.3874389; -0.7356556Sports and conference centre in Kettering, Northamptonshire
The Kettering Conference Centre was a multi-functional sports and conference centre located in Kettering, Northamptonshire. It was also the location of Volleyball England's National Volleyball Centre until it closed in 2023.
History
The Kettering Conference Centre is a part-government, part council, part privately funded multi-functional business, sports and arts venue and facility, run and managed by Balance Health Clubs on behalf of itself and Kettering Borough Council.
As such, parts of the centre are privately operated, and parts are funded or subsidised by the council.
Conference facilities
The conference venue can accommodate meetings from 5 to 1,500 attendees in fully serviced rooms, supplied by associated catering facilities, plus a lakeside terrace and bar.
A licensed civil wedding facility, the wedding and reception venue can accommodate up to 200 people.
Arena Sports
The Arena Sports and Leisure Centre is a council-funded sports facility for local people, run and operated by Balance Health Clubs. It provides:
12 badminton courts
4 glass-backed squash courts
Dance/martial arts studio
3 syndicate or meeting rooms
Kids Kingdom
An integrated 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2) fully air-conditioned children's activity centre, with activities across four levels that include: rides, slides, climbing wall, and trampolines. It is accessible via a one-price ticket for up to two hours, from 9:30 am to 6:30 pm daily.
National Volleyball Centre
Made possible with a grants from Kettering Borough Council, Northamptonshire Enterprise Ltd, the East Midlands Development Agency and the Kettering Conference Centre, the four-year agreement came into place in November 2010.
The 2,000 square metres (22,000 sq ft) facility houses both National Volleyball Centre - as well as home of Volleyball England's national men's, women's, junior men's and women's, as well as cadet boys' and girls' volleyball squads, and several national competitions.
Lighthouse theatre
The Lighthouse Theatre is a £2 million extension to the existing facility, with a £250,000 subsidy from Kettering's Council Tax payers.
The theatre provides a 562-tiered-seat auditorium and balcony (400 tiered seats at ground-floor level; 138 tiered in the balcony; six private boxes each with four seats and a fridge), complemented by modern lighting and sound equipment. With a larger than normal designed stage, the theatre was designed as a flexible space for use either as a theatre or to accommodate conferences, presentations, award ceremonies and product launches.
The Lighthouse Theatre opened on 6 March 2008.
Transport
Situated alongside the A14 road at Junction 8, which links the A1, M1 and M6, the centre has over 600 car parking places.
Rail services operated by East Midlands Railway depart every 30 minutes from Kettering to St Pancras International railway station, with an average journey time on the Midland Main Line of 59 minutes. St Pancras also provides an interchange with the Eurostar service to France and Belgium. Kettering is linked to Corby, Leicester, Nottingham, Derby and Sheffield to the north and Wellingborough, Bedford, Luton to the south.
References
^ a b c d e "Kettering Conference Centre". Kettering Borough Council. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
^ a b "National Volleyball Centre". Volleyball England. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
^ "East Midlands Trains: Midland Main Line (London services) Timetable" (PDF). East Midlands Trains - Stagecoach Group plc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
^ "East Midlands Trains: Network Map". East Midlands Trains - Stagecoach Group plc. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
External links
Centre website
Lighthouse Theatre
Kettering Conference Centre @ Kettering Borough Council
52°23′14.78″N 0°44′8.36″W / 52.3874389°N 0.7356556°W / 52.3874389; -0.7356556
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conference centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_centre"},{"link_name":"Kettering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettering"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Volleyball England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_England"}],"text":"Sports and conference centre in Kettering, NorthamptonshireThe Kettering Conference Centre was a multi-functional sports and conference centre located in Kettering, Northamptonshire. It was also the location of Volleyball England's National Volleyball Centre until it closed in 2023.","title":"Kettering Conference Centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balance Health Clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balance_Health_Clubs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Council-1"}],"text":"The Kettering Conference Centre is a part-government, part council, part privately funded multi-functional business, sports and arts venue and facility, run and managed by Balance Health Clubs on behalf of itself and Kettering Borough Council.As such, parts of the centre are privately operated, and parts are funded or subsidised by the council.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_wedding"}],"text":"The conference venue can accommodate meetings from 5 to 1,500 attendees in fully serviced rooms, supplied by associated catering facilities, plus a lakeside terrace and bar.A licensed civil wedding facility, the wedding and reception venue can accommodate up to 200 people.","title":"Conference facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Council-1"}],"text":"The Arena Sports and Leisure Centre is a council-funded sports facility for local people, run and operated by Balance Health Clubs. It provides:[1]12 badminton courts\n4 glass-backed squash courts\nDance/martial arts studio\n3 syndicate or meeting rooms","title":"Arena Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"air-conditioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-conditioned"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Council-1"}],"sub_title":"Kids Kingdom","text":"An integrated 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2) fully air-conditioned children's activity centre, with activities across four levels that include: rides, slides, climbing wall, and trampolines. It is accessible via a one-price ticket for up to two hours, from 9:30 am to 6:30 pm daily.[1]","title":"Arena Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Midlands Development Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Development_Agency"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VolEng-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VolEng-2"}],"text":"Made possible with a grants from Kettering Borough Council, Northamptonshire Enterprise Ltd, the East Midlands Development Agency and the Kettering Conference Centre, the four-year agreement came into place in November 2010.[2]The 2,000 square metres (22,000 sq ft) facility houses both National Volleyball Centre - as well as home of Volleyball England's national men's, women's, junior men's and women's, as well as cadet boys' and girls' volleyball squads, and several national competitions.[2]","title":"National Volleyball Centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Council Tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_Tax"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Council-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Council-1"}],"text":"The Lighthouse Theatre is a £2 million extension to the existing facility, with a £250,000 subsidy from Kettering's Council Tax payers.[1]The theatre provides a 562-tiered-seat auditorium and balcony (400 tiered seats at ground-floor level; 138 tiered in the balcony; six private boxes each with four seats and a fridge), complemented by modern lighting and sound equipment. With a larger than normal designed stage, the theatre was designed as a flexible space for use either as a theatre or to accommodate conferences, presentations, award ceremonies and product launches.[1]The Lighthouse Theatre opened on 6 March 2008.","title":"Lighthouse theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A14 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A14_road"},{"link_name":"M1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_motorway"},{"link_name":"M6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M6_motorway"},{"link_name":"East Midlands Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Railway"},{"link_name":"Kettering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettering_railway_station"},{"link_name":"St Pancras International railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Midland Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMT-3"},{"link_name":"Eurostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostar"},{"link_name":"Corby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corby"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Wellingborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellingborough"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford"},{"link_name":"Luton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Situated alongside the A14 road at Junction 8, which links the A1, M1 and M6, the centre has over 600 car parking places.Rail services operated by East Midlands Railway depart every 30 minutes from Kettering to St Pancras International railway station, with an average journey time on the Midland Main Line of 59 minutes.[3] St Pancras also provides an interchange with the Eurostar service to France and Belgium. Kettering is linked to Corby, Leicester, Nottingham, Derby and Sheffield to the north and Wellingborough, Bedford, Luton to the south.[4]","title":"Transport"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Kettering Conference Centre\". Kettering Borough Council. Retrieved 13 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kettering.gov.uk/info/200044/fitness/244/arena_sports__kettering_conference_centre","url_text":"\"Kettering Conference Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Volleyball Centre\". Volleyball England. Retrieved 13 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.volleyballengland.org/performance/national_volleyball_centre","url_text":"\"National Volleyball Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"East Midlands Trains: Midland Main Line (London services) Timetable\" (PDF). East Midlands Trains - Stagecoach Group plc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100922112028/http://eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/emtrains/images/pdfs/TT1May10PagesandTablesv3DH%282%29.pdf","url_text":"\"East Midlands Trains: Midland Main Line (London services) Timetable\""},{"url":"http://eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/emtrains/images/pdfs/TT1May10PagesandTablesv3DH(2).pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"East Midlands Trains: Network Map\". East Midlands Trains - Stagecoach Group plc. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100610101549/http://www.eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/EMTrains/YourDestinations/OurNetworkAndStations.htm","url_text":"\"East Midlands Trains: Network Map\""},{"url":"http://www.eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/EMTrains/YourDestinations/OurNetworkAndStations.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kettering_Conference_Centre¶ms=52_23_14.78_N_0_44_8.36_W_","external_links_name":"52°23′14.78″N 0°44′8.36″W / 52.3874389°N 0.7356556°W / 52.3874389; -0.7356556"},{"Link":"http://www.kettering.gov.uk/info/200044/fitness/244/arena_sports__kettering_conference_centre","external_links_name":"\"Kettering Conference Centre\""},{"Link":"http://www.volleyballengland.org/performance/national_volleyball_centre","external_links_name":"\"National Volleyball Centre\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100922112028/http://eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/emtrains/images/pdfs/TT1May10PagesandTablesv3DH%282%29.pdf","external_links_name":"\"East Midlands Trains: Midland Main Line (London services) Timetable\""},{"Link":"http://eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/emtrains/images/pdfs/TT1May10PagesandTablesv3DH(2).pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100610101549/http://www.eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/EMTrains/YourDestinations/OurNetworkAndStations.htm","external_links_name":"\"East Midlands Trains: Network Map\""},{"Link":"http://www.eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/EMTrains/YourDestinations/OurNetworkAndStations.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ketteringconference.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Centre website"},{"Link":"http://www.lighthousetheatre.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Lighthouse Theatre"},{"Link":"http://www.kettering.gov.uk/info/200044/fitness/244/arena_sports__kettering_conference_centre","external_links_name":"Kettering Conference Centre @ Kettering Borough Council"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kettering_Conference_Centre¶ms=52_23_14.78_N_0_44_8.36_W_","external_links_name":"52°23′14.78″N 0°44′8.36″W / 52.3874389°N 0.7356556°W / 52.3874389; -0.7356556"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Collegiate_Instruction_of_Women
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Radcliffe College
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["1 History","1.1 19th century","1.1.1 Harvard Examinations for Women","1.2 20th century","1.2.1 Growth","2 Presidents of Radcliffe College","3 Graduate and post-graduate opportunities","4 Student life and notable extracurricular activities","5 Growing consolidation with Harvard","6 Radcliffe after the merger","7 Notable alumnae","8 In popular culture","8.1 Literature","8.2 Writing","8.3 Film","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
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Women's college in Cambridge, Massachusetts (1878–1999)
Not to be confused with Ratcliffe College.
Radcliffe CollegeTypePrivate liberal arts collegeWomen's collegeActive1879; 145 years ago (1879)–1999; 25 years ago (1999)(became Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study)PresidentMary Maples DunnDeanLizabeth CohenLocationCambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.CampusUrbanWebsiteradcliffe.edu
Radcliffe College was a women's liberal arts college in Cambridge, Massachusetts, that was founded in 1879. In 1999, it was fully incorporated into Harvard College.
Radcliffe College was one of the Seven Sisters colleges.
For the first 70 years of its existence, Radcliffe conferred undergraduate and graduate degrees. Beginning in 1963, it awarded joint Harvard-Radcliffe diplomas to undergraduates. In 1977, Radcliffe signed a formal "non-merger merger" agreement with Harvard, and completed a full integration with Harvard in 1999.
Within Harvard University, Radcliffe's former administrative campus, Radcliffe Yard, is home to the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Former Radcliffe housing at the Radcliffe Quadrangle, including Pforzheimer House, Cabot House, and Currier House, has been incorporated into Harvard College's house system. Under the terms of the 1999 consolidation, Radcliffe Yard and the Radcliffe Quadrangle retain the "Radcliffe" designation in perpetuity.
History
19th century
Fay House, one of the college's first buildings, and the gymnasium in c. 1904
The "Harvard Annex," a private program for the instruction of women by Harvard faculty, was founded in 1879 after prolonged efforts by women to gain access to Harvard College. Arthur Gilman, a Cambridge resident, banker, philanthropist and writer, was the founder of what became The Annex/Radcliffe. At a time when higher education for women was a sharply controversial topic, Gilman hoped to establish a higher educational opportunity for his daughter that exceeded what was generally available in female seminaries and the new women's colleges such as Vassar and Wellesley. These schools were in their early years and had substantial numbers of faculty who were not university trained.
In conversations with the chair of Harvard College's classics department, Gilman outlined a plan to have Harvard faculty deliver instruction to a small group of Cambridge and Boston women. He approached Harvard President Charles William Eliot with the idea, and Eliot approved. Gilman and Eliot recruited a group of prominent and well-connected Cambridge women to manage the plan. These women were Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, Mary H. Cooke, Stella Scott Gilman, Mary B. Greenough, Ellen Hooper Gurney, Alice Mary Longfellow, and Lillian Horsford.
Building upon Gilman's premise, the committee convinced 44 members of the Harvard faculty to consider giving lectures to female students in exchange for extra income paid by the committee. The program came to be known informally as "The Harvard Annex." The course of study for the first year included 51 courses in 13 subject areas, an "impressive curriculum with greater diversity than that of any other women's college at its inception. Courses were offered in Greek, Latin, English, German, French, Italian, and Spanish; philosophy, political economy, history, music, mathematics, physics, and natural history." The first graduation ceremonies took place in the library of Longfellow House on Brattle Street, just above where George Washington's generals had slept a century earlier.
The committee members hoped that by raising an endowment for The Annex, they could persuade Harvard to admit women directly into Harvard College, but the university resisted. In his 1869 inaugural address as president of Harvard, Charles Eliot summed up the official Harvard position toward female students when he said,
"The world knows next to nothing about the capacities of the female sex. Only after generations of civil freedom and social equality will it be possible to obtain the data necessary for an adequate discussion of woman's natural tendencies, tastes, and capabilities...It is not the business of the University to decide this mooted point."
Harvard Examinations for Women
From 1874 to 1881, Harvard administered the Harvard Examinations for Women to increase women's educational opportunities, after being pressured by the Women's Education Association of Boston. During these seven years, 107 women participated; 36 received certificates. The low number of certificates received by women led Harvard to change the exam in 1881. At the time, women could also be admitted into the "Harvard Annex", the women's version of a college education. The "Harvard Examinations for Women" included subjects such as history; literature of Shakespeare and Chaucer; languages such as Latin, French, and German; botany; and mathematics. These tests were similar to the admittance exam given to men applying to Harvard College. When a woman passed a subject, she would receive a signed certificate from Harvard's president acknowledging her passing mark.
The Harvard Examinations for Women were ended two years after "Harvard Annex" officially became Radcliffe College, the women's equivalent to Harvard College.
When confronted in 1883 with the notion of females receiving Harvard degrees, the university's treasurer stated, "I have no prejudice in the matter of education of women and am quite willing to see Yale or Columbia take any risks they like, but I feel bound to protect Harvard College from what seems to me a risky experiment."
In 1888, Harvard President Eliot in 1888 communicated to a faculty member he intended to hire that "There is no obligation to teach at The Annex. Those professors who on general grounds take an interest in the education of women...feel some obligation but there are many professors who think it their duty NOT to teach there, in which opinion some of the Corporation and Overseers agree."
Eliot was strongly against co-education, saying, "The difficulties involved in a common residence of hundreds of young men and women of immature character and marriageable age are very grave. The necessary police regulations are exceedingly burdensome."
In December 1893, The Boston Globe reported, "President of Harvard To Sign Parchments of the Fair Graduates". Students seeking admission to the new women's college were required to sit for the same entrance examinations required of Harvard College students.
The committee persevered despite Eliot's skepticism. The project proved to be a success, attracting a growing number of students. As a result, the Annex was incorporated in 1882 as the Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women, with Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, widow of Harvard professor Louis Agassiz, as president. This society awarded certificates to students but did not have the power to confer academic degrees.
In subsequent years, ongoing discussions with Harvard about admitting women directly into the university still came to a dead end. Instead, Harvard and the Annex negotiated the creation of a degree-granting institution, with Harvard professors serving as its faculty and visiting body. This modification of the Annex was chartered by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts as Radcliffe College in 1894. It was named after early Harvard benefactor Lady Ann Mowlson (née Radcliffe).
By 1896, the Globe could headline a story: "Sweet Girls. They Graduate in Shoals at Radcliffe. Commencement Exercises at Sanders Theatre. Galleries Filled with Fair Friends and Students. Handsome Mrs. Agassiz Made Fine Address. Pres Eliot Commends the Work of the New Institution." The Globe said, "Eliot stated that the percentage of graduates with distinction is much higher at Radcliffe than at Harvard" and that although "t is to yet to be seen whether the women have the originality and pioneering spirit which will fit them to be leaders, perhaps they will when they have had as many generations of thorough education as men."
20th century
In 1904, a historian Mary Caroline Crawford wrote the following about the genesis of Radcliffe College:
"...it set up housekeeping in two unpretending rooms in the Appian Way, Cambridge....Probably in all the history of colleges in America there could not be found a story so full of color and interest as that of the beginning of this woman's college. The bathroom of the little house was pressed into service as a laboratory for physics, students and instructors alike making the best of all inconveniences. Because the institution was housed with a private family, generous mothering was given to the girls when they needed it."
In the first two decades of the 20th century, Radcliffe championed the beginnings of its own campus, consisting of the Radcliffe Yard and the Radcliffe Quadrangle in Cambridge, Massachusetts, not far from Harvard University. The original Radcliffe gymnasium and library, and the Bertram, Whitman, Eliot, and Barnard dormitories were constructed during this period. With the 1920s and 1930s, dormitories Briggs Hall (1924) and Cabot Hall (1937) were built on the Quadrangle, and in the Radcliffe Yard, the administrative building Byerly Hall (1932) and the classroom building Longfellow Hall (1930). Mary Almy was the architect.
English professor Barrett Wendell warned his colleagues about continued cooperation with Radcliffe, saying that Harvard could "suddenly find itself committed to coeducation somewhat as unwary men lay themselves open to actions for breach of promise." In Wendell's view, Harvard needed to remain "purely virile."
In 1923, Ada Comstock, a leader in the movement to provide women with higher education, who hailed from the University of Minnesota and Smith College, became the college's third president. She was a key figure in the college's early 20th-century development. Speaking of her, one alumna remembers that "we were in awe of 'Miss Comstock... and knew even then that we had been touched by a vanishing breed of female educator. Ada Comstock had an extraordinary presence—she radiated dignity, strength, and decisiveness." In the early 1940s, she negotiated a new relationship with Harvard that vastly expanded women's access to the full Harvard course catalog.
Growth
A radio science class at Radcliffe College in 1922
Byerly Hall, built in 1932
David McCord set the college apart from the other Seven Sister institutions, saying "there is one respect in which Radcliffe differs from her sisters, and this should be made clear. Although she divides with Barnard, Bryn Mawr, and Wellesley all advantages of a large city, and enjoys the further privilege of being front-fence neighbor to Harvard University, Radcliffe alone has had from the first the strength of a university faculty....Thus, from the beginning, Radcliffe has been a woman's Harvard. It is still a separate institution, with its own corporation, receiving from Harvard no financial aid." Because it had a university – as opposed to "collegiate" – faculty, Radcliffe was unique among the Seven Sisters in being able to provide a graduate program with a wide number of opportunities for students to pursue advanced studies.
M. Carey Thomas, the second president and chief visionary of Bryn Mawr College, lobbied against the conversion of the Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women into Radcliffe College precisely because the Cambridge rival's access to a university faculty competed with Bryn Mawr's own academic ambitions. Between 1890 and 1963, Radcliffe awarded more than 750 PhDs and more than 3000 masters degrees to women. During the 1950s, the school conferred more PhDs to women than any schools other than Columbia and the University of Chicago. In 1955–56, the college produced more female PhDs than any other institution in the United States.
Because Radcliffe's faculty was Harvard's, in the college's first 50 years, professors from Harvard, each under individual contracts with the Radcliffe administration – duplicated lectures, providing them first for men in the Harvard Yard and then crossing the Cambridge Common to provide the same lectures to women in the Radcliffe Yard. Professor Elwood Byerly wrote that he "always found the spirit, industry, and ability of the girls admirable—indeed, the average has been higher in my mathematics classes in the Annex than in my classes at the college.
In March 1915, The New York Times reported in 1915 that all of the prizes offered in a playwriting competition at Harvard and Radcliffe that year were won by Radcliffe students. One of the Harvard contributions received honorable mention.
In the early 1960s, the newspaper also reported that "taking the same courses and exams as Harvard, 60 percent of Radcliffe's girls were on the Dean's List as compared with 42 percent of Harvard men ."
Dorothy Howells noted that, "Allegations were made that Radcliffe was a "vampire" and a "temptress" enticing the teacher from his career-advancing research and publication with the lure of additional income."
Ruth Hubbard, a member of the Harvard faculty from 1974 to 1990 and a member of the Radcliffe class of 1944, noted that "the senior (Harvard) professors were less than thrilled to have to repeat their lectures at Radcliffe. The lower rank faculty members, who were sometimes detailed off to teach the introductory science courses at Radcliffe instead of teaching Harvard students, felt even more declasse."
Marion Cannon Schlesinger, Radcliffe Class of 1934, noted that "there were, to be sure, certain professors who looked with horror at the incursions of women into the sacred precincts of Harvard College, even at the safe distance of the Radcliffe Yard, and would have nothing to do with the academic arrangements by which their colleagues taught the Radcliffe girls. Professor Roger Merriman, for example, the first master of Eliot House and a professor of history, would not have been caught dead teaching a Radcliffe class.".
During World War II, declines in male enrollment at Harvard and heightened sensitivity about the use of resources called for a new, more efficient arrangement concerning faculty time. Under the leadership of President Comstock, Radcliffe and Harvard signed an agreement that for the first time allowed Radcliffe and Harvard students to attend the same classes in the Harvard Yard, officially beginning joint instruction in 1943. Equally significant, the agreement ended the era in which individual faculty members at Harvard could choose whether to enter contracts with Radcliffe.
The agreement instead opened the entire Harvard catalogue to Radcliffe students, in exchange for which Radcliffe made a payment to Harvard of a fixed portion of Radcliffe tuitions. President Comstock noted that the agreement was "the most significant event since our charter was granted in 1894." All Harvard faculty, whether interested or not, had a legal obligation to teach Radcliffe students. In practice a few holdouts on the Harvard faculty maneuvered around this obligation by announcing that their classes had "limited enrollment" and then limiting enrollment solely to male students. At the time, both Harvard and Radcliffe were adamant in telling the press that this arrangement was "joint instruction" but not "coeducation." Reacting to the agreement, Harvard President James Bryant Conant said, "Harvard was not coeducational in theory, only in practice." Indeed, Radcliffe continued to maintain a separate admissions office which, by general acknowledgment, was more stringent in its academic requirements of applicants than Harvard's. Most extra-curricular activities at the two colleges remained separate.
Following World War II, Radcliffe negotiated a higher ceiling on its student enrollment. This success was orchestrated in tandem with additional housing construction. Moors Hall was completed in 1949, Holmes Hall in 1952, the Cronkhite Graduate Center in 1956, and Comstock Hall in 1958. The added dormitory space and national recruiting campaigns led to an increasingly national and international student body.
In 1961, the Jordan Cooperative Houses, an option for students to engage in more communal living, with student responsibility for shopping for food, preparing meals and housekeeping, were built, and the college purchased Wolbach Hall, an apartment building also known as 124 Walker Street, in 1964. Radcliffe constructed Hilles Library in 1966 and the Radcliffe Quadrangle Athletic Center in 1982.
Also in 1961, then President Mary Bunting reorganized the autonomous Radcliffe dormitories into "houses," mirroring Harvard's houses and Yale University's residential colleges.
The three houses (North, South, and East) were eventually consolidated into two (North and South). In 1970, the college completed construction of Currier House, the first Radcliffe House designed with the "House Plan" in mind. South House eventually was renamed Cabot House in 1984 while North House became Pforzheimer House in 1995.
Bunting felt that the house system would give Radcliffe students an intellectual community comparable to what Harvard students were getting, bringing together faculty and students in a way the free-standing Radcliffe dormitories did not, and allowing all to see with greater clarity the aspirations, capabilities, and interests of undergraduate women. Speaking generally about her philosophy for Radcliffe, President Bunting noted that "part of our special purpose is to convey to our students and through them to others that there is no basic conflict between being intellectual and being feminine."
Bunting also established the Radcliffe Institute in 1961. The institute – a precursor to the current Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study – gave financial support, access to research libraries and facilities, and recognition to scholarly women who had taken time away from intellectual pursuits to focus on home and family. In providing women with a venue to return to academe, Bunting was recognizing that traditional academic institutions were premised on a male life trajectory where a scholar's domestic concerns were taken care of by someone else (usually a wife).
The Radcliffe Institute, later renamed the Bunting Institute, was an institution premised on the needs of a female life trajectory, providing opportunities that might otherwise have been truncated by women's decisions during early adulthood to leave academia to raise children.
In the 1930s, Harvard president A. Lawrence Lowell took a dim view of Radcliffe, maintaining that the time Harvard professors spent providing lectures to women distracted the faculty from their scholarship, and providing Radcliffe women access to research facilities and Harvard museums was – in his view – an unnecessary burden on the university's resources. He threatened to scuttle the relationship between the two institutions. Radcliffe was forced to agree to a limitation on the size of its student body, with 750 spaces for undergraduates and 250 for graduate students.
A ceiling on enrollment of women when compared to the enrollment of men was renegotiated upward at various points throughout the relationship with Harvard and remained constant in Radcliffe's operations until it began its ultimate incorporation into Harvard University in 1977.
Presidents of Radcliffe College
The office of the president was created with the incorporation of the Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women in 1882. The society became Radcliffe College in 1894.
Name
Dates
Elizabeth Cary Agassiz
1882–1903
LeBaron Russell Briggs
1903–23
Ada Louise Comstock
1923–43
Wilbur Kitchener Jordan
1943–60
Mary Bunting
1960–72
Matina Souretis Horner
1972–89
Linda S. Wilson
1989–99
Mary Maples Dunn
acting president, July–September 1999; acting dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, September 1999–December 2000
Graduate and post-graduate opportunities
Radcliffe staff were invested in assisting women graduates with career planning and placement, as well as providing a number of different programs to provide post-graduate study for women. The Harvard-Radcliffe Program in Business Administration was begun as career training for alums interested in business. It grew to become a vehicle for women to pursue study at Harvard's Business School.
Other post-graduate courses of study at Radcliffe grew as the undergraduate women students became more a part of Harvard University. The Radcliffe Publishing Course offered students experience in editing and other skills needed to enter the field of publishing. The Radcliffe Seminars Program in Landscape Design gave students a chance to study landscape design before it was a course of study at the Harvard Design School, and in a less formal environment.
Radcliffe first granted PhDs starting in 1902. Between 1894 and 1902, multiple students completed all course and thesis requirements for a PhD degree in the department of zoology, working in the Radcliffe Zoological Laboratory, without receiving the title.
Student life and notable extracurricular activities
Beyond the life of the mind, another appeal of Radcliffe was the comparative freedom that its undergraduates enjoyed compared to students at other women's colleges. Cambridge and Boston provided diversions that were denied to women at more geographically isolated institutions. In his history of the college, David McCord noted that "the music, theaters and museums were surprisingly close." While students at many women's colleges only had social interactions with men on weekends, Radcliffe students saw men in town and, after 1943, in classes and laboratories on a daily basis while still having their own institution, student organizations and activities, and space. In the 1950s, an era of "in loco parentis" at many postsecondary institutions, it was common at women's colleges for housemothers to keep diligent watch of the time when women returned to their dorms, locking the doors when check-in hour had arrived and punishing women who missed their check-in times. Radcliffe students, by contrast, had their own dormitory keys and filled out sign-in sheets when they arrived in the evening. Their lives were not as cloistered as those of some of their counterparts at the sister schools, and according to an article in Mademoiselle Magazine, "it was the richness and freedom of life at Radcliffe" which left its mark on the student body. One graduate of the class of 1934 noted, "We were getting the best education in the country, and besides, we weren't banished to the sticks to rusticate. Weekends at Yale and Princeton may have been the answer to a maiden's prayer at Vassar, but we did not have to wait for ceremonial weekends for our entertainment: there were those among the Harvard population who recognized our "merits." A student from the early 1960s picked up on this theme, contrasting the Radcliffe experience with that of Smith. "There are smart girls at Smith, all right," she said. "But they don't seem to get much out of them there. Four years later they don't seem to be any brighter. And they have this crazy week-end system. You spend all week in Bermuda shorts, with your hair in curlers, worrying over who's going to take you to Amherst or New Haven Friday night. It seems to me that sort of thing actually retards you in the long run." (Conversely, the greater seclusion of places such as Smith, Vassar and Mt. Holyoke sometimes made these latter institutions more attractive to socially conservative families.)
Reflecting on her time at Radcliffe, writer Alison Lurie stated that "most of the time we were in a mild state of euphoria...our lives were luxurious by modern undergraduate standards...We had private rooms, cleaned and tidied by tolerant Irish maids; a laundry called for our dirty clothes every week and returned them carefully washed and ironed; we ate off of china in our own dining room and sat in drawing rooms that resembled those of a good women's club."
"Pluck" was a quality attributed to some Radcliffe students. Beth Gutcheon of the class of 1967 wrote in a reminiscence that "One night a classmate of mine was leaving the library alone at eleven when somebody jumped her from behind and knocked her to the ground. She yelled, 'Oh, Christ, I don't have time for this. I have an exam tomorrow!' and after a disappointed pause, her attacker got up and went away."
Throughout most of the college's history, residential life and student activities at Radcliffe remained separate from those at Harvard, with separate dormitories and dining facilities (located on the Radcliffe Quadrangle), newspapers (The Radcliffe News, Percussion), radio stations (WRRB and WRAD, a.k.a. Radio Radcliffe), drama society (The Idler), student government (Radcliffe Student Government Association and later, The Radcliffe Union of Students), yearbooks, athletic programs, choral associations (The Radcliffe Choral Society, the Cliffe Clefs, and later the Radcliffe Pitches), etc. (located in the Radcliffe Yard). Radcliffe had greater diversity in housing options than Harvard, with college-owned frame houses, an apartment building, and co-operative housing for students who were not interested in immersion in dormitory life or life within the House System.
Dances were popular features of undergraduate life. "At different times there were class dances, club dances, junior and senior proms, sophomore tea dances, Christmas dances, and spring formals. Dormitory-based dances were known as 'jolly-ups.'" One particularly popular event during the 1950s was the Radcliffe Grant in Aid show, which was sponsored by the student government. The show raised money for scholarships and always ended with a student kick-line in red shorts. Perhaps because of the shorts, Harvard students were particularly drawn to the event.
The Radcliffe Choral Society was a popular and influential student group. Started in 1899 and conducted by Marie Gillison, a German-born singing teacher, the group cultivated an interest in sophisticated classical music at a time when many collegiate choral groups were devoted to college songs and more popular ditties. Archibald Davidson, who took up the reins of conducting the Choral Society after Gillison (he also conducted the Harvard Glee Club), stated, "I sometimes wonder how much, if anything, Harvard realizes that it owes to Radcliffe... Harvard...should not forget that while its Glee Club was slowly progressing toward enlightenment, Radcliffe, just across the Common, had for a long time under Mrs. Gillison's direction set an example of devotion to the best music." Davidson added that "without the early and enthusiastic cooperation of 'the young ladies of Radcliffe' the impressive tradition of college choral singing, which is now nationwide and which is always associated first with Cambridge, would almost certainly have been established much later here or would have originated elsewhere." Arranged by Mrs. Gillison, the 1917 Choral Society concert with the Harvard Glee Club and the Boston Symphony Orchestra was a footnote in music history, the first time a university chorus sang with a major orchestra. The concert became an annual tradition for many years.
The Radcliffe Crew is the oldest women's rowing program in the Ivy League. Even after the merger of Harvard and Radcliffe, the team maintains the Radcliffe name and Radcliffe colors as a sign of respect for the tradition of Radcliffe and the women who fought to establish the rowing program. The crew has a distinguished history. The team won the national championship in 1973 and thus got to represent the United States at the Eastern European Championships in Moscow. In 1974, the Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges (EAWRC) was formed. In both 1974 and 1975, Radcliffe won consecutive Eastern Sprints titles. In 1987, Radcliffe's heavyweight varsity eight completed an undefeated season with a victory at Eastern Sprints and an Ivy championship title. Six of the crew's eight rowers went on to compete in the Olympic Games. In 1989, Radcliffe was also undefeated with a Sprints championship and Ivy title. The season finale was a victory in the Open Eight at the Henley Women's Regatta in England.
Growing consolidation with Harvard
Elizabeth Cary Agassiz House, 2012
The parallel Radcliffe and Harvard student universes—with formal intersections only in the classroom—continued until the 1960s. At this point, awareness of the comparative benefits of Radcliffe vis-a-vis the other Seven Sisters was increasingly eclipsed by growing sensitivity to the disadvantages that Radcliffe students had vis-a-vis Harvard students. Harvard students lived closer to the Harvard Yard, while Radcliffe students had a longer walk to Yard-based classes from the Radcliffe Quadrangle. Harvard housing was more luxurious than Radcliffe dormitories, and much more of the schools' shared intellectual life took place on the Harvard campus. Financial aid and student prizes at Harvard were larger than those at Radcliffe, even though students from the two schools were enrolled in the same courses. By the late 1950s, the terms of the "joint instruction" agreement still imposed a ceiling on the enrollment of Radcliffe students, with Harvard males getting four times the number of spots in a freshman class that Radcliffe students got. And at the end of four years of study, students at Harvard received a diploma from Harvard while Radcliffe students taking the same courses received a diploma from Radcliffe.
These asymmetries did not bother all students, as some viewed the differences as a matter of course between two different institutions. This perspective was particularly strong with Radcliffe students who graduated before the turbulent 1960s. One alumna from the 1940s mused that at Radcliffe "we were supremely happy in our own environment. For us, Harvard remained 'the other.' Most of us felt no connection to it;...instead, we enjoyed our own collegiate activities and traditions. Another graduate from the class of 1949 noted that she was "having my cake and eating it, too. In addition to my Harvard education, I was enjoying the benefits of a small women's college. The Radcliffe Quadrangle was quiet and peaceful, life in the dormitories was friendly and gracious. ... The women who had chosen to come to Radcliffe all were intelligent, quite independent, and concerned with the world around them." Additionally, Radcliffe offered a cultural advantage over Harvard: even when enrolled in the same courses, Harvard and Radcliffe student took exams separately, as Radcliffe College's honor code necessitated a vastly different exam-taking environment: "Where the men's exam rituals included proctors, dress codes, and a strict requirement of silence, the Radcliffe women took un-proctored exams, relished the chance to wear informal pants instead of skirts, and could enter and exit the building as they wished so long as they did not cheat." Similarly, the Radcliffe honor code provided for more generous library and campus space privileges (for student groups) than the more bureaucratic Harvard systems allowed.
However, some people within the Radcliffe community were less sanguine about the differences between the two schools, seeing the relationship with Harvard as an institutionalized separate but unequal experience for women. Writer Alison Lurie reflected that "for Radcliffe students of my time the salient fact about Harvard was that it so evidently was not ours. Our position was like that of poor relations living just outside the walls of a great estate: patronized by some of our grand relatives, tolerated by others, and snubbed or avoided by the rest."
Famed poet Adrienne Rich, class of 1951, described receiving an "insidious double message" when she was at Radcliffe. Radcliffe students "were told that we were the most privileged college women in America," but "while intellectual and emotional life went on with intensity in all-female dorms, and we had our own newspaper, our own literary magazine, clubs, and student government, we knew that the real power (and money) were invested in Harvard's institutions, from which we were excluded."
Acceptance of the 19th-century rationales for this exclusion was fading, particularly as during the 1960s, a nationwide movement for co-education grew. Reflecting this movement, many Radcliffe students began to insist upon receiving Harvard diplomas for their academic work and upon merging Radcliffe and Harvard extra-curricular activities. Growing budgetary problems at Radcliffe encouraged this insistence. The Radcliffe Graduate School merged with Harvard's in 1963, and from that year onward Radcliffe undergraduates received Harvard University diplomas signed by the presidents of Radcliffe and Harvard. (Harvard students' diplomas were signed only by the president of Harvard.) Radcliffe students were fully and permanently admitted to Harvard's Lamont Library in 1967.
Many Radcliffe and Harvard student groups combined during the 1960s and joint commencement exercises between the two institutions began in 1970. In 1971, largely in response to gains made by newly co-ed Princeton and Yale in their respective yields of students admitted to Harvard, Yale and Princeton, and to comparable admissions competition posed by the increasing national popularity of co-ed Stanford, Harvard president Derek Bok reduced the admissions ratio of Harvard students to Radcliffe students from 4:1 to 5:2. That same year, several Harvard and Radcliffe dormitories began swapping students through an experimental program, and in 1972 full co-residence between the two colleges was instituted. The schools' departments of athletics merged shortly thereafter.
By the late 1960s there were open discussions between Radcliffe and Harvard about complete merger of the two institutions—which in truth meant abolition of Radcliffe. However, a merger study committee of the Radcliffe Alumnae Association recommended caution. In a prepared statement, the committee reported that "it would be a mistake to dissolve Radcliffe at this time. Women's self-awareness is increasing as the 'women's liberation movement develops and as moderate groups call attention to the life styles and problems particular to women. This is precisely the wrong time to abolish a prestigious women's college which should be giving leadership to women as they seek to define and enlarge their role in society."
Instead of a complete merger, in 1977 Radcliffe president Matina Horner and Harvard president Derek Bok signed an agreement that, through their admission to Radcliffe, put undergraduate women entirely in Harvard College. The so-called "non-merger merger" combined the Radcliffe and Harvard admissions offices and ended the forced ceiling on female enrollment. In practice most of the energies of Radcliffe (which remained an autonomous institution) were then devoted to the institution's research initiatives and fellowships, rather than to female undergraduates. The Harvard and Radcliffe undergraduate communities and classes came to be known officially as "Harvard and Radcliffe" or "Harvard-Radcliffe", and female students continued to be awarded degrees signed by both presidents. Radcliffe continued to own its campus and provided financial aid, undergraduate prizes, and externship and fellowship opportunities to Radcliffe students, and the college continued to sponsor academic access programs for high school girls and continuing education opportunities for people outside the traditional college age. The college also continued to support programs and workshops targeting female undergraduates.
In practice, though, Radcliffe at this point had minimal impact on the average undergraduate's day to day experiences at the university. This minimal role fueled still more talk about a full merger of the two schools. Conversely, supporters of the "non-merger merger" maintained that the agreement gave Radcliffe students the full benefits of Harvard citizenship while allowing maintenance of the proud Radcliffe identity, an institution with its own mission, programs, financial resources and alumnae network.
On October 1, 1999, Radcliffe College was fully absorbed into Harvard University; female undergraduates were henceforward members only of Harvard College while Radcliffe College evolved into the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.
Radcliffe after the merger
The Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, now a division of Harvard University, carries on many of the research and professional development programs that Radcliffe College pioneered and has introduced other programs to the worldwide community of scholars. The end of Radcliffe's role as an undergraduate institution, however, still has its detractors. "Although I realize the merger was inevitable," a member of the class of 1959 commented, "...I nevertheless regret the loss of my college, which gave me so much. Another noted that she "feels sad that Radcliffe College no longer exists. It, far more than Harvard, defined my college experience. I can't remember a single Harvard classmate, but two of my best friends are fellow Cliffies and I exchange correspondence with about a dozen more." Indeed, many Radcliffe alumnae feel their institution has relinquished its distinguished identity in favor of a male-oriented one that remains steadfastly dismissive of women's concerns. This latter perspective gained some traction when, in a voice reminiscent of Presidents Eliot and Lowell, Harvard's early 21st-century president Lawrence Summers publicly stated that women were not as capable in the sciences as men. Additionally, shortly after full merger of the two schools, Harvard undergraduate women feeling a void in Harvard's support for women's intellectual and personal development started to lobby Harvard to create a women's center. Perhaps not surprisingly, memories of Harvard's historical indifference to women have led many Radcliffe alumnae to maintain primary ties to Radcliffe College and not to Harvard University. "Womenless history has been a Harvard specialty," Laurel Thatcher Ulrich noted. The Annex gained some vindication against Presidents Eliot, Lowell, and Summers when Drew Gilpin Faust, Dean of the Radcliffe Institute, replaced Summers and became Harvard's first female president.
Radcliffe College alumnae continue to press Harvard on the question of the university's commitment to women, and increasing the number of female faculty members at Harvard is a particular alumnae interest. Former Radcliffe president Matina Horner once told the New York Times of her surprise when she first delivered a lecture at Harvard in 1969 and four male students approached her. One of these students told her that they "just wanted to see what it felt like to be lectured by a woman and if a woman could be articulate." Picking up on the perceived common Harvard blind-eye to women's intellectual competence and reflecting on the fact that while at Radcliffe they had had very few female faculty members, in the late 1990s a group of Radcliffe alumnae established the Committee for The Equality of Women at Harvard. The group chose to boycott Harvard's fundraising campaigns and sent letters to all 27,000 Radcliffe alumnae and to 13,000 Harvard alumni asking them to shift their donations to an escrow account until the university stepped up its efforts to add women to its tenured faculty. The group has not established quotas that it wants Harvard to meet. Rather, it has stated that individual Harvard departments should measure their percentage of tenured women faculty against a "realistically available pool" and create a plan to increase the number of women if that percentage falls short. The group also said that when departments do so, the escrow account (now called the Harvard Women's Faculty Fund) will be turned over to Harvard.
In the meantime, enriched by hundreds of millions of dollars that Harvard conferred unto Radcliffe at the time of the full merger, the Radcliffe Institute today awards dozens of annual fellowships to prominent academics. Although it does not focus solely on women returning to academe, it is a major research center within Harvard University. Its Schlesinger Library is one of America's largest repositories of manuscripts and archives relating to the history of women.
Several undergraduate student organizations in Harvard College still refer to Radcliffe in their names, (for example the Radcliffe Union of Students, Harvard's feminist organization; the Radcliffe Choral Society, Harvard's female choir (now one of the Holden Choirs), which has alumnae from both Radcliffe and Harvard and maintains a repertoire of Radcliffiana; the Harvard Radcliffe Orchestra; the Harvard-Radcliffe Gilbert and Sullivan Players; the Radcliffe Pitches, a female a cappella singing group; and the Harvard-Radcliffe Dramatic Club). Two athletic teams still compete under the Radcliffe name: varsity crew, which still rows with Radcliffe's black-and-white oarblades and uniforms instead of Harvard's crimson-and-white (in 1973 the team had been the only varsity team which voted not to adopt the Harvard name); and club rugby union. In addition, the Harvard University Band still plays a Radcliffe fight song.
Notable alumnae
Main article: List of Radcliffe College people
A number of Radcliffe alumnae have gone on to become notable in their respective fields:
Jill Abramson, former executive editor of the New York Times
Alice Adams, novelist
Encarnacion Alzona, National Scientist of the Philippines, first Filipino woman to obtain a PhD
Alice Arlen, screenwriter
Margaret Atwood, author
Deborah Batts, U.S. District Court Judge, Southern District of New York; first openly LGBT African American federal judge
Susan Berresford, Ford Foundation president
Benazir Bhutto, former prime minister of Pakistan
Melissa Block, journalist and host of National Public Radio's All Things Considered
Marita Bonner, poet, essayist and writer associated with the Harlem Renaissance and New Negro Movements
Sylvia Mathews Burwell, Secretary of Health and Human Services
Caroline Walker Bynum, medieval historian
Stockard Channing, actress
Sarah Norcliffe Cleghorn, educator, author, social reformer, and poet
Leda Cosmides, psychologist
Lindsay Crouse, actress
Martha Derthick, academic and noted scholar of public administration
Anne d'Harnoncourt, curator and former CEO and director of the Philadelphia Museum of Art
Eva Beatrice Dykes, Ph.D., first black American woman to fulfill the requirements for a doctoral degree
Elizabeth Eisenstein, historian
Barbara Epstein, founder of The New York Review of Books
Mathea Falco, Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs
Lucy Nettie Fletcher (1886-1918), WWI nurse
Amy Goodman, journalist and host of Democracy Now!
Ellen Goodman, Boston Globe columnist
Jamie Gorelick, Deputy U.S. Attorney General
Linda Greenhouse, Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter.
Lani Guinier, Harvard Law professor and civil rights activist
Amy Gutmann, University of Pennsylvania president
Martha Hackett, actor
Virginia Hall, American spy with the Special Operations Executive during WWII
Elizabeth Holtzman, member of U.S. Congress
Elizabeth Hubbard, actor
Josephine Hull, Oscar-winning stage and film actress
Catharine Sargent Huntington, (class of 1911) actress, producer, director, founder of multiple theater companies, activist
Rona Jaffe, popular novelist
Miriam M. Johnson, sociologist
Roberta Karmel (born 1937), Centennial Professor of Law at Brooklyn Law School, and first female Commissioner of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
Helen Keller, deafblind author and activist
Sinah Estelle Kelley, chemist
Caroline Kennedy, U.S. Ambassador to Japan, daughter of President John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
Margaret Kivelson, space physicist and planetary scientist
Maxine Kumin, Pulitzer Prize–winning poet
Ursula Le Guin, author
Henrietta Swan Leavitt, early Harvard College Observatory astronomer
Judith Ledeboer, architect
Ann Lewis, Democratic Party political strategist
Alison Lurie, academic and Pulitzer Prize-winning author
Grace Macurdy, classicist
Pauline Maier, historian at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Ursula Marvin, Smithsonian geologist who analyzed Sputnik 4; first woman on American research teams to travel to Antarctica
Empress Masako of Japan
Margaret Mayall, astronomer
Laura Meneses, political activist
Ruth Messinger, politician and CEO of American Jewish World Service
Jane Nickerson, first New York Times food editor and restaurant critic
Andrea Nye, feminist philosopher and writer
Soledad O'Brien, broadcast journalist
Ursula Oppens, classical pianist
Mary White Ovington, co-founder of the NAACP and women's rights activist
Maud Wood Park, suffragette and women's rights activist
Diane Paulus, artistic director of the American Repertory Theater
Carol Potter, television actress
Eve Troutt Powell, historian, winner of MacArthur Foundation "genius award"
Naomi Quinn, anthropologist
Bonnie Raitt, blues musician
Lois Rice, vice president of the College Board and architect of the Pell Grant
Adrienne Rich, poet and feminist
Margaret W. Rossiter, historian of science, recipient of MacArthur Fellows Program "genius grant", Margaret W. Rossiter History of Women in Science Prize awarded by the History of Science Society is named after her
Christina Schlesinger, painter
Alberta Virginia Scott, first African-American Radcliffe graduate (1898)
Edie Sedgwick, Andy Warhol's superstar of 1965
Carla Shatz, neurobiologist at Stanford University; member of National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine
Ann Loomis Silsbee, composer and poet
Elsie Singmaster, author
Anna Deavere Smith, performance artist
Muriel S. Snowden, social worker, founder of Freedom House, MacArthur Foundation "genius award" winner
Gertrude Stein, author
Doris Zemurray Stone, archaeologist and ethnographer
Renee Tajima-Peña, Academy Award-nominated filmmaker and director of Who Killed Vincent Chin? and No más bebés
Frances Euphemia Thompson, art educator
Barbara Tuchman, historian
Marina von Neumann Whitman, economist
Julia Grace Wales, peace activist
Suzy Welch, business writer and former editor of Harvard Business Review
Lally Weymouth, senior associate editor of the Washington Post
Notable Radcliffe alumnae include:
Astronomer and computer Henrietta Swan Leavitt (AB, 1892)
Civil rights activist and journalist Mary White Ovington (1891–1893, no degree)
Novelist, playwright, poet Gertrude Stein (AB, 1898)
Author, political activist, and lecturer Helen Keller (AB, 1904)
Spy for the United Kingdom and United States Virginia Hall (1924–1925, no degree)
Author Margaret Atwood, (AM, 1962)
11th Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto (AB, 1973)
In popular culture
Literature
Rona Jaffe's novel Class Reunion and Alice Adams' novel Superior Women both deal with the lives of Radcliffe women in their college years and afterwards.
Love with a Harvard Accent is a 1962 novel written jointly by Bill Bayer and Nancy Jenkin under the pen name Leonie St. John. It tells the stories of three Radcliffe students coming of age along the bridge between the late 50s and early 1960s. The Harvard Crimson reviewed the book when it was published in an article entitled "Radcliffe's New Catalog."
Splendor & Misery is a 1983 novel by Faye Levine that follows the college experience of Sarah Galbreath, a Radcliffe student in Cambridge in the early and mid 1960s.
A Small Circle of Friends is a film set at Harvard and Radcliffe in the Vietnam era. In it Karen Allen plays Jessica Bloom, a Radcliffe student caught up with two Harvard students in the activism and feminist awakening of the time.
Phillip Roth's novel Goodbye, Columbus is set in part at Radcliffe. The movie version was filmed in part at the college.
Tom Miller's fantasy novel The Philosopher's Flight is about a male student at Radcliffe in 1917.
Writing
In 1963, as a Radcliffe undergraduate, Faye Levine wrote an article for the Harvard Crimson that became a classic and thereafter frequently quoted characterization of Radcliffe undergraduates, entitled "The Three Flavors of Radcliffe." The three flavors were peach, chocolate, and lime.
Film
The film and novel versions of Love Story are set partly at Radcliffe and involve a student named Jennifer Cavalleri and her romance with Harvard student Oliver Barrett IV. The movie was filmed in part at Radcliffe.
Katey Miller, the protagonist of Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights, is a star student who aspires to attend Radcliffe.
A large part of Professor Marston and the Wonder Women is based on and portrays events which occurred at the college.
See also
Radcliffe Choral Society
Radcliffe Pitches
Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study
Schlesinger Library
List of coordinate colleges
References
^ Horn, Miriam, quoting The Boston Globe, in Rebels in White Gloves: Coming of Age with Hillary Clinton's Class—Wellesley '68, p. 8, co. 2000, Anchor. See also McCarthy, Mary, How I Grew, pp. 119–120, 1987, Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. See Berman, Susan, The Underground Guide to the College of Your Choice, pp. 234, 242, 246 and 404, 1971, Signet. See also Yale Daily News, "The Insiders Guide to the Colleges," 1975–76, co. 1975, G.P. Putnam and Sons. Finally, see Kendall, Elaine, Peculiar Institutions: An Informal History of the Seven Sister Colleges, p. 30, 1975, G.P. Putnam and Sons, NY
^ "Obituary of Arthur Gilman, founder of Radcliffe College, The New York Times, Dec. 29, 1909" (PDF).
^ Howells, Dorothy Elias, A Century to Celebrate Radcliffe College, 1879–1979, p. 1, 1978, Radcliffe College.
^ Howells, Dorothy Elia, A Century to Celebrate Radcliffe College, 1879–1979, p. 6, 1978, Radcliffe College.
^ "Alice Longfellow - Longfellow House Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)".
^ Sally Schwager, "Taking up the Challenge: The Origins of Radcliffe," in Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History, ed. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), ISBN 978-1-4039-6098-6. pp. 92–103
^ Howells, Dorothy Elia, A Century to Celebrate Radcliffe College, 1879–1979, p.viii, 1978, Radcliffe College.
^ a b "Open Collections Program: Women Working, The Harvard Examination for Women". ocp.hul.harvard.edu. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
^ Baker, Liva, I'm Radcliffe. Fly Me!. The Seven Sisters and the Failure of Women's Education, p. 46, New York: MacMillan Publishing Company, 1976
^ Baker, Liva, I'm Radcliffe. Fly Me! The Seven Sisters and the Failure of Women's Education, p. 47, 1976, MacMillan Publishing.
^ Charles Eliot, as quoted by Liva Baker (1976) in I'm Radcliffe!, p. 21
^ "Christened 'Radcliffe;' Annex Girls May Receive A College Degree. Overseers Vote to Carry Out Plans of the Friends of Fay House. President of Harvard To Sign Parchments of the Fair Graduates." The Boston Daily Globe, Dec. 7, 1893, p. 6
^ "Radcliffe College".
^ "Sweet Girls. They Graduate in Shoals at Radcliffe. Commencement Exercises at Sanders Theatre. Galleries Filled with Fair Friends and Students. Handsome Mrs. Agassiz Made Fine address. Pres Eliot Commends the Work of the New Institution." The Boston Daily Globe, June 24, 1896, p. 4
^ Crawford, Mary Caroline (1904). The College Girl of America. Boston: L. C. Page., p. 99-100
^ "Guide to the Records of Howe, Manning & Almy, Inc. and the Papers of Lois Lilley Howe, Eleanor Manning O'Connor, and Mary Almy MC.0009". Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute Archives and Special Collections. Archived from the original on July 1, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
^ a b Barrett Wendell, as quoted by Elaine Kendall in Peculiar Institutions: An Informal History of the Seven Sister Colleges, pp. 153–154, New York: G.P. Putnam and Sons, 1975
^ a b Solomon, Barbara Miller, "Happy in Our Own Environment," from College in a Yard II, edited by David Aloian, p. 122, 1985, President and Fellows of Harvard College.
^ David McCord, An Acre for Education: Being Notes on the History of Radcliffe College, p. 7–8, 1958
^ see Horowitz, Helen, The Power and Passion of M. Carey Thomas, 1999, University of Illinois Press.
^ Howells, Dorothy Elia, A Century to Celebrate Radcliffe College, 1879–1979, p. 62, 1978, Radcliffe College
^ McCord, David, An Acre for Education: Being Notes on the History of Radcliffe College, p. 63, Radcliffe College.
^ Radcliffe College, 1879–1929, p. 10, 1929, Harvard University Press.
^ "Girls Won All Prizes, in "The New York Times," March 3, 1915, p. 10.
^ Arlen, M.J., "The Girl with the Harvard Degree," in The New York Times Magazine, June 10, 1962, p.15.
^ Howells, Dorothy Elia, "A Century to Celebrate Radcliffe College, 1879–1979, p. 44, 1978, Radcliffe College
^ Hubbard, Ruth, "Memories of Life at Radcliffe, 1941–1944," from remarks presented at the April 29, 2000 "History and Memory: Gender at Harvard and Radclffe" conference, as reprinted in The Women's Guide to Harvard, p. 45, 2002, The Harvard-Radcliffe Women's Leadership Project.
^ Schlesinger, Marion Cannon, "Across the Common," in My Harvard, My Yale, p.18, edited by Diana Dubois, co. 1982, Random House (New York)
^ McCord, David, An Acre for Education: Being Notes on the History of Radcliffe College, p. 57–58, 1958, Radcliffe College.
^ Karabel, Jerome, The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, p. 439, 2005, Houghton, Mifflin Company.
^ Howells, Dorothy Elia, A Century to Celebrate Radcliffe College, 1879–1979, p. 21, 1978, Radcliffe College.
^ "Hilles Library". Harvardplanning.emuseum.com. Harvard University. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
^ Howells, Dorothy Elia, A Century to Celebrate Radcliffe College, 1879–1979, p. 29–33, 1978, Radcliffe College.
^ Bunting, Mary I., "Address to Alumnae," Radcliffe Quarterly, August 1968, p. 7, as reprinted in Dorothy Elia Howells' A Century to Celebrate Radcliffe College, 1879–1979, p. 65, 1978, Radcliffe College.
^ Howells, Dorothy Elia, A Century to Celebrate Radcliffe College, 1879–1979, p. 22, 1978, Radcliffe College.
^ Tonn, Jenna (August 1, 2017). "Extralaboratory Life: Gender Politics and Experimental Biology at Radcliffe College, 1894-1910". Gender & History. 29 (2): 329–358. doi:10.1111/1468-0424.12292. ISSN 1468-0424. S2CID 149438967.
^ McCord, David, An Acre for Education: Being Notes on the History of Radcliffe College, p. 51, 1958, Radcliffe College.
^ McCord, David, An Acre for Education: Being Notes on the History of Radcliffe College, p. 87, 1958, Radcliffe College.
^ Schlesinger, Marian Cannon, "Across the Common," in My Harvard, My Yale, edited by Diana Dubois, p.19,1982, Random House, New York.
^ Arlen, M.J. "The Girl with the Harvard Degree," in "The New York Times Magazine," Sunday, June 10, 1962, p. 16.
^ Lurie, Alison, "Their Harvard," from My Harvard, My Yale, p.36, edited by Diana Dubois, co. 1982, Random House (New York).
^ Gutcheon, Beth, "Folk Tales," in My Harvard, My Yale, edited by Diane Dubois, p. 108, 1982, Random House, New York.
^ a b Howells, Dorothy Elia, A Century to Celebrate Radcliffe College, 1879–1979, p. 99, 1978, Radcliffe College.
^ a b Davidson, Archibald, as quoted by Dorothy Elia Howells in "A Century to Celebrate Radcliffe College: 1879-1979", p. 75, co. 1978, Radcliffe College
^ Bradley, Jane "How to Have a Cake and Eat it, Too," from College in a Yard II, edited by David Aloian, p. 141, 1985, President and Fellows of Harvard College.
^ Delreal, Jose (September 13, 2012). "Past Tense: Radcliffe, Cheating, and the Honor Code". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
^ Lurie, Alison, "Their Harvard," from My Harvard, My Yale, p.34, edited by Diana Dubois, co. 1982, Random House (New York).
^ Rich, Adrienne, "Issues of Feminine Survival," adapted from The Radcliffe Quarterly, March 1979, as reprinted in The Women's Guide to Harvard, p. 49, 2002, Harvard-Radcliffe Women's Leadership Project.
^ When the Cliffies Finally Conquered Lamont | News | The Harvard Crimson
^ Walsh, Colleen (April 26, 2012). "Hard-earned gains for women at Harvard". The Harvard Gazette. Harvard University. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
^ a b Karabel, Jerome, The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, p. 442, 2005, Houghton Mifflin Co.
^ Karabel, Jerome, The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, p. 511, 2005, Houghton Mifflin Co.
^ Howells, Dorothy Elia, A Century to Celebrate Radcliffe College, 1879–1979, p. 34, 1978, Radcliffe College.
^ "Radcliffe: Merged and Ready" Archived June 30, 2012, at archive.today. Harvard Magazine, Nov/Dec 1999
^ Stephanie Lang Martin, Harvard and Radcliffe Colleges Class of 1959 50th Reunion Book, p. 851, co. 2009, President and Fellows of Harvard College.
^ Cynthia Morss Travis, Harvard and Radcliffe Colleges Class of 1959 50th Reunion Book, p. 872, co. 2009, President and Fellows of Harvard College.
^ Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History, p. 10, 2004. Palgrave Macmillan.
^ "Matina Horner: A Decade of Leadership at Radcliffe," from The New York Times, November 20, 1982, , downloaded October 1, 2014.
^ McLarin, Kimberly, "Radcliffe Alumnae Get Tough on Harvard," in "The New York Times, January 7, 1996, , downloaded October 1, 2014
^ "Royal life takes its toll on Japan's crown princess". China Daily. August 2, 2004. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
^ Roberts, Sam (January 18, 2017). "Lois Dickson Rice, Trailblazing Executive Behind Pell Grants, Dies at 83". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 7, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ "Radcliffe's New Catalogue | Arts | the Harvard Crimson".
^ The full article can be found here .
^ Mitchell, Elvis (February 27, 2004). "Spilled Drinks Make the Dancing Dirty". The New York Times.
Further reading
Baker, Liva (1976). I'm Radcliffe. Fly Me! The Seven Sisters and the Failure of Women's Education. MacMillan Publishing.
Howells, Dorothy Elia (1978). A Century to Celebrate: Radcliffe College, 1879–1979.
Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz. Alma Mater: Design and Experience in the Women's Colleges from Their Nineteenth-Century Beginnings to the 1930s. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993 (2nd edition).
Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz (1999). The Passion of M. Carey Thomas. University of Illinois Press.
Kendall, Elaine. Peculiar Institutions: An Informal History of the Seven Sister Colleges, G.P. Putnam and Sons, NY, 1975.
McCord, David (1958). An Acre for Education: Being Notes on the History of Radcliffe College. Radcliffe College.
Salie, Robert Douglas. The Harvard Annex Experiment in the Higher Education of Women: Separate but Equal? Ph.D. dissertation, Emory U. 1976. 399 pp.
Schwager, Sally. "Harvard Women": A History of the Founding of Radcliffe College. Ed.D. diss., Harvard University, 1982.
Sollors, Werner; Titcomb, Caldwell; and Underwood, Thomas A., eds. (1993). Blacks at Harvard: A Documentary History of African-American Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe. 548 pp.
Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, ed. (2004). Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History. 337 pp.
Books about Radcliffe
Dowst, Henry Payson; John Albert Seaford (1913). Radcliffe College. H. B. Humphrey Company. Brief text; content is mostly illustrations by John Albert Seaford. Online page images and PDF at Google Books.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Radcliffe Yard.
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article "Radcliffe College".
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In 1999, it was fully incorporated into Harvard College.Radcliffe College was one of the Seven Sisters colleges.[1]For the first 70 years of its existence, Radcliffe conferred undergraduate and graduate degrees. Beginning in 1963, it awarded joint Harvard-Radcliffe diplomas to undergraduates. In 1977, Radcliffe signed a formal \"non-merger merger\" agreement with Harvard, and completed a full integration with Harvard in 1999.Within Harvard University, Radcliffe's former administrative campus, Radcliffe Yard, is home to the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Former Radcliffe housing at the Radcliffe Quadrangle, including Pforzheimer House, Cabot House, and Currier House, has been incorporated into Harvard College's house system. Under the terms of the 1999 consolidation, Radcliffe Yard and the Radcliffe Quadrangle retain the \"Radcliffe\" designation in perpetuity.","title":"Radcliffe College"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radcliffe_college.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fay House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay_House"},{"link_name":"Arthur Gilman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Gilman_(educator)"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Vassar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassar_College"},{"link_name":"Wellesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College"},{"link_name":"Harvard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Charles William Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Cary Agassiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Cary_Agassiz"},{"link_name":"Alice Mary Longfellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Mary_Longfellow"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Longfellow House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longfellow_House%E2%80%93Washington%27s_Headquarters_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"19th century","text":"Fay House, one of the college's first buildings, and the gymnasium in c. 1904The \"Harvard Annex,\" a private program for the instruction of women by Harvard faculty, was founded in 1879 after prolonged efforts by women to gain access to Harvard College. Arthur Gilman, a Cambridge resident, banker, philanthropist and writer, was the founder of what became The Annex/Radcliffe.[2] At a time when higher education for women was a sharply controversial topic, Gilman hoped to establish a higher educational opportunity for his daughter that exceeded what was generally available in female seminaries and the new women's colleges such as Vassar and Wellesley. These schools were in their early years and had substantial numbers of faculty who were not university trained.In conversations with the chair of Harvard College's classics department, Gilman outlined a plan to have Harvard faculty deliver instruction to a small group of Cambridge and Boston women. He approached Harvard President Charles William Eliot with the idea, and Eliot approved.[3] Gilman and Eliot recruited a group of prominent and well-connected Cambridge women to manage the plan. These women were Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, Mary H. Cooke, Stella Scott Gilman, Mary B. Greenough, Ellen Hooper Gurney, Alice Mary Longfellow, and Lillian Horsford.Building upon Gilman's premise, the committee convinced 44 members of the Harvard faculty to consider giving lectures to female students in exchange for extra income paid by the committee. The program came to be known informally as \"The Harvard Annex.\" The course of study for the first year included 51 courses in 13 subject areas, an \"impressive curriculum with greater diversity than that of any other women's college at its inception. Courses were offered in Greek, Latin, English, German, French, Italian, and Spanish; philosophy, political economy, history, music, mathematics, physics, and natural history.\"[4] The first graduation ceremonies took place in the library of Longfellow House on Brattle Street, just above where George Washington's generals had slept a century earlier.[5]The committee members hoped that by raising an endowment for The Annex, they could persuade Harvard to admit women directly into Harvard College, but the university resisted.[6] In his 1869 inaugural address as president of Harvard, Charles Eliot summed up the official Harvard position toward female students when he said,\"The world knows next to nothing about the capacities of the female sex. Only after generations of civil freedom and social equality will it be possible to obtain the data necessary for an adequate discussion of woman's natural tendencies, tastes, and capabilities...It is not the business of the University to decide this mooted point.\"[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Harvard President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Louis Agassiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Agassiz"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lady Ann Mowlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_(Radcliffe)_Mowlson"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"19th century - Harvard Examinations for Women","text":"From 1874 to 1881, Harvard administered the Harvard Examinations for Women to increase women's educational opportunities, after being pressured by the Women's Education Association of Boston. During these seven years, 107 women participated; 36 received certificates.[8] The low number of certificates received by women led Harvard to change the exam in 1881. At the time, women could also be admitted into the \"Harvard Annex\", the women's version of a college education. The \"Harvard Examinations for Women\" included subjects such as history; literature of Shakespeare and Chaucer; languages such as Latin, French, and German; botany; and mathematics. These tests were similar to the admittance exam given to men applying to Harvard College. When a woman passed a subject, she would receive a signed certificate from Harvard's president acknowledging her passing mark.[8]The Harvard Examinations for Women were ended two years after \"Harvard Annex\" officially became Radcliffe College, the women's equivalent to Harvard College.When confronted in 1883 with the notion of females receiving Harvard degrees, the university's treasurer stated, \"I have no prejudice in the matter of education of women and am quite willing to see Yale or Columbia take any risks they like, but I feel bound to protect Harvard College from what seems to me a risky experiment.\"[9]In 1888, Harvard President Eliot in 1888 communicated to a faculty member he intended to hire that \"There is no obligation to teach at The Annex. Those professors who on general grounds take an interest in the education of women...feel some obligation but there are many professors who think it their duty NOT to teach there, in which opinion some of the Corporation and Overseers agree.\"[10]Eliot was strongly against co-education, saying, \"The difficulties involved in a common residence of hundreds of young men and women of immature character and marriageable age are very grave. The necessary police regulations are exceedingly burdensome.\"[11]In December 1893, The Boston Globe reported, \"President of Harvard To Sign Parchments of the Fair Graduates\".[12] Students seeking admission to the new women's college were required to sit for the same entrance examinations required of Harvard College students.The committee persevered despite Eliot's skepticism. The project proved to be a success, attracting a growing number of students. As a result, the Annex was incorporated in 1882 as the Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women, with Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, widow of Harvard professor Louis Agassiz, as president.[13] This society awarded certificates to students but did not have the power to confer academic degrees.In subsequent years, ongoing discussions with Harvard about admitting women directly into the university still came to a dead end. Instead, Harvard and the Annex negotiated the creation of a degree-granting institution, with Harvard professors serving as its faculty and visiting body. This modification of the Annex was chartered by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts as Radcliffe College in 1894. It was named after early Harvard benefactor Lady Ann Mowlson (née Radcliffe).By 1896, the Globe could headline a story: \"Sweet Girls. They Graduate in Shoals at Radcliffe. Commencement Exercises at Sanders Theatre. Galleries Filled with Fair Friends and Students. Handsome Mrs. Agassiz Made Fine Address. Pres Eliot Commends the Work of the New Institution.\" The Globe said, \"Eliot stated that the percentage of graduates with distinction is much higher at Radcliffe than at Harvard\" and that although \"[i]t is to yet to be seen whether the women have the originality and pioneering spirit which will fit them to be leaders, perhaps they will when they have had as many generations of thorough education as men.\"[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Mary Almy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Almy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wendell-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wendell-17"},{"link_name":"Ada Comstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Comstock"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Smith College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_College"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-solomon-18"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"In 1904, a historian Mary Caroline Crawford wrote the following about the genesis of Radcliffe College:\"...it set up housekeeping in two unpretending rooms in the Appian Way, Cambridge....Probably in all the history of colleges in America there could not be found a story so full of color and interest as that of the beginning of this woman's college. The bathroom of the little house was pressed into service as a laboratory for physics, students and instructors alike making the best of all inconveniences. Because the institution was housed with a private family, generous mothering was given to the girls when they needed it.\"[15]In the first two decades of the 20th century, Radcliffe championed the beginnings of its own campus, consisting of the Radcliffe Yard and the Radcliffe Quadrangle in Cambridge, Massachusetts, not far from Harvard University. The original Radcliffe gymnasium and library, and the Bertram, Whitman, Eliot, and Barnard dormitories were constructed during this period. With the 1920s and 1930s, dormitories Briggs Hall (1924) and Cabot Hall (1937) were built on the Quadrangle, and in the Radcliffe Yard, the administrative building Byerly Hall (1932) and the classroom building Longfellow Hall (1930). Mary Almy was the architect.[16]English professor Barrett Wendell warned his colleagues about continued cooperation with Radcliffe, saying that Harvard could \"suddenly find itself committed to coeducation somewhat as unwary men lay themselves open to actions for breach of promise.\"[17] In Wendell's view, Harvard needed to remain \"purely virile.\"[17]In 1923, Ada Comstock, a leader in the movement to provide women with higher education, who hailed from the University of Minnesota and Smith College, became the college's third president. She was a key figure in the college's early 20th-century development. Speaking of her, one alumna remembers that \"we were in awe of 'Miss Comstock... and knew even then that we had been touched by a vanishing breed of female educator. Ada Comstock had an extraordinary presence—she radiated dignity, strength, and decisiveness.\"[18] In the early 1940s, she negotiated a new relationship with Harvard that vastly expanded women's access to the full Harvard course catalog.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radcliffe_College_radio_class_1922.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radcliffe-winter.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard_College"},{"link_name":"Bryn Mawr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College"},{"link_name":"Wellesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"M. Carey Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Carey_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Harvard Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard"},{"link_name":"Elwood Byerly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Elwood_Byerly"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Howells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Howell_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Ruth Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Hubbard"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Harvard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvard_Property_Information_Resource_Center-32"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Currier House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currier_House_(Harvard_College)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Cabot House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabot_House"},{"link_name":"Pforzheimer House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheimer_House"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Institute_for_Advanced_Study"},{"link_name":"Bunting Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunting_Institute"},{"link_name":"A. Lawrence Lowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Lawrence_Lowell"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"20th century - Growth","text":"A radio science class at Radcliffe College in 1922Byerly Hall, built in 1932David McCord set the college apart from the other Seven Sister institutions, saying \"there is one respect in which Radcliffe differs from her sisters, and this should be made clear. Although she divides with Barnard, Bryn Mawr, and Wellesley all advantages of a large city, and enjoys the further privilege of being front-fence neighbor to Harvard University, Radcliffe alone has had from the first the strength of a university faculty....Thus, from the beginning, Radcliffe has been a woman's Harvard. It is still a separate institution, with its own corporation, receiving from Harvard no financial aid.\"[19] Because it had a university – as opposed to \"collegiate\" – faculty, Radcliffe was unique among the Seven Sisters in being able to provide a graduate program with a wide number of opportunities for students to pursue advanced studies.M. Carey Thomas, the second president and chief visionary of Bryn Mawr College, lobbied against the conversion of the Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women into Radcliffe College precisely because the Cambridge rival's access to a university faculty competed with Bryn Mawr's own academic ambitions.[20] Between 1890 and 1963, Radcliffe awarded more than 750 PhDs and more than 3000 masters degrees to women. During the 1950s, the school conferred more PhDs to women than any schools other than Columbia and the University of Chicago.[21] In 1955–56, the college produced more female PhDs than any other institution in the United States.[22]Because Radcliffe's faculty was Harvard's, in the college's first 50 years, professors from Harvard, each under individual contracts with the Radcliffe administration – duplicated lectures, providing them first for men in the Harvard Yard and then crossing the Cambridge Common to provide the same lectures to women in the Radcliffe Yard. Professor Elwood Byerly wrote that he \"always found the spirit, industry, and ability of the girls admirable—indeed, the average has been higher in my mathematics classes in the Annex than in my classes at the college.[23]In March 1915, The New York Times reported in 1915 that all of the prizes offered in a playwriting competition at Harvard and Radcliffe that year were won by Radcliffe students. One of the Harvard contributions received honorable mention.[24]In the early 1960s, the newspaper also reported that \"taking the same courses and exams as Harvard, 60 percent of Radcliffe's girls [sic] were on the Dean's List as compared with 42 percent of Harvard men [sic].\"[25]Dorothy Howells noted that, \"Allegations were made that Radcliffe was a \"vampire\" and a \"temptress\" enticing the teacher from his career-advancing research and publication with the lure of additional income.\"[26]Ruth Hubbard, a member of the Harvard faculty from 1974 to 1990 and a member of the Radcliffe class of 1944, noted that \"the senior (Harvard) professors were less than thrilled to have to repeat their lectures at Radcliffe. The lower rank faculty members, who were sometimes detailed off to teach the introductory science courses at Radcliffe instead of teaching Harvard students, felt even more declasse.\"[27]Marion Cannon Schlesinger, Radcliffe Class of 1934, noted that \"there were, to be sure, certain professors who looked with horror at the incursions of women into the sacred precincts of Harvard College, even at the safe distance of the Radcliffe Yard, and would have nothing to do with the academic arrangements by which their colleagues taught the Radcliffe girls. Professor Roger Merriman, for example, the first master of Eliot House and a professor of history, would not have been caught dead teaching a Radcliffe class.\".[28]During World War II, declines in male enrollment at Harvard and heightened sensitivity about the use of resources called for a new, more efficient arrangement concerning faculty time. Under the leadership of President Comstock, Radcliffe and Harvard signed an agreement that for the first time allowed Radcliffe and Harvard students to attend the same classes in the Harvard Yard, officially beginning joint instruction in 1943. Equally significant, the agreement ended the era in which individual faculty members at Harvard could choose whether to enter contracts with Radcliffe.The agreement instead opened the entire Harvard catalogue to Radcliffe students, in exchange for which Radcliffe made a payment to Harvard of a fixed portion of Radcliffe tuitions. President Comstock noted that the agreement was \"the most significant event since our charter was granted in 1894.\"[29] All Harvard faculty, whether interested or not, had a legal obligation to teach Radcliffe students. In practice a few holdouts on the Harvard faculty maneuvered around this obligation by announcing that their classes had \"limited enrollment\" and then limiting enrollment solely to male students. At the time, both Harvard and Radcliffe were adamant in telling the press that this arrangement was \"joint instruction\" but not \"coeducation.\" Reacting to the agreement, Harvard President James Bryant Conant said, \"Harvard was not coeducational in theory, only in practice.\"[30] Indeed, Radcliffe continued to maintain a separate admissions office which, by general acknowledgment, was more stringent in its academic requirements of applicants than Harvard's. Most extra-curricular activities at the two colleges remained separate.Following World War II, Radcliffe negotiated a higher ceiling on its student enrollment. This success was orchestrated in tandem with additional housing construction. Moors Hall was completed in 1949, Holmes Hall in 1952, the Cronkhite Graduate Center in 1956, and Comstock Hall in 1958.[31] The added dormitory space and national recruiting campaigns led to an increasingly national and international student body.In 1961, the Jordan Cooperative Houses, an option for students to engage in more communal living, with student responsibility for shopping for food, preparing meals and housekeeping, were built, and the college purchased Wolbach Hall, an apartment building also known as 124 Walker Street, in 1964. Radcliffe constructed Hilles Library in 1966[32] and the Radcliffe Quadrangle Athletic Center in 1982.Also in 1961, then President Mary Bunting reorganized the autonomous Radcliffe dormitories into \"houses,\" mirroring Harvard's houses and Yale University's residential colleges.The three houses (North, South, and East) were eventually consolidated into two (North and South). In 1970, the college completed construction of Currier House, the first Radcliffe House designed with the \"House Plan\" in mind.[33] South House eventually was renamed Cabot House in 1984 while North House became Pforzheimer House in 1995.Bunting felt that the house system would give Radcliffe students an intellectual community comparable to what Harvard students were getting, bringing together faculty and students in a way the free-standing Radcliffe dormitories did not, and allowing all to see with greater clarity the aspirations, capabilities, and interests of undergraduate women. Speaking generally about her philosophy for Radcliffe, President Bunting noted that \"part of our special purpose is to convey to our students and through them to others that there is no basic conflict between being intellectual and being feminine.\"[34]Bunting also established the Radcliffe Institute in 1961. The institute – a precursor to the current Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study – gave financial support, access to research libraries and facilities, and recognition to scholarly women who had taken time away from intellectual pursuits to focus on home and family. In providing women with a venue to return to academe, Bunting was recognizing that traditional academic institutions were premised on a male life trajectory where a scholar's domestic concerns were taken care of by someone else (usually a wife).The Radcliffe Institute, later renamed the Bunting Institute, was an institution premised on the needs of a female life trajectory, providing opportunities that might otherwise have been truncated by women's decisions during early adulthood to leave academia to raise children.In the 1930s, Harvard president A. Lawrence Lowell took a dim view of Radcliffe, maintaining that the time Harvard professors spent providing lectures to women distracted the faculty from their scholarship, and providing Radcliffe women access to research facilities and Harvard museums was – in his view – an unnecessary burden on the university's resources. He threatened to scuttle the relationship between the two institutions. Radcliffe was forced to agree to a limitation on the size of its student body, with 750 spaces for undergraduates and 250 for graduate students.[35]A ceiling on enrollment of women when compared to the enrollment of men was renegotiated upward at various points throughout the relationship with Harvard and remained constant in Radcliffe's operations until it began its ultimate incorporation into Harvard University in 1977.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The office of the president was created with the incorporation of the Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women in 1882. The society became Radcliffe College in 1894.","title":"Presidents of Radcliffe College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard-Radcliffe Program in Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Radcliffe_Program_in_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Publishing Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Publishing_Course"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Seminars Program in Landscape Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radcliffe_Seminars_Program_in_Landscape_Design&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Zoological Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Zoological_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Radcliffe staff were invested in assisting women graduates with career planning and placement, as well as providing a number of different programs to provide post-graduate study for women. The Harvard-Radcliffe Program in Business Administration was begun as career training for alums interested in business. It grew to become a vehicle for women to pursue study at Harvard's Business School.Other post-graduate courses of study at Radcliffe grew as the undergraduate women students became more a part of Harvard University. The Radcliffe Publishing Course offered students experience in editing and other skills needed to enter the field of publishing. The Radcliffe Seminars Program in Landscape Design gave students a chance to study landscape design before it was a course of study at the Harvard Design School, and in a less formal environment.Radcliffe first granted PhDs starting in 1902. Between 1894 and 1902, multiple students completed all course and thesis requirements for a PhD degree in the department of zoology, working in the Radcliffe Zoological Laboratory, without receiving the title.[36]","title":"Graduate and post-graduate opportunities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Alison Lurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Lurie"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated99-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated99-43"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Choral Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Choral_Society"},{"link_name":"Harvard Glee Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Glee_Club"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidson-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidson-44"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radcliffe_Crew&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Beyond the life of the mind, another appeal of Radcliffe was the comparative freedom that its undergraduates enjoyed compared to students at other women's colleges. Cambridge and Boston provided diversions that were denied to women at more geographically isolated institutions. In his history of the college, David McCord noted that \"the music, theaters and museums were surprisingly close.\"[37] While students at many women's colleges only had social interactions with men on weekends, Radcliffe students saw men in town and, after 1943, in classes and laboratories on a daily basis while still having their own institution, student organizations and activities, and space. In the 1950s, an era of \"in loco parentis\" at many postsecondary institutions, it was common at women's colleges for housemothers to keep diligent watch of the time when women returned to their dorms, locking the doors when check-in hour had arrived and punishing women who missed their check-in times. Radcliffe students, by contrast, had their own dormitory keys and filled out sign-in sheets when they arrived in the evening. Their lives were not as cloistered as those of some of their counterparts at the sister schools, and according to an article in Mademoiselle Magazine, \"it was the richness and freedom of life at Radcliffe\" which left its mark on the student body.[38] One graduate of the class of 1934 noted, \"We were getting the best education in the country, and besides, we weren't banished to the sticks to rusticate. Weekends at Yale and Princeton may have been the answer to a maiden's prayer at Vassar, but we did not have to wait for ceremonial weekends for our entertainment: there were those among the Harvard population who recognized our \"merits.\"[39] A student from the early 1960s picked up on this theme, contrasting the Radcliffe experience with that of Smith. \"There are smart girls at Smith, all right,\" she said. \"But they don't seem to get much out of them there. Four years later they don't seem to be any brighter. And they have this crazy week-end system. You spend all week in Bermuda shorts, with your hair in curlers, worrying over who's going to take you to Amherst or New Haven Friday night. It seems to me that sort of thing actually retards you in the long run.\"[40] (Conversely, the greater seclusion of places such as Smith, Vassar and Mt. Holyoke sometimes made these latter institutions more attractive to socially conservative families.)Reflecting on her time at Radcliffe, writer Alison Lurie stated that \"most of the time we were in a mild state of euphoria...our lives were luxurious by modern undergraduate standards...We had private rooms, cleaned and tidied by tolerant Irish maids; a laundry called for our dirty clothes every week and returned them carefully washed and ironed; we ate off of china in our own dining room and sat in drawing rooms that resembled those of a good women's club.\"[41]\"Pluck\" was a quality attributed to some Radcliffe students. Beth Gutcheon of the class of 1967 wrote in a reminiscence that \"One night a classmate of mine was leaving the library alone at eleven when somebody jumped her from behind and knocked her to the ground. She yelled, 'Oh, Christ, I don't have time for this. I have an exam tomorrow!' and after a disappointed pause, her attacker got up and went away.\"[42]Throughout most of the college's history, residential life and student activities at Radcliffe remained separate from those at Harvard, with separate dormitories and dining facilities (located on the Radcliffe Quadrangle), newspapers (The Radcliffe News, Percussion), radio stations (WRRB and WRAD, a.k.a. Radio Radcliffe), drama society (The Idler), student government (Radcliffe Student Government Association and later, The Radcliffe Union of Students), yearbooks, athletic programs, choral associations (The Radcliffe Choral Society, the Cliffe Clefs, and later the Radcliffe Pitches), etc. (located in the Radcliffe Yard). Radcliffe had greater diversity in housing options than Harvard, with college-owned frame houses, an apartment building, and co-operative housing for students who were not interested in immersion in dormitory life or life within the House System.Dances were popular features of undergraduate life. \"At different times there were class dances, club dances, junior and senior proms, sophomore tea dances, Christmas dances, and spring formals. Dormitory-based dances were known as 'jolly-ups.'\"[43] One particularly popular event during the 1950s was the Radcliffe Grant in Aid show, which was sponsored by the student government. The show raised money for scholarships and always ended with a student kick-line in red shorts. Perhaps because of the shorts, Harvard students were particularly drawn to the event.[43]The Radcliffe Choral Society was a popular and influential student group. Started in 1899 and conducted by Marie Gillison, a German-born singing teacher, the group cultivated an interest in sophisticated classical music at a time when many collegiate choral groups were devoted to college songs and more popular ditties. Archibald Davidson, who took up the reins of conducting the Choral Society after Gillison (he also conducted the Harvard Glee Club), stated, \"I sometimes wonder how much, if anything, Harvard realizes that it owes to Radcliffe... Harvard...should not forget that while its Glee Club was slowly progressing toward enlightenment, Radcliffe, just across the Common, had for a long time under Mrs. Gillison's direction set an example of devotion to the best music.\"[44] Davidson added that \"without the early and enthusiastic cooperation of 'the young ladies of Radcliffe' the impressive tradition of college choral singing, which is now nationwide and which is always associated first with Cambridge, would almost certainly have been established much later here or would have originated elsewhere.\"[44] Arranged by Mrs. Gillison, the 1917 Choral Society concert with the Harvard Glee Club and the Boston Symphony Orchestra was a footnote in music history, the first time a university chorus sang with a major orchestra. The concert became an annual tradition for many years.The Radcliffe Crew is the oldest women's rowing program in the Ivy League. Even after the merger of Harvard and Radcliffe, the team maintains the Radcliffe name and Radcliffe colors as a sign of respect for the tradition of Radcliffe and the women who fought to establish the rowing program. The crew has a distinguished history. The team won the national championship in 1973 and thus got to represent the United States at the Eastern European Championships in Moscow. In 1974, the Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges (EAWRC) was formed. In both 1974 and 1975, Radcliffe won consecutive Eastern Sprints titles. In 1987, Radcliffe's heavyweight varsity eight completed an undefeated season with a victory at Eastern Sprints and an Ivy championship title. Six of the crew's eight rowers went on to compete in the Olympic Games. In 1989, Radcliffe was also undefeated with a Sprints championship and Ivy title. The season finale was a victory in the Open Eight at the Henley Women's Regatta in England.","title":"Student life and notable extracurricular activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Cary_Agassiz_House_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-solomon-18"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Alison Lurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Lurie"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Adrienne Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_Rich"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Lamont Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamont_Library"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karabel442-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Derek Bok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Bok"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karabel442-51"},{"link_name":"athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_athletics"},{"link_name":"women's liberation movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Matina Horner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matina_Horner"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Institute_for_Advanced_Study"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Elizabeth Cary Agassiz House, 2012The parallel Radcliffe and Harvard student universes—with formal intersections only in the classroom—continued until the 1960s. At this point, awareness of the comparative benefits of Radcliffe vis-a-vis the other Seven Sisters was increasingly eclipsed by growing sensitivity to the disadvantages that Radcliffe students had vis-a-vis Harvard students. Harvard students lived closer to the Harvard Yard, while Radcliffe students had a longer walk to Yard-based classes from the Radcliffe Quadrangle. Harvard housing was more luxurious than Radcliffe dormitories, and much more of the schools' shared intellectual life took place on the Harvard campus. Financial aid and student prizes at Harvard were larger than those at Radcliffe, even though students from the two schools were enrolled in the same courses. By the late 1950s, the terms of the \"joint instruction\" agreement still imposed a ceiling on the enrollment of Radcliffe students, with Harvard males getting four times the number of spots in a freshman class that Radcliffe students got. And at the end of four years of study, students at Harvard received a diploma from Harvard while Radcliffe students taking the same courses received a diploma from Radcliffe.These asymmetries did not bother all students, as some viewed the differences as a matter of course between two different institutions. This perspective was particularly strong with Radcliffe students who graduated before the turbulent 1960s. One alumna from the 1940s mused that at Radcliffe \"we were supremely happy in our own environment. For us, Harvard remained 'the other.' Most of us felt no connection to it;...instead, we enjoyed our own collegiate activities and traditions.[18] Another graduate from the class of 1949 noted that she was \"having my cake and eating it, too. In addition to my Harvard education, I was enjoying the benefits of a small women's college. The Radcliffe Quadrangle was quiet and peaceful, life in the dormitories was friendly and gracious. ... The women who had chosen to come to Radcliffe all were intelligent, quite independent, and concerned with the world around them.\"[45] Additionally, Radcliffe offered a cultural advantage over Harvard: even when enrolled in the same courses, Harvard and Radcliffe student took exams separately, as Radcliffe College's honor code necessitated a vastly different exam-taking environment: \"Where the men's exam rituals included proctors, dress codes, and a strict requirement of silence, the Radcliffe women took un-proctored exams, relished the chance to wear informal pants instead of skirts, and could enter and exit the building as they wished so long as they did not cheat.\"[46] Similarly, the Radcliffe honor code provided for more generous library and campus space privileges (for student groups) than the more bureaucratic Harvard systems allowed.However, some people within the Radcliffe community were less sanguine about the differences between the two schools, seeing the relationship with Harvard as an institutionalized separate but unequal experience for women. Writer Alison Lurie reflected that \"for Radcliffe students of my time the salient fact about Harvard was that it so evidently was not ours. Our position was like that of poor relations living just outside the walls of a great estate: patronized by some of our grand relatives, tolerated by others, and snubbed or avoided by the rest.\"[47]Famed poet Adrienne Rich, class of 1951, described receiving an \"insidious double message\" when she was at Radcliffe. Radcliffe students \"were told that we were the most privileged college women in America,\" but \"while intellectual and emotional life went on with intensity in all-female dorms, and we had our own newspaper, our own literary magazine, clubs, and student government, we knew that the real power (and money) were invested in Harvard's institutions, from which we were excluded.\"[48]Acceptance of the 19th-century rationales for this exclusion was fading, particularly as during the 1960s, a nationwide movement for co-education grew. Reflecting this movement, many Radcliffe students began to insist upon receiving Harvard diplomas for their academic work and upon merging Radcliffe and Harvard extra-curricular activities. Growing budgetary problems at Radcliffe encouraged this insistence. The Radcliffe Graduate School merged with Harvard's in 1963, and from that year onward Radcliffe undergraduates received Harvard University diplomas signed by the presidents of Radcliffe and Harvard. (Harvard students' diplomas were signed only by the president of Harvard.) Radcliffe students were fully and permanently admitted to Harvard's Lamont Library in 1967.[49][50]\nMany Radcliffe and Harvard student groups combined during the 1960s and joint commencement exercises between the two institutions began in 1970. In 1971, largely in response to gains made by newly co-ed Princeton and Yale in their respective yields of students admitted to Harvard, Yale and Princeton,[51] and to comparable admissions competition posed by the increasing national popularity of co-ed Stanford,[52] Harvard president Derek Bok reduced the admissions ratio of Harvard students to Radcliffe students from 4:1 to 5:2.[51] That same year, several Harvard and Radcliffe dormitories began swapping students through an experimental program, and in 1972 full co-residence between the two colleges was instituted. The schools' departments of athletics merged shortly thereafter.By the late 1960s there were open discussions between Radcliffe and Harvard about complete merger of the two institutions—which in truth meant abolition of Radcliffe. However, a merger study committee of the Radcliffe Alumnae Association recommended caution. In a prepared statement, the committee reported that \"it would be a mistake to dissolve Radcliffe at this time. Women's self-awareness is increasing as the 'women's liberation movement develops and as moderate groups call attention to the life styles and problems particular to women. This is precisely the wrong time to abolish a prestigious women's college which should be giving leadership to women as they seek to define and enlarge their role in society.\"[53]Instead of a complete merger, in 1977 Radcliffe president Matina Horner and Harvard president Derek Bok signed an agreement that, through their admission to Radcliffe, put undergraduate women entirely in Harvard College. The so-called \"non-merger merger\" combined the Radcliffe and Harvard admissions offices and ended the forced ceiling on female enrollment. In practice most of the energies of Radcliffe (which remained an autonomous institution) were then devoted to the institution's research initiatives and fellowships, rather than to female undergraduates. The Harvard and Radcliffe undergraduate communities and classes came to be known officially as \"Harvard and Radcliffe\" or \"Harvard-Radcliffe\", and female students continued to be awarded degrees signed by both presidents. Radcliffe continued to own its campus and provided financial aid, undergraduate prizes, and externship and fellowship opportunities to Radcliffe students, and the college continued to sponsor academic access programs for high school girls and continuing education opportunities for people outside the traditional college age. The college also continued to support programs and workshops targeting female undergraduates.In practice, though, Radcliffe at this point had minimal impact on the average undergraduate's day to day experiences at the university. This minimal role fueled still more talk about a full merger of the two schools. Conversely, supporters of the \"non-merger merger\" maintained that the agreement gave Radcliffe students the full benefits of Harvard citizenship while allowing maintenance of the proud Radcliffe identity, an institution with its own mission, programs, financial resources and alumnae network.On October 1, 1999, Radcliffe College was fully absorbed into Harvard University; female undergraduates were henceforward members only of Harvard College while Radcliffe College evolved into the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.[54]","title":"Growing consolidation with Harvard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Institute_for_Advanced_Study"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Summers"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Drew Gilpin Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Union of Students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radcliffe_Union_of_Students&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Choral Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Choral_Society"},{"link_name":"Holden Choirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Choirs"},{"link_name":"Harvard Radcliffe Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Pitches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Pitches"},{"link_name":"Harvard-Radcliffe Dramatic Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Radcliffe_Dramatic_Club"},{"link_name":"crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_rowing_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"oarblades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oarblade"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Band"},{"link_name":"fight song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_song"}],"text":"The Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, now a division of Harvard University, carries on many of the research and professional development programs that Radcliffe College pioneered and has introduced other programs to the worldwide community of scholars. The end of Radcliffe's role as an undergraduate institution, however, still has its detractors. \"Although I realize the merger was inevitable,\" a member of the class of 1959 commented, \"...I nevertheless regret the loss of my college, which gave me so much.[55] Another noted that she \"feels sad that Radcliffe College no longer exists. It, far more than Harvard, defined my college experience. I can't remember a single Harvard classmate, but two of my best friends are fellow Cliffies and I exchange correspondence with about a dozen more.\"[56] Indeed, many Radcliffe alumnae feel their institution has relinquished its distinguished identity in favor of a male-oriented one that remains steadfastly dismissive of women's concerns. This latter perspective gained some traction when, in a voice reminiscent of Presidents Eliot and Lowell, Harvard's early 21st-century president Lawrence Summers publicly stated that women were not as capable in the sciences as men. Additionally, shortly after full merger of the two schools, Harvard undergraduate women feeling a void in Harvard's support for women's intellectual and personal development started to lobby Harvard to create a women's center. Perhaps not surprisingly, memories of Harvard's historical indifference to women have led many Radcliffe alumnae to maintain primary ties to Radcliffe College and not to Harvard University. \"Womenless history has been a Harvard specialty,\" Laurel Thatcher Ulrich noted.[57] The Annex gained some vindication against Presidents Eliot, Lowell, and Summers when Drew Gilpin Faust, Dean of the Radcliffe Institute, replaced Summers and became Harvard's first female president.Radcliffe College alumnae continue to press Harvard on the question of the university's commitment to women, and increasing the number of female faculty members at Harvard is a particular alumnae interest. Former Radcliffe president Matina Horner once told the New York Times of her surprise when she first delivered a lecture at Harvard in 1969 and four male students approached her. One of these students told her that they \"just wanted to see what it felt like to be lectured by a woman and if a woman could be articulate.\"[58] Picking up on the perceived common Harvard blind-eye to women's intellectual competence and reflecting on the fact that while at Radcliffe they had had very few female faculty members, in the late 1990s a group of Radcliffe alumnae established the Committee for The Equality of Women at Harvard. The group chose to boycott Harvard's fundraising campaigns and sent letters to all 27,000 Radcliffe alumnae and to 13,000 Harvard alumni asking them to shift their donations to an escrow account until the university stepped up its efforts to add women to its tenured faculty. The group has not established quotas that it wants Harvard to meet. Rather, it has stated that individual Harvard departments should measure their percentage of tenured women faculty against a \"realistically available pool\" and create a plan to increase the number of women if that percentage falls short. The group also said that when departments do so, the escrow account (now called the Harvard Women's Faculty Fund) will be turned over to Harvard.[59]In the meantime, enriched by hundreds of millions of dollars that Harvard conferred unto Radcliffe at the time of the full merger, the Radcliffe Institute today awards dozens of annual fellowships to prominent academics. Although it does not focus solely on women returning to academe, it is a major research center within Harvard University. Its Schlesinger Library is one of America's largest repositories of manuscripts and archives relating to the history of women.Several undergraduate student organizations in Harvard College still refer to Radcliffe in their names, (for example the Radcliffe Union of Students, Harvard's feminist organization; the Radcliffe Choral Society, Harvard's female choir (now one of the Holden Choirs), which has alumnae from both Radcliffe and Harvard and maintains a repertoire of Radcliffiana; the Harvard Radcliffe Orchestra; the Harvard-Radcliffe Gilbert and Sullivan Players; the Radcliffe Pitches, a female a cappella singing group; and the Harvard-Radcliffe Dramatic Club). Two athletic teams still compete under the Radcliffe name: varsity crew, which still rows with Radcliffe's black-and-white oarblades and uniforms instead of Harvard's crimson-and-white (in 1973 the team had been the only varsity team which voted not to adopt the Harvard name); and club rugby union. In addition, the Harvard University Band still plays a Radcliffe fight song.","title":"Radcliffe after the merger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jill Abramson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Abramson"},{"link_name":"Alice Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Adams_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Encarnacion Alzona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encarnacion_Alzona"},{"link_name":"National Scientist of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scientist_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Alice Arlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Arlen"},{"link_name":"Margaret Atwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Atwood"},{"link_name":"Deborah Batts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Batts"},{"link_name":"Susan Berresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Berresford"},{"link_name":"Ford Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Benazir Bhutto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Melissa Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Block"},{"link_name":"Marita Bonner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marita_Bonner"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Mathews Burwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell"},{"link_name":"Caroline Walker Bynum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Walker_Bynum"},{"link_name":"Stockard Channing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockard_Channing"},{"link_name":"Sarah Norcliffe Cleghorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Norcliffe_Cleghorn"},{"link_name":"Leda Cosmides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leda_Cosmides"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Crouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Crouse"},{"link_name":"Martha Derthick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Derthick"},{"link_name":"Anne d'Harnoncourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_d%27Harnoncourt"},{"link_name":"Eva Beatrice Dykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Beatrice_Dykes"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Eisenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Eisenstein"},{"link_name":"Barbara Epstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Epstein"},{"link_name":"The New York Review of Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books"},{"link_name":"Mathea Falco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathea_Falco"},{"link_name":"Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_International_Narcotics_and_Law_Enforcement_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Lucy Nettie Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Nettie_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Amy Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Democracy Now!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Now!"},{"link_name":"Ellen Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Jamie Gorelick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Gorelick"},{"link_name":"Linda Greenhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Greenhouse"},{"link_name":"Lani Guinier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lani_Guinier"},{"link_name":"Amy Gutmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Gutmann"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Martha Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Hackett"},{"link_name":"Virginia Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Hall"},{"link_name":"Special Operations Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Holtzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Holtzman"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Hubbard"},{"link_name":"Josephine Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Hull"},{"link_name":"Catharine Sargent Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharine_Sargent_Huntington"},{"link_name":"Rona Jaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rona_Jaffe"},{"link_name":"Miriam M. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_M._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Roberta Karmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Karmel"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_appointees"},{"link_name":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"Helen Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Keller"},{"link_name":"deafblind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deafblind"},{"link_name":"Sinah Estelle Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinah_Estelle_Kelley"},{"link_name":"Caroline Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Margaret Kivelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_G._Kivelson"},{"link_name":"Maxine Kumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxine_Kumin"},{"link_name":"Ursula Le Guin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Le_Guin"},{"link_name":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Harvard College Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Judith Ledeboer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Ledeboer"},{"link_name":"Ann Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Alison Lurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Lurie"},{"link_name":"Grace Macurdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Macurdy"},{"link_name":"Pauline Maier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Maier"},{"link_name":"Ursula Marvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Marvin"},{"link_name":"Sputnik 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korabl-Sputnik_1"},{"link_name":"Empress Masako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Masako"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life-china-60"},{"link_name":"Margaret Mayall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mayall"},{"link_name":"Laura Meneses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Meneses"},{"link_name":"Ruth Messinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Messinger"},{"link_name":"American Jewish World Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jewish_World_Service"},{"link_name":"Jane Nickerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Nickerson"},{"link_name":"Andrea Nye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Nye"},{"link_name":"Soledad O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Ursula Oppens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Oppens"},{"link_name":"Mary White Ovington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_White_Ovington"},{"link_name":"Maud Wood Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_Wood_Park"},{"link_name":"Diane Paulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Paulus"},{"link_name":"Carol Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Potter_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Eve Troutt Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Troutt_Powell"},{"link_name":"Naomi Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Quinn"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Raitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt"},{"link_name":"Lois Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Rice"},{"link_name":"College Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Board"},{"link_name":"Pell Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell_Grant"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Adrienne Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_Rich"},{"link_name":"Margaret W. Rossiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_W._Rossiter"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Fellows Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program"},{"link_name":"Margaret W. Rossiter History of Women in Science Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_W._Rossiter_History_of_Women_in_Science_Prize"},{"link_name":"Christina Schlesinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Schlesinger"},{"link_name":"Alberta Virginia Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Virginia_Scott"},{"link_name":"Edie Sedgwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edie_Sedgwick"},{"link_name":"Andy Warhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol"},{"link_name":"Carla Shatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Shatz"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Institute of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Ann Loomis Silsbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Loomis_Silsbee"},{"link_name":"Elsie Singmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsie_Singmaster"},{"link_name":"Anna Deavere Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Deavere_Smith"},{"link_name":"Muriel S. Snowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_S._Snowden"},{"link_name":"Freedom House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Stein"},{"link_name":"Doris Zemurray Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Zemurray_Stone"},{"link_name":"Renee Tajima-Peña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renee_Tajima-Pe%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Who Killed Vincent Chin?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Killed_Vincent_Chin%3F"},{"link_name":"No más bebés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_m%C3%A1s_beb%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Frances Euphemia Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Euphemia_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Barbara Tuchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Tuchman"},{"link_name":"Marina von Neumann Whitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_von_Neumann_Whitman"},{"link_name":"Julia Grace Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Grace_Wales"},{"link_name":"Suzy Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzy_Welch"},{"link_name":"Lally Weymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lally_Weymouth"},{"link_name":"Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt.jpg"},{"link_name":"computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_computer"},{"link_name":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_White_Ovington.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mary White Ovington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_White_Ovington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gertrude_Stein_1935-01-04.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Stein"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helen_Keller_circa_1920_-_restored.jpg"},{"link_name":"Helen Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Keller"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virginia_Hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Virginia Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Margaret_Atwood_2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Margaret Atwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Atwood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benazir_Bhutto.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benazir Bhutto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto"}],"text":"A number of Radcliffe alumnae have gone on to become notable in their respective fields:Jill Abramson, former executive editor of the New York Times\nAlice Adams, novelist\nEncarnacion Alzona, National Scientist of the Philippines, first Filipino woman to obtain a PhD\nAlice Arlen, screenwriter\nMargaret Atwood, author\nDeborah Batts, U.S. District Court Judge, Southern District of New York; first openly LGBT African American federal judge\nSusan Berresford, Ford Foundation president\nBenazir Bhutto, former prime minister of Pakistan\nMelissa Block, journalist and host of National Public Radio's All Things Considered\nMarita Bonner, poet, essayist and writer associated with the Harlem Renaissance and New Negro Movements\nSylvia Mathews Burwell, Secretary of Health and Human Services\nCaroline Walker Bynum, medieval historian\nStockard Channing, actress\nSarah Norcliffe Cleghorn, educator, author, social reformer, and poet\nLeda Cosmides, psychologist\nLindsay Crouse, actress\nMartha Derthick, academic and noted scholar of public administration\nAnne d'Harnoncourt, curator and former CEO and director of the Philadelphia Museum of Art\nEva Beatrice Dykes, Ph.D., first black American woman to fulfill the requirements for a doctoral degree\nElizabeth Eisenstein, historian\nBarbara Epstein, founder of The New York Review of Books\nMathea Falco, Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs\nLucy Nettie Fletcher (1886-1918), WWI nurse\nAmy Goodman, journalist and host of Democracy Now!\nEllen Goodman, Boston Globe columnist\nJamie Gorelick, Deputy U.S. Attorney General\nLinda Greenhouse, Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter.\nLani Guinier, Harvard Law professor and civil rights activist\nAmy Gutmann, University of Pennsylvania president\nMartha Hackett, actor\nVirginia Hall, American spy with the Special Operations Executive during WWII\nElizabeth Holtzman, member of U.S. Congress\nElizabeth Hubbard, actor\nJosephine Hull, Oscar-winning stage and film actress\nCatharine Sargent Huntington, (class of 1911) actress, producer, director, founder of multiple theater companies, activist\nRona Jaffe, popular novelist\nMiriam M. Johnson, sociologist\nRoberta Karmel (born 1937), Centennial Professor of Law at Brooklyn Law School, and first female Commissioner of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.\nHelen Keller, deafblind author and activist\nSinah Estelle Kelley, chemist\nCaroline Kennedy, U.S. Ambassador to Japan, daughter of President John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis\nMargaret Kivelson, space physicist and planetary scientist\nMaxine Kumin, Pulitzer Prize–winning poet\nUrsula Le Guin, author\nHenrietta Swan Leavitt, early Harvard College Observatory astronomer\nJudith Ledeboer, architect\nAnn Lewis, Democratic Party political strategist\nAlison Lurie, academic and Pulitzer Prize-winning author\nGrace Macurdy, classicist\nPauline Maier, historian at Massachusetts Institute of Technology\nUrsula Marvin, Smithsonian geologist who analyzed Sputnik 4; first woman on American research teams to travel to Antarctica\nEmpress Masako of Japan[60]\nMargaret Mayall, astronomer\nLaura Meneses, political activist\nRuth Messinger, politician and CEO of American Jewish World Service\nJane Nickerson, first New York Times food editor and restaurant critic\nAndrea Nye, feminist philosopher and writer\nSoledad O'Brien, broadcast journalist\nUrsula Oppens, classical pianist\nMary White Ovington, co-founder of the NAACP and women's rights activist\nMaud Wood Park, suffragette and women's rights activist\nDiane Paulus, artistic director of the American Repertory Theater\nCarol Potter, television actress\nEve Troutt Powell, historian, winner of MacArthur Foundation \"genius award\"\nNaomi Quinn, anthropologist\nBonnie Raitt, blues musician\nLois Rice, vice president of the College Board and architect of the Pell Grant[61]\nAdrienne Rich, poet and feminist\nMargaret W. Rossiter, historian of science, recipient of MacArthur Fellows Program \"genius grant\", Margaret W. Rossiter History of Women in Science Prize awarded by the History of Science Society is named after her\nChristina Schlesinger, painter\nAlberta Virginia Scott, first African-American Radcliffe graduate (1898)\nEdie Sedgwick, Andy Warhol's superstar of 1965\nCarla Shatz, neurobiologist at Stanford University; member of National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine\nAnn Loomis Silsbee, composer and poet\nElsie Singmaster, author\nAnna Deavere Smith, performance artist\nMuriel S. Snowden, social worker, founder of Freedom House, MacArthur Foundation \"genius award\" winner\nGertrude Stein, author\nDoris Zemurray Stone, archaeologist and ethnographer\nRenee Tajima-Peña, Academy Award-nominated filmmaker and director of Who Killed Vincent Chin? and No más bebés\nFrances Euphemia Thompson, art educator\nBarbara Tuchman, historian\nMarina von Neumann Whitman, economist\nJulia Grace Wales, peace activist\nSuzy Welch, business writer and former editor of Harvard Business Review\nLally Weymouth, senior associate editor of the Washington PostNotable Radcliffe alumnae include:\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAstronomer and computer Henrietta Swan Leavitt (AB, 1892)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCivil rights activist and journalist Mary White Ovington (1891–1893, no degree)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNovelist, playwright, poet Gertrude Stein (AB, 1898)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAuthor, political activist, and lecturer Helen Keller (AB, 1904)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSpy for the United Kingdom and United States Virginia Hall (1924–1925, no degree)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAuthor Margaret Atwood, (AM, 1962)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t11th Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto (AB, 1973)","title":"Notable alumnae"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rona Jaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rona_Jaffe"},{"link_name":"Alice Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Adams_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Faye Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faye_Levine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"A Small Circle of Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Small_Circle_of_Friends"},{"link_name":"Goodbye, Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye,_Columbus"}],"sub_title":"Literature","text":"Rona Jaffe's novel Class Reunion and Alice Adams' novel Superior Women both deal with the lives of Radcliffe women in their college years and afterwards.\nLove with a Harvard Accent is a 1962 novel written jointly by Bill Bayer and Nancy Jenkin under the pen name Leonie St. John. It tells the stories of three Radcliffe students coming of age along the bridge between the late 50s and early 1960s. The Harvard Crimson reviewed the book when it was published in an article entitled \"Radcliffe's New Catalog.\"[62]\nSplendor & Misery is a 1983 novel by Faye Levine that follows the college experience of Sarah Galbreath, a Radcliffe student in Cambridge in the early and mid 1960s.\nA Small Circle of Friends is a film set at Harvard and Radcliffe in the Vietnam era. In it Karen Allen plays Jessica Bloom, a Radcliffe student caught up with two Harvard students in the activism and feminist awakening of the time.\nPhillip Roth's novel Goodbye, Columbus is set in part at Radcliffe. The movie version was filmed in part at the college.\nTom Miller's fantasy novel The Philosopher's Flight is about a male student at Radcliffe in 1917.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faye Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faye_Levine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Writing","text":"In 1963, as a Radcliffe undergraduate, Faye Levine wrote an article for the Harvard Crimson that became a classic and thereafter frequently quoted characterization of Radcliffe undergraduates, entitled \"The Three Flavors of Radcliffe.\" The three flavors were peach, chocolate, and lime.[63]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Love Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Story_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Dancing:_Havana_Nights"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Professor Marston and the Wonder Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Marston_and_the_Wonder_Women"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"The film and novel versions of Love Story are set partly at Radcliffe and involve a student named Jennifer Cavalleri and her romance with Harvard student Oliver Barrett IV. The movie was filmed in part at Radcliffe.\nKatey Miller, the protagonist of Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights, is a star student who aspires to attend Radcliffe.[64]\nA large part of Professor Marston and the Wonder Women is based on and portrays events which occurred at the college.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Lefkowitz_Horowitz"},{"link_name":"Alma Mater: Design and Experience in the Women's Colleges from Their Nineteenth-Century Beginnings to the 1930s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0870238698"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press"},{"link_name":"G.P. Putnam and Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G.P._Putnam_and_Sons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.88123"},{"link_name":"Online page images and PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wKmCPiAYKWsC&pg=PT1"}],"text":"Baker, Liva (1976). I'm Radcliffe. Fly Me! The Seven Sisters and the Failure of Women's Education. MacMillan Publishing.\nHowells, Dorothy Elia (1978). A Century to Celebrate: Radcliffe College, 1879–1979.\nHorowitz, Helen Lefkowitz. Alma Mater: Design and Experience in the Women's Colleges from Their Nineteenth-Century Beginnings to the 1930s. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993 (2nd edition).\nHorowitz, Helen Lefkowitz (1999). The Passion of M. Carey Thomas. University of Illinois Press.\nKendall, Elaine. Peculiar Institutions: An Informal History of the Seven Sister Colleges, G.P. Putnam and Sons, NY, 1975.\nMcCord, David (1958). An Acre for Education: Being Notes on the History of Radcliffe College. Radcliffe College.\nSalie, Robert Douglas. The Harvard Annex Experiment in the Higher Education of Women: Separate but Equal? Ph.D. dissertation, Emory U. 1976. 399 pp.\nSchwager, Sally. \"Harvard Women\": A History of the Founding of Radcliffe College. Ed.D. diss., Harvard University, 1982.\nSollors, Werner; Titcomb, Caldwell; and Underwood, Thomas A., eds. (1993). Blacks at Harvard: A Documentary History of African-American Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe. 548 pp.\nUlrich, Laurel Thatcher, ed. (2004). Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History. 337 pp.Books about RadcliffeDowst, Henry Payson; John Albert Seaford (1913). Radcliffe College. H. B. Humphrey Company. Brief text; content is mostly illustrations by John Albert Seaford. Online page images and PDF at Google Books.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Fay House, one of the college's first buildings, and the gymnasium in c. 1904","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Radcliffe_college.jpg/220px-Radcliffe_college.jpg"},{"image_text":"A radio science class at Radcliffe College in 1922","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Radcliffe_College_radio_class_1922.jpg/220px-Radcliffe_College_radio_class_1922.jpg"},{"image_text":"Byerly Hall, built in 1932","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Radcliffe-winter.jpg/220px-Radcliffe-winter.jpg"},{"image_text":"Elizabeth Cary Agassiz House, 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Elizabeth_Cary_Agassiz_House_2.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Cary_Agassiz_House_2.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Helen_KellerA.jpg/100px-Helen_KellerA.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Radcliffe Choral Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Choral_Society"},{"title":"Radcliffe Pitches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Pitches"},{"title":"Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Institute_for_Advanced_Study"},{"title":"Schlesinger Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlesinger_Library"},{"title":"List of coordinate colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coordinate_colleges"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Obituary of Arthur Gilman, founder of Radcliffe College, The New York Times, Dec. 29, 1909\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/12/29/101911635.pdf","url_text":"\"Obituary of Arthur Gilman, founder of Radcliffe College, The New York Times, Dec. 29, 1909\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alice Longfellow - Longfellow House Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://home.nps.gov/long/learn/historyculture/alice-longfellow.htm","url_text":"\"Alice Longfellow - Longfellow House Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Open Collections Program: Women Working, The Harvard Examination for Women\". ocp.hul.harvard.edu. Retrieved March 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/examination.html","url_text":"\"Open Collections Program: Women Working, The Harvard Examination for Women\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radcliffe College\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/pwwmh/ma57.htm","url_text":"\"Radcliffe College\""}]},{"reference":"Crawford, Mary Caroline (1904). The College Girl of America. Boston: L. C. Page.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/collegegirlamer00crawgoog","url_text":"The College Girl of America"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to the Records of Howe, Manning & Almy, Inc. and the Papers of Lois Lilley Howe, Eleanor Manning O'Connor, and Mary Almy MC.0009\". Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute Archives and Special Collections. Archived from the original on July 1, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190701172149/https://libraries.mit.edu/archives/research/collections/collections-mc/mc9.html","url_text":"\"Guide to the Records of Howe, Manning & Almy, Inc. and the Papers of Lois Lilley Howe, Eleanor Manning O'Connor, and Mary Almy MC.0009\""},{"url":"https://libraries.mit.edu/archives/research/collections/collections-mc/mc9.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hilles Library\". Harvardplanning.emuseum.com. Harvard University. Retrieved November 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://harvardplanning.emuseum.com/sites/300/hilles-library;jsessionid=19A744657B28C96CAB5435CA2DE4318E","url_text":"\"Hilles Library\""}]},{"reference":"Tonn, Jenna (August 1, 2017). \"Extralaboratory Life: Gender Politics and Experimental Biology at Radcliffe College, 1894-1910\". Gender & History. 29 (2): 329–358. doi:10.1111/1468-0424.12292. ISSN 1468-0424. S2CID 149438967.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0424.12292","url_text":"10.1111/1468-0424.12292"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0424","url_text":"1468-0424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149438967","url_text":"149438967"}]},{"reference":"Delreal, Jose (September 13, 2012). \"Past Tense: Radcliffe, Cheating, and the Honor Code\". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved March 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/9/13/radcliffe-harvard-honor-code/","url_text":"\"Past Tense: Radcliffe, Cheating, and the Honor Code\""}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Colleen (April 26, 2012). \"Hard-earned gains for women at Harvard\". The Harvard Gazette. Harvard University. Retrieved November 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/04/hard-earned-gains-for-women-at-harvard/","url_text":"\"Hard-earned gains for women at Harvard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal life takes its toll on Japan's crown princess\". China Daily. August 2, 2004. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606231921/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-08/02/content_356946.htm","url_text":"\"Royal life takes its toll on Japan's crown princess\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Daily","url_text":"China Daily"},{"url":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-08/02/content_356946.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Sam (January 18, 2017). \"Lois Dickson Rice, Trailblazing Executive Behind Pell Grants, Dies at 83\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 7, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230507061544/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/18/us/lois-dickson-rice-dead-pell-grants.html","url_text":"\"Lois Dickson Rice, Trailblazing Executive Behind Pell Grants, Dies at 83\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/18/us/lois-dickson-rice-dead-pell-grants.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Radcliffe's New Catalogue | Arts | the Harvard Crimson\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1962/4/27/radcliffes-new-catalogue-pbibf-set-anywhere/","url_text":"\"Radcliffe's New Catalogue | Arts | the Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Elvis (February 27, 2004). \"Spilled Drinks Make the Dancing Dirty\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/27/movies/film-review-spilled-drinks-make-the-dancing-dirty.html","url_text":"\"Spilled Drinks Make the Dancing Dirty\""}]},{"reference":"Dowst, Henry Payson; John Albert Seaford (1913). Radcliffe College. H. B. Humphrey Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.88123","url_text":"Radcliffe College"}]}]
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99-100"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190701172149/https://libraries.mit.edu/archives/research/collections/collections-mc/mc9.html","external_links_name":"\"Guide to the Records of Howe, Manning & Almy, Inc. and the Papers of Lois Lilley Howe, Eleanor Manning O'Connor, and Mary Almy MC.0009\""},{"Link":"https://libraries.mit.edu/archives/research/collections/collections-mc/mc9.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://harvardplanning.emuseum.com/sites/300/hilles-library;jsessionid=19A744657B28C96CAB5435CA2DE4318E","external_links_name":"\"Hilles Library\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0424.12292","external_links_name":"10.1111/1468-0424.12292"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0424","external_links_name":"1468-0424"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149438967","external_links_name":"149438967"},{"Link":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/9/13/radcliffe-harvard-honor-code/","external_links_name":"\"Past Tense: 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_Evolved
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Highly Evolved
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["1 Recording and mastering","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 Certifications","6 References"]
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This article is about the Vines album. For the title track, see Highly Evolved (song).
2002 studio album by the VinesHighly EvolvedStudio album by the VinesReleased14 July 2002RecordedJuly 2001–February 2002StudioThe Sound Factory, Hollywood, CaliforniaGenre
Alternative rock
garage punk
post-punk revival
post-grunge
neo-psychedelia
Length43:35Label
Capitol
Heavenly Recordings
Wicked Nature Music
ProducerRob SchnapfThe Vines chronology
College EP(2002)
Highly Evolved(2002)
Winning Days(2004)
Singles from Highly Evolved
"Highly Evolved"Released: 22 April 2002
"Get Free"Released: 17 June 2002
"Outtathaway!"Released: 18 November 2002
"Homesick"Released: 12 May 2003
Alternate coverFirst American pressing
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic68/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicBlenderEntertainment WeeklyCThe GuardianLos Angeles TimesNME9/10Pitchfork4.1/10QRolling StoneUncut
Highly Evolved is the debut studio album by Australian alternative rock band the Vines. It was released on 14 July 2002 on Capitol Records. Produced by Rob Schnapf, known for his collaboration with Tom Rothrock on Elliott Smith's albums Either/Or, XO, and Figure 8, Highly Evolved was an immensely popular debut, part of a trend towards garage rock revival bands known as much for the relentless hype from the UK music press as for their music; the Vines were frequently compared to Nirvana. The debut single, "Highly Evolved", was chosen as Single of the Week by influential British music magazine NME. The magazine also voted it the 2nd best album of the year in 2002. The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. In October 2010, it was listed in the book 100 Best Australian Albums.
Recording and mastering
Highly Evolved was recorded and mixed at The Sound Factory and Sunset Sound Recorders in Hollywood, California. It was recorded between July 2001 and February 2002.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Craig Nicholls, except where notedNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Highly Evolved" 1:352."Autumn Shade" 2:173."Outtathaway" 3:024."Sunshinin" 2:435."Homesick" 4:536."Get Free" 1:597."Country Yard" 3:468."Factory" 3:129."In the Jungle" 4:1510."Mary Jane" 5:5211."Ain't No Room" 3:2812."1969"NichollsDave Olliffe6:27
Personnel
Performance
Craig Nicholls – vocals, guitar, percussion, piano ("Homesick") and cover painting
Patrick Matthews – organ ("Autumn Shade" and "In the Jungle"), bass guitar, piano ("Mary Jane", "Autumn Shade" and "Factory")
Dave Olliffe – drums on "Highly Evolved", "Autumn Shade", "Outtathaway", "Sunshinin'", "Homesick" (outro only), "Country Yard", "Mary Jane" and "1969"
Victor Indrizzo – drums on "In the Jungle"
Joey Waronker – drums on "Get Free"
Pete Thomas – drums on "Factory", "Ain't No Room" and "Homesick" (excerpt)
Roger Joseph Manning Jr. – keyboards ("Highly Evolved", "Outtathaway", "Sunshinin'" and "Autumn Shade")
Production
Kevin Dean – production assistant
Ted Jensen – mastering
Ethan Johns – additional percussion ("Get Free", "Autumn Shade", "Factory" and "Sunshinin'")
Rob Schnapf – additional guitars ("County Yard", "Homesick", "Ain't No Room" and "Factory"), production and mixing
Andrew Slater – executive production
Justin Stanley – production ("In the Jungle")
Andy Wallace – mixing ("Get Free")
Doug Boehm – engineering
Steven Rhodes – additional percussion ("Get Free", "Autumn Shade", "Factory" and "Sunshinin'") and additional engineering
Tony Rambo – engineering ("In the Jungle")
Craig Conard – production assistant
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for Highly Evolved
Charts (2002)
Peakposition
Australian Albums (ARIA)
5
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
28
French Albums (SNEP)
56
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
33
Irish Albums (IRMA)
13
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)
48
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)
22
Scottish Albums (OCC)
3
UK Albums (OCC)
3
US Billboard 200
11
Year-end charts
Year-end chart performance for Highly Evolved
Charts (2002)
Position
Australian Albums (ARIA)
51
Canadian Albums (Nielsen SoundScan)
151
Canadian Alternative Albums (Nielsen SoundScan)
49
UK Albums (OCC)
171
US Billboard 200
156
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
Platinum
70,000^
Canada (Music Canada)
Gold
50,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)
Gold
150,000
United States (RIAA)
Gold
500,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
References
^ "Reviews for Highly Evolved by the Vines". Metacritic. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
^ a b Phares, Heather. "Highly Evolved – The Vines". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
^ Harris, John (August 2002). "The Vines: Highly Evolved". Blender (8): 126. Archived from the original on 11 August 2004. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
^ Raftery, Brian M.; Brunner, Rob (19 July 2002). "Highly Evolved". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
^ Petridis, Alexis (5 July 2002). "Believe the hype". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
^ Nichols, Natalie (14 July 2002). "The Vines Highly Evolved Capitol". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
^ Fox, Jason (2 July 2002). "Vines: Highly Evolved". NME. ISSN 0028-6362. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
^ Dahlen, Chris (29 June 2002). "The Vines: Highly Evolved". Pitchfork. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
^ "The Vines: Highly Evolved". Q (192): 121. July 2002.
^ Hoard, Christian (2 July 2002). "The Vines: Highly Evolved". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
^ "The Vines: Highly Evolved". Uncut (63): 116. August 2002.
^ Robert Dimery; Michael Lydon (23 March 2010). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die: Revised and Updated Edition. Universe. ISBN 978-0-7893-2074-2.
^ "Australiancharts.com – The Vines – Highly Evolved". Hung Medien. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
^ "Austriancharts.at – The Vines – Highly Evolved" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
^ "Lescharts.com – The Vines – Highly Evolved". Hung Medien. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – The Vines – Highly Evolved" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
^ "Irish-charts.com – Discography The Vines". Hung Medien. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
^ "Charts.nz – The Vines – Highly Evolved". Hung Medien. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
^ "Norwegiancharts.com – The Vines – Highly Evolved". Hung Medien. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
^ "The Vines Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
^ "ARIA End of Year Albums Chart 2002". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
^ "Top 200 Albums of 2002 (based on sales)". Jam!. Archived from the original on 6 September 2004. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
^ "Canada's Top 200 Alternative albums of 2002". Jam!. Archived from the original on 4 December 2003. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
^ "2002 UK Year-End Chart" (PDF). ChartsPlus. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2002". Billboard. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2003 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
^ "Canadian album certifications – The Vines – Highly Evolved". Music Canada. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
^ "Iconic albums turning 20 in 2022". Official Charts. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
^ "British album certifications – The Vines – Highly Evolved". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
^ "American album certifications – The Vines – Highly Evolved". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
vteThe Vines
Craig Nicholls
Patrick Matthews
Ryan Griffiths
Hamish Rosser
David Olliffe
Brad Heald
Lachlan West
Tim John
Studio albums
Highly Evolved
Winning Days
Vision Valley
Melodia
Future Primitive
Wicked Nature
In Miracle Land
Singles
"Highly Evolved"
"Get Free"
"Outtathaway!"
"Homesick"
"Ride"
"Winning Days"
"Don't Listen to the Radio"
"Anysound"
"He's a Rocker"
Related articles
Discography
Garage rock revival
The Best of The Vines
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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For the title track, see Highly Evolved (song).2002 studio album by the VinesHighly Evolved is the debut studio album by Australian alternative rock band the Vines. It was released on 14 July 2002 on Capitol Records. Produced by Rob Schnapf, known for his collaboration with Tom Rothrock on Elliott Smith's albums Either/Or, XO, and Figure 8, Highly Evolved was an immensely popular debut, part of a trend towards garage rock revival bands known as much for the relentless hype from the UK music press as for their music; the Vines were frequently compared to Nirvana. The debut single, \"Highly Evolved\", was chosen as Single of the Week by influential British music magazine NME. The magazine also voted it the 2nd best album of the year in 2002. 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It was recorded between July 2001 and February 2002.[2]","title":"Recording and mastering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Craig Nicholls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Nicholls"},{"link_name":"Highly Evolved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_Evolved_(song)"},{"link_name":"Outtathaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outtathaway!"},{"link_name":"Homesick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homesick_(The_Vines_song)"},{"link_name":"Get Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Free_(The_Vines_song)"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Craig Nicholls, except where notedNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Highly Evolved\" 1:352.\"Autumn Shade\" 2:173.\"Outtathaway\" 3:024.\"Sunshinin\" 2:435.\"Homesick\" 4:536.\"Get Free\" 1:597.\"Country Yard\" 3:468.\"Factory\" 3:129.\"In the Jungle\" 4:1510.\"Mary Jane\" 5:5211.\"Ain't No Room\" 3:2812.\"1969\"NichollsDave Olliffe6:27","title":"Track 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– production (\"In the Jungle\")\nAndy Wallace – mixing (\"Get Free\")\nDoug Boehm – engineering\nSteven Rhodes – additional percussion (\"Get Free\", \"Autumn Shade\", \"Factory\" and \"Sunshinin'\") and additional engineering\nTony Rambo – engineering (\"In the Jungle\")\nCraig Conard – production assistant","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highly_Evolved&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_The_Vines-13"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_The_Vines-14"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_France_The_Vines-15"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 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(ARIA)[13]\n\n5\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[14]\n\n28\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[15]\n\n56\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[16]\n\n33\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[17]\n\n13\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[18]\n\n48\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[19]\n\n22\n\n\nScottish Albums (OCC)[20]\n\n3\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[21]\n\n3\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[22]\n\n11\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for Highly Evolved\n\n\nCharts (2002)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[23]\n\n51\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Nielsen SoundScan)[24]\n\n151\n\n\nCanadian Alternative Albums (Nielsen SoundScan)[25]\n\n49\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[26]\n\n171\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[27]\n\n156","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Reviews for Highly Evolved by the Vines\". Metacritic. Retrieved 6 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/highly-evolved/the-vines","url_text":"\"Reviews for Highly Evolved by the Vines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Phares, Heather. \"Highly Evolved – The Vines\". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/highly-evolved-mw0000225428","url_text":"\"Highly Evolved – The Vines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Harris, John (August 2002). \"The Vines: Highly Evolved\". Blender (8): 126. Archived from the original on 11 August 2004. Retrieved 30 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harris_(critic)","url_text":"Harris, John"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040811094827/http://www.blender.com/reviews/review_496.html","url_text":"\"The Vines: Highly Evolved\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(magazine)","url_text":"Blender"},{"url":"http://www.blender.com/reviews/review_496.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Raftery, Brian M.; Brunner, Rob (19 July 2002). \"Highly Evolved\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151107091701/http://www.ew.com/article/2002/07/19/highly-evolved","url_text":"\"Highly Evolved\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2002/07/19/highly-evolved/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Petridis, Alexis (5 July 2002). \"Believe the hype\". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Petridis","url_text":"Petridis, Alexis"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2002/jul/05/shopping.artsfeatures1","url_text":"\"Believe the hype\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Natalie (14 July 2002). \"The Vines Highly Evolved Capitol\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 30 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/2002/jul/14/entertainment/ca-rack14","url_text":"\"The Vines Highly Evolved Capitol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Fox, Jason (2 July 2002). \"Vines: Highly Evolved\". NME. ISSN 0028-6362. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113216/http://www.nme.com/reviews/the-vines/6524","url_text":"\"Vines: Highly Evolved\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6362","url_text":"0028-6362"},{"url":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/the-vines/6524","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dahlen, Chris (29 June 2002). \"The Vines: Highly Evolved\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 4 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/8471-highly-evolved/","url_text":"\"The Vines: Highly Evolved\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"\"The Vines: Highly Evolved\". Q (192): 121. July 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)","url_text":"Q"}]},{"reference":"Hoard, Christian (2 July 2002). \"The Vines: Highly Evolved\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070513055517/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thevines/albums/album/287885/review/5943612/highly_evolved","url_text":"\"The Vines: Highly Evolved\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thevines/albums/album/287885/review/5943612/highly_evolved","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Vines: Highly Evolved\". Uncut (63): 116. August 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncut_(magazine)","url_text":"Uncut"}]},{"reference":"Robert Dimery; Michael Lydon (23 March 2010). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die: Revised and Updated Edition. Universe. ISBN 978-0-7893-2074-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7893-2074-2","url_text":"978-0-7893-2074-2"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA End of Year Albums Chart 2002\". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 8 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aria.com.au/charts/2002/albums-chart","url_text":"\"ARIA End of Year Albums Chart 2002\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 200 Albums of 2002 (based on sales)\". Jam!. Archived from the original on 6 September 2004. Retrieved 23 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040906184132/http://www.jamshowbiz.com/JamMusicCharts/200-2_2002.html","url_text":"\"Top 200 Albums of 2002 (based on sales)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam!","url_text":"Jam!"},{"url":"http://www.jamshowbiz.com/JamMusicCharts/200-2_2002.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada's Top 200 Alternative albums of 2002\". Jam!. Archived from the original on 4 December 2003. Retrieved 26 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031204012816/http://jamshowbiz.com/JamMusicCharts/2002_alt.html","url_text":"\"Canada's Top 200 Alternative albums of 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam!","url_text":"Jam!"},{"url":"http://jamshowbiz.com/JamMusicCharts/2002_alt.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2002 UK Year-End Chart\" (PDF). ChartsPlus. Retrieved 8 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2002.pdf","url_text":"\"2002 UK Year-End Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2002\". Billboard. Retrieved 8 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2002/top-billboard-200-albums","url_text":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2002\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2003 Albums\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 28 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AAAPr-mldzIAc3tSaFZxk5fha/2003%20Accreds.pdf","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2003 Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian album certifications – The Vines – Highly Evolved\". Music Canada. Retrieved 28 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Highly+Evolved%20The+Vines","url_text":"\"Canadian album certifications – The Vines – Highly Evolved\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Iconic albums turning 20 in 2022\". Official Charts. Retrieved 22 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/iconic-albums-turning-20-in-2022__34756/","url_text":"\"Iconic albums turning 20 in 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts","url_text":"Official Charts"}]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – The Vines – Highly Evolved\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 28 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/2883-1425-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – The Vines – Highly Evolved\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – The Vines – Highly Evolved\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 28 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=The+Vines&ti=Highly+Evolved&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – The Vines – Highly Evolved\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity
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UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists
|
["1 Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity","2 List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding","3 Register of Good Safeguarding Practices","4 Proclaimed masterpieces","5 See also","6 Notes and references","6.1 Notes","6.2 References","7 External links"]
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Distribution by country as of 2018
UNESCO established its Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage with the aim of ensuring better protection of important intangible cultural heritages worldwide and the awareness of their significance. This list is published by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, the members of which are elected by State Parties meeting in a General Assembly. Through a compendium of the different oral and intangible treasures of humankind worldwide, the programme aims to draw attention to the importance of safeguarding intangible heritage, which UNESCO has identified as an essential component and as a repository of cultural diversity and of creative expression.
The list was established in 2008 when the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage took effect.
As of 2010, the programme compiles three lists. The longer Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity comprises cultural "practices and expressions help demonstrate the diversity of this heritage and raise awareness about its importance." The shorter List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding is composed of those cultural elements that concerned communities and countries consider to require urgent measures to keep them alive. The third list is the Register of Good Safeguarding Practices.
In 2013, four elements were inscribed on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding, which helps States Parties mobilize international cooperation and assistance to ensure the transmission of this heritage with the participation of the concerned communities. The Urgent Safeguarding List now numbers 35 elements. The Intergovernmental Committee also inscribed 25 elements on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, which serves to raise awareness of intangible heritage and provide recognition to communities' traditions and know-how that reflect their cultural diversity. The list does not attribute or recognize any standard of excellence or exclusivity. All lists combined totalled 676 elements, corresponding to 140 countries as of April 2023.
Elements inscribed in the lists are deemed significant manifestations of humanity's intangible heritage, the highest honour for intangible heritage on a global level.
Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
The Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity contains intangible cultural heritage elements that "help demonstrate the diversity of cultural heritage and raise awareness about its importance".
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (December 2015)
Member state
Element
Year proclaimed
Year inscribed
Region
Ref.
Afghanistan Azerbaijan India Iran Iraq Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Pakistan Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
Nawrouz, Novruz, Nowrouz, Nowrouz, Nawrouz, Nauryz, Nooruz, Nowruz, Navruz, Nevruz, Nowruz, Navruz
2016
APA
Afghanistan Azerbaijan Iran Turkey Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
Sericulture and traditional production of silk for weaving
2022
APA
Afghanistan Iran
Yaldā/Chella
2022
APA
Albania
Iso-Polyphony
2005
2008
ENA
Albania Andorra Austria Croatia France Greece Italy Luxembourg Romania Spain
Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock
2023
ENA
Algeria
Ritual and ceremonies of Sebiba in the oasis of Djanet, Algeria
2014
AST
Ahellil of Gourara
2005
2008
Rites and craftsmanship associated with the wedding costume tradition of Tlemcen
2012
Annual pilgrimage to the mausoleum of Sidi 'Abd el-Qader Ben Mohammed (Sidi Cheikh)
2017
Sbuâ, annual pilgrimage to the zawiya of Sidi El Hadj Belkacem in Gourara
2015
Raï, popular folk song of Algeria
2022
Algeria Mali Niger
Practices and knowledge linked to the Imzad of the Tuareg communities of Algeria, Mali and Niger
2013
AFR, AST
Algeria Mauritania Morocco Tunisia
Couscous, Maghrebi cuisine
2020
AFR, AST
Andorra France
Bear festivities in the Pyrenees
2022
ENA
Andorra France Spain
Summer solstice fire festivals in the Pyrenees
2015
ENA
Angola
Sona, drawings and geometric figures on sand
2023
AFR
Argentina
Filete porteño in Buenos Aires, a traditional painting technique
2015
LAC
Chamamé
2020
Argentina Uruguay
Tango
2009
LAC
Armenia
Duduk and its music
2005
2008
ENA
Armenian cross-stones art. Symbolism and craftsmanship of Khachkars
2010
Performance of the Armenian epic of 'Daredevils of Sassoun' or 'David of Sassoun'
2012
Lavash, the preparation, meaning and appearance of traditional bread as an expression of culture in Armenia
2014
Kochari, traditional group dance
2017
Armenian letter art and its cultural expressions
2019
Tradition of blacksmithing in Gyumri
2023
Armenia Iran
Pilgrimage to the St. Thaddeus Apostle Monastery, Saint Stepanos Monastery, Chapel of Dzordzor, Chapel of Chupan, Church of the Holy Mother of God, Darashamb.
2020
APA
Austria
Schemenlaufen, the carnival of Imst, Austria
2012
ENA
Classical horsemanship and the High School of the Spanish Riding School Vienna
2015
Austria Belgium Croatia Czech Republic France Germany Hungary Ireland Italy Kazakhstan South Korea Kyrgyzstan Mongolia Netherlands Morocco Pakistan Poland Portugal Qatar Saudi Arabia Slovakia Spain Syria United Arab Emirates
Falconry, a living human heritage
2021
AFR, APA, AST, ENA
Austria Belgium Germany Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Switzerland
Traditional irrigation: knowledge, technique, and organization
2023
ENA
Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Hungary Italy Romania Slovakia Slovenia
Lipizzan horse breeding traditions
2022
ENA
Austria Czech Republic Germany Hungary Slovakia
Blaudruck/Modrotisk/Kékfestés/Modrotlač, resist block printing and indigo dyeing in Europe
2018
ENA
Austria Czech Republic Germany Latvia Poland Spain
Timber rafting
2022
ENA
Austria Greece Italy Romania
Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock along migratory routes in the Mediterranean and in the Alps
2019
ENA
Austria Switzerland
Avalanche risk management
2018
ENA
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani Mugham
2003
2008
APA
Art of Azerbaijani Ashiq
2009
Traditional art of Azerbaijani carpet weaving in the Republic of Azerbaijan
2010
Craftsmanship and performance art of the Tar, a long-necked string musical instrument
2012
Traditional art and symbolism of Kelaghayi, making and wearing women's silk headscarves
2014
Copper craftsmanship of Lahij
2015
Dolma making and sharing tradition, a marker of cultural identity
2017
Nar Bayrami, traditional pomegranate festivity and culture
2020
Pehlevanliq culture: traditional zorkhana games, sports and wrestling
2022
Azerbaijan Iran
Art of crafting and playing with Kamantcheh/Kamancha, a bowed string musical instrument
2017
APA
Azerbaijan Iran Tajikistan Turkey Uzbekistan
Art of illumination: Təzhib/Tazhib/Zarhalkori/Tezhip/Naqqoshlik
2023
APA
Azerbaijan Iran Turkey Uzbekistan
Art of miniature
2020
APA
Iftar/Eftari/Iftar/Iftor and its socio-cultural traditions
2023
Azerbaijan Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Turkey
Flatbread making and sharing culture: Lavash, Katyrma, Jupka, Yufka
2016
APA
Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
Telling tradition of Nasreddin Hodja/ Molla Nesreddin/ Molla Ependi/ Apendi/ Afendi Kozhanasyr Anecdotes
2022
APA
Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Turkey
Heritage of Dede Qorqud/Korkyt Ata/Dede Korkut, epic culture, folk tales and music
2018
APA
Azerbaijan Turkey
Culture of Çay (tea), a symbol of identity, hospitality and social interaction
2022
APA
Craftsmanship and performing art of balaban/mey
2023
Craftsmanship of mother of pearl inlay
2023
Bahamas
Junkanoo
2023
LAC
Bahrain
Fjiri
2021
ARB
Bahrain Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Saudi Arabia Sudan Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen
Date palm, knowledge, skills, traditions and practices
2019
ARB
2022
Bangladesh
Baul songs
2005
2008
APA
Traditional art of Jamdani weaving
2013
Mangal Shobhajatra on Pahela Baishakh
2016
Traditional art of Shital Pati weaving of Sylhet
2017
Rickshaws & Rickshaw painting in Dhaka
2023
Belarus
Annual celebration in honor of Our Lady of Budslau
2018
ENA
Straw weaving in Belarus, art, craft and skills
2022
Belarus Poland
Tree beekeeping culture
2020
ENA
Belgium
Carnival of Binche
2003
2008
ENA
Procession of the Holy Blood in Bruges
2009
Houtem Jaarmarkt, annual winter fair and livestock market at Sint-Lievens-Houtem
2010
Krakelingen and Tonnekensbrand, end-of-winter bread and fire feast at Geraardsbergen
2010
Leuven age set ritual repertoire
2011
Marches of Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse
2012
Shrimp fishing on horseback in Oostduinkerke
2013
Beer culture in Belgium
2016
Ommegang of Brussels, an annual historical procession and popular festival
2019
Namur stilt jousting
2021
Belgium France
Processional giants and dragons in Belgium and France
2005
2008
ENA
Belgium France Italy Luxembourg
Musical art of horn players, an instrumental technique linked to singing, breath control, vibrato, resonance of place and conviviality
2020
ENA
Belize Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua
Language, dance and music of the Garifuna
2001
2008
LAC
Benin Nigeria Togo
Oral heritage of Gelede
2001
2008
AFR
Bhutan
Mask dance of the drums from Drametse
2005
2008
APA
Bolivia
Andean cosmovision of the Kallawaya
2003
2008
LAC
Carnival of Oruro
2001
2008
Ichapekene Piesta, the biggest festival of San Ignacio de Moxos
2012
Pujllay and Ayarichi, music and dances of the Yampara culture
2014
Ritual journeys in La Paz during Alasita
2017
The festival of the Santísima Trinidad del Señor Jesús del Gran Poder in the city of La Paz
2019
Grand Festival of Tarija
2021
Ch'utillos, the Festival of San Bartolomé and San Ignacio de Loyola, the meeting of cultures in Potosí
2023
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Zmijanje embroidery
2014
ENA
Konjic woodcarving
2017
Picking of iva grass on Ozren mountain
2018
Grass mowing competition custom in Kupres
2020
Brazil
Oral and graphic expressions of the Wajapi
2003
2008
LAC
Samba de Roda of the Recôncavo of Bahia
2005
2008
Frevo, performing arts of the Carnival of Recife
2012
Círio de Nazaré (The Taper of Our Lady of Nazareth) in the city of Belém, Pará
2013
Capoeira circle
2014
Cultural Complex of Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão
2019
Bulgaria
Bistritsa Babi, archaic polyphony, dances and rituals from the Shoplouk region
2005
2008
ENA
Nestinarstvo, messages from the past: the Panagyr of Saints Constantine and Helena in the village of Bulgari
2009
The tradition of carpet-making in Chiprovtsi
2014
Surva folk feast in Pernik region
2015
Visoko multipart singing from Dolen and Satovcha, South-western Bulgaria
2021
Bulgaria North Macedonia Moldova Romania
Cultural practices associated with 1 March
2017
ENA
Burkina Faso Mali Ivory Coast
Cultural practices and expressions linked to the balafon of the Senufo communities of Mali, Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire
2012
AFR
Burundi
Ritual dance of the royal drum
2014
AFR
Cape Verde
Morna, musical practice of Cabo Verde
2019
AFC
Cambodia
Royal ballet of Cambodia
2003
2008
APA
Sbek Thom, Khmer shadow theatre
2005
2008
Kun Lbokator, traditional martial arts in Cambodia
2022
Cambodia Philippines South Korea Vietnam
Tugging rituals and games
2015
APA
Cameroon
Nguon, rituals of governance and associated expressions in the Bamoun community
2023
AFR
Central African Republic
Polyphonic singing of the Aka Pygmies of Central Africa
2003
2008
AFR
Chile
Baile Chino
2014
LAC
China
Kun Qu opera
2001
2008
APA
Guqin and its music
2003
2008
Uyghur Muqam of Xinjiang
2005
2008
Art of Chinese seal engraving
2009
China engraved block printing technique
2009
Chinese calligraphy
2009
Chinese paper-cut
2009
Chinese traditional architectural craftsmanship for timber-framed structures
2009
Craftsmanship of Nanjing yunjin brocade
2009
Dragon Boat festival
2009
Pungmul (Farmers' dance of China's Korean ethnic group)
2009
Gesar epic tradition
2009
Grand song of the Dong ethnic group
2009
Hua'er
2009
Manas
2009
Mazu belief and customs
2009
Nanyin
2009
Regong arts
2009
Sericulture and silk craftsmanship of China
2009
Tibetan opera
2009
Traditional firing technology of Longquan celadon
2009
Traditional handicrafts of making Xuan paper
2009
Xi'an wind and percussion ensemble
2009
Yueju opera
2009
Acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine
2010
Peking opera
2010
Chinese shadow puppetry
2011
Chinese Zhusuan, knowledge and practices of mathematical calculation through the abacus
2013
The Twenty-Four Solar Terms, knowledge of time and practices developed in China through observation of the sun's annual motion
2016
Lum medicinal bathing of Sowa Rigpa, knowledge and practices concerning life, health and illness prevention and treatment among the Tibetan people in China
2018
Taijiquan
2020
Traditional tea processing techniques and associated social practices in China
2022
China Mongolia
Mongolian Urtiin Duu – Traditional Folk Long Song
2005
2008
APA
China Malaysia
Ong Chun/Wangchuan/Wangkang ceremony, rituals and related practices for maintaining the sustainable connection between man and the ocean
2020
APA
Colombia
Carnival of Barranquilla
2003
2008
LAC
Cultural space of Palenque de San Basilio
2005
2008
Carnaval de Negros y Blancos
2009
Holy Week processions in Popayán
2009
Wayuu normative system, applied by the Pütchipü'üi (palabrero)
2010
Traditional knowledge of the jaguar shamans of Yuruparí
2011
Festival of Saint Francis of Assisi, Quibdó
2012
Ancestral system of knowledge of the four indigenous peoples, Arhuaco, Kankuamo, Kogui and Wiwa of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
2022
Colombia Cyprus Germany Kyrgyzstan Luxembourg Nigeria Slovenia Togo
Midwifery: knowledge, skills and practices
2023
LAC, ENA, AST, AFR
Colombia Ecuador
Marimba music, traditional chants and dances from the Colombia South Pacific region and Esmeraldas Province of Ecuador
2015
LAC
Costa Rica
Oxherding and oxcart traditions in Costa Rica
2005
2008
LAC
Ivory Coast
Gbofe of Afounkaha, the music of the transverse trumps of the Tagbana community
2001
2008
AFR
Zaouli, popular music and dance of the Guro communities in Côte d'Ivoire
2017
Traditional skills of loincloth weaving in Côte d’Ivoire
2023
Croatia
Zvončari, annual carnival bell ringers' pageant from the Kastav area
2009
ENA
Festivity of Saint Blaise, the patron of Dubrovnik
2009
Lacemaking in Croatia
2009
Procession Za Krizen ('following the cross') on the island of Hvar
2009
Spring procession of Ljelje/Kraljice (queens) from Gorjani
2009
Traditional manufacturing of children's wooden toys in Hrvatsko Zagorje
2009
Two-part singing and playing in the Istrian scale
2009
Gingerbread craft from Northern Croatia
2010
Sinjska alka, a knights' tournament in Sinj
2010
Bećarac singing and playing from Eastern Croatia
2011
Nijemo Kolo, silent circle dance of the Dalmatian hinterland
2011
Klapa multipart singing of Dalmatia, southern Croatia
2012
Međimurska popevka, a folksong from Međimurje
2018
Festivity of Saint Tryphon and the Kolo (chain dance) of Saint Tryphon, traditions of Croats from Boka Kotorska (Bay of Kotor) who live in the Republic of Croatia
2022
Croatia Cyprus France Greece Italy Slovenia Spain Switzerland
Art of dry stone walling, knowledge and techniques
2018
ENA
Croatia Cyprus Greece Italy Morocco Portugal Spain
Mediterranean diet
(In 2010, Italy, Spain, Greece and Morocco were the first to be recognised, but on 4 December 2013, Portugal, Cyprus and Croatia were also recognised by UNESCO.)
2013
ENA, AFR
Cuba
La Tumba Francesa, a secular Afro-Cuban genre of dance, song, and drumming
2003
2008
LAC
Rumba in Cuba, a festive combination of music and dances and all the practices associated
2016
Punto
2017
Festivity of Las Parrandas in the centre of Cuba
2018
Knowledge of the light rum masters
2022
Cuba Mexico
Bolero: identity, emotion and poetry turned into song
2023
LAC
Cyprus
Lefkara laces or Lefkaritika
2009
ENA
Tsiattista poetic duelling
2011
Cyprus Greece
Byzantine chant
2019
ENA
Czech Republic
Slovácko Verbuňk, recruit dances
2005
2008
ENA
Shrovetide door-to-door processions and masks in the villages of the Hlinecko area
2010
Ride of the Kings in the south-east of the Czech Republic
2011
Handmade production of Christmas tree decorations from blown glass beads in Poniklá, Giant Mountains area
2020
Czech Republic Finland France Germany Hungary Spain
Knowledge, craft and skills of handmade glass production
2023
ENA
Czech Republic Slovakia
Puppetry in Slovakia and Czechia
2016
ENA
Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo
Congolese rumba
2021
AFR
Denmark
Inuit drum dancing and singing
2021
ENA
Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden
Nordic clinker boat traditions
2021
ENA
Dominican Republic
Cultural Space of the Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella
2001
2008
LAC
Cocolo Dance Drama Tradition
2005
2008
Music and dance of the merengue
2016
Music and dance of Bachata
2019
Ecuador
Traditional weaving of the Ecuadorian toquilla straw hat
2012
LAC
Pasillo, song and poetry
2021
Ecuador Peru
Oral heritage and cultural manifestations of the Zápara people
2001
2008
LAC
Egypt
The Al-Sirah Al-Hilaliyyah Epic
2003
2008
AST
Tahteeb, stick game
2016
Festivals related to the Journey of the Holy family in Egypt
2022
Estonia
Kihnu cultural space
2003
2008
ENA
Seto Leelo, Seto polyphonic singing tradition
2009
Smoke sauna tradition in Võromaa
2014
Estonia Latvia Lithuania
Baltic (Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian) song and dance celebrations
2003
2008
ENA
Ethiopia
Commemoration feast of the finding of the True Holy Cross of Christ
2013
AFR
Fichee-Chambalaalla, New Year festival of the Sidama people
2015
Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the Oromo
2016
Ethiopian epiphany
2019
Shuwalid festival
2023
Finland
Sauna culture in Finland
2020
ENA
Kaustinen fiddle playing and related practices and expressions
2021
France
Aubusson tapestry
2009
ENA
Maloya
2009
Scribing tradition in French timber framing
2009
Compagnonnage, network for on-the-job transmission of knowledge and identities
2010
Craftsmanship of Alençon needle lace-making
2010
Gastronomic meal of the French
2010
Equitation in the French tradition
2011
Fest-Noz, festive gathering based on the collective practice of traditional dances of Brittany
2012
Limousin septennial ostensions
2013
Gwoka: music, song, dance and cultural practice representative of Guadeloupean identity
2014
Carnival of Granville
2016
The skills related to perfume in Pays de Grasse: the cultivation of perfume plants, the knowledge and processing of natural raw materials, and the art of perfume composition
2018
Artisanal know-how and culture of baguette bread
2022
France Italy
The art of glass beads
2020
ENA
France Italy Switzerland
Alpinism
2019
ENA
France Switzerland
Craftsmanship of mechanical watchmaking and art mechanics
2020
ENA
Gambia Senegal
Kankurang, Manding initiatory rite
2005
2008
AFR
Georgia
Georgian polyphonic singing
2001
2008
ENA
Ancient Georgian traditional Qvevri wine-making method
2013
Living culture of three writing systems of the Georgian alphabet
2016
Chidaoba, wrestling in Georgia
2018
Germany
Idea and practice of organizing shared interests in cooperatives
2016
ENA
Organ craftsmanship and music
2017
The practice of Modern Dance in Germany
2022
Greece
Know-how of cultivating mastic on the island of Chios
2014
ENA
Tinian marble craftsmanship
2015
Momoeria, New Year's celebration in eight villages of Kozani area, West Macedonia, Greece
2016
Rebetiko
2017
August 15th (Dekapentavgoustos) festivities in two Highland Communities of Northern Greece: Tranos Choros (Grand Dance) in Vlasti and Syrrako Festival
2022
Grenada
Traditional wooden boatbuilding in Carriacou and Petite Martinique
2023
LAC
Guatemala
Rabinal Achí dance drama tradition
2005
2008
LAC
Holy Week in Guatemala
2022
Guinea
Cultural space of Sosso-Bala
2001
2008
AFR
Haiti
Joumou soup
2021
LAC
Hungary
Busó festivities at Mohács: masked end-of-winter carnival custom
2009
ENA
Folk art of the Matyó, embroidery of a traditional community
2012
Hungarian string band tradition
2022
India
Koodiyattam: a Sanskrit theatre of Kerala
2001
2008
APA
Vedic chanting: recitation of sacred Hindu texts
2003
2008
Ramlila: the traditional performance of the Ramayana
2005
2008
Ramman: a religious festival and ritual theatre of Garhwal, Uttarakhand
2009
Chhau dance: a classical dance form of West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha.
2010
Kalbelia: folk songs and dances of Rajasthan
2010
Mudiyett: a ritual theatre and dance drama of Kerala
2010
Ladakh Buddhist chantings: recitation of sacred Buddhist texts in Ladakh
2012
Manipuri Sankirtana: a ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur
2013
Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab
2014
Yoga: ancient Indian physical, mental and spiritual practices
2016
Kumbh Mela: mass Hindu pilgrimage held at Haridwar of Uttarakhand, Nashik of Maharashtra, Prayagraj of Uttar Pradesh and Ujjain of Madhya Pradesh
2017
Durga Puja in Kolkata: a religious festival of Hindu Goddess Durga in Kolkata, West Bengal
2021
Garba of Gujarat
2023
Indonesia
Wayang puppet theatre
2003
2008
APA
Kris
2005
2008
Batik
2009
Angklung
2010
Three genres of traditional dance in Bali
2015
Pinisi, art of boatbuilding in South Sulawesi
2017
Traditions of Pencak Silat
2019
Gamelan
2021
Jamu wellness culture
2023
Indonesia Malaysia
Pantun
2020
APA
Iran
Radif of Iranian music
2009
APA
Traditional skills of carpet weaving in Kashan
2010
Traditional skills of carpet weaving in Fars
2010
Ritual dramatic art of Ta'zīye
2010
Pahlevani and Zoorkhanei rituals
2010
Music of the Bakhshis of Khorasan
2010
Qālišuyān rituals of Mašhad-e Ardehāl in Kāšān
2012
Chogān, a horse-riding game accompanied by music and storytelling
2017
Traditional skills of crafting and playing Dotār
2019
Iran Syria
Crafting and playing the Oud
2022
APA, ARB
Iran Tajikistan
Sadeh/Sada celebration
2023
APA
Iraq
The Iraqi Maqam
2003
2008
AST
Provision of services and hospitality during the Arba'een visitation
2019
Traditional craft skills and arts of Al-Naoor
2021
Traditional craft skills and arts of Al-Mudhif building
2023
Iraq Algeria Egypt Mauritania Morocco Palestine Saudi Arabia Sudan Tunisia Yemen
Arts, skills and practices associated with engraving on metals (gold, silver and copper)
2023
AST, ARB
Ireland
Uilleann piping
2017
ENA
Camogie
2018
Hurling
2018
Irish harping
2019
Italy
Opera dei Pupi, Sicilian Puppet Theatre
2001
2008
ENA
Canto a tenore, Sardinian Pastoral Songs
2005
2008
Traditional violin craftsmanship in Cremona
2012
Celebrations of big shoulder-borne processional structures
2013
Traditional agricultural practice of cultivating the "vite ad alberello" (head-trained bush vines) of the community of Pantelleria
2014
Art of Neapolitan 'Pizzaiuolo'
2017
Celestinian forgiveness celebration
2019
Truffle hunting and extraction in Italy, traditional knowledge and practice
2021
The practice of opera singing in Italy
2023
Jamaica
The Maroon Heritage of Moore Town
2003
2008
LAC
Reggae music of Jamaica
2018
Japan
Nôgaku Theatre
2001
2008
APA
Ningyo Johruri Bunraku Puppet Theatre
2003
2008
Kabuki Theatre
2005
2008
Akiu no Taue Odori
2009
Chakkirako
2009
Daimokutate
2009
Dainichido Bugaku
2009
Gagaku
2009
Hayachine Kagura
2009
Ojiya-chijimi, Echigo-jofu: techniques of making ramie fabric in Uonuma region, Niigata Prefecture
2009
Oku-noto no Aenokoto
2009
Traditional Ainu dance
2009
Kumiodori, traditional Okinawan musical theatre
2010
Yuki tsumugi, silk fabric production technique
2010
Mibu no Hana Taue, ritual of transplanting rice in Mibu, Hiroshima
2011
Sada Shin Noh, sacred dancing at Sada shrine, Shimane
2011
Nachi no Dengaku, a religious performing art held at the Nachi fire festival
2012
Washoku, traditional dietary cultures of the Japanese, notably for the celebration of New Year
2013
Washi, craftsmanship of traditional Japanese hand-made paper
2014
Yama, Hoko, Yatai, float festivals
2016
Raiho-shin, ritual visits of deities in masks and costumes
2018
Traditional skills, techniques and knowledge for the conservation and transmission of wooden architecture in Japan
2020
Furyu-odori, ritual dances imbued with people's hopes and prayers
2022
Jordan
The Cultural Space of the Bedu in Petra and Wadi Rum
2005
2008
AST
As-Samer in Jordan
2018
Al-Mansaf in Jordan, a festive banquet and its social and cultural meanings
2022
Kazakhstan
Kazakh traditional art of Dombra Kuy
2014
APA
Kazakh traditional Assyk games
2017
Traditional spring festive rites of the Kazakh horse breeders
2018
Orteke, traditional performing art in Kazakhstan: dance, puppet and music
2022
Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan
Traditional knowledge and skills in making Kyrgyz and Kazakh yurts
2014
APA
Aitysh/Aitys, art of improvisation
2015
APA
Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Turkey
Traditional intelligence and strategy game: Togyzqumalaq, Toguz Korgool, Mangala/Göçürme
2020
APA
Kuwait Saudi Arabia
Traditional weaving of Al Sadu
2020
ARB
Kyrgyzstan
The Art of Akyns, Kyrgyz Epic Tellers
2003
2008
APA
Kyrgyz epic trilogy: Manas, Semetey, Seytek
2013
Kok boru, traditional horse game
2017
Ak-kalpak craftsmanship, traditional knowledge and skills in making and wearing Kyrgyz men's headwear
2019
Elechek, Kyrgyz female headwear: traditional knowledge and rituals
2023
Laos
Khaen music of the Lao people
2017
APA
Traditional craft of Naga motif weaving in Lao communities
2023
Lebanon
Zajal, recited or sung poetry
2003
2014
APA
Al-Man’ouché, an emblematic culinary practice in Lebanon
2022
2023
Lithuania
Cross crafting and its symbolism
2001
2008
ENA
Sutartinės, Lithuanian multipart songs
2010
Sodai straw garden making in Lithuania
2023
Luxembourg
Hopping procession of Echternach
2010
ENA
Madagascar
The Woodcrafting Knowledge of the Zafimaniry
2003
2008
AFR
Malagasy Kabary, the Malagasy oratorical art
2021
Hiragasy, a performing art of the Central Highlands of Madagascar
2023
Malawi
The Vimbuza Healing Dance
2005
2008
AFR
Tchopa, sacrificial dance of the Lhomwe people of southern Malawi
2014
Nsima, culinary tradition of Malawi
2017
Mwinoghe, joyous dance
2018
Malawi Mozambique Zambia
The Gule Wamkulu
2005
2008
AFR
Malawi Zimbabwe
Art of crafting and playing Mbira/Sansi, the finger-plucking traditional musical instrument in Malawi and Zimbabwe
2020
AFR
Malaysia
Mak Yong Theatre
2005
2008
APA
Dondang Sayang
2018
Silat
2019
Songket
2021
Mali
The Cultural Space of the Yaaral and Degal
2003
2008
AFR
The Manden Charter, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga
2009
The septennial re-roofing ceremony of the Kamablon, sacred house of Kangaba
2009
Coming forth of the masks and puppets in Markala
2014
Malta
Il-Ftira, culinary art and culture of flattened sourdough bread in Malta
2020
ENA
L-Għana, a Maltese folksong tradition
2021
Maltese Village Festa, an annual community celebration
2023
Mauritania
Mahadra, a community system for transmission of traditional knowledge and oral expressions
2023
AFR
Mauritius
Traditional Mauritian Sega
2014
AFR
Bhojpuri folk songs in Mauritius, Geet-Gawai
2016
Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island
2017
Mexico
The Indigenous Festivity dedicated to the Dead
2003
2008
LAC
Places of memory and living traditions of the Otomí-Chichimecas people of Tolimán: the Peña de Bernal, guardian of a sacred territory
2009
Ritual ceremony of the Voladores: Papantla, El Tajín
2009
Traditional Mexican cuisine – ancestral, ongoing community culture, the Michoacán paradigm
2010
Parachicos in the traditional January feast of Chiapa de Corzo
2010
Pirekua, traditional song of the Purépecha
2010
Mariachi, string music, song and trumpet
2011
Charrería, equestrian tradition in Mexico
2016
La Romería: ritual cycle of 'La llevada' of the Virgin of Zapopan
2018
Mexico Spain
Artisanal talavera of Puebla and Tlaxcala (Mexico) and ceramics of Talavera de la Reina and El Puente del Arzobispo (Spain) making process
2019
LACENA
Moldova Romania
The Christmas carols in masculine horde
2013
ENA
Traditional wall-carpet craftsmanship in Romania and the Republic of Moldova
2016
The art of the traditional blouse with embroidery on the shoulder (altiţă) — an element of cultural identity in Romania and the Republic of Moldova
2022
Mongolia
The Traditional Music of the Morin Khuur
2003
2008
APA
Mongolian art of singing: Khoomei
2010
The Traditional Naadam festival
2010
Traditional craftsmanship of the Mongol Ger and its associated customs
2013
Mongolian knuckle-bone shooting
2014
Traditional technique of making Airag in Khokhuur and its associated customs
2019
Montenegro
Cultural Heritage of Boka Navy Kotor: a festive representation of a memory and cultural identity
2021
ENA
Morocco
The Cultural Space of Jemaa el-Fna Square
2001
2008
AFR, AST
The Moussem of Tan-Tan
2005
2008
Cherry festival in Sefrou
2012
Argan, practices and know-how concerning the argan tree
2014
Taskiwin, martial dance of the western High Atlas
2017
Gnawa
2019
Tbourida
2021
Malhun, a popular poetic and musical art
2023
Mozambique
The Chopi Timbila
2005
2008
AFR
Namibia
Oshituthi shomagongo, marula fruit festival
2015
AFR
Netherlands
Craft of the miller operating windmills and watermills
2017
ENA
Corso culture, flower and fruit parades in the Netherlands
2021
Rotterdam Summer Carnival
2023
Nicaragua
El Güegüense
2005
2008
LAC
Niger
Practices and expressions of joking relationships in Niger
2014
AFR
Nigeria
The Ifá Divination System
2005
2008
AFR
Ijele masquerade
2009
The Argungu Fishing Festival
2016
Kwagh-Hir theatrical performance
2019
Sango Festival, Oyo
2023
North Korea
Arirang folk song in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
2014
APA
Tradition of kimchi-making in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
2015
Pyongyang Raengmyon custom
2022
North Korea South Korea
Traditional Korean wrestling (Ssirum/Ssireum)
2018
APA
North Macedonia
Feast of the Holy Forty Martyrs in Štip
2013
ENA
Kopachkata, a social dance from the village of Dramche, Pijanec
2014
North Macedonia Turkey
Spring celebration, Hıdrellez
2017
ENA
Norway
Practice of traditional music and dance in Setesdal, playing, dancing and singing (stev/stevjing)
2019
ENA
Oman
Al-Bar’ah, music and dance of Oman Dhofari valleys
2010
ARB
Al 'azi, elegy, processional march and poetry
2012
Horse and camel Ardhah
2018
Al-Khanjar, craft skills and social practices
2022
Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates
Majlis, a cultural and social space
2015
ARB
Arabic coffee, a symbol of generosity
2015
Oman Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates
Alheda'a, oral traditions of calling camel flocks
2022
ARB
Oman United Arab Emirates
Al-Ayyala, a traditional performing art of the Sultanate of Oman and the United Arab Emirates
2014
ARB
Al-Taghrooda, traditional Bedouin chanted poetry
2012
Al-Razfa, a traditional performing art
2015
Camel racing, a social practice and a festive heritage associated with camels
2020
Palestine
The Palestinian hikaye
2005
2008
AST
The art of embroidery in Palestine, practices, skills, knowledge and rituals
2021
Dabkeh, traditional dance in Palestine
2023
Panama
Artisanal processes and plant fibers techniques for talcos, crinejas and pintas weaving of the pinta'o hat
2017
LAC
Ritual and festive expressions of the Congo culture
2018
Dances and expressions associated with the Corpus Christi Festivity
2021
Paraguay
Practices and traditional knowledge of Terere in the culture of Pohã Ñana, Guaraní ancestral drink in Paraguay
2020
LAC
Peru
Taquile and its Textile Art
2005
2008
LAC
Huaconada, ritual dance of Mito
2010
The scissors dance
2010
Pilgrimage to the sanctuary of the Lord of Qoyllurit'i
2011
Knowledge, skills and rituals related to the annual renewal of the Q'eswachaka bridge
2013
Virgen de la Candelaria, Harákmbut sung prayers of Peru's Huachipaire people
2014
Wititi dance of the Colca Valley
2015
Traditional system of Corongo's water judges
2017
'Hatajo de Negritos' and 'Hatajo de Pallitas' from the Peruvian south-central coastline
2019
Pottery-related values, knowledge, lore and practices of the Awajún people
2021
Practices and meanings associated with the preparation and consumption of ceviche, an expression of Peruvian traditional cuisine
2023
2023
Philippines
The Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao
2001
2008
APA
The Darangen Epic of the Maranao People of Lake Lanao
2005
2008
Aklan piña handloom weaving
2023
Poland
Nativity scene tradition in Kraków
2018
ENA
Flower carpets tradition for Corpus Christi processions
2021
Polonaise, traditional Polish dance
2023
Portugal
The Fado, urban popular song of Portugal, performance genre incorporating music and poetry widely practised in the country and among emigrant communities
2011
ENA
The Cante Alentejano, polyphonic singing from Alentejo, southern Portugal
2014
Craftmanship of Estremoz clay figures
2017
Winter festivities, Carnival of Podence
2019
Community festivities in Campo Maior
2021
Romania
The Căluș tradition
2005
2008
ENA
Doina
2009
The Horezu ceramics
2012
Lad's dances
2015
Russia
The Cultural Space and Oral Culture of the Semeiskie
2001
2008
ENA
The Olonkho, Yakut Heroic Epos
2005
2008
Samoa
'Ie Samoa, fine mat and its cultural value
2019
APA
Saudi Arabia
Alardah Alnajdiyah, dance, drumming and poetry in Saudi Arabia
2015
ARB
Almezmar, drumming and dancing with sticks
2016
Al-Qatt Al-Asiri, female traditional interior wall decoration in Asir, Saudi Arabia
2017
Knowledge and practices related to cultivating Khawlani coffee beans
2022
Saudi Arabia Algeria Bahrain Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Sudan Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen
Arabic calligraphy: knowledge, skills and practices
2021
ARB
Senegal
Xooy, a divination ceremony among the Serer of Senegal
2013
AFR
Ceebu Jën, a culinary art of Senegal
2021
Serbia
Slava, celebration of family saint patron's day
2014
ENA
Kolo, traditional folk dance
2017
Singing to the accompaniment of the gusle
2018
Zlakusa pottery
2020
Social practices and knowledge related to the preparation and use of the traditional plum spirit – šljivovica
2022
Seychelles
Moutya
2021
AFR
Singapore
Hawker culture
2020
APA
Slovakia
Fujara and its music
2005
2008
ENA
Music of Terchová
2013
Bagpipe culture
2015
Multipart singing of Horehronie
2017
Drotárstvo, wire craft and art
2019
Slovenia
Škofja Loka passion play
2016
ENA
Door-to-door rounds of Kurenti
2017
Bobbin lacemaking in Slovenia
2018
Beekeeping in Slovenia, a way of life
2022
South Korea
Royal Ancestral Ritual in the Jongmyo Shrine and its Music
2001
2008
APA
Pansori singing
2003
2008
Gangneung Danoje
2005
2008
Cheoyongmu
2009
Ganggangsullae
2009
Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut
2009
Namsadang Nori
2009
Yeongsanjae
2009
Daemokjang, traditional wooden architecture
2010
Gagok, lyric song cycles accompanied by an orchestra
2010
Jultagi, tightrope walking
2011
Taekkyeon, a traditional Korean martial art
2011
Weaving of Mosi (fine ramie) in the Hansan region
2011
Arirang, lyrical folk song in the Republic of Korea
2012
Kimjang, making and sharing Kimchi in the Republic of Korea
2013
Nongak, community band music, dance and rituals in the Republic of Korea
2014
Culture of Jeju Haenyeo (women divers)
2016
Yeondeunghoe, lantern lighting festival in the Republic of Korea
2020
Talchum, mask dance drama in the Republic of Korea
2022
Spain
The Mystery Play of Elche
2001
2008
ENA
The Patum of Berga
2005
2008
Irrigators' tribunals of the Spanish Mediterranean coast: the Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia and the Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia
2009
Whistled language of the island of La Gomera
2009
Human towers
2010
Flamenco
2010
Chant of the Sybil on Majorca
2010
Festivity of 'la Mare de Déu de la Salut' of Algemesí
2011
Fiesta of the patios in Cordoba
2012
Valencia Fallas festivity
2016
Tamboradas drum-playing rituals
2018
Wine Horses
2020
Manual bell ringing
2022
Sri Lanka
Rūkada Nātya, traditional string puppet drama in Sri Lanka
2018
APA
Traditional craftsmanship of making Dumbara Ratā Kalāla
2021
Sudan
Procession and celebrations of Prophet Mohammed's birthday in Sudan
2023
AFR
Switzerland
Winegrowers' Festival in Vevey (Fête des Vignerons)
2016
ENA
Basel Carnival
2017
Holy Week processions in Mendrisio
2019
Alpine pasture season
2023
Syria
Practices and craftsmanship associated with the Damascene rose in Al-Mrah
2019
ARB
Al-Qudoud al-Halabiya
2021
Tajikistan
Oshi Palav, a traditional meal and its social and cultural contexts
2016
APA
Chakan, embroidery art
2018
Falak
2021
Traditional knowledge and skills of production of the atlas and adras fabrics
2023
Tajikistan Uzbekistan
Shashmaqom Music
2003
2008
APA
Thailand
Khon, masked dance drama in Thailand
2018
APA
Nuad Thai, traditional Thai massage
2019
Nora, dance drama in southern Thailand
2021
Songkran in Thailand, traditional Thai New Year festival
2023
Tonga
The Lakalaka, Dances and Sung Speeches of Tonga
2003
2008
APA
Tunisia
Pottery skills of the women of Sejnane
2018
AST
Charfia fishing in the Kerkennah Islands
2020
Harissa, knowledge, skills and culinary and social practices
2022
Turkey
The Arts of the Meddah, Public Storytellers
2003
2008
ENA
The Mevlevi Sema Ceremony
2005
2008
Karagöz and Hacivat
2009
Âşıklık tradition
2009
Traditional Sohbet meetings
2010
Kırkpınar oil wrestling festival
2010
Semah, Alevi-Bektaşi ritual
2010
Ceremonial Keşkek tradition
2011
Mesir Macunu festival
2012
Turkish coffee culture and tradition
2013
Ebru, Turkish art of marbling
2014
Traditional craftsmanship of Çini-making
2016
Traditional Turkish archery
2019
Hüsn-i Hat, traditional calligraphy in Islamic art in Turkey
2021
Turkmenistan
Epic art of Gorogly
2015
APA
Kushtdepdi rite of singing and dancing
2017
Traditional Turkmen carpet making art in Turkmenistan
2019
Dutar making craftsmanship and traditional music performing art combined with singing
2021
Art of Akhal-Teke horse breeding and traditions of horses' decoration
2023
Turkmenistan Iran
Turkmen-style needlework art
2022
APA
Uganda
Barkcloth Making in Uganda
2005
2008
AFR
Ukraine
Petrykivka decorative painting as a phenomenon of the Ukrainian ornamental folk art
2013
ENA
Tradition of Kosiv painted ceramics
2019
Ornek, a Crimean Tatar ornament and knowledge about it
2021
United Arab Emirates
Al Aflaj, traditional irrigation network system in the UAE, oral traditions, knowledge and skills of construction, maintenance and equitable water distribution
2020
ARB
Al Talli, traditional embroidery skills in the United Arab Emirates
2022
United Arab Emirates Oman Saudi Arabia
Harees dish: know-how, skills and practices
2023
ARB
Uruguay
The Candombe and its socio-cultural space: a community practice
2009
LAC
Uzbekistan
The Cultural Space of the Boysun District
2001
2008
APA
Katta Ashula
2009
Askiya, the art of wit
2014
Palov culture and tradition
2016
Khorazm dance, Lazgi
2019
Bakhshi art
2021
Ceramic arts in Uzbekistan
2023
Vanuatu
Vanuatu Sand Drawings
2003
2008
APA
Venezuela
Dancing Devils of Corpus Christi
2012
LAC
La Parranda de San Pedro de Guarenas y Guatire
2013
Traditional knowledge and technologies relating to the growing and processing of the curagua
2015
Carnival of El Callao, a festive representation of a memory and cultural identity
2016
Festive cycle around the devotion and worship towards Saint John the Baptist
2021
Vietnam
Space of gong culture
2005
2008
APA
Nhã nhạc, Vietnamese court music
2003
2008
Quan Họ Bắc Ninh folk songs
2009
Gióng Festival of Phù Đổng and Sóc Temples
2010
Worship of Hùng Kings in Phú Thọ
2012
Art of Đờn ca tài tử music and song in southern Việt Nam
2013
Ví and Giặm folk songs of Nghệ Tĩnh
2014
Practices related to the Viet beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms
2016
Xoan singing of Phú Thọ province, Viet Nam
2017
The art of Bài chòi in Central Viet Nam
2017
Practices of Then by Tày, Nùng and Thái ethnic groups in Viet Nam
2019
Art of Xòe dance of the Tai people in Viet Nam
2021
Yemen
Song of Sana'a
2003
2008
AST
Zambia
The Makishi Masquerade
2005
2008
AFR
Mooba dance of the Lenje ethnic group
2018
Budima dance
2020
Kalela dance
2022
Zimbabwe
The Mbende Jerusarema Dance
2005
2008
AFR
List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding
The List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding contains intangible cultural heritage elements "that concerned communities and States Parties consider require urgent measures to keep them alive".
This list is complete and up to date as of December 2022.
Member state
Element
Year inscribed
Region
Ref.
Albania
Xhubleta, skills, craftsmanship and forms of usage
2022
ENA
Algeria
Knowledge and skills of the water measurers of the foggaras or water bailiffs of Touat and Tidikelt
2018
AST
Azerbaijan
Chovqan, a traditional Karabakh horse-riding game
2013
ENA
Yalli (Kochari, Tenzere), traditional group dances of Nakhchivan
2018
Belarus
Rite of the Kalyady Tsars (Christmas Tsars)
2009
ENA
Spring rite of Juraŭski Karahod
2019
ENA
Botswana
Earthenware pottery-making skills in Botswana's Kgatleng District
2012
AFR
Dikopelo folk music of Bakgatla ba Kgafela in Kgatleng District
2017
AFR
Seperu folkdance and associated practices
2019
AFR
Brazil
Yaokwa, the Enawene Nawe people's ritual for the maintenance of social and cosmic order
2011
LAC
Cambodia
Chapei dang veng
2016
APA
Lkhon Khol Wat Svay Andet
2018
APA
Chile
Quinchamalí and Santa Cruz de Cuca pottery
2022
LAC
China
Traditional design and practices for building Chinese wooden arch bridges
2009
APA
Traditional Li textile techniques: spinning, dyeing, weaving and embroidering
2009
APA
Qiang New Year festival
2009
APA
Meshrep
2010
APA
Watertight-bulkhead technology of Chinese junks
2010
APA
Wooden movable-type printing of China
2010
APA
Hezhen Yimakan storytelling
2011
APA
Colombia
Traditional Vallenato music of the Greater Magdalena region
2015
LAC
Traditional knowledge and techniques associated with Pasto Varnish mopa-mopa of Putumayo and Nariño
2020
LAC
Colombia Venezuela
Colombian-Venezuelan llano work songs
2017
LAC
Croatia
Ojkanje singing
2010
ENA
Egypt
Traditional Hand Puppetry—Al-Aragoz
2018
AST
Handmade weaving in Upper Egypt (Sa'eed)
2020
AST
Estonia
Building and use of expanded dugout boats in the Soomaa region
2021
ENA
France
Cantu in paghjella, a secular and liturgical oral tradition of Corsica
2009
ENA
Federated States of Micronesia
Carolinian wayfinding and canoe making
2021
APA
Guatemala
Nan Pa'ch ceremony
2013
LAC
Indonesia
Saman dance
2011
APA
Noken multifunctional knotted or woven bag, handcraft of the people of Papua
2012
APA
Iran
Naqqāli, Iranian dramatic story-telling
2011
APA
Traditional skills of building and sailing Iranian Lenj boats in the Persian Gulf
2011
APA
Kenya
Traditions and practices associated with the Kayas in the sacred forests of the Mijikenda
2009
AFR
Isukuti dance of Isukha and Idakho communities of Western Kenya
2014
AFR
Rituals and practices associated with Kit Mikayi shrine
2019
AFR
Enkipaata, Eunoto and Olng'esherr, three male rites of passage of the Maasai community
2018
AFR
Kuwait
Al Sadu traditional weaving skills in Kuwait.
2020
AST
Kyrgyzstan
Ala-kiyiz and Shyrdak, art of Kyrgyz traditional felt carpets
2012
APA
Latvia
Suiti cultural space
2009
ENA
Mali
Sanké mon, collective fishing rite of the Sanké
2009
AFR
Secret society of the Kôrêdugaw, the rite of wisdom in Mali
2011
AFR
Cultural practices and expressions linked to the 'M'Bolon', a traditional musical percussion instrument
2021
AST
Mauritania
Moorish epic T'heydinn
2011
AST
Mauritius
Sega Tambour Chagos
2019
AFR
Mongolia
Mongol Biyelgee, Mongolian traditional folk dance
2009
APA
Tsuur end-blown flute
2009
APA
Mongol Tuuli, Mongolian epic
2009
APA
Folk long song performance technique of Limbe performances - circular breathing
2011
APA
Mongolian calligraphy
2013
APA
Coaxing ritual for camels
2015
APA
Mongolian traditional practices of worshipping the sacred sites
2017
APA
Namibia
Aixan/Gana/Ob#ANS TSI //Khasigu, ancestral musical sound knowledge and skills
2020
AFR
North Macedonia
Glasoechko, male two-part singing in Dolni Polog
2015
ENA
Pakistan
Suri Jagek (observing the sun)
2018
APA
Philippines
Buklog, thanksgiving ritual system of the Subanen
2019
APA
Peru
Eshuva, Harákmbut sung prayers of Peru's Huachipaire people
2011
LAC
Portugal
Manufacture of cowbells
2015
ENA
Bisalhães black pottery manufacturing process
2016
ENA
Syria
Shadow play
2018
AST
Timor-Leste
Tais, traditional textile
2021
APA
Turkey
Whistled language, Turkish bird language
2017
ENA
Traditional Ahlat stonework
2022
ENA
Uganda
Bigwala, gourd trumpet music and dance of the Busoga Kingdom in Uganda
2012
AFR
Empaako of the Batooro, Banyoro, Batuku, Batagwenda and Banyabindi of western Uganda
2013
AFR
Male-child cleansing ceremony of the Lango of central northern Uganda
2014
AFR
Koogere oral tradition of the Basongora, Banyabindi and Batooro peoples
2015
AFR
Ma'di bowl lyre music and dance
2016
AFR
Ukraine
Cossack's songs of Dnipropetrovsk Region
2016
ENA
Culture of Ukrainian borscht cooking
2022
ENA
United Arab Emirates
Al Sadu traditional weaving skills in the United Arab Emirates
2011
AST
Al Azi, art of performing praise, pride and fortitude poetry
2017
AST
Venezuela
Mapoyo oral tradition and its symbolic reference points within their ancestral territory
2014
LAC
Viet Nam
Ca trù singing
2009
APA
Art of pottery-making of Chăm people
2022
APA
Register of Good Safeguarding Practices
The Register for Good Safeguarding Practices allows States Parties, communities and other stakeholders to "share successful safeguarding experiences and examples of how they surmounted challenges faced in the transmission of their living heritage, its practice and knowledge to the future generation."
This list is complete and up to date as of April 2022.
Member state
Projects and Activities
Year Inscribed
Region
Ref.
Austria
Regional Centres for Craftsmanship: a strategy for safeguarding the cultural heritage of traditional handicraft (see "Werkraum Bregenzerwald" (Vorarlberg), "Textiles Zentrum Haslach" (Upper Austria), "Hand.Werk.Haus Salzkammergut" (Upper Austria))
2016
ENA
Austria France Germany Norway Switzerland
Craft techniques and customary practices of cathedral workshops, or Bauhütten, in Europe, know-how, transmission, development of knowledge and innovation
2020
ENA
Belgium
Programme of cultivating ludodiversity: safeguarding traditional games in Flanders
2011
ENA
Safeguarding the carillon culture: preservation, transmission, exchange and awareness-raising
2014
ENA
Belgium Croatia Cyprus France Italy
Tocatì, a shared programme for the safeguarding of traditional games and sports
2022
ENA
Bolivia Chile Peru
Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage of Aymara communities in Bolivia, Chile and Peru
2009
LAC
Brazil
Call for projects of the National Programme of Intangible Heritage
2011
LAC
Fandango's Living Museum
2011
LAC
Bulgaria
Festival of folklore in Koprivshtitsa: a system of practices for heritage presentation and transmission
2016
ENA
Bulgarian Chitalishte (Community Cultural Centre): practical experience in safeguarding the vitality of the Intangible Cultural Heritage
2017
ENA
China
Strategy for training coming generations of Fujian puppetry practitioners
2012
APA
Colombia
Safeguarding strategy of traditional crafts for peace building
2019
LAC
Croatia
Community project of safeguarding the living culture of Rovinj/Rovigno: the Batana Ecomuseum
2016
ENA
France
The Martinique yole, from construction to sailing practices, a model for heritage safeguarding
2020
ENA
Greece
Polyphonic Caravan, researching, safeguarding and promoting the Epirus polyphonic song
2020
ENA
Hungary
Táncház method: a Hungarian model for the transmission of intangible cultural heritage
2011
ENA
Safeguarding of the folk music heritage by the Kodály concept
2016
ENA
Indonesia
Education and training in Indonesian Batik intangible cultural heritage for elementary, junior, senior, vocational school and polytechnic students, in collaboration with the Batik Museum in Pekalongan
2009
APA
Iran
National programme to safeguard the traditional art of calligraphy in Iran
2021
APA
Kenya
Success story of promoting traditional foods and safeguarding traditional foodways in Kenya
2021
AFR
Kyrgyzstan
Nomad games, rediscovering heritage, celebrating diversity
2021
APA
Mexico
Xtaxkgakget Makgkaxtlawana: the Centre for Indigenous Arts and its contribution to safeguarding the intangible cultural heritage of the Totonac people of Veracruz, Mexico
2012
LAC
Norway
Oselvar boat - reframing a traditional learning process of building and use to a modern context
2016
ENA
Philippines
The School of Living Traditions (SLT)
2021
APA
Portugal Spain
Portuguese-Galician border ICH: a safeguarding model created by Ponte...nas ondas!
2022
ENA
Spain
Centre for traditional culture – school museum of Pusol pedagogic project
2009
ENA
Revitalization of the traditional craftsmanship of lime-making in Morón de la Frontera, Seville, Andalusia
2011
ENA
Methodology for inventorying intangible cultural heritage in biosphere reserves: the experience of Montseny
2013
ENA
Sweden
Land-of-Legends programme, for promoting and revitalizing the art of storytelling in Kronoberg Region (South-Sweden)
2018
ENA
Uzbekistan
Margilan Crafts Development Centre, safeguarding of the atlas and adras making traditional technologies
2017
APA
Venezuela
Biocultural programme for the safeguarding of the tradition of the Blessed Palm in Venezuela
2019
LAC
Proclaimed masterpieces
The Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage were established in 2008, when the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage took effect. Prior to this, a project known as the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity has already been active in recognizing the value of intangibles such as tradition, custom, and cultural spaces and the local actors who sustain these forms of cultural expressions through a Proclamation. Identification of the Masterpieces also entails the commitment of states to promote and safeguard these treasures, while UNESCO finances plans for their conservation. Started in 2001 and held biennially until 2005, a total of three Proclamations occurred, encompassing 90 forms of intangible heritage around the world.
The 90 previously proclaimed Masterpieces have been incorporated into the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity as its first entries, to be known as elements. Subsequent elements will be added following the assessment of nominations submitted by national governments acceding to the UNESCO Convention, termed as member states, who are each allowed to submit a single candidature file, in addition to multi-national candidatures. A panel of experts in intangible heritage and an appointed body, known as the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, then examine each of the nominations before officially inscribing the candidates as elements on the List.
See also
Society portalPolitics portalWorld portal
Intangible cultural heritage
Intangible cultural heritage of Meitei civilization
List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Eastern Europe
List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Northern Europe
UNESCO Collection of Representative Works
World Heritage Site
Memory of the World Programme
Intangible Cultural Properties of Japan
List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Armenia
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List in Azerbaijan
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List in Cambodia
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List in Peru
Notes and references
Notes
^ A. Names and spellings used for the elements were based on the official List as published.
^ B. A total of three Proclamations of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity were made in 2001, 2003, and 2005. The proclamation was superseded in 2008 when the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity was established.
^ C. The 90 elements that were previously proclaimed as Masterpieces have been inscribed onto the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity as per the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
^ D. Grouping of member states by region is based on the official List as published. Abbreviations were used for convenience:
AFR: Africa
AST: Arab States
APA: Asia and the Pacific
ENA: Europe and North America
LAC: Latin America and the Caribbean
^ E. The Transcaucasian States of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, and Russian Federation are included in the Europe and North America Region.
References
^ a b Compare: "Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 2003". UNESCO. Retrieved 2009-09-05. In order to ensure better visibility of the intangible cultural heritage and awareness of its significance, and to encourage dialogue which respects cultural diversity, the Committee, upon the proposal of the States Parties concerned, shall establish, keep up to date and publish a Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
^ "Functions of the General Assembly of the States Parties to the 2003 Convention". Retrieved 30 November 2018.
^ a b c "UNESCO Issues First Ever Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage". UNESCO Press. 2001-05-18. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016.
^ a b "The Samba of Roda and the Ramlila proclaimed Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity". UNESCO Press. 2005-11-25. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
^ "Intangible Heritage Lists". UNESCO Press. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
^ "Criteria and timetable of inscription on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding". UNESCO Press. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
^ "UNESCO – Browse the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Register of good safeguarding practices". ich.unesco.org.
^ a b "Purpose of the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage and of the Register of Good Safeguarding Practices". Intangible Heritage. UNESCO.
^ "Nawrouz, Novruz, Nowrouz, Nowrouz, Nawrouz, Nauryz, Nooruz, Nowruz, Navruz, Nevruz, Nowruz, Navruz". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Sericulture and traditional production of silk for weaving". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
^ "Yaldā/Chella". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
^ "Albanian folk iso-polyphony". Intangible Heritage. UNESCO.
^ "Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Ritual and ceremonies of Sebeïba in the oasis of Djanet, Algeria – intangible heritage – Culture Sector – UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Ahellil of Gourara – intangible heritage – Culture Sector – UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Rites and craftsmanship associated with the wedding costume tradition of Tlemcen - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Annual pilgrimage to the mausoleum of Sidi 'Abd el-Qader Ben Mohammed (Sidi Cheikh) - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Sbuâ, annual pilgrimage to the zawiya of Sidi El Hadj Belkacem in Gourara - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "UNESCO - Raï, popular folk song of Algeria". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
^ "Practices and knowledge linked to the Imzad of the Tuareg communities of Algeria, Mali and Niger - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "UNESCO adds couscous to list of intangible world heritage". aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera English. December 16, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
^ "UNESCO - Bear festivities in the Pyrenees". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "Summer solstice fire festivals in the Pyrenees". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
^ "Sona, drawings and geometric figures on sand". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Filete porteño in Buenos Aires, a traditional painting technique". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ "Chamamé". unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "Tango - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Duduk and its music - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Armenian cross-stones art. Symbolism and craftsmanship of Khachkars - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Performance of the Armenian epic of 'Daredevils of Sassoun' or 'David of Sassoun' - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Lavash, the preparation, meaning and appearance of traditional bread as an expression of culture in Armenia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Kochari, traditional group dance". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Armenian letter art and its cultural expressions". Retrieved 2019-12-13.
^ "Tradition of blacksmithing in Gyumri". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Pilgrimage to the St. Thaddeus Apostle Monastery". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "Schemenlaufen, the carnival of Imst, Austria - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Classical horsemanship and the High School of the Spanish Riding School Vienna". Intangible Heritage. UNESCO.
^ "Falconry, a living human heritage - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Traditional irrigation: knowledge, technique, and organization". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Lipizzan horse breeding traditions". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
^ "Intangible Heritage: Nine elements inscribed on Representative List". UNESCO. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Timber rafting". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock along migratory routes in the Mediterranean and in the Alps". Retrieved 2019-12-13.
^ "Transhumance, the tenth element of intangible heritage inscribed on the UNESCO list". cnr-unesco.ro. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
^ "Avalanche risk management". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Azerbaijani Mugham - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Art of Azerbaijani Ashiq - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Traditional art of Azerbaijani carpet weaving in the Republic of Azerbaijan - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Craftsmanship and performance art of the Tar, a long-necked string musical instrument - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Traditional art and symbolism of Kelaghayi, making and wearing women's silk headscarves - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Copper craftsmanship of Lahij - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Dolma making and sharing tradition, a marker of cultural identity - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
^ "Nar Bayrami, traditional pomegranate festivity and culture". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "UNESCO - Pehlevanliq culture: traditional zorkhana games, sports and wrestling". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
^ "Art of crafting and playing with Kamantcheh/Kamancha, a bowed string musical instrument". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Art of illumination: Təzhib/Tazhib/Zarhalkori/Tezhip/Naqqoshlik". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Art of Miniature". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ "Iftar/Eftari/Iftar/Iftor and its socio-cultural traditions". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Flatbread making and sharing culture: Lavash, Katyrma, Jupka, Yufka". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ "Telling tradition of Nasreddin Hodja/ Molla Nesreddin/ Molla Ependi/ Apendi/ Afendi Kozhanasyr Anecdotes". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
^ "Heritage of Dede Qorqud/Korkyt Ata/Dede Korkut, epic culture, folk tales and music". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "UNESCO - Culture of Çay (tea), a symbol of identity, hospitality and social interaction". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
^ "Craftsmanship and performing art of balaban/mey". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Craftsmanship of mother of pearl inlay". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Junkanoo". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Fjiri". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Date palm, knowledge, skills, traditions and practices". Retrieved 2019-12-13.
^ "UNESCO - Date palm, knowledge, skills, traditions and practices". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "Baul songs - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Traditional art of Jamdani weaving - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Mangal Shobhajatra on Pahela Baishakh - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
^ "Traditional art of Shital Pati weaving of Sylhet". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Rickshaws and rickshaw painting in Dhaka". unesco.org. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
^ "Celebration in honor of the Budslaŭ icon of Our Lady (Budslaŭ fest)". ЮНЕСКА. 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
^ "Straw weaving in Belarus, art, craft and skills". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
^ "Tree beekeeping culture". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "Carnival of Binche - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Procession of the Holy Blood in Bruges - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Houtem Jaarmarkt, annual winter fair and livestock market at Sint-Lievens-Houtem - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Krakelingen and Tonnekensbrand, end-of-winter bread and fire feast at Geraardsbergen - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Leuven age set ritual repertoire - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Marches of Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Shrimp fishing on horseback in Oostduinkerke - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Beer culture in Belgium". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
^ "Ommegang of Brussels, an annual historical procession and popular festival". Retrieved 2019-12-13.
^ "UNESCO - Namur stilt jousting". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Processional giants and dragons in Belgium and France - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Musical art of horn players, an instrumental technique linked to singing, breath control, vibrato, resonance of place and conviviality". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "Language, dance and music of the Garifuna - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Oral heritage of Gelede - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Mask dance of the drums from Drametse - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Andean cosmovision of the Kallawaya - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Carnival of Oruro - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Ichapekene Piesta, the biggest festival of San Ignacio de Moxos - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Pujllay and Ayarichi, music and dances of the Yampara culture - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Ritual journeys in La Paz during Alasita". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "The festival of the Santísima Trinidad del Señor Jesús del Gran Poder in the city of La Paz". Retrieved 2019-12-13.
^ "Grand Festival of Tarija". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Ch'utillos, the Festival of San Bartolomé and San Ignacio de Loyola, the meeting of cultures in Potosí". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Zmijanje embroidery - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
^ "Konjic woodcarving". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Picking of iva grass on Ozren mountain". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "Grass mowing competition custom in Kupres". unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "Oral and graphic expressions of the Wajapi - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Samba de Roda of the Recôncavo of Bahia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Frevo, performing arts of the Carnival of Recife - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Círio de Nazaré (The Taper of Our Lady of Nazareth) in the city of Belém, Pará - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Capoeira circle - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Cultural Complex of Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão". Retrieved 2019-12-13.
^ "Bistritsa Babi, archaic polyphony, dances and rituals from the Shoplouk region - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Nestinarstvo, messages from the past: the Panagyr of Saints Constantine and Helena in the village of Bulgari - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "The tradition of carpet-making in Chiprovtsi - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Surva folk feast in Pernik region - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Visoko multipart singing from Dolen and Satovcha, South-western Bulgaria". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Cultural practices associated to the 1st of March". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Cultural practices and expressions linked to the balafon of the Senufo communities of Mali, Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
^ "Ritual dance of the royal drum". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Morna, musical practice of Cabo Verde". Retrieved 2019-12-13.
^ "Royal ballet of Cambodia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Sbek Thom, Khmer shadow theatre - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Kun Lbokator, traditional martial arts in Cambodia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
^ "Tugging rituals and games - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Nguon, rituals of governance and associated expressions in the Bamoun community". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Polyphonic singing of the Aka Pygmies of Central Africa - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Baile Chino". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ "Kun Qu opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Guqin and its music - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Uyghur Muqam of Xinjiang - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Art of Chinese seal engraving - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "China engraved block printing technique - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Chinese calligraphy - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Chinese paper-cut - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Chinese traditional architectural craftsmanship for timber-framed structures - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Craftsmanship of Nanjing Yunjin brocade - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Dragon Boat festival - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Farmers' dance of China's Korean ethnic group - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Gesar epic tradition - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Grand song of the Dong ethnic group - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Hua'er - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Manas - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Mazu belief and customs - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Nanyin - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Regong arts - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Sericulture and silk craftsmanship of China - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Tibetan opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Traditional firing technology of Longquan celadon - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Traditional handicrafts of making Xuan paper - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Xi'an wind and percussion ensemble - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Yueju opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Peking opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Chinese shadow puppetry - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Chinese Zhusuan, knowledge and practices of mathematical calculation through the abacus - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "The Twenty-Four Solar Terms, knowledge of time and practices developed in China through observation of the sun's annual motion - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
^ "Lum medicinal bathing of Sowa Rigpa, knowledge and practices concerning life, health and illness prevention and treatment among the Tibetan people in China". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
^ "Taijiquan". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "UNESCO - Traditional tea processing techniques and associated social practices in China". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
^ "Urtiin Duu, traditional folk long song - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Ong Chun/Wangchuan/Wangkang ceremony, rituals and related practices for maintaining the sustainable connection between man and the ocean". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "Carnival of Barranquilla". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Cultural space of Palenque de San Basilio". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Carnaval de Negros y Blancos". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Holy Week processions in Popayán". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Wayuu normative system, applied by the Pütchipü'üi (palabrero)". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Traditional knowledge of the jaguar shamans of Yuruparí". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Festival of Saint Francis of Assisi, Quibdó". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "UNESCO - Ancestral system of knowledge of the four indigenous peoples, Arhuaco, Kankuamo, Kogui and Wiwa of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "Midwifery: knowledge, skills and practices". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Marimba music, traditional chants and dances from the Colombia South Pacific region and Esmeraldas Province of Ecuador". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Oxherding and oxcart traditions in Costa Rica - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Gbofe of Afounkaha, the music of the transverse trumps of the Tagbana community - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Zaouli, popular music and dance of the Guro communities in Côte d'Ivoire". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Traditional skills of loincloth weaving in Côte d'Ivoire". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Annual carnival bell ringers' pageant from the Kastav area - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Festivity of Saint Blaise, the patron of Dubrovnik - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Lacemaking in Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Procession Za Krizen ('following the cross') on the island of Hvar - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Spring procession of Ljelje/Kraljice (queens) from Gorjani - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Traditional manufacturing of children's wooden toys in Hrvatsko Zagorje - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Two-part singing and playing in the Istrian scale - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Gingerbread craft from Northern Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Sinjska Alka, a knights' tournament in Sinj - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ "Bećarac singing and playing from Eastern Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Nijemo Kolo, silent circle dance of the Dalmatian hinterland - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Klapa multipart singing of Dalmatia, southern Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Međimurska popevka, a folksong from Međimurje". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "UNESCO - Festivity of Saint Tryphon and the Kolo (chain dance) of Saint Tryphon, traditions of Croats from Boka Kotorska (Bay of Kotor) who live in the Republic of Croatia". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "Art of dry stone walling, knowledge and techniques". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Mediterranean Diet". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
^ "La Tumba Francesa - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Rumba in Cuba, a festive combination of music and dances and all the practices associated". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ "Punto". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "UNESCO - Festivity of Las Parrandas in the centre of Cuba". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "UNESCO - Knowledge of the light rum masters". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "Bolero: identity, emotion and poetry turned into song". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Lefkara laces or Lefkaritika - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18. Lefkara laces or Lefkaritika
^ "Tsiattista poetic duelling - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Byzantine chant". Retrieved 2019-12-13.
^ "Slovácko Verbuňk, recruit dances - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Shrovetide door-to-door processions and masks in the villages of the Hlinecko area - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Ride of the Kings in the south-east of the Czech Republic - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
^ "Handmade production of Christmas tree decorations from blown glass beads". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "Knowledge, craft and skills of handmade glass production". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Puppetry in Slovakia and Czechia". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Congolese rumba". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Inuit drum dancing and singing". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Nordic clinker boat traditions". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Cultural Space of the Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ "Cocolo Dance Drama Tradition". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ "Music and dance of the merengue in the Dominican Republic". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ "Music and dance of Dominican Bachata". Retrieved 2019-12-13.
^ "Traditional weaving of the Ecuadorian toquilla straw hat". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
^ "Pasillo, song and poetry". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Oral heritage and cultural manifestations of the Zápara people". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ "The Al-Sirah Al-Hilaliyyah Epic". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Tahteeb, stick game". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
^ "UNESCO - Festivals related to the Journey of the Holy family in Egypt". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "Kihnu cultural space". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-12-17.
^ "Seto Leelo, Seto polyphonic singing tradition". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-12-17.
^ "Smoke sauna tradition in Võromaa". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-12-17.
^ "Baltic song and dance celebrations". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
^ "Commemoration feast of the finding of the True Holy Cross of Christ". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ "Fichee-Chambalaalla, New Year festival of the Sidama people". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ "Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the Oromo". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
^ "Ethiopian epiphany". Intangible Heritage. UNESCO.
^ "Shuwalid festival". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Sauna culture in Finland". UNESCO. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "Kaustinen fiddle playing and related practices and expressions". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Aubusson tapestry". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
^ "Maloya". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ "Scribing tradition in French timber framing". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ "Compagnonnage, network for on-the-job transmission of knowledge and identities". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ "Craftsmanship of Alençon needle lace-making". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ "Gastronomic meal of the French". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ "Equitation in the French tradition". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ "Fest-Noz, festive gathering based on the collective practice of traditional dances of Brittany". unesco.org. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
^ "Limousin septennial ostensions". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ "Gwoka: music, song, dance and cultural practice representative of Guadeloupean identity". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ "Carnival of Granville". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ "The skills related to perfume in Pays de Grasse: the cultivation of perfume plants, the knowledge and processing of natural raw materials, and the art of perfume composition". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "UNESCO - Artisanal know-how and culture of baguette bread". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "The art of glass beads". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "Alpinism". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
^ "Craftsmanship of mechanical watchmaking and art mechanics". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "Kankurang, Manding initiatory rite". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
^ "Georgian polyphonic singing". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
^ "Ancient Georgian traditional Qvevri wine-making method". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
^ "Chidaoba, wrestling in Georgia". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Living culture of three writing systems of the Georgian alphabet". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ "Idea and practice of organizing shared interests in cooperatives". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ "Organ craftsmanship and music". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "UNESCO - The practice of Modern Dance in Germany". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
^ "Know-how of cultivating mastic on the island of Chios". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
^ "Tinian marble craftsmanship". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
^ "Momoeria, New Year's celebration in eight villages of Kozani area, West Macedonia, Greece". Retrieved 2017-04-29.
^ "Rebetiko". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "UNESCO - August 15th (Dekapentavgoustos) festivities in two Highland Communities of Northern Greece: Tranos Choros (Grand Dance) in Vlasti and Syrrako Festival". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "Traditional wooden boatbuilding in Carriacou and Petite Martinique". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Rabinal Achí dance drama tradition". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
^ "UNESCO - Holy Week in Guatemala". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "Cultural space of Sosso-Bala". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
^ "UNESCO - Joumou soup". ich.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 2022-02-23. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
^ "Busó festivities at Mohács: masked end-of-winter carnival custom". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
^ "Folk art of the Matyó, embroidery of a traditional community". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
^ "UNESCO - Hungarian string band tradition". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "Kutiyattam, Sanskrit Theatre". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "The Tradition of Vedic Chanting". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Ramlila – the Traditional Performance of the Ramayana". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Ramman, religious festival and ritual theatre of the Garhwal Himalayas, India". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
^ "Chhau dance". unesco.org. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
^ "Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
^ "Mudiyettu, ritual theatre and dance drama of Kerala". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
^ "Buddhist chanting of Ladakh: recitation of sacred Buddhism texts in the trans-Himalayan Ladakh region, Jammu and Kashmir, India". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
^ "Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-07-12.
^ "Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-07-12.
^ "Yoga". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ "Kumbh Mela". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Durga Puja in Kolkata". unesco.org. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
^ "Garba of Gujarat". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Wayang Puppet Theatre". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
^ "Indonesian Kris". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
^ "Indonesian Batik". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
^ "Indonesian Angklung". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
^ "Three genres of traditional dance in Bali". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
^ "Pinisi, art of boatbuilding in South Sulawesi". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "UNESCO - Traditions of Pencak Silat". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "Gamelan". Retrieved 2021-12-17.
^ "Jamu wellness culture". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Pantun". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "The Radif of Iranian music". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
^ "Traditional skills of carpet weaving in Kashan". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
^ "Traditional skills of carpet weaving in Fars". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
^ "Ritual dramatic art of Ta'zīye". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
^ "Pahlevani and Zoorkhanei rituals". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
^ "Music of the Bakhshis of Khorasan". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
^ "Qālišuyān rituals of Mašhad-e Ardehāl in Kāšān". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-01-25.
^ "Chogān, a horse-riding game accompanied by music and storytelling". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Traditional skills of crafting and playing Dotār". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
^ "UNESCO - Crafting and playing the Oud". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "Sadeh/Sada celebration". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "The Iraqi Maqam". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Provision of services and hospitality during the Arba'in visitation". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
^ "Traditional craft skills and arts of Al-Naoor". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Traditional craft skills and arts of Al-Mudhif building". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Arts, skills and practices associated with engraving on metals (gold, silver and copper)". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Uilleann piping". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ a b "Hurling - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Irish harping". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
^ "Opera dei Pupi, Sicilian Puppet Theatre". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Canto a tenore, Sardinian Pastoral Songs". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Traditional violin craftsmanship in Cremona". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
^ "Celebrations of big shoulder-borne processional structures". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-09-27.
^ "Traditional agricultural practice of cultivating the 'vite ad alberello' (head-trained bush vines) of the community of Pantelleria". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
^ "Art of Neapolitan 'Pizzaiuolo'". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Celestinian forgiveness celebration". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
^ "Truffle hunting and extraction in Italy, traditional knowledge and practice". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "The practice of opera singing in Italy". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "The Maroon Heritage of Moore Town". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Reggae music of Jamaica". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
^ "Nôgaku Theatre". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-03.
^ "Ningyo Johruri Bunraku Puppet Theatre". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
^ "Kabuki Theatre". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
^ "Akiu no Taue Odori". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
^ "Chakkirako". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
^ "Daimokutate". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
^ "Dainichido Bugaku". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
^ "Gagaku". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
^ "Hayachine Kagura". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
^ "Ojiya-chijimi, Echigo-jofu". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
^ "Oku-noto no Aenokoto". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
^ "Traditional Ainu dance". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
^ "Kumiodori". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
^ "Yuki-tsumugi". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
^ "Mibu no Hana Taue". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
^ "Sada Shin Noh". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
^ "Nachi no Dengaku". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
^ "Washoku". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
^ Until 2014, there was an item titled "Sekishu-Banshi: papermaking in the Iwami region of Shimane Prefecture." It was merged with the current item due to the expansion of the range of elements.
^ "Washi, craftsmanship of traditional Japanese hand-made paper". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-12-17.
^ "Yama, Hoko, Yatai, float festivals in Japan". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ "Raiho-shin, ritual visits of deities in masks and costumes". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Traditional skills, techniques and knowledge for the conservation and transmission of wooden architecture in Japan". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "UNESCO - Furyu-odori, ritual dances imbued with people's hopes and prayers". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "The Cultural Space of the Bedu in Petra and Wadi Rum". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-06-02.
^ "As-Samer in Jordan". UNESCO Culture Sector.
^ "UNESCO - Al-Mansaf in Jordan, a festive banquet and its social and cultural meanings". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "Kazakh traditional art of Dombra Kuy". unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-11-28.
^ "Kazakh traditional Assyk games". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Traditional spring festive rites of the Kazakh horse breeders". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "UNESCO - Orteke, traditional performing art in Kazakhstan: dance, puppet and music". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
^ "Traditional knowledge and skills in making Kyrgyz and Kazakh yurts (Turkic nomadic dwellings)". unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-11-28.
^ "Aitysh/Aitys, art of improvisation". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
^ "Traditional intelligence and strategy game: Togyzqumalaq, Toguz Korgool, Mangala/Göçürme". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "Traditional weaving of Al Sadu". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "The Art of Akyns, Kyrgyz Epic Tellers". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Kyrgyz epic trilogy: Manas, Semetey, Seytek". UNESCO Culture Sector.
^ "Kok boru, traditional horse game". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Ak-kalpak craftsmanship, traditional knowledge and skills in making and wearing Kyrgyz men's headwear". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
^ "Elechek, Kyrgyz female headwear: traditional knowledge and rituals". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Khaen music of the Lao people". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Traditional craft of Naga motif weaving in Lao communities". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Al-Zajal, Recited or Sung Poetry". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on December 9, 2015. Retrieved 2014-09-07.
^ "Al-Man'ouché, an emblematic culinary practice in Lebanon". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Cross-crafting and its Symbolism". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Sutartinės, Lithuanian multipart songs". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
^ "Sodai straw garden making in Lithuania". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Hopping procession of Echternach". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
^ "The Woodcrafting Knowledge of the Zafimaniry". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Malagasy Kabary, the Malagasy oratorical art". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Hiragasy, a performing art of the Central Highlands of Madagascar". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "The Vimbuza Healing Dance". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
^ "Tchopa, sacrificial dance of the Lhomwe people of southern Malawi". unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-11-28.
^ "Nsima, culinary tradition of Malawi". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Mwinoghe, joyous dance". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "The Gule Wamkulu". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Art of crafting and playing Mbira/Sansi, the finger-plucking traditional musical instrument in Malawi and Zimbabwe". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "Mak Yong Theatre". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Dondang Sayang". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Silat Malaysia". Retrieved 2022-12-04.
^ "Songket". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "The Cultural Space of the Yaaral and Degal". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Manden Charter, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga". unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
^ "Septennial re-roofing ceremony of the Kamablon, sacred house of Kangaba". unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
^ "Coming forth of the masks and puppets in Markala". unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-11-28.
^ "Il-Ftira, culinary art and culture of flattened sourdough bread in Malta". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "L-Għana, a Maltese folksong tradition". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Maltese Village Festa, an annual community celebration". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Mahadra, a community system for transmission of traditional knowledge and oral expressions". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Traditional Mauritian Sega". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Bhojpuri folk songs in Mauritius, Geet-Gawai". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "The Indigenous Festivity dedicated to the Dead". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Places of memory and living traditions of the Otomí-Chichimecas people of Tolimán: the Peña de Bernal, guardian of a sacred territory". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
^ "Ritual ceremony of the Voladores: Papantla, El Tajín". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
^ "Traditional Mexican cuisine – ancestral, ongoing community culture, the Michoacán paradigm". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
^ "Parachicos in the traditional January feast of Chiapa de Corzo". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
^ "Pirekua, traditional song of the P'urhépecha". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
^ "Mariachi, string music, song and trumpet". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-03-21.
^ "Charrería, equestrian tradition in Mexico". unesco.org. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
^ "La Romería (the pilgrimage): ritual cycle of 'La llevada' (the carrying) of the Virgin of Zapopan". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Artisanal talavera of Puebla and Tlaxcala (Mexico) and ceramics of Talavera de la Reina and El Puente del Arzobispo (Spain) making process". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
^ "Men's group Colindat, Christmas-time ritual". unesco.org. Retrieved 2013-12-07.
^ "Traditional wall-carpet craftsmanship in Romania and the Republic of Moldova". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ "The art of the traditional blouse with embroidery on the shoulder (altiţă) — an element of cultural identity in Romania and the Republic of Moldova". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
^ "Traditional music of the Morin Khuur". unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Mongolian traditional art of Khöömei". unesco.org. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
^ "Naadam, Mongolian traditional festival". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
^ "Traditional craftsmanship of the Mongol Ger and its associated customs". unesco.org. Retrieved 2013-12-07.
^ "Mongolian knuckle-bone shooting". unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-11-28.
^ "Traditional technique of making Airag in Khokhuur and its associated customs". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
^ "Cultural Heritage of Boka Navy Kotor: a festive representation of a memory and cultural identity". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "The Cultural Space of Jemaa el-Fna Square". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "The Moussem of Tan-Tan". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Cherry festival in Sefrou". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-08-27.
^ "Argan, practices and know-how concerning the argan tree". unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-11-28.
^ "Taskiwin, martial dance of the western High Atlas". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Gnawa". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
^ "Tbourida". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Malhun, a popular poetic and musical art". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "The Chopi Timbila". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Oshituthi shomagongo, marula fruit festival". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
^ "Craft of the miller operating windmills and watermills". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Corso culture, flower and fruit parades in the Netherlands". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Rotterdam Summer Carnival". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ a b "El Güegüense". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "The Ifa Divination System". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Ijele masquerade". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
^ "Argungu Fishing Festival". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
^ "Kwagh-Hir theatrical performance". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
^ "Sango Festival, Oyo". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Arirang folk song in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Tradition of kimchi-making in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Pyongyang Raengmyon custom". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
^ "Traditional Korean wrestling (Ssirum/Ssireum)". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Feast of the Holy Forty Martyrs in Štip". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ "Kopachkata, a social dance from the village of Dramche, Pijanec". unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-12-23.
^ "Spring celebration, Hıdrellez". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Practice of traditional music and dance in Setesdal, playing, dancing and singing (stev/stevjing)". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
^ "Al-Bar'ah, music and dance of Oman Dhofari valleys". unesco.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
^ "Al 'azi, elegy, processional march and poetry". unesco.org. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
^ "Horse and camel Ardhah". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Al-Khanjar, craft skills and social practices". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
^ "Majlis, a cultural and social space - intangible heritage - Culture Sector". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
^ "Arabic coffee, a symbol of generosity". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
^ "UNESCO - Alheda'a, oral traditions of calling camel flocks". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "Al-Ayyala, a traditional performing art of the Sultanate of Oman and the United Arab Emirates". unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-11-28.
^ "Al-Taghrooda, traditional Bedouin chanted poetry in the United Arab Emirates and the Sultanate of Oman". unesco.org. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
^ "Al-Razfa, a traditional performing art". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
^ "Camel racing, a social practice and a festive heritage associated with camels". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "The Palestinian Hikaye". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "The art of embroidery in Palestine, practices, skills, knowledge and rituals". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Dabkeh, traditional dance in Palestine". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Artisanal processes and plant fibers techniques for talcos, crinejas and pintas weaving of the pinta'o hat". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Ritual and festive expressions of the Congo culture". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Dances and expressions associated with the Corpus Christi Festivity". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Practices and traditional knowledge of Terere in the culture of Pohã Ñana, Guaraní ancestral drink in Paraguay". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "Taquile and its Textile Art". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Huaconada, ritual dance of Mito". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
^ "The scissors dance". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
^ "Pilgrimage to the sanctuary of the Lord of Qoyllurit'i". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
^ "Knowledge, skills and rituals related to the annual renewal of the Q'eswachaka bridge". unesco.org. Retrieved 2013-12-07.
^ "candelaria". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
^ "Wititi dance of the Colca Valley". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
^ "Traditional system of Corongo's water judges". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "'Hatajo de Negritos' and 'Hatajo de Pallitas' from the Peruvian south-central coastline". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
^ "Pottery-related values, knowledge, lore and practices of the Awajún people". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Practices and meanings associated with the preparation and consumption of ceviche, an expression of Peruvian traditional cuisine". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "The Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "The Darangen Epic of the Maranao People of Lake Lanao". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Aklan piña handloom weaving". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Nativity scene (szopka) tradition in Krakow". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Flower carpets tradition for Corpus Christi processions". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Polonaise, traditional Polish dance". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
^ "Fado, urban popular song of Portugal". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
^ "Cante Alentejano, polyphonic singing from Alentejo, southern Portugal". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-11-27.
^ "Craftmanship of Estremoz clay figures". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Winter festivities, Carnival of Podence". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
^ "Community festivities in Campo Maior". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "The Căluş tradition". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Doina". unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
^ "Craftsmanship of Horezu ceramics". unesco.org. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
^ "Lad's dances in Romania". UNESCO.
^ "The Cultural Space and Oral Culture of the Semeiskie". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "The Olonkho, Yakut Heroic Epos". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "'Ie Samoa, fine mat and its cultural value". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
^ "Alardah Alnajdiyah, dance, drumming and poetry in Saudi Arabia". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
^ "Almezmar, drumming and dancing with sticks". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
^ "Al-Qatt Al-Asiri, female traditional interior wall decoration in Asir, Saudi Arabia". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "UNESCO - Knowledge and practices related to cultivating Khawlani coffee beans". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "Arabic calligraphy: knowledge, skills and practices". unesco.org. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Xooy, a divination ceremony among the Serer of Senegal". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-07.
^ "Ceebu Jën, a culinary art of Senegal". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Slava, celebration of family saint patron's day".
^ "Kolo, traditional folk dance".
^ "Singing to the accompaniment of the Gusle". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Zlakusa pottery making, hand-wheel pottery making in the village of Zlakusa". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^ "Social practices and knowledge related to the preparation and use of the traditional plum spirit – šljivovica". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "Moutya". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "UNESCO - Hawker culture in Singapore, community dining and culinary practices in a multicultural urban context". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^ "Fujara and its music". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Music of Terchová". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Bagpipe culture". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Multipart singing of Horehronie". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Drotárstvo, wire craft and art". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
^ "Škofja Loka passion play". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Door-to-door rounds of Kurenti". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Bobbin lacemaking in Slovenia". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "UNESCO - Beekeeping in Slovenia, a way of life". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "The Royal Ancestral Ritual in the Jongmyo Shrine and its Music". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ "The Pansori Epic Chant". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ "The Gangneung Danoje Festival". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ "Cheoyongmu". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ "Ganggangsullae". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ "Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ "Namsadang Nori". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ "Yeongsanjae". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ "Daemokjang, traditional wooden architecture". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ "Gagok, lyric song cycles accompanied by an orchestra". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ "Jultagi, tightrope walking". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ "Taekkyeon, a traditional Korean martial art". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ "Weaving of Mosi (fine ramie) in the Hansan region". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ "Arirang, lyrical folk song in the Republic of Korea". UNESCO Culture Sector. 2012-12-06. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ "Kimjang, making and sharing kimchi in the Republic of Korea". UNESCO Culture Sector. 2013-12-06. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ "Nongak, community band music, dance and rituals in the Republic of Korea". UNESCO Culture Sector. November 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
^ "Culture of Jeju Haenyeo (women divers)". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ "Yeondeunghoe, lantern lighting festival in the Republic of Korea". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "Talchum, mask dance drama in the Republic of Korea". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "The Mystery Play of Elche". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "The Patum of Berga". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Irrigators' tribunals of the Spanish Mediterranean coast: the Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia and the Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia". unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
^ "Human towers". unesco.org. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
^ "Flamenco". unesco.org. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
^ "Chant of the Sybil on Majorca". unesco.org. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
^ "Festivity of 'la Mare de Déu de la Salut' of Algemesí". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
^ "Fiesta of the patios in Cordova - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
^ "Valencia Fallas festivity". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ "Tamboradas drum-playing rituals". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Wine Horses". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "UNESCO - Manual bell ringing". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
^ "Rūkada Nātya, traditional string puppet drama in Sri Lanka". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Traditional craftsmanship of making Dumbara Ratā Kalāla". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Procession and celebrations of Prophet Mohammed's birthday in Sudan". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Winegrowers' Festival in Vevey". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Basel Carnival". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Holy Week processions in Mendrisio". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
^ "Alpine pasture season". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Practices and craftsmanship associated with the Damascene rose in Al-Mrah". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
^ "Al-Qudoud al-Halabiya". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Oshi Palav, a traditional meal and its social and cultural contexts in Tajikistan". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ "Chakan, embroidery art in the Republic of Tajikistan". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Falak". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Traditional knowledge and skills of production of the atlas and adras fabrics". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Shashmaqom Music". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Khon, masked dance drama in Thailand". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Nuad Thai, traditional Thai massage". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
^ "Nora, dance drama in southern Thailand". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Songkran in Thailand, traditional Thai New Year festival". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "The Lakalaka, Dances and Sung Speeches of Tonga". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Pottery skills of the women of Sejnane". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Charfia fishing in the Kerkennah Islands". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "UNESCO - Harissa, knowledge, skills and culinary and social practices". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "The Arts of the Meddah, Public Storytellers". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
^ "Mevlevi Sema Ceremony". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
^ "Karagöz and Hacivat". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
^ "Âşıklık (minstrelsy) tradition". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
^ "Traditional Sohbet meetings". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
^ "Kırkpınar oil wrestling festival". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
^ "Semah, Alevi-Bektaşi ritual". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
^ "Ceremonial Keşkek tradition". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
^ "Mesir Macunu festival". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
^ "Turkish coffee culture and tradition". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
^ "Ebru, Turkish art of marbling". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
^ "Traditional craftsmanship of Çini-making". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-07.
^ "UNESCO - Traditional Turkish archery". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
^ "Hüsn-i Hat, traditional calligraphy in Islamic art in Turkey". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Epic art of Gorogly". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Kushtdepdi rite of singing and dancing". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "UNESCO - Traditional turkmen carpet making art in Turkmenistan". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
^ "Dutar making craftsmanship and traditional music performing art combined with singing". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Art of Akhal-Teke horse breeding and traditions of horses' decoration". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Turkmen-style needlework art". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
^ "Barkcloth Making in Uganda". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Petrykivka decorative painting as a phenomenon of the Ukrainian ornamental folk art". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-12-30.
^ "UNESCO - Tradition of Kosiv painted ceramics". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
^ "Ornek, a Crimean Tatar ornament and knowledge about it". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Al Aflaj, traditional irrigation network system in the UAE, oral traditions, knowledge and skills of construction, maintenance and equitable water distribution". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "UNESCO - Al Talli, traditional embroidery skills in the United Arab Emirates". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "Harees dish: know-how, skills and practices". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Candombe and its socio-cultural space: a community practice". unesco.org. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
^ "The Cultural Space of the Boysun District". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Katta Ashula". unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
^ "Askiya, the art of wit". unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-11-28.
^ "Palov culture and tradition". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ "UNESCO - Khorazm dance, Lazgi". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
^ "Bakhshi art". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Ceramic arts in Uzbekistan". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
^ "Vanuatu Sand Drawings". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Venezuela's Dancing Devils of Corpus Christi". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
^ "La Parranda de San Pedro de Guarenas y Guatire". unesco.org. Retrieved 2013-12-07.
^ "Traditional knowledge and technologies relating to the growing and processing of the curagua". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
^ "Carnival of El Callao, a festive representation of a memory and cultural identity". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ "Festive cycle around the devotion and worship towards Saint John the Baptist". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "Space of gong culture". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Nhã nhạc, Vietnamese court music". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-09-16.
^ "Quan Họ Bắc Ninh folk songs". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-09-16.
^ "Gióng festival of Phù Ðông and Sóc temples". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-09-16.
^ "Worship of Hùng kings in Phú Thọm". Retrieved 2015-09-16.
^ "Art of Đờn ca tài tử music and song in southern Viet Nam". Retrieved 2015-09-16.
^ "Ví and Giặm folk songs of Nghệ Tĩnh". Retrieved 2015-09-16.
^ "Practices related to the Viet beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms". Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Xoan singing of Phú Thọ province, Viet Nam". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
^ "The art of Bài Chòi in Central Viet Nam". Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Practices of Then by Tày, Nùng and Thái ethnic groups in Viet Nam". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
^ "Art of Xòe dance of the Tai people in Viet Nam". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ "The Song of Sana'a". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "The Makishi Masquerade". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Mooba dance of the Lenje ethnic group of Central Province of Zambia". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Budima dance". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ "UNESCO - Kalela dance". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "The Mbende Jerusarema Dance". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
^ "Xhubleta, skills, craftsmanship and forms of usage". Unesco. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
^ a b c d e "Intangible Heritage: Seven elements inscribed on the List in Need of Urgent Safeguarding". UNESCO. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "Chovqan, a traditional Karabakh horse-riding game in the Republic of Azerbaijan - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Rite of the Kalyady Tsars (Christmas Tsars) - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "UNESCO - Spring rite of Juraŭski Karahod". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
^ "Earthenware pottery-making skills in Botswana's Kgatleng District - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Dikopelo folk music of Bakgatla ba Kgafela in Kgatleng District". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "UNESCO - Seperu folkdance and associated practices". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
^ "Yaokwa, the Enawene Nawe people's ritual for the maintenance of social and cosmic order - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Chapei Dang Veng - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Lkhon Khol Wat Svay Andet - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "UNESCO - Quinchamalí and Santa Cruz de Cuca pottery". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
^ "Traditional design and practices for building Chinese wooden arch bridges - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Traditional Li textile techniques: spinning, dyeing, weaving and embroidering - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Qiang New Year festival - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Meshrep - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Watertight-bulkhead technology of Chinese junks - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Wooden movable-type printing of China - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Hezhen Yimakan storytelling - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Traditional Vallenato music of the Greater Magdalena region - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "UNESCO - Traditional knowledge and techniques associated with Pasto Varnish mopa-mopa of Putumayo and Nariño". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
^ "Colombian-Venezuelan llano work songs - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Ojkanje singing - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "UNESCO - Handmade weaving in Upper Egypt (Sa'eed)". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
^ "UNESCO - Building and use of expanded dugout boats in the Soomaa region". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
^ "Cantu in paghjella, a secular and liturgical oral tradition of Corsica - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "UNESCO - Carolinian wayfinding and canoe making". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
^ "Nan Pa'ch ceremony - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Saman dance - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Noken multifunctional knotted or woven bag, handcraft of the people of Papua - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Naqqāli, Iranian dramatic story-telling - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Traditional skills of building and sailing Iranian Lenj boats in the Persian Gulf - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Traditions and practices associated with the Kayas in the sacred forests of the Mijikenda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Isukuti dance of Isukha and Idakho communities of Western Kenya - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Rituals and practices associated with Kit Mikayi shrine". UNESCO. United Nations.
^ "UNESCO - Traditional weaving of Al Sadu". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2021-02-13.
^ "Ala-kiyiz and Shyrdak, art of Kyrgyz traditional felt carpets - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Suiti cultural space - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Sanké mon, collective fishing rite of the Sanké - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Secret society of the Kôrêdugaw, the rite of wisdom in Mali - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "UNESCO - Cultural practices and expressions linked to the 'M'Bolon', a traditional musical percussion instrument". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
^ "Moorish epic T'heydinn - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "UNESCO - Sega tambour Chagos". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
^ "Mongol Biyelgee, Mongolian traditional folk dance - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Mongol Tuuli, Mongolian epic - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Folk long song performance technique of Limbe performances - circular breathing - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Mongolian calligraphy - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Coaxing ritual for camels - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Mongolian traditional practices of worshipping the sacred sites". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "UNESCO - Aixan/Gana/Ob#ANS TSI //Khasigu, ancestral musical sound knowledge and skills". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
^ "Glasoechko, male two-part singing in Dolni Polog - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Buklog, thanksgiving ritual system of the Subanen". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
^ "Eshuva, Harákmbut sung prayers of Peru's Huachipaire people - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Manufacture of cowbells - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Bisalhães black pottery manufacturing process". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Shadow play". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "UNESCO - Tais, traditional textile".
^ "Whistled language". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "UNESCO - Traditional Ahlat stonework". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
^ "Bigwala, gourd trumpet music and dance of the Busoga Kingdom in Uganda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Empaako tradition of the Batooro, Banyoro, Batuku, Batagwenda and Banyabindi of western Uganda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Male-child cleansing ceremony of the Lango of central northern Uganda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Koogere oral tradition of the Basongora, Banyabindi and Batooro peoples - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Ma'di bowl lyre music and dance - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Cossack's songs of Dnipropetrovsk Region". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
^ "Culture of Ukrainian borscht cooking inscribed on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding | UNESCO". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
^ "Al Sadu, traditional weaving skills in the United Arab Emirates - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Al Azi, art of performing praise, pride and fortitude poetry". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ "Mapoyo oral tradition and its symbolic reference points within their ancestral territory - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "Ca trù singing - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
^ "UNESCO - Art of pottery-making of Chăm people". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
^ "Best Safeguarding Practices - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "Regional Centres for Craftsmanship: a strategy for safeguarding the cultural heritage of traditional handicraft - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "UNESCO - Craft techniques and customary practices of cathedral workshops, or Bauhütten, in Europe, know-how, transmission, development of knowledge and innovation". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
^ "Programme of cultivating ludodiversity: safeguarding traditional games in Flanders - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "Safeguarding the carillon culture: preservation, transmission, exchange and awareness-raising - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "Tocatì, a shared programme for the safeguarding of traditional games and sports". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
^ "Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage of Aymara communities in Bolivia, Chile and Peru - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "Call for projects of the National Programme of Intangible Heritage - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "Fandango's Living Museum - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "Festival of folklore in Koprivshtitsa: a system of practices for heritage presentation and transmission - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "UNESCO - Bulgarian Chitalishte (Community Cultural Centre): practical experience in safeguarding the vitality of the Intangible Cultural Heritage". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
^ "Strategy for training coming generations of Fujian puppetry practitioners - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "UNESCO - Safeguarding strategy of traditional crafts for peace building". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
^ "Community project of safeguarding the living culture of Rovinj/Rovigno: the Batana Ecomuseum - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "UNESCO - The Martinique yole, from construction to sailing practices, a model for heritage safeguarding". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
^ "UNESCO - Polyphonic Caravan, researching, safeguarding and promoting the Epirus polyphonic song". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
^ "Táncház method: a Hungarian model for the transmission of intangible cultural heritage - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "Safeguarding of the folk music heritage by the Kodály concept - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "Education and training in Indonesian Batik intangible cultural heritage for elementary, junior, senior, vocational school and polytechnic students, in collaboration with the Batik Museum in Pekalongan - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "UNESCO - National programme to safeguard the traditional art of calligraphy in Iran". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
^ "UNESCO - Success story of promoting traditional foods and safeguarding traditional foodways in Kenya". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
^ "UNESCO - Nomad games, rediscovering heritage, celebrating diversity". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
^ "Xtaxkgakget Makgkaxtlawana: the Centre for Indigenous Arts and its contribution to safeguarding the intangible cultural heritage of the Totonac people of Veracruz, Mexico - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "Oselvar boat - reframing a traditional learning process of building and use to a modern context - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". www.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "UNESCO - The School of Living Traditions (SLT)". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
^ "Portuguese-Galician border ICH: a safeguarding model created by Ponte...nas ondas!". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
^ "Centre for traditional culture – school museum of Pusol pedagogic project - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "Revitalization of the traditional craftsmanship of lime-making in Morón de la Frontera, Seville, Andalusia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "Methodology for inventorying intangible cultural heritage in biosphere reserves: the experience of Montseny - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "Land-of-Legends programme, for promoting and revitalizing the art of storytelling in Kronoberg Region (South-Sweden)". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ "UNESCO - Margilan Crafts Development Centre, safeguarding of the atlas and adras making traditional technologies". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
^ "UNESCO - Biocultural programme for the safeguarding of the tradition of the Blessed Palm in Venezuela". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
^ "Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage". Archived from the original on July 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
^ "Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity". Retrieved 2009-09-05.
^ "Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage". Retrieved 2009-09-05.
^ "Proclamation of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity (2001-2005) - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
External links
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vteUNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage: Representative ListAfrica
Aka music
Chopi timbila
Garifuna culture
Afounkaha Gbofe
Gẹlẹdẹ
Gule Wamkulu
Ifá
Ijele Masquerade
Kamablon re-roofing
Kankurang
Manden Charter
Mauritian Sega
Mbende Jerusarema
Ritual dance of the royal drum
Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island
Sosso Bala
Ugandan barkcloth making
Vimbuza healing dance
Yaaral and Degal
Zafimaniry woodcrafting
Zambian Makishi Festival
Arab States
Ahellil
Al-Sirah Al-Hilaliyyah
Bedu culture at Petra and Wadi Rum
Iraqi maqam
Jemaa el-Fnaa
Palestinian hikaye
Shashmaqam
Song of Sana'a
Taghribat Bani Hilal
Tan-Tan Moussem
Asia and Pacific
Acupuncture and Moxibustion
Ainu dance
Akiu no Taue Odori
Akyn
Angklung
"Arirang"
Bakhshi music
Batik
Baul tradition of Bangladesh
Beijing opera
Bokator
Boysun District
Bunraku
Cantonese opera
Ca trù
Chakkirako
Cheoyongmu
Chhau dance
Chinese architecture
Chinese block printing
Chinese calligraphy
Chinese paper cutting
Chinese seal engraving
Chinese shadow puppetry
Daemokjang
Daimokutate
Dainichido Bugaku
Darangen Epic
Dragon Boat Festival
Drametse Ngacham
Durga Puja in Kolkata
Epic of King Gesar
Gagaku
Gagok
Ganggangsullae
Gangneung Danoje Festival
Gimjang
Gióng Festival
Gong culture
Grand Song
Guqin
Guqin music
Haenyeo
Hansan Mosi
Hayachine Kagura
Hitachi Furyumono
Hua'er
Hudhud Chants
Indonesian kris
Jamdani
Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut
Jultagi
Kabuki
Kalbelia
Kashan rug
Katta Ashula
Khon
Khoomei
Koshikijima no Toshidon
Kumbh Mela
Kumiodori
Kunqu
Koodiyattam
Ladkah Buddhist chantings
Lakalaka
Lenj boats
Lhamo
Longquan celadon
Mak yong
Manipuri Sankirtana
Mangal Shobhajatra
Mazu belief
Meshrep
Mibu no Hana Taue
Morin khuur
Mosie ramie
Mudiyett
Muqam
Naadam
Namsadang Nori
Nanyin
Naqqāli
Nhã nhạc
Noh
Nora
Nowruz
Afghan
Uzbekistani
Nuad Thai
Oku-noto no Aenokoto
Pencak silat
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Radif
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Royal ballet of Cambodia
Regong arts
Royal Ancestral Ritual
Sada Shin Noh
Saman dance
Sand drawing
Sbek Toch
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Shiraz rug
Songkran in Thailand
Ssireum
Taekkyeon
Ta'zīye
Thathera utensil craft
Tugging rituals and games
Urtiin Duu
Vedic chantings
Wayang
Xi'an ensemble
Xuan paper
Yamahoko
Yeondeunghoe
Yeongsanjae
Yoga
Yūki-tsumugi
Yunjin
Europe andNorth America
Albanian iso-polyphony
Ashiqs of Azerbaijan
Ashik
Aubusson tapestry
Azerbaijani carpet
weaving
Azerbaijani tar
Baltic song and dance celebrations
Bećarac
Busójárás
Călușari
Cante Alentejano
Cantu a tenore
Carnival of Binche
Castell
Chovgan
Christmas Tsars
Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia and Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia
Copper craftsmanship of Lahij
Croatian lacemaking
Daina
Dancing procession of Echternach
Daredevils of Sassoun
Doina
Duduk
Fado
Falconry
Falles of the Pyrenees
La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival
Festivity of Saint Blaise
Flamenco
French timber framing scribing
Fujara
Georgian vocal polyphony
Horezu ceramics
Houtem Jaarmarkt
Istrian scale
Jem
Karagöz and Hacivat
Kelaghayi
Keşkek
Khachkar
Kihnu culture
Kırkpınar
Klapa
Lithuanian cross crafting
Kvevri wine
La Patum
Lefkaritika
Licitar
Ljelje/Kraljice
Makishi Festival
Moldovan Christmas Carols
Maloya
Manas
Meddah
Mediterranean diet
Mesir Macunu
Mugham
Mystery Play of Elche
Nestinarstvo
Nijemo Kolo
Nowruz
Azerbaijani
Turkish
Ojkanje
Olonkho
Opera dei Pupi
Petrykivka decorative painting
Procession of the Holy Blood
Sama
Sauna culture in Finland
Semeiskie culture
Seto leelo
Silbo Gomero
Sinjska alka
Slovácko Verbuňk
Turkish Sohbet
The Song of the Sibyl
Suiti Cultural Space
Sutartinės
Táncház
Turkish coffee
Violins craftsmanship of Cremona
Wajãpi culture
Wooden toys of Hrvatsko Zagorje
Za križen
Zvončari
Caribbean andLatin America
Carnaval de Barranquilla
Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella
Candombe
Carnaval de Negros y Blancos
Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão
Carnaval de Oruro
Ceviche
Círio de Nazaré
Cocolo
Costa Rican oxherding
Dancing Devils of Yare
Danza de los Voladores
Danza de tijeras
Frevo
Garifuna culture
Gióng Festival
Harakmbut
Huaconada
Indigenous Day of the Dead
Kallawaya culture
Mexican cuisine
Moore Town's Maroon Heritage
Panama hat
Parachico
Peña de Bernal
Pirekua
Popayán Holy Week processions
Pütchipü'ü
Quyllurit'i
Rabinal Achí
Samba de Roda
San Basilio de Palenque
South Pacific Colombian marimba
Tango
Taquile textiles
Tumba francesa
Vallenato
Wajãpi culture
Yaokwa
Záparo culture
vteUNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent SafeguardingAfrica
Aixan/Gana/Ob#ANS TSI //Khasigu
Bigwala
Dikopelo folk music of Bakgatla ba Kgafela
Earthenware pottery in Kgatleng District
Empaako
Isukuti
Koogere oral tradition
Ma'di bowl lyre music and dance
Male-child cleansing ceremony of the Lango
Rituals and practices associated with Kit Mikayi shrine
Sanké mon
Secret society of the Kôrêdugaw
Seperu
Sega tambour Chagos
Taskiwin
Traditions and practices associated with the Kayas in the sacred forests of the Mijikenda
Arab States
Al Sadu
T'heydinn
Asia and Pacific
Ala kiyiz and shyrdak
Biyelgee
Buklog
Ca trù
Carolinian wayfinding and canoe making
Chapei dang veng
Coaxing ritual for camels
Design and practices for building Chinese wooden arch bridges
Folk long song performance technique of Limbe performances - circular breathing
Hezhen Yimakan storytelling
Li textile techniques
Lkhon Khol
Meshrep
Mongol Tuuli
Mongolian calligraphy
Mongolian traditional practices of worshipping the sacred sites
Naqqāli
Noken
Pottery-making of Chăm people
Qiang New Year festival
Saman dance
Skills of building and sailing Iranian Lenj boats
Suri Jagek
Tais
Tsuur end-blown flute
Watertight-bulkhead technology of Chinese junks
Wooden movable-type printing of China
Europe andN. America
Cantu in paghjella
Chovqan
Glasoechko
Kalyady Tsars
Ojkanje singing
Manufacture of cowbells
Suiti cultural space
Spring rite of Juraŭski Karahod
Cossack’s songs of Dnipropetrovsk Region
Xhubleta
Yalli (Kochari, Tenzere)
Caribbean andLatin America
Eshuva
Mapoyo oral tradition
Nan Pa'ch ceremony
Vallenato
Yaokwa
vteLists of UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage elementsAlbaniaAndorraArmeniaAustriaAzerbaijanBahrainBelarusBelgiumBosnia and HerzegovinaBulgariaCambodiaCroatiaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIndiaIranIrelandItalyKenyaKuwaitLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMoldovaMoroccoNetherlandsNorwayOmanPakistanPalestinePeruPhilippinesPolandPortugalQatarRomaniaRussiaSaudi ArabiaSlovakiaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandThailandTurkeyUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesYemen
vteLists of countries by tourism rankings
Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists
World Heritage Sites
World Tourism rankings
List of international rankings
Lists by country
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_UNESCO_Intangible_cultural_heritage_(en).png"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"intangible cultural heritages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nvention-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"cultural diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_diversity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001_proclamation-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2005_proclamation-4"},{"link_name":"Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_for_the_Safeguarding_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Distribution by country as of 2018UNESCO established its Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage with the aim of ensuring better protection of important intangible cultural heritages worldwide and the awareness of their significance.[1] This list is published by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, the members of which are elected by State Parties meeting in a General Assembly.[2] Through a compendium of the different oral and intangible treasures of humankind worldwide, the programme aims to draw attention to the importance of safeguarding intangible heritage, which UNESCO has identified as an essential component and as a repository of cultural diversity and of creative expression.[3][4]The list was established in 2008 when the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage took effect.As of 2010[update], the programme compiles three lists. The longer Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity comprises cultural \"practices and expressions [that] help demonstrate the diversity of this heritage and raise awareness about its importance.\" The shorter List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding is composed of those cultural elements that concerned communities and countries consider to require urgent measures to keep them alive.[5][6] The third list is the Register of Good Safeguarding Practices.In 2013, four elements were inscribed on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding, which helps States Parties mobilize international cooperation and assistance to ensure the transmission of this heritage with the participation of the concerned communities. The Urgent Safeguarding List now numbers 35 elements. The Intergovernmental Committee also inscribed 25 elements on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, which serves to raise awareness of intangible heritage and provide recognition to communities' traditions and know-how that reflect their cultural diversity. The list does not attribute or recognize any standard of excellence or exclusivity. All lists combined totalled 676 elements, corresponding to 140 countries as of April 2023[update].[7]Elements inscribed in the lists are deemed significant manifestations of humanity's intangible heritage, the highest honour for intangible heritage on a global level.","title":"UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unes_Purp-8"}],"text":"The Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity contains intangible cultural heritage elements that \"help demonstrate the diversity of cultural heritage and raise awareness about its importance\".[8]","title":"Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unes_Purp-8"}],"text":"The List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding contains intangible cultural heritage elements \"that concerned communities and States Parties consider require urgent measures to keep them alive\".[8]This list is complete and up to date as of December 2022.","title":"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[692]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-692"}],"text":"The Register for Good Safeguarding Practices allows States Parties, communities and other stakeholders to \"share successful safeguarding experiences and examples of how they surmounted challenges faced in the transmission of their living heritage, its practice and knowledge to the future generation.\"[692]This list is complete and up to date as of April 2022.","title":"Register of Good Safeguarding Practices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_for_the_Safeguarding_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[724]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-convention2-724"},{"link_name":"Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001_proclamation-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001_proclamation-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2005_proclamation-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nvention-1"},{"link_name":"[725]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rep_list-725"},{"link_name":"[726]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-726"}],"text":"The Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage were established in 2008, when the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage took effect.[724] Prior to this, a project known as the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity has already been active in recognizing the value of intangibles such as tradition, custom, and cultural spaces and the local actors who sustain these forms of cultural expressions through a Proclamation.[3] Identification of the Masterpieces also entails the commitment of states to promote and safeguard these treasures, while UNESCO finances plans for their conservation.[3] Started in 2001 and held biennially until 2005, a total of three Proclamations occurred, encompassing 90 forms of intangible heritage around the world.[4]The 90 previously proclaimed Masterpieces have been incorporated into the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity as its first entries, to be known as elements.[1][725] Subsequent elements will be added following the assessment of nominations submitted by national governments acceding to the UNESCO Convention, termed as member states, who are each allowed to submit a single candidature file, in addition to multi-national candidatures. A panel of experts in intangible heritage and an appointed body, known as the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, then examine each of the nominations before officially inscribing the candidates as elements on the List.[726]","title":"Proclaimed masterpieces"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_2"},{"link_name":"[727]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-727"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_5"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ A. Names and spellings used for the elements were based on the official List as published.\n^ B. A total of three Proclamations of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity were made in 2001, 2003, and 2005. The proclamation was superseded in 2008 when the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity was established.[727]\n^ C. The 90 elements that were previously proclaimed as Masterpieces have been inscribed onto the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity as per the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage.\n^ D. Grouping of member states by region is based on the official List as published. Abbreviations were used for convenience:\n\nAFR: Africa\nAST: Arab States\nAPA: Asia and the Pacific\nENA: Europe and North America\nLAC: Latin America and the Caribbean\n^ E. The Transcaucasian States of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, and Russian Federation are included in the Europe and North America Region.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nvention_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nvention_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 2003\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=17716&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Functions of the General Assembly of the States Parties to the 2003 Convention\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/functions-00710"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2001_proclamation_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2001_proclamation_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2001_proclamation_3-2"},{"link_name":"\"UNESCO Issues First Ever Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wayback.archive-it.org/10611/20160803193017/http://www.unesco.org/bpi/eng/unescopress/2001/01-71e.shtml/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unesco.org/bpi/eng/unescopress/2001/01-71e.shtml"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2005_proclamation_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2005_proclamation_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Samba of Roda and the Ramlila proclaimed Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30973&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Intangible Heritage Lists\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Criteria and timetable of inscription on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00174"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"UNESCO – Browse the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Register of good safeguarding practices\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/lists"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unes_Purp_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unes_Purp_8-1"},{"link_name":"\"Purpose of the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage and of the Register of Good Safeguarding Practices\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/purpose-of-the-lists-00807"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Nawrouz, Novruz, Nowrouz, Nowrouz, Nawrouz, Nauryz, Nooruz, Nowruz, Navruz, Nevruz, Nowruz, Navruz\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nawrouz-novruz-nowrouz-nowrouz-nawrouz-nauryz-nooruz-nowruz-navruz-nevruz-nowruz-navruz-01161"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Sericulture and traditional production of silk for weaving\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/sericulture-and-traditional-production-of-silk-for-weaving-01890"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Yaldā/Chella\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/yald-chella-01877"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Albanian folk iso-polyphony\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/albanian-folk-iso-polyphony-00155"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Ritual and ceremonies of Sebeïba in the oasis of Djanet, Algeria – intangible heritage – Culture Sector – UNESCO\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ritual-and-ceremonies-of-sebeiba-in-the-oasis-of-djanet-algeria-00665"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Ahellil of Gourara – intangible heritage – Culture Sector – UNESCO\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ahellil-of-gourara-00121"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Rites and craftsmanship associated with the wedding costume tradition of Tlemcen - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/rites-and-craftsmanship-associated-with-the-wedding-costume-tradition-of-tlemcen-00668"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Annual pilgrimage to the mausoleum of Sidi 'Abd el-Qader Ben Mohammed (Sidi Cheikh) - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/annual-pilgrimage-to-the-mausoleum-of-sidi-abd-el-qader-ben-mohammed-sidi-cheikh-00660"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Sbuâ, annual pilgrimage to the zawiya of Sidi El Hadj Belkacem in Gourara - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/sbua-annual-pilgrimage-to-the-zawiya-of-sidi-el-hadj-belkacem-in-gourara-00667"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"UNESCO - Raï, popular folk song of Algeria\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ra-popular-folk-song-of-algeria-01894"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Practices and knowledge linked to the Imzad of the Tuareg communities of Algeria, Mali and Niger - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/practices-and-knowledge-linked-to-the-imzad-of-the-tuareg-communities-of-algeria-mali-and-niger-00891"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"UNESCO adds couscous to list of intangible world heritage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/16/unesco-adds-couscous-to-list-of-intangible-world-heritage"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"UNESCO - Bear festivities in the Pyrenees\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/bear-festivities-in-the-pyrenees-01846"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Summer solstice fire festivals in the Pyrenees\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/summer-solstice-fire-festivals-in-the-pyrenees-01073"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Sona, drawings and geometric figures on sand\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/sona-drawings-and-geometric-figures-on-sand-01994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"Filete porteño in Buenos Aires, a traditional painting technique\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/filete-porteno-in-buenos-aires-a-traditional-painting-technique-01069"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"Chamamé\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chamame-01600#identification"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"Tango - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tango-00258"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Duduk and its music - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/duduk-and-its-music-00092"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"Armenian cross-stones art. Symbolism and craftsmanship of Khachkars - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/armenian-cross-stones-art-symbolism-and-craftsmanship-of-khachkars-00434"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"Performance of the Armenian epic of 'Daredevils of Sassoun' or 'David of Sassoun' - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/RL/performance-of-the-armenian-epic-of-daredevils-of-sassoun-or-david-of-sassoun-00743"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"Lavash, the preparation, meaning and appearance of traditional bread as an expression of culture in Armenia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - 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technologies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/margilan-crafts-development-centre-safeguarding-of-the-atlas-and-adras-making-traditional-technologies-01254"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-723"},{"link_name":"\"UNESCO - Biocultural programme for the safeguarding of the tradition of the Blessed Palm in Venezuela\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/biocultural-programme-for-the-safeguarding-of-the-tradition-of-the-blessed-palm-in-venezuela-01464"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-convention2_724-0"},{"link_name":"\"Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090716023040/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rep_list_725-0"},{"link_name":"\"Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN&pg=00173"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-726"},{"link_name":"\"Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-727"},{"link_name":"\"Proclamation of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity (2001-2005) - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/proclamation-of-masterpieces-00103"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ a b Compare: \"Convention for the 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UNESCO. Retrieved 2009-09-05. In order to ensure better visibility of the intangible cultural heritage and awareness of its significance, and to encourage dialogue which respects cultural diversity, the Committee, upon the proposal of the States Parties concerned, shall establish, keep up to date and publish a Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.\n\n^ \"Functions of the General Assembly of the States Parties to the 2003 Convention\". Retrieved 30 November 2018.\n\n^ a b c \"UNESCO Issues First Ever Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage\". UNESCO Press. 2001-05-18. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016.\n\n^ a b \"The Samba of Roda and the Ramlila proclaimed Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity\". UNESCO Press. 2005-11-25. Retrieved 2009-09-05.\n\n^ \"Intangible Heritage Lists\". UNESCO Press. 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Retrieved 2022-12-02.\n\n^ \"Practices and knowledge linked to the Imzad of the Tuareg communities of Algeria, Mali and Niger - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"UNESCO adds couscous to list of intangible world heritage\". aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera English. December 16, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Bear festivities in the Pyrenees\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"Summer solstice fire festivals in the Pyrenees\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.\n\n^ \"Sona, drawings and geometric figures on sand\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Filete porteño in Buenos Aires, a traditional painting technique\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\n^ \"Chamamé\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"Tango - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Duduk and its music - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Armenian cross-stones art. Symbolism and craftsmanship of Khachkars - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Performance of the Armenian epic of 'Daredevils of Sassoun' or 'David of Sassoun' - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Lavash, the preparation, meaning and appearance of traditional bread as an expression of culture in Armenia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Kochari, traditional group dance\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Armenian letter art and its cultural expressions\". Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\n^ \"Tradition of blacksmithing in Gyumri\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Pilgrimage to the St. Thaddeus Apostle Monastery\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"Schemenlaufen, the carnival of Imst, Austria - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Classical horsemanship and the High School of the Spanish Riding School Vienna\". Intangible Heritage. UNESCO.\n\n^ \"Falconry, a living human heritage - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Traditional irrigation: knowledge, technique, and organization\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Lipizzan horse breeding traditions\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.\n\n^ \"Intangible Heritage: Nine elements inscribed on Representative List\". UNESCO. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Timber rafting\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock along migratory routes in the Mediterranean and in the Alps\". Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\n^ \"Transhumance, the tenth element of intangible heritage inscribed on the UNESCO list\". cnr-unesco.ro. Retrieved 2023-12-10.\n\n^ \"Avalanche risk management\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Azerbaijani Mugham - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Art of Azerbaijani Ashiq - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Traditional art of Azerbaijani carpet weaving in the Republic of Azerbaijan - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Craftsmanship and performance art of the Tar, a long-necked string musical instrument - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Traditional art and symbolism of Kelaghayi, making and wearing women's silk headscarves - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Copper craftsmanship of Lahij - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Dolma making and sharing tradition, a marker of cultural identity - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-06.\n\n^ \"Nar Bayrami, traditional pomegranate festivity and culture\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Pehlevanliq culture: traditional zorkhana games, sports and wrestling\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.\n\n^ \"Art of crafting and playing with Kamantcheh/Kamancha, a bowed string musical instrument\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Art of illumination: Təzhib/Tazhib/Zarhalkori/Tezhip/Naqqoshlik\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Art of Miniature\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.\n\n^ \"Iftar/Eftari/Iftar/Iftor and its socio-cultural traditions\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Flatbread making and sharing culture: Lavash, Katyrma, Jupka, Yufka\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.\n\n^ \"Telling tradition of Nasreddin Hodja/ Molla Nesreddin/ Molla Ependi/ Apendi/ Afendi Kozhanasyr Anecdotes\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.\n\n^ \"Heritage of Dede Qorqud/Korkyt Ata/Dede Korkut, epic culture, folk tales and music\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Culture of Çay (tea), a symbol of identity, hospitality and social interaction\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-04.\n\n^ \"Craftsmanship and performing art of balaban/mey\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Craftsmanship of mother of pearl inlay\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Junkanoo\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Fjiri\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Date palm, knowledge, skills, traditions and practices\". Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Date palm, knowledge, skills, traditions and practices\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"Baul songs - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Traditional art of Jamdani weaving - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Mangal Shobhajatra on Pahela Baishakh - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-04.\n\n^ \"Traditional art of Shital Pati weaving of Sylhet\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Rickshaws and rickshaw painting in Dhaka\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2023-12-07.\n\n^ \"Celebration in honor of the Budslaŭ icon of Our Lady (Budslaŭ fest)\". ЮНЕСКА. 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-28.\n\n^ \"Straw weaving in Belarus, art, craft and skills\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2022-12-02.\n\n^ \"Tree beekeeping culture\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"Carnival of Binche - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Procession of the Holy Blood in Bruges - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Houtem Jaarmarkt, annual winter fair and livestock market at Sint-Lievens-Houtem - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Krakelingen and Tonnekensbrand, end-of-winter bread and fire feast at Geraardsbergen - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Leuven age set ritual repertoire - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Marches of Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Shrimp fishing on horseback in Oostduinkerke - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Beer culture in Belgium\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-11-30.\n\n^ \"Ommegang of Brussels, an annual historical procession and popular festival\". Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Namur stilt jousting\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Processional giants and dragons in Belgium and France - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Musical art of horn players, an instrumental technique linked to singing, breath control, vibrato, resonance of place and conviviality\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"Language, dance and music of the Garifuna - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Oral heritage of Gelede - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Mask dance of the drums from Drametse - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Andean cosmovision of the Kallawaya - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Carnival of Oruro - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Ichapekene Piesta, the biggest festival of San Ignacio de Moxos - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Pujllay and Ayarichi, music and dances of the Yampara culture - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Ritual journeys in La Paz during Alasita\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"The festival of the Santísima Trinidad del Señor Jesús del Gran Poder in the city of La Paz\". Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\n^ \"Grand Festival of Tarija\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Ch'utillos, the Festival of San Bartolomé and San Ignacio de Loyola, the meeting of cultures in Potosí\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Zmijanje embroidery - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-08-31.\n\n^ \"Konjic woodcarving\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Picking of iva grass on Ozren mountain\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"Grass mowing competition custom in Kupres\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"Oral and graphic expressions of the Wajapi - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Samba de Roda of the Recôncavo of Bahia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Frevo, performing arts of the Carnival of Recife - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Círio de Nazaré (The Taper of Our Lady of Nazareth) in the city of Belém, Pará - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Capoeira circle - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Cultural Complex of Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão\". Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\n^ \"Bistritsa Babi, archaic polyphony, dances and rituals from the Shoplouk region - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Nestinarstvo, messages from the past: the Panagyr of Saints Constantine and Helena in the village of Bulgari - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"The tradition of carpet-making in Chiprovtsi - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Surva folk feast in Pernik region - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Visoko multipart singing from Dolen and Satovcha, South-western Bulgaria\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Cultural practices associated to the 1st of March\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Cultural practices and expressions linked to the balafon of the Senufo communities of Mali, Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.\n\n^ \"Ritual dance of the royal drum\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Morna, musical practice of Cabo Verde\". Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\n^ \"Royal ballet of Cambodia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Sbek Thom, Khmer shadow theatre - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Kun Lbokator, traditional martial arts in Cambodia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-11-30.\n\n^ \"Tugging rituals and games - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Nguon, rituals of governance and associated expressions in the Bamoun community\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Polyphonic singing of the Aka Pygmies of Central Africa - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Baile Chino\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\n^ \"Kun Qu opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Guqin and its music - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Uyghur Muqam of Xinjiang - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Art of Chinese seal engraving - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"China engraved block printing technique - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Chinese calligraphy - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Chinese paper-cut - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Chinese traditional architectural craftsmanship for timber-framed structures - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Craftsmanship of Nanjing Yunjin brocade - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Dragon Boat festival - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Farmers' dance of China's Korean ethnic group - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Gesar epic tradition - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Grand song of the Dong ethnic group - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Hua'er - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Manas - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Mazu belief and customs - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Nanyin - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Regong arts - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Sericulture and silk craftsmanship of China - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Tibetan opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Traditional firing technology of Longquan celadon - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Traditional handicrafts of making Xuan paper - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Xi'an wind and percussion ensemble - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Yueju opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Peking opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Chinese shadow puppetry - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Chinese Zhusuan, knowledge and practices of mathematical calculation through the abacus - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"The Twenty-Four Solar Terms, knowledge of time and practices developed in China through observation of the sun's annual motion - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-11-28.\n\n^ \"Lum medicinal bathing of Sowa Rigpa, knowledge and practices concerning life, health and illness prevention and treatment among the Tibetan people in China\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-11-28.\n\n^ \"Taijiquan\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Traditional tea processing techniques and associated social practices in China\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.\n\n^ \"Urtiin Duu, traditional folk long song - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Ong Chun/Wangchuan/Wangkang ceremony, rituals and related practices for maintaining the sustainable connection between man and the ocean\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"Carnival of Barranquilla\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Cultural space of Palenque de San Basilio\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Carnaval de Negros y Blancos\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Holy Week processions in Popayán\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Wayuu normative system, applied by the Pütchipü'üi (palabrero)\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Traditional knowledge of the jaguar shamans of Yuruparí\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Festival of Saint Francis of Assisi, Quibdó\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Ancestral system of knowledge of the four indigenous peoples, Arhuaco, Kankuamo, Kogui and Wiwa of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"Midwifery: knowledge, skills and practices\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Marimba music, traditional chants and dances from the Colombia South Pacific region and Esmeraldas Province of Ecuador\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Oxherding and oxcart traditions in Costa Rica - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Gbofe of Afounkaha, the music of the transverse trumps of the Tagbana community - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Zaouli, popular music and dance of the Guro communities in Côte d'Ivoire\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Traditional skills of loincloth weaving in Côte d'Ivoire\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Annual carnival bell ringers' pageant from the Kastav area - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Festivity of Saint Blaise, the patron of Dubrovnik - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Lacemaking in Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Procession Za Krizen ('following the cross') on the island of Hvar - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Spring procession of Ljelje/Kraljice (queens) from Gorjani - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Traditional manufacturing of children's wooden toys in Hrvatsko Zagorje - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Two-part singing and playing in the Istrian scale - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Gingerbread craft from Northern Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Sinjska Alka, a knights' tournament in Sinj - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\n^ \"Bećarac singing and playing from Eastern Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Nijemo Kolo, silent circle dance of the Dalmatian hinterland - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Klapa multipart singing of Dalmatia, southern Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Međimurska popevka, a folksong from Međimurje\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Festivity of Saint Tryphon and the Kolo (chain dance) of Saint Tryphon, traditions of Croats from Boka Kotorska (Bay of Kotor) who live in the Republic of Croatia\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"Art of dry stone walling, knowledge and techniques\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Mediterranean Diet\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.\n\n^ \"La Tumba Francesa - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Rumba in Cuba, a festive combination of music and dances and all the practices associated\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.\n\n^ \"Punto\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Festivity of Las Parrandas in the centre of Cuba\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Knowledge of the light rum masters\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"Bolero: identity, emotion and poetry turned into song\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Lefkara laces or Lefkaritika - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18. Lefkara laces or Lefkaritika\n\n^ \"Tsiattista poetic duelling - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Byzantine chant\". Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\n^ \"Slovácko Verbuňk, recruit dances - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Shrovetide door-to-door processions and masks in the villages of the Hlinecko area - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Ride of the Kings in the south-east of the Czech Republic - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.\n\n^ \"Handmade production of Christmas tree decorations from blown glass beads\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"Knowledge, craft and skills of handmade glass production\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Puppetry in Slovakia and Czechia\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Congolese rumba\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Inuit drum dancing and singing\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Nordic clinker boat traditions\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Cultural Space of the Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\n^ \"Cocolo Dance Drama Tradition\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\n^ \"Music and dance of the merengue in the Dominican Republic\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.\n\n^ \"Music and dance of Dominican Bachata\". Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\n^ \"Traditional weaving of the Ecuadorian toquilla straw hat\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-04-16.\n\n^ \"Pasillo, song and poetry\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Oral heritage and cultural manifestations of the Zápara people\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\n^ \"The Al-Sirah Al-Hilaliyyah Epic\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Tahteeb, stick game\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-08-29.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Festivals related to the Journey of the Holy family in Egypt\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"Kihnu cultural space\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-12-17.\n\n^ \"Seto Leelo, Seto polyphonic singing tradition\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-12-17.\n\n^ \"Smoke sauna tradition in Võromaa\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-12-17.\n\n^ \"Baltic song and dance celebrations\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-01-02.\n\n^ \"Commemoration feast of the finding of the True Holy Cross of Christ\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\n^ \"Fichee-Chambalaalla, New Year festival of the Sidama people\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\n^ \"Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the Oromo\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-08-29.\n\n^ \"Ethiopian epiphany\". Intangible Heritage. UNESCO.\n\n^ \"Shuwalid festival\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Sauna culture in Finland\". UNESCO. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"Kaustinen fiddle playing and related practices and expressions\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Aubusson tapestry\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.\n\n^ \"Maloya\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\n^ \"Scribing tradition in French timber framing\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\n^ \"Compagnonnage, network for on-the-job transmission of knowledge and identities\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\n^ \"Craftsmanship of Alençon needle lace-making\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\n^ \"Gastronomic meal of the French\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\n^ \"Equitation in the French tradition\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\n^ \"Fest-Noz, festive gathering based on the collective practice of traditional dances of Brittany\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2011-12-06.\n\n^ \"Limousin septennial ostensions\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\n^ \"Gwoka: music, song, dance and cultural practice representative of Guadeloupean identity\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\n^ \"Carnival of Granville\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.\n\n^ \"The skills related to perfume in Pays de Grasse: the cultivation of perfume plants, the knowledge and processing of natural raw materials, and the art of perfume composition\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Artisanal know-how and culture of baguette bread\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"The art of glass beads\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"Alpinism\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.\n\n^ \"Craftsmanship of mechanical watchmaking and art mechanics\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"Kankurang, Manding initiatory rite\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.\n\n^ \"Georgian polyphonic singing\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.\n\n^ \"Ancient Georgian traditional Qvevri wine-making method\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.\n\n^ \"Chidaoba, wrestling in Georgia\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Living culture of three writing systems of the Georgian alphabet\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-01.\n\n^ \"Idea and practice of organizing shared interests in cooperatives\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-01.\n\n^ \"Organ craftsmanship and music\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - The practice of Modern Dance in Germany\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.\n\n^ \"Know-how of cultivating mastic on the island of Chios\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.\n\n^ \"Tinian marble craftsmanship\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.\n\n^ \"Momoeria, New Year's celebration in eight villages of Kozani area, West Macedonia, Greece\". Retrieved 2017-04-29.\n\n^ \"Rebetiko\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - August 15th (Dekapentavgoustos) festivities in two Highland Communities of Northern Greece: Tranos Choros (Grand Dance) in Vlasti and Syrrako Festival\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"Traditional wooden boatbuilding in Carriacou and Petite Martinique\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Rabinal Achí dance drama tradition\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Holy Week in Guatemala\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"Cultural space of Sosso-Bala\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Joumou soup\". ich.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 2022-02-23. Retrieved 2022-04-20.\n\n^ \"Busó festivities at Mohács: masked end-of-winter carnival custom\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.\n\n^ \"Folk art of the Matyó, embroidery of a traditional community\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Hungarian string band tradition\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"Kutiyattam, Sanskrit Theatre\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"The Tradition of Vedic Chanting\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Ramlila – the Traditional Performance of the Ramayana\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Ramman, religious festival and ritual theatre of the Garhwal Himalayas, India\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-01-14.\n\n^ \"Chhau dance\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2010-11-18.\n\n^ \"Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-01-14.\n\n^ \"Mudiyettu, ritual theatre and dance drama of Kerala\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-01-14.\n\n^ \"Buddhist chanting of Ladakh: recitation of sacred Buddhism texts in the trans-Himalayan Ladakh region, Jammu and Kashmir, India\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-01-14.\n\n^ \"Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-07-12.\n\n^ \"Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-07-12.\n\n^ \"Yoga\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-02.\n\n^ \"Kumbh Mela\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Durga Puja in Kolkata\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2021-12-15.\n\n^ \"Garba of Gujarat\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Wayang Puppet Theatre\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-06-27.\n\n^ \"Indonesian Kris\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-06-27.\n\n^ \"Indonesian Batik\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2009-10-05.\n\n^ \"Indonesian Angklung\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2010-11-23.\n\n^ \"Three genres of traditional dance in Bali\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-07-19.\n\n^ \"Pinisi, art of boatbuilding in South Sulawesi\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Traditions of Pencak Silat\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"Gamelan\". Retrieved 2021-12-17.\n\n^ \"Jamu wellness culture\". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Pantun\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"The Radif of Iranian music\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2009-10-25.\n\n^ \"Traditional skills of carpet weaving in Kashan\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-05-28.\n\n^ \"Traditional skills of carpet weaving in Fars\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-05-28.\n\n^ \"Ritual dramatic art of Ta'zīye\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-05-28.\n\n^ \"Pahlevani and Zoorkhanei rituals\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-05-28.\n\n^ \"Music of the Bakhshis of Khorasan\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-05-28.\n\n^ \"Qālišuyān rituals of Mašhad-e Ardehāl in Kāšān\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-01-25.\n\n^ \"Chogān, a horse-riding game accompanied by music and storytelling\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Traditional skills of crafting and playing Dotār\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Crafting and playing the Oud\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"Sadeh/Sada celebration\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"The Iraqi Maqam\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Provision of services and hospitality during the Arba'in visitation\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.\n\n^ \"Traditional craft skills and arts of Al-Naoor\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Traditional craft skills and arts of Al-Mudhif building\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Arts, skills and practices associated with engraving on metals (gold, silver and copper)\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Uilleann piping\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ a b \"Hurling - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Irish harping\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.\n\n^ \"Opera dei Pupi, Sicilian Puppet Theatre\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Canto a tenore, Sardinian Pastoral Songs\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Traditional violin craftsmanship in Cremona\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-11-24.\n\n^ \"Celebrations of big shoulder-borne processional structures\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-09-27.\n\n^ \"Traditional agricultural practice of cultivating the 'vite ad alberello' (head-trained bush vines) of the community of Pantelleria\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-09-07.\n\n^ \"Art of Neapolitan 'Pizzaiuolo'\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Celestinian forgiveness celebration\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.\n\n^ \"Truffle hunting and extraction in Italy, traditional knowledge and practice\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"The practice of opera singing in Italy\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"The Maroon Heritage of Moore Town\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Reggae music of Jamaica\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 28 November 2018.\n\n^ \"Nôgaku Theatre\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-03.\n\n^ \"Ningyo Johruri Bunraku Puppet Theatre\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.\n\n^ \"Kabuki Theatre\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.\n\n^ \"Akiu no Taue Odori\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.\n\n^ \"Chakkirako\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.\n\n^ \"Daimokutate\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.\n\n^ \"Dainichido Bugaku\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.\n\n^ \"Gagaku\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.\n\n^ \"Hayachine Kagura\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.\n\n^ \"Ojiya-chijimi, Echigo-jofu\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.\n\n^ \"Oku-noto no Aenokoto\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.\n\n^ \"Traditional Ainu dance\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.\n\n^ \"Kumiodori\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.\n\n^ \"Yuki-tsumugi\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-05-02.\n\n^ \"Mibu no Hana Taue\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-02-15.\n\n^ \"Sada Shin Noh\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-02-15.\n\n^ \"Nachi no Dengaku\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-04-24.\n\n^ \"Washoku\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-08.\n\n^ Until 2014, there was an item titled \"Sekishu-Banshi: papermaking in the Iwami region of Shimane Prefecture.\" It was merged with the current item due to the expansion of the range of elements.\n\n^ \"Washi, craftsmanship of traditional Japanese hand-made paper\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-12-17.\n\n^ \"Yama, Hoko, Yatai, float festivals in Japan\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.\n\n^ \"Raiho-shin, ritual visits of deities in masks and costumes\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Traditional skills, techniques and knowledge for the conservation and transmission of wooden architecture in Japan\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Furyu-odori, ritual dances imbued with people's hopes and prayers\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"The Cultural Space of the Bedu in Petra and Wadi Rum\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-06-02.\n\n^ \"As-Samer in Jordan\". UNESCO Culture Sector.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Al-Mansaf in Jordan, a festive banquet and its social and cultural meanings\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"Kazakh traditional art of Dombra Kuy\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-11-28.\n\n^ \"Kazakh traditional Assyk games\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Traditional spring festive rites of the Kazakh horse breeders\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Orteke, traditional performing art in Kazakhstan: dance, puppet and music\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.\n\n^ \"Traditional knowledge and skills in making Kyrgyz and Kazakh yurts (Turkic nomadic dwellings)\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-11-28.\n\n^ \"Aitysh/Aitys, art of improvisation\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-04.\n\n^ \"Traditional intelligence and strategy game: Togyzqumalaq, Toguz Korgool, Mangala/Göçürme\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"Traditional weaving of Al Sadu\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"The Art of Akyns, Kyrgyz Epic Tellers\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Kyrgyz epic trilogy: Manas, Semetey, Seytek\". UNESCO Culture Sector.\n\n^ \"Kok boru, traditional horse game\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Ak-kalpak craftsmanship, traditional knowledge and skills in making and wearing Kyrgyz men's headwear\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.\n\n^ \"Elechek, Kyrgyz female headwear: traditional knowledge and rituals\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Khaen music of the Lao people\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Traditional craft of Naga motif weaving in Lao communities\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Al-Zajal, Recited or Sung Poetry\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on December 9, 2015. Retrieved 2014-09-07.\n\n^ \"Al-Man'ouché, an emblematic culinary practice in Lebanon\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Cross-crafting and its Symbolism\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Sutartinės, Lithuanian multipart songs\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-02-18.\n\n^ \"Sodai straw garden making in Lithuania\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Hopping procession of Echternach\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-07-15.\n\n^ \"The Woodcrafting Knowledge of the Zafimaniry\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Malagasy Kabary, the Malagasy oratorical art\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Hiragasy, a performing art of the Central Highlands of Madagascar\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"The Vimbuza Healing Dance\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved March 2, 2014.\n\n^ \"Tchopa, sacrificial dance of the Lhomwe people of southern Malawi\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-11-28.\n\n^ \"Nsima, culinary tradition of Malawi\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Mwinoghe, joyous dance\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"The Gule Wamkulu\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Art of crafting and playing Mbira/Sansi, the finger-plucking traditional musical instrument in Malawi and Zimbabwe\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"Mak Yong Theatre\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Dondang Sayang\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Silat Malaysia\". Retrieved 2022-12-04.\n\n^ \"Songket\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"The Cultural Space of the Yaaral and Degal\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Manden Charter, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-10-01.\n\n^ \"Septennial re-roofing ceremony of the Kamablon, sacred house of Kangaba\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-10-01.\n\n^ \"Coming forth of the masks and puppets in Markala\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-11-28.\n\n^ \"Il-Ftira, culinary art and culture of flattened sourdough bread in Malta\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"L-Għana, a Maltese folksong tradition\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Maltese Village Festa, an annual community celebration\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Mahadra, a community system for transmission of traditional knowledge and oral expressions\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Traditional Mauritian Sega\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Bhojpuri folk songs in Mauritius, Geet-Gawai\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"The Indigenous Festivity dedicated to the Dead\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Places of memory and living traditions of the Otomí-Chichimecas people of Tolimán: the Peña de Bernal, guardian of a sacred territory\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-02-03.\n\n^ \"Ritual ceremony of the Voladores: Papantla, El Tajín\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-02-03.\n\n^ \"Traditional Mexican cuisine – ancestral, ongoing community culture, the Michoacán paradigm\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-02-03.\n\n^ \"Parachicos in the traditional January feast of Chiapa de Corzo\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-02-03.\n\n^ \"Pirekua, traditional song of the P'urhépecha\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-02-03.\n\n^ \"Mariachi, string music, song and trumpet\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-03-21.\n\n^ \"Charrería, equestrian tradition in Mexico\". unesco.org. Retrieved 4 December 2016.\n\n^ \"La Romería (the pilgrimage): ritual cycle of 'La llevada' (the carrying) of the Virgin of Zapopan\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Artisanal talavera of Puebla and Tlaxcala (Mexico) and ceramics of Talavera de la Reina and El Puente del Arzobispo (Spain) making process\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.\n\n^ \"Men's group Colindat, Christmas-time ritual\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2013-12-07.\n\n^ \"Traditional wall-carpet craftsmanship in Romania and the Republic of Moldova\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.\n\n^ \"The art of the traditional blouse with embroidery on the shoulder (altiţă) — an element of cultural identity in Romania and the Republic of Moldova\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.\n\n^ \"Traditional music of the Morin Khuur\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Mongolian traditional art of Khöömei\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2010-11-18.\n\n^ \"Naadam, Mongolian traditional festival\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-02-03.\n\n^ \"Traditional craftsmanship of the Mongol Ger and its associated customs\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2013-12-07.\n\n^ \"Mongolian knuckle-bone shooting\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-11-28.\n\n^ \"Traditional technique of making Airag in Khokhuur and its associated customs\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.\n\n^ \"Cultural Heritage of Boka Navy Kotor: a festive representation of a memory and cultural identity\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"The Cultural Space of Jemaa el-Fna Square\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"The Moussem of Tan-Tan\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Cherry festival in Sefrou\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-08-27.\n\n^ \"Argan, practices and know-how concerning the argan tree\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-11-28.\n\n^ \"Taskiwin, martial dance of the western High Atlas\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Gnawa\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.\n\n^ \"Tbourida\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Malhun, a popular poetic and musical art\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"The Chopi Timbila\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Oshituthi shomagongo, marula fruit festival\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-08-29.\n\n^ \"Craft of the miller operating windmills and watermills\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Corso culture, flower and fruit parades in the Netherlands\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Rotterdam Summer Carnival\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ a b \"El Güegüense\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"The Ifa Divination System\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Ijele masquerade\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-08-29.\n\n^ \"Argungu Fishing Festival\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-08-29.\n\n^ \"Kwagh-Hir theatrical performance\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.\n\n^ \"Sango Festival, Oyo\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Arirang folk song in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Tradition of kimchi-making in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Pyongyang Raengmyon custom\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2022-12-02.\n\n^ \"Traditional Korean wrestling (Ssirum/Ssireum)\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Feast of the Holy Forty Martyrs in Štip\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.\n\n^ \"Kopachkata, a social dance from the village of Dramche, Pijanec\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-12-23.\n\n^ \"Spring celebration, Hıdrellez\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Practice of traditional music and dance in Setesdal, playing, dancing and singing (stev/stevjing)\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.\n\n^ \"Al-Bar'ah, music and dance of Oman Dhofari valleys\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.\n\n^ \"Al 'azi, elegy, processional march and poetry\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2012-12-03.\n\n^ \"Horse and camel Ardhah\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Al-Khanjar, craft skills and social practices\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2022-11-30.\n\n^ \"Majlis, a cultural and social space - intangible heritage - Culture Sector\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-05-23.\n\n^ \"Arabic coffee, a symbol of generosity\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-05-23.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Alheda'a, oral traditions of calling camel flocks\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"Al-Ayyala, a traditional performing art of the Sultanate of Oman and the United Arab Emirates\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-11-28.\n\n^ \"Al-Taghrooda, traditional Bedouin chanted poetry in the United Arab Emirates and the Sultanate of Oman\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2012-12-03.\n\n^ \"Al-Razfa, a traditional performing art\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-04.\n\n^ \"Camel racing, a social practice and a festive heritage associated with camels\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"The Palestinian Hikaye\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"The art of embroidery in Palestine, practices, skills, knowledge and rituals\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Dabkeh, traditional dance in Palestine\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Artisanal processes and plant fibers techniques for talcos, crinejas and pintas weaving of the pinta'o hat\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Ritual and festive expressions of the Congo culture\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Dances and expressions associated with the Corpus Christi Festivity\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Practices and traditional knowledge of Terere in the culture of Pohã Ñana, Guaraní ancestral drink in Paraguay\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"Taquile and its Textile Art\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Huaconada, ritual dance of Mito\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-11-25.\n\n^ \"The scissors dance\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-11-25.\n\n^ \"Pilgrimage to the sanctuary of the Lord of Qoyllurit'i\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-07-05.\n\n^ \"Knowledge, skills and rituals related to the annual renewal of the Q'eswachaka bridge\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2013-12-07.\n\n^ \"candelaria\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-11-25.\n\n^ \"Wititi dance of the Colca Valley\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-04.\n\n^ \"Traditional system of Corongo's water judges\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"'Hatajo de Negritos' and 'Hatajo de Pallitas' from the Peruvian south-central coastline\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.\n\n^ \"Pottery-related values, knowledge, lore and practices of the Awajún people\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Practices and meanings associated with the preparation and consumption of ceviche, an expression of Peruvian traditional cuisine\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"The Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"The Darangen Epic of the Maranao People of Lake Lanao\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Aklan piña handloom weaving\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Nativity scene (szopka) tradition in Krakow\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Flower carpets tradition for Corpus Christi processions\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Polonaise, traditional Polish dance\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 6 December 2023.\n\n^ \"Fado, urban popular song of Portugal\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-11-27.\n\n^ \"Cante Alentejano, polyphonic singing from Alentejo, southern Portugal\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-11-27.\n\n^ \"Craftmanship of Estremoz clay figures\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Winter festivities, Carnival of Podence\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.\n\n^ \"Community festivities in Campo Maior\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"The Căluş tradition\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Doina\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-10-01.\n\n^ \"Craftsmanship of Horezu ceramics\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2012-12-03.\n\n^ \"Lad's dances in Romania\". UNESCO.\n\n^ \"The Cultural Space and Oral Culture of the Semeiskie\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"The Olonkho, Yakut Heroic Epos\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"'Ie Samoa, fine mat and its cultural value\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.\n\n^ \"Alardah Alnajdiyah, dance, drumming and poetry in Saudi Arabia\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-05-23.\n\n^ \"Almezmar, drumming and dancing with sticks\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-05-23.\n\n^ \"Al-Qatt Al-Asiri, female traditional interior wall decoration in Asir, Saudi Arabia\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Knowledge and practices related to cultivating Khawlani coffee beans\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"Arabic calligraphy: knowledge, skills and practices\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Xooy, a divination ceremony among the Serer of Senegal\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-07.\n\n^ \"Ceebu Jën, a culinary art of Senegal\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Slava, celebration of family saint patron's day\".\n\n^ \"Kolo, traditional folk dance\".\n\n^ \"Singing to the accompaniment of the Gusle\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Zlakusa pottery making, hand-wheel pottery making in the village of Zlakusa\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 3 July 2021.\n\n^ \"Social practices and knowledge related to the preparation and use of the traditional plum spirit – šljivovica\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"Moutya\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Hawker culture in Singapore, community dining and culinary practices in a multicultural urban context\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 3 July 2021.\n\n^ \"Fujara and its music\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Music of Terchová\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Bagpipe culture\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Multipart singing of Horehronie\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Drotárstvo, wire craft and art\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.\n\n^ \"Škofja Loka passion play\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Door-to-door rounds of Kurenti\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Bobbin lacemaking in Slovenia\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Beekeeping in Slovenia, a way of life\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"The Royal Ancestral Ritual in the Jongmyo Shrine and its Music\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.\n\n^ \"The Pansori Epic Chant\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.\n\n^ \"The Gangneung Danoje Festival\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.\n\n^ \"Cheoyongmu\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.\n\n^ \"Ganggangsullae\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.\n\n^ \"Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.\n\n^ \"Namsadang Nori\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.\n\n^ \"Yeongsanjae\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.\n\n^ \"Daemokjang, traditional wooden architecture\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.\n\n^ \"Gagok, lyric song cycles accompanied by an orchestra\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.\n\n^ \"Jultagi, tightrope walking\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.\n\n^ \"Taekkyeon, a traditional Korean martial art\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.\n\n^ \"Weaving of Mosi (fine ramie) in the Hansan region\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.\n\n^ \"Arirang, lyrical folk song in the Republic of Korea\". UNESCO Culture Sector. 2012-12-06. Retrieved 2016-12-01.\n\n^ \"Kimjang, making and sharing kimchi in the Republic of Korea\". UNESCO Culture Sector. 2013-12-06. Retrieved 2016-12-01.\n\n^ \"Nongak, community band music, dance and rituals in the Republic of Korea\". UNESCO Culture Sector. November 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.\n\n^ \"Culture of Jeju Haenyeo (women divers)\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.\n\n^ \"Yeondeunghoe, lantern lighting festival in the Republic of Korea\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"Talchum, mask dance drama in the Republic of Korea\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"The Mystery Play of Elche\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"The Patum of Berga\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Irrigators' tribunals of the Spanish Mediterranean coast: the Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia and the Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-10-01.\n\n^ \"Human towers\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2010-11-18.\n\n^ \"Flamenco\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2010-11-18.\n\n^ \"Chant of the Sybil on Majorca\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2010-11-18.\n\n^ \"Festivity of 'la Mare de Déu de la Salut' of Algemesí\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-02-29.\n\n^ \"Fiesta of the patios in Cordova - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-07-02.\n\n^ \"Valencia Fallas festivity\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.\n\n^ \"Tamboradas drum-playing rituals\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Wine Horses\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Manual bell ringing\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.\n\n^ \"Rūkada Nātya, traditional string puppet drama in Sri Lanka\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Traditional craftsmanship of making Dumbara Ratā Kalāla\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Procession and celebrations of Prophet Mohammed's birthday in Sudan\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Winegrowers' Festival in Vevey\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Basel Carnival\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Holy Week processions in Mendrisio\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.\n\n^ \"Alpine pasture season\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Practices and craftsmanship associated with the Damascene rose in Al-Mrah\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.\n\n^ \"Al-Qudoud al-Halabiya\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Oshi Palav, a traditional meal and its social and cultural contexts in Tajikistan\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.\n\n^ \"Chakan, embroidery art in the Republic of Tajikistan\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Falak\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Traditional knowledge and skills of production of the atlas and adras fabrics\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Shashmaqom Music\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Khon, masked dance drama in Thailand\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Nuad Thai, traditional Thai massage\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\n^ \"Nora, dance drama in southern Thailand\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Songkran in Thailand, traditional Thai New Year festival\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"The Lakalaka, Dances and Sung Speeches of Tonga\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Pottery skills of the women of Sejnane\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Charfia fishing in the Kerkennah Islands\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Harissa, knowledge, skills and culinary and social practices\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"The Arts of the Meddah, Public Storytellers\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.\n\n^ \"Mevlevi Sema Ceremony\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.\n\n^ \"Karagöz and Hacivat\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.\n\n^ \"Âşıklık (minstrelsy) tradition\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.\n\n^ \"Traditional Sohbet meetings\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.\n\n^ \"Kırkpınar oil wrestling festival\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.\n\n^ \"Semah, Alevi-Bektaşi ritual\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.\n\n^ \"Ceremonial Keşkek tradition\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.\n\n^ \"Mesir Macunu festival\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.\n\n^ \"Turkish coffee culture and tradition\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.\n\n^ \"Ebru, Turkish art of marbling\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-12-01.\n\n^ \"Traditional craftsmanship of Çini-making\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-07.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Traditional Turkish archery\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\n^ \"Hüsn-i Hat, traditional calligraphy in Islamic art in Turkey\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Epic art of Gorogly\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Kushtdepdi rite of singing and dancing\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Traditional turkmen carpet making art in Turkmenistan\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\n^ \"Dutar making craftsmanship and traditional music performing art combined with singing\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Art of Akhal-Teke horse breeding and traditions of horses' decoration\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Turkmen-style needlework art\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.\n\n^ \"Barkcloth Making in Uganda\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Petrykivka decorative painting as a phenomenon of the Ukrainian ornamental folk art\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-12-30.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Tradition of Kosiv painted ceramics\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\n^ \"Ornek, a Crimean Tatar ornament and knowledge about it\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Al Aflaj, traditional irrigation network system in the UAE, oral traditions, knowledge and skills of construction, maintenance and equitable water distribution\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Al Talli, traditional embroidery skills in the United Arab Emirates\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"Harees dish: know-how, skills and practices\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Candombe and its socio-cultural space: a community practice\". unesco.org. Retrieved 1 November 2017.\n\n^ \"The Cultural Space of the Boysun District\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Katta Ashula\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-10-01.\n\n^ \"Askiya, the art of wit\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-11-28.\n\n^ \"Palov culture and tradition\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Khorazm dance, Lazgi\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\n^ \"Bakhshi art\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Ceramic arts in Uzbekistan\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ \"Vanuatu Sand Drawings\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Venezuela's Dancing Devils of Corpus Christi\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-08-15.\n\n^ \"La Parranda de San Pedro de Guarenas y Guatire\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2013-12-07.\n\n^ \"Traditional knowledge and technologies relating to the growing and processing of the curagua\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-04.\n\n^ \"Carnival of El Callao, a festive representation of a memory and cultural identity\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.\n\n^ \"Festive cycle around the devotion and worship towards Saint John the Baptist\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"Space of gong culture\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Nhã nhạc, Vietnamese court music\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-09-16.\n\n^ \"Quan Họ Bắc Ninh folk songs\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-09-16.\n\n^ \"Gióng festival of Phù Ðông and Sóc temples\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-09-16.\n\n^ \"Worship of Hùng kings in Phú Thọm\". Retrieved 2015-09-16.\n\n^ \"Art of Đờn ca tài tử music and song in southern Viet Nam\". Retrieved 2015-09-16.\n\n^ \"Ví and Giặm folk songs of Nghệ Tĩnh\". Retrieved 2015-09-16.\n\n^ \"Practices related to the Viet beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms\". Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Xoan singing of Phú Thọ province, Viet Nam\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-18.\n\n^ \"The art of Bài Chòi in Central Viet Nam\". Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Practices of Then by Tày, Nùng and Thái ethnic groups in Viet Nam\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.\n\n^ \"Art of Xòe dance of the Tai people in Viet Nam\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.\n\n^ \"The Song of Sana'a\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"The Makishi Masquerade\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Mooba dance of the Lenje ethnic group of Central Province of Zambia\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Budima dance\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Kalela dance\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.\n\n^ \"The Mbende Jerusarema Dance\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.\n\n^ \"Xhubleta, skills, craftsmanship and forms of usage\". Unesco. Retrieved 10 April 2023.\n\n^ a b c d e \"Intangible Heritage: Seven elements inscribed on the List in Need of Urgent Safeguarding\". UNESCO. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"Chovqan, a traditional Karabakh horse-riding game in the Republic of Azerbaijan - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Rite of the Kalyady Tsars (Christmas Tsars) - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Spring rite of Juraŭski Karahod\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.\n\n^ \"Earthenware pottery-making skills in Botswana's Kgatleng District - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Dikopelo folk music of Bakgatla ba Kgafela in Kgatleng District\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Seperu folkdance and associated practices\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.\n\n^ \"Yaokwa, the Enawene Nawe people's ritual for the maintenance of social and cosmic order - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Chapei Dang Veng - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Lkhon Khol Wat Svay Andet - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Quinchamalí and Santa Cruz de Cuca pottery\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-31.\n\n^ \"Traditional design and practices for building Chinese wooden arch bridges - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Traditional Li textile techniques: spinning, dyeing, weaving and embroidering - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Qiang New Year festival - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Meshrep - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Watertight-bulkhead technology of Chinese junks - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Wooden movable-type printing of China - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Hezhen Yimakan storytelling - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Traditional Vallenato music of the Greater Magdalena region - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Traditional knowledge and techniques associated with Pasto Varnish mopa-mopa of Putumayo and Nariño\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.\n\n^ \"Colombian-Venezuelan llano work songs - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Ojkanje singing - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Handmade weaving in Upper Egypt (Sa'eed)\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Building and use of expanded dugout boats in the Soomaa region\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-19.\n\n^ \"Cantu in paghjella, a secular and liturgical oral tradition of Corsica - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Carolinian wayfinding and canoe making\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-03-22.\n\n^ \"Nan Pa'ch ceremony - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Saman dance - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Noken multifunctional knotted or woven bag, handcraft of the people of Papua - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Naqqāli, Iranian dramatic story-telling - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Traditional skills of building and sailing Iranian Lenj boats in the Persian Gulf - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Traditions and practices associated with the Kayas in the sacred forests of the Mijikenda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Isukuti dance of Isukha and Idakho communities of Western Kenya - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Rituals and practices associated with Kit Mikayi shrine\". UNESCO. United Nations.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Traditional weaving of Al Sadu\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2021-02-13.\n\n^ \"Ala-kiyiz and Shyrdak, art of Kyrgyz traditional felt carpets - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Suiti cultural space - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Sanké mon, collective fishing rite of the Sanké - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Secret society of the Kôrêdugaw, the rite of wisdom in Mali - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Cultural practices and expressions linked to the 'M'Bolon', a traditional musical percussion instrument\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-19.\n\n^ \"Moorish epic T'heydinn - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Sega tambour Chagos\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-03-22.\n\n^ \"Mongol Biyelgee, Mongolian traditional folk dance - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Mongol Tuuli, Mongolian epic - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Folk long song performance technique of Limbe performances - circular breathing - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Mongolian calligraphy - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Coaxing ritual for camels - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Mongolian traditional practices of worshipping the sacred sites\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Aixan/Gana/Ob#ANS TSI //Khasigu, ancestral musical sound knowledge and skills\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.\n\n^ \"Glasoechko, male two-part singing in Dolni Polog - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Buklog, thanksgiving ritual system of the Subanen\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-18.\n\n^ \"Eshuva, Harákmbut sung prayers of Peru's Huachipaire people - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Manufacture of cowbells - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Bisalhães black pottery manufacturing process\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Shadow play\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Tais, traditional textile\".\n\n^ \"Whistled language\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Traditional Ahlat stonework\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-31.\n\n^ \"Bigwala, gourd trumpet music and dance of the Busoga Kingdom in Uganda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Empaako tradition of the Batooro, Banyoro, Batuku, Batagwenda and Banyabindi of western Uganda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Male-child cleansing ceremony of the Lango of central northern Uganda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Koogere oral tradition of the Basongora, Banyabindi and Batooro peoples - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Ma'di bowl lyre music and dance - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Cossack's songs of Dnipropetrovsk Region\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-03-12.\n\n^ \"Culture of Ukrainian borscht cooking inscribed on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding | UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-07-01.\n\n^ \"Al Sadu, traditional weaving skills in the United Arab Emirates - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Al Azi, art of performing praise, pride and fortitude poetry\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.\n\n^ \"Mapoyo oral tradition and its symbolic reference points within their ancestral territory - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"Ca trù singing - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Art of pottery-making of Chăm people\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-31.\n\n^ \"Best Safeguarding Practices - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.\n\n^ \"Regional Centres for Craftsmanship: a strategy for safeguarding the cultural heritage of traditional handicraft - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Craft techniques and customary practices of cathedral workshops, or Bauhütten, in Europe, know-how, transmission, development of knowledge and innovation\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.\n\n^ \"Programme of cultivating ludodiversity: safeguarding traditional games in Flanders - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.\n\n^ \"Safeguarding the carillon culture: preservation, transmission, exchange and awareness-raising - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.\n\n^ \"Tocatì, a shared programme for the safeguarding of traditional games and sports\". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 2024-01-26.\n\n^ \"Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage of Aymara communities in Bolivia, Chile and Peru - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.\n\n^ \"Call for projects of the National Programme of Intangible Heritage - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.\n\n^ \"Fandango's Living Museum - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.\n\n^ \"Festival of folklore in Koprivshtitsa: a system of practices for heritage presentation and transmission - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Bulgarian Chitalishte (Community Cultural Centre): practical experience in safeguarding the vitality of the Intangible Cultural Heritage\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.\n\n^ \"Strategy for training coming generations of Fujian puppetry practitioners - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Safeguarding strategy of traditional crafts for peace building\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.\n\n^ \"Community project of safeguarding the living culture of Rovinj/Rovigno: the Batana Ecomuseum - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - The Martinique yole, from construction to sailing practices, a model for heritage safeguarding\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Polyphonic Caravan, researching, safeguarding and promoting the Epirus polyphonic song\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2021-04-12.\n\n^ \"Táncház method: a Hungarian model for the transmission of intangible cultural heritage - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.\n\n^ \"Safeguarding of the folk music heritage by the Kodály concept - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.\n\n^ \"Education and training in Indonesian Batik intangible cultural heritage for elementary, junior, senior, vocational school and polytechnic students, in collaboration with the Batik Museum in Pekalongan - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - National programme to safeguard the traditional art of calligraphy in Iran\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Success story of promoting traditional foods and safeguarding traditional foodways in Kenya\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Nomad games, rediscovering heritage, celebrating diversity\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.\n\n^ \"Xtaxkgakget Makgkaxtlawana: the Centre for Indigenous Arts and its contribution to safeguarding the intangible cultural heritage of the Totonac people of Veracruz, Mexico - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.\n\n^ \"Oselvar boat - reframing a traditional learning process of building and use to a modern context - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-21.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - The School of Living Traditions (SLT)\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.\n\n^ \"Portuguese-Galician border ICH: a safeguarding model created by Ponte...nas ondas!\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2023-01-04.\n\n^ \"Centre for traditional culture – school museum of Pusol pedagogic project - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.\n\n^ \"Revitalization of the traditional craftsmanship of lime-making in Morón de la Frontera, Seville, Andalusia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.\n\n^ \"Methodology for inventorying intangible cultural heritage in biosphere reserves: the experience of Montseny - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.\n\n^ \"Land-of-Legends programme, for promoting and revitalizing the art of storytelling in Kronoberg Region (South-Sweden)\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Margilan Crafts Development Centre, safeguarding of the atlas and adras making traditional technologies\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.\n\n^ \"UNESCO - Biocultural programme for the safeguarding of the tradition of the Blessed Palm in Venezuela\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.\n\n^ \"Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage\". Archived from the original on July 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-05.\n\n^ \"Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity\". Retrieved 2009-09-05.\n\n^ \"Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage\". Retrieved 2009-09-05.\n\n^ \"Proclamation of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity (2001-2005) - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.","title":"Notes and references"}]
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[{"image_text":"Distribution by country as of 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Map_of_UNESCO_Intangible_cultural_heritage_%28en%29.png/400px-Map_of_UNESCO_Intangible_cultural_heritage_%28en%29.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 2003\". UNESCO. Retrieved 2009-09-05. In order to ensure better visibility of the intangible cultural heritage and awareness of its significance, and to encourage dialogue which respects cultural diversity, the Committee, upon the proposal of the States Parties concerned, shall establish, keep up to date and publish a Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.","urls":[{"url":"http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=17716&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html","url_text":"\"Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 2003\""}]},{"reference":"\"Functions of the General Assembly of the States Parties to the 2003 Convention\". Retrieved 30 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/functions-00710","url_text":"\"Functions of the General Assembly of the States Parties to the 2003 Convention\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO Issues First Ever Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage\". UNESCO Press. 2001-05-18. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/10611/20160803193017/http://www.unesco.org/bpi/eng/unescopress/2001/01-71e.shtml/","url_text":"\"UNESCO Issues First Ever Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/bpi/eng/unescopress/2001/01-71e.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Samba of Roda and the Ramlila proclaimed Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity\". UNESCO Press. 2005-11-25. Retrieved 2009-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30973&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html","url_text":"\"The Samba of Roda and the Ramlila proclaimed Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Intangible Heritage Lists\". UNESCO Press. Retrieved 2010-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011","url_text":"\"Intangible Heritage Lists\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO","url_text":"UNESCO"}]},{"reference":"\"Criteria and timetable of inscription on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding\". UNESCO Press. Retrieved 2010-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00174","url_text":"\"Criteria and timetable of inscription on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO","url_text":"UNESCO"}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO – Browse the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Register of good safeguarding practices\". ich.unesco.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists","url_text":"\"UNESCO – Browse the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Register of good safeguarding practices\""}]},{"reference":"\"Purpose of the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage and of the Register of Good Safeguarding Practices\". Intangible Heritage. UNESCO.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/purpose-of-the-lists-00807","url_text":"\"Purpose of the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage and of the Register of Good Safeguarding Practices\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nawrouz, Novruz, Nowrouz, Nowrouz, Nawrouz, Nauryz, Nooruz, Nowruz, Navruz, Nevruz, Nowruz, Navruz\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nawrouz-novruz-nowrouz-nowrouz-nawrouz-nauryz-nooruz-nowruz-navruz-nevruz-nowruz-navruz-01161","url_text":"\"Nawrouz, Novruz, Nowrouz, Nowrouz, Nawrouz, Nauryz, Nooruz, Nowruz, Navruz, Nevruz, Nowruz, Navruz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sericulture and traditional production of silk for weaving\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/sericulture-and-traditional-production-of-silk-for-weaving-01890","url_text":"\"Sericulture and traditional production of silk for weaving\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yaldā/Chella\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/yald-chella-01877","url_text":"\"Yaldā/Chella\""}]},{"reference":"\"Albanian folk iso-polyphony\". Intangible Heritage. UNESCO.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/albanian-folk-iso-polyphony-00155","url_text":"\"Albanian folk iso-polyphony\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964","url_text":"\"Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ritual and ceremonies of Sebeïba in the oasis of Djanet, Algeria – intangible heritage – Culture Sector – UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ritual-and-ceremonies-of-sebeiba-in-the-oasis-of-djanet-algeria-00665","url_text":"\"Ritual and ceremonies of Sebeïba in the oasis of Djanet, Algeria – intangible heritage – Culture Sector – UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ahellil of Gourara – intangible heritage – Culture Sector – UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ahellil-of-gourara-00121","url_text":"\"Ahellil of Gourara – intangible heritage – Culture Sector – UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rites and craftsmanship associated with the wedding costume tradition of Tlemcen - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/rites-and-craftsmanship-associated-with-the-wedding-costume-tradition-of-tlemcen-00668","url_text":"\"Rites and craftsmanship associated with the wedding costume tradition of Tlemcen - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual pilgrimage to the mausoleum of Sidi 'Abd el-Qader Ben Mohammed (Sidi Cheikh) - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/annual-pilgrimage-to-the-mausoleum-of-sidi-abd-el-qader-ben-mohammed-sidi-cheikh-00660","url_text":"\"Annual pilgrimage to the mausoleum of Sidi 'Abd el-Qader Ben Mohammed (Sidi Cheikh) - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sbuâ, annual pilgrimage to the zawiya of Sidi El Hadj Belkacem in Gourara - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/sbua-annual-pilgrimage-to-the-zawiya-of-sidi-el-hadj-belkacem-in-gourara-00667","url_text":"\"Sbuâ, annual pilgrimage to the zawiya of Sidi El Hadj Belkacem in Gourara - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Raï, popular folk song of Algeria\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ra-popular-folk-song-of-algeria-01894","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Raï, popular folk song of Algeria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Practices and knowledge linked to the Imzad of the Tuareg communities of Algeria, Mali and Niger - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/practices-and-knowledge-linked-to-the-imzad-of-the-tuareg-communities-of-algeria-mali-and-niger-00891","url_text":"\"Practices and knowledge linked to the Imzad of the Tuareg communities of Algeria, Mali and Niger - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO adds couscous to list of intangible world heritage\". aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera English. December 16, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/16/unesco-adds-couscous-to-list-of-intangible-world-heritage","url_text":"\"UNESCO adds couscous to list of intangible world heritage\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Bear festivities in the Pyrenees\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/bear-festivities-in-the-pyrenees-01846","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Bear festivities in the Pyrenees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Summer solstice fire festivals in the Pyrenees\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/summer-solstice-fire-festivals-in-the-pyrenees-01073","url_text":"\"Summer solstice fire festivals in the Pyrenees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sona, drawings and geometric figures on sand\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/sona-drawings-and-geometric-figures-on-sand-01994","url_text":"\"Sona, drawings and geometric figures on sand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Filete porteño in Buenos Aires, a traditional painting technique\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/filete-porteno-in-buenos-aires-a-traditional-painting-technique-01069","url_text":"\"Filete porteño in Buenos Aires, a traditional painting technique\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chamamé\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chamame-01600#identification","url_text":"\"Chamamé\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tango - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tango-00258","url_text":"\"Tango - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Duduk and its music - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/duduk-and-its-music-00092","url_text":"\"Duduk and its music - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Armenian cross-stones art. Symbolism and craftsmanship of Khachkars - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/armenian-cross-stones-art-symbolism-and-craftsmanship-of-khachkars-00434","url_text":"\"Armenian cross-stones art. Symbolism and craftsmanship of Khachkars - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Performance of the Armenian epic of 'Daredevils of Sassoun' or 'David of Sassoun' - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/performance-of-the-armenian-epic-of-daredevils-of-sassoun-or-david-of-sassoun-00743","url_text":"\"Performance of the Armenian epic of 'Daredevils of Sassoun' or 'David of Sassoun' - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lavash, the preparation, meaning and appearance of traditional bread as an expression of culture in Armenia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/lavash-the-preparation-meaning-and-appearance-of-traditional-bread-as-an-expression-of-culture-in-armenia-00985","url_text":"\"Lavash, the preparation, meaning and appearance of traditional bread as an expression of culture in Armenia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kochari, traditional group dance\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kochari-traditional-group-dance-01295","url_text":"\"Kochari, traditional group dance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Armenian letter art and its cultural expressions\". Retrieved 2019-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/armenian-letter-art-and-its-cultural-expressions-01513","url_text":"\"Armenian letter art and its cultural expressions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tradition of blacksmithing in Gyumri\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tradition-of-blacksmithing-in-gyumri-01967","url_text":"\"Tradition of blacksmithing in Gyumri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pilgrimage to the St. Thaddeus Apostle Monastery\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/pilgrimage-to-the-st-thaddeus-apostle-monastery-01571","url_text":"\"Pilgrimage to the St. Thaddeus Apostle Monastery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schemenlaufen, the carnival of Imst, Austria - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/schemenlaufen-the-carnival-of-imst-austria-00726","url_text":"\"Schemenlaufen, the carnival of Imst, Austria - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Classical horsemanship and the High School of the Spanish Riding School Vienna\". Intangible Heritage. UNESCO.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/classical-horsemanship-and-the-high-school-of-the-spanish-riding-school-vienna-01106","url_text":"\"Classical horsemanship and the High School of the Spanish Riding School Vienna\""}]},{"reference":"\"Falconry, a living human heritage - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/falconry-a-living-human-heritage-01708","url_text":"\"Falconry, a living human heritage - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional irrigation: knowledge, technique, and organization\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-irrigation-knowledge-technique-and-organization-01979","url_text":"\"Traditional irrigation: knowledge, technique, and organization\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lipizzan horse breeding traditions\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/lipizzan-horse-breeding-traditions-01687","url_text":"\"Lipizzan horse breeding traditions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Intangible Heritage: Nine elements inscribed on Representative List\". UNESCO. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.unesco.org/news/intangible-heritage-nine-elements-inscribed-representative-list","url_text":"\"Intangible Heritage: Nine elements inscribed on Representative List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Timber rafting\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/timber-rafting-01866","url_text":"\"Timber rafting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock along migratory routes in the Mediterranean and in the Alps\". Retrieved 2019-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-along-migratory-routes-in-the-mediterranean-and-in-the-alps-01470","url_text":"\"Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock along migratory routes in the Mediterranean and in the Alps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transhumance, the tenth element of intangible heritage inscribed on the UNESCO list\". cnr-unesco.ro. Retrieved 2023-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://cnr-unesco.ro/en/activity/transhumance-the-tenth-element-of-intangible-heritage-inscribed-on-the-unesco-list","url_text":"\"Transhumance, the tenth element of intangible heritage inscribed on the UNESCO list\""}]},{"reference":"\"Avalanche risk management\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/avalanche-risk-management-01380","url_text":"\"Avalanche risk management\""}]},{"reference":"\"Azerbaijani Mugham - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/azerbaijani-mugham-00039","url_text":"\"Azerbaijani Mugham - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art of Azerbaijani Ashiq - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/art-of-azerbaijani-ashiq-00253","url_text":"\"Art of Azerbaijani Ashiq - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional art of Azerbaijani carpet weaving in the Republic of Azerbaijan - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-art-of-azerbaijani-carpet-weaving-in-the-republic-of-azerbaijan-00389","url_text":"\"Traditional art of Azerbaijani carpet weaving in the Republic of Azerbaijan - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Craftsmanship and performance art of the Tar, a long-necked string musical instrument - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/craftsmanship-and-performance-art-of-the-tar-a-long-necked-string-musical-instrument-00671","url_text":"\"Craftsmanship and performance art of the Tar, a long-necked string musical instrument - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional art and symbolism of Kelaghayi, making and wearing women's silk headscarves - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-art-and-symbolism-of-kelaghayi-making-and-wearing-womens-silk-headscarves-00669","url_text":"\"Traditional art and symbolism of Kelaghayi, making and wearing women's silk headscarves - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Copper craftsmanship of Lahij - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/copper-craftsmanship-of-lahij-00675","url_text":"\"Copper craftsmanship of Lahij - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dolma making and sharing tradition, a marker of cultural identity - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/dolma-making-and-sharing-tradition-a-marker-of-cultural-identity-01188","url_text":"\"Dolma making and sharing tradition, a marker of cultural identity - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nar Bayrami, traditional pomegranate festivity and culture\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nar-bayrami-traditional-pomegranate-festivity-and-culture-01511","url_text":"\"Nar Bayrami, traditional pomegranate festivity and culture\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Pehlevanliq culture: traditional zorkhana games, sports and wrestling\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/pehlevanliq-culture-traditional-zorkhana-games-sports-and-wrestling-01703","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Pehlevanliq culture: traditional zorkhana games, sports and wrestling\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art of crafting and playing with Kamantcheh/Kamancha, a bowed string musical instrument\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/art-of-crafting-and-playing-with-kamantcheh-kamancha-a-bowed-string-musical-instrument-01286","url_text":"\"Art of crafting and playing with Kamantcheh/Kamancha, a bowed string musical instrument\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art of illumination: Təzhib/Tazhib/Zarhalkori/Tezhip/Naqqoshlik\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/art-of-illumination-tzhib-tazhib-zarhalkori-tezhip-naqqoshlik-01981","url_text":"\"Art of illumination: Təzhib/Tazhib/Zarhalkori/Tezhip/Naqqoshlik\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art of Miniature\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/art-of-miniature-01598","url_text":"\"Art of Miniature\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iftar/Eftari/Iftar/Iftor and its socio-cultural traditions\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/iftar-eftari-iftar-iftor-and-its-socio-cultural-traditions-01984","url_text":"\"Iftar/Eftari/Iftar/Iftor and its socio-cultural traditions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flatbread making and sharing culture: Lavash, Katyrma, Jupka, Yufka\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/flatbread-making-and-sharing-culture-lavash-katyrma-jupka-yufka-01181","url_text":"\"Flatbread making and sharing culture: Lavash, Katyrma, Jupka, Yufka\""}]},{"reference":"\"Telling tradition of Nasreddin Hodja/ Molla Nesreddin/ Molla Ependi/ Apendi/ Afendi Kozhanasyr Anecdotes\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/telling-tradition-of-nasreddin-hodja-molla-nesreddin-molla-ependi-apendi-afendi-kozhanasyr-anecdotes-01705","url_text":"\"Telling tradition of Nasreddin Hodja/ Molla Nesreddin/ Molla Ependi/ Apendi/ Afendi Kozhanasyr Anecdotes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heritage of Dede Qorqud/Korkyt Ata/Dede Korkut, epic culture, folk tales and music\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/heritage-of-dede-qorqud-korkyt-ata-dede-korkut-epic-culture-folk-tales-and-music-01399","url_text":"\"Heritage of Dede Qorqud/Korkyt Ata/Dede Korkut, epic culture, folk tales and music\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Culture of Çay (tea), a symbol of identity, hospitality and social interaction\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/culture-of-ay-tea-a-symbol-of-identity-hospitality-and-social-interaction-01685","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Culture of Çay (tea), a symbol of identity, hospitality and social interaction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Craftsmanship and performing art of balaban/mey\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/craftsmanship-and-performing-art-of-balaban-mey-01704","url_text":"\"Craftsmanship and performing art of balaban/mey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Craftsmanship of mother of pearl inlay\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/craftsmanship-of-mother-of-pearl-inlay-01874","url_text":"\"Craftsmanship of mother of pearl inlay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Junkanoo\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/junkanoo-01988","url_text":"\"Junkanoo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fjiri\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/fjiri-01747","url_text":"\"Fjiri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Date palm, knowledge, skills, traditions and practices\". Retrieved 2019-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/date-palm-knowledge-skills-traditions-and-practices-01509","url_text":"\"Date palm, knowledge, skills, traditions and practices\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Date palm, knowledge, skills, traditions and practices\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/date-palm-knowledge-skills-traditions-and-practices-01902","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Date palm, knowledge, skills, traditions and practices\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baul songs - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/baul-songs-00107","url_text":"\"Baul songs - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional art of Jamdani weaving - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-art-of-jamdani-weaving-00879","url_text":"\"Traditional art of Jamdani weaving - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mangal Shobhajatra on Pahela Baishakh - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mangal-shobhajatra-on-pahela-baishakh-01091","url_text":"\"Mangal Shobhajatra on Pahela Baishakh - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional art of Shital Pati weaving of Sylhet\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-art-of-shital-pati-weaving-of-sylhet-01112","url_text":"\"Traditional art of Shital Pati weaving of Sylhet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rickshaws and rickshaw painting in Dhaka\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2023-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/rickshaws-and-rickshaw-painting-in-dhaka-01589","url_text":"\"Rickshaws and rickshaw painting in Dhaka\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celebration in honor of the Budslaŭ icon of Our Lady (Budslaŭ fest)\". ЮНЕСКА. 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/celebration-in-honor-of-the-budslau-icon-of-our-lady-budslau-fest-01387","url_text":"\"Celebration in honor of the Budslaŭ icon of Our Lady (Budslaŭ fest)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Straw weaving in Belarus, art, craft and skills\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2022-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/straw-weaving-in-belarus-art-craft-and-skills-01889","url_text":"\"Straw weaving in Belarus, art, craft and skills\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tree beekeeping culture\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tree-beekeeping-culture-01573","url_text":"\"Tree beekeeping culture\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carnival of Binche - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/carnival-of-binche-00033","url_text":"\"Carnival of Binche - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Procession of the Holy Blood in Bruges - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/procession-of-the-holy-blood-in-bruges-00263","url_text":"\"Procession of the Holy Blood in Bruges - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Houtem Jaarmarkt, annual winter fair and livestock market at Sint-Lievens-Houtem - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/houtem-jaarmarkt-annual-winter-fair-and-livestock-market-at-sint-lievens-houtem-00403","url_text":"\"Houtem Jaarmarkt, annual winter fair and livestock market at Sint-Lievens-Houtem - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Krakelingen and Tonnekensbrand, end-of-winter bread and fire feast at Geraardsbergen - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/krakelingen-and-tonnekensbrand-end-of-winter-bread-and-fire-feast-at-geraardsbergen-00401","url_text":"\"Krakelingen and Tonnekensbrand, end-of-winter bread and fire feast at Geraardsbergen - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leuven age set ritual repertoire - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/leuven-age-set-ritual-repertoire-00404","url_text":"\"Leuven age set ritual repertoire - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marches of Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/marches-of-entre-sambre-et-meuse-00670","url_text":"\"Marches of Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shrimp fishing on horseback in Oostduinkerke - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/shrimp-fishing-on-horseback-in-oostduinkerke-00673","url_text":"\"Shrimp fishing on horseback in Oostduinkerke - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beer culture in Belgium\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/beer-culture-in-belgium-01062","url_text":"\"Beer culture in Belgium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ommegang of Brussels, an annual historical procession and popular festival\". Retrieved 2019-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ommegang-of-brussels-an-annual-historical-procession-and-popular-festival-01366","url_text":"\"Ommegang of Brussels, an annual historical procession and popular festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Namur stilt jousting\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/namur-stilt-jousting-01590","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Namur stilt jousting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Processional giants and dragons in Belgium and France - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/processional-giants-and-dragons-in-belgium-and-france-00153","url_text":"\"Processional giants and dragons in Belgium and France - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Musical art of horn players, an instrumental technique linked to singing, breath control, vibrato, resonance of place and conviviality\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/musical-art-of-horn-players-an-instrumental-technique-linked-to-singing-breath-control-vibrato-resonance-of-place-and-conviviality-01581","url_text":"\"Musical art of horn players, an instrumental technique linked to singing, breath control, vibrato, resonance of place and conviviality\""}]},{"reference":"\"Language, dance and music of the Garifuna - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/language-dance-and-music-of-the-garifuna-00001","url_text":"\"Language, dance and music of the Garifuna - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oral heritage of Gelede - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/oral-heritage-of-gelede-00002","url_text":"\"Oral heritage of Gelede - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mask dance of the drums from Drametse - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mask-dance-of-the-drums-from-drametse-00161","url_text":"\"Mask dance of the drums from Drametse - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andean cosmovision of the Kallawaya - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/andean-cosmovision-of-the-kallawaya-00048","url_text":"\"Andean cosmovision of the Kallawaya - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carnival of Oruro - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/carnival-of-oruro-00003","url_text":"\"Carnival of Oruro - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ichapekene Piesta, the biggest festival of San Ignacio de Moxos - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ichapekene-piesta-the-biggest-festival-of-san-ignacio-de-moxos-00627","url_text":"\"Ichapekene Piesta, the biggest festival of San Ignacio de Moxos - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pujllay and Ayarichi, music and dances of the Yampara culture - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/pujllay-and-ayarichi-music-and-dances-of-the-yampara-culture-00630","url_text":"\"Pujllay and Ayarichi, music and dances of the Yampara culture - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ritual journeys in La Paz during Alasita\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ritual-journeys-in-la-paz-during-alasita-01182","url_text":"\"Ritual journeys in La Paz during Alasita\""}]},{"reference":"\"The festival of the Santísima Trinidad del Señor Jesús del Gran Poder in the city of La Paz\". Retrieved 2019-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/the-festival-of-the-santisima-trinidad-del-senor-jesus-del-gran-poder-in-the-city-of-la-paz-01389","url_text":"\"The festival of the Santísima Trinidad del Señor Jesús del Gran Poder in the city of La Paz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grand Festival of Tarija\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/grand-festival-of-tarija-01477","url_text":"\"Grand Festival of Tarija\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ch'utillos, the Festival of San Bartolomé and San Ignacio de Loyola, the meeting of cultures in Potosí\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ch-utillos-the-festival-of-san-bartolome-and-san-ignacio-de-loyola-the-meeting-of-cultures-in-potosi-01958","url_text":"\"Ch'utillos, the Festival of San Bartolomé and San Ignacio de Loyola, the meeting of cultures in Potosí\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zmijanje embroidery - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/zmijanje-embroidery-00990","url_text":"\"Zmijanje embroidery - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Konjic woodcarving\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/konjic-woodcarving-01288","url_text":"\"Konjic woodcarving\""}]},{"reference":"\"Picking of iva grass on Ozren mountain\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/picking-of-iva-grass-on-ozren-mountain-01289","url_text":"\"Picking of iva grass on Ozren mountain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grass mowing competition custom in Kupres\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/grass-mowing-competition-custom-in-kupres-01512","url_text":"\"Grass mowing competition custom in Kupres\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oral and graphic expressions of the Wajapi - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/oral-and-graphic-expressions-of-the-wajapi-00049","url_text":"\"Oral and graphic expressions of the Wajapi - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samba de Roda of the Recôncavo of Bahia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/samba-de-roda-of-the-reconcavo-of-bahia-00101","url_text":"\"Samba de Roda of the Recôncavo of Bahia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frevo, performing arts of the Carnival of Recife - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/frevo-performing-arts-of-the-carnival-of-recife-00603","url_text":"\"Frevo, performing arts of the Carnival of Recife - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Círio de Nazaré (The Taper of Our Lady of Nazareth) in the city of Belém, Pará - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/cirio-de-nazare-the-taper-of-our-lady-of-nazareth-in-the-city-of-belem-para-00602","url_text":"\"Círio de Nazaré (The Taper of Our Lady of Nazareth) in the city of Belém, Pará - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capoeira circle - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/capoeira-circle-00892","url_text":"\"Capoeira circle - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cultural Complex of Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão\". Retrieved 2019-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/cultural-complex-of-bumba-meu-boi-from-maranhao-01510","url_text":"\"Cultural Complex of Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bistritsa Babi, archaic polyphony, dances and rituals from the Shoplouk region - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/bistritsa-babi-archaic-polyphony-dances-and-rituals-from-the-shoplouk-region-00095","url_text":"\"Bistritsa Babi, archaic polyphony, dances and rituals from the Shoplouk region - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nestinarstvo, messages from the past: the Panagyr of Saints Constantine and Helena in the village of Bulgari - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nestinarstvo-messages-from-the-past-the-panagyr-of-saints-constantine-and-helena-in-the-village-of-bulgari-00191","url_text":"\"Nestinarstvo, messages from the past: the Panagyr of Saints Constantine and Helena in the village of Bulgari - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"The tradition of carpet-making in Chiprovtsi - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/the-tradition-of-carpet-making-in-chiprovtsi-00965","url_text":"\"The tradition of carpet-making in Chiprovtsi - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Surva folk feast in Pernik region - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/surova-folk-feast-in-pernik-region-00968","url_text":"\"Surva folk feast in Pernik region - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Visoko multipart singing from Dolen and Satovcha, South-western Bulgaria\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/visoko-multipart-singing-from-dolen-and-satovcha-south-western-bulgaria-00967","url_text":"\"Visoko multipart singing from Dolen and Satovcha, South-western Bulgaria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cultural practices associated to the 1st of March\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/cultural-practices-associated-to-the-1st-of-march-01287","url_text":"\"Cultural practices associated to the 1st of March\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cultural practices and expressions linked to the balafon of the Senufo communities of Mali, Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/cultural-practices-and-expressions-linked-to-the-balafon-of-the-senufo-communities-of-mali-burkina-faso-and-cote-d-ivoire-00849","url_text":"\"Cultural practices and expressions linked to the balafon of the Senufo communities of Mali, Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ritual dance of the royal drum\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ritual-dance-of-the-royal-drum-00989","url_text":"\"Ritual dance of the royal drum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morna, musical practice of Cabo Verde\". Retrieved 2019-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/morna-musical-practice-of-cabo-verde-01469","url_text":"\"Morna, musical practice of Cabo Verde\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal ballet of Cambodia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/royal-ballet-of-cambodia-00060","url_text":"\"Royal ballet of Cambodia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sbek Thom, Khmer shadow theatre - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/sbek-thom-khmer-shadow-theatre-00108","url_text":"\"Sbek Thom, Khmer shadow theatre - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kun Lbokator, traditional martial arts in Cambodia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kun-lbokator-traditional-martial-arts-in-cambodia-01868","url_text":"\"Kun Lbokator, traditional martial arts in Cambodia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tugging rituals and games - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tugging-rituals-and-games-01080","url_text":"\"Tugging rituals and games - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nguon, rituals of governance and associated expressions in the Bamoun community\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nguon-rituals-of-governance-and-associated-expressions-in-the-bamoun-community-01955","url_text":"\"Nguon, rituals of governance and associated expressions in the Bamoun community\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polyphonic singing of the Aka Pygmies of Central Africa - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/polyphonic-singing-of-the-aka-pygmies-of-central-africa-00082","url_text":"\"Polyphonic singing of the Aka Pygmies of Central Africa - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baile Chino\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/baile-chino-00988","url_text":"\"Baile Chino\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kun Qu opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kun-qu-opera-00004","url_text":"\"Kun Qu opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guqin and its music - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/guqin-and-its-music-00061","url_text":"\"Guqin and its music - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uyghur Muqam of Xinjiang - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/uyghur-muqam-of-xinjiang-00109","url_text":"\"Uyghur Muqam of Xinjiang - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art of Chinese seal engraving - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/art-of-chinese-seal-engraving-00217","url_text":"\"Art of Chinese seal engraving - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"China engraved block printing technique - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/china-engraved-block-printing-technique-00229","url_text":"\"China engraved block printing technique - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese calligraphy - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chinese-calligraphy-00216","url_text":"\"Chinese calligraphy - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese paper-cut - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chinese-paper-cut-00219","url_text":"\"Chinese paper-cut - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese traditional architectural craftsmanship for timber-framed structures - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chinese-traditional-architectural-craftsmanship-for-timber-framed-structures-00223","url_text":"\"Chinese traditional architectural craftsmanship for timber-framed structures - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Craftsmanship of Nanjing Yunjin brocade - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/craftsmanship-of-nanjing-yunjin-brocade-00200","url_text":"\"Craftsmanship of Nanjing Yunjin brocade - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Boat festival - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/dragon-boat-festival-00225","url_text":"\"Dragon Boat festival - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Farmers' dance of China's Korean ethnic group - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/farmers-dance-of-chinas-korean-ethnic-group-00213","url_text":"\"Farmers' dance of China's Korean ethnic group - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gesar epic tradition - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/gesar-epic-tradition-00204","url_text":"\"Gesar epic tradition - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grand song of the Dong ethnic group - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/grand-song-of-the-dong-ethnic-group-00202","url_text":"\"Grand song of the Dong ethnic group - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hua'er - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/huaer-00211","url_text":"\"Hua'er - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manas - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/manas-00209","url_text":"\"Manas - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mazu belief and customs - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mazu-belief-and-customs-00227","url_text":"\"Mazu belief and customs - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nanyin - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nanyin-00199","url_text":"\"Nanyin - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regong arts - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/regong-arts-00207","url_text":"\"Regong arts - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sericulture and silk craftsmanship of China - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/sericulture-and-silk-craftsmanship-of-china-00197","url_text":"\"Sericulture and silk craftsmanship of China - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tibetan opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tibetan-opera-00208","url_text":"\"Tibetan opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional firing technology of Longquan celadon - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-firing-technology-of-longquan-celadon-00205","url_text":"\"Traditional firing technology of Longquan celadon - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional handicrafts of making Xuan paper - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-handicrafts-of-making-xuan-paper-00201","url_text":"\"Traditional handicrafts of making Xuan paper - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Xi'an wind and percussion ensemble - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/xian-wind-and-percussion-ensemble-00212","url_text":"\"Xi'an wind and percussion ensemble - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yueju opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/yueju-opera-00203","url_text":"\"Yueju opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/acupuncture-and-moxibustion-of-traditional-chinese-medicine-00425","url_text":"\"Acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peking opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/peking-opera-00418","url_text":"\"Peking opera - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese shadow puppetry - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chinese-shadow-puppetry-00421","url_text":"\"Chinese shadow puppetry - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese Zhusuan, knowledge and practices of mathematical calculation through the abacus - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chinese-zhusuan-knowledge-and-practices-of-mathematical-calculation-through-the-abacus-00853","url_text":"\"Chinese Zhusuan, knowledge and practices of mathematical calculation through the abacus - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Twenty-Four Solar Terms, knowledge of time and practices developed in China through observation of the sun's annual motion - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/the-twenty-four-solar-terms-knowledge-of-time-and-practices-developed-in-china-through-observation-of-the-suns-annual-motion-00647","url_text":"\"The Twenty-Four Solar Terms, knowledge of time and practices developed in China through observation of the sun's annual motion - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lum medicinal bathing of Sowa Rigpa, knowledge and practices concerning life, health and illness prevention and treatment among the Tibetan people in China\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/lum-medicinal-bathing-of-sowa-rigpa-knowledge-and-practices-concerning-life-health-and-illness-prevention-and-treatment-among-the-tibetan-people-in-china-01386","url_text":"\"Lum medicinal bathing of Sowa Rigpa, knowledge and practices concerning life, health and illness prevention and treatment among the Tibetan people in China\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taijiquan\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/taijiquan-00424","url_text":"\"Taijiquan\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Traditional tea processing techniques and associated social practices in China\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-tea-processing-techniques-and-associated-social-practices-in-china-01884","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Traditional tea processing techniques and associated social practices in China\""}]},{"reference":"\"Urtiin Duu, traditional folk long song - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/urtiin-duu-traditional-folk-long-song-00115","url_text":"\"Urtiin Duu, traditional folk long song - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ong Chun/Wangchuan/Wangkang ceremony, rituals and related practices for maintaining the sustainable connection between man and the ocean\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ong-chun-wangchuan-wangkang-ceremony-rituals-and-related-practices-for-maintaining-the-sustainable-connection-between-man-and-the-ocean-01608","url_text":"\"Ong Chun/Wangchuan/Wangkang ceremony, rituals and related practices for maintaining the sustainable connection between man and the ocean\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carnival of Barranquilla\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/carnival-of-barranquilla-00051?RL=00051","url_text":"\"Carnival of Barranquilla\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cultural space of Palenque de San Basilio\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/cultural-space-of-palenque-de-san-basilio-00102?RL=00102","url_text":"\"Cultural space of Palenque de San Basilio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carnaval de Negros y Blancos\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/carnaval-de-negros-y-blancos-00287","url_text":"\"Carnaval de Negros y Blancos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holy Week processions in Popayán\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/holy-week-processions-in-popayan-00259","url_text":"\"Holy Week processions in Popayán\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wayuu normative system, applied by the Pütchipü'üi (palabrero)\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/wayuu-normative-system-applied-by-the-putchipuui-palabrero-00435?RL=00435","url_text":"\"Wayuu normative system, applied by the Pütchipü'üi (palabrero)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional knowledge of the jaguar shamans of Yuruparí\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-knowledge-of-the-jaguar-shamans-of-yurupari-00574","url_text":"\"Traditional knowledge of the jaguar shamans of Yuruparí\""}]},{"reference":"\"Festival of Saint Francis of Assisi, Quibdó\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/festival-of-saint-francis-of-assisi-quibdo-00640","url_text":"\"Festival of Saint Francis of Assisi, Quibdó\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Ancestral system of knowledge of the four indigenous peoples, Arhuaco, Kankuamo, Kogui and Wiwa of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ancestral-system-of-knowledge-of-the-four-indigenous-peoples-arhuaco-kankuamo-kogui-and-wiwa-of-the-sierra-nevada-de-santa-marta-01886","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Ancestral system of knowledge of the four indigenous peoples, Arhuaco, Kankuamo, Kogui and Wiwa of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Midwifery: knowledge, skills and practices\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/midwifery-knowledge-skills-and-practices-01968","url_text":"\"Midwifery: knowledge, skills and practices\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marimba music, traditional chants and dances from the Colombia South Pacific region and Esmeraldas Province of Ecuador\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/marimba-music-traditional-chants-and-dances-from-the-colombia-south-pacific-region-and-esmeraldas-province-of-ecuador-01099","url_text":"\"Marimba music, traditional chants and dances from the Colombia South Pacific region and Esmeraldas Province of Ecuador\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oxherding and oxcart traditions in Costa Rica - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/oxherding-and-oxcart-traditions-in-costa-rica-00103","url_text":"\"Oxherding and oxcart traditions in Costa Rica - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gbofe of Afounkaha, the music of the transverse trumps of the Tagbana community - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/gbofe-of-afounkaha-the-music-of-the-transverse-trumps-of-the-tagbana-community-00005","url_text":"\"Gbofe of Afounkaha, the music of the transverse trumps of the Tagbana community - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zaouli, popular music and dance of the Guro communities in Côte d'Ivoire\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/zaouli-popular-music-and-dance-of-the-guro-communities-in-cote-divoire-01255","url_text":"\"Zaouli, popular music and dance of the Guro communities in Côte d'Ivoire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional skills of loincloth weaving in Côte d'Ivoire\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-skills-of-loincloth-weaving-in-cote-d-ivoire-01949","url_text":"\"Traditional skills of loincloth weaving in Côte d'Ivoire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual carnival bell ringers' pageant from the Kastav area - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/annual-carnival-bell-ringers-pageant-from-the-kastav-area-00243","url_text":"\"Annual carnival bell ringers' pageant from the Kastav area - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Festivity of Saint Blaise, the patron of Dubrovnik - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/festivity-of-saint-blaise-the-patron-of-dubrovnik-00232","url_text":"\"Festivity of Saint Blaise, the patron of Dubrovnik - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lacemaking in Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/lacemaking-in-croatia-00245","url_text":"\"Lacemaking in Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Procession Za Krizen ('following the cross') on the island of Hvar - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/procession-za-krizen-following-the-cross-on-the-island-of-hvar-00242","url_text":"\"Procession Za Krizen ('following the cross') on the island of Hvar - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spring procession of Ljelje/Kraljice (queens) from Gorjani - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/spring-procession-of-ljelje-kraljice-queens-from-gorjani-00235","url_text":"\"Spring procession of Ljelje/Kraljice (queens) from Gorjani - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional manufacturing of children's wooden toys in Hrvatsko Zagorje - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-manufacturing-of-childrens-wooden-toys-in-hrvatsko-zagorje-00233","url_text":"\"Traditional manufacturing of children's wooden toys in Hrvatsko Zagorje - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two-part singing and playing in the Istrian scale - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/two-part-singing-and-playing-in-the-istrian-scale-00231","url_text":"\"Two-part singing and playing in the Istrian scale - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gingerbread craft from Northern Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/gingerbread-craft-from-northern-croatia-00356","url_text":"\"Gingerbread craft from Northern Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sinjska Alka, a knights' tournament in Sinj - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/sinjska-alka-a-knights-tournament-in-sinj-00357","url_text":"\"Sinjska Alka, a knights' tournament in Sinj - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bećarac singing and playing from Eastern Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/becarac-singing-and-playing-from-eastern-croatia-00358","url_text":"\"Bećarac singing and playing from Eastern Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nijemo Kolo, silent circle dance of the Dalmatian hinterland - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nijemo-kolo-silent-circle-dance-of-the-dalmatian-hinterland-00359","url_text":"\"Nijemo Kolo, silent circle dance of the Dalmatian hinterland - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Klapa multipart singing of Dalmatia, southern Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/klapa-multipart-singing-of-dalmatia-southern-croatia-00746","url_text":"\"Klapa multipart singing of Dalmatia, southern Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Međimurska popevka, a folksong from Međimurje\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/meimurska-popevka-a-folksong-from-meimurje-013963","url_text":"\"Međimurska popevka, a folksong from Međimurje\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Festivity of Saint Tryphon and the Kolo (chain dance) of Saint Tryphon, traditions of Croats from Boka Kotorska (Bay of Kotor) who live in the Republic of Croatia\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/festivity-of-saint-tryphon-and-the-kolo-chain-dance-of-saint-tryphon-traditions-of-croats-from-boka-kotorska-bay-of-kotor-who-live-in-the-republic-of-croatia-01891","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Festivity of Saint Tryphon and the Kolo (chain dance) of Saint Tryphon, traditions of Croats from Boka Kotorska (Bay of Kotor) who live in the Republic of Croatia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art of dry stone walling, knowledge and techniques\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/art-of-dry-stone-walling-knowledge-and-techniques-01393","url_text":"\"Art of dry stone walling, knowledge and techniques\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mediterranean Diet\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mediterranean-diet-00884","url_text":"\"Mediterranean Diet\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Tumba Francesa - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/la-tumba-francesa-00052","url_text":"\"La Tumba Francesa - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rumba in Cuba, a festive combination of music and dances and all the practices associated\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/rumba-in-cuba-a-festive-combination-of-music-and-dances-and-all-the-practices-associated-01185","url_text":"\"Rumba in Cuba, a festive combination of music and dances and all the practices associated\""}]},{"reference":"\"Punto\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/punto-01297","url_text":"\"Punto\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Festivity of Las Parrandas in the centre of Cuba\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/festivity-of-las-parrandas-in-the-centre-of-cuba-01405","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Festivity of Las Parrandas in the centre of Cuba\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Knowledge of the light rum masters\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/knowledge-of-the-light-rum-masters-01724","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Knowledge of the light rum masters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bolero: identity, emotion and poetry turned into song\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/bolero-identity-emotion-and-poetry-turned-into-song-01990","url_text":"\"Bolero: identity, emotion and poetry turned into song\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lefkara laces or Lefkaritika - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18. Lefkara laces or Lefkaritika","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/lefkara-laces-or-lefkaritika-00255","url_text":"\"Lefkara laces or Lefkaritika - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tsiattista poetic duelling - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tsiattista-poetic-duelling-00536","url_text":"\"Tsiattista poetic duelling - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Byzantine chant\". Retrieved 2019-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/byzantine-chant-01508","url_text":"\"Byzantine chant\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slovácko Verbuňk, recruit dances - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/slovacko-verbunk-recruit-dances-00147","url_text":"\"Slovácko Verbuňk, recruit dances - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shrovetide door-to-door processions and masks in the villages of the Hlinecko area - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/shrovetide-door-to-door-processions-and-masks-in-the-villages-of-the-hlinecko-area-00397","url_text":"\"Shrovetide door-to-door processions and masks in the villages of the Hlinecko area - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ride of the Kings in the south-east of the Czech Republic - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ride-of-the-kings-in-the-south-east-of-the-czech-republic-00564","url_text":"\"Ride of the Kings in the south-east of the Czech Republic - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Handmade production of Christmas tree decorations from blown glass beads\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/handmade-production-of-christmas-tree-decorations-from-blown-glass-beads-01559#identification","url_text":"\"Handmade production of Christmas tree decorations from blown glass beads\""}]},{"reference":"\"Knowledge, craft and skills of handmade glass production\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/knowledge-craft-and-skills-of-handmade-glass-production-01961","url_text":"\"Knowledge, craft and skills of handmade glass production\""}]},{"reference":"\"Puppetry in Slovakia and Czechia\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/puppetry-in-slovakia-and-czechia-01202","url_text":"\"Puppetry in Slovakia and Czechia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Congolese rumba\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/congolese-rumba-01711","url_text":"\"Congolese rumba\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inuit drum dancing and singing\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/inuit-drum-dancing-and-singing-01696","url_text":"\"Inuit drum dancing and singing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nordic clinker boat traditions\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nordic-clinker-boat-traditions-01686","url_text":"\"Nordic clinker boat traditions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cultural Space of the Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/cultural-space-of-the-brotherhood-of-the-holy-spirit-of-the-congos-of-villa-mella-00006","url_text":"\"Cultural Space of the Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cocolo Dance Drama Tradition\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/cocolo-dance-drama-tradition-00104","url_text":"\"Cocolo Dance Drama Tradition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music and dance of the merengue in the Dominican Republic\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/music-and-dance-of-the-merengue-in-the-dominican-republic-01162","url_text":"\"Music and dance of the merengue in the Dominican Republic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music and dance of Dominican Bachata\". Retrieved 2019-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/music-and-dance-of-dominican-bachata-01514","url_text":"\"Music and dance of Dominican Bachata\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional weaving of the Ecuadorian toquilla straw hat\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-weaving-of-the-ecuadorian-toquilla-straw-hat-00729","url_text":"\"Traditional weaving of the Ecuadorian toquilla straw hat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pasillo, song and poetry\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/pasillo-song-and-poetry-01702","url_text":"\"Pasillo, song and poetry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oral heritage and cultural manifestations of the Zápara people\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/oral-heritage-and-cultural-manifestations-of-the-zapara-people-00007","url_text":"\"Oral heritage and cultural manifestations of the Zápara people\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Al-Sirah Al-Hilaliyyah Epic\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/al-sirah-al-hilaliyyah-epic-00075","url_text":"\"The Al-Sirah Al-Hilaliyyah Epic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tahteeb, stick game\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tahteeb-stick-game-01189","url_text":"\"Tahteeb, stick game\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Festivals related to the Journey of the Holy family in Egypt\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/festivals-related-to-the-journey-of-the-holy-family-in-egypt-01700","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Festivals related to the Journey of the Holy family in Egypt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kihnu cultural space\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kihnu-cultural-space-00042","url_text":"\"Kihnu cultural space\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seto Leelo, Seto polyphonic singing tradition\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/seto-leelo-seto-polyphonic-singing-tradition-00173","url_text":"\"Seto Leelo, Seto polyphonic singing tradition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smoke sauna tradition in Võromaa\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/smoke-sauna-tradition-in-voromaa-00951","url_text":"\"Smoke sauna tradition in Võromaa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baltic song and dance celebrations\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/baltic-song-and-dance-celebrations-00087","url_text":"\"Baltic song and dance celebrations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commemoration feast of the finding of the True Holy Cross of Christ\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/commemoration-feast-of-the-finding-of-the-true-holy-cross-of-christ-00858","url_text":"\"Commemoration feast of the finding of the True Holy Cross of Christ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fichee-Chambalaalla, New Year festival of the Sidama people\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/fichee-chambalaalla-new-year-festival-of-the-sidama-people-01054","url_text":"\"Fichee-Chambalaalla, New Year festival of the Sidama people\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the Oromo\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/gada-system-an-indigenous-democratic-socio-political-system-of-the-oromo-01164","url_text":"\"Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the Oromo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ethiopian epiphany\". Intangible Heritage. UNESCO.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ethiopian-epiphany-01491","url_text":"\"Ethiopian epiphany\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shuwalid festival\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/shuwalid-festival-01845","url_text":"\"Shuwalid festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sauna culture in Finland\". UNESCO. Retrieved 2020-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/sauna-culture-in-finland-01596","url_text":"\"Sauna culture in Finland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kaustinen fiddle playing and related practices and expressions\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kaustinen-fiddle-playing-and-related-practices-and-expressions-01683","url_text":"\"Kaustinen fiddle playing and related practices and expressions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aubusson tapestry\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/aubusson-tapestry-00250","url_text":"\"Aubusson tapestry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maloya\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/maloya-00249","url_text":"\"Maloya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scribing tradition in French timber framing\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/scribing-tradition-in-french-timber-framing-00251","url_text":"\"Scribing tradition in French timber framing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Compagnonnage, network for on-the-job transmission of knowledge and identities\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/compagnonnage-network-for-on-the-job-transmission-of-knowledge-and-identities-00441","url_text":"\"Compagnonnage, network for on-the-job transmission of knowledge and identities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Craftsmanship of Alençon needle lace-making\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/craftsmanship-of-alencon-needle-lace-making-00438","url_text":"\"Craftsmanship of Alençon needle lace-making\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gastronomic meal of the French\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/gastronomic-meal-of-the-french-00437","url_text":"\"Gastronomic meal of the French\""}]},{"reference":"\"Equitation in the French tradition\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/equitation-in-the-french-tradition-00440","url_text":"\"Equitation in the French tradition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fest-Noz, festive gathering based on the collective practice of traditional dances of Brittany\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2011-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/fest-noz-festive-gathering-based-on-the-collective-practice-of-traditional-dances-of-brittany-00707","url_text":"\"Fest-Noz, festive gathering based on the collective practice of traditional dances of Brittany\""}]},{"reference":"\"Limousin septennial ostensions\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/limousin-septennial-ostensions-00885","url_text":"\"Limousin septennial ostensions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gwoka: music, song, dance and cultural practice representative of Guadeloupean identity\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/gwoka-music-song-dance-and-cultural-practice-representative-of-guadeloupean-identity-00991","url_text":"\"Gwoka: music, song, dance and cultural practice representative of Guadeloupean identity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carnival of Granville\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/carnival-of-granville-01077","url_text":"\"Carnival of Granville\""}]},{"reference":"\"The skills related to perfume in Pays de Grasse: the cultivation of perfume plants, the knowledge and processing of natural raw materials, and the art of perfume composition\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/the-skills-related-to-perfume-in-pays-de-grasse-the-cultivation-of-perfume-plants-the-knowledge-and-processing-of-natural-raw-materials-and-the-art-of-perfume-composition-01207","url_text":"\"The skills related to perfume in Pays de Grasse: the cultivation of perfume plants, the knowledge and processing of natural raw materials, and the art of perfume composition\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Artisanal know-how and culture of baguette bread\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/artisanal-know-how-and-culture-of-baguette-bread-01883","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Artisanal know-how and culture of baguette bread\""}]},{"reference":"\"The art of glass beads\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/the-art-of-glass-beads-01591","url_text":"\"The art of glass beads\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alpinism\". 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Retrieved 2015-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ancient-georgian-traditional-qvevri-wine-making-method-00870","url_text":"\"Ancient Georgian traditional Qvevri wine-making method\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chidaoba, wrestling in Georgia\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chidaoba-wrestling-in-georgia-01371","url_text":"\"Chidaoba, wrestling in Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Living culture of three writing systems of the Georgian alphabet\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/living-culture-of-three-writing-systems-of-the-georgian-alphabet-01205","url_text":"\"Living culture of three writing systems of the Georgian alphabet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Idea and practice of organizing shared interests in cooperatives\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/idea-and-practice-of-organizing-shared-interests-in-cooperatives-01200","url_text":"\"Idea and practice of organizing shared interests in cooperatives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Organ craftsmanship and music\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/organ-craftsmanship-and-music-01277","url_text":"\"Organ craftsmanship and music\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - The practice of Modern Dance in Germany\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/the-practice-of-modern-dance-in-germany-01858","url_text":"\"UNESCO - The practice of Modern Dance in Germany\""}]},{"reference":"\"Know-how of cultivating mastic on the island of Chios\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/know-how-of-cultivating-mastic-on-the-island-of-chios-00993","url_text":"\"Know-how of cultivating mastic on the island of Chios\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tinian marble craftsmanship\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tinian-marble-craftsmanship-01103","url_text":"\"Tinian marble craftsmanship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Momoeria, New Year's celebration in eight villages of Kozani area, West Macedonia, Greece\". Retrieved 2017-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/momoeria-new-year-s-celebration-in-eight-villages-of-kozani-area-west-macedonia-greece-01184","url_text":"\"Momoeria, New Year's celebration in eight villages of Kozani area, West Macedonia, Greece\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rebetiko\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/rebetiko-01291","url_text":"\"Rebetiko\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - August 15th (Dekapentavgoustos) festivities in two Highland Communities of Northern Greece: Tranos Choros (Grand Dance) in Vlasti and Syrrako Festival\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/august-15th-dekapentavgoustos-festivities-in-two-highland-communities-of-northern-greece-tranos-choros-grand-dance-in-vlasti-and-syrrako-festival-01726","url_text":"\"UNESCO - August 15th (Dekapentavgoustos) festivities in two Highland Communities of Northern Greece: Tranos Choros (Grand Dance) in Vlasti and Syrrako Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional wooden boatbuilding in Carriacou and Petite Martinique\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-wooden-boatbuilding-in-carriacou-and-petite-martinique-01893","url_text":"\"Traditional wooden boatbuilding in Carriacou and Petite Martinique\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rabinal Achí dance drama tradition\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/rabinal-achi-dance-drama-tradition-00144","url_text":"\"Rabinal Achí dance drama tradition\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Holy Week in Guatemala\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/holy-week-in-guatemala-01854","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Holy Week in Guatemala\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cultural space of Sosso-Bala\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/cultural-space-of-sosso-bala-00009","url_text":"\"Cultural space of Sosso-Bala\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Joumou soup\". ich.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 2022-02-23. Retrieved 2022-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220223202513/https://ich.unesco.org/en/joumou-soup-01221","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Joumou soup\""},{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/joumou-soup-01221","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Busó festivities at Mohács: masked end-of-winter carnival custom\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/buso-festivities-at-mohacs-masked-end-of-winter-carnival-custom-00252","url_text":"\"Busó festivities at Mohács: masked end-of-winter carnival custom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Folk art of the Matyó, embroidery of a traditional community\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/folk-art-of-the-matyo-embroidery-of-a-traditional-community-00633","url_text":"\"Folk art of the Matyó, embroidery of a traditional community\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Hungarian string band tradition\". ich.unesco.org. 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Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628222637/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=37","url_text":"\"The Tradition of Vedic Chanting\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=37","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ramlila – the Traditional Performance of the Ramayana\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628204843/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=38","url_text":"\"Ramlila – the Traditional Performance of the Ramayana\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=38","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ramman, religious festival and ritual theatre of the Garhwal Himalayas, India\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00281","url_text":"\"Ramman, religious festival and ritual theatre of the Garhwal Himalayas, India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chhau dance\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2010-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chhau-dance-00337","url_text":"\"Chhau dance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00340","url_text":"\"Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mudiyettu, ritual theatre and dance drama of Kerala\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00345","url_text":"\"Mudiyettu, ritual theatre and dance drama of Kerala\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buddhist chanting of Ladakh: recitation of sacred Buddhism texts in the trans-Himalayan Ladakh region, Jammu and Kashmir, India\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00839","url_text":"\"Buddhist chanting of Ladakh: recitation of sacred Buddhism texts in the trans-Himalayan Ladakh region, Jammu and Kashmir, India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00843","url_text":"\"Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00845","url_text":"\"Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yoga\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/yoga-01163","url_text":"\"Yoga\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kumbh Mela\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kumbh-mela-01258","url_text":"\"Kumbh Mela\""}]},{"reference":"\"Durga Puja in Kolkata\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2021-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/durga-puja-in-kolkata-00703","url_text":"\"Durga Puja in Kolkata\""}]},{"reference":"\"Garba of Gujarat\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/garba-of-gujarat-01962","url_text":"\"Garba of Gujarat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wayang Puppet Theatre\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00063","url_text":"\"Wayang Puppet Theatre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indonesian Kris\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00112","url_text":"\"Indonesian Kris\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indonesian Batik\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2009-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00170","url_text":"\"Indonesian Batik\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indonesian Angklung\". UNESCO Culture Sector. 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Retrieved 2021-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/gamelan-01607","url_text":"\"Gamelan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jamu wellness culture\". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/jamu-wellness-culture-01972","url_text":"\"Jamu wellness culture\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pantun\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/pantun-01613","url_text":"\"Pantun\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Radif of Iranian music\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2009-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00279","url_text":"\"The Radif of Iranian music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional skills of carpet weaving in Kashan\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00383","url_text":"\"Traditional skills of carpet weaving in Kashan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional skills of carpet weaving in Fars\". UNESCO Culture Sector. 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Retrieved 2013-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00580","url_text":"\"Qālišuyān rituals of Mašhad-e Ardehāl in Kāšān\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chogān, a horse-riding game accompanied by music and storytelling\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chogan-a-horse-riding-game-accompanied-by-music-and-storytelling-01282","url_text":"\"Chogān, a horse-riding game accompanied by music and storytelling\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional skills of crafting and playing Dotār\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-skills-of-crafting-and-playing-dotar-01492","url_text":"\"Traditional skills of crafting and playing Dotār\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Crafting and playing the Oud\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/crafting-and-playing-the-oud-01867","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Crafting and playing the Oud\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sadeh/Sada celebration\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/sadeh-sada-celebration-01713","url_text":"\"Sadeh/Sada celebration\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Iraqi Maqam\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090827091418/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=41","url_text":"\"The Iraqi Maqam\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=41","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Provision of services and hospitality during the Arba'in visitation\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/provision-of-services-and-hospitality-during-the-arba-in-visitation-01474","url_text":"\"Provision of services and hospitality during the Arba'in visitation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional craft skills and arts of Al-Naoor\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-craft-skills-and-arts-of-al-naoor-01694","url_text":"\"Traditional craft skills and arts of Al-Naoor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional craft skills and arts of Al-Mudhif building\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-craft-skills-and-arts-of-al-mudhif-building-01950","url_text":"\"Traditional craft skills and arts of Al-Mudhif building\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arts, skills and practices associated with engraving on metals (gold, silver and copper)\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/arts-skills-and-practices-associated-with-engraving-on-metals-gold-silver-and-copper-01951","url_text":"\"Arts, skills and practices associated with engraving on metals (gold, silver and copper)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uilleann piping\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/uilleann-piping-01264","url_text":"\"Uilleann piping\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hurling - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/hurling-01263","url_text":"\"Hurling - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Irish harping\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/irish-harping-01461","url_text":"\"Irish harping\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opera dei Pupi, Sicilian Puppet Theatre\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628204014/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=42","url_text":"\"Opera dei Pupi, Sicilian Puppet Theatre\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=42","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canto a tenore, Sardinian Pastoral Songs\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628202622/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=43","url_text":"\"Canto a tenore, Sardinian Pastoral Songs\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=43","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional violin craftsmanship in Cremona\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-violin-craftsmanship-in-cremona-00719","url_text":"\"Traditional violin craftsmanship in Cremona\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrations of big shoulder-borne processional structures\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00721","url_text":"\"Celebrations of big shoulder-borne processional structures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional agricultural practice of cultivating the 'vite ad alberello' (head-trained bush vines) of the community of Pantelleria\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00011&RL=00720","url_text":"\"Traditional agricultural practice of cultivating the 'vite ad alberello' (head-trained bush vines) of the community of Pantelleria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art of Neapolitan 'Pizzaiuolo'\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/art-of-neapolitan-pizzaiuolo-00722","url_text":"\"Art of Neapolitan 'Pizzaiuolo'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celestinian forgiveness celebration\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/celestinian-forgiveness-celebration-01276","url_text":"\"Celestinian forgiveness celebration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Truffle hunting and extraction in Italy, traditional knowledge and practice\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/truffle-hunting-and-extraction-in-italy-traditional-knowledge-and-practice-01395","url_text":"\"Truffle hunting and extraction in Italy, traditional knowledge and practice\""}]},{"reference":"\"The practice of opera singing in Italy\". UNESCO Culture Sector. 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Retrieved 2011-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/RL/00956","url_text":"\"candelaria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wititi dance of the Colca Valley\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/wititi-dance-of-the-colca-valley-01056","url_text":"\"Wititi dance of the Colca Valley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional system of Corongo's water judges\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-system-of-corongos-water-judges-01155","url_text":"\"Traditional system of Corongo's water judges\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Hatajo de Negritos' and 'Hatajo de Pallitas' from the Peruvian south-central coastline\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/hatajo-de-negritos-and-hatajo-de-pallitas-from-the-peruvian-south-central-coastline-01309","url_text":"\"'Hatajo de Negritos' and 'Hatajo de Pallitas' from the Peruvian south-central coastline\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pottery-related values, knowledge, lore and practices of the Awajún people\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/pottery-related-values-knowledge-lore-and-practices-of-the-awajn-people-01557","url_text":"\"Pottery-related values, knowledge, lore and practices of the Awajún people\""}]},{"reference":"\"Practices and meanings associated with the preparation and consumption of ceviche, an expression of Peruvian traditional cuisine\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/practices-and-meanings-associated-with-the-preparation-and-consumption-of-ceviche-an-expression-of-peruvian-traditional-cuisine-01952","url_text":"\"Practices and meanings associated with the preparation and consumption of ceviche, an expression of Peruvian traditional cuisine\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628220524/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=67","url_text":"\"The Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=67","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Darangen Epic of the Maranao People of Lake Lanao\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628201620/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=68","url_text":"\"The Darangen Epic of the Maranao People of Lake Lanao\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=68","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Aklan piña handloom weaving\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/aklan-pina-handloom-weaving-01564","url_text":"\"Aklan piña handloom weaving\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nativity scene (szopka) tradition in Krakow\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nativity-scene-szopka-tradition-in-krakow-01362","url_text":"\"Nativity scene (szopka) tradition in Krakow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flower carpets tradition for Corpus Christi processions\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/flower-carpets-tradition-for-corpus-christi-processions-01743","url_text":"\"Flower carpets tradition for Corpus Christi processions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polonaise, traditional Polish dance\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 6 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/polonaise-traditional-polish-dance-01982","url_text":"\"Polonaise, traditional Polish dance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fado, urban popular song of Portugal\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2011-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00563","url_text":"\"Fado, urban popular song of Portugal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cante Alentejano, polyphonic singing from Alentejo, southern Portugal\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=01007","url_text":"\"Cante Alentejano, polyphonic singing from Alentejo, southern Portugal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Craftmanship of Estremoz clay figures\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/craftmanship-of-estremoz-clay-figures-01279","url_text":"\"Craftmanship of Estremoz clay figures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winter festivities, Carnival of Podence\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/winter-festivities-carnival-of-podence-01463","url_text":"\"Winter festivities, Carnival of Podence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Community festivities in Campo Maior\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/community-festivities-in-campo-maior-01604","url_text":"\"Community festivities in Campo Maior\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Căluş tradition\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628214119/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=72","url_text":"\"The Căluş tradition\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=72","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Doina\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/doina-00192","url_text":"\"Doina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Craftsmanship of Horezu ceramics\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2012-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/craftsmanship-of-horezu-ceramics-00610","url_text":"\"Craftsmanship of Horezu ceramics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lad's dances in Romania\". UNESCO.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/lad-s-dances-in-romania-01092","url_text":"\"Lad's dances in Romania\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Cultural Space and Oral Culture of the Semeiskie\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628214823/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=73","url_text":"\"The Cultural Space and Oral Culture of the Semeiskie\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=73","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Olonkho, Yakut Heroic Epos\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628212009/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=74","url_text":"\"The Olonkho, Yakut Heroic Epos\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=74","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Ie Samoa, fine mat and its cultural value\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/-ie-samoa-fine-mat-and-its-cultural-value-01499","url_text":"\"'Ie Samoa, fine mat and its cultural value\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alardah Alnajdiyah, dance, drumming and poetry in Saudi Arabia\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/alardah-alnajdiyah-dance-drumming-and-poetry-in-saudi-arabia-01196","url_text":"\"Alardah Alnajdiyah, dance, drumming and poetry in Saudi Arabia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Almezmar, drumming and dancing with sticks\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/almezmar-drumming-and-dancing-with-sticks-01011","url_text":"\"Almezmar, drumming and dancing with sticks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Al-Qatt Al-Asiri, female traditional interior wall decoration in Asir, Saudi Arabia\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/al-qatt-al-asiri-female-traditional-interior-wall-decoration-in-asir-saudi-arabia-01261","url_text":"\"Al-Qatt Al-Asiri, female traditional interior wall decoration in Asir, Saudi Arabia\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Knowledge and practices related to cultivating Khawlani coffee beans\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/knowledge-and-practices-related-to-cultivating-khawlani-coffee-beans-01863","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Knowledge and practices related to cultivating Khawlani coffee beans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arabic calligraphy: knowledge, skills and practices\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/arabic-calligraphy-knowledge-skills-and-practices-01718","url_text":"\"Arabic calligraphy: knowledge, skills and practices\""}]},{"reference":"\"Xooy, a divination ceremony among the Serer of Senegal\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/xooy-a-divination-ceremony-among-the-serer-of-senegal-00878","url_text":"\"Xooy, a divination ceremony among the Serer of Senegal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ceebu Jën, a culinary art of Senegal\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ceebu-jn-a-culinary-art-of-senegal-01748","url_text":"\"Ceebu Jën, a culinary art of Senegal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slava, celebration of family saint patron's day\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01010","url_text":"\"Slava, celebration of family saint patron's day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kolo, traditional folk dance\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kolo-traditional-folk-dance-01270","url_text":"\"Kolo, traditional folk dance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Singing to the accompaniment of the Gusle\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/singing-to-the-accompaniment-of-the-gusle-01377","url_text":"\"Singing to the accompaniment of the Gusle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zlakusa pottery making, hand-wheel pottery making in the village of Zlakusa\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 3 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/zlakusa-pottery-making-hand-wheel-pottery-making-in-the-village-of-zlakusa-01466","url_text":"\"Zlakusa pottery making, hand-wheel pottery making in the village of Zlakusa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Social practices and knowledge related to the preparation and use of the traditional plum spirit – šljivovica\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/social-practices-and-knowledge-related-to-the-preparation-and-use-of-the-traditional-plum-spirit-sljivovica-01882","url_text":"\"Social practices and knowledge related to the preparation and use of the traditional plum spirit – šljivovica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moutya\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/moutya-01690","url_text":"\"Moutya\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Hawker culture in Singapore, community dining and culinary practices in a multicultural urban context\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 3 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/hawker-culture-in-singapore-community-dining-and-culinary-practices-in-a-multicultural-urban-context-01568","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Hawker culture in Singapore, community dining and culinary practices in a multicultural urban context\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fujara and its music\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/fujara-and-its-music-00099","url_text":"\"Fujara and its music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music of Terchová\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/music-of-terchova-00877","url_text":"\"Music of Terchová\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bagpipe culture\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/bagpipe-culture-01075","url_text":"\"Bagpipe culture\""}]},{"reference":"\"Multipart singing of Horehronie\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/multipart-singing-of-horehronie-01266","url_text":"\"Multipart singing of Horehronie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drotárstvo, wire craft and art\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/drotarstvo-wire-craft-and-art-01478","url_text":"\"Drotárstvo, wire craft and art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Škofja Loka passion play\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/skofja-loka-passion-play-01203","url_text":"\"Škofja Loka passion play\""}]},{"reference":"\"Door-to-door rounds of Kurenti\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/door-to-door-rounds-of-kurenti-01278","url_text":"\"Door-to-door rounds of Kurenti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bobbin lacemaking in Slovenia\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/bobbin-lacemaking-in-slovenia-01378","url_text":"\"Bobbin lacemaking in Slovenia\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Beekeeping in Slovenia, a way of life\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/beekeeping-in-slovenia-a-way-of-life-01857","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Beekeeping in Slovenia, a way of life\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Royal Ancestral Ritual in the Jongmyo Shrine and its Music\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/royal-ancestral-ritual-in-the-jongmyo-shrine-and-its-music-00016","url_text":"\"The Royal Ancestral Ritual in the Jongmyo Shrine and its Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Pansori Epic Chant\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/pansori-epic-chant-00070","url_text":"\"The Pansori Epic Chant\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Gangneung Danoje Festival\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/gangneung-danoje-festival-00114","url_text":"\"The Gangneung Danoje Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cheoyongmu\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/cheoyongmu-00189","url_text":"\"Cheoyongmu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ganggangsullae\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ganggangsullae-00188","url_text":"\"Ganggangsullae\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/jeju-chilmeoridang-yeongdeunggut-00187","url_text":"\"Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Namsadang Nori\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/namsadang-nori-00184","url_text":"\"Namsadang Nori\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yeongsanjae\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/yeongsanjae-00186","url_text":"\"Yeongsanjae\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daemokjang, traditional wooden architecture\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/daemokjang-traditional-wooden-architecture-00461","url_text":"\"Daemokjang, traditional wooden architecture\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gagok, lyric song cycles accompanied by an orchestra\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/gagok-lyric-song-cycles-accompanied-by-an-orchestra-00444","url_text":"\"Gagok, lyric song cycles accompanied by an orchestra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jultagi, tightrope walking\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/jultagi-tightrope-walking-00448","url_text":"\"Jultagi, tightrope walking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taekkyeon, a traditional Korean martial art\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/taekkyeon-a-traditional-korean-martial-art-00452","url_text":"\"Taekkyeon, a traditional Korean martial art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Weaving of Mosi (fine ramie) in the Hansan region\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/weaving-of-mosi-fine-ramie-in-the-hansan-region-00453","url_text":"\"Weaving of Mosi (fine ramie) in the Hansan region\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arirang, lyrical folk song in the Republic of Korea\". UNESCO Culture Sector. 2012-12-06. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/arirang-lyrical-folk-song-in-the-republic-of-korea-00445","url_text":"\"Arirang, lyrical folk song in the Republic of Korea\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kimjang, making and sharing kimchi in the Republic of Korea\". UNESCO Culture Sector. 2013-12-06. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kimjang-making-and-sharing-kimchi-in-the-republic-of-korea-00881","url_text":"\"Kimjang, making and sharing kimchi in the Republic of Korea\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nongak, community band music, dance and rituals in the Republic of Korea\". UNESCO Culture Sector. November 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nongak-community-band-music-dance-and-rituals-in-the-republic-of-korea-00717","url_text":"\"Nongak, community band music, dance and rituals in the Republic of Korea\""}]},{"reference":"\"Culture of Jeju Haenyeo (women divers)\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/culture-of-jeju-haenyeo-women-divers-01068","url_text":"\"Culture of Jeju Haenyeo (women divers)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yeondeunghoe, lantern lighting festival in the Republic of Korea\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/yeondeunghoe-lantern-lighting-festival-in-the-republic-of-korea-00882","url_text":"\"Yeondeunghoe, lantern lighting festival in the Republic of Korea\""}]},{"reference":"\"Talchum, mask dance drama in the Republic of Korea\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/talchum-mask-dance-drama-in-the-republic-of-korea-01742","url_text":"\"Talchum, mask dance drama in the Republic of Korea\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Mystery Play of Elche\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628201321/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=77","url_text":"\"The Mystery Play of Elche\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=77","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Patum of Berga\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628224252/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=78","url_text":"\"The Patum of Berga\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=78","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Irrigators' tribunals of the Spanish Mediterranean coast: the Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia and the Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/irrigators-tribunals-of-the-spanish-mediterranean-coast-the-council-of-wise-men-of-the-plain-of-murcia-and-the-water-tribunal-of-the-plain-of-valencia-00171","url_text":"\"Irrigators' tribunals of the Spanish Mediterranean coast: the Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia and the Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Human towers\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2010-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/human-towers-00364","url_text":"\"Human towers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flamenco\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2010-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/flamenco-00363","url_text":"\"Flamenco\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chant of the Sybil on Majorca\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2010-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chant-of-the-sybil-on-majorca-00360","url_text":"\"Chant of the Sybil on Majorca\""}]},{"reference":"\"Festivity of 'la Mare de Déu de la Salut' of Algemesí\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2012-02-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00576","url_text":"\"Festivity of 'la Mare de Déu de la Salut' of Algemesí\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fiesta of the patios in Cordova - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/fiesta-of-the-patios-in-cordova-00846","url_text":"\"Fiesta of the patios in Cordova - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valencia Fallas festivity\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/valencia-fallas-festivity-00859","url_text":"\"Valencia Fallas festivity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tamboradas drum-playing rituals\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tamboradas-drum-playing-rituals-01208","url_text":"\"Tamboradas drum-playing rituals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wine Horses\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/wine-horses-00860","url_text":"\"Wine Horses\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Manual bell ringing\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/manual-bell-ringing-01873","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Manual bell ringing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rūkada Nātya, traditional string puppet drama in Sri Lanka\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/rukada-natya-traditional-string-puppet-drama-in-sri-lanka-01370","url_text":"\"Rūkada Nātya, traditional string puppet drama in Sri Lanka\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional craftsmanship of making Dumbara Ratā Kalāla\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-craftsmanship-of-making-dumbara-rat-kalla-01693","url_text":"\"Traditional craftsmanship of making Dumbara Ratā Kalāla\""}]},{"reference":"\"Procession and celebrations of Prophet Mohammed's birthday in Sudan\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/procession-and-celebrations-of-prophet-mohammed-s-birthday-in-sudan-01896","url_text":"\"Procession and celebrations of Prophet Mohammed's birthday in Sudan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winegrowers' Festival in Vevey\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/winegrowers-festival-in-vevey-01201","url_text":"\"Winegrowers' Festival in Vevey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Basel Carnival\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/basel-carnival-01262","url_text":"\"Basel Carnival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holy Week processions in Mendrisio\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/holy-week-processions-in-mendrisio-01460","url_text":"\"Holy Week processions in Mendrisio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alpine pasture season\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/alpine-pasture-season-01966","url_text":"\"Alpine pasture season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Practices and craftsmanship associated with the Damascene rose in Al-Mrah\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/practices-and-craftsmanship-associated-with-the-damascene-rose-in-al-mrah-01369","url_text":"\"Practices and craftsmanship associated with the Damascene rose in Al-Mrah\""}]},{"reference":"\"Al-Qudoud al-Halabiya\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/al-qudoud-al-halabiya-01578","url_text":"\"Al-Qudoud al-Halabiya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oshi Palav, a traditional meal and its social and cultural contexts in Tajikistan\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/oshi-palav-a-traditional-meal-and-its-social-and-cultural-contexts-in-tajikistan-01191","url_text":"\"Oshi Palav, a traditional meal and its social and cultural contexts in Tajikistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chakan, embroidery art in the Republic of Tajikistan\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chakan-embroidery-art-in-the-republic-of-tajikistan-01397","url_text":"\"Chakan, embroidery art in the Republic of Tajikistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Falak\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/falak-01725","url_text":"\"Falak\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional knowledge and skills of production of the atlas and adras fabrics\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-knowledge-and-skills-of-production-of-the-atlas-and-adras-fabrics-01484","url_text":"\"Traditional knowledge and skills of production of the atlas and adras fabrics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shashmaqom Music\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628192653/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=84","url_text":"\"Shashmaqom Music\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=84","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Khon, masked dance drama in Thailand\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/khon-masked-dance-drama-in-thailand-01385","url_text":"\"Khon, masked dance drama in Thailand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nuad Thai, traditional Thai massage\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2019-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nuad-thai-traditional-thai-massage-01384","url_text":"\"Nuad Thai, traditional Thai massage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nora, dance drama in southern Thailand\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nora-dance-drama-in-southern-thailand-01587","url_text":"\"Nora, dance drama in southern Thailand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Songkran in Thailand, traditional Thai New Year festival\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/songkran-in-thailand-traditional-thai-new-year-festival-01719","url_text":"\"Songkran in Thailand, traditional Thai New Year festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Lakalaka, Dances and Sung Speeches of Tonga\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628210120/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=79","url_text":"\"The Lakalaka, Dances and Sung Speeches of Tonga\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=79","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pottery skills of the women of Sejnane\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/pottery-skills-of-the-women-of-sejnane-01406","url_text":"\"Pottery skills of the women of Sejnane\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charfia fishing in the Kerkennah Islands\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/charfia-fishing-in-the-kerkennah-islands-01566#identification","url_text":"\"Charfia fishing in the Kerkennah Islands\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Harissa, knowledge, skills and culinary and social practices\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/harissa-knowledge-skills-and-culinary-and-social-practices-01710","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Harissa, knowledge, skills and culinary and social practices\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Arts of the Meddah, Public Storytellers\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00037","url_text":"\"The Arts of the Meddah, Public Storytellers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mevlevi Sema Ceremony\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00100","url_text":"\"Mevlevi Sema Ceremony\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karagöz and Hacivat\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00180","url_text":"\"Karagöz and Hacivat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Âşıklık (minstrelsy) tradition\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00179","url_text":"\"Âşıklık (minstrelsy) tradition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional Sohbet meetings\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00385","url_text":"\"Traditional Sohbet meetings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kırkpınar oil wrestling festival\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00386","url_text":"\"Kırkpınar oil wrestling festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Semah, Alevi-Bektaşi ritual\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00384","url_text":"\"Semah, Alevi-Bektaşi ritual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ceremonial Keşkek tradition\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00388","url_text":"\"Ceremonial Keşkek tradition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mesir Macunu festival\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00642","url_text":"\"Mesir Macunu festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish coffee culture and tradition\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00645","url_text":"\"Turkish coffee culture and tradition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ebru, Turkish art of marbling\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00644","url_text":"\"Ebru, Turkish art of marbling\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional craftsmanship of Çini-making\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2016-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-craftsmanship-of-cini-making-01058","url_text":"\"Traditional craftsmanship of Çini-making\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Traditional Turkish archery\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2019-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Traditional Turkish archery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hüsn-i Hat, traditional calligraphy in Islamic art in Turkey\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/hsn-i-hat-traditional-calligraphy-in-islamic-art-in-turkey-01684","url_text":"\"Hüsn-i Hat, traditional calligraphy in Islamic art in Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Epic art of Gorogly\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/epic-art-of-gorogly-01028","url_text":"\"Epic art of Gorogly\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kushtdepdi rite of singing and dancing\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kushtdepdi-rite-of-singing-and-dancing-01259","url_text":"\"Kushtdepdi rite of singing and dancing\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Traditional turkmen carpet making art in Turkmenistan\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2019-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Traditional turkmen carpet making art in Turkmenistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dutar making craftsmanship and traditional music performing art combined with singing\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/dutar-making-craftsmanship-and-traditional-music-performing-art-combined-with-singing-01565","url_text":"\"Dutar making craftsmanship and traditional music performing art combined with singing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art of Akhal-Teke horse breeding and traditions of horses' decoration\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/art-of-akhal-teke-horse-breeding-and-traditions-of-horses-decoration-01978","url_text":"\"Art of Akhal-Teke horse breeding and traditions of horses' decoration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkmen-style needlework art\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/turkmen-style-needlework-art-01876","url_text":"\"Turkmen-style needlework art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barkcloth Making in Uganda\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628203256/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=82","url_text":"\"Barkcloth Making in Uganda\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=82","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Petrykivka decorative painting as a phenomenon of the Ukrainian ornamental folk art\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2014-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/RL/00893","url_text":"\"Petrykivka decorative painting as a phenomenon of the Ukrainian ornamental folk art\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Tradition of Kosiv painted ceramics\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2019-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Tradition of Kosiv painted ceramics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ornek, a Crimean Tatar ornament and knowledge about it\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ornek-a-crimean-tatar-ornament-and-knowledge-about-it-01601","url_text":"\"Ornek, a Crimean Tatar ornament and knowledge about it\""}]},{"reference":"\"Al Aflaj, traditional irrigation network system in the UAE, oral traditions, knowledge and skills of construction, maintenance and equitable water distribution\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/al-aflaj-traditional-irrigation-network-system-in-the-uae-oral-traditions-knowledge-and-skills-of-construction-maintenance-and-equitable-water-distribution-01577#identification","url_text":"\"Al Aflaj, traditional irrigation network system in the UAE, oral traditions, knowledge and skills of construction, maintenance and equitable water distribution\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Al Talli, traditional embroidery skills in the United Arab Emirates\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/al-talli-traditional-embroidery-skills-in-the-united-arab-emirates-01712","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Al Talli, traditional embroidery skills in the United Arab Emirates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harees dish: know-how, skills and practices\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/harees-dish-know-how-skills-and-practices-01744","url_text":"\"Harees dish: know-how, skills and practices\""}]},{"reference":"\"Candombe and its socio-cultural space: a community practice\". unesco.org. Retrieved 1 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/candombe-and-its-socio-cultural-space-a-community-practice-00182","url_text":"\"Candombe and its socio-cultural space: a community practice\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Cultural Space of the Boysun District\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628195459/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=83","url_text":"\"The Cultural Space of the Boysun District\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=83","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Katta Ashula\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/katta-ashula-00288","url_text":"\"Katta Ashula\""}]},{"reference":"\"Askiya, the art of wit\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/askiya-the-art-of-wit-00971","url_text":"\"Askiya, the art of wit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Palov culture and tradition\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/palov-culture-and-tradition-01166","url_text":"\"Palov culture and tradition\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Khorazm dance, Lazgi\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2019-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Khorazm dance, Lazgi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bakhshi art\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/bakhshi-art-01706","url_text":"\"Bakhshi art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ceramic arts in Uzbekistan\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ceramic-arts-in-uzbekistan-01989","url_text":"\"Ceramic arts in Uzbekistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vanuatu Sand Drawings\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628195543/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=85","url_text":"\"Vanuatu Sand Drawings\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=85","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Venezuela's Dancing Devils of Corpus Christi\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2013-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00639","url_text":"\"Venezuela's Dancing Devils of Corpus Christi\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Parranda de San Pedro de Guarenas y Guatire\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2013-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/la-parranda-de-san-pedro-de-guarenas-y-guatire-00907","url_text":"\"La Parranda de San Pedro de Guarenas y Guatire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional knowledge and technologies relating to the growing and processing of the curagua\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-knowledge-and-technologies-relating-to-the-growing-and-processing-of-the-curagua-01094","url_text":"\"Traditional knowledge and technologies relating to the growing and processing of the curagua\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carnival of El Callao, a festive representation of a memory and cultural identity\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/carnival-of-el-callao-a-festive-representation-of-a-memory-and-cultural-identity-01198","url_text":"\"Carnival of El Callao, a festive representation of a memory and cultural identity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Festive cycle around the devotion and worship towards Saint John the Baptist\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/festive-cycle-around-the-devotion-and-worship-towards-saint-john-the-baptist-01682","url_text":"\"Festive cycle around the devotion and worship towards Saint John the Baptist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Space of gong culture\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/space-of-gong-culture-00120","url_text":"\"Space of gong culture\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nhã nhạc, Vietnamese court music\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00074","url_text":"\"Nhã nhạc, Vietnamese court music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quan Họ Bắc Ninh folk songs\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00183","url_text":"\"Quan Họ Bắc Ninh folk songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gióng festival of Phù Ðông and Sóc temples\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2015-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00443","url_text":"\"Gióng festival of Phù Ðông and Sóc temples\""}]},{"reference":"\"Worship of Hùng kings in Phú Thọm\". Retrieved 2015-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00735","url_text":"\"Worship of Hùng kings in Phú Thọm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art of Đờn ca tài tử music and song in southern Viet Nam\". Retrieved 2015-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00733","url_text":"\"Art of Đờn ca tài tử music and song in southern Viet Nam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ví and Giặm folk songs of Nghệ Tĩnh\". Retrieved 2015-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=01008","url_text":"\"Ví and Giặm folk songs of Nghệ Tĩnh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Practices related to the Viet beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms\". Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/practices-related-to-the-viet-beliefs-in-the-mother-goddesses-of-three-realms-01064","url_text":"\"Practices related to the Viet beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms\""}]},{"reference":"\"Xoan singing of Phú Thọ province, Viet Nam\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/xoan-singing-of-phu-tho-province-viet-nam-01260","url_text":"\"Xoan singing of Phú Thọ province, Viet Nam\""}]},{"reference":"\"The art of Bài Chòi in Central Viet Nam\". Retrieved 2017-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/the-art-of-bai-choi-in-central-viet-nam-01222","url_text":"\"The art of Bài Chòi in Central Viet Nam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Practices of Then by Tày, Nùng and Thái ethnic groups in Viet Nam\". Retrieved 2019-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/practices-of-then-by-tay-nung-and-thai-ethnic-groups-in-viet-nam-01379?RL=01379","url_text":"\"Practices of Then by Tày, Nùng and Thái ethnic groups in Viet Nam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art of Xòe dance of the Tai people in Viet Nam\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/art-of-xe-dance-of-the-tai-people-in-viet-nam-01575","url_text":"\"Art of Xòe dance of the Tai people in Viet Nam\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Song of Sana'a\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628204941/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=88","url_text":"\"The Song of Sana'a\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=88","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Makishi Masquerade\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628212214/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=89","url_text":"\"The Makishi Masquerade\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=89","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mooba dance of the Lenje ethnic group of Central Province of Zambia\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mooba-dance-of-the-lenje-ethnic-group-of-central-province-of-zambia-01372","url_text":"\"Mooba dance of the Lenje ethnic group of Central Province of Zambia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Budima dance\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2020-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/budima-dance-01567","url_text":"\"Budima dance\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Kalela dance\". ich.unesco.org. 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Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/mongol-biyelgee-mongolian-traditional-folk-dance-00311","url_text":"\"Mongol Biyelgee, Mongolian traditional folk dance - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mongol Tuuli, Mongolian epic - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/mongol-tuuli-mongolian-epic-00310","url_text":"\"Mongol Tuuli, Mongolian epic - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Folk long song performance technique of Limbe performances - circular breathing - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. 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Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/bigwala-gourd-trumpet-music-and-dance-of-the-busoga-kingdom-in-uganda-00749","url_text":"\"Bigwala, gourd trumpet music and dance of the Busoga Kingdom in Uganda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Empaako tradition of the Batooro, Banyoro, Batuku, Batagwenda and Banyabindi of western Uganda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/empaako-tradition-of-the-batooro-banyoro-batuku-batagwenda-and-banyabindi-of-western-uganda-00904","url_text":"\"Empaako tradition of the Batooro, Banyoro, Batuku, Batagwenda and Banyabindi of western Uganda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Male-child cleansing ceremony of the Lango of central northern Uganda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. 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Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/ma-di-bowl-lyre-music-and-dance-01187","url_text":"\"Ma'di bowl lyre music and dance - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cossack's songs of Dnipropetrovsk Region\". UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved 2017-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/cossacks-songs-of-dnipropetrovsk-region-01194","url_text":"\"Cossack's songs of Dnipropetrovsk Region\""}]},{"reference":"\"Culture of Ukrainian borscht cooking inscribed on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding | UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. 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Retrieved 2022-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/nomad-games-rediscovering-heritage-celebrating-diversity-01738","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Nomad games, rediscovering heritage, celebrating diversity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Xtaxkgakget Makgkaxtlawana: the Centre for Indigenous Arts and its contribution to safeguarding the intangible cultural heritage of the Totonac people of Veracruz, Mexico - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/xtaxkgakget-makgkaxtlawana-the-centre-for-indigenous-arts-and-its-contribution-to-safeguarding-the-intangible-cultural-heritage-of-the-totonac-people-of-veracruz-mexico-00666","url_text":"\"Xtaxkgakget Makgkaxtlawana: the Centre for Indigenous Arts and its contribution to safeguarding the intangible cultural heritage of the Totonac people of Veracruz, Mexico - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oselvar boat - reframing a traditional learning process of building and use to a modern context - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161202171931/https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/oselvar-boat-reframing-a-traditional-learning-process-of-building-and-use-to-a-modern-context-01156","url_text":"\"Oselvar boat - reframing a traditional learning process of building and use to a modern context - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""},{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/oselvar-boat-reframing-a-traditional-learning-process-of-building-and-use-to-a-modern-context-01156","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - The School of Living Traditions (SLT)\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/the-school-of-living-traditions-slt-01739","url_text":"\"UNESCO - The School of Living Traditions (SLT)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Portuguese-Galician border ICH: a safeguarding model created by Ponte...nas ondas!\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2023-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/portuguese-galician-border-ich-a-safeguarding-model-created-by-pontenas-ondas-01848","url_text":"\"Portuguese-Galician border ICH: a safeguarding model created by Ponte...nas ondas!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Centre for traditional culture – school museum of Pusol pedagogic project - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/centre-for-traditional-culture-school-museum-of-pusol-pedagogic-project-00306","url_text":"\"Centre for traditional culture – school museum of Pusol pedagogic project - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Revitalization of the traditional craftsmanship of lime-making in Morón de la Frontera, Seville, Andalusia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/revitalization-of-the-traditional-craftsmanship-of-lime-making-in-moron-de-la-frontera-seville-andalusia-00511","url_text":"\"Revitalization of the traditional craftsmanship of lime-making in Morón de la Frontera, Seville, Andalusia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Methodology for inventorying intangible cultural heritage in biosphere reserves: the experience of Montseny - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/methodology-for-inventorying-intangible-cultural-heritage-in-biosphere-reserves-the-experience-of-montseny-00648","url_text":"\"Methodology for inventorying intangible cultural heritage in biosphere reserves: the experience of Montseny - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Land-of-Legends programme, for promoting and revitalizing the art of storytelling in Kronoberg Region (South-Sweden)\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/land-of-legends-programme-for-promoting-and-revitalizing-the-art-of-storytelling-in-kronoberg-region-south-sweden-01392","url_text":"\"Land-of-Legends programme, for promoting and revitalizing the art of storytelling in Kronoberg Region (South-Sweden)\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Margilan Crafts Development Centre, safeguarding of the atlas and adras making traditional technologies\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/margilan-crafts-development-centre-safeguarding-of-the-atlas-and-adras-making-traditional-technologies-01254","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Margilan Crafts Development Centre, safeguarding of the atlas and adras making traditional technologies\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO - Biocultural programme for the safeguarding of the tradition of the Blessed Palm in Venezuela\". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/biocultural-programme-for-the-safeguarding-of-the-tradition-of-the-blessed-palm-in-venezuela-01464","url_text":"\"UNESCO - Biocultural programme for the safeguarding of the tradition of the Blessed Palm in Venezuela\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage\". Archived from the original on July 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090716023040/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN","url_text":"\"Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity\". Retrieved 2009-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN&pg=00173","url_text":"\"Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage\". Retrieved 2009-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00009","url_text":"\"Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proclamation of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity (2001-2005) - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\". unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/proclamation-of-masterpieces-00103","url_text":"\"Proclamation of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity (2001-2005) - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaphar
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Banaphar
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["1 References"]
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Banaphar, also spelled Banafar and Banafer, is a clan native to the Indian subcontinent of mixed Ahir and Rajput descent.
The legendary 12th century generals Alha and Udal, who appear in the Alha-Khand ballads, were said to belong to this clan. In the ballads, the Banaphars was susceptible to "mean caste" slurs from other Rajputs because of their "mixed" background. Ballads referring to Alha and Udal describe great bravery in the medieval period.
References
^ a b Hiltebeitel, Alf (1 May 1999). Rethinking India's oral and classical epics: Draupadī among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits. University of Chicago Press. pp. 162–163. ISBN 9780226340500. Presumably it is an issue that would interest Ālhā audiences sensitive to the mixed-caste Kṣatrya-Ahir identity of the Banāphars... Ūdal (and the rest of the Banāphars) is susceptible to "mean caste" slurs and slights because of his combined Kṣatriya (Rajput) and cowherd (Ahir) background.
^ Crowley, Thomas (7 September 2020). Fractured Forest, Quartzite City: A History of Delhi and its Ridge. p. 277. ISBN 9789353885564. The Banaphars also identify themselves as Rajputs. Throughout this epic, though, they have various caste slurs hurled at them by higher-status Rajputs who claim that the Banaphar line is contaminated with the blood of Ahirs, a nomadic pastoral community.
^ Talbot, Cynthia (2016). The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000. Cambridge University Press. p. 203. ISBN 9781107118560. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
This article about an Indian ethnicity or social group is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Ahir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahir"},{"link_name":"Rajput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajput"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hiltebeitel-1"},{"link_name":"Alha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alha"},{"link_name":"Udal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udal_of_Mahoba"},{"link_name":"Alha-Khand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alha-Khand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hiltebeitel-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crowley-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Banaphar, also spelled Banafar and Banafer, is a clan native to the Indian subcontinent of mixed Ahir and Rajput descent.[1]The legendary 12th century generals Alha and Udal, who appear in the Alha-Khand ballads, were said to belong to this clan. In the ballads, the Banaphars was susceptible to \"mean caste\" slurs from other Rajputs because of their \"mixed\" background.[1][2] Ballads referring to Alha and Udal describe great bravery in the medieval period.[3]","title":"Banaphar"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Hiltebeitel, Alf (1 May 1999). Rethinking India's oral and classical epics: Draupadī among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits. University of Chicago Press. pp. 162–163. ISBN 9780226340500. Presumably it is an issue that would interest Ālhā audiences sensitive to the mixed-caste Kṣatrya-Ahir identity of the Banāphars... Ūdal (and the rest of the Banāphars) is susceptible to \"mean caste\" slurs and slights because of his combined Kṣatriya (Rajput) and cowherd (Ahir) background.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel","url_text":"Hiltebeitel, Alf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226340500","url_text":"9780226340500"}]},{"reference":"Crowley, Thomas (7 September 2020). Fractured Forest, Quartzite City: A History of Delhi and its Ridge. p. 277. ISBN 9789353885564. The Banaphars also identify themselves as Rajputs. Throughout this epic, though, they have various caste slurs hurled at them by higher-status Rajputs who claim that the Banaphar line is contaminated with the blood of Ahirs, a nomadic pastoral community.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jhP9DwAAQBAJ&dq=thomas+crowley+banaphar+rajput&pg=PA277","url_text":"Fractured Forest, Quartzite City: A History of Delhi and its Ridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789353885564","url_text":"9789353885564"}]},{"reference":"Talbot, Cynthia (2016). The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000. Cambridge University Press. p. 203. ISBN 9781107118560. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ&q=alha+udal+Rajput+bravery&pg=PA203","url_text":"The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107118560","url_text":"9781107118560"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jhP9DwAAQBAJ&dq=thomas+crowley+banaphar+rajput&pg=PA277","external_links_name":"Fractured Forest, Quartzite City: A History of Delhi and its Ridge"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ&q=alha+udal+Rajput+bravery&pg=PA203","external_links_name":"The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banaphar&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Xiangru
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Lin Xiangru
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["1 Background","2 Returning the Jade to Zhao","3 Carrying Thorned Grass and Pleading Guilt","4 Subsequent events","5 Legacy","6 Popular culture","7 References"]
|
In this Chinese name, the family name is Lin (藺).
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Lin Xiangru (Chinese: 藺相如; pinyin: Lìn Xiāngrú) (died c.July 260 BCE) was a politician and general of the Warring States period, who served the state of Zhao. He figures prominently in two stories of the period, namely the episode and the namesake chengyu of "Returning the Jade to Zhao" (完璧歸趙), as well as the story and the namesake chengyu of "Carrying Thorned Grass and Pleading Guilt" (負荊請罪).
Background
Lin Xiangru was born sometime in the reign of King Wuling of Zhao in present-day Mengmen town, Liulin County, Shanxi. Due to his intellect and superior skills, he rose quickly through the ranks of the Zhao bureaucracy.
Returning the Jade to Zhao
Relief tracing of Lin Xiangru with the Heshibi and King of Qin on Wu Family Shrines' stone-relief, from Jinshisuo (金石索).
Emissaries from the King of Qin came over to the Zhao court one day, offering to exchange fifteen cities for the sacred Heshibi jade disk. At this stage of the Warring States period, Qin was the most powerful state, making it difficult to decline. On the other hand, the Kings of Qin had historically been untrustworthy, and King Huiwen of Zhao did not trust the King of Qin to keep his side of the bargain. Lin Xiangru volunteered to go to the Qin court with the He Shi Bi, promising to trade the jade for the cities if the King of Qin kept his word, and to return the jade safely if he did not.
At the Qin court, the King of Qin passed the He Shi Bi among his ministers and concubines, making no mention of the promised 15 cities. Lin concluded that the King of Qin was not intending to keep his word. He tricked the King of Qin by claiming that there was a tiny flaw in the jade, and when the King of Qin returned the jade to him so that he could point out the flaw, Lin threatened to smash both the jade and his head (i.e. commit suicide) against a pillar if the King of Qin tried to take it back by force. He demanded the King of Qin fast for three days and receive him with proper ceremonies before surrendering the jade. The Qin king, unwilling to see the jade ruined, agreed. That night, still not trusting the King of Qin, Lin ordered his henchman to take the jade back to Zhao in secret; he himself would stay in Qin and face the King. Three days later, the King of Qin was furious that the jade had been returned to Zhao. However, unwilling to execute a Zhao diplomat, he could do nothing but let Lin go.
The incident made Lin famous throughout the Warring States as the man who had shamed the Qin king. His status rose and soon he was chief minister of Zhao.
Carrying Thorned Grass and Pleading Guilt
Many people were jealous of Lin's meteoric rise, most notably the old general Lian Po, one of the most experienced commanders during that time. Lian Po was so jealous that he swore enmity between the two of them. When Lin had caught wind of this, he decided that the best way to deal with the problem was to not confront Lian at all. In one incident, Lian's and Lin's carriage met on a narrow road. Lin, as the higher-ranking minister, normally had right of passage; however, he turned and backed out of the street in order to let Lian pass.
Many saw it as a sign of weakness, not least Lian Po himself, who reckoned that Lin, an academic, was too scared to fight such a warrior as he. Lin's courtiers, too, grew dissatisfied by the subservient way Lin was behaving, and many left. But when Lin's chief courtier demanded to know why he was behaving in such a manner, Lin Xiangru replied: "The feud between me and Lian Po is a personal one; but I am in charge of the nation's government, and he the nation's security: I cannot let my personal life ruin that of the kingdom!"
When Lian Po finally heard of this, all his jealousy turned into shame. Deciding to apologize to Lin, he strapped brambles to his bare back and walked from his house to that of Lin Xiangru's, begging for his forgiveness. Lin Xiangru forgave him, and from then on, they became good friends. The alliance between chief minister and general kept Zhao peaceful for years.
Subsequent events
When Lian Po was on the verge of being replaced as overall commander in the Battle of Changping by the much younger and much more inexperienced Zhao Kuo, Lin Xiangru, then already gravely ill, begged King Xiaocheng of Zhao to reconsider the decision. However, his advice was not heeded, and disaster followed. Lin Xiangru died probably around Zhao's final defeat at the Battle of Changping.
Legacy
Sima Xiangru, a poet during the western Han Dynasty, named himself after Lin Xiangru as a result of having fostered great admiration for the latter during his studies.
Popular culture
Lin Xiangru is one of the 32 historical figures who appear as special characters in the video game Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI by Koei.
Lin Xiangru also appears in the manga Kingdom as one of the original "Three Great Heavens of Zhao" alongside Lian Po (Ren Pa) and Zhao She (Chou Sha) under his Japanese name "Rin Shou Jo", fostering a friendly rivalry with the former. He was regarded as a prodigy for warfare but died early in his career, and most of his retainers went down performing suicide charges, stricken by grief, except for two who stayed at his deathbed. Many years later, the remaining two joined their master after being killed.
Lin Xiangru is portrayed by Tan Yang in the last episode of The Legend of Mi Yue (2015) as a guest appearance, depicting the "Returning the Jade to Zhao" incident.
References
^ While Lin Xiangru's death date was not recorded, his biography in Records of the Grand Historian indicated that he was already gravely ill when he advised King Xiaocheng not to use Zhao Kuo to replace Lian Po. Thus, it is likely that Lin died around the time of Zhao's final defeat at the battle of Changping, which took place in July 260 BCE.
^ oadmin. "柳林概述-中国·柳林政府门户网". www.liulin.gov.cn. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
^ (子孝成王立。七年，秦与赵兵相距长平，时赵奢已死，而蔺相如病笃，赵使廉颇将攻秦，秦数败赵军，赵军固壁不战。秦数挑战，廉颇不肯。赵王信秦之间。秦之间言曰：“秦之所恶，独畏马服君赵奢之子赵括为将耳。”赵王因以括为将，代廉颇。蔺相如曰：“王以名使括，若胶柱而鼓瑟耳。括徒能读其父书传，不知合变也。”赵王不聽，遂将之。 ) Shiji, vol.81
^ Sima Qian (1993). Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty II, translated by Burton Watson. Columbia University Press. p. 259. ISBN 0-231-08167-7.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_(surname)#Different_versions_of_the_name"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Warring States period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period"},{"link_name":"state of Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Zhao"},{"link_name":"chengyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengyu"},{"link_name":"Returning the Jade to Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Shi_Bi"},{"link_name":"完璧歸趙","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E7%92%A7%E6%AD%B8%E8%B6%99"},{"link_name":"負荊請罪","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E8%8D%8A%E8%AB%8B%E7%BD%AA"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Lin (藺).Lin Xiangru (Chinese: 藺相如; pinyin: Lìn Xiāngrú) (died c.July 260 BCE[1]) was a politician and general of the Warring States period, who served the state of Zhao. He figures prominently in two stories of the period, namely the episode and the namesake chengyu of \"Returning the Jade to Zhao\" (完璧歸趙), as well as the story and the namesake chengyu of \"Carrying Thorned Grass and Pleading Guilt\" (負荊請罪).","title":"Lin Xiangru"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Wuling of Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wuling_of_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Mengmen town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mengmen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liulin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liulin_County"},{"link_name":"Shanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Lin Xiangru was born sometime in the reign of King Wuling of Zhao in present-day Mengmen town, Liulin County, Shanxi.[2] Due to his intellect and superior skills, he rose quickly through the ranks of the Zhao bureaucracy.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heshibi_%E5%AE%8C%E7%92%A7%E5%BD%92%E8%B5%B5%E6%AD%A6%E6%B0%8F%E7%A5%A0_%E9%87%91%E7%9F%B3%E7%B4%A23.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heshibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heshibi"},{"link_name":"Heshibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heshibi"},{"link_name":"Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_(state)"},{"link_name":"King Huiwen of Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Huiwen_of_Zhao"}],"text":"Relief tracing of Lin Xiangru with the Heshibi and King of Qin on Wu Family Shrines' stone-relief, from Jinshisuo (金石索).Emissaries from the King of Qin came over to the Zhao court one day, offering to exchange fifteen cities for the sacred Heshibi jade disk. At this stage of the Warring States period, Qin was the most powerful state, making it difficult to decline. On the other hand, the Kings of Qin had historically been untrustworthy, and King Huiwen of Zhao did not trust the King of Qin to keep his side of the bargain. Lin Xiangru volunteered to go to the Qin court with the He Shi Bi, promising to trade the jade for the cities if the King of Qin kept his word, and to return the jade safely if he did not.At the Qin court, the King of Qin passed the He Shi Bi among his ministers and concubines, making no mention of the promised 15 cities. Lin concluded that the King of Qin was not intending to keep his word. He tricked the King of Qin by claiming that there was a tiny flaw in the jade, and when the King of Qin returned the jade to him so that he could point out the flaw, Lin threatened to smash both the jade and his head (i.e. commit suicide) against a pillar if the King of Qin tried to take it back by force. He demanded the King of Qin fast for three days and receive him with proper ceremonies before surrendering the jade. The Qin king, unwilling to see the jade ruined, agreed. That night, still not trusting the King of Qin, Lin ordered his henchman to take the jade back to Zhao in secret; he himself would stay in Qin and face the King. Three days later, the King of Qin was furious that the jade had been returned to Zhao. However, unwilling to execute a Zhao diplomat, he could do nothing but let Lin go.The incident made Lin famous throughout the Warring States as the man who had shamed the Qin king. His status rose and soon he was chief minister of Zhao.","title":"Returning the Jade to Zhao"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lian Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lian_Po"}],"text":"Many people were jealous of Lin's meteoric rise, most notably the old general Lian Po, one of the most experienced commanders during that time. Lian Po was so jealous that he swore enmity between the two of them. When Lin had caught wind of this, he decided that the best way to deal with the problem was to not confront Lian at all. In one incident, Lian's and Lin's carriage met on a narrow road. Lin, as the higher-ranking minister, normally had right of passage; however, he turned and backed out of the street in order to let Lian pass.Many saw it as a sign of weakness, not least Lian Po himself, who reckoned that Lin, an academic, was too scared to fight such a warrior as he. Lin's courtiers, too, grew dissatisfied by the subservient way Lin was behaving, and many left. But when Lin's chief courtier demanded to know why he was behaving in such a manner, Lin Xiangru replied: \"The feud between me and Lian Po is a personal one; but I am in charge of the nation's government, and he the nation's security: I cannot let my personal life ruin that of the kingdom!\"When Lian Po finally heard of this, all his jealousy turned into shame. Deciding to apologize to Lin, he strapped brambles to his bare back and walked from his house to that of Lin Xiangru's, begging for his forgiveness. Lin Xiangru forgave him, and from then on, they became good friends. The alliance between chief minister and general kept Zhao peaceful for years.","title":"Carrying Thorned Grass and Pleading Guilt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Changping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changping"},{"link_name":"Zhao Kuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Kuo"},{"link_name":"King Xiaocheng of Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Xiaocheng_of_Zhao"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"When Lian Po was on the verge of being replaced as overall commander in the Battle of Changping by the much younger and much more inexperienced Zhao Kuo, Lin Xiangru, then already gravely ill, begged King Xiaocheng of Zhao to reconsider the decision. However, his advice was not heeded, and disaster followed.[3] Lin Xiangru died probably around Zhao's final defeat at the Battle of Changping.","title":"Subsequent events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sima Xiangru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Xiangru"},{"link_name":"Han Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shiji259-4"}],"text":"Sima Xiangru, a poet during the western Han Dynasty, named himself after Lin Xiangru as a result of having fostered great admiration for the latter during his studies.[4]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_XI"},{"link_name":"Koei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koei"},{"link_name":"Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Lian Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lian_Po"},{"link_name":"Zhao She","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_She"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Mi Yue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Mi_Yue"}],"text":"Lin Xiangru is one of the 32 historical figures who appear as special characters in the video game Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI by Koei.Lin Xiangru also appears in the manga Kingdom as one of the original \"Three Great Heavens of Zhao\" alongside Lian Po (Ren Pa) and Zhao She (Chou Sha) under his Japanese name \"Rin Shou Jo\", fostering a friendly rivalry with the former. He was regarded as a prodigy for warfare but died early in his career, and most of his retainers went down performing suicide charges, stricken by grief, except for two who stayed at his deathbed. Many years later, the remaining two joined their master after being killed.Lin Xiangru is portrayed by Tan Yang in the last episode of The Legend of Mi Yue (2015) as a guest appearance, depicting the \"Returning the Jade to Zhao\" incident.","title":"Popular culture"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Relief tracing of Lin Xiangru with the Heshibi and King of Qin on Wu Family Shrines' stone-relief, from Jinshisuo (金石索).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Heshibi_%E5%AE%8C%E7%92%A7%E5%BD%92%E8%B5%B5%E6%AD%A6%E6%B0%8F%E7%A5%A0_%E9%87%91%E7%9F%B3%E7%B4%A23.jpg/220px-Heshibi_%E5%AE%8C%E7%92%A7%E5%BD%92%E8%B5%B5%E6%AD%A6%E6%B0%8F%E7%A5%A0_%E9%87%91%E7%9F%B3%E7%B4%A23.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"oadmin. \"柳林概述-中国·柳林政府门户网\". www.liulin.gov.cn. Retrieved 2022-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liulin.gov.cn/zjll/llgs/201709/t20170907_593492.shtml","url_text":"\"柳林概述-中国·柳林政府门户网\""}]},{"reference":"Sima Qian (1993). Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty II, translated by Burton Watson. Columbia University Press. p. 259. ISBN 0-231-08167-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Qian","url_text":"Sima Qian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08167-7","url_text":"0-231-08167-7"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.liulin.gov.cn/zjll/llgs/201709/t20170907_593492.shtml","external_links_name":"\"柳林概述-中国·柳林政府门户网\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Railway_1322_Class
|
Midland Railway 1322 Class
|
["1 Numbering","2 Disposal","3 Notes","4 References"]
|
Midland Railway 1322 classType and originPower typeSteamBuilderMR Derby WorksOrder number341 (5), 816 (5)Build date1883 (5), 1889–1890 (5)Total produced10SpecificationsConfiguration: • Whyte0-4-0T • UICB n2tGauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)Driver dia.3 ft 10 in (1,168 mm)Loco weight23 long tons 3 cwt (51,900 lb or 23.5 t)Fuel typeCoalBoiler pressure140 psi (0.97 MPa)CylindersTwoCylinder size13 in × 20 in (330 mm × 508 mm)Valve gearStephensonPerformance figuresTractive effort8,744 lbf (38.90 kN)CareerOperatorsMR » LMS » BRPower classMR: UnclassifiedWithdrawn1905–1949DispositionAll scrapped
The Midland Railway (MR) 1322 Class was a class of small 0-4-0ST steam locomotives designed for shunting. The next class of shunting engines built by the Midland was the 1116A Class, which was nearly identical.
Numbering
Ten engines were built at Derby Works, five in 1883 and the remainder in 1889–1890. Their original numbers were 1322–1326, 202, 1428–1430, 1697. In 1892 they were all placed on the duplicate list as 1322A–1326A, 202A, 1428A–1430A, 1697A.
Disposal
Nos 202A and 1429A were withdrawn before the Midland's 1907 renumbering scheme, leaving the remainder to become 1500–1507. By 1928, all but 1506 had been withdrawn, and in 1930 the survivor 1506 was renumbered 1509 to make room for the ex-S&DJR Fox, Walker 0-6-0ST locomotives taken into LMS stock that year. This engine survived, having been transferred to departmental stock in 1924, and used as a works shunter at Derby Works. It was withdrawn in November 1949. It was allocated the British Railways number 41509.a It was not preserved.
Table of withdrawals
Year
Quantity inservice atstart of year
Quantitywithdrawn
Locomotive numbers
Notes
1905
10
1
1429
1907
9
1
202
1921
8
1
1501
1924
7
2
1502, 1505
1926
5
1
1500
1927
4
1
1504
1928
3
2
1503, 1507
1949
1
1
1509
Notes
^a Sources are unclear whether it received it however, but this question should be answerable
References
^ Casserley & Johnston 1974, p. 31.
^ a b Baxter 1982, p. 135.
Baxter, Bertram (1982). Baxter, David (ed.). British Locomotive Catalogue 1825–1923. Vol. 3A: Midland Railway and its constituent companies. Ashbourne, Derbyshire: Moorland Publishing Company. p. 135. ISBN 9780903485524.
Casserley, H. C. & Johnston, Stuart W. (1974) . Locomotives at the Grouping 3: London, Midland and Scottish Railway. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan. p. 31. ISBN 0-7110-0554-0.
Essery, R. J. & Jenkinson, D. (31 December 1988). An Illustrated Review of Midland Locomotives, Volume 3: Tank Engines. Didcot: Wild Swan Publications. ISBN 0-906867-66-5.
vteMidland Railway locomotivesMatthew Kirtley (1844-1873)
130
156
480
690
700
780
Samuel Waite Johnson (1873-1903)
6
115
1000
1102
1116A
1121
1134A
1142
1252
1322
1377
1532
1823
1833
2228
2441
2501
2511
2601
Cl. 1 2-4-0
Cl. 2 4-4-0
Cl. 3 4-4-0
Richard Deeley (1904-1909)
990
1528
2000
Paget locomotive
Henry Fowler (1909-1923)
483
3835
Lickey Banker
S&DJR 7F 2-8-0
Locomotives of the Midland Railway
LMS locomotives
British Railways steam locomotives
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"0-4-0ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0-4-0ST"},{"link_name":"1116A Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Railway_1116A_Class"}],"text":"The Midland Railway (MR) 1322 Class was a class of small 0-4-0ST steam locomotives designed for shunting. The next class of shunting engines built by the Midland was the 1116A Class, which was nearly identical.","title":"Midland Railway 1322 Class"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derby Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Works"}],"text":"Ten engines were built at Derby Works, five in 1883 and the remainder in 1889–1890. Their original numbers were 1322–1326, 202, 1428–1430, 1697. In 1892 they were all placed on the duplicate list as 1322A–1326A, 202A, 1428A–1430A, 1697A.","title":"Numbering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S&DJR Fox, Walker 0-6-0ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26DJR_Fox,_Walker_0-6-0ST"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasserleyJohnston197431-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1982135-2"},{"link_name":"Derby Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Works"},{"link_name":"British Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Railways"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_renumbered"}],"text":"Nos 202A and 1429A were withdrawn before the Midland's 1907 renumbering scheme, leaving the remainder to become 1500–1507. By 1928, all but 1506 had been withdrawn, and in 1930 the survivor 1506 was renumbered 1509 to make room for the ex-S&DJR Fox, Walker 0-6-0ST locomotives taken into LMS stock that year.[1] This engine survived, having been transferred to departmental stock in 1924,[2] and used as a works shunter at Derby Works. It was withdrawn in November 1949. It was allocated the British Railways number 41509.a It was not preserved.","title":"Disposal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_renumbered"}],"text":"^a Sources are unclear whether it received it however, but this question should be answerable","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Baxter, Bertram (1982). Baxter, David (ed.). British Locomotive Catalogue 1825–1923. Vol. 3A: Midland Railway and its constituent companies. Ashbourne, Derbyshire: Moorland Publishing Company. p. 135. ISBN 9780903485524.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780903485524","url_text":"9780903485524"}]},{"reference":"Casserley, H. C. & Johnston, Stuart W. (1974) [1966]. Locomotives at the Grouping 3: London, Midland and Scottish Railway. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan. p. 31. ISBN 0-7110-0554-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._C._Casserley","url_text":"Casserley, H. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing","url_text":"Ian Allan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-0554-0","url_text":"0-7110-0554-0"}]},{"reference":"Essery, R. J. & Jenkinson, D. (31 December 1988). An Illustrated Review of Midland Locomotives, Volume 3: Tank Engines. Didcot: Wild Swan Publications. ISBN 0-906867-66-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Essery","url_text":"Essery, R. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jenkinson","url_text":"Jenkinson, D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906867-66-5","url_text":"0-906867-66-5"}]}]
|
[]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Angel_at_My_Table
|
An Angel at My Table
|
["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 Awards","4 Impact and reception","5 References","6 External links"]
|
1990 biographical drama film by Jane Campion
An Angel at My TableDirected byJane CampionScreenplay byLaura JonesBased onTo the Is-Land by Janet Frame An Angel at My Table by Janet FrameThe Envoy from Mirror City by Janet FrameProduced byJohn MaynardBridget IkinStarringKerry FoxCinematographyStuart DryburghEdited byVeronika JenetMusic byDon McGlashanProductioncompaniesABCTelevision New ZealandChannel 4Hibiscus FilmsDistributed bySharmill Films (Australia)Artificial Eye (United Kingdom)Release dates
5 September 1990 (1990-09-05) (Venice Film Festival)
20 September 1990 (1990-09-20) (Australia)
Running time158 minutesCountriesNew ZealandAustraliaUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishBox officeNZ$569,000 (New Zealand)$1,054,638 (US and Canada)
An Angel at My Table is a 1990 biographical drama film directed by Jane Campion. The film is based on Janet Frame's three autobiographies, To the Is-Land (1982), An Angel at My Table (1984), and The Envoy from Mirror City (1984). The film was very well received. It won awards at the New Zealand Film and Television awards, the Toronto International Film Festival, and second prize at the Venice Film Festival.
Synopsis
An Angel at My Table is a dramatisation of the autobiographies of New Zealand author Janet Frame. Originally produced as a television miniseries, the film, as with Frame's autobiographies, is divided into three sections, with the lead role played by three actresses who portray Frame at different stages of her life: Alexia Keogh (child), Karen Fergusson (teenager), and Kerry Fox (adult). The film follows Frame from when she grows up in a poor family, through her years in a mental institution, and into her writing years after her release.
Cast
Kerry Fox as Janet Frame (adult)
Alexia Keogh as Janet Frame (child)
Karen Fergusson as Janet Frame (teenager)
Iris Churn as Mother
Kevin J. Wilson as Father
Melina Bernecker as Myrtle
Glynis Angell as Isabel
Mark Morrison as Bruddie Frame (child)
Sarah Llewellyn as June Frame (child)
Natasha Gray as Leslie
Brenda Kendall as Miss Botting
Martyn Sanderson as Frank Sargeson
Awards
New Zealand Film and TV Awards (1990):
Best Cinematography: Stuart Dryburgh
Best Director: Jane Campion
Best Film
Best Performance in Supporting Role: Martyn Sanderson
Best Female Performance: Kerry Fox
Best Screenplay: Laura Jones
Toronto International Film Festival (1990):
International Critics Award: Jane Campion
Valladolid International Film Festival (1990):
Best Actress: Kerry Fox
Venice Film Festival (1990)
Elvira Notari Prize: Jane Campion
Filmcritica "Bastone Bianco" Award: Jane Campion
Grand Special Jury Prize: Jane Campion
Little Golden Lion Award: Jane Campion
OCIC Award: Jane Campion
Belgian Syndicate of Cinema Critics (UCC) (1992):
Grand Prix
Chicago Film Critics Association (CFCA) (1992):
CFCA Award: Best Foreign Language Film
Independent Spirit Awards (1992)
Best Foreign Film: Jane Campion
Impact and reception
An Angel at My Table was the first film from New Zealand to be screened at the Venice Film Festival, where it received multiple standing ovations and was awarded the Grand Special Jury Prize despite evoking yells of protest that it did not win The Golden Lion. In addition to virtually sweeping the local New Zealand film awards, it also took home the prize for best foreign film at the Independent Spirit Awards and the International Critics' Award at the Toronto International Film Festival. The film not only established Jane Campion as an emerging director and launched the career of Kerry Fox, but it also introduced a broader audience to Janet Frame's writing.
Roger Ebert gave the film 4 out of 4 stars, stating; " tells its story calmly and with great attention to human detail and, watching it, I found myself drawn in with a rare intensity". The film also received praise in The Guardian where film critic Derek Malcolm called it "one of the very best films of the year". The Sydney Morning Herald wrote, "Angel is a film where almost every image strikes the eye with the vividness of an inspired art composition: one where small incidents gain magical properties". Variety said the film is "potentially painful and harrowing...imbued with gentle humor and great compassion, which makes every character come vividly alive". In 2019, the BBC polled 368 film experts from 84 countries to name the 100 greatest films directed by women, with An Angel at My Table voted at No. 47.
References
^ "Top Fourteeen New Zealand Movies Released in New Zealand". No. 97–98. Cinema Papers. April 1994. p. 15. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
^ "An Angel at My Table (1991)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
^ Hunter Cordaiy, "An Angel at My Table", Cinema Papers, November 1990, pp. 32–36.
^ a b c d e f g "Background - An Angel at My Table - Film". NZ On Screen. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "BELGIAN FILM CRITICS ASSOCIATION: Grand Prix Honours List – Movie List". MUBI. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ "1988-2013 Award Winner Archives". Chicago Film Critics Association. 1 January 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ Campion, Jane (19 January 2008). "Jane Campion recalls her encounters with Janet Frame". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ Ebert, Roger (21 June 1991). "An Angel at My Table". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
^ "Quotes - An Angel at My Table - Film - NZ on Screen". www.nzonscreen.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ "An Angel at my Table - Review - Photos - Ozmovies". www.ozmovies.com.au. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ "Film Review: 'An Angel at My Table'". Variety. 31 December 1989. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ "The 100 greatest films directed by women". BBC Culture. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
External links
An Angel at My Table at IMDb
An Angel at My Table at Rotten Tomatoes
An Angel at My Table at Turner Classic Movies
NZ On Screen page
An Angel at My Table at Oz Movies
An Angel at My Table: Alone, Naturally an essay by Amy Taubin at the Criterion Collection
vteJane CampionFilms directedFeature films
Sweetie (1989)
An Angel at My Table (1990)
The Piano (1993)
The Portrait of a Lady (1996)
Holy Smoke! (1999)
In the Cut (2003)
Bright Star (2009)
The Power of the Dog (2021)
Short films
Mishaps of Seduction and Conquest (1981)
Peel (1982)
Passionless Moments (1983)
A Girl's Own Story (1984)
The Lady Bug (2007)
The Water Diary (2008)
Television
Dancing Daze (1985)
Two Friends (1986)
Top of the Lake (2013, 2017)
Awards for An Angel at My Table
vteChicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Foreign Language Film1980s
Au revoir les enfants (1988)
Henry V (1989)
1990s
The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (1990)
An Angel at My Table (1991)
The Crying Game (1992)
The Piano (1993)
Three Colours: Red (1994)
Il Postino: The Postman (1995)
Dekalog (1996)
Shall We Dance? (1997)
Life Is Beautiful (1998)
All About My Mother (1999)
2000s
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000)
Amélie (2001)
Y tu mamá también (2002)
City of God (2003)
A Very Long Engagement (2004)
Caché (2005)
Letters from Iwo Jima (2006)
4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days (2007)
Let the Right One In (2008)
The White Ribbon (2009)
2010s
A Prophet (2010)
A Separation (2011)
Amour (2012)
The Act of Killing (2013)
Force Majeure (2014)
Son of Saul (2015)
The Handmaiden (2016)
The Square (2017)
Roma (2018)
Parasite (2019)
2020s
Another Round (2020)
Drive My Car (2021)
Decision to Leave (2022)
The Zone of Interest (2023)
vteIndependent Spirit Award for Best International Film
Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985)
A Room with a View (1986)
My Life as a Dog (1987)
Wings of Desire (1988)
My Left Foot (1989)
Sweetie (1990)
An Angel at My Table (1991)
The Crying Game (1992)
The Piano (1993)
Three Colours: Red (1994)
Before the Rain (1995)
Secrets & Lies (1996)
The Sweet Hereafter (1997)
The Celebration (1998)
Run Lola Run (1999)
Dancer in the Dark (2000)
Amélie (2001)
Y Tu Mamá También (2002)
Whale Rider (2003)
The Sea Inside (2004)
Paradise Now (2005)
The Lives of Others (2006)
Once (2007)
The Class (2008)
An Education (2009)
The King's Speech (2010)
A Separation (2011)
Amour (2012)
Blue Is the Warmest Colour (2013)
Ida (2014)
Son of Saul (2015)
Toni Erdmann (2016)
A Fantastic Woman (2017)
Roma (2018)
Parasite (2019)
Quo Vadis, Aida? (2020)
Drive My Car (2021)
Joyland (2022)
Anatomy of a Fall (2023)
vteVenice Film Festival Grand Jury Prize1951–1968
A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)
The Curious Adventures of Mr. Wonderbird / Mandy (1952)
Executive Suite (1954)
The Lovers / La sfida (1958)
The Magician (1959)
Rocco and His Brothers (1960)
Peace to Him Who Enters (1961)
Vivre sa vie (1962)
The Fire Within / Introduction to Life (1963)
The Gospel According to St. Matthew / Hamlet (1964)
I Am Twenty / Modiga mindre män / Simon of the Desert (1965)
Chappaqua / Yesterday Girl (1966)
China Is Near / La Chinoise (1967)
Our Lady of the Turks / Le Socrate (1968)
1981–2000
Sweet Dreams / They Don't Wear Black Tie (1981)
Imperative (1982)
Biquefarre (1983)
Favorites of the Moon (1984)
Tangos, the Exile of Gardel (1985)
A Tale of Love / Wild Pigeon (1986)
Hip Hip Hurrah! (1987)
Camp de Thiaroye (1988)
And Then There Was Light (1989)
An Angel at My Table (1990)
The Divine Comedy (1991)
Death of a Neapolitan Mathematician (1992)
Bad Boy Bubby (1993)
Natural Born Killers (1994)
God's Comedy / The Star Maker (1995)
Brigands (1996)
Ovosodo (1997)
Terminus Paradis (1998)
The Wind Will Carry Us (1999)
Before Night Falls (2000)
2001–present
Dog Days (2001)
House of Fools (2002)
The Kite (2003)
The Sea Inside (2004)
Mary (2005)
Daratt (2006)
I'm Not There / The Secret of the Grain (2007)
Teza (2008)
Soul Kitchen (2009)
Essential Killing (2010)
Terraferma (2011)
Paradise: Faith (2012)
Stray Dogs (2013)
The Look of Silence (2014)
Anomalisa (2015)
Nocturnal Animals (2016)
Foxtrot (2017)
The Favourite (2018)
An Officer and a Spy (2019)
New Order (2020)
The Hand of God (2021)
Saint Omer (2022)
Evil Does Not Exist (2023)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biographical drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_film"},{"link_name":"Jane Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Campion"},{"link_name":"Janet Frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Frame"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Film and Television awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Film_and_Television_awards"},{"link_name":"Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Venice Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ-4"}],"text":"An Angel at My Table is a 1990 biographical drama film directed by Jane Campion. The film is based on Janet Frame's three autobiographies, To the Is-Land (1982), An Angel at My Table (1984), and The Envoy from Mirror City (1984).[3] The film was very well received. It won awards at the New Zealand Film and Television awards, the Toronto International Film Festival, and second prize at the Venice Film Festival.[4]","title":"An Angel at My Table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janet Frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Frame"},{"link_name":"miniseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniseries"},{"link_name":"Kerry Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Fox"}],"text":"An Angel at My Table is a dramatisation of the autobiographies of New Zealand author Janet Frame. Originally produced as a television miniseries, the film, as with Frame's autobiographies, is divided into three sections, with the lead role played by three actresses who portray Frame at different stages of her life: Alexia Keogh (child), Karen Fergusson (teenager), and Kerry Fox (adult). The film follows Frame from when she grows up in a poor family, through her years in a mental institution, and into her writing years after her release.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kerry Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Fox"},{"link_name":"Kevin J. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_J._Wilson"},{"link_name":"Martyn Sanderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyn_Sanderson"},{"link_name":"Frank Sargeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sargeson"}],"text":"Kerry Fox as Janet Frame (adult)\nAlexia Keogh as Janet Frame (child)\nKaren Fergusson as Janet Frame (teenager)\nIris Churn as Mother\nKevin J. Wilson as Father\nMelina Bernecker as Myrtle\nGlynis Angell as Isabel\nMark Morrison as Bruddie Frame (child)\nSarah Llewellyn as June Frame (child)\nNatasha Gray as Leslie\nBrenda Kendall as Miss Botting\nMartyn Sanderson as Frank Sargeson","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand Film and TV Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Film_and_TV_Awards"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ-4"},{"link_name":"Jane Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Campion"},{"link_name":"Martyn Sanderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyn_Sanderson"},{"link_name":"Kerry Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Fox"},{"link_name":"Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ-4"},{"link_name":"Jane Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Campion"},{"link_name":"Valladolid International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ-4"},{"link_name":"Kerry Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Fox"},{"link_name":"Venice Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ-4"},{"link_name":"Jane Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Campion"},{"link_name":"Jane Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Campion"},{"link_name":"Grand Special Jury Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Jury_Prize_(Venice_Film_Festival)"},{"link_name":"Jane Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Campion"},{"link_name":"Jane Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Campion"},{"link_name":"Jane Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Campion"},{"link_name":"Belgian Syndicate of Cinema Critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Syndicate_of_Cinema_Critics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Belgian_Syndicate_of_Cinema_Critics)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Film Critics Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Film_Critics_Association"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Independent Spirit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Awards"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ-4"},{"link_name":"Jane Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Campion"}],"text":"New Zealand Film and TV Awards (1990):[4]\nBest Cinematography: Stuart Dryburgh\nBest Director: Jane Campion\nBest Film\nBest Performance in Supporting Role: Martyn Sanderson\nBest Female Performance: Kerry Fox\nBest Screenplay: Laura Jones\nToronto International Film Festival (1990):[4]\nInternational Critics Award: Jane Campion\nValladolid International Film Festival (1990):[4]\nBest Actress: Kerry Fox\nVenice Film Festival (1990)[4]\nElvira Notari Prize: Jane Campion\nFilmcritica \"Bastone Bianco\" Award: Jane Campion\nGrand Special Jury Prize: Jane Campion\nLittle Golden Lion Award: Jane Campion\nOCIC Award: Jane Campion\nBelgian Syndicate of Cinema Critics (UCC) (1992):[5]\nGrand Prix\nChicago Film Critics Association (CFCA) (1992):[6]\nCFCA Award: Best Foreign Language Film\nIndependent Spirit Awards (1992)[4]\nBest Foreign Film: Jane Campion","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Venice Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Independent Spirit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Awards"},{"link_name":"Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ-4"},{"link_name":"Jane Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Campion"},{"link_name":"Kerry Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Fox"},{"link_name":"Janet Frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Frame"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Derek Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Malcolm"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"}],"text":"An Angel at My Table was the first film from New Zealand to be screened at the Venice Film Festival, where it received multiple standing ovations and was awarded the Grand Special Jury Prize despite evoking yells of protest that it did not win The Golden Lion.[7] In addition to virtually sweeping the local New Zealand film awards, it also took home the prize for best foreign film at the Independent Spirit Awards and the International Critics' Award at the Toronto International Film Festival.[4] The film not only established Jane Campion as an emerging director and launched the career of Kerry Fox, but it also introduced a broader audience to Janet Frame's writing.Roger Ebert gave the film 4 out of 4 stars, stating; \"[The film] tells its story calmly and with great attention to human detail and, watching it, I found myself drawn in with a rare intensity\".[8] The film also received praise in The Guardian where film critic Derek Malcolm called it \"one of the very best films of the year\".[9] The Sydney Morning Herald wrote, \"Angel is a film where almost every image strikes the eye with the vividness of an inspired art composition: one where small incidents gain magical properties\".[10] Variety said the film is \"potentially painful and harrowing...imbued with gentle humor and great compassion, which makes every character come vividly alive\".[11] In 2019, the BBC polled 368 film experts from 84 countries to name the 100 greatest films directed by women, with An Angel at My Table voted at No. 47.[12]","title":"Impact and reception"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Top Fourteeen New Zealand Movies Released in New Zealand\". No. 97–98. Cinema Papers. April 1994. p. 15. Retrieved 7 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/libuow/docs/cinemapaper1994aprno097-098","url_text":"\"Top Fourteeen New Zealand Movies Released in New Zealand\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Angel at My Table (1991)\". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved 9 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=angelatmytable.htm","url_text":"\"An Angel at My Table (1991)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com","url_text":"Amazon.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Background - An Angel at My Table - Film\". NZ On Screen. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzonscreen.com/title/an-angel-at-my-table-1990-0e1/background#critique_0","url_text":"\"Background - An Angel at My Table - Film\""}]},{"reference":"\"BELGIAN FILM CRITICS ASSOCIATION: Grand Prix Honours List – Movie List\". MUBI. Retrieved 11 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mubi.com/lists/grand-prix-honours-list-of-the-belgian-film-critics-association","url_text":"\"BELGIAN FILM CRITICS ASSOCIATION: Grand Prix Honours List – Movie List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUBI","url_text":"MUBI"}]},{"reference":"\"1988-2013 Award Winner Archives\". Chicago Film Critics Association. 1 January 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://chicagofilmcritics.org/awards-blog/archives","url_text":"\"1988-2013 Award Winner Archives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Film_Critics_Association","url_text":"Chicago Film Critics Association"}]},{"reference":"Campion, Jane (19 January 2008). \"Jane Campion recalls her encounters with Janet Frame\". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Campion","url_text":"Campion, Jane"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/19/fiction5","url_text":"\"Jane Campion recalls her encounters with Janet Frame\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (21 June 1991). \"An Angel at My Table\". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 3 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert","url_text":"Ebert, Roger"},{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/an-angel-at-my-table-1991","url_text":"\"An Angel at My Table\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun-Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Quotes - An Angel at My Table - Film - NZ on Screen\". www.nzonscreen.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/an-angel-at-my-table-1990-0e1/quotes","url_text":"\"Quotes - An Angel at My Table - Film - NZ on Screen\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Angel at my Table - Review - Photos - Ozmovies\". www.ozmovies.com.au. Retrieved 11 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ozmovies.com.au/movie/angel-at-my-table","url_text":"\"An Angel at my Table - Review - Photos - Ozmovies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Film Review: 'An Angel at My Table'\". Variety. 31 December 1989. Retrieved 11 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1989/film/reviews/an-angel-at-my-table-1117788722/","url_text":"\"Film Review: 'An Angel at My Table'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"The 100 greatest films directed by women\". BBC Culture. Retrieved 17 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20191125-the-100-greatest-films-directed-by-women-poll","url_text":"\"The 100 greatest films directed by women\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://issuu.com/libuow/docs/cinemapaper1994aprno097-098","external_links_name":"\"Top Fourteeen New Zealand Movies Released in New Zealand\""},{"Link":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=angelatmytable.htm","external_links_name":"\"An Angel at My Table (1991)\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzonscreen.com/title/an-angel-at-my-table-1990-0e1/background#critique_0","external_links_name":"\"Background - An Angel at My Table - Film\""},{"Link":"https://mubi.com/lists/grand-prix-honours-list-of-the-belgian-film-critics-association","external_links_name":"\"BELGIAN FILM CRITICS ASSOCIATION: Grand Prix Honours List – Movie List\""},{"Link":"https://chicagofilmcritics.org/awards-blog/archives","external_links_name":"\"1988-2013 Award Winner Archives\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/19/fiction5","external_links_name":"\"Jane Campion recalls her encounters with Janet Frame\""},{"Link":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/an-angel-at-my-table-1991","external_links_name":"\"An Angel at My Table\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/an-angel-at-my-table-1990-0e1/quotes","external_links_name":"\"Quotes - An Angel at My Table - Film - NZ on Screen\""},{"Link":"https://www.ozmovies.com.au/movie/angel-at-my-table","external_links_name":"\"An Angel at my Table - Review - Photos - Ozmovies\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/1989/film/reviews/an-angel-at-my-table-1117788722/","external_links_name":"\"Film Review: 'An Angel at My Table'\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20191125-the-100-greatest-films-directed-by-women-poll","external_links_name":"\"The 100 greatest films directed by women\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099040/","external_links_name":"An Angel at My Table"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/angel_at_my_table","external_links_name":"An Angel at My Table"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/67350/an-angel-at-my-table#overview","external_links_name":"An Angel at My Table"},{"Link":"http://www.nzonscreen.com/title/an-angel-at-my-table-1990-0e1","external_links_name":"NZ On Screen page"},{"Link":"http://www.ozmovies.com.au/movie/angel-at-my-table","external_links_name":"An Angel at My Table"},{"Link":"https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/771-an-angel-at-my-table-alone-naturally","external_links_name":"An Angel at My Table: Alone, Naturally"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_under-19_floorball_team
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United States men's national under-19 floorball team
|
["1 Roster","1.1 Team Staff","2 Records","2.1 All-Time World Championship Records","2.2 Head-to-Head International Records","3 References","4 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "United States men's national under-19 floorball team" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
United States Men's U-19 National Floorball TeamShort nameUSA Men's U-19Founded2015Coach Joel OlofssonFirst game 3 - 12
April 29, 2015Largest win 11 - 6
May 2, 2015Largest defeat 18 - 4
May 4, 2017
The United States Men's Under-19 National Floorball Team is the men's under-19 national floorball team of the United States, and a member of the International Floorball Federation. The team is composed of the best American floorball players under the age of 19. The United States' under-19 men's team is currently ranked 14th in the world at floorball, and played in the B-Division at the most recent U-19 World Floorball Championships.
The United States National Team is organized by USA Floorball.
Roster
The roster of Team USA at the 2019 U-19 WFC.
As of June 27, 2019
#
Player
Club
Pos.
Grip
Age
Birthplace
5
Jonah Walker
Utah Floorball
F
R
23
United States
7
Eric Dieckelman
Sundsvall FBC
F
L
24
Sweden
8
Ethan Jacques
Halsinggardens AIK
D
L
23
United States
9
Tyler Radichel
NTFA Knights
F
R
21
United States
11
Carl Eriksson
KAIS Mora IF
F
L
23
Sweden
12
Thomas Terhonen
EraViikingit, Helsinki
F
R
22
United States
14
Liam Williamsson
Orlando Vikings FC
F
L
22
United States
16
David Hansen
Torshalla IBK
F
L
22
Sweden
17
Samuel Hallikainen
SB-Pro, Nurmijarvi
D
L
21
United States
21
Eli Dugan
Seattle FC
F
R
21
United States
24
Aleksi Huttunen
Tikkurila Tiikerit, Vantaa
D
L
24
United States
27
Kevin Weber
TSV Unihockey Deitingen
F
L
22
United States
40
Rikhard Lehtinen
O2-Jyväskylä
F
L
24
Finland
60
Nate Hausman
Tomah FC
D
R
23
United States
64
Case Connor
Austin FC
Texas Tornadoes
F
R
22
United States
72
Lukas Alongi
EraViikingit, Helsinki
F
L
22
United States
88
Seth Velasquez
Utah Floorball
D
R
22
United States
90
Jonathan Mooney
IBF Lidingo
G
R
22
Sweden
Team Staff
Head Coach - Joel Olofsson
General Manager - Kenton Walker
Coach - Lars Halvardsson
Coach - Patrick Jesue
Athletic Trainer - Sean Edin
Staff - Geoff Dugan
Staff - Jerker Eriksson
Records
All-Time World Championship Records
Year
GP
W
D
L
GF
GA
+/-
Result
Sweden 2015
4
1
0
3
26
47
-21
15th
Sweden 2017
4
1
0
3
13
42
-29
15th
Canada 2019
4
1
0
3
21
35
-14
14th
Total
12
3
0
9
60
124
-64
Head-to-Head International Records
Opponent
GP
W
D
L
GF
GA
+/-
Japan
3
3
0
0
25
18
+7
Canada
2
0
0
2
17
27
-10
Hungary
2
0
0
2
4
22
-18
Australia
1
0
0
1
1
8
-7
Denmark
1
0
0
1
2
13
-11
Germany
1
0
0
1
4
18
-14
New Zealand
1
0
1
0
5
5
+0
Poland
1
0
0
1
3
10
-7
Russia
1
0
0
1
4
8
-4
Totals
13
3
1
9
65
129
-64
References
^ "Rankings". IFF Main Site. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
^ "Team". IFF Main Site. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
External links
Official website
vte National sports teams of the United States
A1 GP
American football
M
M U19
W
Australian rules football
M
W
Badminton
Ball hockey
M
W
Bandy
M
W
Baseball
M
M U18
W
Basketball
M
M U19
M U17
M 3x3
W
W U19
W U17
W 3x3
M Para
W Para
Beach handball
M
W
Cricket
M
M U19
W
W U19
Equestrian
Field hockey
M
W
W U21
Flag football
M
W
Floorball
M
W
M U19
Fly Fishing
Goalball
M
W
W U19
Gymnastics
M
W
Handball
M
W
Ice hockey
M
M U20
M U17/18
M U16
W
W U18
M Para
W Para
Indoor hockey
M
W
Inline hockey
M
W
Kabaddi
Korfball
Lacrosse
M
W
Indoor
Netball
Quidditch
Roller derby
Roller hockey
Rugby league
M
W
Wheelchair
Rugby union
M
M U20
M U19
M7
W
W7
Skateboarding
Skiing
Soccer
M
M U23
M U20
M U19
M U18
M U17
B U16
B U15
W
W U23
W U20
W U19
W U18
W U17
G U15
M Beach soccer
W Beach soccer
M Para
M Futsal
W Deaf
Softball
M
M U19
W
W U18
Speedway
Squash
M
W
Swimming
Tennis
M
W
X
Track and field
Volleyball
M
M U23
M U21
M U19
W
W U23
W U20
W U18
Beach
Water polo
M
W
Wheelchair rugby
Olympics
Summer
Winter
Paralympics
Deaflympics
Pan American Games
Parapan American Games
World University Games
Youth Olympics
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"floorball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floorball"},{"link_name":"International Floorball Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Floorball_Federation"},{"link_name":"U-19 World Floorball Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Men%27s_under-19_World_Floorball_Championships_B-Division"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"USA Floorball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Floorball_Association"}],"text":"The United States Men's Under-19 National Floorball Team is the men's under-19 national floorball team of the United States, and a member of the International Floorball Federation. The team is composed of the best American floorball players under the age of 19. The United States' under-19 men's team is currently ranked 14th in the world at floorball, and played in the B-Division at the most recent U-19 World Floorball Championships.[1]The United States National Team is organized by USA Floorball.","title":"United States men's national under-19 floorball team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The roster of Team USA at the 2019 U-19 WFC.[2]As of June 27, 2019","title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"}],"sub_title":"Team Staff","text":"Head Coach - Joel OlofssonGeneral Manager - Kenton WalkerCoach - Lars HalvardssonCoach - Patrick JesueAthletic Trainer - Sean EdinStaff - Geoff DuganStaff - Jerker Eriksson","title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"All-Time World Championship Records","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Head-to-Head International Records","title":"Records"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Rankings\". IFF Main Site. Retrieved 2020-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://floorball.sport/iff-events/rankings/","url_text":"\"Rankings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team\". IFF Main Site. Retrieved 2020-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://floorball.sport/team/1413879841/","url_text":"\"Team\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_diboride
|
Uranium diboride
|
["1 References"]
|
Uranium boride
Identifiers
CAS Number
12007-36-2 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
74717
ECHA InfoCard
100.031.358
EC Number
234-508-0
PubChem CID
82795
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID901045484
InChI
InChI=1S/2B.UKey: QPXOIGGWJBMJIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES
B##B
Properties
Chemical formula
UB2
Molar mass
259.651 g/mol
Density
12.7 g/cm3
Melting point
2,430 °C (4,410 °F; 2,700 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Uranium boride (UB2), a compound of uranium and boron, is a very stable glassy boride material that is insoluble in water.
It is being explored as an ingredient in high entropy alloys, and as a method of immobilizing uranium-based radioactive waste, and rendering it safe for long-term storage. It has some applications in endocurietherapy, a method of radiation therapy wherein radioactive microspheres are implanted directly into the treatment site and allowed to remain for an extended period of time, may also use this class of material as it would not be attacked while in situ.
It is being considered as a nuclear fuel material as it has a high density and thermal conductivity
References
^ Watkins, Jennifer K.; Wagner, Adrian R.; Gonzales, Adrian; Jaques, Brian J.; Sooby, Elizabeth S. (2022). "Challenges and opportunities to alloyed and composite fuel architectures to mitigate high uranium density fuel oxidation: Uranium diboride and uranium carbide". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 560: 153502. Bibcode:2022JNuM..56053502W. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2021.153502. OSTI 1862689. S2CID 245646534.
US patent 5342283, Roger R. Good, "Endocurietherapy", issued 1994-08-30
Franzen, Harald (6 April 2001). "Cheap, Safe Storage for Radioactive Materials". Scientific American. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
vteUranium compoundsU(II)
UB2
US
U(III)
UF3
UCl3
UBr3
UI3
UP
U(OH)3
UH3
UNOrganouranium(III) compounds
U(C5H5)3
U(IV)
U(BH4)4
UC
UCl4
UF4
UBr4
UI4
UO2
UH4
USi2
US2
USe2
UTe2
U(SO4)2Organouranium(IV) compounds
U(C8H8)2
U(C5H5)4
U(C5H5)3Cl
U(IV,V)
U2N3
U(IV,VI)
U3O8
U(V)
UCl5
UF5
UBr5
UI5
U2O5
U(VI)
(NH4)2U2O7
Na2U2O7
UCl6
UF6
U(PO4)2
UO3
UO4
UO2(CH3COO)2
UO2(CHO2)2
UO2CO3
UO2CO3·2(NH4)2CO3
UO2Cl2
UO2F2
UO2(NO3)2
UO2(OH)2
(UO2)2(OH)4
UO2(SO4)2
ZnUO2(CH3COO)4
UN2
H2UO4
Na4UO2(CO3)3
U(XII)
UO6 (hypothetical)
vteBorides Bxy-
BxHy
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
MgB2
AlB2AlB12
SiBx
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
CaB4CaB6
ScB12
TiB2
V
CrB
Mn
FeB4FexBy
CoxBy
Ni3BNi2B
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
Rb
SrB6
YBx
ZrB2
NbB2
Mo
Tc
RuBx
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
Cs
BaB6
*
LuB4LuB6
HfB2
TaBx
WxBy
ReB2
OsBx
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
Fr
Ra
**
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og
*
LaB4LaB6
CeB4CeB6
PrB4PrB6
NdB4NdB6
Pm
SmB4SmB6
EuB6
GdB4GdB6
TbB4TbB6
DyB4DyB6
HoB4HoB6
ErB4ErB6
TmB4TmB6
YbB4YbB6
**
Ac
Th
Pa
UB2
Np
PuBx
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
This inorganic compound–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This glass material related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This nuclear technology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"},{"link_name":"boron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron"},{"link_name":"glassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_solid"},{"link_name":"boride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boride"},{"link_name":"high entropy alloys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_entropy_alloys"},{"link_name":"uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"},{"link_name":"radioactive waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_waste"},{"link_name":"endocurietherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocurietherapy"},{"link_name":"radiation therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy"},{"link_name":"radioactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive"},{"link_name":"in situ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_situ"},{"link_name":"nuclear fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuel"},{"link_name":"thermal conductivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Chemical compoundUranium boride (UB2), a compound of uranium and boron, is a very stable glassy boride material that is insoluble in water.It is being explored as an ingredient in high entropy alloys, and as a method of immobilizing uranium-based radioactive waste, and rendering it safe for long-term storage. It has some applications in endocurietherapy, a method of radiation therapy wherein radioactive microspheres are implanted directly into the treatment site and allowed to remain for an extended period of time, may also use this class of material as it would not be attacked while in situ.It is being considered as a nuclear fuel material as it has a high density and thermal conductivity[1]","title":"Uranium diboride"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Watkins, Jennifer K.; Wagner, Adrian R.; Gonzales, Adrian; Jaques, Brian J.; Sooby, Elizabeth S. (2022). \"Challenges and opportunities to alloyed and composite fuel architectures to mitigate high uranium density fuel oxidation: Uranium diboride and uranium carbide\". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 560: 153502. Bibcode:2022JNuM..56053502W. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2021.153502. OSTI 1862689. S2CID 245646534.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1862689","url_text":"\"Challenges and opportunities to alloyed and composite fuel architectures to mitigate high uranium density fuel oxidation: Uranium diboride and uranium carbide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JNuM..56053502W","url_text":"2022JNuM..56053502W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jnucmat.2021.153502","url_text":"10.1016/j.jnucmat.2021.153502"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)","url_text":"OSTI"},{"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1862689","url_text":"1862689"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245646534","url_text":"245646534"}]},{"reference":"Franzen, Harald (6 April 2001). \"Cheap, Safe Storage for Radioactive Materials\". Scientific American. Retrieved 21 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cheap-safe-storage-for-ra/","url_text":"\"Cheap, Safe Storage for Radioactive Materials\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabanac-et-Villagrains
|
Cabanac-et-Villagrains
|
["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 44°36′26″N 0°33′08″W / 44.6072°N 0.5522°W / 44.6072; -0.5522
Commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, FranceCabanac-et-VillagrainsCommuneThe town hall in Cabanac-et-Villagrains
Coat of armsLocation of Cabanac-et-Villagrains
Cabanac-et-VillagrainsShow map of FranceCabanac-et-VillagrainsShow map of Nouvelle-AquitaineCoordinates: 44°36′26″N 0°33′08″W / 44.6072°N 0.5522°W / 44.6072; -0.5522CountryFranceRegionNouvelle-AquitaineDepartmentGirondeArrondissementBordeauxCantonLa BrèdeIntercommunalityMontesquieuGovernment • Mayor (2023–2026) Jean-Georges ClairArea169 km2 (27 sq mi)Population (2021)2,404 • Density35/km2 (90/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code33077 /33650Elevation22–77 m (72–253 ft) (avg. 48 m or 157 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Cabanac-et-Villagrains (French pronunciation: ; Gascon: Cabanac e Vilagrans) is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 895— 1975 808−1.45%1982 930+2.03%1990 1,123+2.39%1999 1,437+2.78%2007 2,051+4.55%2012 2,159+1.03%2017 2,393+2.08%Source: INSEE
See also
Communes of the Gironde department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 6 June 2023.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cabanac-et-Villagrains.
vteCommunes of the Gironde department
Abzac
Aillas
Ambarès-et-Lagrave
Ambès
Andernos-les-Bains
Anglade
Arbanats
Arcachonsubpr
Arcins
Arès
Arsac
Les Artigues-de-Lussac
Artigues-près-Bordeaux
Arveyres
Asques
Aubiac
Audenge
Auriolles
Auros
Avensan
Ayguemorte-les-Graves
Bagas
Baigneaux
Balizac
Barie
Baron
Le Barp
Barsac
Bassanne
Bassens
Baurech
Bayas
Bayon-sur-Gironde
Bazas
Beautiran
Bégadan
Bègles
Béguey
Belin-Béliet
Bellebat
Bellefond
Belvès-de-Castillon
Bernos-Beaulac
Berson
Berthez
Beychac-et-Caillau
Bieujac
Biganos
Les Billaux
Birac
Blaignac
Blaignan-Prignac
Blanquefort
Blasimon
Blayesubpr
Blésignac
Bommes
Bonnetan
Bonzac
Bordeauxpref
Bossugan
Bouliac
Bourdelles
Bourg
Bourideys
Le Bouscat
Brach
Branne
Brannens
Braud-et-Saint-Louis
La Brède
Brouqueyran
Bruges
Budos
Cabanac-et-Villagrains
Cabara
Cadarsac
Cadaujac
Cadillac-en-Fronsadais
Cadillac-sur-Garonne
Camarsac
Cambes
Camblanes-et-Meynac
Camiac-et-Saint-Denis
Camiran
Camps-sur-l'Isle
Campugnan
Canéjan
Capian
Caplong
Captieux
Carbon-Blanc
Carcans
Cardan
Carignan-de-Bordeaux
Cars
Cartelègue
Casseuil
Castelmoron-d'Albret
Castelnau-de-Médoc
Castelviel
Castets et Castillon
Castillon-la-Bataille
Castres-Gironde
Caudrot
Caumont
Cauvignac
Cavignac
Cazalis
Cazats
Cazaugitat
Cénac
Cenon
Cérons
Cessac
Cestas
Cézac
Chamadelle
Cissac-Médoc
Civrac-de-Blaye
Civrac-en-Médoc
Civrac-sur-Dordogne
Cleyrac
Coimères
Coirac
Comps
Coubeyrac
Couquèques
Courpiac
Cours-de-Monségur
Cours-les-Bains
Coutras
Coutures
Créon
Croignon
Cubnezais
Cubzac-les-Ponts
Cudos
Cursan
Cussac-Fort-Médoc
Daignac
Dardenac
Daubèze
Dieulivol
Donnezac
Donzac
Doulezon
Les Églisottes-et-Chalaures
Escaudes
Escoussans
Espiet
Les Esseintes
Étauliers
Eynesse
Eyrans
Eysines
Faleyras
Fargues
Fargues-Saint-Hilaire
Le Fieu
Flaujagues
Floirac
Floudès
Fontet
Fossès-et-Baleyssac
Fours
Francs
Fronsac
Frontenac
Gabarnac
Gaillan-en-Médoc
Gajac
Galgon
Gans
Gardegan-et-Tourtirac
Gauriac
Gauriaguet
Générac
Génissac
Gensac
Gironde-sur-Dropt
Giscos
Gornac
Goualade
Gours
Gradignan
Grayan-et-l'Hôpital
Grézillac
Grignols
Guillac
Guillos
Guîtres
Gujan-Mestras
Le Haillan
Haux
Hostens
Hourtin
Hure
Illats
Isle-Saint-Georges
Izon
Jau-Dignac-et-Loirac
Jugazan
Juillac
Labarde
Labescau
Lacanau
Ladaux
Lados
Lagorce
Lalande-de-Pomerol
Lamarque
Lamothe-Landerron
La Lande-de-Fronsac
Landerrouat
Landerrouet-sur-Ségur
Landiras
Langoiran
Langonsubpr
Lansac
Lanton
Lapouyade
Laroque
Lartigue
Laruscade
Latresne
Lavazan
Lège-Cap-Ferret
Léogeats
Léognan
Lerm-et-Musset
Lesparre-Médocsubpr
Lestiac-sur-Garonne
Les Lèves-et-Thoumeyragues
Libournesubpr
Lignan-de-Bazas
Lignan-de-Bordeaux
Ligueux
Listrac-de-Durèze
Listrac-Médoc
Lormont
Loubens
Louchats
Loupes
Loupiac
Loupiac-de-la-Réole
Lucmau
Ludon-Médoc
Lugaignac
Lugasson
Lugon-et-l'Île-du-Carnay
Lugos
Lussac
Macau
Madirac
Maransin
Marcenais
Marcheprime
Margaux-Cantenac
Margueron
Marimbault
Marions
Marsas
Martignas-sur-Jalle
Martillac
Martres
Masseilles
Massugas
Mauriac
Mazères
Mazion
Mérignac
Mérignas
Mesterrieux
Mios
Mombrier
Mongauzy
Monprimblanc
Monségur
Montagne
Montagoudin
Montignac
Montussan
Morizès
Mouillac
Mouliets-et-Villemartin
Moulis-en-Médoc
Moulon
Mourens
Naujac-sur-Mer
Naujan-et-Postiac
Néac
Nérigean
Neuffons
Le Nizan
Noaillac
Noaillan
Omet
Ordonnac
Origne
Paillet
Parempuyre
Pauillac
Les Peintures
Pellegrue
Périssac
Pessac
Pessac-sur-Dordogne
Petit-Palais-et-Cornemps
Peujard
Le Pian-Médoc
Le Pian-sur-Garonne
Pineuilh
Plassac
Pleine-Selve
Podensac
Pomerol
Pompéjac
Pompignac
Pondaurat
Porchères
Le Porge
Porte-de-Benauge
Portets
Le Pout
Préchac
Preignac
Prignac-et-Marcamps
Pugnac
Puisseguin
Pujols
Pujols-sur-Ciron
Le Puy
Puybarban
Puynormand
Queyrac
Quinsac
Rauzan
Reignac
La Réole
Rimons
Riocaud
Rions
La Rivière
Roaillan
Romagne
Roquebrune
La Roquille
Ruch
Sablons
Sadirac
Saillans
Saint-Aignan
Saint-André-de-Cubzac
Saint-André-du-Bois
Saint-André-et-Appelles
Saint-Androny
Saint-Antoine-du-Queyret
Saint-Antoine-sur-l'Isle
Saint-Aubin-de-Blaye
Saint-Aubin-de-Branne
Saint-Aubin-de-Médoc
Saint-Avit-de-Soulège
Saint-Avit-Saint-Nazaire
Saint-Brice
Saint-Caprais-de-Bordeaux
Saint-Christoly-de-Blaye
Saint-Christoly-Médoc
Saint-Christophe-de-Double
Saint-Christophe-des-Bardes
Saint-Cibard
Saint-Ciers-d'Abzac
Saint-Ciers-de-Canesse
Saint-Ciers-sur-Gironde
Saint-Côme
Saint-Denis-de-Pile
Sainte-Colombe
Sainte-Croix-du-Mont
Sainte-Eulalie
Sainte-Florence
Sainte-Foy-la-Grande
Sainte-Foy-la-Longue
Sainte-Gemme
Sainte-Hélène
Saint-Émilion
Sainte-Radegonde
Saint-Estèphe
Sainte-Terre
Saint-Étienne-de-Lisse
Saint-Exupéry
Saint-Félix-de-Foncaude
Saint-Ferme
Saint-Genès-de-Blaye
Saint-Genès-de-Castillon
Saint-Genès-de-Fronsac
Saint-Genès-de-Lombaud
Saint-Genis-du-Bois
Saint-Germain-de-Grave
Saint-Germain-de-la-Rivière
Saint-Germain-d'Esteuil
Saint-Germain-du-Puch
Saint-Gervais
Saint-Girons-d'Aiguevives
Saint-Hilaire-de-la-Noaille
Saint-Hilaire-du-Bois
Saint-Hippolyte
Saint-Jean-de-Blaignac
Saint-Jean-d'Illac
Saint-Julien-Beychevelle
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This Gironde geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"title":"Communes of the Gironde department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Gironde_department"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_Allen
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Chude Pam Allen
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["1 Education and civil rights movement activism","2 Women's liberation movement","3 References","4 Further reading"]
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American activist
Chude Pamela Parker Allen, also known as Pamela Parker, Chude Pamela Allen, Chude Pam Allen, Pamela Allen, and Pam Allen (born 1943) is an American activist of the civil rights movement and women's liberation movement. She was a founder of New York Radical Women.
Education and civil rights movement activism
Pamela Parker was born in Pennsylvania in 1943. She grew up Episcopalian and lived in Solebury, Pennsylvania. Her mother was a nursery school teacher and her father worked as a manager in a rubber goods factory.
Allen attended Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, where she studied religion. She joined the Students for a Democratic Society. During the summer of 1963, she was a counselor at the Church of the Advocate in Philadelphia where she lived with Paul Washington, the church's African-American rector, and his family. In her junior year, she was one of 13 white exchange students at the Spelman College in Spring 1964. There she attended a seminar on nonviolence conducted by Staughton Lynd and became involved with the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights. She volunteered as a Freedom School teacher in Holly Springs, Mississippi, for Freedom Summer. During her senior year, she was an activist on campus and spoke for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. She married African-American activist Robert L. Allen in 1965. Following her graduation from Carleton, she moved to New York City, where she worked at an agency that found homes for foster children.
Women's liberation movement
Allen was a key activist in the white women's liberation movement and she advocated for greater attention to be given to racism within the movement. She co-founded New York Radical Women in 1967. The group planned the Jeannette Rankin Brigade action. Allen later left the group, criticizing their views of motherhood and rejection of traditional roles for women. She worked for The Guardian in early 1968. She moved to San Francisco, where she joined the feminist group Sudsofloppen. Based on her experiences with the group, she wrote the influential pamphlet Free Space: A Perspective on the Small Group in Women's Liberation, in which she outlined a four-stage method of consciousness raising. The work was influenced by humanistic psychology.
She was editor for the newspaper of the Union Women's Alliance to Gain Equality (Union WAGE). She was also involved with the Bridal Fair action of 1969, the Miss America protest, and International Women's Day.
She changed her name from Pamela Allen to Chude Pamela Allen.
Allen collaborated with her first husband on the 1974 book Reluctant Reformers: Racism and Social Reform Movements in the United States. She also writes poetry and has drafted two plays, The Uprising of the 20,000 and Could We Be Heard.
Allen is featured in the feminist history film She's Beautiful When She's Angry.
Allen is a member of the Bay Area Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement. She lives in San Francisco.
References
^ a b c d e "Pamela P. Allen Papers, 1967-1974". Wisconsin Historical Society Library Archives Division. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
^ Allen, Chude Pam (Summer 2013). "My parents said yes!". Miamian Magazine.
^ "Exchange: Three White Women Students at Spelman, 1962-1964". Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement. April 18, 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
^ McAdam, Doug (1990). Freedom Summer. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 230–231. ISBN 978-0-19-506472-8.
^ "Chude Pam Parker Allen". Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
^ Evans, Sara (1980). Personal Politics: The Roots of Women's Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement & the New Left (Unabridged. ed.). New York: Vintage Books. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-307-77360-9.
^ Breines, Winifred (2006). The Trouble Between Us: An Uneasy History of White and Black Women in the Feminist Movement. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 112, 114, 197. ISBN 978-0-19-803980-8.
^ Shugar, Dana R. (1995). Separatism and Women's Community. Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8032-4244-9. New York Radical Women pam.
^ M. Rivka Polatnick (Spring 1996). "Diversity in Women's Liberation Ideology: How a Black and a White Group of the 1960s Viewed Motherhood". Signs. 21 (3): 679–706. doi:10.1086/495102. JSTOR 3175175. S2CID 143903212.
^ Dyl, Joanna. "Women's Liberation Origins and Development of the Movement". FoundSF. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
^ Balser, Diane (1987). Sisterhood & Solidarity: Feminism and Labor in Modern Times (1st ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-89608-277-9. pam allen feminist.
^ "The Women".
^ "The Film — She's Beautiful When She's Angry". Shesbeautifulwhenshesangry.com. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
Further reading
Pamela P. Allen Papers, 1967-1974, Wisconsin Historical Society
vteRadical feminismPeople
Wim Hora Adema
Chude Pam Allen
Ti-Grace Atkinson
Kathleen Barry
Rosalyn Baxandall
Linda Bellos
Julie Bindel
Jenny Brown
Judith Brown
Susan Brownmiller
Phyllis Chesler
D. A. Clarke
Nikki Craft
Kimberlé Crenshaw
Mary Daly
Christine Delphy
Gail Dines
Andrea Dworkin
Melissa Farley
Shulamith Firestone
Marilyn French
Marilyn Frye
Germaine Greer
Carol Hanisch
Merle Hoffman
bell hooks
Sheila Jeffreys
Robert Jensen
Lierre Keith
Anne Koedt
Marjorie Kramer
Holly Lawford-Smith
Audre Lorde
Catharine A. MacKinnon
Sheila Michaels
Kate Millett
Robin Morgan
Meghan Murphy
Irene Peslikis
Janice Raymond
Rosetta Reitz
Adrienne Rich
Florence Rush
Kathie Sarachild
Alix Kates Shulman
Valerie Solanas
Gloria Steinem
John Stoltenberg
Michele Wallace
Marilyn Salzman Webb
Ellen Willis
Harriet Wistrich
Laura X
Groups
Cell 16
Chicago Women's Liberation Union
Coalition Against Trafficking in Women
Deep Green Resistance
Lesbian Organization of Toronto
Michigan Womyn's Music Festival
Mountain Moving Coffeehouse
New York Radical Feminists
New York Radical Women
Redstockings
Stop Porn Culture
The Feminists
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WOMAD
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Issues
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Gender role
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Postgenderism
Prostitution
Feminist views
Reproductive rights
Sexism
Misogyny
Internalized sexism
Social construction of gender
Violence against women
MediaBooks
The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution (1970)
Sexual Politics (1970)
Sisterhood Is Powerful (1970)
"The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm" (1970)
The Female Eunuch (1970)
Lesbian Nation (1973)
Woman Hating (1974)
Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape (1974)
Pornography: Men Possessing Women (1981)
Ain't I a Woman? (1981)
Against Sadomasochism (1982)
Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984)
Sisterhood Is Global (1984)
Intercourse (1987)
Feminism Unmodified (1987)
Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (1989)
The Straight Mind and Other Essays (1992)
Only Words (1993)
Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation (2000)
Sisterhood Is Forever (2003)
Are Women Human?: And Other International Dialogues (2006)
The Industrial Vagina (2008)
Other
Off Our Backs (1970–2008)
SCUM Manifesto (1967)
She's Beautiful When She's Angry (2014)
Other
Consciousness raising
Herstory
Miss America protest (1968)
Radical lesbianism
Womyn's land
Feminism portal
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She was a founder of New York Radical Women.","title":"Chude Pam Allen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"Episcopalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Solebury, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solebury_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Carleton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_College"},{"link_name":"Northfield, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northfield,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Students for a Democratic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society"},{"link_name":"Church of the Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Advocate"},{"link_name":"Paul Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Washington"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Spelman College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelman_College"},{"link_name":"Staughton Lynd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staughton_Lynd"},{"link_name":"Committee on Appeal for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Appeal_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"Freedom School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Schools"},{"link_name":"Holly Springs, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Springs,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Freedom Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Summer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee"},{"link_name":"Robert L. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Allen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"}],"text":"Pamela Parker was born in Pennsylvania in 1943.[1] She grew up Episcopalian and lived in Solebury, Pennsylvania. Her mother was a nursery school teacher and her father worked as a manager in a rubber goods factory.[2]Allen attended Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, where she studied religion. She joined the Students for a Democratic Society. During the summer of 1963, she was a counselor at the Church of the Advocate in Philadelphia where she lived with Paul Washington, the church's African-American rector, and his family.[3] In her junior year, she was one of 13 white exchange students at the Spelman College in Spring 1964. There she attended a seminar on nonviolence conducted by Staughton Lynd and became involved with the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights. She volunteered as a Freedom School teacher in Holly Springs, Mississippi, for Freedom Summer.[4][5] During her senior year, she was an activist on campus and spoke for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. She married African-American activist Robert L. Allen in 1965.[6] Following her graduation from Carleton, she moved to New York City, where she worked at an agency that found homes for foster children.[1]","title":"Education and civil rights movement activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"New York Radical Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Radical_Women"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jeannette Rankin Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"consciousness raising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_raising"},{"link_name":"humanistic psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_psychology"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Miss America protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_America_protest"},{"link_name":"International Women's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"She's Beautiful When She's Angry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_Beautiful_When_She%27s_Angry"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Allen was a key activist in the white women's liberation movement and she advocated for greater attention to be given to racism within the movement.[7] She co-founded New York Radical Women in 1967.[8] The group planned the Jeannette Rankin Brigade action.[1] Allen later left the group, criticizing their views of motherhood and rejection of traditional roles for women.[9] She worked for The Guardian in early 1968.[1] She moved to San Francisco, where she joined the feminist group Sudsofloppen.[10] Based on her experiences with the group, she wrote the influential pamphlet Free Space: A Perspective on the Small Group in Women's Liberation, in which she outlined a four-stage method of consciousness raising. The work was influenced by humanistic psychology.She was editor for the newspaper of the Union Women's Alliance to Gain Equality (Union WAGE).[11] She was also involved with the Bridal Fair action of 1969, the Miss America protest, and International Women's Day.She changed her name from Pamela Allen to Chude Pamela Allen.Allen collaborated with her first husband on the 1974 book Reluctant Reformers: Racism and Social Reform Movements in the United States. She also writes poetry and has drafted two plays, The Uprising of the 20,000 and Could We Be Heard.[1]Allen is featured in the feminist history film She's Beautiful When She's Angry.[12][13]Allen is a member of the Bay Area Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement. She lives in San Francisco.","title":"Women's liberation movement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pamela P. Allen Papers, 1967-1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=wiarchives;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=uw-whs-mss00327"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Radical_feminism"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Radical_feminism"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Radical_feminism"},{"link_name":"Radical feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_feminism"},{"link_name":"Wim Hora Adema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Hora_Adema"},{"link_name":"Chude Pam Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ti-Grace Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti-Grace_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Barry"},{"link_name":"Rosalyn Baxandall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalyn_Baxandall"},{"link_name":"Linda Bellos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Bellos"},{"link_name":"Julie Bindel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Bindel"},{"link_name":"Jenny Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Brown_(feminist)"},{"link_name":"Judith Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_C._Brown"},{"link_name":"Susan Brownmiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Chesler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Chesler"},{"link_name":"D. A. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._A._Clarke"},{"link_name":"Nikki Craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Craft"},{"link_name":"Kimberlé Crenshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw"},{"link_name":"Mary Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Daly"},{"link_name":"Christine Delphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Delphy"},{"link_name":"Gail Dines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Dines"},{"link_name":"Andrea Dworkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin"},{"link_name":"Melissa Farley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Farley"},{"link_name":"Shulamith Firestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone"},{"link_name":"Marilyn French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_French"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Frye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Frye"},{"link_name":"Germaine Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Greer"},{"link_name":"Carol Hanisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Hanisch"},{"link_name":"Merle Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"bell hooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_hooks"},{"link_name":"Sheila Jeffreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Jeffreys"},{"link_name":"Robert Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jensen"},{"link_name":"Lierre Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierre_Keith"},{"link_name":"Anne Koedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Koedt"},{"link_name":"Marjorie Kramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Kramer"},{"link_name":"Holly Lawford-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Lawford-Smith"},{"link_name":"Audre Lorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audre_Lorde"},{"link_name":"Catharine A. MacKinnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharine_A._MacKinnon"},{"link_name":"Sheila Michaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Michaels"},{"link_name":"Kate Millett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Millett"},{"link_name":"Robin Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Meghan Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghan_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Irene Peslikis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Peslikis"},{"link_name":"Janice Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_Raymond"},{"link_name":"Rosetta Reitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Reitz"},{"link_name":"Adrienne Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_Rich"},{"link_name":"Florence Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Rush"},{"link_name":"Kathie Sarachild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathie_Sarachild"},{"link_name":"Alix Kates Shulman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alix_Kates_Shulman"},{"link_name":"Valerie Solanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Solanas"},{"link_name":"Gloria Steinem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Steinem"},{"link_name":"John Stoltenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stoltenberg"},{"link_name":"Michele Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Salzman Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Salzman_Webb"},{"link_name":"Ellen Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Willis"},{"link_name":"Harriet Wistrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Wistrich"},{"link_name":"Laura X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_X"},{"link_name":"Cell 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_16"},{"link_name":"Chicago Women's Liberation Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Women%27s_Liberation_Union"},{"link_name":"Coalition Against Trafficking in Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Against_Trafficking_in_Women"},{"link_name":"Deep Green Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Green_Resistance"},{"link_name":"Lesbian Organization of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian_Organization_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Michigan Womyn's Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Womyn%27s_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"Mountain Moving Coffeehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Moving_Coffeehouse"},{"link_name":"New York Radical Feminists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Radical_Feminists"},{"link_name":"New York Radical Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Radical_Women"},{"link_name":"Redstockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redstockings"},{"link_name":"Stop Porn Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Porn_Culture"},{"link_name":"The Feminists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Feminists"},{"link_name":"The Furies Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Furies_Collective"},{"link_name":"WOMAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOMAD_(website)"},{"link_name":"Women Against Pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_Against_Pornography"},{"link_name":"Women's Liberation Front (WoLF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"Child sexual abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse"},{"link_name":"False consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_consciousness"},{"link_name":"Feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"Lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian_feminism"},{"link_name":"Second wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-wave_feminism"},{"link_name":"Feminist separatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_separatism"},{"link_name":"Feminist views on transgender topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics"},{"link_name":"Gender role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_role"},{"link_name":"Male privilege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_privilege"},{"link_name":"Patriarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy"},{"link_name":"Political lesbianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_lesbianism"},{"link_name":"Pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography"},{"link_name":"Feminist views on pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography"},{"link_name":"Postgenderism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgenderism"},{"link_name":"Prostitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution"},{"link_name":"Feminist views","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_views_on_prostitution"},{"link_name":"Reproductive rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights"},{"link_name":"Sexism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism"},{"link_name":"Misogyny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogyny"},{"link_name":"Internalized sexism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internalized_sexism"},{"link_name":"Social construction of gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender"},{"link_name":"Violence against women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_women"},{"link_name":"The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dialectic_of_Sex"},{"link_name":"Sexual Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Politics"},{"link_name":"Sisterhood Is Powerful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisterhood_Is_Powerful"},{"link_name":"The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Vaginal_Orgasm"},{"link_name":"The Female Eunuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Female_Eunuch"},{"link_name":"Lesbian Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian_Nation"},{"link_name":"Woman Hating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_Hating"},{"link_name":"Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against_Our_Will"},{"link_name":"Pornography: Men Possessing Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography:_Men_Possessing_Women"},{"link_name":"Ain't I a Woman?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_I_a_Woman%3F_(book)"},{"link_name":"Against Sadomasochism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against_Sadomasochism"},{"link_name":"Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_Theory:_From_Margin_to_Center"},{"link_name":"Sisterhood Is Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisterhood_Is_Global"},{"link_name":"Intercourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercourse_(book)"},{"link_name":"Feminism Unmodified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_Unmodified"},{"link_name":"Toward a Feminist Theory of the State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toward_a_Feminist_Theory_of_the_State"},{"link_name":"The Straight Mind and Other Essays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straight_Mind_and_Other_Essays"},{"link_name":"Only Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Words_(book)"},{"link_name":"Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapegoat:_The_Jews,_Israel,_and_Women%27s_Liberation"},{"link_name":"Sisterhood Is Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisterhood_Is_Forever"},{"link_name":"Are Women Human?: And Other International Dialogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_Women_Human%3F"},{"link_name":"The Industrial Vagina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Industrial_Vagina"},{"link_name":"Off Our Backs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_Our_Backs"},{"link_name":"SCUM Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"She's Beautiful When She's Angry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_Beautiful_When_She%27s_Angry"},{"link_name":"Consciousness raising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_raising"},{"link_name":"Herstory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herstory"},{"link_name":"Miss America protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_America_protest"},{"link_name":"Radical lesbianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_lesbianism"},{"link_name":"Womyn's land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womyn%27s_land"},{"link_name":"Feminism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Feminism"}],"text":"Pamela P. Allen Papers, 1967-1974, Wisconsin Historical SocietyvteRadical feminismPeople\nWim Hora Adema\nChude Pam Allen\nTi-Grace Atkinson\nKathleen Barry\nRosalyn Baxandall\nLinda Bellos\nJulie Bindel\nJenny Brown\nJudith Brown\nSusan Brownmiller\nPhyllis Chesler\nD. A. Clarke\nNikki Craft\nKimberlé Crenshaw\nMary Daly\nChristine Delphy\nGail Dines\nAndrea Dworkin\nMelissa Farley\nShulamith Firestone\nMarilyn French\nMarilyn Frye\nGermaine Greer\nCarol Hanisch\nMerle Hoffman\nbell hooks\nSheila Jeffreys\nRobert Jensen\nLierre Keith\nAnne Koedt\nMarjorie Kramer\nHolly Lawford-Smith\nAudre Lorde\nCatharine A. MacKinnon\nSheila Michaels\nKate Millett\nRobin Morgan\nMeghan Murphy\nIrene Peslikis\nJanice Raymond\nRosetta Reitz\nAdrienne Rich\nFlorence Rush\nKathie Sarachild\nAlix Kates Shulman\nValerie Solanas\nGloria Steinem\nJohn Stoltenberg\nMichele Wallace\nMarilyn Salzman Webb\nEllen Willis\nHarriet Wistrich\nLaura X\nGroups\nCell 16\nChicago Women's Liberation Union\nCoalition Against Trafficking in Women\nDeep Green Resistance\nLesbian Organization of Toronto\nMichigan Womyn's Music Festival\nMountain Moving Coffeehouse\nNew York Radical Feminists\nNew York Radical Women\nRedstockings\nStop Porn Culture\nThe Feminists\nThe Furies Collective\nWOMAD\nWomen Against Pornography\nWomen's Liberation Front (WoLF)\nIssues\nChild sexual abuse\nFalse consciousness\nFeminism\nLesbian\nSecond wave\nFeminist separatism\nFeminist views on transgender topics\nGender role\nMale privilege\nPatriarchy\nPolitical lesbianism\nPornography\nFeminist views on pornography\nPostgenderism\nProstitution\nFeminist views\nReproductive rights\nSexism\nMisogyny\nInternalized sexism\nSocial construction of gender\nViolence against women\nMediaBooks\nThe Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution (1970)\nSexual Politics (1970)\nSisterhood Is Powerful (1970)\n\"The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm\" (1970)\nThe Female Eunuch (1970)\nLesbian Nation (1973)\nWoman Hating (1974)\nAgainst Our Will: Men, Women and Rape (1974)\nPornography: Men Possessing Women (1981)\nAin't I a Woman? (1981)\nAgainst Sadomasochism (1982)\nFeminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984)\nSisterhood Is Global (1984)\nIntercourse (1987)\nFeminism Unmodified (1987)\nToward a Feminist Theory of the State (1989)\nThe Straight Mind and Other Essays (1992)\nOnly Words (1993)\nScapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation (2000)\nSisterhood Is Forever (2003)\nAre Women Human?: And Other International Dialogues (2006)\nThe Industrial Vagina (2008)\nOther\nOff Our Backs (1970–2008)\nSCUM Manifesto (1967)\nShe's Beautiful When She's Angry (2014)\nOther\nConsciousness raising\nHerstory\nMiss America protest (1968)\nRadical lesbianism\nWomyn's land\n Feminism portal","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Pamela P. Allen Papers, 1967-1974\". Wisconsin Historical Society Library Archives Division. Retrieved 22 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=wiarchives;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=uw-whs-mss00327;focusrgn=bioghist;cc=wiarchives;byte=168455985","url_text":"\"Pamela P. Allen Papers, 1967-1974\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Chude Pam (Summer 2013). \"My parents said yes!\". Miamian Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miamialum.org/s/916/interior-3-col.aspx?sid=916&gid=1&pgid=5794&cid=10889&ecid=10889&crid=0&calpgid=5784&calcid=10879","url_text":"\"My parents said yes!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exchange: Three White Women Students at Spelman, 1962-1964\". Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement. April 18, 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crmvet.org/disc/spelman.htm","url_text":"\"Exchange: Three White Women Students at Spelman, 1962-1964\""}]},{"reference":"McAdam, Doug (1990). Freedom Summer. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 230–231. ISBN 978-0-19-506472-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HokLjGkoQ1MC&dq=chude%20pam%20allen&pg=PA230","url_text":"Freedom Summer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506472-8","url_text":"978-0-19-506472-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Chude Pam Parker Allen\". Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement. Retrieved 22 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crmvet.org/vet/chude.htm","url_text":"\"Chude Pam Parker Allen\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Sara (1980). Personal Politics: The Roots of Women's Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement & the New Left (Unabridged. ed.). New York: Vintage Books. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-307-77360-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OLkA1IteIiEC&dq=carleton%20pam%20parker&pg=PT206","url_text":"Personal Politics: The Roots of Women's Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement & the New Left"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-77360-9","url_text":"978-0-307-77360-9"}]},{"reference":"Breines, Winifred (2006). The Trouble Between Us: An Uneasy History of White and Black Women in the Feminist Movement. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 112, 114, 197. ISBN 978-0-19-803980-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p3cWeIpxjFMC&dq=pam%20allen%20feminist&pg=PA114","url_text":"The Trouble Between Us: An Uneasy History of White and Black Women in the Feminist Movement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803980-8","url_text":"978-0-19-803980-8"}]},{"reference":"Shugar, Dana R. (1995). Separatism and Women's Community. Lincoln [u.a.]: University of Nebraska Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8032-4244-9. New York Radical Women pam.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/separatismwomens00shugrich","url_text":"Separatism and Women's Community"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/separatismwomens00shugrich/page/5","url_text":"5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4244-9","url_text":"978-0-8032-4244-9"}]},{"reference":"M. Rivka Polatnick (Spring 1996). \"Diversity in Women's Liberation Ideology: How a Black and a White Group of the 1960s Viewed Motherhood\". Signs. 21 (3): 679–706. doi:10.1086/495102. JSTOR 3175175. S2CID 143903212.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F495102","url_text":"10.1086/495102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3175175","url_text":"3175175"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143903212","url_text":"143903212"}]},{"reference":"Dyl, Joanna. \"Women's Liberation Origins and Development of the Movement\". FoundSF. Retrieved 22 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://foundsf.org/index.php?title=Women%27s_Liberation_Origins_and_Development_of_the_Movement","url_text":"\"Women's Liberation Origins and Development of the Movement\""}]},{"reference":"Balser, Diane (1987). Sisterhood & Solidarity: Feminism and Labor in Modern Times (1st ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-89608-277-9. pam allen feminist.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sisterhoodsolida00bals","url_text":"Sisterhood & Solidarity: Feminism and Labor in Modern Times"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sisterhoodsolida00bals/page/89","url_text":"89"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-277-9","url_text":"978-0-89608-277-9"}]},{"reference":"\"The Women\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shesbeautifulwhenshesangry.com/women/","url_text":"\"The Women\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Film — She's Beautiful When She's Angry\". Shesbeautifulwhenshesangry.com. Retrieved 2017-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shesbeautifulwhenshesangry.com/the-film/","url_text":"\"The Film — She's Beautiful When She's Angry\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_G3-b
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Pyramid G3-b
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 29°58′18″N 31°07′40″E / 29.97167°N 31.12778°E / 29.97167; 31.12778Pyramid in the Giza Necropolis
G3-bPyramid G3-b, looking northwestCoordinates29°58′18″N 31°07′40″E / 29.97167°N 31.12778°E / 29.97167; 31.12778Constructedc. 2510 BCBase31.24 meters
G3-b (also G3b, G3 b, GIIIb) is one of the three pyramid companions Pyramid of Menkaure. It is located on the south side of the Menkaure pyramid in the Giza Necropolis. It is the middle of the three pyramids of the queens, and in the structure the body of a woman was discovered. The American archaeologist George Andrew Reisner speculated that the queen buried in the pyramid may have been Menkaure's half-sister, Shepsetkau, the daughter of Meresankh III and Khafre.
The pyramid was built during the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, presumably for one of the wives of Menkaure. The surface of the pyramid is stepped, consisting of four platforms that decrease toward the top. The pyramid's base is 31.24 metres (102.5 ft) square.
The pyramid-companions, with the Pyramid of Menkaure in the background. Pyramid G3-b is the middle of the three smaller pyramids.
See also
List of Egyptian pyramids
Pyramid G3-a
Pyramid G3-c
References
^ Lehner (1997), p. 136.
^ Reisner (1947), p. 187.
^ Verner (2007), p. 463
Bibliography
Lehner, Mark (1997). The Complete Pyramids: Solving the Ancient Mysteries. London, UK: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 9780500050842.
Reisner, George Andrew (1942). A History of the Giza Necropolis. Vol. III. Harvard University. (Note: This is the second unpublished follow-up to Reisner's work A History of the Giza Necropolis Vol. I, published by Harvard University Press)
Verner, Miroslav (2007). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York City, NY: Grove Atlantic. ISBN 9780802198631.
External links
Pyramid G3-b at Digital Giza
vteEgyptian pyramids
List of Egyptian pyramids (Lepsius)
Commons
PeriodDynasty
Pyramids
Old Kingdom(2686–2181 BC)III
Djoser
Buried
Layer
Lepsius I
Athribis
Elephantine
Edfu South
el-Kula
Naqada
Saujet el-Meitin
Sinki
IV
Seila
Meidum
Bent
Red
Khufu
Djedefre
Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan
Khafre
Menkaure
Khentkaus I
Mastabet el-Fara'un
G1-a
G1-b
G1-c
G1-d
G2-a
G3-a
G3-b
G3-c
Lepsius L
V
Userkaf
Neferhetepes
Sahure
Neferirkare
Khentkaus II
Neferefre
Unfinished
Nyuserre
Lepsius XXIV
Double
Headless
Djedkare-Isesi
Unas
VI
Teti
Pepi I
Merenre
Pepi II
Sesheshet
1st Intermediate Period(2181–2040 BC) VIII
Ity
Neferkare Neby
Ibi
Khui
X
Merikare
Middle Kingdom(2040–1650 BC)XI
Reherishefnakht
XII
Amenemhat I
Senusret I
White
Senusret II
Senusret III
Black
Hawara
Neferuptah
Central Dahshur
South Mazghuna
North Mazghuna
XIII
Ameny Qemau
Khendjer
Southern South Saqqara
SAK S 3
SAK S 7
South Dahshur A
South Dahshur B
DAS 46
DAS 49
DAS 50
DAS 51
DAS 53
S 9
S 10
Merneferre Ay
Second Intermediate(1650–1570 BC)XVII
Sobekemsaf I
Sobekemsaf II
Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
Nubkheperre Intef
Senakhtenre Ahmose
Seqenenre Tao
Kamose
New Kingdom(1570–1070 BC)XVIII
Ahmose
Step pyramid
Construction techniques
Seked
Texts
Pyramidion
Pyramidology
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pyramid of Menkaure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Menkaure"},{"link_name":"Giza Necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Necropolis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"archaeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"George Andrew Reisner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrew_Reisner"},{"link_name":"Shepsetkau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shepsetkau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Meresankh III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III"},{"link_name":"Khafre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fourth Dynasty of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Menkaure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkaure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gizeh_Mykerinos_02.JPG"}],"text":"Pyramid in the Giza NecropolisG3-b (also G3b, G3 b, GIIIb) is one of the three pyramid companions Pyramid of Menkaure. It is located on the south side of the Menkaure pyramid in the Giza Necropolis. It is the middle of the three pyramids of the queens, and in the structure the body of a woman was discovered.[1] The American archaeologist George Andrew Reisner speculated that the queen buried in the pyramid may have been Menkaure's half-sister, Shepsetkau, the daughter of Meresankh III and Khafre.[2]The pyramid was built during the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, presumably for one of the wives of Menkaure. The surface of the pyramid is stepped, consisting of four platforms that decrease toward the top. The pyramid's base is 31.24 metres (102.5 ft) square.[3]The pyramid-companions, with the Pyramid of Menkaure in the background. Pyramid G3-b is the middle of the three smaller pyramids.","title":"Pyramid G3-b"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thames & Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780500050842","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500050842"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press"},{"link_name":"New York City, NY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City,_NY"},{"link_name":"Grove Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780802198631","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802198631"}],"text":"Lehner, Mark (1997). The Complete Pyramids: Solving the Ancient Mysteries. London, UK: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 9780500050842.\nReisner, George Andrew (1942). A History of the Giza Necropolis. Vol. III. Harvard University. (Note: This is the second unpublished follow-up to Reisner's work A History of the Giza Necropolis Vol. I, published by Harvard University Press)\nVerner, Miroslav (2007). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York City, NY: Grove Atlantic. ISBN 9780802198631.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The pyramid-companions, with the Pyramid of Menkaure in the background. Pyramid G3-b is the middle of the three smaller pyramids.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gizeh_Mykerinos_02.JPG/220px-Gizeh_Mykerinos_02.JPG"}]
|
[{"title":"List of Egyptian pyramids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_pyramids"},{"title":"Pyramid G3-a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_G3-a"},{"title":"Pyramid G3-c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_G3-c"}]
|
[{"reference":"Lehner, Mark (1997). The Complete Pyramids: Solving the Ancient Mysteries. London, UK: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 9780500050842.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson","url_text":"Thames & Hudson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500050842","url_text":"9780500050842"}]},{"reference":"Reisner, George Andrew (1942). A History of the Giza Necropolis. Vol. III. Harvard University.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University","url_text":"Harvard University"}]},{"reference":"Verner, Miroslav (2007). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York City, NY: Grove Atlantic. ISBN 9780802198631.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City,_NY","url_text":"New York City, NY"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Atlantic","url_text":"Grove Atlantic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802198631","url_text":"9780802198631"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pyramid_G3-b¶ms=29_58_18_N_31_07_40_E_region:EG_type:landmark","external_links_name":"29°58′18″N 31°07′40″E / 29.97167°N 31.12778°E / 29.97167; 31.12778"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pyramid_G3-b¶ms=29_58_18_N_31_07_40_E_region:EG_type:landmark","external_links_name":"29°58′18″N 31°07′40″E / 29.97167°N 31.12778°E / 29.97167; 31.12778"},{"Link":"http://giza.fas.harvard.edu/sites/2877/full/","external_links_name":"Pyramid G3-b at Digital Giza"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Maclear
|
George Maclear
|
["1 Career","2 Family","3 Legacy","4 List of Publications","5 References","6 External links"]
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British academic
George Frederick Maclear
George Frederick Maclear (3 February 1833 in Bedford - 19 October 1902 at St Augustine's College, Canterbury) was an English clergyman, theological writer and headmaster at King's College School, London (later Wimbledon). He was the eldest son of the Rev. George Maclear, MA, chaplain of Bedford county prison (1832–69), by his wife Isabella Ingle. Educated at Bedford School, he obtained a scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1852, receiving a BA degree in 1855, followed by a distinguished academic career. He was the nephew of Thomas Maclear, Her Majesty's Astronomer at Cape Town, and cousin to John Maclear, admiral in the Royal Navy, and Basil Maclear.
Career
Maclear won the Carus Greek Testament prize in 1854 and 1855, and after graduating BA with a second class in the classical tripos of 1855, he was placed in the first class in the theological tripos of 1856 (its first year). He gained the Burney prize in 1856, the Hulsean in 1857, the Maitland in 1858 and 1861, and the Norrisian in 1863. All five prize essays were published. His Maitland essay of 1858, The Christian Statesman and our Indian Empire; or the legitimate sphere of government countenance and aid in promoting Christianity in India, reached a second edition. The Maitland essay of 1861, on Christian Missions during the Middle Ages, was recast as Apostles of Medieval Europe (1869), and was the first of a series of volumes on missionary history. Maclear proceeded MA in 1860, BD in 1867, and DD in 1872. Ordained deacon in 1856 and priest in 1857, he held curacies at Clopton, Bedfordshire (1856-8), and St. Barnabas, Kennington (1858–60); was assistant-preacher at Curzon Chapel, Mayfair (1860-5); and reader at the Temple (1865–70); select preacher at Cambridge in 1868, 1880, and 1886, and at Oxford in 1881-2; and Ramsden preacher at Cambridge in 1890. He delivered the Boyle lectures at Whitehall in 1879-80, The Evidential Value of the Holy Eucharist (1883; 4th edit. 1898).
Meanwhile, Maclear was an assistant master at King's College School, London (1860–1866), and headmaster (1867–1880). He doubled the numbers and greatly raised the standing of the school. While headmaster he declined an offer of the see of Colombo in 1875. Eventually he accepted the post of warden of St. Augustine's Missionary College, Canterbury, in 1880, and held it til his death. In this capacity he worked as preacher, lecturer, and adviser on foreign mission work. In 1885 he was made an honorary Canon of Canterbury Cathedral. He died at St. Augustine's College, after a long illness, on 19 October 1902, and was buried in St Martin's churchyard, Canterbury.
Family
Maclear was married twice: (1) on 10 June 1857 to Christiana Susan, daughter of J. Campbell, rector of Eye, Suffolk (she died on 31 May 1874, being predeceased by an only daughter); and (2) on 27 December 1878 to Eva, eldest daughter of William Henry D'Olier Purcell, vicar of Exmouth; she died on 1 March 1890, leaving three sons and a daughter.
Legacy
Maclear enjoyed a wide reputation as a theological writer. His text-books, which were long in general use, include the Class Books of Old and New Testament History (1862), the Class Book of the Catechism (1868), An Introduction to the Articles (written with the Rev. Watkin Wynn Williams) (1895; new ed. 1909). To missionary history he contributed The Conversion of the West (4 vols 1878) and St Augustine's, Canterbury: its Rise, Ruin and Restoration (1888); and he wrote on missions in the Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed). Maclear also published, with several devotional books, An Elementary Introduction to the Book of Common Prayer (1868) and The Baptismal Office and the Order of Confirmation (1902), in both of which he collaborated with Francis Procter; he edited portions of the Cambridge Bible for Schools; and contributed to Smith's Dictionaries of Christian Antiquities and Christian Biography, and to Cassell's Bible Educator. Lectures on Pastoral Theology, a selection from his unpublished manuscripts, was edited by the Rev. R.J.E. Boggis, DD, in 1904.
'Maclear house' at King's College School is named after George for his service as headmaster 1866-1880.
List of Publications
Incentives to Virtue Natural and Revealed, Burney Prize Essay of 1856 (Macmillan, 1857)
The Cross and the Nations, or the adaptation of Christianity to the human mind, as illustrated by the intellectual characters, respectively, of the Greek and the Latin churches Hulsean Prize Essay of 1857 (Macmillan & Co, 1858)
The Christian Statesman and Our Indian Empire, Maitland Prize Essay of 1858 (Macmillan & Co, 1859)
An Elementary Introduction to the Book of Common Prayer, with Rev. Francis Proctor M.A., Vicar of Witton, Norfolk (Macmillan & Co, 1862)
A History of Christian Missions During the Middle Ages (1863), republished as Apostles of Mediæval Europe (Macmillan & Co, 1869), then Missions and Apostles of Mediaeval Europe (The Macmillan Company, 1897)
The Witness of the Eucharist or The Institution and Early Celebration of the Lord's Supper, Norisian Prize Essay of 1863 (Macmillan & Co, 1864)
A Class-Book of Old Testament History (Macmillan & Co, 1865)
A Class-Book of New Testament History (Macmillan & Co, 1866)
A Shilling Book of Old Testament History for National and Elementary Schools: With a Map of the Holy Land (Macmillan & Co, 1866)
A Shilling Book of New Testament History for National and Elementary Schools: With a Map to Illustrate the Apostolic History (Macmillan & Co, 1867)
A Class-book of the Catechism of the Church of England (Macmillan & Co, 1868)
A Manual of Instruction for Confirmation and First Communion, with Prayers and Devotions (1874)
The Order of Confirmation: With Prayers and Devotions (Macmillan & Co, 1874)
The Gradual Conversion of Europe: A Paper Read at the Annual Meeting of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, April 28, 1875 (Clay, 1875)
The Hour of Sorrow, or the Office for the Burial of the Dead: With Prayers and Hymns (Macmillan & Co, 1875)
Conversion of the West: the Northmen (Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1878)
Conversion of the West: the Slavs (Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1879)
The Book of Joshua: with Notes, Maps, and Introduction (Cambridge U. P, 1880)
The Evidential Value of the Holy Eucharist: Being the Boyle Lectures for 1879, 1880, Delivered in the Chapel Royal, Whitehall (Macmillan & Co, 1883)
Conversion of the West: the English (E&JB Young & Co, 1883)
S. Augustine's Canterbury: Its Rise, Ruin, and Restoration (1888)
The Gospel According to St Mark: with Maps, Notes and Introduction (Cambridge U. P, 1889), reproduced by Bible Hub Online Parallel Bible.
An Introduction to the Creeds (Macmillan & Co, 1889)
Conversion of the West: the Celts (Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1893)
First Communion With Prayers and Devotions for The Newly Confirmed (Macmillan & Co, 1894)
An Introduction to the Articles of the Church of England (Macmillan & Co, 1895)
The Baptismal Office and the Order of Confirmation with Francis Procter (Macmillan & Co, 1902)
Lectures on Pastoral Theology (Cross & Jackman, 1904)
References
^ a b "Maclear, George Frederick (MLR850GF)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^ a b c d e f Norgate, Gerald Le Grys (1912). "Maclear, George Frederick" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). Vol. 2. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 538–539.
^ a b Maclear, George Frederick (1883). The Evidential Value of the Holy Eucharist. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ a b c d e f Foster, James (1891). A bibliographical catalogue of Macmillan and co.'s publications from 1843-1889. London & New York: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ Maclear, George Frederick (1859). The Christian Statesman and Our Indian Empire. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ Procter, Francis & Maclear, George Frederick (1868). An Elementary Introduction to the Book of Common Prayer. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ Maclear, George Frederick (1863). A History of Christian Missions During the Middle Ages. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ Maclear, George Frederick (1869). Apostles of Mediaeval Europe. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ Maclear, George Frederick (1897). Missions and Apostles of Mediaeval Europe. New York & London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ Maclear, George Frederick (1864). The Witness of the Eucharist. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ Maclear, George Frederick (1869). A Class-book of New Testament History. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ Maclear, George Frederick (1899). A Shilling Book of Old Testament History for National and Elementary Schools. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ Maclear, George Frederick (1867). A Shilling Book of New Testament History for National and Elementary Schools. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ Maclear, George Frederick (1868). A Class-book of the Catechism of the Church of England. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ Maclear, George Frederick (1874). A Manual of Instruction for Confirmation and First Communion. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ Maclear, George Frederick (1874). The Order of Confirmation: With Prayers and Devotions. London: Macmillan & Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ Maclear, George Frederick (1875). The Gradual Conversion of Europe. London: Clay. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ Maclear, George Frederick (1875). The Hour of Sorrow, or the Office for the Burial of the Dead: With Prayers and Hymns. London: Macmillan & Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ Maclear, George Frederick (1879). Conversion of the West: the Slavs. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ Maclear, George Frederick (1880). The Book of Joshua: With Notes, Maps, and Introduction. London: University Press. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ Maclear, George Frederick (1883). Conversion of the West: the English. London: E&JB Young & Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ Maclear, George Frederick (1893). The Gospel According to St Mark: with Maps, Notes and Introduction. London: University Press. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ BibleHub.com, The Gospel According to St Mark: with Maps, Notes and Introduction
^ Maclear, George Frederick (1904). An Introduction to the Creeds. London: Macmillan & Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
External links
Works by George Maclear at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
United States
Japan
Czech Republic
Australia
Poland
Vatican
People
Trove
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He was the eldest son of the Rev. George Maclear, MA, chaplain of Bedford county prison (1832–69), by his wife Isabella Ingle. Educated at Bedford School, he obtained a scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1852, receiving a BA degree in 1855,[1] followed by a distinguished academic career.[2] He was the nephew of Thomas Maclear, Her Majesty's Astronomer at Cape Town, and cousin to John Maclear, admiral in the Royal Navy, and Basil Maclear.","title":"George Maclear"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carus Greek Testament prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carus_Greek_Testament_Prizes"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2"},{"link_name":"Hulsean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hulse"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"BD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"DD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Venn-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2"},{"link_name":"Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Church"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2"},{"link_name":"Boyle lectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle_Lectures"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evident-3"},{"link_name":"King's College School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2"},{"link_name":"St. Augustine's Missionary College, Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_College,_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"St Martin's churchyard, Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Canterbury"}],"text":"Maclear won the Carus Greek Testament prize in 1854 and 1855, and after graduating BA with a second class in the classical tripos of 1855, he was placed in the first class in the theological tripos of 1856 (its first year).[2] He gained the Burney prize in 1856, the Hulsean in 1857, the Maitland in 1858 and 1861, and the Norrisian in 1863. All five prize essays were published. His Maitland essay of 1858, The Christian Statesman and our Indian Empire; or the legitimate sphere of government countenance and aid in promoting Christianity in India, reached a second edition. The Maitland essay of 1861, on Christian Missions during the Middle Ages, was recast as Apostles of Medieval Europe (1869), and was the first of a series of volumes on missionary history. Maclear proceeded MA in 1860, BD in 1867, and DD in 1872.[1] Ordained deacon in 1856 and priest in 1857,[2] he held curacies at Clopton, Bedfordshire (1856-8), and St. Barnabas, Kennington (1858–60); was assistant-preacher at Curzon Chapel, Mayfair (1860-5); and reader at the Temple (1865–70); select preacher at Cambridge in 1868, 1880, and 1886, and at Oxford in 1881-2; and Ramsden preacher at Cambridge in 1890.[2] He delivered the Boyle lectures at Whitehall in 1879-80, The Evidential Value of the Holy Eucharist [3] (1883; 4th edit. 1898).Meanwhile, Maclear was an assistant master at King's College School, London (1860–1866), and headmaster (1867–1880). He doubled the numbers and greatly raised the standing of the school.[2] While headmaster he declined an offer of the see of Colombo in 1875. Eventually he accepted the post of warden of St. Augustine's Missionary College, Canterbury, in 1880, and held it til his death. In this capacity he worked as preacher, lecturer, and adviser on foreign mission work.[2] In 1885 he was made an honorary Canon of Canterbury Cathedral. He died at St. Augustine's College, after a long illness, on 19 October 1902, and was buried in St Martin's churchyard, Canterbury.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Maclear was married twice: (1) on 10 June 1857 to Christiana Susan, daughter of J. Campbell, rector of Eye, Suffolk (she died on 31 May 1874, being predeceased by an only daughter); and (2) on 27 December 1878 to Eva, eldest daughter of William Henry D'Olier Purcell, vicar of Exmouth; she died on 1 March 1890, leaving three sons and a daughter.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"King's College School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_School"}],"text":"Maclear enjoyed a wide reputation as a theological writer. His text-books, which were long in general use, include the Class Books of Old and New Testament History (1862), the Class Book of the Catechism (1868), An Introduction to the Articles (written with the Rev. Watkin Wynn Williams) (1895; new ed. 1909). To missionary history he contributed The Conversion of the West (4 vols 1878) and St Augustine's, Canterbury: its Rise, Ruin and Restoration (1888); and he wrote on missions in the Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed). Maclear also published, with several devotional books, An Elementary Introduction to the Book of Common Prayer (1868) and The Baptismal Office and the Order of Confirmation (1902), in both of which he collaborated with Francis Procter; he edited portions of the Cambridge Bible for Schools; and contributed to Smith's Dictionaries of Christian Antiquities and Christian Biography, and to Cassell's Bible Educator. Lectures on Pastoral Theology, a selection from his unpublished manuscripts, was edited by the Rev. R.J.E. Boggis, DD, in 1904.'Maclear house' at King's College School is named after George for his service as headmaster 1866-1880.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mac-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mac-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mac-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mac-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mac-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mac-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evident-3"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Incentives to Virtue Natural and Revealed, Burney Prize Essay of 1856 (Macmillan, 1857) [4]\nThe Cross and the Nations, or the adaptation of Christianity to the human mind, as illustrated by the intellectual characters, respectively, of the Greek and the Latin churches Hulsean Prize Essay of 1857 (Macmillan & Co, 1858) [4]\nThe Christian Statesman and Our Indian Empire, Maitland Prize Essay of 1858 (Macmillan & Co, 1859) [5]\nAn Elementary Introduction to the Book of Common Prayer, with Rev. Francis Proctor M.A., Vicar of Witton, Norfolk (Macmillan & Co, 1862) [4][6]\nA History of Christian Missions During the Middle Ages (1863),[7] republished as Apostles of Mediæval Europe (Macmillan & Co, 1869),[8] then Missions and Apostles of Mediaeval Europe (The Macmillan Company, 1897) [9]\nThe Witness of the Eucharist or The Institution and Early Celebration of the Lord's Supper, Norisian Prize Essay of 1863 (Macmillan & Co, 1864) [10]\nA Class-Book of Old Testament History (Macmillan & Co, 1865) [4]\nA Class-Book of New Testament History (Macmillan & Co, 1866) [4][11]\nA Shilling Book of Old Testament History for National and Elementary Schools: With a Map of the Holy Land (Macmillan & Co, 1866) [4][12]\nA Shilling Book of New Testament History for National and Elementary Schools: With a Map to Illustrate the Apostolic History (Macmillan & Co, 1867) [13]\nA Class-book of the Catechism of the Church of England (Macmillan & Co, 1868) [14]\nA Manual of Instruction for Confirmation and First Communion, with Prayers and Devotions (1874) [15]\nThe Order of Confirmation: With Prayers and Devotions (Macmillan & Co, 1874) [16]\nThe Gradual Conversion of Europe: A Paper Read at the Annual Meeting of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, April 28, 1875 (Clay, 1875) [17]\nThe Hour of Sorrow, or the Office for the Burial of the Dead: With Prayers and Hymns (Macmillan & Co, 1875) [18]\nConversion of the West: the Northmen (Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1878)\nConversion of the West: the Slavs (Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1879) [19]\nThe Book of Joshua: with Notes, Maps, and Introduction (Cambridge U. P, 1880) [20]\nThe Evidential Value of the Holy Eucharist: Being the Boyle Lectures for 1879, 1880, Delivered in the Chapel Royal, Whitehall (Macmillan & Co, 1883)[3]\nConversion of the West: the English (E&JB Young & Co, 1883) [21]\nS. Augustine's Canterbury: Its Rise, Ruin, and Restoration (1888)\nThe Gospel According to St Mark: with Maps, Notes and Introduction (Cambridge U. P, 1889),[22] reproduced by Bible Hub Online Parallel Bible.[23]\nAn Introduction to the Creeds (Macmillan & Co, 1889) [24]\nConversion of the West: the Celts (Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1893)\nFirst Communion With Prayers and Devotions for The Newly Confirmed (Macmillan & Co, 1894)\nAn Introduction to the Articles of the Church of England (Macmillan & Co, 1895)\nThe Baptismal Office and the Order of Confirmation with Francis Procter (Macmillan & Co, 1902)\nLectures on Pastoral Theology (Cross & Jackman, 1904)","title":"List of Publications"}]
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[{"image_text":"George Frederick Maclear","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/1902_george_maclear_25_oct.crop.JPG/220px-1902_george_maclear_25_oct.crop.JPG"}]
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London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/evidentialvalue01maclgoog","url_text":"The Evidential Value of the Holy Eucharist"}]},{"reference":"Foster, James (1891). A bibliographical catalogue of Macmillan and co.'s publications from 1843-1889. London & New York: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bibliographicalc00macm","url_text":"A bibliographical catalogue of Macmillan and co.'s publications from 1843-1889"}]},{"reference":"Maclear, George Frederick (1859). The Christian Statesman and Our Indian Empire. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/christianstates00maclgoog","url_text":"The Christian Statesman and Our Indian Empire"}]},{"reference":"Procter, Francis & Maclear, George Frederick (1868). An Elementary Introduction to the Book of Common Prayer. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/anelementaryint00maclgoog","url_text":"An Elementary Introduction to the Book of Common Prayer"}]},{"reference":"Maclear, George Frederick (1863). A History of Christian Missions During the Middle Ages. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ahistorychristi00maclgoog","url_text":"A History of Christian Missions During the Middle Ages"}]},{"reference":"Maclear, George Frederick (1869). Apostles of Mediaeval Europe. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/apostlesofmediae00maclrich","url_text":"Apostles of Mediaeval Europe"}]},{"reference":"Maclear, George Frederick (1897). Missions and Apostles of Mediaeval Europe. New York & London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/missionsapostles00macl","url_text":"Missions and Apostles of Mediaeval Europe"}]},{"reference":"Maclear, George Frederick (1864). The Witness of the Eucharist. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/witnesseucharis00maclgoog","url_text":"The Witness of the Eucharist"}]},{"reference":"Maclear, George Frederick (1869). A Class-book of New Testament History. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/aclassbooknewte00maclgoog","url_text":"A Class-book of New Testament History"}]},{"reference":"Maclear, George Frederick (1899). A Shilling Book of Old Testament History for National and Elementary Schools. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ashillingbookol00maclgoog","url_text":"A Shilling Book of Old Testament History for National and Elementary Schools"}]},{"reference":"Maclear, George Frederick (1867). A Shilling Book of New Testament History for National and Elementary Schools. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ashillingbookne00maclgoog","url_text":"A Shilling Book of New Testament History for National and Elementary Schools"}]},{"reference":"Maclear, George Frederick (1868). A Class-book of the Catechism of the Church of England. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/aclassbookcatec03maclgoog","url_text":"A Class-book of the Catechism of the Church of England"}]},{"reference":"Maclear, George Frederick (1874). A Manual of Instruction for Confirmation and First Communion. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/amanualinstruct00maclgoog","url_text":"A Manual of Instruction for Confirmation and First Communion"}]},{"reference":"Maclear, George Frederick (1874). The Order of Confirmation: With Prayers and Devotions. London: Macmillan & Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/orderconfirmati00maclgoog","url_text":"The Order of Confirmation: With Prayers and Devotions"}]},{"reference":"Maclear, George Frederick (1875). The Gradual Conversion of Europe. London: Clay. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gradualconversi00maclgoog","url_text":"The Gradual Conversion of Europe"}]},{"reference":"Maclear, George Frederick (1875). The Hour of Sorrow, or the Office for the Burial of the Dead: With Prayers and Hymns. London: Macmillan & Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hoursorroworoff00maclgoog","url_text":"The Hour of Sorrow, or the Office for the Burial of the Dead: With Prayers and Hymns"}]},{"reference":"Maclear, George Frederick (1879). Conversion of the West: the Slavs. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/slavs00maclgoog","url_text":"Conversion of the West: the Slavs"}]},{"reference":"Maclear, George Frederick (1880). The Book of Joshua: With Notes, Maps, and Introduction. London: University Press. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bookjoshuawithn00maclgoog","url_text":"The Book of Joshua: With Notes, Maps, and Introduction"}]},{"reference":"Maclear, George Frederick (1883). Conversion of the West: the English. London: E&JB Young & Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conversionweste00maclgoog","url_text":"Conversion of the West: the English"}]},{"reference":"Maclear, George Frederick (1893). The Gospel According to St Mark: with Maps, Notes and Introduction. London: University Press. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gospelaccording00maclgoog","url_text":"The Gospel According to St Mark: with Maps, Notes and Introduction"}]},{"reference":"Maclear, George Frederick (1904). An Introduction to the Creeds. London: Macmillan & Co. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/anintroductionto00macluoft","url_text":"An Introduction to the Creeds"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_Leet
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Court leet
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["1 Etymology","2 Early history","3 Role","4 Jury and officers","5 Later history","5.1 Surviving jurisdictions","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Sources referenced"]
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Historical court baron in England, Wales and Ireland
For other uses of "leet", see Leet (disambiguation).
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The court leet was a historical court baron (a type of manorial court) of England and Wales and Ireland that exercised the "view of frankpledge" and its attendant police jurisdiction, which was normally restricted to the hundred courts.
Etymology
The word "leet", as used in reference to special court proceedings, dates from the late 13th century, from Anglo-French lete and Anglo-Latin leta of unknown origin, with a possible connection to the verb "let".
Early history
At a very early time in medieval England, the Lord of the Manor exercised or claimed certain feudal rights over his serfs and feudal tenants. The exercise of those rights was combined with manorial administrative concerns, in his court baron. However this court had no power to deal with criminal acts.
Criminal jurisdiction was held by the hundred courts; the country was divided into hundreds, and there was a hundred court for each of them. Each hundred comprised 100 hides, with each hide being an area of land of variable size that is enough to support one entire household. A tithing was an area of 10 hides, which therefore originally corresponded to about 10 households. The heads of each household were judicially bound to the others in their tithing by an arrangement called frankpledge, which created collective responsibility for behaviour within their tithing. The hundred court monitored this system, in a process called view of frankpledge, with the tithing reporting any wrongdoing in their area, and handing over the perpetrators among them. If the wrongdoing was minor, it would be dealt with by the hundred court, but serious crimes were passed up to the shire court.
Before feudalism, hundred courts had also dealt with administrative matters within their area, such as bridge repairs, road conditions, and so forth, but the courts baron had largely superseded that in practice, and some manorial lords began claiming authority over criminal matters as well. Eventually, the king formally granted certain trusted lords with the legal authority that had been held by the hundred court over the tithings in the lord's manor, the most important of those being view of frankpledge. The group of tithings that were located within each manor had come to be called a leet, and hence, in the later Middle Ages these judicial powers came to be called court leet.
The quo warranto proceedings of Edward I established a sharp distinction between the court baron, exercising strictly manorial rights, and the court leet, exercising the powers formerly held by the hundred court, emphasising that the ability to hold court leet depended upon a royally granted franchise. However, in many areas it became customary for the court baron and court leet to meet together, as a single operation.
Role
The court leet was a court of record, and its duty was not only to view the pledges, which were the freemen's oaths of peacekeeping and good practice in trade, but also to try with a jury, and punish, crimes committed within the jurisdiction; more serious crimes were committed to the king's justices. Despite the presence of a jury, it was not trial by jury as understood today. The court leet had developed while the jury system was still evolving; the jury indicted wrongdoers, stood witness, and helped decide on punishment.
It also developed as a means of proactively ensuring that standards in such matters as sales of food and drink, and agriculture, were adhered to. The Alcester Court Leet contained the following wording:
To enquire regularly and periodically into the proper condition of watercourses, roads, paths, and ditches; to guard against all manner of encroachments upon the public rights, whether by unlawful enclosure or otherwise; to preserve landmarks, to keep watch and ward in the town, and overlook the common lands, adjust the rights over them, and restraining in any case their excessive exercise, as in the pasturage of cattle; to guard against the adulteration of food, to inspect weights and measures, to look in general to the morals of the people, and to find a remedy for each social ill and inconvenience. To take cognisance of grosser crimes of assault, arson, burglary, larceny, manslaughter, murder, treason, and every felony at common law.
The court generally sat only a few times each year, sometimes just annually. A matter was introduced into the court by means of a "presentment", from a local man or from the jury itself. Penalties were in the form of fines or imprisonment.
Jury and officers
Attendance at the court leet was often compulsory for those under its jurisdiction, with fines being meted out for non-attendance. The ability of the court to levy a fine was always subject to limitations, but the limits were never updated to account for inflation over the centuries; for those courts leet that still exist, the fine has effectively become merely nominal – 2p for example in the case of Laxton.
Courts leet generally had a jury formed from the freehold tenants, as bondsmen could not give an oath (jury means persons having taken an oath). The jury's role was similar to that of the doomsmen of the Anglo-Saxons and included electing the officers (other than the Steward who was appointed by the lord), bringing matters to the attention of the court and deciding on them.
The officers of courts leet could include some or all of the following:
Steward, a stand-in for the lord of the manor, and hence his chief official. The steward thus acted as chairman of proceedings – in a comparable manner to a modern-day judge in a jury trial
Bailiff, the servant of the court. He was responsible for ensuring that the decisions of the court were enacted, including being responsible for summoning the jury, and performing any arrests that had been ordered by the court
Reeve, the bailiff's deputy (originally the servant of the hundred court, from which the court leet had taken its jurisdiction)
Constable, to ensure order during court sessions
Bedel, the usher; typically referred to as mace bearer, in modern-day courts leet, since this is largely all he now does
Chapelayne, who provided prayers for the court
Crier or bellman, responsible for announcing of the court's decisions to the people of the manor in general
Affeerers, responsible for assessing amercements (setting the level of fines)
Specialist professional inspectors, in lieu of portions of the jury's responsibility:
Ale taster or ale conner, to ensure the quality of ale, and to check that true measures are used
Carniters or "flesh tasters", to ensure the freshness of meat and poultry
Bread weighers, responsible for verifying the freshness and weight of bread sold in the manor
Searcher and sealer of leather, to ensure the quality of leather goods
Surveyor of the highways or overseer of pavements, and brook looker or ditch reeve, to ensure the proper condition of roads and waterways
Chimney peeper, to ensure chimneys were swept clean
Scavenger, to ensure standards of hygiene within the lanes and privies and to try and prevent the spread of infectious disease
Overseer of the poor, to collect and distribute alms
Specialist enacting staff, in lieu of parts of the bailiff's responsibility
The Hayward, responsible for enclosures and fences on common land
The Woodward, responsible for patrolling woodlands and stopping poachers from hunting illegally
The Pinherd, to impound stray animals in the pinfold
Later history
The introduction of magistrates gradually rebalanced power away from manorial lords. Magistrates were later given authority over view of frankpledge, which effectively negated the remaining significance of the court leet, and they gradually ceased to be held, largely dying out. Following the collapse of the feudal system, and subsequent rise of the Reformation, civil parishes had largely taken over the remaining authority of courts baron, and tithings were seen as a parish sub-division.
Nevertheless, courts leet technically survived into the late 20th century, though almost all of the small number which still operated had become merely ceremonial, simply forming a way of promoting or celebrating their local area. Despite this, their legal jurisdiction over crime was only abolished in 1977, by section 23 of the Administration of Justice Act 1977. However, one exception was allowed: the court leet for the manor of Laxton, Nottinghamshire, which had continued to operate judicially; Laxton retains the open-field system of farming, which had been replaced everywhere else by the 18th century (as a result of the process of enclosure), and required the court in order to administer the field system.
Although the Administration of Justice Act had abolished the legal jurisdiction of the other courts leet, it emphasised that "any such court may continue to sit and transact such other business, if any, as was customary for it". Schedule 4 to the Act specified the "business" which was to be considered customary, which included the taking of presentments relating to matters of local concern and – in some cases – the management of common land.
Surviving jurisdictions
The following courts leet were exempted from abolition by the Administration of Justice Act 1977, and were known to be still functioning in 2010:
Alcester (Warwickshire) Court Leet, Court Baron and View of Frankpledge
Ashburton Courts Leet and Baron
Bideford Manor Court (held by the town council)
Court Leet and Court Baron of the Ancient Manor of Bowes in County of Durham
Ancient Court Leet and Court Baron of the Manor of Bromsgrove
Courts Leet and Baron of Barony of Cemaes in County of Dyfed (Pembrokeshire)
Manorial Court for Hundred and Borough of Cricklade
Danby (North Yorkshire) Court Leet and Court Baron
Manor of Fyling Court Leet in North Yorkshire
Court Baron for the Manor of Heaton in City of Bradford
Court Leet and Court Baron of the Manor of Henley-in-Arden, Warwickshire
Town and Manor of Hungerford and the Manor and Liberty of Sanden Fee Hocktide Court and Court Leet
Manor of Laxton Court Leet
Court Leet and Baron of the Manor of Mynachlogddu, Dyfed
The Norwich Court of Mayoralty (held by the town council to admit freemen)
Court Leet of the Island and Royal Manor of Portland
Southampton Court Leet
Southwark Courts Leet and Views of Frankpledge for the three Manors of the City of London (the Guildable, King's, and Great Liberty).
Manor of Spaunton Court Leet and Court Baron with View of Frankpledge
Manor of Stoborough Court Leet as exempted in the Wareham Borough exemption.
Courts Leet and Baron of Stockbridge, Hampshire
Court Leet of the Manor and Borough of Wareham
Warwick Court Leet
In addition, the following courts leet are in operation, having been re-established, or continued, but without statutory authority (not having been preserved by the 1977 act):
The Court Leet and Baron of Carrick Blacker at Portadown
Court Leet and Court Baron of the Manor of Hatherleigh
Holsworthy, Devon
Laugharne
Court Leet of Northleach, Gloucestershire
Taunton Court Leet
Watchet Court Leet
By contrast, the statutory backing for the following courts leet was preserved by the 1977 Act, but it is not clear whether they are still operative:
The Bucklebury Court Baron
Clifton Courts Leet and Baron and View of Frankpledge
Croyland View of Frankpledge, Court Leet and Great Court Baron
Manor of Dorney with Boveney Court Leet with Court Baron and View of Frankpledge
Manor Court of Dunstone (otherwise Blackslade)
The Court Baron of East Horndon
Courts Leet and Baron of the Manors of Eton-cum-Stockdales in Colenorton
The City of London Court of Husting
Manor of Mickley Court Leet and Court Baron
Spitchwick Courts Leet and Baron
Manor of Whitby Laithes Court Leet
The following courts leet are also listed here for unclear reasons, despite not having been exempted from abolition by the 1977 act, and despite it not being clear whether they are still operative:
Altrincham, Cheshire – Trafford Court Leet, Court Baron and View of Frankpledge
Courts Leet and Baron of the Manor of Rushton (Staffordshire)
Normanton on Soar Court Leet
See also
Cert-money
References
^ a b c d e f g Chisholm 1911.
^ Harper, Douglas. "leet (n.1)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
^ a b Ritson, J., The Jurisdiction of the Court Leet (1809): Introduction – Full text available on Google Books
^ a b c Alcester Court Leet – retrieved 26 August 2018
^ a b c Laxton Court Leet, Dovecote Inn, Laxton – retrieved 23 May 2009
^ a b c The Court Leet of the Worshipful Town Mayor and Chief Burgesses of Warwick Archived 12 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine – retrieved Nov 2018
^ Reiber De Windt, Anne (1991). "Local Government in a Small Town: A Medieval Leet Jury and its Constituents". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. 23 (4). North American Conference on British Studies: 627–654. doi:10.2307/4050744. JSTOR 4050744.
^ a b "Wareham Court Leet". Wareham-tc.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
^ The Court Leet and Court Baron of the Manor of Henley-in-Arden Archived 6 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine – retrieved 23 May 2009
^ a b Scriven, J., A Treatise on Copyholds, Customary Freeholds, Ancient Demesne and the Jurisdiction of Courts Baron and Courts Leet (1823): Part III, Chapter XVIII.
^ Per the Lord Chancellor in the House of Lords Debate on the Administration of Justice Bill on 2 May 1977 vol 382 cc816-23
^ Schedule 4 of the Administration of Justice Act 1977, as amended, from the UK Statute Law Database.
^ "Bromsgrove Court Leet". Retrieved 13 December 2010.
^ Archived website of Fyling Court Leet
^ "The Manor of Henley-in-Arden Court Leet & Court Baron". Archived from the original on 28 November 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
^ City Council Southampton Court Leet Archived 8 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, City of Southampton Society – retrieved 23 May 2009
^ "Guildable Manor of Southwark – Home Page". guildablemanor.org.
^ Rhea, Nicholas (22 January 2016). "When sheep were big business". Darlington and Stockton Times. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
^ "Wareham Court Leet". wareham-tc.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
^ Report of Hatherleigh Court Leet Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 26 May 2009
^ "Taunton's Court Leet law day upholds tradition". Somerset County Gazette. 25 November 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
^ "The Lordship and Manor of Rushton (overlordship) (Staffordhire)". rushton-manor.org.uk.
^ "THE COURT LEET AND COURT BARON OF THE MANOR OF RUSHTON OR RUSHTON JAMES" (PDF). rushton-manor.org.uk. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
Sources referenced
Baker, J. H. (2002). An Introduction to English Legal History (4th ed.). London: Butterworths. ISBN 0-406-93053-8.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Court Leet". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 327–328.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leet (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leet_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"court baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_baron"},{"link_name":"manorial court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorial_court"},{"link_name":"England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"frankpledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankpledge"},{"link_name":"attendant police jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_constable"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"},{"link_name":"hundred courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_(county_subdivision)#Hundred_courts"}],"text":"For other uses of \"leet\", see Leet (disambiguation).The court leet was a historical court baron (a type of manorial court) of England and Wales and Ireland that exercised the \"view of frankpledge\" and its attendant police jurisdiction,[1] which was normally restricted to the hundred courts.","title":"Court leet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Latin"},{"link_name":"let","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/let#Etymology_1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The word \"leet\", as used in reference to special court proceedings, dates from the late 13th century, from Anglo-French lete and Anglo-Latin leta of unknown origin, with a possible connection to the verb \"let\".[2]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord of the Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Manor"},{"link_name":"feudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism"},{"link_name":"serfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom"},{"link_name":"tenants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tenant"},{"link_name":"manorial administrative concerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"court baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_baron"},{"link_name":"court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court"},{"link_name":"criminal acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime"},{"link_name":"hundred courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_court"},{"link_name":"hundreds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)"},{"link_name":"hides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide_(unit)"},{"link_name":"tithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithing"},{"link_name":"frankpledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankpledge"},{"link_name":"shire court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_court"},{"link_name":"the king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown"},{"link_name":"legal authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchise_(law)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ritson-3"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"quo warranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quo_warranto"},{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"manorial rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"}],"text":"At a very early time in medieval England, the Lord of the Manor exercised or claimed certain feudal rights over his serfs and feudal tenants. The exercise of those rights was combined with manorial administrative concerns, in his court baron. However this court had no power to deal with criminal acts.Criminal jurisdiction was held by the hundred courts; the country was divided into hundreds, and there was a hundred court for each of them. Each hundred comprised 100 hides, with each hide being an area of land of variable size that is enough to support one entire household. A tithing was an area of 10 hides, which therefore originally corresponded to about 10 households. The heads of each household were judicially bound to the others in their tithing by an arrangement called frankpledge, which created collective responsibility for behaviour within their tithing. The hundred court monitored this system, in a process called view of frankpledge, with the tithing reporting any wrongdoing in their area, and handing over the perpetrators among them. If the wrongdoing was minor, it would be dealt with by the hundred court, but serious crimes were passed up to the shire court.Before feudalism, hundred courts had also dealt with administrative matters within their area, such as bridge repairs, road conditions, and so forth, but the courts baron had largely superseded that in practice, and some manorial lords began claiming authority over criminal matters as well. Eventually, the king formally granted certain trusted lords with the legal authority that had been held by the hundred court over the tithings in the lord's manor, the most important of those being view of frankpledge.[3] The group of tithings that were located within each manor had come to be called a leet, and hence, in the later Middle Ages these judicial powers came to be called court leet.The quo warranto proceedings of Edward I established a sharp distinction between the court baron, exercising strictly manorial rights, and the court leet, exercising the powers formerly held by the hundred court, emphasising that the ability to hold court leet depended upon a royally granted franchise.[1] However, in many areas it became customary for the court baron and court leet to meet together, as a single operation.","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"court of record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_record"},{"link_name":"jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury"},{"link_name":"crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ritson-3"},{"link_name":"trial by jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_by_jury"},{"link_name":"Alcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcester"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alcester-4"}],"text":"The court leet was a court of record, and its duty was not only to view the pledges, which were the freemen's oaths of peacekeeping and good practice in trade, but also to try with a jury, and punish, crimes committed within the jurisdiction; more serious crimes were committed to the king's justices.[1][3] Despite the presence of a jury, it was not trial by jury as understood today. The court leet had developed while the jury system was still evolving; the jury indicted wrongdoers, stood witness, and helped decide on punishment.It also developed as a means of proactively ensuring that standards in such matters as sales of food and drink, and agriculture, were adhered to. The Alcester Court Leet contained the following wording:[4]To enquire regularly and periodically into the proper condition of watercourses, roads, paths, and ditches; to guard against all manner of encroachments upon the public rights, whether by unlawful enclosure or otherwise; to preserve landmarks, to keep watch and ward in the town, and overlook the common lands, adjust the rights over them, and restraining in any case their excessive exercise, as in the pasturage of cattle; to guard against the adulteration of food, to inspect weights and measures, to look in general to the morals of the people, and to find a remedy for each social ill and inconvenience. To take cognisance of grosser crimes of assault, arson, burglary, larceny, manslaughter, murder, treason, and every felony at common law.The court generally sat only a few times each year, sometimes just annually. A matter was introduced into the court by means of a \"presentment\", from a local man or from the jury itself. Penalties were in the form of fines or imprisonment.","title":"Role"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nominal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_damages"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laxton-5"},{"link_name":"freehold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_(law)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"},{"link_name":"Steward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steward_(office)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warwick-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-windt-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alcester-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warwick-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WarehamOfficers-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henley-9"},{"link_name":"Steward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steward_(office)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scriven-10"},{"link_name":"Bailiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiff"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scriven-10"},{"link_name":"Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_constable"},{"link_name":"Bedel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedel"},{"link_name":"mace bearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_mace"},{"link_name":"Crier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_crier"},{"link_name":"amercements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amercement"},{"link_name":"ale conner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ale_conner"},{"link_name":"ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ale"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WarehamOfficers-8"},{"link_name":"leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather"},{"link_name":"Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayward_(profession)"},{"link_name":"enclosures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/enclosure"},{"link_name":"common land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_land"},{"link_name":"pinfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinfold"}],"text":"Attendance at the court leet was often compulsory for those under its jurisdiction, with fines being meted out for non-attendance. The ability of the court to levy a fine was always subject to limitations, but the limits were never updated to account for inflation over the centuries; for those courts leet that still exist, the fine has effectively become merely nominal – 2p for example in the case of Laxton.[5]Courts leet generally had a jury formed from the freehold tenants, as bondsmen could not give an oath (jury means persons having taken an oath).[1] The jury's role was similar to that of the doomsmen of the Anglo-Saxons and included electing the officers (other than the Steward who was appointed by the lord), bringing matters to the attention of the court and deciding on them.[6][7]The officers of courts leet could include some or all of the following:[4][6][8][9]Steward, a stand-in for the lord of the manor, and hence his chief official. The steward thus acted as chairman of proceedings – in a comparable manner to a modern-day judge in a jury trial[1][10]\nBailiff, the servant of the court. He was responsible for ensuring that the decisions of the court were enacted, including being responsible for summoning the jury, and performing any arrests that had been ordered by the court[1][10]\nReeve, the bailiff's deputy (originally the servant of the hundred court, from which the court leet had taken its jurisdiction)\nConstable, to ensure order during court sessions\nBedel, the usher; typically referred to as mace bearer, in modern-day courts leet, since this is largely all he now does\nChapelayne, who provided prayers for the court\nCrier or bellman, responsible for announcing of the court's decisions to the people of the manor in general\nAffeerers, responsible for assessing amercements (setting the level of fines)\nSpecialist professional inspectors, in lieu of portions of the jury's responsibility:\nAle taster or ale conner, to ensure the quality of ale, and to check that true measures are used\nCarniters or \"flesh tasters\", to ensure the freshness of meat and poultry\nBread weighers, responsible for verifying the freshness and weight of bread sold in the manor[8]\nSearcher and sealer of leather, to ensure the quality of leather goods\nSurveyor of the highways or overseer of pavements, and brook looker or ditch reeve, to ensure the proper condition of roads and waterways\nChimney peeper, to ensure chimneys were swept clean\nScavenger, to ensure standards of hygiene within the lanes and privies and to try and prevent the spread of infectious disease\nOverseer of the poor, to collect and distribute alms\nSpecialist enacting staff, in lieu of parts of the bailiff's responsibility\nThe Hayward, responsible for enclosures and fences on common land\nThe Woodward, responsible for patrolling woodlands and stopping poachers from hunting illegally\nThe Pinherd, to impound stray animals in the pinfold","title":"Jury and officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"magistrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace"},{"link_name":"the Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reformation"},{"link_name":"civil parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"},{"link_name":"Administration of Justice Act 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_of_Justice_Act_1977"},{"link_name":"Laxton, Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxton,_Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laxton-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"open-field system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-field_system"},{"link_name":"enclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosure"},{"link_name":"common land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_land"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The introduction of magistrates gradually rebalanced power away from manorial lords. Magistrates were later given authority over view of frankpledge, which effectively negated the remaining significance of the court leet, and they gradually ceased to be held, largely dying out. Following the collapse of the feudal system, and subsequent rise of the Reformation, civil parishes had largely taken over the remaining authority of courts baron, and tithings were seen as a parish sub-division.[1]Nevertheless, courts leet technically survived into the late 20th century, though almost all of the small number which still operated had become merely ceremonial, simply forming a way of promoting or celebrating their local area. Despite this, their legal jurisdiction over crime was only abolished in 1977, by section 23 of the Administration of Justice Act 1977. However, one exception was allowed: the court leet for the manor of Laxton, Nottinghamshire,[5] which had continued to operate judicially;[11] Laxton retains the open-field system of farming, which had been replaced everywhere else by the 18th century (as a result of the process of enclosure), and required the court in order to administer the field system.Although the Administration of Justice Act had abolished the legal jurisdiction of the other courts leet, it emphasised that \"any such court may continue to sit and transact such other business, if any, as was customary for it\". Schedule 4 to the Act specified the \"business\" which was to be considered customary, which included the taking of presentments relating to matters of local concern and – in some cases – the management of common land.[12]","title":"Later history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcester"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alcester-4"},{"link_name":"Ashburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashburton,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Bideford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bideford"},{"link_name":"Bowes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowes"},{"link_name":"County of Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Durham"},{"link_name":"Bromsgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromsgrove"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Dyfed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyfed"},{"link_name":"Cricklade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricklade"},{"link_name":"Danby (North Yorkshire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danby,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Heaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaton,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford"},{"link_name":"Henley-in-Arden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley-in-Arden"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hungerford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungerford"},{"link_name":"Sanden Fee Hocktide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanden_Fee_Hocktide&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxton,_Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laxton-5"},{"link_name":"Mynachlogddu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mynachlogddu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Portland"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Guildable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildable_Manor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"King's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Manor,_Southwark"},{"link_name":"Great Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_of_the_Clink"},{"link_name":"Spaunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaunton"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Stockbridge, Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockbridge,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Wareham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wareham,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warwick-6"},{"link_name":"Hatherleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatherleigh"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Holsworthy, Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holsworthy,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Laugharne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laugharne"},{"link_name":"Taunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunton"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Watchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchet"},{"link_name":"Bucklebury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucklebury"},{"link_name":"Clifton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Campville"},{"link_name":"Croyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croyland"},{"link_name":"Dorney with Boveney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorney_with_Boveney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dunstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunstone"},{"link_name":"Blackslade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackslade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eton-cum-Stockdales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eton-cum-Stockdales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colenorton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colenorton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Court of Husting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Husting"},{"link_name":"Mickley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickley,_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Spitchwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitchwick"},{"link_name":"Whitby Laithes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitby_Laithes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Surviving jurisdictions","text":"The following courts leet were exempted from abolition by the Administration of Justice Act 1977, and were known to be still functioning in 2010:Alcester (Warwickshire) Court Leet, Court Baron and View of Frankpledge[4]\nAshburton Courts Leet and Baron\nBideford Manor Court (held by the town council)\nCourt Leet and Court Baron of the Ancient Manor of Bowes in County of Durham\nAncient Court Leet and Court Baron of the Manor of Bromsgrove[13]\nCourts Leet and Baron of Barony of Cemaes in County of Dyfed (Pembrokeshire)\nManorial Court for Hundred and Borough of Cricklade\nDanby (North Yorkshire) Court Leet and Court Baron\nManor of Fyling Court Leet in North Yorkshire[14]\nCourt Baron for the Manor of Heaton in City of Bradford\nCourt Leet and Court Baron of the Manor of Henley-in-Arden, Warwickshire[15]\nTown and Manor of Hungerford and the Manor and Liberty of Sanden Fee Hocktide Court and Court Leet\nManor of Laxton Court Leet[5]\nCourt Leet and Baron of the Manor of Mynachlogddu, Dyfed\nThe Norwich Court of Mayoralty (held by the town council to admit freemen)\nCourt Leet of the Island and Royal Manor of Portland\nSouthampton Court Leet[16]\nSouthwark Courts Leet and Views of Frankpledge for the three Manors of the City of London (the Guildable,[17] King's, and Great Liberty).\nManor of Spaunton Court Leet and Court Baron with View of Frankpledge[18]\nManor of Stoborough Court Leet as exempted in the Wareham Borough exemption.\nCourts Leet and Baron of Stockbridge, Hampshire\nCourt Leet of the Manor and Borough of Wareham[19]\nWarwick Court Leet[6]In addition, the following courts leet are in operation, having been re-established, or continued, but without statutory authority (not having been preserved by the 1977 act):The Court Leet and Baron of Carrick Blacker at Portadown\nCourt Leet and Court Baron of the Manor of Hatherleigh[20]\nHolsworthy, Devon\nLaugharne\nCourt Leet of Northleach, Gloucestershire\nTaunton Court Leet[21]\nWatchet Court LeetBy contrast, the statutory backing for the following courts leet was preserved by the 1977 Act, but it is not clear whether they are still operative:The Bucklebury Court Baron\nClifton Courts Leet and Baron and View of Frankpledge\nCroyland View of Frankpledge, Court Leet and Great Court Baron\nManor of Dorney with Boveney Court Leet with Court Baron and View of Frankpledge\nManor Court of Dunstone (otherwise Blackslade)\nThe Court Baron of East Horndon\nCourts Leet and Baron of the Manors of Eton-cum-Stockdales in Colenorton\nThe City of London Court of Husting\nManor of Mickley Court Leet and Court Baron\nSpitchwick Courts Leet and Baron\nManor of Whitby Laithes Court LeetThe following courts leet are also listed here for unclear reasons, despite not having been exempted from abolition by the 1977 act, and despite it not being clear whether they are still operative:Altrincham, Cheshire – Trafford Court Leet, Court Baron and View of Frankpledge\nCourts Leet and Baron of the Manor of Rushton (Staffordshire)[22][23]\nNormanton on Soar Court Leet","title":"Later history"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Cert-money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cert-money"}]
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[{"reference":"Harper, Douglas. \"leet (n.1)\". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 26 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.etymonline.com/?term=leet+%28n.1%29","url_text":"\"leet (n.1)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary","url_text":"Online Etymology Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"Reiber De Windt, Anne (1991). \"Local Government in a Small Town: A Medieval Leet Jury and its Constituents\". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. 23 (4). North American Conference on British Studies: 627–654. doi:10.2307/4050744. JSTOR 4050744.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4050744","url_text":"10.2307/4050744"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4050744","url_text":"4050744"}]},{"reference":"\"Wareham Court Leet\". Wareham-tc.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181123065924/http://www.wareham-tc.gov.uk/courtleet/","url_text":"\"Wareham Court Leet\""},{"url":"http://www.wareham-tc.gov.uk/courtleet","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bromsgrove Court Leet\". Retrieved 13 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bromsgrovecourtleet.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Bromsgrove Court Leet\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Manor of Henley-in-Arden Court Leet & Court Baron\". Archived from the original on 28 November 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101128125350/http://www.henley-in-arden.org/court-leet/","url_text":"\"The Manor of Henley-in-Arden Court Leet & Court Baron\""},{"url":"http://www.henley-in-arden.org/court-leet","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guildable Manor of Southwark – Home Page\". guildablemanor.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guildablemanor.org/","url_text":"\"Guildable Manor of Southwark – Home Page\""}]},{"reference":"Rhea, Nicholas (22 January 2016). \"When sheep were big business\". Darlington and Stockton Times. Retrieved 14 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.darlingtonandstocktontimes.co.uk/news/14224382.When_sheep_were_big_business/","url_text":"\"When sheep were big business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wareham Court Leet\". wareham-tc.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181123065924/http://www.wareham-tc.gov.uk/courtleet/","url_text":"\"Wareham Court Leet\""},{"url":"http://www.wareham-tc.gov.uk/courtleet/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Taunton's Court Leet law day upholds tradition\". Somerset County Gazette. 25 November 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.somersetcountygazette.co.uk/news/8689783.Taunton_s_Court_Leet_law_day_upholds_tradition/?ref=rss","url_text":"\"Taunton's Court Leet law day upholds tradition\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Lordship and Manor of Rushton (overlordship) (Staffordhire)\". rushton-manor.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://rushton-manor.org.uk/","url_text":"\"The Lordship and Manor of Rushton (overlordship) (Staffordhire)\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE COURT LEET AND COURT BARON OF THE MANOR OF RUSHTON OR RUSHTON JAMES\" (PDF). rushton-manor.org.uk. Retrieved 11 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://rushton-manor.org.uk/rushton-courts.pdf","url_text":"\"THE COURT LEET AND COURT BARON OF THE MANOR OF RUSHTON OR RUSHTON JAMES\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Court Leet\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 327–328.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Court_Leet","url_text":"Court Leet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_McMahon_(musician)
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Kevin McMahon (musician)
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["1 Discography","1.1 Albums","1.2 Singles and EPs","2 References","3 External links"]
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Kevin McMahon" musician – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Kevin McMahonBorn (1953-09-21) September 21, 1953 (age 70)Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.GenresIndustrial rock, alternative rock, new wave, noise rockOccupation(s)Singer-songwriter, musicianInstrument(s)Vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards, drumsYears active1974–presentLabelsNothing/Interscope, Lucky Pierre Music, Banana, UnadulteratedMusical artist
Kevin McMahon (born September 21, 1953) is a musician, singer, and songwriter for the long-standing bands Lucky Pierre and Prick.
McMahon began recording with his new wave group Lucky Pierre in 1974, releasing a number of vinyl singles through 1981. Lucky Pierre initially consisted of John Guciardo on guitar, Brian Dempsey on drums, Dennis DeVito on bass and McMahon on lead vocals and guitar. In 1976, Tom Lash joined the band on bass guitar, and DeVito moved to guitar. Tom Miller played keyboards at this time. In 1977, Dempsey left the band and was replaced by drummer Gary Shay, and then drummer Dave Zima. After many live shows, both Tom Miller and John Gusciardo left Cleveland for California and DeVito switched to lead guitar. Many showcase concerts, radio broadcasts, and a few 45RPM singles followed. Lucky Pierre continued as a four-piece outfit, sometimes augmented by horns and vocalists to perform the array of song styles McMahon was developing. McMahon then went on hiatus until 1988, when Lucky Pierre recorded the Communiqué EP with Guciardo, Lash, Zima. Lucky Pierre disbanded again after the recording of Communiqué, but McMahon remained in contact with the band's manager, John Malm Jr.
Shortly after the release of the Nine Inch Nails album Pretty Hate Machine, Trent Reznor played keyboard for McMahon's live shows in London during November 1989, and Reznor started his tour of Europe the following month. Prick later toured with Nine Inch Nails and David Bowie in 1995, and McMahon is still in contact with Reznor.
During the early 1990s, McMahon began his second musical project, the industrial rock band Prick. Prick was eventually signed to Reznor's Nothing Records label. The band's debut self-titled album was released in 1995. Prick's lead single, "Animal," received high rotation on MuchMusic and MTV, and Prick opened for Nine Inch Nails' and David Bowie's Outside tour World Tour. McMahon would also be a temporary member of Nine Inch Nails, playing guitar on a short tour in 1995. The band would also perform 2 Prick songs on these nights, with McMahon sharing vocals with Reznor.
Prick re-emerged in 2002 with The Wreckard, independently released by McMahon and featuring many songs once slated for the second, canceled Nothing Records album. Two years later, McMahon released Lucky Pierre's first full album, ThinKing, again selling the album independently online.
In October 2008, McMahon released the hard-rock track "Runaway Brain," this time under the moniker ( sic ). The song was available from a fansite for a limited time, with a note in the MP3's metadata noting, "prick or treat – derailing things to come from luckypierremusic – THIS NOVEMBER (or ...it all depends on the speed of green)."
On June 21, 2009, luckypierremusic.com went live, offering digital downloads, new and vintage shirts and hats, and new CDs. As alluded to previously, The Wreckard and ThinKing are being reissued, and the Fear of Blue and (sic) album and EP are also being released. All of the music can be obtained through a six-CD package which features a Prick Live CD only available as part of the package.
Discography
Albums
Prick – Prick (1995)
Prick – The Wreckard (2002)
Lucky Pierre – ThinKing (2004)
Lucky Pierre – Lucky Pierre (2009) (compilation)
Fear of Blue – Fear of Blue (2009) (recorded in 1990)
Lucky Pierre – ThinKing (2009) (Re-release)
Prick – The Wreckard (2009) (Re-release)
Prick – Prick Boston LIVE (2009) (live album)
Singles and EPs
Lucky Pierre – "Fans & Cameras" / "Idlewood" (7" single, 1977, 1979)
Lucky Pierre – "Into My Arms" / "Match" (7in single, 1980)
Lucky Pierre – "Stetson's" / "Once A Child" (7in single, 1981)
Lucky Pierre – "Communiqué" (one-sided 7in single, 1984)
Lucky Pierre – "Cool Summer Night" / "Chilly Willy" (7" single, 1984)
Lucky Pierre – "Muchacha Latina Today" / "Birdman" (7" single, 1984)
Lucky Pierre – Communiqué (12" EP, 1988) side 1 = "Communiqué" and "Tough" side 2 = "Analyst Says," "I Need to Get to Know" and "Man Against the Wall"
Prick – "Animal" (promotional CD single, 1995)
Prick – "Communiqué" / "Crack" (promotional 7" single, 1994)
(sic) – (sic) (CD EP, 2009)
References
External links
Lucky Pierre Music at luckypierremusic.com (Official site)
Lucky Pierre at Discogs
Prick at Discogs
Prick at Allmusic
Everything Kevin McMahon at luckyPRICK.net (Fan site)
vteNine Inch Nails
Trent Reznor
Atticus Ross
Studio albums
Pretty Hate Machine
The Downward Spiral
The Fragile
With Teeth
Year Zero
Ghosts I–IV
The Slip
Hesitation Marks
Bad Witch
Ghosts V: Together
Ghosts VI: Locusts
Extended plays
Broken
Fixed
Not the Actual Events
Add Violence
Live releases
Closure
And All That Could Have Been
Beside You in Time
Remix albums
Further Down the Spiral
Things Falling Apart
Year Zero Remixed
Box sets
Halo I–IV
Singles
"Down in It"
"Head Like a Hole"
"Sin"
"March of the Pigs"
"Closer"
"The Perfect Drug"
"The Day the World Went Away"
"We're in This Together"
"Into the Void"
"The Hand That Feeds"
"Only"
"Every Day Is Exactly the Same"
"Survivalism"
"Capital G"
"Discipline"
"Came Back Haunted"
"Copy of a"
"Everything"
"Less Than"
"God Break Down the Door"
Promotional singles
"Happiness in Slavery"
"Wish"
"Burn"
"Piggy"
"Hurt"
"Starfuckers, Inc."
"Deep"
Other songs
"Something I Can Never Have"
"Gave Up"
"Mr. Self Destruct"
"Dead Souls"
"Just Like You Imagined"
"All the Love in the World"
Promotional releases
Lights in the Sky: Over North America 2008 Tour Sampler
NINJA 2009 Tour Sampler
Live 2013 EP
Remix 2014 EP
Games
Quake
Year Zero
Nine Inch Nails Revenge
Tours
Self-Destruct
Dissonance
Fragility
Performance 2007
Twenty Thirteen
Touring membersCurrent
Robin Finck
Alessandro Cortini
Ilan Rubin
FormerGuitarists and bassists
Richard Patrick
Danny Lohner
Kevin McMahon
Jeordie White
Aaron North
Justin Meldal-Johnsen
Joshua Eustis
Pino Palladino
Drummers
Jeff Ward
Chris Vrenna
Jerome Dillon
Josh Freese
Alex Carapetis
Keyboardists
James Woolley
Charlie Clouser
Backing vocalists
Lisa Fischer
RelatedBands
Option 30
The Innocent
Exotic Birds
Lucky Pierre
Prick
Pigface
Tapeworm
Marilyn Manson
How to Destroy Angels
Filter
Jane's Addiction
Queens of the Stone Age
People
Mariqueen Maandig
John Malm Jr.
Marilyn Manson
Russell Mills
Rob Sheridan
Gary Talpas
Saul Williams
Albums and songs
If I Can't Have Love, I Want Power
"I'm Afraid of Americans"
The Inevitable Rise and Liberation of NiggyTardust!
Natural Born Killers
Lost Highway
"Old Town Road"
"On a Roll"
Pretty Eight Machine
Recoiled
Films
Broken (film)
Another Version of the Truth
Articles
Discography
Songs recorded
Trent Reznor discography
Awards and nominations
Band members
Live performances
Nothing Records
Beats Music
10050 Cielo Drive
Twin Peaks: Music from the Limited Event Series
Category
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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Lucky Pierre initially consisted of John Guciardo on guitar, Brian Dempsey on drums, Dennis DeVito on bass and McMahon on lead vocals and guitar. In 1976, Tom Lash joined the band on bass guitar, and DeVito moved to guitar. Tom Miller played keyboards at this time. In 1977, Dempsey left the band and was replaced by drummer Gary Shay, and then drummer Dave Zima. After many live shows, both Tom Miller and John Gusciardo left Cleveland for California and DeVito switched to lead guitar. Many showcase concerts, radio broadcasts, and a few 45RPM singles followed. Lucky Pierre continued as a four-piece outfit, sometimes augmented by horns and vocalists to perform the array of song styles McMahon was developing. McMahon then went on hiatus until 1988, when Lucky Pierre recorded the Communiqué EP with Guciardo, Lash, Zima. Lucky Pierre disbanded again after the recording of Communiqué, but McMahon remained in contact with the band's manager, John Malm Jr.Shortly after the release of the Nine Inch Nails album Pretty Hate Machine, Trent Reznor played keyboard for McMahon's live shows in London during November 1989, and Reznor started his tour of Europe the following month. Prick later toured with Nine Inch Nails and David Bowie in 1995, and McMahon is still in contact with Reznor.During the early 1990s, McMahon began his second musical project, the industrial rock band Prick. Prick was eventually signed to Reznor's Nothing Records label. The band's debut self-titled album was released in 1995. Prick's lead single, \"Animal,\" received high rotation on MuchMusic and MTV, and Prick opened for Nine Inch Nails' and David Bowie's Outside tour World Tour. McMahon would also be a temporary member of Nine Inch Nails, playing guitar on a short tour in 1995. The band would also perform 2 Prick songs on these nights, with McMahon sharing vocals with Reznor.Prick re-emerged in 2002 with The Wreckard, independently released by McMahon and featuring many songs once slated for the second, canceled Nothing Records album. Two years later, McMahon released Lucky Pierre's first full album, ThinKing, again selling the album independently online.In October 2008, McMahon released the hard-rock track \"Runaway Brain,\" this time under the moniker ( sic ). The song was available from a fansite for a limited time, with a note in the MP3's metadata noting, \"prick or treat – derailing things to come from luckypierremusic – THIS NOVEMBER (or ...it all depends on the speed of green).\"On June 21, 2009, luckypierremusic.com went live, offering digital downloads, new and vintage shirts and hats, and new CDs. As alluded to previously, The Wreckard and ThinKing are being reissued, and the Fear of Blue and (sic) album and EP are also being released. All of the music can be obtained through a six-CD package which features a Prick Live CD only available as part of the package.","title":"Kevin McMahon (musician)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prick_(Prick_album)"},{"link_name":"The Wreckard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wreckard"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Prick – Prick (1995)\nPrick – The Wreckard (2002)\nLucky Pierre – ThinKing (2004)\nLucky Pierre – Lucky Pierre (2009) (compilation)\nFear of Blue – Fear of Blue (2009) (recorded in 1990)\nLucky Pierre – ThinKing (2009) (Re-release)\nPrick – The Wreckard (2009) (Re-release)\nPrick – Prick Boston LIVE (2009) (live album)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"7\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"promotional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotional_single"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"}],"sub_title":"Singles and EPs","text":"Lucky Pierre – \"Fans & Cameras\" / \"Idlewood\" (7\" single, 1977, 1979)\nLucky Pierre – \"Into My Arms\" / \"Match\" (7in single, 1980)\nLucky Pierre – \"Stetson's\" / \"Once A Child\" (7in single, 1981)\nLucky Pierre – \"Communiqué\" (one-sided 7in single, 1984)\nLucky Pierre – \"Cool Summer Night\" / \"Chilly Willy\" (7\" single, 1984)\nLucky Pierre – \"Muchacha Latina Today\" / \"Birdman\" (7\" single, 1984)\nLucky Pierre – Communiqué (12\" EP, 1988) side 1 = \"Communiqué\" and \"Tough\" side 2 = \"Analyst Says,\" \"I Need to Get to Know\" and \"Man Against the Wall\"\nPrick – \"Animal\" (promotional CD single, 1995)\nPrick – \"Communiqué\" / \"Crack\" (promotional 7\" single, 1994)\n(sic) – (sic) (CD EP, 2009)","title":"Discography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitration_clause
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Arbitration clause
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["1 Use and enforceability by country","1.1 Brazil","1.2 Canada","1.3 Mainland China","1.4 France","1.5 Germany","1.6 England and Wales","1.7 United Arab Emirates","1.8 United States","2 Fairness","3 Contractual language","4 See also","5 Footnotes","6 External links","7 Further reading"]
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Contract clause requiring parties to resolve disputes via arbitration
Contract law
Formation
Capacity
Offer and acceptance
Meeting of the minds2
Abstraction principle4,5
Posting rule1
Mirror image rule
Invitation to treat
Firm offer
Consideration1,4
Implication-in-fact
Collateral contract
Defences
Misrepresentation
Mistake
Threats and unequal bargaining power
Illegality and public policy
Unconscionability
Culpa in contrahendo2
Force majeure
Frustration of purpose
Impossibility
Impracticability
Hardship
Set-off
Illusory promise1
Statute of frauds1
Non est factum1
Unclean hands1
Accord and satisfaction1
Exculpatory clause
Interpretation
Parol evidence3
Contract of adhesion
Integration clause
Contra proferentem
UNIDROIT Principles
Dispute resolution
Choice of law clause
Forum selection clause
Hague Choice of Court Convention
Arbitration
New York Convention
UNCITRAL Model Law
Mediation
Singapore Mediation Convention
Enforcement of foreign judgments
Hague Judgments Convention
Rights of third parties
Privity of contract1
Assignment
Delegation
Novation
Third-party beneficiary
Breach of contract
Anticipatory repudiation
Cover
Exclusion clause
Efficient breach
Deviation
Fundamental breach
Remedies
Specific performance3
Money damages
Liquidated, stipulated, or penal damages3
Rescission
Quasi-contractual obligations
Promissory estoppel1
Quantum meruit1
Unjust enrichment
Restitution
Negotiorum gestio2
Duties of parties
Duty of honest contractual performance (or doctrine of abuse of rights)6
Duty of good faith (also implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing or duty to negotiate in good faith)7
Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law6
Related areas of law
Conflict of laws
Commercial law
By jurisdiction
Australia
Canada
China (mainland)
Ireland
India
Saudi Arabia
United Kingdom
England and Wales
Scotland
United States
Other law areas
Tort law
Property law
Wills, trusts, and estates
Criminal law
Evidence
Notes
1 Specific to common law jurisdictions
2 Specific to civil and mixed law jurisdictions
3 Historically restricted in common law jurisdictions but generally accepted elsewhere; availability varies between contemporary common law jurisdictions
4 Specific to the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch and other civil codes based on the pandectist tradition
5 Explicitly rejected by the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts
6 Specific to Canadian contract law both in Québec and in the country's common law provinces
7 Specific to civil law jurisdictions, the American Uniform Commercial Code, and Canadian jurisprudence in both Québec and the common law provinces pertaining to contractual and pre-contractual negotiation
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In contract law, an arbitration clause is a clause in a contract that requires the parties to resolve their disputes through an arbitration process. Although such a clause may or may not specify that arbitration occur within a specific jurisdiction, it always binds the parties to a type of resolution outside the courts, and is therefore considered a kind of forum selection clause.
Arbitration clauses are frequently paired with class action waivers, which prevent contracting parties to file class action lawsuits against each other. In the United States, arbitration clauses also often include a provision which requires parties to waive their rights to a jury trial. All three provisions have attained significant amounts of support and controversy, with proponents arguing that arbitration is as fair as courts and a more informal, speedier way to resolve disputes, while opponents of arbitration condemning the clauses for limited appeal options and allowing large corporations to effectively silence claims through "private justice".
Use and enforceability by country
Brazil
Brazil has been very slow to adopt arbitration as its courts often refuse to enforce agreements to arbitrate, especially prior to the passage of Brazilian law number 9.307 (amended by Law No. 13.129 in 2017), the Brazilian Arbitration Act, which was passed in 1996, today considered to be the fundamental law for arbitration within Brazil. Since its passage, though, Brazilian courts have been more willing to enforce agreements to arbitrate, though precedent only stipulates that courts can compel arbitration in disputes involving what the law refers to as "arbitrable patrimonial rights", presumed to relate only to tangible and intangible property disputes. Brazil also requires all arbitrators to refer non-arbitrable disputes to the competent court. Brazil further restricts all arbitration proceedings to be decided by an odd number of arbitrators.
Canada
All provinces except for Quebec have adopted an arbitration code similar to the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's Model Law. Quebec has opted instead to require that arbitrations would be subject to the province's own Civil Code, including Quebec's Code of Civil Procedure. Arbitration in Canada is primarily administered by the ADR Institute of Canada and the British Columbia International Commercial Arbitration Centre.
Class action waivers lack a uniform policy across Canada, as the Supreme Court of Canada has found that provincial legislation governed disputes, though in Seidel v. TELUS Communications, the court found that because a class action waiver was attached to an invalid arbitration agreement, the class action waiver was void. The province of Ontario, per the Consumer Protection Act of 2002, has banned class action waivers. A court of appeals in British Columbia also found that class action waivers were unenforceable and unconscionable in Pearce v. 4 Pillars Consulting Group due to the contract in question being a standard form contract written by 4 Pillars and giving little bargaining power to Pearce.
In Uber Technologies Inc v Heller (2020), the Supreme Court found an arbitration clause requiring a gig worker to litigate before the Dutch International Chamber of Commerce void due to unconscionability.
Mainland China
China allows arbitration clauses to exist, though the Supreme People's Court has found that an arbitration clause that does not specify an "arbitral commission" is invalid and unenforceable. An agreement to arbitrate in China, in addition to specifying a commission, must contain a declared intent to arbitrate as well as name the disputes to be arbitrated in order to be enforceable. In the event that one party questions the validity of an arbitration agreement and requests that a PRC court to determine the validity of the agreement, the court shall determine the validity of the agreement.
France
French law generally supports arbitration, though declares that capacity, marriage and divorce cannot be arbitrated.
Germany
German law excludes disputes over the rental of living space from any form of arbitration, while arbitration agreements with consumers are only considered valid if they are signed, and if the signed document does not bear any other content than the arbitration agreement.
England and Wales
In England and Wales it is not possible for parties to a contract to prevent courts from exercising their jurisdiction over contact disputes, but through what is known as a Scott v. Avery clause they may require that a dispute be adjudicated by an arbitrator before submitting the matter to a court.
United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates generally supports arbitration clauses. The federation of kingdoms, however, poses limitations on their enforceability depending on the actions of the parties, and the UAE's courts have ruled that parties which engage in court proceedings waive their right to compel arbitration.
United States
Main article: Arbitration in the United States § Arbitration clauses
The federal government has explicitly allowed arbitration clauses. The relevant law is found in the Federal Arbitration Act, which permits compulsory and binding arbitration, under which parties give up the right to appeal an arbitrator's decision to a court. Historically, arbitration in the United States in the employment context was primarily used for disputes between unions and employers. Starting in 1991 with the Gilmer decision this changed dramatically, expanding from 2.1 percent of the employers subject to mandatory arbitration clauses in 1992 to 53.9% in 2017.
In 2022, the U.S. Congress passed the Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act (EFASASHA), which excludes these types of complaints from arbitration clauses, including retroactively. Congress also included a ban on class action waivers for claims covered under the act.
Fairness
The use of arbitration clauses has been criticized for its unfairness. In the US in 2020, workers who challenged their employers through forced arbitration won their cases just 1.6 percent of the time. This prompted members of the United States' Democratic Party to present bills limiting the scope of arbitration clauses, most notably the Forced Arbitration Injustice Repeal Act (which has yet to pass) and the Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021 (EFASASHA), which was signed into law in 2022 by president Joe Biden.
Contractual language
A number of international arbitration bodies provide sample arbitration clauses for parties to use. Examples of these are:
The Chartered Institute of Arbitrators:
Any dispute or difference arising out of or in connection with this contract shall be determined by the appointment of a single arbitrator to be agreed between the parties, or failing agreement within fourteen days, after either party has given to the other a written request to concur in the appointment of an arbitrator, by an arbitrator to be appointed by the President or a Vice President of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators.The London Court of International Arbitration:
Any dispute arising out of or in connection with this contract, including any question regarding its existence, validity or termination, shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration under the LCIA Rules, which Rules are deemed to be incorporated by reference into this clause.
The number of arbitrators shall be .
The seat, or legal place, of arbitration shall be .
The language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be .
The governing law of the contract shall be the substantive law of .The International Court of Arbitration:
All disputes arising out of or in connection with the present contract shall be finally settled under the Rules of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce by one or more arbitrators appointed in accordance with the said Rules.The American Arbitration Association:
Any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this contract, or the breach thereof, shall be settled by arbitration administered by the American Arbitration Association in accordance with its Commercial Arbitration Rules, and judgment on the award rendered by the arbitrator(s) may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof.
In keeping with the informality of the arbitration process, the law in England and Wales is generally keen to uphold the validity of arbitration clauses even when they lack the normal formal language associated with legal contracts. Clauses which have been upheld include:
"arbitration in London – English law to apply"
"suitable arbitration clause"
"arbitration, if any, by ICC Rules in London"
Courts in England and Wales have also upheld clauses which specify resolution of disputes other than in accordance with a specific legal system. These include provision indicating:
that the arbitrators "must not necessarily judge according to the strict law but as a general rule ought chiefly to consider the principles of practical business"
"internationally accepted principles of law governing contractual relations"
See also
Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis, a United States Supreme Court case that considers whether arbitration clauses are legal under the National Labor Relations Act
Class action waiver
Footnotes
^ Sternlight, Jean R. (1996). "Panacea or Corporate Tool—Debunking the Supreme Court's Preference for Binding Arbitration". Washington University Law Quarterly. 74: 637.
^ "Brazil – Law No. 9.307/96 (English)" (PDF), Brazilian Law, retrieved May 11, 2023
^ Heaphy, Matthew (2003). "The Intricacies of Commercial Arbitration in the United States and Brazil: A Comparison of Two National Arbitration Statutes". University of San Francisco Law Review. 37 (2).
^ Rosenberg, Charles; Morgan, Eric (December 17, 2019). "Fraternal Twins: An Overview of Arbitration Law in the U.S. and Canada". Osler. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
^ Armstrong, Stephen; Bjorkquist, Sonia (September 7, 2021). "Riding the wave: recent developments with class action waivers". Osler. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
^ Note, Recent Case: Supreme Court of Canada Targets Standard Form Contracts, 134 Harv. L. Rev. 2598 (2021).
^ Uber Technologies Inc v Heller, 2020 SCC 16
^ "International Arbitration as a Means for Dispute Resolution With Chinese Exporters | Insights | Holland & Knight". www.hklaw.com. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
^ "Arbitration Agreement under Chinese Law". www.taylorwessing.com. January 27, 2023. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
^ "Class/collective actions in France: overview". Practical Law. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
^ Pouzilhac, Aramis Law Firm-Cédric de; Carrega, Marion (February 25, 2022). "In brief: arbitration agreements in France". Lexology. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
^ Section 1030 subsection 2 Zivilprozessordnung
^ To be correct: A certain form, as defined by statute, of an electronic signature using a chip card and a PIN code is also sufficient
^ Section 1031 subesction 5 of the Zivilprozessordnung.
^ Tweeddale, Andrew; Tweeddale, Keren (2011). "Scott v Avery Clauses: O'er Judges' Fingers, Who Straight Dream on Fees". Arbitration. 77 (4): 423–427.
^ Wasel & Wasel - Mahmoud Abuwasel (January 11, 2021). "UAE Cassation Court finds arbitration agreement waived if parties engage in court proceedings". Lexology. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
^ "Did you read the fine print? We did. These are the rights you give up by renting a LimeBike or ofo". The Seattle Times. July 11, 2018.
^ Stone, Katherine V.W.; Colvin, Alexander J.S. "The arbitration epidemic: Mandatory arbitration deprives workers and consumers of their rights". Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
^ Colvin, Alexander J.S. "The growing use of mandatory arbitration: Access to the courts is now barred for more than 60 million American workers". Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
^ Walsh, Deirdre (February 10, 2022). "Congress approves bill to end forced arbitration in sexual assault cases" – via NPR.
^ "As closed-door arbitration soared last year, workers won cases against employers just 1.6 percent of the time". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
^ Bustos, Cheri (March 3, 2022). "Text - H.R.4445 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021". www.congress.gov. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
^ "The London Court of International Arbitration (Lcia)". Archived from the original on December 2, 2008.
^ "Arbitration Clause". International Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
^ American Arbitration Association (2013). "Drafting Dispute Resolution Clauses: A Practical Guide". p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 2, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
^ Swiss Bank Corporation v Novrissiysk Shipping 1 Lloyd's Rep 202.
^ Hobbs Padgett & Co v J C Kirkland (1969) 113 SJ 832.
^ Mangistaumunaigaz Oil Production v United Kingdom World Trade 1 Lloyd's Rep 617.
^ Norske Atlas Insurance Co v London General Insurance Co (1927) 28 Lloyds List Rep 104.
^ Deutsche Schachtbau v R'As al-Khaimah National Oil Co 1 AC 295.
External links
The Arbitration Database
Further reading
Gary Born. International Arbitration and Forum Selection Agreements: Planning, Drafting and Enforcing book (2010)
Authority control databases: National
Germany
Czech Republic
|
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The federation of kingdoms, however, poses limitations on their enforceability depending on the actions of the parties, and the UAE's courts have ruled that parties which engage in court proceedings waive their right to compel arbitration.[16]","title":"Use and enforceability by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Federal Arbitration Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Arbitration_Act"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Gilmer decision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmer_v._Interstate/Johnson_Lane_Corp."},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"The federal government has explicitly allowed arbitration clauses. The relevant law is found in the Federal Arbitration Act, which permits compulsory and binding arbitration, under which parties give up the right to appeal an arbitrator's decision to a court.[17] Historically, arbitration in the United States in the employment context was primarily used for disputes between unions and employers. Starting in 1991 with the Gilmer decision this changed dramatically, expanding from 2.1 percent of the employers subject to mandatory arbitration clauses in 1992[18] to 53.9% in 2017.[19]In 2022, the U.S. Congress passed the Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act (EFASASHA), which excludes these types of complaints from arbitration clauses, including retroactively. Congress also included a ban on class action waivers for claims covered under the act.[20]","title":"Use and enforceability by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Forced Arbitration Injustice Repeal Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_Arbitration_Injustice_Repeal_Act"},{"link_name":"Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ending_Forced_Arbitration_of_Sexual_Assault_and_Sexual_Harassment_Act_of_2021&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The use of arbitration clauses has been criticized for its unfairness. In the US in 2020, workers who challenged their employers through forced arbitration won their cases just 1.6 percent of the time.[21] This prompted members of the United States' Democratic Party to present bills limiting the scope of arbitration clauses, most notably the Forced Arbitration Injustice Repeal Act (which has yet to pass) and the Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021 (EFASASHA), which was signed into law in 2022 by president Joe Biden.[22]","title":"Fairness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"international arbitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_arbitration"},{"link_name":"Chartered Institute of Arbitrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Arbitrators"},{"link_name":"London Court of International Arbitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Court_of_International_Arbitration"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"not specific enough to verify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"governing law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_(conflict)#Proper_law"},{"link_name":"International Court of Arbitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Arbitration"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"International Chamber of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"American Arbitration Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Arbitration_Association"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaa-drafting-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"A number of international arbitration bodies provide sample arbitration clauses for parties to use. Examples of these are:The Chartered Institute of Arbitrators:\nAny dispute or difference arising out of or in connection with this contract shall be determined by the appointment of a single arbitrator to be agreed between the parties, or failing agreement within fourteen days, after either party has given to the other a written request to concur in the appointment of an arbitrator, by an arbitrator to be appointed by the President or a Vice President of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators.The London Court of International Arbitration:[23][not specific enough to verify]\n\nAny dispute arising out of or in connection with this contract, including any question regarding its existence, validity or termination, shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration under the LCIA Rules, which Rules are deemed to be incorporated by reference into this clause.\nThe number of arbitrators shall be [one/three].\nThe seat, or legal place, of arbitration shall be [insert city or country].\nThe language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be [insert language].\n\nThe governing law of the contract shall be the substantive law of [insert governing law].The International Court of Arbitration:[24]\nAll disputes arising out of or in connection with the present contract shall be finally settled under the Rules of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce by one or more arbitrators appointed in accordance with the said Rules.The American Arbitration Association:[25]\nAny controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this contract, or the breach thereof, shall be settled by arbitration administered by the American Arbitration Association in accordance with its Commercial [or other] Arbitration Rules, and judgment on the award rendered by the arbitrator(s) may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof.In keeping with the informality of the arbitration process, the law in England and Wales is generally keen to uphold the validity of arbitration clauses even when they lack the normal formal language associated with legal contracts. Clauses which have been upheld include:\"arbitration in London – English law to apply\"[26]\n\"suitable arbitration clause\"[27]\n\"arbitration, if any, by ICC Rules in London\"[28]Courts in England and Wales have also upheld clauses which specify resolution of disputes other than in accordance with a specific legal system. These include provision indicating:that the arbitrators \"must not necessarily judge according to the strict law but as a general rule ought chiefly to consider the principles of practical business\"[29]\n\"internationally accepted principles of law governing contractual relations\"[30]","title":"Contractual language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Brazil – Law No. 9.307/96 (English)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.arbiter.com.sg/pdf/laws/Brazilian%20Arbitration%20Act%20(Law%20no.%209.307).pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"The Intricacies of Commercial Arbitration in the United States and Brazil: A Comparison of Two National Arbitration Statutes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//repository.usfca.edu/usflawreview/vol37/iss2/5/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Fraternal Twins: An Overview of Arbitration Law in the U.S. and Canada\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.osler.com/en/resources/regulations/2019/fraternal-twins-an-overview-of-arbitration-law-in-the-u-s-and-canada"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Riding the wave: recent developments with class action waivers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.osler.com/en/blogs/classactions/september-2021/riding-the-wave-recent-developments-with-class-action-waivers#_ftn2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Recent Case: Supreme Court of Canada Targets Standard Form Contracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/134-Harv.-L.-Rev.-2598-1.pdf"},{"link_name":"Harv. L. Rev.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"2020 SCC 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/2020/2020scc16/2020scc16.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"International Arbitration as a Means for Dispute Resolution With Chinese Exporters | Insights | Holland & Knight\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2008/01/international-arbitration-as-a-means-for-dispute-r"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Arbitration Agreement under Chinese Law\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.taylorwessing.com/en/insights-and-events/insights/2023/01/arbitration-agreement-under-chinese-law"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Class/collective actions in France: overview\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/1-618-0240?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"In brief: arbitration agreements in France\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=169377e7-1806-4edf-96a5-35d19fe05eba"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"UAE Cassation Court finds arbitration agreement waived if parties engage in court proceedings\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=b58c24b7-53bd-4c61-836e-d8d2a18b269f"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Did you read the fine print? We did. These are the rights you give up by renting a LimeBike or ofo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/bike-share-user-agreements-the-rights-you-give-up-by-renting-a-limebike-or-ofo/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"The arbitration epidemic: Mandatory arbitration deprives workers and consumers of their rights\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.epi.org/publication/the-arbitration-epidemic/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"The growing use of mandatory arbitration: Access to the courts is now barred for more than 60 million American workers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.epi.org/publication/the-growing-use-of-mandatory-arbitration-access-to-the-courts-is-now-barred-for-more-than-60-million-american-workers"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Congress approves bill to end forced arbitration in sexual assault cases\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.npr.org/2022/02/10/1079843645/congress-approves-bill-to-end-forced-arbitration-in-sexual-assault-cases"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"As closed-door arbitration soared last year, workers won cases against employers just 1.6 percent of the time\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/27/mandatory-arbitration-family-dollar/"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0190-8286","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Text - H.R.4445 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.congress.gov/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"The London Court of International Arbitration (Lcia)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081202143357/http://www.lcia-arbitration.com/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lcia-arbitration.com/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Arbitration Clause\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iccwbo.org/dispute-resolution-services/arbitration/arbitration-clause/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aaa-drafting_25-0"},{"link_name":"American Arbitration Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Arbitration_Association"},{"link_name":"\"Drafting Dispute Resolution Clauses: A Practical Guide\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160602231945/https://www.adr.org/aaa/ShowPDF?doc=ADRSTG_002540"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.adr.org/aaa/ShowPDF?doc=ADRSTG_002540"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"}],"text":"^ Sternlight, Jean R. (1996). \"Panacea or Corporate Tool—Debunking the Supreme Court's Preference for Binding Arbitration\". Washington University Law Quarterly. 74: 637.\n\n^ \"Brazil – Law No. 9.307/96 (English)\" (PDF), Brazilian Law, retrieved May 11, 2023\n\n^ Heaphy, Matthew (2003). \"The Intricacies of Commercial Arbitration in the United States and Brazil: A Comparison of Two National Arbitration Statutes\". University of San Francisco Law Review. 37 (2).\n\n^ Rosenberg, Charles; Morgan, Eric (December 17, 2019). \"Fraternal Twins: An Overview of Arbitration Law in the U.S. and Canada\". Osler. Retrieved June 24, 2022.\n\n^ Armstrong, Stephen; Bjorkquist, Sonia (September 7, 2021). \"Riding the wave: recent developments with class action waivers\". Osler. Retrieved June 24, 2022.\n\n^ Note, Recent Case: Supreme Court of Canada Targets Standard Form Contracts, 134 Harv. L. Rev. 2598 (2021).\n\n^ Uber Technologies Inc v Heller, 2020 SCC 16\n\n^ \"International Arbitration as a Means for Dispute Resolution With Chinese Exporters | Insights | Holland & Knight\". www.hklaw.com. Retrieved June 24, 2022.\n\n^ \"Arbitration Agreement under Chinese Law\". www.taylorwessing.com. January 27, 2023. Retrieved January 31, 2023.\n\n^ \"Class/collective actions in France: overview\". Practical Law. Retrieved June 24, 2022.\n\n^ Pouzilhac, Aramis Law Firm-Cédric de; Carrega, Marion (February 25, 2022). \"In brief: arbitration agreements in France\". Lexology. Retrieved June 24, 2022.\n\n^ Section 1030 subsection 2 Zivilprozessordnung\n\n^ To be correct: A certain form, as defined by statute, of an electronic signature using a chip card and a PIN code is also sufficient\n\n^ Section 1031 subesction 5 of the Zivilprozessordnung.\n\n^ Tweeddale, Andrew; Tweeddale, Keren (2011). \"Scott v Avery Clauses: O'er Judges' Fingers, Who Straight Dream on Fees\". Arbitration. 77 (4): 423–427.\n\n^ Wasel & Wasel - Mahmoud Abuwasel (January 11, 2021). \"UAE Cassation Court finds arbitration agreement waived if parties engage in court proceedings\". Lexology. Retrieved July 19, 2023.\n\n^ \"Did you read the fine print? We did. These are the rights you give up by renting a LimeBike or ofo\". The Seattle Times. July 11, 2018.\n\n^ Stone, Katherine V.W.; Colvin, Alexander J.S. \"The arbitration epidemic: Mandatory arbitration deprives workers and consumers of their rights\". Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved March 28, 2023.\n\n^ Colvin, Alexander J.S. \"The growing use of mandatory arbitration: Access to the courts is now barred for more than 60 million American workers\". Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved March 28, 2023.\n\n^ Walsh, Deirdre (February 10, 2022). \"Congress approves bill to end forced arbitration in sexual assault cases\" – via NPR.\n\n^ \"As closed-door arbitration soared last year, workers won cases against employers just 1.6 percent of the time\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 27, 2021.\n\n^ Bustos, Cheri (March 3, 2022). \"Text - H.R.4445 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021\". www.congress.gov. Retrieved June 24, 2022.\n\n^ \"The London Court of International Arbitration (Lcia)\". Archived from the original on December 2, 2008.\n\n^ \"Arbitration Clause\". International Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved March 6, 2023.\n\n^ American Arbitration Association (2013). \"Drafting Dispute Resolution Clauses: A Practical Guide\". p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 2, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2016.\n\n^ Swiss Bank Corporation v Novrissiysk Shipping [1995] 1 Lloyd's Rep 202.\n\n^ Hobbs Padgett & Co v J C Kirkland (1969) 113 SJ 832.\n\n^ Mangistaumunaigaz Oil Production v United Kingdom World Trade [1995] 1 Lloyd's Rep 617.\n\n^ Norske Atlas Insurance Co v London General Insurance Co (1927) 28 Lloyds List Rep 104.\n\n^ Deutsche Schachtbau v R'As al-Khaimah National Oil Co [1990] 1 AC 295.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Born"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511911#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4179545-3"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph858039&CON_LNG=ENG"}],"text":"Gary Born. International Arbitration and Forum Selection Agreements: Planning, Drafting and Enforcing book (2010)Authority control databases: National \nGermany\nCzech Republic","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Systems_Corp._v._Lewis"},{"title":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"title":"National Labor Relations Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act"},{"title":"Class action waiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action_waiver"}]
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[{"reference":"Sternlight, Jean R. (1996). \"Panacea or Corporate Tool—Debunking the Supreme Court's Preference for Binding Arbitration\". Washington University Law Quarterly. 74: 637.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Brazil – Law No. 9.307/96 (English)\" (PDF), Brazilian Law, retrieved May 11, 2023","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arbiter.com.sg/pdf/laws/Brazilian%20Arbitration%20Act%20(Law%20no.%209.307).pdf","url_text":"\"Brazil – Law No. 9.307/96 (English)\""}]},{"reference":"Heaphy, Matthew (2003). \"The Intricacies of Commercial Arbitration in the United States and Brazil: A Comparison of Two National Arbitration Statutes\". University of San Francisco Law Review. 37 (2).","urls":[{"url":"https://repository.usfca.edu/usflawreview/vol37/iss2/5/","url_text":"\"The Intricacies of Commercial Arbitration in the United States and Brazil: A Comparison of Two National Arbitration Statutes\""}]},{"reference":"Rosenberg, Charles; Morgan, Eric (December 17, 2019). \"Fraternal Twins: An Overview of Arbitration Law in the U.S. and Canada\". Osler. Retrieved June 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.osler.com/en/resources/regulations/2019/fraternal-twins-an-overview-of-arbitration-law-in-the-u-s-and-canada","url_text":"\"Fraternal Twins: An Overview of Arbitration Law in the U.S. and Canada\""}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, Stephen; Bjorkquist, Sonia (September 7, 2021). \"Riding the wave: recent developments with class action waivers\". Osler. Retrieved June 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.osler.com/en/blogs/classactions/september-2021/riding-the-wave-recent-developments-with-class-action-waivers#_ftn2","url_text":"\"Riding the wave: recent developments with class action waivers\""}]},{"reference":"Note, Recent Case: Supreme Court of Canada Targets Standard Form Contracts, 134 Harv. L. Rev. 2598 (2021).","urls":[{"url":"https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/134-Harv.-L.-Rev.-2598-1.pdf","url_text":"Recent Case: Supreme Court of Canada Targets Standard Form Contracts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review","url_text":"Harv. L. Rev."}]},{"reference":"\"International Arbitration as a Means for Dispute Resolution With Chinese Exporters | Insights | Holland & Knight\". www.hklaw.com. Retrieved June 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2008/01/international-arbitration-as-a-means-for-dispute-r","url_text":"\"International Arbitration as a Means for Dispute Resolution With Chinese Exporters | Insights | Holland & Knight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arbitration Agreement under Chinese Law\". www.taylorwessing.com. January 27, 2023. Retrieved January 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taylorwessing.com/en/insights-and-events/insights/2023/01/arbitration-agreement-under-chinese-law","url_text":"\"Arbitration Agreement under Chinese Law\""}]},{"reference":"\"Class/collective actions in France: overview\". Practical Law. Retrieved June 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/1-618-0240?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true","url_text":"\"Class/collective actions in France: overview\""}]},{"reference":"Pouzilhac, Aramis Law Firm-Cédric de; Carrega, Marion (February 25, 2022). \"In brief: arbitration agreements in France\". Lexology. Retrieved June 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=169377e7-1806-4edf-96a5-35d19fe05eba","url_text":"\"In brief: arbitration agreements in France\""}]},{"reference":"Tweeddale, Andrew; Tweeddale, Keren (2011). \"Scott v Avery Clauses: O'er Judges' Fingers, Who Straight Dream on Fees\". Arbitration. 77 (4): 423–427.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wasel & Wasel - Mahmoud Abuwasel (January 11, 2021). \"UAE Cassation Court finds arbitration agreement waived if parties engage in court proceedings\". Lexology. Retrieved July 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=b58c24b7-53bd-4c61-836e-d8d2a18b269f","url_text":"\"UAE Cassation Court finds arbitration agreement waived if parties engage in court proceedings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Did you read the fine print? We did. These are the rights you give up by renting a LimeBike or ofo\". The Seattle Times. July 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/bike-share-user-agreements-the-rights-you-give-up-by-renting-a-limebike-or-ofo/","url_text":"\"Did you read the fine print? We did. These are the rights you give up by renting a LimeBike or ofo\""}]},{"reference":"Stone, Katherine V.W.; Colvin, Alexander J.S. \"The arbitration epidemic: Mandatory arbitration deprives workers and consumers of their rights\". Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved March 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epi.org/publication/the-arbitration-epidemic/","url_text":"\"The arbitration epidemic: Mandatory arbitration deprives workers and consumers of their rights\""}]},{"reference":"Colvin, Alexander J.S. \"The growing use of mandatory arbitration: Access to the courts is now barred for more than 60 million American workers\". Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved March 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epi.org/publication/the-growing-use-of-mandatory-arbitration-access-to-the-courts-is-now-barred-for-more-than-60-million-american-workers","url_text":"\"The growing use of mandatory arbitration: Access to the courts is now barred for more than 60 million American workers\""}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Deirdre (February 10, 2022). \"Congress approves bill to end forced arbitration in sexual assault cases\" – via NPR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2022/02/10/1079843645/congress-approves-bill-to-end-forced-arbitration-in-sexual-assault-cases","url_text":"\"Congress approves bill to end forced arbitration in sexual assault cases\""}]},{"reference":"\"As closed-door arbitration soared last year, workers won cases against employers just 1.6 percent of the time\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/27/mandatory-arbitration-family-dollar/","url_text":"\"As closed-door arbitration soared last year, workers won cases against employers just 1.6 percent of the time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"Bustos, Cheri (March 3, 2022). \"Text - H.R.4445 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021\". www.congress.gov. Retrieved June 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.congress.gov/","url_text":"\"Text - H.R.4445 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"The London Court of International Arbitration (Lcia)\". Archived from the original on December 2, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081202143357/http://www.lcia-arbitration.com/","url_text":"\"The London Court of International Arbitration (Lcia)\""},{"url":"http://www.lcia-arbitration.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Arbitration Clause\". International Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved March 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://iccwbo.org/dispute-resolution-services/arbitration/arbitration-clause/","url_text":"\"Arbitration Clause\""}]},{"reference":"American Arbitration Association (2013). \"Drafting Dispute Resolution Clauses: A Practical Guide\". p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 2, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Arbitration_Association","url_text":"American Arbitration Association"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160602231945/https://www.adr.org/aaa/ShowPDF?doc=ADRSTG_002540","url_text":"\"Drafting Dispute Resolution Clauses: A Practical Guide\""},{"url":"https://www.adr.org/aaa/ShowPDF?doc=ADRSTG_002540","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.arbiter.com.sg/pdf/laws/Brazilian%20Arbitration%20Act%20(Law%20no.%209.307).pdf","external_links_name":"\"Brazil – Law No. 9.307/96 (English)\""},{"Link":"https://repository.usfca.edu/usflawreview/vol37/iss2/5/","external_links_name":"\"The Intricacies of Commercial Arbitration in the United States and Brazil: A Comparison of Two National Arbitration Statutes\""},{"Link":"https://www.osler.com/en/resources/regulations/2019/fraternal-twins-an-overview-of-arbitration-law-in-the-u-s-and-canada","external_links_name":"\"Fraternal Twins: An Overview of Arbitration Law in the U.S. and Canada\""},{"Link":"https://www.osler.com/en/blogs/classactions/september-2021/riding-the-wave-recent-developments-with-class-action-waivers#_ftn2","external_links_name":"\"Riding the wave: recent developments with class action waivers\""},{"Link":"https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/134-Harv.-L.-Rev.-2598-1.pdf","external_links_name":"Recent Case: Supreme Court of Canada Targets Standard Form Contracts"},{"Link":"https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/2020/2020scc16/2020scc16.html","external_links_name":"2020 SCC 16"},{"Link":"https://www.hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2008/01/international-arbitration-as-a-means-for-dispute-r","external_links_name":"\"International Arbitration as a Means for Dispute Resolution With Chinese Exporters | Insights | Holland & Knight\""},{"Link":"https://www.taylorwessing.com/en/insights-and-events/insights/2023/01/arbitration-agreement-under-chinese-law","external_links_name":"\"Arbitration Agreement under Chinese Law\""},{"Link":"http://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/1-618-0240?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true","external_links_name":"\"Class/collective actions in France: overview\""},{"Link":"https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=169377e7-1806-4edf-96a5-35d19fe05eba","external_links_name":"\"In brief: arbitration agreements in France\""},{"Link":"https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=b58c24b7-53bd-4c61-836e-d8d2a18b269f","external_links_name":"\"UAE Cassation Court finds arbitration agreement waived if parties engage in court proceedings\""},{"Link":"https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/bike-share-user-agreements-the-rights-you-give-up-by-renting-a-limebike-or-ofo/","external_links_name":"\"Did you read the fine print? We did. These are the rights you give up by renting a LimeBike or ofo\""},{"Link":"https://www.epi.org/publication/the-arbitration-epidemic/","external_links_name":"\"The arbitration epidemic: Mandatory arbitration deprives workers and consumers of their rights\""},{"Link":"https://www.epi.org/publication/the-growing-use-of-mandatory-arbitration-access-to-the-courts-is-now-barred-for-more-than-60-million-american-workers","external_links_name":"\"The growing use of mandatory arbitration: Access to the courts is now barred for more than 60 million American workers\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2022/02/10/1079843645/congress-approves-bill-to-end-forced-arbitration-in-sexual-assault-cases","external_links_name":"\"Congress approves bill to end forced arbitration in sexual assault cases\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/27/mandatory-arbitration-family-dollar/","external_links_name":"\"As closed-door arbitration soared last year, workers won cases against employers just 1.6 percent of the time\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"http://www.congress.gov/","external_links_name":"\"Text - H.R.4445 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081202143357/http://www.lcia-arbitration.com/","external_links_name":"\"The London Court of International Arbitration (Lcia)\""},{"Link":"http://www.lcia-arbitration.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://iccwbo.org/dispute-resolution-services/arbitration/arbitration-clause/","external_links_name":"\"Arbitration Clause\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160602231945/https://www.adr.org/aaa/ShowPDF?doc=ADRSTG_002540","external_links_name":"\"Drafting Dispute Resolution Clauses: A Practical Guide\""},{"Link":"https://www.adr.org/aaa/ShowPDF?doc=ADRSTG_002540","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180831164827/http://www.arbitration.fr/","external_links_name":"The Arbitration Database"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4179545-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph858039&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lussier
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René Lussier
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["1 Biography","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"]
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Canadian jazz musician
René LussierBorn (1957-04-15) April 15, 1957 (age 67)Montreal, Quebec, CanadaGenresAvant-garde jazzOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)GuitarYears active1980s–presentLabelsAmbiances MagnétiquesWebsiterenelussier.caMusical artist
René Lussier (born April 15, 1957) is a jazz guitarist based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He is a composer, guitarist, bass guitarist, percussionist, bass clarinetist, and singer. Lussier has collaborated with Fred Frith, Chris Cutler, Jean Derome, and Robert M. Lepage. He combines elements from several genres and is often referred to within the discourse of contemporary classical music or Musiques Actuelles in French.
Biography
Born in Montreal, Quebec, Lussier began his musical career in 1973 in Chambly, Quebec as part of the progressive rock band Arpège. From 1976 to 1980, he was a member of the Montreal folk-progressive group Conventum led by André Duchesne. Lussier was also a member of the groups Quatour de l'Emmieux and les Reins, Nébu and La G.U.M in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In 1986 he joined Duchesne's Les 4 Guitaristes de l'Apocalypso-Bar.
In 1979 he worked with Duchesne on the music for a short film called Tanobe. He has written or co-written the scores to more than 35 films, including Chronique d'un génocide annoncé, a documentary by Danièle Lacourse and Yvan Patry about the Rwandan genocide.
Lussier played guitar for singer Pauline Julien between 1982 and 1984, though he also worked on esoteric music that blurred distinctions between progressive rock, jazz, improvisation, modern composition, and circus music. His first solo album, Fin du travail (version I), was released in 1983. He has collaborated with Derome and Lepage, and has recorded three albums with the Fred Frith Guitar Quartet, Ayaya Moses (1997) and Upbeat (1999) as well as the second side of Quartets (1994). Lussier is featured prominently in Step Across the Border (1990), a documentary by Nicolas Humbert and Werner Penzel about the work and travels of Frith. Lussier was also a member of Frith's band Keep the Dog (1989–1991).
In 1983, Lussier co-founded the Ambiances Magnétiques record label and recording with Derome, Lepage and Duchesne. Le trésor de la langue (1989), was created during this period. The album interspersed music with taped recordings of Quebec residents discussing the importance of the French language. It won the Grand Prix Paul-Gilson award in 1989.
In the late 1990s, Lussier recorded two albums for solo guitar and a pair of collaborations with Martin Tétreault which reflected an interest in the history of musique concrète and electroacoustic music composition and theory.
Discography
Fin du travail (version 1) (1983)
Chants et danses du monde inanimée (with Robert Lepage) (1984)
Soyez vigilants... restez vivants! (with Jean Derome) (1986)
Nous autres (with Fred Frith) (1986)
Le retour des granules (1987)
Le trésor de la langue (1989)
Des pas et des mois (with Martin Tétreault and Michel F. Coté) (1990)
Au royaume du silencieux (1992)
Le corps de l'ouvrage (1994)
Three Suite Piece (with Jean Derome and Chris Cutler) (1996)
Le tour du bloc (1996)
Trois histoires (1996)
La vie qui bat chèvre (with Pierre Tanguay) (1997)
La vie qui bat chevreuil (with Pierre Tanguay) (1998)
Chronique d'un génocide annoncé (1998)
Dur noyau dur (with Martin Tétreault) (1998)
Qu'ouis-je (with Martin Tétreault) (2000)
Solos de guitar électrique (2000)
Deboutonné (2000)
Tombola rasa (2001)
Le contrat with Gilles Gobeil (empreintes DIGITALes, IMED 0372, 2003)
Grand vent (2005)
Le prix du bonheur (2005)
References
^ Couture, François. "Les 4 Guitaristes de l'Apocalypso-Bar". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
^ "Importance of the French Language". www.languagemarketplace.ca. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
External links
Official site
René Lussier at AllMusic
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Fred Frith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Frith"},{"link_name":"Chris Cutler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cutler"},{"link_name":"Jean Derome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Derome"},{"link_name":"contemporary classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music"}],"text":"Musical artistRené Lussier (born April 15, 1957) is a jazz guitarist based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He is a composer, guitarist, bass guitarist, percussionist, bass clarinetist, and singer. Lussier has collaborated with Fred Frith, Chris Cutler, Jean Derome, and Robert M. Lepage. He combines elements from several genres and is often referred to within the discourse of contemporary classical music or Musiques Actuelles in French.","title":"René Lussier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chambly, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambly,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"André Duchesne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Duchesne_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Les 4 Guitaristes de l'Apocalypso-Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_4_Guitaristes_de_l%27Apocalypso-Bar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Les4-Couture-1"},{"link_name":"Pauline Julien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Julien"},{"link_name":"Fred Frith Guitar Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Frith_Guitar_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Ayaya Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaya_Moses"},{"link_name":"Upbeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upbeat_(album)"},{"link_name":"Quartets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartets_(Fred_Frith_album)"},{"link_name":"Step Across the Border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_Across_the_Border"},{"link_name":"Keep the Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_the_Dog"},{"link_name":"Ambiances Magnétiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiances_Magn%C3%A9tiques"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Born in Montreal, Quebec, Lussier began his musical career in 1973 in Chambly, Quebec as part of the progressive rock band Arpège. From 1976 to 1980, he was a member of the Montreal folk-progressive group Conventum led by André Duchesne. Lussier was also a member of the groups Quatour de l'Emmieux and les Reins, Nébu and La G.U.M in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In 1986 he joined Duchesne's Les 4 Guitaristes de l'Apocalypso-Bar.[1]In 1979 he worked with Duchesne on the music for a short film called Tanobe. He has written or co-written the scores to more than 35 films, including Chronique d'un génocide annoncé, a documentary by Danièle Lacourse and Yvan Patry about the Rwandan genocide.Lussier played guitar for singer Pauline Julien between 1982 and 1984, though he also worked on esoteric music that blurred distinctions between progressive rock, jazz, improvisation, modern composition, and circus music. His first solo album, Fin du travail (version I), was released in 1983. He has collaborated with Derome and Lepage, and has recorded three albums with the Fred Frith Guitar Quartet, Ayaya Moses (1997) and Upbeat (1999) as well as the second side of Quartets (1994). Lussier is featured prominently in Step Across the Border (1990), a documentary by Nicolas Humbert and Werner Penzel about the work and travels of Frith. Lussier was also a member of Frith's band Keep the Dog (1989–1991).In 1983, Lussier co-founded the Ambiances Magnétiques record label and recording with Derome, Lepage and Duchesne. Le trésor de la langue (1989), was created during this period. The album interspersed music with taped recordings of Quebec residents discussing the importance of the French language.[2] It won the Grand Prix Paul-Gilson award in 1989.In the late 1990s, Lussier recorded two albums for solo guitar and a pair of collaborations with Martin Tétreault which reflected an interest in the history of musique concrète and electroacoustic music composition and theory.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Derome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Derome"},{"link_name":"Nous autres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nous_Autres"},{"link_name":"Fred Frith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Frith"},{"link_name":"Le trésor de la langue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_tr%C3%A9sor_de_la_langue"},{"link_name":"Three Suite Piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Suite_Piece"},{"link_name":"Chris Cutler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cutler"}],"text":"Fin du travail (version 1) (1983)\nChants et danses du monde inanimée (with Robert Lepage) (1984)\nSoyez vigilants... restez vivants! (with Jean Derome) (1986)\nNous autres (with Fred Frith) (1986)\nLe retour des granules (1987)\nLe trésor de la langue (1989)\nDes pas et des mois (with Martin Tétreault and Michel F. Coté) (1990)\nAu royaume du silencieux (1992)\nLe corps de l'ouvrage (1994)\nThree Suite Piece (with Jean Derome and Chris Cutler) (1996)\nLe tour du bloc (1996)\nTrois histoires (1996)\nLa vie qui bat chèvre (with Pierre Tanguay) (1997)\nLa vie qui bat chevreuil (with Pierre Tanguay) (1998)\nChronique d'un génocide annoncé (1998)\nDur noyau dur (with Martin Tétreault) (1998)\nQu'ouis-je (with Martin Tétreault) (2000)\nSolos de guitar électrique (2000)\nDeboutonné (2000)\nTombola rasa (2001)\nLe contrat with Gilles Gobeil (empreintes DIGITALes, IMED 0372, 2003)\nGrand vent (2005)\nLe prix du bonheur (2005)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Col_des_Beni_A%C3%AFcha_(1846)
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Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1846)
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["1 Historical context","2 Garrison of the Beni Aïcha","3 Beginning of the uprising","4 Battle","5 Escape of Emir Abdelkader","6 Gallery","7 See also","8 External links","9 References"]
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This article is about Col des Beni Aïcha. For other uses, see Col des Beni Aïcha (disambiguation).
Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1846)Part of the French conquest of AlgeriaMeraldene valley in ThéniaDate3 February – 7 February 1846LocationThénia, Algeria36°43′29″N 3°33′25″E / 36.7246254°N 3.5568208°E / 36.7246254; 3.5568208Result
French victoryBelligerents
Emirate of Mascara
Islamic Zawiyas
Rahmaniyya
French EmpireCommanders and leaders
Ahmed bin Salem Belkacem Oukaci Ali Boushaki
Bugeaud Daumas Gentil Bedeau Bar Arbouville BlanginiStrength
1,000 warriors
800 infantrymen
The Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1846) or Battle of Thénia (1846), which broke out on 3 February 1846, was a battle of the French conquest of Algeria between the Algerian rebels, and the France, which was the colonial power in the region since 1830.
Historical context
Main article: French conquest of Algeria
See also: Emirate of Abdelkader
From November 1845 to July 1846, Emir Abdelkader went back and forth between Taguine, Tiaret and Frenda in the southwest of the Casbah of Algiers in order to organize the resistance of the Emirate of Abdelkader (1808–1883) against the troupes coloniales of General Thomas Robert Bugeaud (1784–1849).
The Emir then simulates that he is heading towards the Algerian Sahara in order to create a diversion in the French Army, and he then ricochets back through the Hodna Mountains towards Kabylia to join his khalifa named Ahmed bin Salem (1802-1846).
Abdelkader aimed to raise again the Kabyles tribes of Djurdjura against the colonial power of Algiers and in all the plain of Mitidja.
Garrison of the Beni Aïcha
Marshal Bugeaud then asked for a reinforcement of some companies of light infantry which had then arrived from France in Algiers in order to counter the imminent offensive of the Kabyles of the Khachna Massif in Mitidja under the instigation of Emir Abdelkader and his allies at marabouts and zawiyas in the Igawawen region.
These regular military companies were then placed at the disposal of General Adrien Aimé Fleury de Bar (1783-1861) in order to stifle the Kabyle insurrectionary inclinations.
Thus, following the indications given by Marshal Bugeaud at the time of the first symptoms of agitation in the Col des Beni Aïcha, General de Bar had sent these infantry troops under the orders of General Jean-François Gentil (1789-1852), who commanded and watched over east of Algiers the entrance to Mitidja from lower Kabylia, to occupy the valley of Oued Meraldene in this Col des Beni Aïcha.
General Gentil's military column then had the task of establishing a surveillance garrison in the Col des Beni Aïcha in order to ward off a major Kabyle raid which could come from the valley of Oued Issers.
General de Bar, who had the command of Algiers ad interim while General Bugeaud was on an expedition in the Titteri massif, thus established a surveillance camp among the Beni Aïcha composed of the only two battalions of regular forces who had remained for guard of the city of Algiers.
The garrison of General Gentil was thus supposed to cover and protect the east of Mitidja by observing all the outlets of the mountains of the steep and winding Khachna massif.
This column initially established its garrison camp on the course of the Oued Corso from where it could easily monitor the Beni Aïcha pass and the danger that can come from the Issers valley.
Beginning of the uprising
Colonel Eugène Daumas (1803-1871), director-general of Arab affairs in the governorate of the Algérois, then established disturbing reports which denounced the existence of active propaganda by agents subservient to Emir Abdelkader in Kabylia.
The excitement in Kabylia had pushed Marshal Bugeaud's collaborators to remember the previous invasion of Emir Abdelkader in 1839 and the devastation of the Mitidja plain that followed.
Colonel Daumas urgently needed to provide for the defense of Mitidja and prevent at all costs the return of such a disaster at the gate of Algiers emanating from the mountains of Kabylia.
This rebellious turmoil in Kabylia dates from January 1846 when Emir Abdelkader had joined the region of Ouled Naïl and Hodna to the east of Oran and in the south of the Hautes Plaines where he joined the stronghold of his former khalifa Ahmed bin Salem.
Ben Salem brought several chiefs devoted to his cause to pledge allegiance to Emir Abdelkader, and all of them painted and guaranteed that the invasion of the Mitidja was very easy by its eastern end through the Col des Beni Aïcha.
Ben Salem then presented his stratagem based on the absence of any permanent military post on this side, certified that the column of the Oued Corso was only made up of sick and convalescents incapacitated to put up serious resistance to the Kabyle rebels.
Indeed, the effervescence east of the Mitidja was vital for the Emir Abdelkader who was surrounded and barred everywhere else in Algeria, and he then resolved to attempt the bold blow that was offered to him at the eastern gate of the Mitidja.
He then immediately formed an imposing mass of cavalry with his regular soldiers to which he added auxiliary goums taken from the Ouled Naïl and some other neighboring tribes in order to advance with them towards the Col des Beni Aïcha.
The column of Emir Abdelkader then marched north-east of Hodna towards the region of Bouira through the lands of the tribe of Ouled Aziz which was allied with him and always well disposed in his favor.
Abdelkader veers towards the heights of Boghni before going down to the Kabyles of Flissas and Beni Khalfoun, and he finally arrives in Tamdiret near Oued Djemâa , in the plain of Issers where he is preparing to rush on the Col des Beni Aïcha.
Sheikh Belkacem Oukaci and Sheikh Ali Boushaki rallied him at the head of a certain number of insurgents from the Amraoua and Beni Aïcha tribes, as well as with Kabyle chiefs adhering to the resistant mission.
Battle
Ahmed bin Salem began on 2 February 1846 to raid all the villages of the Issers valley which did not want to participate in the attack on General Gentil's encampment near the Col des Beni Aïcha.
After having pacified the perimeter giving access to the Issers valley, Abdelkader's allies began the offensive against the French garrison on the following 3 February.
On the day of 5 February, General Gentil was in his encampment on the Oued Corso, learned that Ben Salem had arrived from the heights of the Issers with a fairly large cavalry, and had raided the douars on the east bank of Oued Isser and was preparing to attack the Col des Beni Aïcha and the French soldiers who were encamped there.
This general immediately went ahead of an offensive in order to force the Kabyles to retrograde towards the east and to give him up part of his prizes raided among the allies of the French.
Escape of Emir Abdelkader
After the outcome of the battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha on 7 February 1846 and the victory of General Gentil against the Kabyle troops of Khalifa Ahmed bin Salem, the Emir Abdelkader then fled to find refuge in southern Algeria.
Abdelkader then took refuge temporarily in Boghni before crossing the territory of the Guechtoulas before heading south to escape General Bugeaud who was pursuing him without managing to capture him.
Gallery
Emir Abdelkader
Abdelkader and Bugeaud
Thomas Robert Bugeaud
Eugène Daumas
Marie Alphonse Bedeau
See also
French conquest of Algeria
Emir Mustapha
Marie Alphonse Bedeau
External links
(fr) Information on the capture of Algiers in 1830 on YouTube
(fr) The conquest of Algeria: Interview with Ahmed Djebbar on YouTube
1- (fr) The conquest of Algeria (1830-1847) on YouTube
2- (fr) The conquest of Algeria (1830-1847) on YouTube
(fr) The conquest of Algeria: Interview with Jacques Frémeaux on YouTube
(fr) Conquest of Algeria - Marshal Bugeaud on YouTube
References
^ Card, Edgard Rouard de (1898). "Les traités entre la France et le Maroc: étude historique et juridique".
^ Thureau-Dangin, Paul (1892). "Histoire de la monarchie de juillet".
^ "Bibliothèque internationale et diplomatique". 1898.
^ "La Grande Kabylie. Etudes historiques ... Ouvrage publié avec l'autorisation de M. Le maréchal duc d'Isly, gouverneur-général de l'Algérie. ". 1847.
^ Rousset, Camille (1889). "La conquête de l'Algérie, 1841-1857".
^ "Le Correspondant: Religion, philosophie, politique". 1891.
^ Thureau-Dangin, Paul (1892). "Histoire de la monarchie de juillet".
^ "Le Correspondant". 1891.
^ "Revue des deux mondes". 1888.
^ Daumas, Melchior Joseph Eugène (February 18, 1847). "La grande Kabylie: Etudes historiques par M. Daumas et M. Faber ouvrage publie avec l'autorisation de M. Le. Marechal due d'Jsly. 5". Paris: L. Hachette et Cie. – via Google Books.
^ Courtès-Lapeyrat, Joseph-Pierre-Eugène (February 18, 1888). "Historique du 5e régiment de chasseurs". L. Baudoin et ce – via Google Books.
^ Reynaud, Henri Jean François Edmond Pellissier De (February 18, 1854). "Annales algériennes". Librairie Militaire – via Google Books.
^ Ideville, Henry d' (February 18, 1882). "Le maréchal Bugeaud: d'après sa correspondance intime et des documents inédits". Didot – via Google Books.
^ Buloz, François; Buloz, Charles; Brunetière, Ferdinand; Doumic, René; Charmes, Francis; Chaumeix, André (February 18, 1888). "Revue des deux mondes". Au bureau de la Revue des deux mondes. – via Google Books.
^ "L'Ami de la religion et du roi: journal ecclésiastique, politique et littéraire". A. Le Clère. February 18, 1846 – via Google Books.
^ Daumas, Eugène; Fabar, Paul-Dieudonné (February 18, 1847). "La Grande Kabylie: études historiques". L. Hachette – via Google Books.
^ "Journal historique et littéraire". Comptoir universel dʹimprimerie et de librairie. February 18, 1845 – via Google Books.
^ "La revue des deux mondes". February 18, 1888 – via Google Books.
^ Buloz, François; Buloz, Charles; Brunetière, Ferdinand; Doumic, René; Charmes, Francis; Chaumeix, André (February 18, 1888). "Revue des deux mondes". Au bureau de la Revue des deux mondes. – via Google Books.
^ "Victoire de l'armée francaise (1214-1885): chronologie". Impr. Nat. February 18, 1886 – via Google Books.
^ d'), Henri Amédée Le Lorgne Ideville (comte (February 18, 1882). "Le Maréchal Bugeaud: d'après sa correspondance intime et des documents inédits, 1784-1849". Firmin-Didot – via Google Books.
^ Farine, Charles (February 18, 1865). "A travers la Kabylie". Ducrocq – via Google Books.
^ Bernard, Charles Claude (February 18, 1877). "Notice topographique et médicale de la plaine de l'Isser (province d'Alger) 1877". Impr. typ. A. Mauguin – via Google Books.
^ "Bulletin de la Société géologique de France". Société géologique de France. February 18, 1868 – via Google Books.
^ Farine, Charles (February 18, 1882). "Kabyles et Kroumirs: Dessins de M.M. Andrieux, Duhousset, Ch. Gosselin, H. Vogel d'après les croquis de l'auteur, gravure de F. Meaulle". P. Ducrocq – via Google Books.
^ Ducrot, Auguste Alexandre (1895). "La vie militaire du Général Ducrot" – via books.google.dz.
^ algérienne, Société historique (February 18, 1885). "Revue africaine". La Société. – via Google Books.
^ "L'Ami de la religion". 1846 – via books.google.dz.
^ "L' ami de la religion". 1846 – via books.google.dz.
^ "L'Ami de la religion". 1846 – via books.google.dz.
^ Wahl, Maurice (1897). "L'Algérie" – via books.google.dz.
^ Darier-Chatelain, Lucien (1888). "Historique du 3e régiment de tirailleurs algériens" – via books.google.dz.
^ Richard, Auguste Jean Charles (1891). "Les chasseures à pied" – via books.google.dz.
^ Lalanne, Ludovic (1877). "Dictionnaire historique de la France, contenant pour l'histoire civile, politique et littéraire, la biographie" – via books.google.dz.
^ Algérienne, Société Historique (1881). "Revue africaine" – via books.google.dz.
vte Conflicts between France and AlgeriaMinistry of Mujahideen - Declaration of 1 November 1954Pre-1830 conflicts
Djidjelli expedition
French-Algerian War 1681–1688
Bombardment of Algiers (1682)
Bombardment of Algiers (1683)
Bombardment of Algiers (1688)
French conquest of Algeria: 1830-1836
Shipwreck of Dellys (1830)
Invasion of Algiers in 1830
Battle of Staouéli (1830)
First Battle of Blida (1830)
Second Battle of Blida (1830)
Massacre of El Ouffia (1832)
Battle of Sig (1835)
Battle of Macta (1835)
Battle of Constantine (1836)
French conquest of Algeria: 1837-1870
Raid on Reghaïa (1837)
Expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1837)
First Battle of Boudouaou (1837)
First Battle of the Issers (1837)
First Assault of Dellys (1837)
Siege of Constantine (1837)
Battle Of Ammal (1840)
Battle of Boudouaou (1840)
Battle of Mazagran (1840)
Battle of Beni Mered (1842)
Battle of the Smala (1843)
Second Assault of Dellys (1844)
Battle of Sidi Brahim (1845)
Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1846)
Siege of Laghouat (1852)
Allegiances
Allegiance to Mohamed ben Zamoum (1830)
Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1832)
Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1833)
Mokrani Revolt
Battle of Alma (1871)
Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1871)
Battle of Naciria (1871)
Battle of Bordj Menaïel (1871)
Battle of Issers (1871)
Capture of Palestro
Capture of Touggourt
Algerian War
Toussaint Rouge
Véronique
El Djorf I
Philippeville
Blue Bird
Palestro
Algiers
Agounennda
Bouzegza
Bab El Bekkouche
May 1958 crisis
Jumelles
Algiers putsch
Bab El Oued
Treaties
Desmichels Treaty
Tafna Treaty
Évian Accords
De Bourmont Treaty
De Lamoricière Treaty
Documents
1920 Algerian Political Rights Petition
1943 Manifesto of the Algerian People
Declaration of 1 November 1954
Lists
List of participants in the invasion of Algiers in 1830
List of participants in Mokrani Revolt
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Col des Beni Aïcha (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col_des_Beni_A%C3%AFcha_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"French conquest of Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about Col des Beni Aïcha. For other uses, see Col des Beni Aïcha (disambiguation).The Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1846) or Battle of Thénia (1846), which broke out on 3 February 1846, was a battle of the French conquest of Algeria between the Algerian rebels, and the France, which was the colonial power in the region since 1830.[1][2]","title":"Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1846)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emirate of Abdelkader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Abdelkader"},{"link_name":"Emir Abdelkader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader"},{"link_name":"Taguine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taguine"},{"link_name":"Tiaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiaret"},{"link_name":"Frenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenda"},{"link_name":"Casbah of Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casbah_of_Algiers"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Abdelkader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Abdelkader"},{"link_name":"troupes coloniales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troupes_coloniales"},{"link_name":"Thomas Robert Bugeaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Bugeaud"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Algerian Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Sahara"},{"link_name":"French Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Army"},{"link_name":"Hodna Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodna_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Kabylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabylia"},{"link_name":"khalifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa"},{"link_name":"Ahmed bin Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_bin_Salem"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kabyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabyle_people"},{"link_name":"Djurdjura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurdjura"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"Mitidja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitidja"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"See also: Emirate of AbdelkaderFrom November 1845 to July 1846, Emir Abdelkader went back and forth between Taguine, Tiaret and Frenda in the southwest of the Casbah of Algiers in order to organize the resistance of the Emirate of Abdelkader (1808–1883) against the troupes coloniales of General Thomas Robert Bugeaud (1784–1849).[3][4]The Emir then simulates that he is heading towards the Algerian Sahara in order to create a diversion in the French Army, and he then ricochets back through the Hodna Mountains towards Kabylia to join his khalifa named Ahmed bin Salem (1802-1846).[5]Abdelkader aimed to raise again the Kabyles tribes of Djurdjura against the colonial power of Algiers and in all the plain of Mitidja.[6]","title":"Historical context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"Khachna Massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khachna_Massif"},{"link_name":"marabouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marabouts"},{"link_name":"zawiyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawiyas_in_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Igawawen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igawawen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"military companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"Adrien Aimé Fleury de Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrien_Aim%C3%A9_Fleury_de_Bar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Aim%C3%A9_Fleury_de_Bar"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Col des Beni Aïcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col_des_Beni_A%C3%AFcha"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Gentil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Gentil"},{"link_name":"lower Kabylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Kabylia"},{"link_name":"Oued Meraldene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oued_Meraldene"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Oued Issers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oued_Issers"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Titteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titteri"},{"link_name":"battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Mitidja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitidja"},{"link_name":"Khachna massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khachna_massif"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Oued Corso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oued_Corso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B5%D9%88"},{"link_name":"Issers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issers"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Marshal Bugeaud then asked for a reinforcement of some companies of light infantry which had then arrived from France in Algiers in order to counter the imminent offensive of the Kabyles of the Khachna Massif in Mitidja under the instigation of Emir Abdelkader and his allies at marabouts and zawiyas in the Igawawen region.[7]These regular military companies were then placed at the disposal of General Adrien Aimé Fleury de Bar [fr] (1783-1861) in order to stifle the Kabyle insurrectionary inclinations.[8]Thus, following the indications given by Marshal Bugeaud at the time of the first symptoms of agitation in the Col des Beni Aïcha, General de Bar had sent these infantry troops under the orders of General Jean-François Gentil (1789-1852), who commanded and watched over east of Algiers the entrance to Mitidja from lower Kabylia, to occupy the valley of Oued Meraldene in this Col des Beni Aïcha.[9]General Gentil's military column then had the task of establishing a surveillance garrison in the Col des Beni Aïcha in order to ward off a major Kabyle raid which could come from the valley of Oued Issers.[10]General de Bar, who had the command of Algiers ad interim while General Bugeaud was on an expedition in the Titteri massif, thus established a surveillance camp among the Beni Aïcha composed of the only two battalions of regular forces who had remained for guard of the city of Algiers.[11]The garrison of General Gentil was thus supposed to cover and protect the east of Mitidja by observing all the outlets of the mountains of the steep and winding Khachna massif.[12]This column initially established its garrison camp on the course of the Oued Corso [ar] from where it could easily monitor the Beni Aïcha pass and the danger that can come from the Issers valley.[13]","title":"Garrison of the Beni Aïcha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eugène Daumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Daumas"},{"link_name":"Arab affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaux_arabes"},{"link_name":"governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_governors_of_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Algérois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C3%A9rois"},{"link_name":"Emir Abdelkader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader"},{"link_name":"Kabylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabylia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ouled Naïl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouled_Na%C3%AFl_Range"},{"link_name":"Hodna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodna"},{"link_name":"Oran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran"},{"link_name":"Hautes Plaines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hautes_Plaines"},{"link_name":"Ahmed bin Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_bin_Salem"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Emir Abdelkader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader"},{"link_name":"Bouira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouira"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Boghni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boghni"},{"link_name":"Oued Djemâa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oued_Djem%C3%A2a&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_(%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3)"},{"link_name":"Issers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issers"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Colonel Eugène Daumas (1803-1871), director-general of Arab affairs in the governorate of the Algérois, then established disturbing reports which denounced the existence of active propaganda by agents subservient to Emir Abdelkader in Kabylia.[14]The excitement in Kabylia had pushed Marshal Bugeaud's collaborators to remember the previous invasion of Emir Abdelkader in 1839 and the devastation of the Mitidja plain that followed.[15]Colonel Daumas urgently needed to provide for the defense of Mitidja and prevent at all costs the return of such a disaster at the gate of Algiers emanating from the mountains of Kabylia.[16]This rebellious turmoil in Kabylia dates from January 1846 when Emir Abdelkader had joined the region of Ouled Naïl and Hodna to the east of Oran and in the south of the Hautes Plaines where he joined the stronghold of his former khalifa Ahmed bin Salem.[17]Ben Salem brought several chiefs devoted to his cause to pledge allegiance to Emir Abdelkader, and all of them painted and guaranteed that the invasion of the Mitidja was very easy by its eastern end through the Col des Beni Aïcha.[18]Ben Salem then presented his stratagem based on the absence of any permanent military post on this side, certified that the column of the Oued Corso was only made up of sick and convalescents incapacitated to put up serious resistance to the Kabyle rebels.[19]Indeed, the effervescence east of the Mitidja was vital for the Emir Abdelkader who was surrounded and barred everywhere else in Algeria, and he then resolved to attempt the bold blow that was offered to him at the eastern gate of the Mitidja.[20]He then immediately formed an imposing mass of cavalry with his regular soldiers to which he added auxiliary goums taken from the Ouled Naïl and some other neighboring tribes in order to advance with them towards the Col des Beni Aïcha.[21]The column of Emir Abdelkader then marched north-east of Hodna towards the region of Bouira through the lands of the tribe of Ouled Aziz which was allied with him and always well disposed in his favor.[22]Abdelkader veers towards the heights of Boghni before going down to the Kabyles of Flissas and Beni Khalfoun, and he finally arrives in Tamdiret near Oued Djemâa [ar], in the plain of Issers where he is preparing to rush on the Col des Beni Aïcha.[23][24]Sheikh Belkacem Oukaci and Sheikh Ali Boushaki rallied him at the head of a certain number of insurgents from the Amraoua and Beni Aïcha tribes, as well as with Kabyle chiefs adhering to the resistant mission.[25]","title":"Beginning of the uprising"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahmed bin Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_bin_Salem"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Issers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issers"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Issers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issers"},{"link_name":"Oued Isser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oued_Isser"},{"link_name":"Col des Beni Aïcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col_des_Beni_A%C3%AFcha"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Ahmed bin Salem began on 2 February 1846 to raid all the villages of the Issers valley which did not want to participate in the attack on General Gentil's encampment near the Col des Beni Aïcha.[26][27]After having pacified the perimeter giving access to the Issers valley, Abdelkader's allies began the offensive against the French garrison on the following 3 February.[28]On the day of 5 February, General Gentil was in his encampment on the Oued Corso, learned that Ben Salem had arrived from the heights of the Issers with a fairly large cavalry, and had raided the douars on the east bank of Oued Isser and was preparing to attack the Col des Beni Aïcha and the French soldiers who were encamped there.[29]This general immediately went ahead of an offensive in order to force the Kabyles to retrograde towards the east and to give him up part of his prizes raided among the allies of the French.[30][31]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahmed bin Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_bin_Salem"},{"link_name":"Emir Abdelkader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader"},{"link_name":"southern Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Algeria"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Boghni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boghni"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"After the outcome of the battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha on 7 February 1846 and the victory of General Gentil against the Kabyle troops of Khalifa Ahmed bin Salem, the Emir Abdelkader then fled to find refuge in southern Algeria.[32][33]Abdelkader then took refuge temporarily in Boghni before crossing the territory of the Guechtoulas before heading south to escape General Bugeaud who was pursuing him without managing to capture him.[34][35]","title":"Escape of Emir Abdelkader"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EmirAbdelKader.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emir Abdelkader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abdelkader_and_pijou.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abdelkader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader"},{"link_name":"Bugeaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Bugeaud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%91%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BE,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%C2%BB._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3,_1911-1915).jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Robert Bugeaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Bugeaud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melchior_Daumas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eugène Daumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Daumas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marie_Alphonse_Bedeau_(1804_%E2%80%93_1863).jpg"},{"link_name":"Marie Alphonse Bedeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Alphonse_Bedeau"}],"text":"Emir Abdelkader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAbdelkader and Bugeaud\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThomas Robert Bugeaud\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEugène Daumas\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMarie Alphonse Bedeau","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/L%E2%80%99Emir_Abdelkader_en_Kabylie_%281838-1839%29.png/200px-L%E2%80%99Emir_Abdelkader_en_Kabylie_%281838-1839%29.png"}]
|
[{"title":"French conquest of Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria"},{"title":"Emir Mustapha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_Mustapha"},{"title":"Marie Alphonse Bedeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Alphonse_Bedeau"}]
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[{"reference":"Card, Edgard Rouard de (1898). \"Les traités entre la France et le Maroc: étude historique et juridique\".","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dLsMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA63","url_text":"\"Les traités entre la France et le Maroc: étude historique et juridique\""}]},{"reference":"Thureau-Dangin, Paul (1892). \"Histoire de la monarchie de juillet\".","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HoUE7uFNH70C&pg=PA392","url_text":"\"Histoire de la monarchie de juillet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bibliothèque internationale et diplomatique\". 1898.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=04MzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA62","url_text":"\"Bibliothèque internationale et diplomatique\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Grande Kabylie. Etudes historiques ... Ouvrage publié avec l'autorisation de M. Le maréchal duc d'Isly, gouverneur-général de l'Algérie. [With a table and a map.]\". 1847.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MNWOYRfdt0AC&pg=PA354","url_text":"\"La Grande Kabylie. Etudes historiques ... Ouvrage publié avec l'autorisation de M. Le maréchal duc d'Isly, gouverneur-général de l'Algérie. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Propertius
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Propertius
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["1 Life","2 Poetry","3 Textual problems","4 Influence","5 Modern assessment","6 Latin editions","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
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1st century BC Roman elegiac poet
This article is about the Latin elegiac poet. For other people named Propertius, see Propertia gens.
For the butterfly genus, see Propertius (skipper).
Auguste Vinchon, Propertius and Cynthia at Tivoli
Sextus Propertius was a Latin elegiac poet of the Augustan age. He was born around 50–45 BC in Assisium (now Assisi) and died shortly after 15 BC.
Propertius' surviving work comprises four books of Elegies (Elegiae). He was a friend of the poets Gallus and Virgil and, with them, had as his patron Maecenas and, through Maecenas, the emperor Augustus. Although Propertius was not as renowned in his own time as other Latin elegists, he is today regarded by scholars as a major poet.
Life
Very little information is known about Propertius outside of his own writing. His praenomen "Sextus" is mentioned by Aelius Donatus, a few manuscripts list him as "Sextus Propertius", but the rest of his name is unknown. From numerous references in his poetry it is clear he was born and raised in Umbria, of a well-to-do family at or near Asisium (Assisi). His birthplace is generally regarded as modern Assisi, where tourists can view the excavated remains of a house thought to have belonged at least to the poet's family, if not to the poet himself.
During Propertius' childhood, his father died and the family lost land as part of a confiscation, probably the same one which reduced Virgil's estates when Octavian allotted lands to his veterans in 41 BC. Along with cryptic references in Ovid that imply that he was younger than his contemporary Tibullus, this suggests a birthdate after 55 BC.
After his father's death, Propertius' mother set him on course for a public career, indicating his family still had some wealth, while the abundance of obscure mythology present in his poetry indicates he received a good education. Frequent mention of friends like Tullus, the nephew of Lucius Volcatius Tullus, consul in 33 BC, plus the fact that he lived on Rome's Esquiline Hill indicate he moved among the children of the rich and politically connected during the early part of the 20s BC.
Propertius published a first book of love elegies around 30 BC, with the character 'Cynthia' as the main theme; the book's complete devotion gave it the natural title Cynthia Monobiblos. The Monobiblos must have attracted the attention of Maecenas, a patron of the arts who took Propertius into his circle of court poets. A second, larger book of elegies was published perhaps a year later, one that includes poems addressed directly to his patron and (as expected) praises for Augustus. The 19th century classics scholar Karl Lachmann argued, based on the unusually large number of poems in this book and Propertius' mention of tres libelli, that the single Book II actually comprises two separate books of poetry conflated in the manuscript tradition, an idea supported by the state of the manuscript tradition of "Book II." An editor of Propertius, Paul Fedeli, accepts this hypothesis, as does G.P. Goold, editor of the Loeb edition.
The publication of a third book came sometime after 23 BC. Its content shows the poet beginning to move beyond simple love themes, as some poems (e.g. III.5) use Amor merely as a starting point for other topics. Book IV, published sometime after 16 BC, displays more of the poet's ambitious agenda, and includes several aetiological poems explaining the origin of various Roman rites and landmarks.
Book IV, the last Propertius wrote, has only half the number of poems as Book I. Given the change in direction apparent in his poetry, scholars assume only his death a short time after publication prevented him from further exploration; the collection may in fact have been published posthumously. An elegy of Ovid dated to 2 BC makes it clear that Propertius was dead by this time.
Poetry
Propertius' fame rests on his four books of elegies, totaling around 92 poems (the exact number cannot be known as over the intervening years, scholars have divided and regrouped the poems, creating doubt as to the precise number). All his poems are written using the elegiac couplet, a form in vogue among the Roman social set during the late 1st century BC.
Like the work of nearly all the elegists, Propertius' work is dominated by a figure of a single female character, one he refers to throughout his poetry by the name Cynthia. She is named in over half the elegies of the first book and appears indirectly in several others, right from the first word of the first poem in the Monobiblos:
Cynthia prima suis miserum me cepit ocellis,
contactum nullis ante cupidinibus.
Cynthia first captivated wretched me with her eyes,
I who had never before been touched by Cupid.
—(I.1.1-2)
Whilst Apuleius identifies her as a woman named Hostia, and Propertius suggests she is a descendant of the Roman poet Hostius, modern scholarship indicates that the creation of 'Cynthia' is part of a literary convention in Roman love elegy; scripta puella, a fictionalised 'written girl'. Propertius frequently compliments her as docta puella 'learned girl', and characterises her as a female writer of verse, such as Sulpicia. This literary affair veers wildly between emotional extremes, and as a lover she clearly dominates the life of the poet's voice at least through the publication of the third book:
cuncta tuus sepelivit amor, nec femina post te
ulla dedit collo dulcia vincla meo.
Thy love has buried all others, nor has any woman after thee
put sweet fetters upon my neck.
—(III.15.11-2)
It is difficult to precisely date many of Propertius' poems, but they chronicle the kind of declarations, passions, jealousies, quarrels, and lamentations that were commonplace subjects among the Latin elegists. The last two poems in Book III seem to indicate a final break with the character of Cynthia (versibus insignem te pudet esse meis - "It is a shame that my verses have made you famous"). In this last book Cynthia is the subject of only two poems, best regarded as a postscript. The bi-polar complexity of the relationship is amply demonstrated in a poignant, if amusing, poem from the final book. Cynthia's ghost addresses Propertius from beyond the grave with criticism (among other things) that her funeral was not lavish enough, yet the longing of the poet remains in the final line inter complexus excidit umbra meos. - "Her shade then slipped away from my embrace."
Book IV strongly indicates Propertius was planning a new direction for his poetry. The book includes several aetiological poems which, in reviewing the mythological origins of Rome and its landmarks, can also be read as critical—even vaguely subversive—of Augustus and his agenda for the new Rome. The position is currently a subject of debate among modern classicists. The final poem is a touching address by the recently deceased Cornelia consoling her husband Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus and their three children. Although the poem (given Cornelia's connection to Augustus' family) was most likely an imperial commission, its dignity, nobility, and pathos have led critics to call it the "queen of the elegies", and it is commonly considered the best in the collection.
Propertius' style is marked by seemingly abrupt transitions (in the manner of Latin neoteric poetry) and a high and imaginative allusion, often to the more obscure passages of Greek and Roman myth and legend. His idiosyncratic use of language, together with the corrupted state of the text, have made his elegies a challenge to edit; among the more famous names who have offered criticism of and emendations to the text have been the classicist John Percival Postgate and the English classicist and poet A. E. Housman.
Textual problems
The text contains many syntactic, organizational and logical problems as it has survived. Some of these are no doubt exacerbated by Propertius' bold and occasionally unconventional use of Latin. Others have led scholars to alter and sometimes rearrange the text as preserved in the manuscripts.
A total of 146 Propertius manuscripts survive, the oldest of which dates from the 12th century. However, some of the poems in these manuscripts appear disjointed, such as I.8, which begins as a plea for Cynthia to abandon a planned sea voyage, then closes with sudden joy that the voyage has been called off. This poem has therefore been split by most scholars into a I.8a (comprising the first 26 lines) and I.8b (lines 27–46). More complicated organizational problems are presented by poems like II.26, a confusing piece in which Propertius first (1) dreams of Cynthia being shipwrecked, and then (2) praises Cynthia's faithfulness. Following this, he (3) declares that she plans to sail and he will come along, (4) shifts to the couple together on the shore, and then (5) quickly has them back on board ship, ready to face the potential dangers of the sea. The images seem to conflict logically and chronologically, and have led different commentators to rearrange the lines or assume some lacunae in the text.
More modern critics have pointed out that all the proposed rearrangements assume Propertius' original poetry adhered strictly to the classical literary principles as set down by Aristotle, and so the apparent jumble is a result of manuscript corruptions. Another possibility is that Propertius was deliberately presenting disjointed images in violation of principles such as the Classical Unities, a theory which argues for different unifying structures in Propertius' elegies. This interpretation also implies that Propertius' style represented a mild reaction against the orthodoxy of classical literary theory. However, although these theories may have some bearing on issues of continuity in the other three surviving books of Propertius, modern philological scholarship tends toward a consensus that the extant text "Book Two" in fact represents the conflated remains of what were originally two books of poems. Recent editors of Propertius -- notably Paulo Fedeli (Teubner 1984); compare G.P. Gould's 1990 revision of the Loeb text -- reflect these conclusions in their texts for "Book Two", which show it as such a conflation of two books (the second and third of an original five), with some passages lost, parts of poems and whole poems combined, and possible shuffling of fragments. This case is well supported by the texts themselves and fits testimonial evidence about Propertius's original publication of his work: first the "Monobiblos" (our "Book I"), then a collection of three books (our "Book II" and Book III -- the three-book elegiac format imitated by Ovid's Amores) and lastly our Book IV, very likely poshtumously.
Influence
Propertius himself says he was popular and even scandalous in his own day. Horace, however, says that he would have to "endure much" and "stop up his ears" if he had to listen to "Callimachus...to please the sensitive stock of poets"; Postgate and others see this as a veiled attack on Propertius, who considered himself the Roman heir to Callimachus. This judgement also seems to be upheld by Quintilian, who ranks the elegies of Tibullus higher and, while accepting that others preferred Propertius, is himself somewhat dismissive of the poet. However, Propertius' popularity is attested by the presence of his verses in the graffiti preserved at Pompeii; while Ovid for example drew on him repeatedly for poetic themes, more than on Tibullus.
Propertius fell into obscurity in the Middle Ages, though the 12C summoned him and Cynthia to a Love Assize, but was rediscovered during the Italian Renaissance along with the other elegists. Petrarch's love sonnets certainly show the influence of his writing, and Aeneas Silvius (the future Pope Pius II) titled a collection of his youthful elegies "Cinthia". There are also a set of "Propertian Elegies" attributed to the English writer Ben Jonson, though the authorship of these is disputed. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's 1795 collection of "Elegies" also shows some familiarity with Propertius' poetry.
Propertius is the lyrical protagonist of Joseph Brodsky's poem "Anno Domini" (1968), originally written in Russian. His relationship with Cynthia is also addressed in Robert Lowell's poem, "The Ghost. After Sextus Propertius", which is a free translation of Propertius' Elegy IV 7.
Modern assessment
In the 20th century Ezra Pound's poem "Homage to Sextus Propertius" cast Propertius as something of a satirist and political dissident, and his translation/interpretation of the elegies presented them as ancient examples of Pound's own Imagist theory of art. Pound identified in Propertius an example of what he called (in "How to Read") 'logopoeia', "the dance of the intellect among words." Gilbert Highet, in Poets in a Landscape, attributed this to Propertius' use of mythic allusions and circumlocution, which Pound mimics to more comic effect in his Homage. The imagist interpretation, the poet's tendency to sustain an interior monologue, and the deeply personal nature of his poetry have made Propertius a favorite in the modern age. In 1906 J. S. Phillimore presented a prose translation of Propertius, published by Oxford University Press. Three modern English translations of his work have appeared since 2000, and the playwright Tom Stoppard suggests in his best-known work The Invention of Love that the poet was responsible for much of what the West regards today as "romantic love". The most recent translation appeared in September 2018 from Carcanet Press, and was a Poetry Book Society Autumn Recommended Translation. The collection entitled Poems (ISBN 9781784106515) is edited by Patrick Worsnip with a foreword by Peter Heslin.
Latin editions
Emil Baehrens, Bibliotheca Teubneriana, 1880
John Percival Postgate, Cambridge, 1894
E.A. Barber, Oxford Classical Text, 1953 (2nd ed., 1960)
W.A. Camps, Book 1, Cambridge, 1961
L. Richardson, Jr., Lawrence, Okla., 1977
Rudolf Hanslik, Bibliotheca Teubneriana, 1979
Paolo Fedeli, Bibliotheca Teubneriana, 1984
Paolo Fedeli, Book 3, Bari, 1985
G.P. Goold, Loeb Classical Library, 1990
Robert J. Baker, Book 1, Warminster, 2000
Paolo Fedeli, Book 2, Cambridge, 2005
Giancarlo Giardina, Rome, 2005
Simone Viarre, Collection Budé, 2005
Gregory Hutchinson, Book 4, Cambridge, 2006
S. J. Heyworth, Oxford Classical Text, 2007
Notes
^ John Lemprière's Classical Dictionary
^ Thorsen, Thea S. (2013). The Cambridge Companion to Latin Love Elegy. Cambridge University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0521765367.
^ Tarrant, Richard (2016). Texts, Editors, and Readers: Methods and Problems in Latin Textual Criticism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1316538807.
^ Fain, Gordon L. (2010). Ancient Greek Epigrams: Major Poets in Verse Translation. University of California Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0520265790.
^ Vita Vergiliana, V
^ e.g. I.22.9-10; IV.1.63-6 and 121-6; unless otherwise noted numerical references refer to Propertius' collections
^ Postgate, John Percival (1911). "Propertius, Sextus" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 439.
^ "Key to Umbria: Assisi".
^ IV.1.127
^ e.g. Tristia IV.10.41-54
^ IV.1.131
^ e.g. I.1.9, 6.2, 14.20, and 22.1
^ III.23.24
^ Goold, G.P. (1990). "Introduction". Elegies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780674990203. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
^ II.13.25
^ See III.18, a poem which mentions the death of Marcellus in 23 BC
^ Apologia, ch. X
^ III.20.8
^ M. Wilson, The Politics of Elegy: Propertius and Tibulllus. In Writing Politics in Imperial Rome. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004217133_009
^ I.7.11; II.131.6; II.13.11
^ I.2.27-8: cum tibi praesertim Phoebus sua carmina donet/Aoniamque libens Calliopea lyram - "While Apollo grants you above all his power of song, and Calliope willingly an Aonian lyre"
^ III.24.4
^ IV.7.96
^ Micaela Janan, The Politics of Desire: Propertius IV (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), p. 255. ISBN 0-520-22321-7
^ IV.11
^ e.g. D. Thomas Benediktson - "Propertius: Modernist Poet of Antiquity", Southern Illinois University Press (1989)
^ II.24a.1-8
^ For his complete criticism, v. Epistles II.2.87-104
^ cf. e.g. III.1.1-2
^ H J Rose, A Handbook of Latin Literature (London 1966) p. 289: "sunt qui Propertium malint".
^ H J Rose, A Handbook of Latin Literature (London 1966) p. 293-4
^ A D Melville trans., Ovid: The Love Poems (OUP 2008) p. xii and p. xx
^ H Waddell, The Wandering Scholars (London1927) p. 20
^ Slavitt, p. 8
^ Slavitt's translation appeared in 2002, Katz's 2004 translation was a winner of the 2005 National Translation Award, American Literary Translators Association.
References
Propertius, The Poems (Oxford World's Classics) - see especially Lyne's introduction
David Slavitt, Propertius in Love: The Elegies University of Cal. Press (2002)
Vincent Katz, The Complete Elegies of Sextus Propertius Princeton University Press (2004)
D.Feeney, Literature and Religion at Rome: Cultures, Contexts, and Beliefs
M.Beard, J. North & S.Price, Religions of Rome
J.North, 'Religion and Politics: from Republic to Principate' in Journal of Roman Studies 76
J.Hallett, 'Queens, princeps and women of the Augustan elite: Propertius' Cornelia elegy and the Res Gestae Divi Augusti' in R. Winkes (ed.) 'The Age of Augustus'
Max Turiel, Propertivs: Algunas Elegías y Variaciones, Spanish edition, ( Ediciones RIE, 2008 ), ISBN 978-84-96785-56-4.
Syndikus, H. P. 2010. Die Elegien des Properz: Eine Interpretation. Darmstadt: WBG, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
Robert Karacsony, Properzens Vertumnus-Elegie (4,2) und das Dichtungsprogramm des vierten Buches. Ein intertextueller Kommentar. Hamburger Studien zu Gesellschaften und Kulturen der Vormoderne. Band 3. 2018. ISBN 978-3-515-11881-1
Further reading
Breed, B. (2010). "Propertius on Not Writing about Civil Wars." In Citizens of Discord: Rome and Its Civil Wars. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
DeBrohun, J. B. (2003). Roman Propertius and the Reinvention of Elegy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Hubbard, M. (2001). Propertius. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press.
Janan, M. (2001). The Politics of Desire: Propertius IV. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Johnson, W.R. (2009). A Latin Lover in Ancient Rome. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Lindheim, S. (2011). "What's Love Got To Do with It?: Mapping Cynthia in Propertius' Paired Elegies 1.8A-B and 1.11-12." The American Journal of Philology, 132.4: 633–665.
Maltby, R. (2006). "Major Themes and Motifs in Propertius’s Love Poetry." In Brill’s Companion to Propertius. Edited by H. C. Günther, 147–182. Leiden: Brill.
Newman, J. K. (1997). Augustan Propertius: The Recapitulation of a Genre. Spudasmata 63. Hildesheim: G. Olms.
Pillinger, Hugh E. (1968). Some Callimachean Influences on Propertius, Book 4." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 70: 171-199.
Racette-Campbell, M. (2013). "Marriage Contracts, Fides, and Gender Roles in Propertius 3.20." The Classical Journal, 108.3: 297–317.
Syndikus, H. P. (2010). Die Elegien des Properz: Eine Interpretation. Darmstadt: WBG, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
Welch, T. S. (2005). The Elegiac Cityscape. Propertius and the Meaning of Roman Monuments. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Press.
Worsnip, P. (2018). Poems Sextus Propertius, edited by Patrick Worsnip. Carcanet Press
External links
Library resources about Propertius
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By Propertius
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Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article: Propertius
Quotations related to Propertius at Wikiquote
Works by Sextus Propertius at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Propertius at Internet Archive
Works by Propertius at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
The Elegies of Propertius at The Latin Library
English translations of Propertius with introductory essay and notes by Jon Corelis Archived 2021-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
Complete English translation of the Elegies by A. S. Kline
Propertius at the Perseus Project
Propertius and cacozelia latens
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Propertia gens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertia_gens"},{"link_name":"Propertius (skipper)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertius_(skipper)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prop_and_Cynth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Auguste Vinchon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Vinchon"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"elegiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegy"},{"link_name":"Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Elegies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegy#History"},{"link_name":"Gallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Gallus"},{"link_name":"Virgil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil"},{"link_name":"Maecenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maecenas"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"This article is about the Latin elegiac poet. For other people named Propertius, see Propertia gens.For the butterfly genus, see Propertius (skipper).Auguste Vinchon, Propertius and Cynthia at TivoliSextus Propertius was a Latin elegiac poet of the Augustan age. He was born around 50–45 BC in Assisium (now Assisi) and died shortly after 15 BC.[1]Propertius' surviving work comprises four books of Elegies (Elegiae). He was a friend of the poets Gallus and Virgil and, with them, had as his patron Maecenas and, through Maecenas, the emperor Augustus. Although Propertius was not as renowned in his own time as other Latin elegists,[2] he is today regarded by scholars as a major poet.[3][4]","title":"Propertius"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"praenomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen"},{"link_name":"Aelius Donatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aelius_Donatus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"confiscation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confiscation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Virgil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil"},{"link_name":"Octavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavian"},{"link_name":"Ovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tibullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibullus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lucius Volcatius Tullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Volcatius_Tullus_(consul_33_BC)"},{"link_name":"Esquiline Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquiline_Hill"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Maecenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maecenas"},{"link_name":"Karl Lachmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Lachmann"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid"}],"text":"Very little information is known about Propertius outside of his own writing. His praenomen \"Sextus\" is mentioned by Aelius Donatus,[5] a few manuscripts list him as \"Sextus Propertius\", but the rest of his name is unknown. From numerous references in his poetry[6] it is clear he was born and raised in Umbria, of a well-to-do family at or near Asisium (Assisi).[7] His birthplace is generally regarded as modern Assisi, where tourists can view the excavated remains of a house thought to have belonged at least to the poet's family, if not to the poet himself.[8]During Propertius' childhood, his father died and the family lost land as part of a confiscation,[9] probably the same one which reduced Virgil's estates when Octavian allotted lands to his veterans in 41 BC. Along with cryptic references in Ovid[10] that imply that he was younger than his contemporary Tibullus, this suggests a birthdate after 55 BC.After his father's death, Propertius' mother set him on course for a public career,[11] indicating his family still had some wealth, while the abundance of obscure mythology present in his poetry indicates he received a good education. Frequent mention of friends like Tullus,[12] the nephew of Lucius Volcatius Tullus, consul in 33 BC, plus the fact that he lived on Rome's Esquiline Hill[13] indicate he moved among the children of the rich and politically connected during the early part of the 20s BC.Propertius published a first book of love elegies around 30 BC, with the character 'Cynthia' as the main theme;[14] the book's complete devotion gave it the natural title Cynthia Monobiblos. The Monobiblos must have attracted the attention of Maecenas, a patron of the arts who took Propertius into his circle of court poets. A second, larger book of elegies was published perhaps a year later, one that includes poems addressed directly to his patron and (as expected) praises for Augustus. The 19th century classics scholar Karl Lachmann argued, based on the unusually large number of poems in this book and Propertius' mention of tres libelli,[15] that the single Book II actually comprises two separate books of poetry conflated in the manuscript tradition, an idea supported by the state of the manuscript tradition of \"Book II.\" An editor of Propertius, Paul Fedeli, accepts this hypothesis, as does G.P. Goold, editor of the Loeb edition.The publication of a third book came sometime after 23 BC.[16] Its content shows the poet beginning to move beyond simple love themes, as some poems (e.g. III.5) use Amor merely as a starting point for other topics. Book IV, published sometime after 16 BC, displays more of the poet's ambitious agenda, and includes several aetiological poems explaining the origin of various Roman rites and landmarks.Book IV, the last Propertius wrote, has only half the number of poems as Book I. Given the change in direction apparent in his poetry, scholars assume only his death a short time after publication prevented him from further exploration; the collection may in fact have been published posthumously. An elegy of Ovid dated to 2 BC makes it clear that Propertius was dead by this time.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elegiac couplet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegiac_couplet"},{"link_name":"Apuleius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuleius"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Hostius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostius"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Sulpicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulpicia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Cornelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia_(wife_of_Aemilius_Paullus)"},{"link_name":"Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Lepidus_Paullus"},{"link_name":"John Percival Postgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Percival_Postgate"},{"link_name":"A. E. Housman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Housman"}],"text":"Propertius' fame rests on his four books of elegies, totaling around 92 poems (the exact number cannot be known as over the intervening years, scholars have divided and regrouped the poems, creating doubt as to the precise number). All his poems are written using the elegiac couplet, a form in vogue among the Roman social set during the late 1st century BC.Like the work of nearly all the elegists, Propertius' work is dominated by a figure of a single female character, one he refers to throughout his poetry by the name Cynthia. She is named in over half the elegies of the first book and appears indirectly in several others, right from the first word of the first poem in the Monobiblos:Whilst Apuleius[17] identifies her as a woman named Hostia, and Propertius suggests[18] she is a descendant of the Roman poet Hostius, modern scholarship indicates that the creation of 'Cynthia' is part of a literary convention in Roman love elegy; scripta puella, a fictionalised 'written girl'.[19] Propertius frequently compliments her as docta puella 'learned girl',[20] and characterises her as a female writer of verse, such as Sulpicia.[21] This literary affair veers wildly between emotional extremes, and as a lover she clearly dominates the life of the poet's voice at least through the publication of the third book:It is difficult to precisely date many of Propertius' poems, but they chronicle the kind of declarations, passions, jealousies, quarrels, and lamentations that were commonplace subjects among the Latin elegists. The last two poems in Book III seem to indicate a final break with the character of Cynthia (versibus insignem te pudet esse meis - \"It is a shame that my verses have made you famous\"[22]). In this last book Cynthia is the subject of only two poems, best regarded as a postscript. The bi-polar complexity of the relationship is amply demonstrated in a poignant, if amusing, poem from the final book. Cynthia's ghost addresses Propertius from beyond the grave with criticism (among other things) that her funeral was not lavish enough, yet the longing of the poet remains in the final line inter complexus excidit umbra meos. - \"Her shade then slipped away from my embrace.\"[23]Book IV strongly indicates Propertius was planning a new direction for his poetry. The book includes several aetiological poems which, in reviewing the mythological origins of Rome and its landmarks, can also be read as critical—even vaguely subversive—of Augustus and his agenda for the new Rome. The position is currently a subject of debate among modern classicists.[24] The final poem[25] is a touching address by the recently deceased Cornelia consoling her husband Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus and their three children. Although the poem (given Cornelia's connection to Augustus' family) was most likely an imperial commission, its dignity, nobility, and pathos have led critics to call it the \"queen of the elegies\", and it is commonly considered the best in the collection.Propertius' style is marked by seemingly abrupt transitions (in the manner of Latin neoteric poetry) and a high and imaginative allusion, often to the more obscure passages of Greek and Roman myth and legend. His idiosyncratic use of language, together with the corrupted state of the text, have made his elegies a challenge to edit; among the more famous names who have offered criticism of and emendations to the text have been the classicist John Percival Postgate and the English classicist and poet A. E. Housman.","title":"Poetry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lacunae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Classical Unities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_unities"}],"text":"The text contains many syntactic, organizational and logical problems as it has survived. Some of these are no doubt exacerbated by Propertius' bold and occasionally unconventional use of Latin. Others have led scholars to alter and sometimes rearrange the text as preserved in the manuscripts.A total of 146 Propertius manuscripts survive, the oldest of which dates from the 12th century. However, some of the poems in these manuscripts appear disjointed, such as I.8, which begins as a plea for Cynthia to abandon a planned sea voyage, then closes with sudden joy that the voyage has been called off. This poem has therefore been split by most scholars into a I.8a (comprising the first 26 lines) and I.8b (lines 27–46). More complicated organizational problems are presented by poems like II.26, a confusing piece in which Propertius first (1) dreams of Cynthia being shipwrecked, and then (2) praises Cynthia's faithfulness. Following this, he (3) declares that she plans to sail and he will come along, (4) shifts to the couple together on the shore, and then (5) quickly has them back on board ship, ready to face the potential dangers of the sea. The images seem to conflict logically and chronologically, and have led different commentators to rearrange the lines or assume some lacunae in the text.More modern critics[26] have pointed out that all the proposed rearrangements assume Propertius' original poetry adhered strictly to the classical literary principles as set down by Aristotle, and so the apparent jumble is a result of manuscript corruptions. Another possibility is that Propertius was deliberately presenting disjointed images in violation of principles such as the Classical Unities, a theory which argues for different unifying structures in Propertius' elegies. This interpretation also implies that Propertius' style represented a mild reaction against the orthodoxy of classical literary theory. However, although these theories may have some bearing on issues of continuity in the other three surviving books of Propertius, modern philological scholarship tends toward a consensus that the extant text \"Book Two\" in fact represents the conflated remains of what were originally two books of poems. Recent editors of Propertius -- notably Paulo Fedeli (Teubner 1984); compare G.P. Gould's 1990 revision of the Loeb text -- reflect these conclusions in their texts for \"Book Two\", which show it as such a conflation of two books (the second and third of an original five), with some passages lost, parts of poems and whole poems combined, and possible shuffling of fragments. This case is well supported by the texts themselves and fits testimonial evidence about Propertius's original publication of his work: first the \"Monobiblos\" (our \"Book I\"), then a collection of three books (our \"Book II\" and Book III -- the three-book elegiac format imitated by Ovid's Amores) and lastly our Book IV, very likely poshtumously.","title":"Textual problems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Horace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace"},{"link_name":"Callimachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callimachus"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Quintilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintilian"},{"link_name":"Tibullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibullus"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii"},{"link_name":"Ovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Love Assize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assizes"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Petrarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrarch"},{"link_name":"Aeneas Silvius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II"},{"link_name":"Ben Jonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jonson"},{"link_name":"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe"},{"link_name":"Joseph Brodsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky"},{"link_name":"Robert Lowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lowell"}],"text":"Propertius himself says he was popular and even scandalous in his own day.[27] Horace, however, says that he would have to \"endure much\" and \"stop up his ears\" if he had to listen to \"Callimachus...to please the sensitive stock of poets\";[28] Postgate and others see this as a veiled attack on Propertius, who considered himself the Roman heir to Callimachus.[29] This judgement also seems to be upheld by Quintilian, who ranks the elegies of Tibullus higher and, while accepting that others preferred Propertius,[30] is himself somewhat dismissive of the poet. However, Propertius' popularity is attested by the presence of his verses in the graffiti preserved at Pompeii; while Ovid for example drew on him repeatedly for poetic themes,[31] more than on Tibullus.[32]Propertius fell into obscurity in the Middle Ages, though the 12C summoned him and Cynthia to a Love Assize,[33] but was rediscovered during the Italian Renaissance along with the other elegists. Petrarch's love sonnets certainly show the influence of his writing, and Aeneas Silvius (the future Pope Pius II) titled a collection of his youthful elegies \"Cinthia\". There are also a set of \"Propertian Elegies\" attributed to the English writer Ben Jonson, though the authorship of these is disputed. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's 1795 collection of \"Elegies\" also shows some familiarity with Propertius' poetry.Propertius is the lyrical protagonist of Joseph Brodsky's poem \"Anno Domini\" (1968), originally written in Russian. His relationship with Cynthia is also addressed in Robert Lowell's poem, \"The Ghost. After Sextus Propertius\", which is a free translation of Propertius' Elegy IV 7.","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ezra Pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Pound"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Imagist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagism"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Highet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Highet"},{"link_name":"J. S. Phillimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._S._Phillimore"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Tom Stoppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Stoppard"},{"link_name":"The Invention of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invention_of_Love"},{"link_name":"Carcanet Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcanet_Press"},{"link_name":"Poetry Book Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_Book_Society"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781784106515","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784106515"}],"text":"In the 20th century Ezra Pound's poem \"Homage to Sextus Propertius\" cast Propertius as something of a satirist and political dissident,[34] and his translation/interpretation of the elegies presented them as ancient examples of Pound's own Imagist theory of art. Pound identified in Propertius an example of what he called (in \"How to Read\") 'logopoeia', \"the dance of the intellect among words.\" Gilbert Highet, in Poets in a Landscape, attributed this to Propertius' use of mythic allusions and circumlocution, which Pound mimics to more comic effect in his Homage. The imagist interpretation, the poet's tendency to sustain an interior monologue, and the deeply personal nature of his poetry have made Propertius a favorite in the modern age. In 1906 J. S. Phillimore presented a prose translation of Propertius, published by Oxford University Press. Three modern English translations of his work have appeared since 2000,[35] and the playwright Tom Stoppard suggests in his best-known work The Invention of Love that the poet was responsible for much of what the West regards today as \"romantic love\". The most recent translation appeared in September 2018 from Carcanet Press, and was a Poetry Book Society Autumn Recommended Translation. The collection entitled Poems (ISBN 9781784106515) is edited by Patrick Worsnip with a foreword by Peter Heslin.","title":"Modern assessment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bibliotheca Teubneriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_Teubneriana"},{"link_name":"John Percival Postgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Percival_Postgate"},{"link_name":"Oxford Classical Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Text"},{"link_name":"Loeb Classical Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library"},{"link_name":"Collection Budé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collection_Bud%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Gregory Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Hutchinson_(academic)"},{"link_name":"Oxford Classical Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Text"}],"text":"Emil Baehrens, Bibliotheca Teubneriana, 1880\nJohn Percival Postgate, Cambridge, 1894\nE.A. Barber, Oxford Classical Text, 1953 (2nd ed., 1960)\nW.A. Camps, Book 1, Cambridge, 1961\nL. Richardson, Jr., Lawrence, Okla., 1977\nRudolf Hanslik, Bibliotheca Teubneriana, 1979\nPaolo Fedeli, Bibliotheca Teubneriana, 1984\nPaolo Fedeli, Book 3, Bari, 1985\nG.P. Goold, Loeb Classical Library, 1990\nRobert J. Baker, Book 1, Warminster, 2000\nPaolo Fedeli, Book 2, Cambridge, 2005\nGiancarlo Giardina, Rome, 2005\nSimone Viarre, Collection Budé, 2005\nGregory Hutchinson, Book 4, Cambridge, 2006\nS. J. Heyworth, Oxford Classical Text, 2007","title":"Latin editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"John Lemprière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lempri%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge Companion to Latin Love Elegy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=UarCAQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0521765367","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521765367"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Texts, Editors, and Readers: Methods and Problems in Latin Textual Criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zZSzCwAAQBAJ&q=major+poet"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1316538807","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1316538807"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek Epigrams: Major Poets in Verse Translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1bz5wAPk1HsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0520265790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520265790"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Propertius, Sextus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Propertius,_Sextus"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Key to Umbria: Assisi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.keytoumbria.com/Assisi/Roman_Monuments.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Elegies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL018/1990/pb_LCL018.1.xml"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780674990203","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674990203"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Marcellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus_(Julio-Claudian_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004217133_009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163/9789004217133_009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-22321-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22321-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"National Translation Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Translation_Award"}],"text":"^ John Lemprière's Classical Dictionary\n\n^ Thorsen, Thea S. (2013). The Cambridge Companion to Latin Love Elegy. Cambridge University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0521765367.\n\n^ Tarrant, Richard (2016). Texts, Editors, and Readers: Methods and Problems in Latin Textual Criticism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1316538807.\n\n^ Fain, Gordon L. (2010). Ancient Greek Epigrams: Major Poets in Verse Translation. University of California Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0520265790.\n\n^ Vita Vergiliana, V\n\n^ e.g. I.22.9-10; IV.1.63-6 and 121-6; unless otherwise noted numerical references refer to Propertius' collections\n\n^ Postgate, John Percival (1911). \"Propertius, Sextus\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 439.\n\n^ \"Key to Umbria: Assisi\".\n\n^ IV.1.127\n\n^ e.g. Tristia IV.10.41-54\n\n^ IV.1.131\n\n^ e.g. I.1.9, 6.2, 14.20, and 22.1\n\n^ III.23.24\n\n^ Goold, G.P. (1990). \"Introduction\". Elegies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780674990203. Retrieved 1 May 2023.\n\n^ II.13.25\n\n^ See III.18, a poem which mentions the death of Marcellus in 23 BC\n\n^ Apologia, ch. X\n\n^ III.20.8\n\n^ M. Wilson, The Politics of Elegy: Propertius and Tibulllus. In Writing Politics in Imperial Rome. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004217133_009\n\n^ I.7.11; II.131.6; II.13.11\n\n^ I.2.27-8: cum tibi praesertim Phoebus sua carmina donet/Aoniamque libens Calliopea lyram - \"While Apollo grants you above all his power of song, and Calliope willingly an Aonian lyre\"\n\n^ III.24.4\n\n^ IV.7.96\n\n^ Micaela Janan, The Politics of Desire: Propertius IV (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), p. 255. ISBN 0-520-22321-7\n\n^ IV.11\n\n^ e.g. D. Thomas Benediktson - \"Propertius: Modernist Poet of Antiquity\", Southern Illinois University Press (1989)\n\n^ II.24a.1-8\n\n^ For his complete criticism, v. Epistles II.2.87-104\n\n^ cf. e.g. III.1.1-2\n\n^ H J Rose, A Handbook of Latin Literature (London 1966) p. 289: \"sunt qui Propertium malint\".\n\n^ H J Rose, A Handbook of Latin Literature (London 1966) p. 293-4\n\n^ A D Melville trans., Ovid: The Love Poems (OUP 2008) p. xii and p. xx\n\n^ H Waddell, The Wandering Scholars (London1927) p. 20\n\n^ Slavitt, p. 8\n\n^ Slavitt's translation appeared in 2002, Katz's 2004 translation was a winner of the 2005 National Translation Award, American Literary Translators Association.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Breed, B. (2010). \"Propertius on Not Writing about Civil Wars.\" In Citizens of Discord: Rome and Its Civil Wars. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nDeBrohun, J. B. (2003). Roman Propertius and the Reinvention of Elegy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.\nHubbard, M. (2001). Propertius. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press.\nJanan, M. (2001). The Politics of Desire: Propertius IV. Berkeley: University of California Press.\nJohnson, W.R. (2009). A Latin Lover in Ancient Rome. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.\nLindheim, S. (2011). \"What's Love Got To Do with It?: Mapping Cynthia in Propertius' Paired Elegies 1.8A-B and 1.11-12.\" The American Journal of Philology, 132.4: 633–665.\nMaltby, R. (2006). \"Major Themes and Motifs in Propertius’s Love Poetry.\" In Brill’s Companion to Propertius. Edited by H. C. Günther, 147–182. Leiden: Brill.\nNewman, J. K. (1997). Augustan Propertius: The Recapitulation of a Genre. Spudasmata 63. Hildesheim: G. Olms.\nPillinger, Hugh E. (1968). Some Callimachean Influences on Propertius, Book 4.\" Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 70: 171-199.\nRacette-Campbell, M. (2013). \"Marriage Contracts, Fides, and Gender Roles in Propertius 3.20.\" The Classical Journal, 108.3: 297–317.\nSyndikus, H. P. (2010). Die Elegien des Properz: Eine Interpretation. Darmstadt: WBG, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.\nWelch, T. S. (2005). The Elegiac Cityscape. Propertius and the Meaning of Roman Monuments. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Press.\nWorsnip, P. (2018). Poems Sextus Propertius, edited by Patrick Worsnip. Carcanet Press","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Auguste Vinchon, Propertius and Cynthia at Tivoli","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Prop_and_Cynth.jpg/220px-Prop_and_Cynth.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Thorsen, Thea S. (2013). The Cambridge Companion to Latin Love Elegy. Cambridge University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0521765367.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UarCAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Cambridge Companion to Latin Love Elegy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521765367","url_text":"978-0521765367"}]},{"reference":"Tarrant, Richard (2016). Texts, Editors, and Readers: Methods and Problems in Latin Textual Criticism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1316538807.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zZSzCwAAQBAJ&q=major+poet","url_text":"Texts, Editors, and Readers: Methods and Problems in Latin Textual Criticism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1316538807","url_text":"978-1316538807"}]},{"reference":"Fain, Gordon L. (2010). Ancient Greek Epigrams: Major Poets in Verse Translation. University of California Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0520265790.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1bz5wAPk1HsC","url_text":"Ancient Greek Epigrams: Major Poets in Verse Translation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520265790","url_text":"978-0520265790"}]},{"reference":"Postgate, John Percival (1911). \"Propertius, Sextus\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 439.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Propertius,_Sextus","url_text":"\"Propertius, Sextus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Key to Umbria: Assisi\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.keytoumbria.com/Assisi/Roman_Monuments.html","url_text":"\"Key to Umbria: Assisi\""}]},{"reference":"Goold, G.P. (1990). \"Introduction\". Elegies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780674990203. Retrieved 1 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL018/1990/pb_LCL018.1.xml","url_text":"Elegies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674990203","url_text":"9780674990203"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOWW
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WOWW
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["1 History","1.1 WHER","1.2 WWEE","2 Format flips","3 Translator","4 Previous logo","5 References","6 External links","6.1 WHER"]
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Coordinates: 35°12′50″N 89°47′46″W / 35.21389°N 89.79611°W / 35.21389; -89.79611
Radio station in Germantown, TennesseeWOWWGermantown, TennesseeBroadcast areaMemphis metropolitan areaFrequency1430 kHzBrandingRadio PigProgrammingFormatAdult album alternativeOwnershipOwnerFlinn Broadcasting CorporationSister stationsKXHTWGSFWHBQWHBQ-FMWMPSWMSOHistoryFirst air dateOctober 29, 1955(68 years ago) (1955-10-29)Former call signsWHER (1955–1973)WWEE (1973–1988)WWBA (1988–1989)WEZI (1989)WNWZ (1989–1997)Call sign meaningderived from "wow"Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID21728ClassBPower2,500 wattsTransmitter coordinates35°12′50″N 89°47′46″W / 35.21389°N 89.79611°W / 35.21389; -89.79611Translator(s)97.7 W249BN (Memphis)LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen liveWebsiteradiopig.com
WOWW (1430 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Germantown, Tennessee, and serving the Memphis metropolitan area. WOWW carries an adult album alternative radio format and calls itself "Radio Pig". It is owned and operated by Flinn Broadcasting Corporation. The station's studios and offices are in Southaven, Mississippi.
WOWW is powered at 2,500 watts. At night, to protect other stations on 1430 AM, WOWW uses a directional antenna with a six-tower array. The transmitter is off Orgill Road in Bartlett, Tennessee. Programming is also heard on an FM translator: 220 watt W249BN at 97.7 MHz in Memphis.
History
WHER
RCA 77 microphone with WHER mic flag.
On October 29, 1955, the station signed on as WHER, a pioneering station with an all-female air staff, including broadcaster Vida Jane Butler. The radio station was the brainchild of Sam Phillips, who used a portion of the $35,000 he made from the sale of Elvis Presley's recording contract to RCA Records to finance the station. A portion of the balance of the funding came from Holiday Inn founder Kemmons Wilson, who also provided the station's first home, in a part of the third Holiday Inn ever built. It aired light music and had the slogan "1,000 Beautiful Watts". The licensee was Tri-State Broadcasting Service, initially owned by Phillips, Clarence A. Camp, and James E. Connolly.
WWEE
In the early 1970s, WHER went to a mixed-gender air staff and became talk station WWEE. The station gave birth to the longest running sports talk show "SportsLine" (now called "SportsTime"). "SportsLine" went on the air in 1972.
Notable former staff members include Marge Thrasher, Bill Thomas, George Lapides, Dick Palmer, Jim Fields, and Jeff Weinberger.
In 1981, the Phillips family bought out the other owners of Tri-State Broadcasting Service, becoming known as the Big River Broadcasting Corporation. Big River liquidated in 1986, selling WWEE to the Ardman Broadcasting Corporation of Tennessee. In 1989, after seven months spent simulcasting co-owned WEZI (now WMLE) with the same call sign, Ardman relaunched the station as WNWZ. Flinn bought the station in 1993, changing the call sign to WOWW in 1997.
Format flips
On February 15, 1997, WOWW flipped from adult standards to Radio AAHS, a children's radio format. Due to Radio AAHS ceasing operations on January 30, 1998, the station switched to a talk radio format. After later shifting to an oldies and classical music format, WOWW returned to a children's format with Radio Disney on April 6, 2000.
On March 12, 2012, WOWW dropped Radio Disney after nearly 11 years in favor of a all-news radio format.
On April 10, 2013, WOWW changed its format to country, simulcasting WEBL 95.3 FM.
On June 21, 2013, WUMY dropped its classic country format for variety hits as "97.7 Guess FM".
On January 2, 2014, WOWW began stunting, directing listeners to WUMY 830 AM Memphis, Tennessee, which took over the "Guess FM" variety hits format.
A few days later, WOWW changed its format to country, branded as "The Rebel", simulcasting WEBL 95.3 FM Coldwater, MS.
On August 6, 2018, WOWW changed its format to classic hits, branded as "97.7 Guess FM".
On May 13, 2022, at noon, WOWW changed its format from classic hits to top 40/CHR, branded as "B97.7". This returned the station to playing current Top 40 music on this frequency for the first time since Radio Disney in 2012, which also carried a similar format.
On July 4, 2023, WOWW changed its format from top 40/CHR to adult album alternative, branded as "Radio Pig".
Translator
In addition to the main station, WOWW is relayed by an FM translator to widen its broadcast area. It also provides the listener with high fidelity/stereophonic sound.
Broadcast translator for WOWW
Call sign
Frequency
City of license
FID
ERP (W)
HAAT
Class
FCC info
W249BN
97.7 FM
Memphis, Tennessee
139990
220
223.4 m (733 ft)
D
LMS
Previous logo
References
Charles F. Ganzert (2003). "All-Women's Radio: WHER-AM in Memphis". Journal of Radio Studies. 10. Broadcast Education Association: 80–92. doi:10.1207/s15506843jrs1001_8. ISSN 1095-5046. S2CID 144953422.
^ a b c d e "NPR Revisits WHER – The World's First All-Girl Radio Station". NPR. October 25, 1999. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2019.
^ "Facility Technical Data for WOWW". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
^ "WOWW Facility Record". Federal Communications Commission, audio division.
^ "WOWW-AM 1430 kHz - Germantown, TN". radio-locator.com.
^ "W249BN-FM 97.7 MHz - Memphis, TN". radio-locator.com.
^ "Tenn. Radio Pioneer 'Janie Joplin' Has Died", All Things Considered. NPR. April 5, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2019.
^ a b Dye, Robert W. (2017). Memphis: Birthplace of Rock and Roll. Arcadia Publishing. p. 71. Retrieved July 24, 2019.
^ History Cards for WOWW, fcc.gov. Retrieved July 24, 2019.
^ Alternative Returns to Memphis Radioinsight - April 10, 2013
^ "Guess What's New In Memphis - RadioInsight".
^ "Guess-FM Memphis Relocates". January 2, 2014.
^ "Guess Where Guess FM Moved in Memphis", RadioInsight. August 14, 2018. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
^ B96 Memphis Moves To 97.7 Radioinsight - May 13, 2022
^ Flinn Flips Two in Memphis With LMA Radioinsight - July 5, 2023
External links
WOWW in the FCC AM station database
WOWW in Nielsen Audio's AM station database
W249BN in the FCC FM station database
W249BN at FCCdata.org
WHER
Kitchen Sisters documentary on WHER
"Golden Girls", On the Media, October 28, 2005. '
"Talk on Lost and Found Sound's", Peter Guralnick
vteRadio stations in the Memphis metropolitan area (Tennessee)By AM frequency
560
600
640
680
730
790
830
860
950
990
1030
1070
1110
1180
1210
1240
1250
1340
1380
1400
1430
1480
1600
By FM frequency
87.71
88.1
KARH
WURC
88.5
89.3
89.9
91.1
91.7
92.5
92.7
92.9
93.5
93.9
94.1
94.5
94.7
94.9
95.3
95.7
96.1
96.3
97.1
98.1
98.9
99.7
101.1
101.9
102.7
103.5
103.9
104.5
105.3
105.9
107.1
107.3
KCHR-FM
KOSE-FM
107.5
LPFM
93.3
93.5
100.5
Translators
90.5
92.1
93.7
96.3
96.7
97.7
98.5
99.3
100.1
100.7
101.5
103.1
104.1
104.9
105.5
106.3
106.7
107.9
NOAA Weather Radiofrequency
162.475
Digital radioby frequency & subchannel
91.1-1
91.1-2
91.1-3
92.9-1
92.9-2
94.9-1
94.9-2
95.3-1
95.3-2
95.7-1
97.1-1
97.1-2
101.1-1
101.1-2
102.7-1
102.7-2
104.5-1
107.5-1
107.5-2
By call sign
K213CN
K268DA
KAKJ
KAMJ
KARH
KCHR-FM
KERL
KHLS
KJIW
KJMS
HD2
KLJK
KOSE
KOSE-FM
KQPN
KWAM
KWEM-LP
KWNW
KWYN
KWYN-FM
KXHT
KXJK
W221CR
W229CT
W242CF
W244BY
W249BN
W253DF
W257CY
W261CE
W264CO
W276BH
W281BR
W285FI
W288BJ
W292EL
W294BP
W300DE
WBBP
WCRV
WDIA
WEBL
HD2
WEGR
HD2
WEVL
WGKX
WGSF
WGUE
WHAL-FM
WHBQ
WHBQ-FM
HD2
WHRK
HD2
WIVG
WJLL-LP
WKBL
WKBQ
WKIM
WKNO-FM
HD2
HD3
WKRA
WKRA-FM
WKVF
HD2
WLFP
WLOK
WLRM
WMC
WMDA-LP
WMFS
WMFS-FM
WMLE
WMPS
WMQM
WMSO
WOWW
WPGF-LD1
WQOX
WRBO
WREC
WRVR
WUMY
WURC
WXK49
WXMX
WYPL
WYXR
Defunct
KLCN (AM 910)
WILU-LP (FM 106.5)
WSTN (AM 1410)
Radio stations in West Tennessee
Memphis
Jackson and Northwest Tennessee
Other nearby regions
Cape Girardeau-Jackson
Clarksdale
Jonesboro
Little Rock
Oxford
Tupelo
See also
List of radio stations in Tennessee
List of radio stations in Mississippi
List of radio stations in Arkansas
Notes
1. Audio from channel 6 TV station
|
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Camp, and James E. Connolly.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"WMLE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMLE"}],"sub_title":"WWEE","text":"In the early 1970s, WHER went to a mixed-gender air staff and became talk station WWEE. The station gave birth to the longest running sports talk show \"SportsLine\" (now called \"SportsTime\"). \"SportsLine\" went on the air in 1972.[citation needed]\nNotable former staff members include Marge Thrasher, Bill Thomas, George Lapides, Dick Palmer, Jim Fields, and Jeff Weinberger.[citation needed]In 1981, the Phillips family bought out the other owners of Tri-State Broadcasting Service, becoming known as the Big River Broadcasting Corporation. Big River liquidated in 1986, selling WWEE to the Ardman Broadcasting Corporation of Tennessee. In 1989, after seven months spent simulcasting co-owned WEZI (now WMLE) with the same call sign, Ardman relaunched the station as WNWZ. Flinn bought the station in 1993, changing the call sign to WOWW in 1997.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radio AAHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_AAHS"},{"link_name":"children's radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_radio"},{"link_name":"talk radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio"},{"link_name":"oldies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldies"},{"link_name":"Radio Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Disney"},{"link_name":"all-news radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-news_radio"},{"link_name":"WEBL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEBL_(FM)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"classic country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_country"},{"link_name":"variety hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_hits"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"WUMY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUMY_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"WEBL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEBL_(FM)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"On February 15, 1997, WOWW flipped from adult standards to Radio AAHS, a children's radio format. Due to Radio AAHS ceasing operations on January 30, 1998, the station switched to a talk radio format. After later shifting to an oldies and classical music format, WOWW returned to a children's format with Radio Disney on April 6, 2000.On March 12, 2012, WOWW dropped Radio Disney after nearly 11 years in favor of a all-news radio format.On April 10, 2013, WOWW changed its format to country, simulcasting WEBL 95.3 FM.[9]On June 21, 2013, WUMY dropped its classic country format for variety hits as \"97.7 Guess FM\".[10]On January 2, 2014, WOWW began stunting, directing listeners to WUMY 830 AM Memphis, Tennessee, which took over the \"Guess FM\" variety hits format.[11]A few days later, WOWW changed its format to country, branded as \"The Rebel\", simulcasting WEBL 95.3 FM Coldwater, MS.On August 6, 2018, WOWW changed its format to classic hits, branded as \"97.7 Guess FM\".[12]On May 13, 2022, at noon, WOWW changed its format from classic hits to top 40/CHR, branded as \"B97.7\". This returned the station to playing current Top 40 music on this frequency for the first time since Radio Disney in 2012, which also carried a similar format.[13]On July 4, 2023, WOWW changed its format from top 40/CHR to adult album alternative, branded as \"Radio Pig\".[14]","title":"Format flips"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high fidelity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_fidelity"},{"link_name":"stereophonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereophonic"}],"text":"In addition to the main station, WOWW is relayed by an FM translator to widen its broadcast area. It also provides the listener with high fidelity/stereophonic sound.","title":"Translator"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WOWW_Guess_FM_logo.png"}],"title":"Previous logo"}]
|
[{"image_text":"RCA 77 microphone with WHER mic flag.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHER_Mic.jpg/180px-WHER_Mic.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Charles F. Ganzert (2003). \"All-Women's Radio: WHER-AM in Memphis\". Journal of Radio Studies. 10. Broadcast Education Association: 80–92. doi:10.1207/s15506843jrs1001_8. ISSN 1095-5046. S2CID 144953422.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Education_Association","url_text":"Broadcast Education Association"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15506843jrs1001_8","url_text":"10.1207/s15506843jrs1001_8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1095-5046","url_text":"1095-5046"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144953422","url_text":"144953422"}]},{"reference":"\"NPR Revisits WHER – The World's First All-Girl Radio Station\". NPR. October 25, 1999. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231923/https://www.npr.org/about/press/991025.wher.html","url_text":"\"NPR Revisits WHER – The World's First All-Girl Radio Station\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"},{"url":"https://www.npr.org/about/press/991025.wher.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WOWW\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=21728","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WOWW\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"WOWW Facility Record\". Federal Communications Commission, audio division.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WOWW","url_text":"\"WOWW Facility Record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"WOWW-AM 1430 kHz - Germantown, TN\". radio-locator.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://radio-locator.com/cgi-bin/finder?sr=Y&s=C&call=Woww&nav=home","url_text":"\"WOWW-AM 1430 kHz - Germantown, TN\""}]},{"reference":"\"W249BN-FM 97.7 MHz - Memphis, TN\". radio-locator.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://radio-locator.com/info/W249BN-FX","url_text":"\"W249BN-FM 97.7 MHz - Memphis, TN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guess What's New In Memphis - RadioInsight\".","urls":[{"url":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/83921/guess-whats-new-in-memphis/","url_text":"\"Guess What's New In Memphis - RadioInsight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guess-FM Memphis Relocates\". January 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/87265/guess-fm-memphis-relocates/","url_text":"\"Guess-FM Memphis Relocates\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WOWW¶ms=35_12_50_N_89_47_46_W_region:US-TN_type:landmark","external_links_name":"35°12′50″N 89°47′46″W / 35.21389°N 89.79611°W / 35.21389; -89.79611"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WOWW¶ms=35_12_50_N_89_47_46_W_region:US-TN_type:landmark","external_links_name":"35°12′50″N 89°47′46″W / 35.21389°N 89.79611°W / 35.21389; -89.79611"},{"Link":"https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/am-profile/WOWW","external_links_name":"Public file"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=21728","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://radiopig.com/","external_links_name":"Listen live"},{"Link":"https://radiopig.com/","external_links_name":"radiopig.com"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=139990","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15506843jrs1001_8","external_links_name":"10.1207/s15506843jrs1001_8"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1095-5046","external_links_name":"1095-5046"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144953422","external_links_name":"144953422"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231923/https://www.npr.org/about/press/991025.wher.html","external_links_name":"\"NPR Revisits WHER – The World's First All-Girl Radio Station\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/about/press/991025.wher.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=21728","external_links_name":"\"Facility Technical Data for WOWW\""},{"Link":"http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WOWW","external_links_name":"\"WOWW Facility Record\""},{"Link":"https://radio-locator.com/cgi-bin/finder?sr=Y&s=C&call=Woww&nav=home","external_links_name":"\"WOWW-AM 1430 kHz - Germantown, TN\""},{"Link":"https://radio-locator.com/info/W249BN-FX","external_links_name":"\"W249BN-FM 97.7 MHz - Memphis, TN\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9396752","external_links_name":"Tenn. Radio Pioneer 'Janie Joplin' Has Died"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IEkvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71","external_links_name":"Memphis: Birthplace of Rock and Roll"},{"Link":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=68845","external_links_name":"History Cards for WOWW"},{"Link":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/81598/alternative-returns-to-memphis/","external_links_name":"Alternative Returns to Memphis"},{"Link":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/83921/guess-whats-new-in-memphis/","external_links_name":"\"Guess What's New In Memphis - RadioInsight\""},{"Link":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/87265/guess-fm-memphis-relocates/","external_links_name":"\"Guess-FM Memphis Relocates\""},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/169955/guess-where-guess-fm-moved-in-memphis/","external_links_name":"Guess Where Guess FM Moved in Memphis"},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/225562/b96-memphis-promoting-move/","external_links_name":"B96 Memphis Moves To 97.7"},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/254363/flinn-flips-two-in-memphis-with-lma/","external_links_name":"Flinn Flips Two in Memphis With LMA"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WOWW","external_links_name":"WOWW"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=am&callLetter=WOWW","external_links_name":"WOWW"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=W249BN","external_links_name":"W249BN"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=W249BN&ccode=1&city=&state=&country=US&zip=&arn=&party=&lmspf=&lmspl=&party_type=LICEN&latd=&lond=&lang=en","external_links_name":"W249BN"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/programs/lnfsound/stories/991029.stories.html","external_links_name":"Kitchen Sisters documentary on WHER"},{"Link":"http://www.onthemedia.org/transcripts/transcripts_102805_girls.html","external_links_name":"\"Golden Girls\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/programs/lnfsound/talkon/guaralnick.html","external_links_name":"\"Talk on Lost and Found Sound's\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherrard_Clemens
|
Sherrard Clemens
|
["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
|
American politician
Sherrard Clemens, 1859
Sherrard Clemens (April 28, 1820 – June 30, 1881) was a nineteenth-century politician and lawyer from Virginia and Missouri. He was a cousin to author Samuel L. Clemens (a.k.a. Mark Twain). The unincorporated community of Sherrard in Marshall County, West Virginia is named after him.
Biography
Born in Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia), Clemens was appointed a cadet to the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York, but resigned after six months. He graduated from Washington College in Washington, Pennsylvania and was admitted to the bar in 1843, commencing practice in Wheeling. He was elected a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives to fill a vacancy in 1852, serving until 1853. Clemens was later elected back to the House in 1856, serving again from 1857 to 1861.
He was not favorably impressed by Abraham Lincoln, whom he called "a cross between a sandhill crane and an Andalusian jackass." "He is vain, weak, puerile, hypocritical, without manners, without moral grace, and as he talks with you he punches you under your ribs." Clemens also wrote, "He is surrounded by a set of toad eaters and bottle holders." During the Civil War, he opposed secession. He was a member of the Virginia Convention in 1861 and afterwards resumed practicing law in Wheeling. He attended the First Wheeling Convention from May 13–15, 1861, but actively opposed the partitioning of Virginia into two states. Clemens later moved to St. Louis, Missouri, and resumed practicing law until his death there on June 30, 1881. He was interred in Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis. Mark Twain wrote of his cousin that at the time of the war he himself had been a "warm rebel" and Sherrard Clemans a Republican, but later he had temporary became a Republican and Sherrard Clemens a "warm rebel".
Clemens fought a duel with O. Jennings Wise, the son of Virginia Governor Henry A. Wise. Wise was uninjured in the duel, but Clemens received a severe injury to his right testicle.
See also
West Virginia in the Civil War
References
^ Twain, Mark (2010). The Autobiography of Mark Twain, Volume One. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 205. ISBN 978-0-520-26719-0.
^ Bruce Catton (1961), The Coming Fury, 1967 reprint, New York: Pocket Books, Ch. 4, "Two Presidents", Sec. 5, "Pressure at Fort Sumter", p. 249, , ISBN 0-671-46989-4 .
^ Curry, Richard Orr, A House Divided, A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia, Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1964, pg. 128
^ Clemens, Samuel L., Mark Twain's Autobiography, Harper & Brothers, NY, 1924, Vol. 1, pgs. 86-87
^ Twain, Mark (2010). The Autobiography of Mark Twain, Volume One. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 588. ISBN 978-0-520-26719-0.
External links
United States Congress. "Sherrard Clemens (id: C000502)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
Works by or about Sherrard Clemens at Internet Archive
Sherrard Clemens at Find a Grave
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byGeorge W. Thompson
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 15th congressional district December 6, 1852 – March 4, 1853 (obsolete district)
Succeeded by(none)
Preceded byZedekiah Kidwell
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 10th congressional district March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861
Succeeded byWilliam G. Brown
vteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 10th congressional district
Griffin
Harrison
Gray
Dawson
Hawes
Strother
Moore
Rives
Gordon
Chinn
Taliaferro
Lucas
Bedinger
Parker
Faulkner
Kidwell
Clemens
Brown
(inactive 1863–85)
J. Tucker
Yost
H. Tucker
Yost
Quarles
H. Flood
H. Tucker
J. Flood
(inactive 1933–53)
Broyhill
Fisher
Wolf
Comstock
Wexton
vteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 15th congressional district
Madison
Dawson
Randolph
Kerr
Clay
Kerr
Lewis
Tucker
Barbour
E. Lucas
Mason
W. Lucas
Barton
Steenrod
Brown
Newman
Haymond
Thompson
Clemens
(inactive 1853–present)
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
People
US Congress
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[{"image_text":"Sherrard Clemens, 1859","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SherrardClemens.jpg/220px-SherrardClemens.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"West Virginia in the Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_Civil_War"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley,_Jr.
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Thomas Midgley Jr.
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["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Leaded gasoline","2.2 Freon","3 Death","4 Legacy","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
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American chemist and engineer (1889–1944)
Thomas Midgley Jr.Midgley c. 1930s–1940sBorn(1889-05-18)May 18, 1889Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedNovember 2, 1944(1944-11-02) (aged 55)Worthington, Ohio, U.S.Alma materCornell UniversityKnown forLeaded petrolCFCsSpouse
Carrie Reynolds (m. 1911)AwardsWilliam H. Nichols Medal (1922)Longstreth Medal (1925)Perkin Medal (1937)Priestley Medal (1941)Willard Gibbs Award (1942)Scientific careerFieldsMechanical engineeringchemical engineering
Thomas Midgley Jr. (May 18, 1889 – November 2, 1944) was an American mechanical and chemical engineer. He played a major role in developing leaded gasoline (tetraethyl lead) and some of the first chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), better known in the United States by the brand name Freon; both products were later banned from common use due to their harmful impact on human health and the environment. He was granted more than 100 patents over the course of his career.
Midgley contracted polio in 1940 and was left disabled; in 1944, he was found strangled to death by a device he devised to allow him to get out of bed unassisted. It was reported to the public that he had been accidentally killed by his own invention, but his death was privately declared a suicide.
His legacy is one of inventing the two chemicals that did the greatest environmental damage. Environmental historian J. R. McNeill stated that he "had more adverse impact on the atmosphere than any other single organism in Earth's history." Author Bill Bryson remarked that he possessed "an instinct for the regrettable that was almost uncanny." Science writer Fred Pearce described him as a "one-man environmental disaster".
Early life
Thomas Midgley Jr. was born in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, on May 18, 1889, the son of Hattie Louise (née Emerson) (1865 – 1950) and Thomas Midgley Sr. (1840 – 1934). His family had a history of inventing; his father was an inventor in the field of automobile tires while his maternal grandfather, James Emerson, invented the inserted tooth saw. He grew up in Columbus, Ohio, and graduated from Cornell University in 1911 with a degree in mechanical engineering.
Career
Leaded gasoline
Sign on an antique gasoline pump advertising the TEL anti-knock compound Ethyl, a gasoline additive
In 1916, Midgley began working at General Motors. In December 1921, while working under the direction of Charles Kettering at Dayton Research Laboratories, a subsidiary of General Motors, he discovered (after discarding tellurium due to the difficult-to-eradicate smell) that the addition of tetraethyllead (TEL) to gasoline prevented knocking in internal combustion engines. The company named the substance "Ethyl", avoiding all mention of lead in reports and advertising. Oil companies and automobile manufacturers (especially General Motors, which owned the patent jointly filed by Kettering and Midgley) promoted the TEL additive as an inexpensive alternative superior to ethanol or ethanol-blended fuels, on which they could make very little profit. In December 1922, the American Chemical Society awarded Midgley the 1923 Nichols Medal for the "Use of Anti-Knock Compounds in Motor Fuels". This was the first of several major awards he earned during his career.
In 1923, Midgley took a long vacation in Miami to cure himself of lead poisoning. He said, "I find that my lungs have been affected and that it is necessary to drop all work and get a large supply of fresh air." That year, General Motors created the General Motors Chemical Company (GMCC) to supervise the production of TEL by the DuPont company. Kettering was elected as president with Midgley as vice president. However, after two deaths and several cases of lead poisoning at the TEL prototype plant in Dayton, Ohio, the staff at Dayton was said in 1924 to be "depressed to the point of considering giving up the whole tetraethyl lead program". Over the course of the next year, eight more people died at DuPont's plant in Deepwater, New Jersey. In 1924, dissatisfied with the speed of DuPont's TEL production using the "bromide process", General Motors and the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (now known as ExxonMobil) created the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation to produce and market TEL. Ethyl Corporation built a new chemical plant using a high-temperature ethyl chloride process at the Bayway Refinery in New Jersey. However, within the first two months of its operation, the new plant was plagued by more cases of lead poisoning, hallucinations, insanity, and five deaths.
The risks associated with exposure to lead have been known at least since 2000 BC, while efforts to limit lead's use date back to at least the 16th century. Midgley experienced lead poisoning himself, and was warned about the risk of lead poisoning from TEL as early as 1922. Midgley well knew the hazards of lead. He investigated whether the risks, both in production and use, could be managed. Testing on the exhaust was completed, which he used to support the idea that 1 part tetraethyl lead per 1300 of gasoline could safely be used. After the initial worker exposures, controls were developed to allow the process to operate safely. Leaded gasoline use grew exponentially. The chronic impacts of environmental lead were grossly underestimated.
On October 30, 1924, Midgley participated in a press conference to demonstrate the apparent safety of TEL, in which he poured TEL over his hands, placed a bottle of the chemical under his nose, and inhaled its vapor for 60 seconds, declaring that he could do this every day without succumbing to any problems. However, the State of New Jersey ordered the Bayway plant to be closed a few days later, and Jersey Standard was forbidden to manufacture TEL again without state permission. Production was restarted in 1926 after intervention by the federal government. High-octane fuel, enabled by lead, was important to the military. Midgley later took a leave of absence from work after being diagnosed with lead poisoning. He was relieved of his position as vice president of GMCC in April 1925, reportedly due to his inexperience in organizational matters, but he remained an employee of General Motors.
Freon
In the late 1920s, air conditioning and refrigeration systems employed compounds such as ammonia (NH3), chloromethane (CH3Cl), propane, methyl formate (C2H4O2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) as refrigerants. Though effective, these were toxic, flammable or explosive. The Frigidaire division of General Motors, at that time a leading manufacturer of such systems, sought a non-toxic, non-flammable alternative to these refrigerants.
Midgley, working with Albert Leon Henne, soon narrowed his focus to alkyl halides (the combination of carbon chains and halogens), which were known to be highly volatile (a requirement for a refrigerant) and also chemically inert. They eventually settled on the concept of incorporating fluorine into a hydrocarbon. They rejected the assumption that such compounds would be toxic, believing that the stability of the carbon–fluorine bond would be sufficient to prevent the release of hydrogen fluoride or other potential breakdown products. The team eventually synthesized dichlorodifluoromethane, the first chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), which they named "Freon". This compound is more commonly referred to today as "Freon 12", or "R12".
Freon and other CFCs soon largely replaced other refrigerants, but also had other applications. A notable example was their use as a propellant in aerosol products and asthma inhalers. The Society of Chemical Industry awarded Midgley the Perkin Medal in 1937 for this work. In 1941, the American Chemical Society gave Midgley its highest award, the Priestley Medal. This was followed by the Willard Gibbs Award in 1942. He also held two honorary degrees and was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 1944, he was elected president and chairman of the American Chemical Society.
Death
In 1940, at the age of 51, Midgley contracted polio and was left severely disabled. He devised an elaborate system of ropes and pulleys to lift himself out of bed. On November 2, 1944, at the age of 55, he was found dead at his home in Worthington, Ohio. He had been killed by his own device after he became entangled in it and died of strangulation. He left behind a widow, Carrie M. Reynolds from Delaware, Ohio, whom he had married on August 3, 1911. It was reported to the public that his death was an accident, but it was privately declared a suicide.
Legacy
Midgley's legacy is the negative environmental impact of leaded gasoline and freon. Environmental historian J. R. McNeill opined that Midgley "had more adverse impact on the atmosphere than any other single organism in Earth's history", and Bill Bryson remarked that Midgley possessed "an instinct for the regrettable that was almost uncanny". Fred Pearce, writing for New Scientist, described Midgley as a "one-man environmental disaster".
Use of leaded gasoline, which he invented, released large quantities of lead into the atmosphere all over the world. High atmospheric lead levels have been linked with serious long-term health problems from childhood, including neurological impairment, and with increased levels of violence and criminality in America and around the world. Time magazine included both leaded gasoline and CFCs on its list of "The 50 Worst Inventions".
Midgley died three decades before the ozone-depleting and greenhouse gas effects of CFCs in the atmosphere became widely known. In 1987, the Montreal Protocol phased out the use of CFCs like Freon.
The harm of leaded gasoline and chlorofluorocarbons have been framed as lessons in known unknowns and unknown unknowns, respectively. When leaded gasoline was invented it was known that lead had harmful effects on human health in large quantities, and that leaded gasoline caused emissions of trace amounts of lead to the atmosphere, but it was not known whether those trace amounts had adverse effects. The existence of the ozone layer, however, and the potential for chlorofluorocarbons to harm it, was not known at the time.
References
^ "Franklin Laureate Database – Edward Longstreth Medal 1925 Laureates". Franklin Institute. Archived from the original on October 15, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
^ a b c d "Thomas Midgley, Jr". invent.org. National Inventors Hall of Fame. May 17, 2023.
^ a b Kettering, Charles F. "Thomas Midgley Jr. 1889–1944" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs. National Academy of Sciences. 24: 359–380.
^ Loeb, A.P., "Birth of the Kettering Doctrine: Fordism, Sloanism and Tetraethyl Lead," Business and Economic History, Vol. 24, No. 2, Fall 1995.
^ Jacobson, Mark Z. (2002). Atmospheric pollution : history, science, and regulation. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–80. ISBN 0521010446.
^ a b Kovarik, William (2005). "Ethyl-leaded gasoline: How a classic occupational disease became an international public health disaster" (PDF). International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 11 (4): 384–397. doi:10.1179/oeh.2005.11.4.384. PMID 16350473. S2CID 44633845. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 17, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
^ a b c d Kitman, Jamie Lincoln (March 2, 2000). "The Secret History of Lead". ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
^ Nichols Medalists
^ a b c Kovarik, Bill. "Charles F. Kettering and the 1921 Discovery of Tetraethyl Lead In the Context of Technological Alternatives", presented to the Society of Automotive Engineers Fuels & Lubricants Conference, Baltimore, Maryland., 1994; revised in 1999.
^ a b Dapul H, Laraque D (August 2014). "Lead poisoning in children". Advances in Pediatrics. 61 (1): 313–33. doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2014.04.004. PMID 25037135.
^ Needleman H (2004). "Lead poisoning". Annual Review of Medicine. 55: 209–22. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653. PMID 14746518.
^ Needleman, Herbert L.; Gunnoe, Charles; Leviton, Alan; Reed, Robert; Peresie, Henry; Maher, Cornelius; Barrett, Peter (March 29, 1979). "Deficits in Psychologic and Classroom Performance of Children with Elevated Dentine Lead Levels". New England Journal of Medicine. 300 (13): 689–695. doi:10.1056/NEJM197903293001301. PMID 763299. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
^ Seyferth, Dietmar (December 1, 2003). "The Rise and Fall of Tetraethyllead. 2". Organometallics. 22 (25): 5154–5178. doi:10.1021/om030621b. and (Erratum: doi:10.1021/om0343925)
^ Midgley, Thomas (August 1, 1925). "Tetraethyl Lead Poison Hazards". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 17 (8): 827–828. doi:10.1021/ie50188a020. After mixing tetraethyl lead with gasoline, no great precaution need be exercised, the ratio being 1 part tetraethyl lead to 1300 of gasoline. From this point on no health hazards actually exist unless the gasoline is used very abnormally for purposes for which it was not intended.
^ Markowitz, Gerald and Rosner, David. Deceit and Denial: The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 2002
^ The Poisoner's Handbook Archived December 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine American Experience at 51:48 January 2014
^ a b c Sneader, Walter (2005). "Chapter 8: Systematic medicine". Drug discovery: a history. Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 74–87. ISBN 978-0-471-89980-8. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
^ Midgley, Thomas; Henne, Albert L. (1930). "Organic Fluorides as Refrigerants1". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 22 (5): 542. doi:10.1021/ie50245a031.
^ Thompson, R. J. (1932). "Freon, a Refrigerant". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 24 (6): 620–623. doi:10.1021/ie50270a008.
^ Garrett, Alfred B. (1962). "Freon: Thomas Midgley and Albert L. Henne". Journal of Chemical Education. 39 (7): 361. Bibcode:1962JChEd..39..361G. doi:10.1021/ed039p361.
^ Andersen, Stephen O.; Halberstadt, Marcel L.; Borgford-Parnell, Nathan (2013). "Stratospheric ozone, global warming, and the principle of unintended consequences—An ongoing science and policy success story". Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 63 (6): 607–647. Bibcode:2013JAWMA..63..607A. doi:10.1080/10962247.2013.791349. PMID 23858990 – via Taylor & Francis Online. CFCs and HCFCs rapidly replaced other refrigerants in all but applications where companies accepted the increased risk of flammable and toxic refrigerant releases or in applications where the existing technologies were more energy efficient.
^ "Will Award Perkin Medal Jan. 8 to Thomas Midgley, Jr". Refrigerating Engineering. 33 (1): 54. January 1937 – via Google Books.
^ The Priestley Medalists, 1923-2008 – American Chemical Society
^ Bryson, Bill (2004) . A Short History of Nearly Everything (Black Swan paperback ed.). Transworld Publishers. p. 196. ISBN 0-552-99704-8.
^ Bellows, Alan (December 8, 2007). "The Ethyl-Poisoned Earth".
^ Milestones, Nov. 13, 1944 Time, November 13, 1944.
^ a b Giunta, Carmen (2006). "Thomas Midgley, Jr., and The Invention of Chlorofluorocarbon Refrigerants: It Ain't Necessarily So" (PDF). Bulletin for the History of Chemistry. 31 (2): 66–74. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
^ a b Pearce, Fred (June 7, 2017). "Inventor hero was a one-man environmental disaster". New Scientist. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(17)31121-1. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
^ Eschner, Kat (May 18, 2017). "One Man Invented Two of the Deadliest Substances of the 20th Century". Smithsonian. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
^ a b Laurence Knight (October 12, 2014). "The fatal attraction of lead". BBC News. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
^ McNeill, J.R. Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World (2001) New York: Norton, xxvi, 421 pp. (as reviewed in the "Journal of Political Ecology". Archived from the original on March 28, 2004. Retrieved October 10, 2009.)
^ Bryson, Bill (2004) . A Short History of Nearly Everything (Black Swan paperback ed.). Transworld Publishers. p. 195. ISBN 0-552-99704-8.
^ "ToxFAQs: CABS/Chemical Agent Briefing Sheet: Lead" (PDF). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry/Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2009.
^ Golub, Mari S., ed. (2005). "Summary". Metals, fertility, and reproductive toxicity. Boca Raton, Florida: Taylor and Francis. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-415-70040-5.
^ Hu, Howard (1991). "Knowledge of diagnosis and reproductive history among survivors of childhood plumbism". American Journal of Public Health. 81 (8): 1070–1072. doi:10.2105/AJPH.81.8.1070. PMC 1405695. PMID 1854006.
^ Mielke, Howard W.; Zahran, Sammy (August 2012). "The urban rise and fall of air lead (Pb) and the latent surge and retreat of societal violence". Environment International. 43: 48–55. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.03.005. PMID 22484219. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
^ Brody, Jane E. (February 7, 1996). "Aggressiveness and delinquency in boys is linked to lead in bones". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
^ Hoffman, Jascha (October 21, 2007). "Clean Air Act: Criminal Element". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012.
^ Drum, Kevin (February 2013). "Lead: America's Real Criminal Element". Mother Jones.
^ Nevin, Rick (July 2007). "Understanding international crime trends: The legacy of preschool lead exposure". Environmental Research. 104 (3): 315–336. Bibcode:2007ER....104..315N. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2007.02.008. PMID 17451672. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
^ Taylor, Mark Patrick; Forbes, Miriam K.; Opeskin, Brian; Parr, Nick; Lanphear, Bruce P. (February 16, 2016). "The relationship between atmospheric lead emissions and aggressive crime: an ecological study". Environmental Health. 15 (1): 23. Bibcode:2016EnvHe..15...23T. doi:10.1186/s12940-016-0122-3. PMC 4756504. PMID 26884052.
^ Gentilviso, Chris (May 27, 2010). "The 50 Worst Inventions: Leaded Gasoline". Time. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
^ Laurence Knight (June 6, 2015). "How 1970s deodorant is still doing harm". BBC News. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
^ Climate change: 'Monumental' deal to cut HFCs, fastest growing greenhouse gases
^ Johnson, Steven (March 15, 2023). "The Brilliant Inventor Who Made Two of History's Biggest Mistakes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
Further reading
Tim Harford (November 11, 2022). "Cautionary Tales–The inventor who almost ended the world" (Podcast).
The Brilliant Inventor Who Made Two of History’s Biggest Mistakes. Stephen Johnson, New York Times Magazine, March 15, 2023.
Midgley–Man of Marvels, (page 1 of 2), (page 2 of 2). Charles F. Kettering, The American Weekly, Hearst Corporation, March 25, 1945.
External links
Midgley, T. (1942). "A Critical Examination of Some Concepts in Rubber Chemistry". Science. 96 (2485): 143–6. Bibcode:1942Sci....96..143M. doi:10.1126/science.96.2485.143. PMID 17833986.
Biographical Memoir by Charles F. Kettering at the Wayback Machine (archived October 15, 2012)
Giunta, Carmen J. (2006). "Thomas Midgley Jr. and the Invention of Chlorofluorocarbon Refrigerants" (PDF). Bulletin for the History of Chemistry. 31 (2): 66–74.
The Man Who Accidentally Killed The Most People In History (video by YouTube producer Derek Muller on Thomas Midgley Jr., April 2022)
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It was reported to the public that he had been accidentally killed by his own invention, but his death was privately declared a suicide.His legacy is one of inventing the two chemicals that did the greatest environmental damage. Environmental historian J. R. McNeill stated that he \"had more adverse impact on the atmosphere than any other single organism in Earth's history.\" Author Bill Bryson remarked that he possessed \"an instinct for the regrettable that was almost uncanny.\" Science writer Fred Pearce described him as a \"one-man environmental disaster\".","title":"Thomas Midgley Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Falls,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"saw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fame-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAS_bio-3"}],"text":"Thomas Midgley Jr. was born in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, on May 18, 1889, the son of Hattie Louise (née Emerson) (1865 – 1950) and Thomas Midgley Sr. (1840 – 1934). His family had a history of inventing; his father was an inventor in the field of automobile tires while his maternal grandfather, James Emerson, invented the inserted tooth saw. He grew up in Columbus, Ohio, and graduated from Cornell University in 1911 with a degree in mechanical engineering.[2][3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EthylCorporationSign.jpg"},{"link_name":"TEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethyllead"},{"link_name":"gasoline additive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_additive"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Charles Kettering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Kettering"},{"link_name":"Dayton Research Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delco_Electronics"},{"link_name":"tellurium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurium"},{"link_name":"tetraethyllead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethyllead"},{"link_name":"knocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_knocking"},{"link_name":"internal combustion engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Oil companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry"},{"link_name":"automobile manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry"},{"link_name":"ethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"ethanol-blended fuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacobson-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disaster-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Secret-7"},{"link_name":"American Chemical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chemical_Society"},{"link_name":"Nichols Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Nichols"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nichols-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fame-2"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"lead poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kovarik-9"},{"link_name":"DuPont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont"},{"link_name":"Dayton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disaster-6"},{"link_name":"Deepwater, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kovarik-9"},{"link_name":"bromide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromide"},{"link_name":"ExxonMobil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil"},{"link_name":"Ethyl Gasoline Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_Corporation"},{"link_name":"chemical plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_plant"},{"link_name":"ethyl chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroethane"},{"link_name":"Bayway Refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayway_Refinery"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kovarik-9"},{"link_name":"hallucinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucination"},{"link_name":"insanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Secret-7"},{"link_name":"exposure to lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning#History"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dap2014-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Need2004-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dap2014-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NeedlemanDentineLead-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"press conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_conference"},{"link_name":"vapor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Secret-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deceit-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Secret-7"}],"sub_title":"Leaded gasoline","text":"Sign on an antique gasoline pump advertising the TEL anti-knock compound Ethyl, a gasoline additiveIn 1916, Midgley began working at General Motors. In December 1921, while working under the direction of Charles Kettering at Dayton Research Laboratories, a subsidiary of General Motors, he discovered (after discarding tellurium due to the difficult-to-eradicate smell) that the addition of tetraethyllead (TEL) to gasoline prevented knocking in internal combustion engines.[4] The company named the substance \"Ethyl\", avoiding all mention of lead in reports and advertising. Oil companies and automobile manufacturers (especially General Motors, which owned the patent jointly filed by Kettering and Midgley) promoted the TEL additive as an inexpensive alternative superior to ethanol or ethanol-blended fuels, on which they could make very little profit.[5][6][7] In December 1922, the American Chemical Society awarded Midgley the 1923 Nichols Medal for the \"Use of Anti-Knock Compounds in Motor Fuels\".[8] This was the first of several major awards he earned during his career.[2]In 1923, Midgley took a long vacation in Miami to cure himself of lead poisoning. He said, \"I find that my lungs have been affected and that it is necessary to drop all work and get a large supply of fresh air.\"[9] That year, General Motors created the General Motors Chemical Company (GMCC) to supervise the production of TEL by the DuPont company. Kettering was elected as president with Midgley as vice president. However, after two deaths and several cases of lead poisoning at the TEL prototype plant in Dayton, Ohio, the staff at Dayton was said in 1924 to be \"depressed to the point of considering giving up the whole tetraethyl lead program\".[6] Over the course of the next year, eight more people died at DuPont's plant in Deepwater, New Jersey.[9] In 1924, dissatisfied with the speed of DuPont's TEL production using the \"bromide process\", General Motors and the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (now known as ExxonMobil) created the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation to produce and market TEL. Ethyl Corporation built a new chemical plant using a high-temperature ethyl chloride process at the Bayway Refinery in New Jersey.[9] However, within the first two months of its operation, the new plant was plagued by more cases of lead poisoning, hallucinations, insanity, and five deaths.[7]The risks associated with exposure to lead have been known at least since 2000 BC,[10] while efforts to limit lead's use date back to at least the 16th century.[11][10][12] Midgley experienced lead poisoning himself, and was warned about the risk of lead poisoning from TEL as early as 1922.[13] Midgley well knew the hazards of lead. He investigated whether the risks, both in production and use, could be managed. Testing on the exhaust was completed, which he used to support the idea that 1 part tetraethyl lead per 1300 of gasoline could safely be used.[14] After the initial worker exposures, controls were developed to allow the process to operate safely. Leaded gasoline use grew exponentially. The chronic impacts of environmental lead were grossly underestimated.On October 30, 1924, Midgley participated in a press conference to demonstrate the apparent safety of TEL, in which he poured TEL over his hands, placed a bottle of the chemical under his nose, and inhaled its vapor for 60 seconds, declaring that he could do this every day without succumbing to any problems.[7][15] However, the State of New Jersey ordered the Bayway plant to be closed a few days later, and Jersey Standard was forbidden to manufacture TEL again without state permission. Production was restarted in 1926 after intervention by the federal government. High-octane fuel, enabled by lead, was important to the military. Midgley later took a leave of absence from work after being diagnosed with lead poisoning.[16] He was relieved of his position as vice president of GMCC in April 1925, reportedly due to his inexperience in organizational matters, but he remained an employee of General Motors.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"air conditioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning"},{"link_name":"refrigeration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration"},{"link_name":"ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia"},{"link_name":"chloromethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloromethane"},{"link_name":"propane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane"},{"link_name":"methyl formate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_formate"},{"link_name":"sulfur dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide"},{"link_name":"refrigerants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerant"},{"link_name":"toxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity"},{"link_name":"flammable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flammability"},{"link_name":"explosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_material"},{"link_name":"Frigidaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigidaire"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sneader2005-17"},{"link_name":"Albert Leon Henne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Leon_Henne"},{"link_name":"halogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen"},{"link_name":"volatile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"chemically inert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemically_inert"},{"link_name":"incorporating fluorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenation"},{"link_name":"hydrocarbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon"},{"link_name":"carbon–fluorine bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93fluorine_bond"},{"link_name":"hydrogen fluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride"},{"link_name":"breakdown products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_decomposition"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sneader2005-17"},{"link_name":"dichlorodifluoromethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethane"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"chlorofluorocarbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon"},{"link_name":"Freon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sneader2005-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"R12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethane"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"aerosol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol"},{"link_name":"asthma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Society of Chemical Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Chemical_Industry"},{"link_name":"Perkin Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkin_Medal"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"American Chemical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chemical_Society"},{"link_name":"Priestley Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priestley_Medal"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Priestley-23"},{"link_name":"Willard Gibbs Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Gibbs_Award"},{"link_name":"honorary degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"United States National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fame-2"}],"sub_title":"Freon","text":"In the late 1920s, air conditioning and refrigeration systems employed compounds such as ammonia (NH3), chloromethane (CH3Cl), propane, methyl formate (C2H4O2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) as refrigerants. Though effective, these were toxic, flammable or explosive. The Frigidaire division of General Motors, at that time a leading manufacturer of such systems, sought a non-toxic, non-flammable alternative to these refrigerants.[17]Midgley, working with Albert Leon Henne, soon narrowed his focus to alkyl halides (the combination of carbon chains and halogens), which were known to be highly volatile (a requirement for a refrigerant) and also chemically inert. They eventually settled on the concept of incorporating fluorine into a hydrocarbon. They rejected the assumption that such compounds would be toxic, believing that the stability of the carbon–fluorine bond would be sufficient to prevent the release of hydrogen fluoride or other potential breakdown products.[17] The team eventually synthesized dichlorodifluoromethane,[18] the first chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), which they named \"Freon\".[17][19] This compound is more commonly referred to today as \"Freon 12\", or \"R12\".[20]Freon and other CFCs soon largely replaced other refrigerants, but also had other applications. A notable example was their use as a propellant in aerosol products and asthma inhalers.[21] The Society of Chemical Industry awarded Midgley the Perkin Medal in 1937 for this work.[22] In 1941, the American Chemical Society gave Midgley its highest award, the Priestley Medal.[23] This was followed by the Willard Gibbs Award in 1942. He also held two honorary degrees and was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 1944, he was elected president and chairman of the American Chemical Society.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio"},{"link_name":"Worthington, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthington,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"killed by his own device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inventors_killed_by_their_own_invention"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bryson-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellows2007-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milestones-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giunta-27"},{"link_name":"Delaware, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAS_bio-3"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giunta-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearce-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"In 1940, at the age of 51, Midgley contracted polio and was left severely disabled. He devised an elaborate system of ropes and pulleys to lift himself out of bed. On November 2, 1944, at the age of 55, he was found dead at his home in Worthington, Ohio. He had been killed by his own device after he became entangled in it and died of strangulation.[24][25][26][27] He left behind a widow, Carrie M. Reynolds from Delaware, Ohio, whom he had married on August 3, 1911.[3] It was reported to the public that his death was an accident, but it was privately declared a suicide.[27][28][29]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"negative environmental impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradation"},{"link_name":"leaded gasoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethyllead"},{"link_name":"freon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freon"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knight-2014-30"},{"link_name":"Environmental historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_history"},{"link_name":"J. R. McNeill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._McNeill"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McNeill-31"},{"link_name":"Bill Bryson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bryson"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bryson_pg_195-32"},{"link_name":"Fred Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Pearce"},{"link_name":"New Scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearce-28"},{"link_name":"atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knight-2014-30"},{"link_name":"atmospheric lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning#Epidemiology"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CABS-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golub-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hu-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT1-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MJ-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"ozone-depleting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas"},{"link_name":"CFCs in the atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion#CFCs_and_related_compounds_in_the_atmosphere"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knight-2015-43"},{"link_name":"Montreal Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocol"},{"link_name":"CFCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"unknown unknowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unknown_unknowns"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Midgley's legacy is the negative environmental impact of leaded gasoline and freon.[30] Environmental historian J. R. McNeill opined that Midgley \"had more adverse impact on the atmosphere than any other single organism in Earth's history\",[31] and Bill Bryson remarked that Midgley possessed \"an instinct for the regrettable that was almost uncanny\".[32] Fred Pearce, writing for New Scientist, described Midgley as a \"one-man environmental disaster\".[28]Use of leaded gasoline, which he invented, released large quantities of lead into the atmosphere all over the world.[30] High atmospheric lead levels have been linked with serious long-term health problems from childhood, including neurological impairment,[33][34][35] and with increased levels of violence and criminality in America[36][37][38][39] and around the world.[40][41] Time magazine included both leaded gasoline and CFCs on its list of \"The 50 Worst Inventions\".[42]Midgley died three decades before the ozone-depleting and greenhouse gas effects of CFCs in the atmosphere became widely known.[43] In 1987, the Montreal Protocol phased out the use of CFCs like Freon.[44]The harm of leaded gasoline and chlorofluorocarbons have been framed as lessons in known unknowns and unknown unknowns, respectively. When leaded gasoline was invented it was known that lead had harmful effects on human health in large quantities, and that leaded gasoline caused emissions of trace amounts of lead to the atmosphere, but it was not known whether those trace amounts had adverse effects. The existence of the ozone layer, however, and the potential for chlorofluorocarbons to harm it, was not known at the time.[45]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Cautionary Tales–The inventor who almost ended the world\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timharford.com/2022/11/cautionary-tales-the-inventor-who-almost-ended-the-world/"},{"link_name":"The Brilliant Inventor Who Made Two of History’s Biggest Mistakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230315182035/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/15/magazine/cfcs-inventor.html?campaign_id=61&emc=edit_ts_20230315&instance_id=87762&nl=the-great-read®i_id=58413496&segment_id=127851&te=1&user_id=80cf60cec3adc1d45fcb7c0a94e1fe11"},{"link_name":"New York Times Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine"},{"link_name":"(page 1 of 2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88063294/1945-03-25/ed-1/seq-72/"},{"link_name":"(page 2 of 2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88063294/1945-03-25/ed-1/seq-73/"},{"link_name":"Charles F. Kettering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Kettering"},{"link_name":"The American Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Hearst Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Corporation"}],"text":"Tim Harford (November 11, 2022). \"Cautionary Tales–The inventor who almost ended the world\" (Podcast).\nThe Brilliant Inventor Who Made Two of History’s Biggest Mistakes. Stephen Johnson, New York Times Magazine, March 15, 2023.\nMidgley–Man of Marvels, (page 1 of 2), (page 2 of 2). Charles F. Kettering, The American Weekly, Hearst Corporation, March 25, 1945.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Sign on an antique gasoline pump advertising the TEL anti-knock compound Ethyl, a gasoline additive","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/EthylCorporationSign.jpg/220px-EthylCorporationSign.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Franklin Laureate Database – Edward Longstreth Medal 1925 Laureates\". Franklin Institute. Archived from the original on October 15, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131015080435/http://www.fi.edu/winners/show_results.faw?gs=&ln=&fn=&keyword=&subject=&award=LONG%2B&sy=1924&ey=1926&name=Submit","url_text":"\"Franklin Laureate Database – Edward Longstreth Medal 1925 Laureates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Institute","url_text":"Franklin Institute"},{"url":"http://www.fi.edu/winners/show_results.faw?gs=&ln=&fn=&keyword=&subject=&award=LONG+&sy=1924&ey=1926&name=Submit","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas Midgley, Jr\". invent.org. National Inventors Hall of Fame. May 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.invent.org/inductees/thomas-midgley-jr","url_text":"\"Thomas Midgley, Jr\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame","url_text":"National Inventors Hall of Fame"}]},{"reference":"Kettering, Charles F. \"Thomas Midgley Jr. 1889–1944\" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs. National Academy of Sciences. 24: 359–380.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Kettering","url_text":"Kettering, Charles F."},{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/midgley-thomas.pdf","url_text":"\"Thomas Midgley Jr. 1889–1944\""}]},{"reference":"Jacobson, Mark Z. (2002). Atmospheric pollution : history, science, and regulation. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–80. ISBN 0521010446.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bveEPjMxP3cC&pg=PA76","url_text":"Atmospheric pollution : history, science, and regulation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521010446","url_text":"0521010446"}]},{"reference":"Kovarik, William (2005). \"Ethyl-leaded gasoline: How a classic occupational disease became an international public health disaster\" (PDF). International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 11 (4): 384–397. doi:10.1179/oeh.2005.11.4.384. PMID 16350473. S2CID 44633845. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 17, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165801/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5ef4/a42a4a5940ef6adf04aa1912147097aa3363.pdf","url_text":"\"Ethyl-leaded gasoline: How a classic occupational disease became an international public health disaster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2Foeh.2005.11.4.384","url_text":"10.1179/oeh.2005.11.4.384"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16350473","url_text":"16350473"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44633845","url_text":"44633845"},{"url":"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5ef4/a42a4a5940ef6adf04aa1912147097aa3363.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dapul H, Laraque D (August 2014). \"Lead poisoning in children\". Advances in Pediatrics. 61 (1): 313–33. doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2014.04.004. PMID 25037135.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yapd.2014.04.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.yapd.2014.04.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25037135","url_text":"25037135"}]},{"reference":"Needleman H (2004). \"Lead poisoning\". Annual Review of Medicine. 55: 209–22. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653. PMID 14746518.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.med.55.091902.103653","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14746518","url_text":"14746518"}]},{"reference":"Needleman, Herbert L.; Gunnoe, Charles; Leviton, Alan; Reed, Robert; Peresie, Henry; Maher, Cornelius; Barrett, Peter (March 29, 1979). \"Deficits in Psychologic and Classroom Performance of Children with Elevated Dentine Lead Levels\". New England Journal of Medicine. 300 (13): 689–695. doi:10.1056/NEJM197903293001301. PMID 763299. 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Organometallics. 22 (25): 5154–5178. doi:10.1021/om030621b.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom030621b","url_text":"\"The Rise and Fall of Tetraethyllead. 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom030621b","url_text":"10.1021/om030621b"}]},{"reference":"Midgley, Thomas (August 1, 1925). \"Tetraethyl Lead Poison Hazards\". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 17 (8): 827–828. doi:10.1021/ie50188a020. After mixing tetraethyl lead with gasoline, no great precaution need be exercised, the ratio being 1 part tetraethyl lead to 1300 of gasoline. From this point on no health hazards actually exist unless the gasoline is used very abnormally for purposes for which it was not intended.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fie50188a020","url_text":"10.1021/ie50188a020"}]},{"reference":"Sneader, Walter (2005). \"Chapter 8: Systematic medicine\". Drug discovery: a history. Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 74–87. ISBN 978-0-471-89980-8. Retrieved September 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mYQxRY9umjcC&q=Drug+Discovery+history","url_text":"Drug discovery: a history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-89980-8","url_text":"978-0-471-89980-8"}]},{"reference":"Midgley, Thomas; Henne, Albert L. (1930). \"Organic Fluorides as Refrigerants1\". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 22 (5): 542. doi:10.1021/ie50245a031.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fie50245a031","url_text":"10.1021/ie50245a031"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, R. J. (1932). \"Freon, a Refrigerant\". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 24 (6): 620–623. doi:10.1021/ie50270a008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fie50270a008","url_text":"10.1021/ie50270a008"}]},{"reference":"Garrett, Alfred B. (1962). \"Freon: Thomas Midgley and Albert L. Henne\". Journal of Chemical Education. 39 (7): 361. 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CFCs and HCFCs rapidly replaced other refrigerants in all but applications where companies accepted the increased risk of flammable and toxic refrigerant releases or in applications where the existing technologies were more energy efficient.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_O._Andersen","url_text":"Andersen, Stephen O."},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10962247.2013.791349","url_text":"\"Stratospheric ozone, global warming, and the principle of unintended consequences—An ongoing science and policy success story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_%26_Waste_Management_Association","url_text":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JAWMA..63..607A","url_text":"2013JAWMA..63..607A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10962247.2013.791349","url_text":"10.1080/10962247.2013.791349"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23858990","url_text":"23858990"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"}]},{"reference":"\"Will Award Perkin Medal Jan. 8 to Thomas Midgley, Jr\". 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Bulletin for the History of Chemistry. 31 (2): 66–74.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/bulletin_open_access/v31-2/v31-2%20p66-74.pdf","url_text":"\"Thomas Midgley Jr. and the Invention of Chlorofluorocarbon Refrigerants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_for_the_History_of_Chemistry","url_text":"Bulletin for the History of Chemistry"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minami-ku,_Kyoto
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Minami-ku, Kyoto
|
["1 Demographics","2 Temples and landmarks","3 Economy","4 Education","5 References","6 External links","7 Further reading"]
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Ward of Kyoto in JapanMinami
南区Ward of KyotoLocation of Minami-ku in KyotoCountryJapanPrefectureKyotoCityKyotoFounded1955Area • Total15.81 km2 (6.10 sq mi)Highest elevation28 m (92 ft)Lowest elevation14 m (46 ft)Population (October 1, 2020) • Total101,970 • Estimate (2021)100,708 • Density6,400/km2 (17,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)Websitewww.city.kyoto.lg.jp/minami/
Minami (南区, Minami-ku) is one of the eleven wards in the city of Kyoto, in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. Its name means "South Ward." It was established in 1955 when it was separated from Shimogyo-ku. As of April, 2016 the ward has an estimated population of 100,781 people. The Kamo River and the Katsura River flow through the district. It is home to several historical places and temples.
Minami-ku is roughly bound on the east by the Kamo River, on the west by the Katsura River (although it extends over the Katsura River in some places), on the north by Hachijō Street and the JR Kyoto line (leading into Kyoto station), and on the south by the Meishin Expressway (although it extends over the expressway in some places).
The southern portion of Kyoto city (including Minami-ku) is sometimes referred to as Rakunan. This area is the only side of Kyoto not lined with mountains, a feature that historically made Rakunan important as a gateway into Kyoto.
Minami-ku is more working-class than some other Kyoto districts, and includes a large population of Korean nationals known as Zainichi Koreans. Instead of restaurants and clubs, portions of the land near the Kamo River are lined with factories and industrial buildings. Residential areas include both standard houses and apartments, and occasional government-subsidized housing projects.
The area around Kujo Street from around Toji station to the Kamo River is known as Higashi (east) Kujo. This area is particularly working-class, and home to a relatively large number of Korean nationals and other working class members of Japanese society. As such, it has been called "Kyoto's only international town".
Minami-ku has few notable areas of tourist interest compared to other parts of Kyoto. A notable exception is the To-ji Temple.
The Minami-ku ward office is located on Route 1, near its intersection with Kujō Street. The Kyoto City Disaster Prevention Center is also in Minami-ku, near the intersection of Route 1 and Jujō Street.
To the east of Minami-ku is Higashiyama-ku, and to the southeast is Fushimi-ku.
The 50th anniversary celebration of Minami-ku on the To-ji temple grounds
Demographics
Historical populationYearPop.±%1960 104,918— 1970 108,200+3.1%1980 101,713−6.0%1990 98,962−2.7%2000 97,820−1.2%2010 98,744+0.9%2020 101,970+3.3%Source:
Temples and landmarks
Tō-ji is one of the most famous landmarks of Minami-ku.
This stone marks the location of the former Rashōmon, the gate immortalized in the Akira Kurosawa film.
Tō-ji a famous Buddhist temple with strong associations to the Buddhist priest Kūkai
Former site of the Rashomon Gate, the old Southern entrance to the city
Rokusonnō Shrine, one of the Three Genji Shrines
Economy
The following companies have their headquarters in Minami:
the home office of international company Nintendo is near the aforementioned intersection.
Horiba, a global manufacturer of precision instruments for measurement and analysis
Nidec, a global electric motor and electronic and optical components company
Wacoal, a manufacturer of women's lingerie and underwear
GS Yuasa, a manufacturer of batteries
Education
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2015)
Kyoto Computer Gakuin
The community previously had a North Korean school, Kyoto Korean No. 1 Elementary School (京都朝鮮第一初級学校).
References
^ a b Bruce Caron (January 1, 2009). Community, Democracy, and Performance: The Urban Practice of Kyoto's Higashi-Kujo Madang. New Media Studio, Incorporated. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013.
^ Yumi Lee. "Kyoto's Luminous "Other" People". Retrieved September 13, 2014.
^ "Kyoto City Disaster Prevention Center". Kyoto Tourism Federation. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
^ "Company Profile". Nintendo. Retrieved on September 13, 2014.
^ "Company Outline". Horiba. Retrieved on September 13, 2014.
^ "Company Profile". Nidec. Retrieved on February 3, 2015.
^ "Overview". Wacoal Holdings Corp. Retrieved on November 30, 2016.
^ "Corporate Profile". GS Yuasa International Ltd. Retrieved on November 30, 2016.
^ "ウリハッキョ一覧" (). Chongryon. November 6, 2005. Retrieved on October 15, 2015.
External links
The Minami-ku official website (in Japanese)
Further reading
Durston, Diane. "Old Kyoto: A Guide to Traditional Shops, Restaurants, and Inns". Pg 203. Kodansha International Ltd. 1986 and 2005. ISBN 978-4-7700-2994-2. ISBN 4-7700-2994-2
Rowthorn, Chris. "Lonely Planet Kyoto". Lonely Planet Publications. July 1, 2012. ISBN 978-1-74220-851-0
Minami-ku Town Guide. September 2006]
vte Kyoto PrefectureKyoto (capital)KyotoWards
Fushimi
Higashiyama
Kamigyō
Kita
Minami
Nakagyō
Nishikyō
Sakyō
Shimogyō
Ukyō
Yamashina
Cities
Ayabe
Fukuchiyama
Jōyō
Kameoka
Kizugawa
Kyōtanabe
Kyōtango
Maizuru
Miyazu
Mukō
Nagaokakyō
Nantan
Uji
Yawata
Districts
Funai District
Kyōtamba
Kuse District
Kumiyama
Otokuni District
Ōyamazaki
Sōraku District
Kasagi
Minamiyamashiro
Seika
Wazuka
Tsuzuki District
Ide
Ujitawara
Yosa District
Ine
Yosano
List of mergers in Kyoto Prefecture
Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz area
|
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Its name means \"South Ward.\" It was established in 1955 when it was separated from Shimogyo-ku. As of April, 2016 the ward has an estimated population of 100,781 people. The Kamo River and the Katsura River flow through the district. It is home to several historical places and temples.Minami-ku is roughly bound on the east by the Kamo River, on the west by the Katsura River (although it extends over the Katsura River in some places), on the north by Hachijō Street and the JR Kyoto line (leading into Kyoto station), and on the south by the Meishin Expressway (although it extends over the expressway in some places).The southern portion of Kyoto city (including Minami-ku) is sometimes referred to as Rakunan. This area is the only side of Kyoto not lined with mountains, a feature that historically made Rakunan important as a gateway into Kyoto.Minami-ku is more working-class than some other Kyoto districts, and includes a large population of Korean nationals[1][2] known as Zainichi Koreans. Instead of restaurants and clubs, portions of the land near the Kamo River are lined with factories and industrial buildings. Residential areas include both standard houses and apartments, and occasional government-subsidized housing projects.The area around Kujo Street from around Toji station to the Kamo River is known as Higashi (east) Kujo. This area is particularly working-class, and home to a relatively large number of Korean nationals and other working class members of Japanese society. As such, it has been called \"Kyoto's only international town\".[1]Minami-ku has few notable areas of tourist interest compared to other parts of Kyoto. A notable exception is the To-ji Temple.The Minami-ku ward office is located on Route 1, near its intersection with Kujō Street. The Kyoto City Disaster Prevention Center is also in Minami-ku, near the intersection of Route 1 and Jujō Street.[3]To the east of Minami-ku is Higashiyama-ku, and to the southeast is Fushimi-ku.The 50th anniversary celebration of Minami-ku on the To-ji temple grounds","title":"Minami-ku, Kyoto"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toji_2015.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rajomon-ato_(Heian-kyo).JPG"},{"link_name":"Akira Kurosawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashomon_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tō-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8D-ji"},{"link_name":"Kūkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABkai"},{"link_name":"Rashomon Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj%C5%8Dmon"},{"link_name":"Rokusonnō Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokusonn%C5%8D_Shrine"},{"link_name":"Genji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiwa_Genji"}],"text":"Tō-ji is one of the most famous landmarks of Minami-ku.This stone marks the location of the former Rashōmon, the gate immortalized in the Akira Kurosawa film.Tō-ji a famous Buddhist temple with strong associations to the Buddhist priest Kūkai\nFormer site of the Rashomon Gate, the old Southern entrance to the city\nRokusonnō Shrine, one of the Three Genji Shrines","title":"Temples and landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Horiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horiba"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nidec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidec"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Wacoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacoal"},{"link_name":"lingerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingerie"},{"link_name":"underwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwear"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"GS Yuasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS_Yuasa"},{"link_name":"batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The following companies have their headquarters in Minami:the home office of international company Nintendo is near the aforementioned intersection.[4]\nHoriba, a global manufacturer of precision instruments for measurement and analysis[5]\nNidec, a global electric motor and electronic and optical components company[6]\nWacoal, a manufacturer of women's lingerie and underwear[7]\nGS Yuasa, a manufacturer of batteries[8]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyoto Computer Gakuin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Computer_Gakuin"},{"link_name":"North Korean school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosen_gakko"},{"link_name":"京都朝鮮第一初級学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%88%9D%E7%B4%9A%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Formerschools-9"}],"text":"Kyoto Computer GakuinThe community previously had a North Korean school, Kyoto Korean No. 1 Elementary School (京都朝鮮第一初級学校).[9]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4-7700-2994-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2994-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4-7700-2994-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7700-2994-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-74220-851-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74220-851-0"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20020401005139/http://townguide.tokio.co.jp/i/kyoto/minami/kategori.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kyoto"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Kyoto"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kyoto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shadow_picture_of_Kyoto_prefecture.png"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Fushimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fushimi-ku,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Higashiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashiyama-ku,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Kamigyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamigy%C5%8D-ku"},{"link_name":"Kita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita-ku,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Minami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Nakagyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakagy%C5%8D-ku,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Nishikyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishiky%C5%8D-ku,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Sakyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saky%C5%8D-ku,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Shimogyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimogy%C5%8D-ku,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Ukyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uky%C5%8D-ku,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Yamashina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamashina-ku,_Kyoto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kyoto_Prefecture.svg"},{"link_name":"Ayabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayabe,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Fukuchiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuchiyama,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Jōyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Kameoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameoka,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Kizugawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizugawa,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Kyōtanabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dtanabe,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Kyōtango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dtango"},{"link_name":"Maizuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizuru"},{"link_name":"Miyazu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyazu,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Mukō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muk%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Nagaokakyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaokaky%C5%8D,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Nantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantan,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Uji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uji"},{"link_name":"Yawata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawata"},{"link_name":"Funai District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funai_District,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Kyōtamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dtamba,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Kuse District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuse_District,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Kumiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumiyama,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Otokuni District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otokuni_District,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Ōyamazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cyamazaki,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Sōraku District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Draku_District,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Kasagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasagi,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Minamiyamashiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamiyamashiro,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Seika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seika,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Wazuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazuka"},{"link_name":"Tsuzuki District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuzuki_District,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Ide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ide,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Ujitawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujitawara"},{"link_name":"Yosa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosa_District,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Ine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ine,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Yosano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosano,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"List of mergers in Kyoto Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_in_Kyoto_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154649#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/area/44b8ac93-0569-4d4c-a091-a0eb670a03eb"}],"text":"Durston, Diane. \"Old Kyoto: A Guide to Traditional Shops, Restaurants, and Inns\". Pg 203. Kodansha International Ltd. 1986 and 2005. ISBN 978-4-7700-2994-2. ISBN 4-7700-2994-2\nRowthorn, Chris. \"Lonely Planet Kyoto\". Lonely Planet Publications. July 1, 2012. ISBN 978-1-74220-851-0\n[2] Minami-ku Town Guide. September 2006]vte Kyoto PrefectureKyoto (capital)KyotoWards\nFushimi\nHigashiyama\nKamigyō\nKita\nMinami\nNakagyō\nNishikyō\nSakyō\nShimogyō\nUkyō\nYamashina\nCities\nAyabe\nFukuchiyama\nJōyō\nKameoka\nKizugawa\nKyōtanabe\nKyōtango\nMaizuru\nMiyazu\nMukō\nNagaokakyō\nNantan\nUji\nYawata\nDistricts\nFunai District\nKyōtamba\nKuse District\nKumiyama\nOtokuni District\nŌyamazaki\nSōraku District\nKasagi\nMinamiyamashiro\nSeika\nWazuka\nTsuzuki District\nIde\nUjitawara\nYosa District\nIne\nYosano\nList of mergers in Kyoto PrefectureAuthority control databases: Geographic \nMusicBrainz area","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The 50th anniversary celebration of Minami-ku on the To-ji temple grounds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Minami-ku_anniversary_celebration.JPG/220px-Minami-ku_anniversary_celebration.JPG"},{"image_text":"Tō-ji is one of the most famous landmarks of Minami-ku.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Toji_2015.JPG/220px-Toji_2015.JPG"},{"image_text":"This stone marks the location of the former Rashōmon, the gate immortalized in the Akira Kurosawa film.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rajomon-ato_%28Heian-kyo%29.JPG/220px-Rajomon-ato_%28Heian-kyo%29.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Bruce Caron (January 1, 2009). Community, Democracy, and Performance: The Urban Practice of Kyoto's Higashi-Kujo Madang. New Media Studio, Incorporated. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130923075537/http://junana.com/CDP/corpus/","url_text":"Community, Democracy, and Performance: The Urban Practice of Kyoto's Higashi-Kujo Madang"},{"url":"http://junana.com/CDP/corpus/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Yumi Lee. \"Kyoto's Luminous \"Other\" People\". Retrieved September 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nancho.net/kyoto/ylee.html","url_text":"\"Kyoto's Luminous \"Other\" People\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kyoto City Disaster Prevention Center\". Kyoto Tourism Federation. Retrieved November 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kyoto-kankou.or.jp/english/info_search/?id=7973","url_text":"\"Kyoto City Disaster Prevention Center\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.city.kyoto.lg.jp/minami/","external_links_name":"www.city.kyoto.lg.jp/minami/"},{"Link":"http://www2.city.kyoto.lg.jp/sogo/toukei/Population/index.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minami-ku,_Kyoto&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130923075537/http://junana.com/CDP/corpus/","external_links_name":"Community, Democracy, and Performance: The Urban Practice of Kyoto's Higashi-Kujo Madang"},{"Link":"http://junana.com/CDP/corpus/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nancho.net/kyoto/ylee.html","external_links_name":"\"Kyoto's Luminous \"Other\" People\""},{"Link":"http://www.kyoto-kankou.or.jp/english/info_search/?id=7973","external_links_name":"\"Kyoto City Disaster Prevention Center\""},{"Link":"https://www.nintendo.co.jp/corporate/en/outline/index.html","external_links_name":"Company Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.horiba.com/about-horiba/outlines/","external_links_name":"Company Outline"},{"Link":"http://www.nidec.com/en-Global/corporate/about/outline/","external_links_name":"Company Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.wacoalholdings.jp/en/company/profile/index.html","external_links_name":"Overview"},{"Link":"http://www.gs-yuasa.com/en/company/profile.php","external_links_name":"Corporate Profile"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/6cHKwmz4m?url=http://web.archive.org/web/20051106010302/http://www.chongryon.com/j/cr/link3.html","external_links_name":"ウリハッキョ一覧"},{"Link":"https://www.city.kyoto.lg.jp/minami/","external_links_name":"The Minami-ku official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020401005139/http://townguide.tokio.co.jp/i/kyoto/minami/kategori.html","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/44b8ac93-0569-4d4c-a091-a0eb670a03eb","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications,_Computers,_and_Networks_(Scientific_American)
|
Communications, Computers, and Networks
|
["1 Reviews","2 Response","3 Table of contents","4 See also","5 Footnotes","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Special issue of Scientififc American magazine
Academic journalCommunications, Computers, and NetworksDisciplineCommunicationsComputersNetworksLanguageEnglishPublication detailsHistorySeptember, 1991PublisherScientific American, Inc. (USA)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM · MathSciNet ISO 4Commun. Comput. Netw.
The Scientific American special issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks is a special issue of Scientific American dedicated to articles concerning impending changes to the Internet in the period prior to the expansion and mainstreaming of the World Wide Web via Mosaic and Netscape. This issue contained essays by a number of important computer science and internet pioneers. It bore the promotional cover title Scientific American presents the September 1991 Single Copy Issue: Communications, Computers, and Networks.
Reviews
University of California, Berkeley's September 1991 online journal, "Current Cites" commented: "Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers and Networks 265(3) (September 1991): If you purchase a single issue of a magazine this year, this should be it. Filled with eleven articles by some of the biggest names in computer networking, this issue covers all bases and includes suggestions for further readings on the issues." In addition, a 4 September 1991 post to the University of Houston's "Computer System's Forum" also recommends the issue, stating: "These articles cover enough ground that I would recommend the issue to people getting ready to dive into the Internet or understand what is happening in networks these days." An additional post to this same forum on 21 August 1991 comments: "The authors are exceptional, including Mitch Kapor, Mark Weiser, Nicholas Negroponte, Alan Kay, Al Gore, and many others. An excellent issue."
Response
Of this issue, the Electronic Frontier Foundation stated in the article "Scientific American's September Issue to be Sent to All EFF Members" in its September 1991 newsletter:
This month's Scientific American ("Communications, Computers, and Networks") must surely represent the most complete collection of articles and commentary on all aspects of networking to date. As such we feel strongly that it should be made available to as many people as possible. Because of this, we have purchased a large number of copies of this issue that we will be using for various purposes over the coming year. The first use will be to deliver a free copy of to all our members. We are expecting the magazines to be delivered to us at the end of next week and they will go out to our members soon after. We realize that many of our members may already have a copy of their own, but if so we trust that they will use this extra copy to educate and enlighten someone else to the issues and potential of networking.
Table of contents
Gary Stix: "Profile: Information Theorist David A. Huffman"
Michael Dertouzos: "Communications, Computers and Networks"
Vint Cerf: "Networks"
Larry Tesler: "Networked Computing in the 1990s"
Mark Weiser: "The Computer for the 21st Century"
Nicholas Negroponte: "Products and Services for Computer Networks"
Lee Sproull and Sara Kiesler: "Computers, Networks and Work"
Thomas W. Malone and John F. Rockart: "Computers, Networks and the Corporation"
Alan Kay: "Computers, Networks and Education"
Computers, Networks and Public Policy
Al Gore: "Infrastructure for the Global Village"
Anne W. Branscomb: "Common Law for the Electronic Frontier"
Mitch Kapor: "Civil Liberties in Cyberspace"
See also
History of the Internet
Footnotes
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-02-28. Retrieved 2006-12-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "PACS-L Archives - September 1991 (#14)". Archived from the original on 2016-01-18. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
^ "http://listserv.uh.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9108&L=pacs-l&T=0&P=18778
^ "SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN'S SEPTEMBER ISSUE TO BE SENT TO ALL EFF MEMBERS". The Electronic Newsletter of The Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
^ Scientific American, September 1991
^ Weiser, Mark (September 1991). "The Computer for the 21st Century". Scientific American. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
^ Scientific American Page 1 Archived December 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ Kapor, Mitchell (September 1991). "Civil Liberties in Cyberspace: When does hacking turn from an exercise of civil liberties into crime?". Scientific American. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
References
Scientific American September 1991 (Special Issue: Communications, Computers, and Networks), Volume 265, Number 3.
External links
UC Berkeley, "Current_Cites", Library Technology Watch Program - Sept. 1991
University of Houston Computer Science Forum - Sept. 1991
Overview of the issue - Humanist Discussion Group, Sept. 1991
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"World Wide Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web"},{"link_name":"Mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)"},{"link_name":"Netscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_(web_browser)"}],"text":"Academic journalThe Scientific American special issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks is a special issue of Scientific American dedicated to articles concerning impending changes to the Internet in the period prior to the expansion and mainstreaming of the World Wide Web via Mosaic and Netscape. This issue contained essays by a number of important computer science and internet pioneers. It bore the promotional cover title Scientific American presents the September 1991 Single Copy Issue: Communications, Computers, and Networks.","title":"Communications, Computers, and Networks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Houston"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mitch Kapor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Kapor"},{"link_name":"Mark Weiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Weiser"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Negroponte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Negroponte"},{"link_name":"Alan Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Kay"},{"link_name":"Al Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"University of California, Berkeley's September 1991 online journal, \"Current Cites\" commented: \"Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers and Networks 265(3) (September 1991): If you purchase a single issue of a magazine this year, this should be it. Filled with eleven articles by some of the biggest names in computer networking, this issue covers all bases and includes suggestions for further readings on the issues.\"[1] In addition, a 4 September 1991 post to the University of Houston's \"Computer System's Forum\" also recommends the issue, stating: \"These articles cover enough ground that I would recommend the issue to people getting ready to dive into the Internet or understand what is happening in networks these days.\"[2] An additional post to this same forum on 21 August 1991 comments: \"The authors are exceptional, including Mitch Kapor, Mark Weiser, Nicholas Negroponte, Alan Kay, Al Gore, and many others. An excellent issue.\"[3]","title":"Reviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electronic Frontier Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Of this issue, the Electronic Frontier Foundation stated in the article \"Scientific American's September Issue to be Sent to All EFF Members\" in its September 1991 newsletter:This month's Scientific American (\"Communications, Computers, and Networks\") must surely represent the most complete collection of articles and commentary on all aspects of networking to date. As such we feel strongly that it should be made available to as many people as possible. Because of this, we have purchased a large number of copies of this issue that we will be using for various purposes over the coming year. The first use will be to deliver a free copy of to all our members. We are expecting the magazines to be delivered to us at the end of next week and they will go out to our members soon after. We realize that many of our members may already have a copy of their own, but if so we trust that they will use this extra copy to educate and enlighten someone else to the issues and potential of networking.[4]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Stix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stix"},{"link_name":"David A. Huffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Huffman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Michael Dertouzos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dertouzos"},{"link_name":"Vint Cerf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf"},{"link_name":"Larry Tesler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Tesler"},{"link_name":"Mark Weiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Weiser"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Negroponte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Negroponte"},{"link_name":"Sara Kiesler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Kiesler"},{"link_name":"Thomas W. Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_W._Malone"},{"link_name":"John F. Rockart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Rockart"},{"link_name":"Alan Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Kay"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Al Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore"},{"link_name":"Mitch Kapor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Kapor"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Gary Stix: \"Profile: Information Theorist David A. Huffman\" [5]\nMichael Dertouzos: \"Communications, Computers and Networks\"\nVint Cerf: \"Networks\"\nLarry Tesler: \"Networked Computing in the 1990s\"\nMark Weiser: \"The Computer for the 21st Century\"[6]\nNicholas Negroponte: \"Products and Services for Computer Networks\"\nLee Sproull and Sara Kiesler: \"Computers, Networks and Work\"\nThomas W. Malone and John F. Rockart: \"Computers, Networks and the Corporation\"\nAlan Kay: \"Computers, Networks and Education\" [7]Computers, Networks and Public PolicyAl Gore: \"Infrastructure for the Global Village\"\nAnne W. Branscomb: \"Common Law for the Electronic Frontier\"\nMitch Kapor: \"Civil Liberties in Cyberspace\"[8]","title":"Table of contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Archived copy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070228020457/http://lists.webjunction.org/currentcites/1991/1991.2-9"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lists.webjunction.org/currentcites/1991/1991.2-9"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"PACS-L Archives - September 1991 (#14)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160118212214/http://listserv.uh.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9109&L=pacs-l&T=0&P=1568"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//listserv.uh.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9109&L=pacs-l&T=0&P=1568"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"http://listserv.uh.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9108&L=pacs-l&T=0&P=18778","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//listserv.uh.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9108&L=pacs-l&T=0&P=18778"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN'S SEPTEMBER ISSUE TO BE SENT TO ALL EFF MEMBERS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.eff.org/effector/1/11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Scientific American, September 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.huffmancoding.com/my-uncle/scientific-american"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"The Computer for the 21st Century\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.karlstechnology.com/blog/ubiquitous-computers-the-computer-for-the-21st-century/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Scientific American Page 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.squeakland.org/school/HTML/sci_amer_article/sci_amer_01.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061221224814/http://www.squeakland.org/school/HTML/sci_amer_article/sci_amer_01.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Civil Liberties in Cyberspace: When does hacking turn from an exercise of civil liberties into crime?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ccat.sas.upenn.edu/gopher/other/e-seminars/Other%20Information/civil-liberties-in-cyberspace"}],"text":"^ \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2007-02-28. Retrieved 2006-12-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)\n\n^ \"PACS-L Archives - September 1991 (#14)\". Archived from the original on 2016-01-18. Retrieved 2006-12-28.\n\n^ \"http://listserv.uh.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9108&L=pacs-l&T=0&P=18778[dead link]\n\n^ \"SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN'S SEPTEMBER ISSUE TO BE SENT TO ALL EFF MEMBERS\". The Electronic Newsletter of The Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved May 28, 2019.\n\n^ Scientific American, September 1991\n\n^ Weiser, Mark (September 1991). \"The Computer for the 21st Century\". Scientific American. Retrieved May 28, 2019.\n\n^ Scientific American Page 1 Archived December 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Kapor, Mitchell (September 1991). \"Civil Liberties in Cyberspace: When does hacking turn from an exercise of civil liberties into crime?\". Scientific American. Retrieved May 28, 2019.","title":"Footnotes"}]
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[]
|
[{"title":"History of the Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2007-02-28. Retrieved 2006-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070228020457/http://lists.webjunction.org/currentcites/1991/1991.2-9","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://lists.webjunction.org/currentcites/1991/1991.2-9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PACS-L Archives - September 1991 (#14)\". Archived from the original on 2016-01-18. Retrieved 2006-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160118212214/http://listserv.uh.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9109&L=pacs-l&T=0&P=1568","url_text":"\"PACS-L Archives - September 1991 (#14)\""},{"url":"http://listserv.uh.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9109&L=pacs-l&T=0&P=1568","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN'S SEPTEMBER ISSUE TO BE SENT TO ALL EFF MEMBERS\". The Electronic Newsletter of The Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved May 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eff.org/effector/1/11","url_text":"\"SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN'S SEPTEMBER ISSUE TO BE SENT TO ALL EFF MEMBERS\""}]},{"reference":"Weiser, Mark (September 1991). \"The Computer for the 21st Century\". Scientific American. Retrieved May 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.karlstechnology.com/blog/ubiquitous-computers-the-computer-for-the-21st-century/","url_text":"\"The Computer for the 21st Century\""}]},{"reference":"Kapor, Mitchell (September 1991). \"Civil Liberties in Cyberspace: When does hacking turn from an exercise of civil liberties into crime?\". Scientific American. Retrieved May 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/gopher/other/e-seminars/Other%20Information/civil-liberties-in-cyberspace","url_text":"\"Civil Liberties in Cyberspace: When does hacking turn from an exercise of civil liberties into crime?\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Township,_Crawford_County,_Iowa
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Willow Township, Crawford County, Iowa
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["1 Geography","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 41°59′37″N 095°36′51″W / 41.99361°N 95.61417°W / 41.99361; -95.61417
Township in Iowa, United StatesWillow TownshipTownshipLocation in Crawford CountyCoordinates: 41°59′37″N 095°36′51″W / 41.99361°N 95.61417°W / 41.99361; -95.61417Country United StatesState IowaCountyCrawfordArea • Total35.78 sq mi (92.67 km2) • Land35.71 sq mi (92.48 km2) • Water0.07 sq mi (0.19 km2) 0.21%Elevation1,345 ft (410 m)Population (2000) • Total158 • Density4.4/sq mi (1.7/km2)GNIS feature ID0469003
Willow Township is a township in Crawford County, Iowa, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 158.
Geography
Willow Township covers an area of 35.78 square miles (92.7 km2) and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Willow Township.
The stream of Middle Willow Creek runs through this township.
References
USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
External links
US-Counties.com
City-Data.com
vteMunicipalities and communities of Crawford County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: DenisonCities
Arion
Aspinwall
Buck Grove
Charter Oak
Deloit
Denison
Dow City
Dunlap‡
Kiron
Manilla
Ricketts
Schleswig
Vail
Westside
Map of Iowa highlighting Crawford CountyTownships
Boyer
Charter Oak
Denison
East Boyer
Goodrich
Hanover
Hayes
Iowa
Jackson
Milford
Morgan
Nishnabotny
Otter Creek
Paradise
Soldier
Stockholm
Union
Washington
West Side
Willow
Unincorporatedcommunities
Astor
Berne
Boyer
Ghost towns
Ells
Old Kiron
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Iowa portal
United States portal
This article about the geography of Crawford County, Iowa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Crawford County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Crawford_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Crawford_County.svg.png"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayramo%C4%9Flu,_Ardahan
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Bayramoğlu, Ardahan
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 40°58′55″N 42°57′35″E / 40.98194°N 42.95972°E / 40.98194; 42.95972Village in Ardahan, TurkeyBayramoğluVillageBayramoğluLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 40°58′55″N 42°57′35″E / 40.98194°N 42.95972°E / 40.98194; 42.95972CountryTurkeyProvinceArdahanDistrictArdahanPopulation (2021)489Time zoneTRT (UTC+3)
Bayramoğlu (Kurdish: Kora) is a village in the Ardahan District, Ardahan Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds and had a population of 489 in 2021.
References
^ Köy, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
^ Karakoç, Dağıstan (2014). Xoçvan: çîrokên nîvcomayî (in Kurdish). Nûbihar. p. 46.
vte Ardahan DistrictMunicipalities
Ardahan
Villages
Açıkyazı
Ağaçlı
Ağzıpek
Akyaka
Alagöz
Altaş
Ardıçdere
Aşağıkurtoğlu
Bağdaşen
Balıkçılar
Bayramoğlu
Beşiktaş
Binbaşar
Büyüksütlüce
Çağlayık
Çalabaş
Çamlıçatak
Çataldere
Çatalköprü
Çeğilli
Çetinsu
Çimenkaya
Dağcı
Dağevi
Dedegül
Değirmenli
Derindere
Edegül
Gölgeli
Güzçimeni
Güzelyurt
Hacıali
Hasköy
Höçvan Hasköy
Kartalpınar
Kazlıköy
Kıraç
Kocaköy
Köprücük
Küçüksütlüce
Lehimli
Meşedibi
Nebioğlu
Ölçek
Ömerağa
Ortageçit
Otbiçen
Ovapınar
Samanbeyli
Sarıyamaç
Sugöze
Sulakyurt
Taşlıdere
Tazeköy
Tepeler
Tepesuyu
Tunçoluk
Uzunova
Yalnızçam
Yaylacık
Yokuşdibi
Yukarıkurtoğlu
This geographical article about a location in Ardahan Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021\" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]},{"reference":"Karakoç, Dağıstan (2014). Xoçvan: çîrokên nîvcomayî (in Kurdish). Nûbihar. p. 46.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BBbihar","url_text":"Nûbihar"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vista,_California
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Vista, California
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["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","3.1 2022","3.2 2020","4 Economy","4.1 Top employers","5 Sports","6 Parks and recreation","7 Government","7.1 City government","7.2 State and federal representation","8 Education","9 Media","9.1 News","9.2 Radio stations","9.3 TV stations","10 Infrastructure","10.1 Major roads and highways","10.2 Mass transit","10.3 Utilities","10.4 Healthcare","10.5 Government facilities","10.6 Public safety","11 Notable people","12 References","13 External links"]
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Coordinates: 33°11′37″N 117°14′28″W / 33.19361°N 117.24111°W / 33.19361; -117.24111City in California, United States
Not to be confused with Chula Vista, California.
City in California, United StatesVista, CaliforniaCityVista Gateway Arch at S Santa Fe Ave and Main St near downtown
FlagSealMotto: America's Climatic WonderlandLocation of Vista within San Diego County, CaliforniaVista city street map, CaliforniaVista, CaliforniaLocation in the United StatesCoordinates: 33°11′37″N 117°14′28″W / 33.19361°N 117.24111°W / 33.19361; -117.24111Country United StatesState CaliforniaCounty San DiegoIncorporatedJanuary 28, 1963Government • TypeCouncil-Manager • MayorJohn Franklin • City councilCorinna Contreras, Deputy MayorJoe GreenKatie MelendezDaniel O'Donnell • City ManagerJohn ConleyArea • Total18.75 sq mi (48.56 km2) • Land18.75 sq mi (48.56 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) 0%Elevation325 ft (99 m)Population (2020) • Total98,381 • Rank74th in California307th in the United States • Density5,200/sq mi (2,000/km2)DemonymVistanTime zoneUTC−8 (Pacific Time Zone) • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)ZIP codes92081, 92083–92085Area codes442/760FIPS code06-82996GNIS feature IDs1661645, 2412161FlowerCalifornia LilacBirdAnna's hummingbirdTreeKentia PalmWebsitewww.cityofvista.com
Vista (/ˈvɪstə/; Spanish for "view") is a city in San Diego County, California. Vista is a medium-sized city within the San Diego-Carlsbad, CA Metropolitan Area. As of the 2020 Census, Vista had a population of 98,381. Current data estimates a 2023 population of 99,835. Vista's sphere of influence also includes portions of unincorporated San Diego County to the north and east, with a county island in the central west. Located just 7 mi (11 km) inland from the Pacific Ocean, it has a Mediterranean climate.
A flag is displayed at the Vista Civic Center. The flag design is the seal of Vista on a blue background.
Originally the lands of Rancho Buena Vista and Rancho Guajome, Vista was founded on October 9, 1882, with the establishment of a post office. It was incorporated on January 28, 1963, and became a charter city on June 13, 2007.
History
The Rancho Guajome Adobe is the second oldest building in Vista.
The Vista area was originally inhabited by the Luiseño Indians, who established a village in today's Vista called Tovalum.
The prosperity of the mission-era declined by the 1830s with the independence of Mexico from Spain. The Mexican government began to grant land ownerships to a variety of people, thus beginning the Rancho era of California. Three ranchos were granted in the Vista area: Rancho Guajome, Rancho Buena Vista, and Agua Hedionda Y los Manos.
In the 1850s the ranchos began to fade due to changing political conditions and the scarcity of water. A growing number of settlers came to the area after California became a state in 1850 and began to create smaller agricultural holdings. One settler in the Vista area, John A. Frazier, applied to open the first post office and after several attempts to name the city (Frazier and Buena Vista were already taken), Frazier finally chose the name "Vista". With the opening of the first post office in 1882, Vista had officially arrived.
In 1870, Bernard Delpy arrived from France to build what eventually became known as "Delpy Corners" at the intersection of today's East Vista Way and Foothill Drive. His nephew, Jules Jacques Delpy, joined him in 1879 and together they planted several hundred acres of grapes. In 1886, they built the first successful winery in the country. The winery was shut down by the Prohibition era.
Inhibited by the lack of water, Vista grew slowly through the early 1910s to less than 1,000 people. In 1913, two events marked the beginning of downtown’s growth and fixed its location for good. They were the division of the central area into smaller lots and the opening of two important buildings: the Vista Inn, which stood at the intersection of today’s Santa Fe Ave. and Main Street, and the train station that replaced the old cargo platform across the street. With the vote of the people in 1923, the Vista Irrigation District had the necessary funding to construct a new water supply from Lake Henshaw. New buildings in downtown sprang up almost immediately. Agriculture began to flourish with crops such as tomatoes, celery, and citrus fruits. Some hillsides were also planted for avocados and by 1948, Vista became the "avocado capital of the world", a moniker since taken by nearby Fallbrook, CA.
Following World War II, agriculture declined with an influx of population and housing. The City of Vista was incorporated on January 23, 1963. The frequent housing booms of the 1970s through early 2000s greatly increased the population of Vista. Many light manufacturing businesses moved into the Business Park area on the south side, starting in the 1980s. The Moonlight theatres, Rancho Guajome, Shadowridge, Vista Village, and other retail and cultural centers have since been developed.
Since the 1990s, the downtown area has received about $12 million in investments from Vista for improvements.
Paseo Santa Fe in Downtown Vista
The City of Vista unveiled a new vision for downtown’s future in 2015, creating a specific plan intended to make downtown the main commercial, social, and cultural hub in Vista. The specific plan map aimed to make downtown more lively, appealing, and livable for current and future residents, businesses, and visitors. In 2020, Vista finished the Paseo Santa Fe corridor project, which transformed almost a mile of S. Santa Fe Avenue between Vista Village Drive and Civic Center Drive into a pedestrian-friendly street that goes through the heart of downtown. The project created a sense of identity for downtown and made it more attractive and vibrant. The City of Vista hopes that it will stimulate other downtown activities and benefit the local businesses and community.
Geography
Landscape view showing Vista's hilly terrain
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 18.7 square miles (48 km2) of land. Vista is a hilly city. Most of the businesses are located in the flatter areas, and residences climb the hills. In undeveloped areas, the natural vegetation types includes chaparral brushland, oak-sycamore woodland, riparian (stream) woodland and oak-grass savanna. The natural vegetation is best seen in Buena Vista Park on the south side, in the San Marcos Hills, east of the city, and in undeveloped pockets on the north side (e.g. along Gopher Canyon Road and Guajome Regional Park).
Climate
Vista has a semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk) bordering on a Mediterranean climate (Csa). The climate is temperate, with extremes of temperature uncommon. Coastal breezes and foggy overcast (especially in May and June) keep the late spring/early summer high temperatures below 80 °F (27 °C). on most days. In general, the western side of the city (closer to the Pacific) is cooler and more overcast with ocean fog than the eastern side. It is common in May–June for the western side of Vista to be overcast and cool, while the eastern side basks in clear skies and sunshine. July, August and September are usually warmer, as the coastal breezes lessen. High temperatures in excess of 90 °F (32 °C), rarely above 100 °F (38 °C) sometimes occur in late summer. High temperatures also accompany dry Santa Ana wind events, which can strike any month, but are most common during fall. On 90% of days, though, the moderating influence of the nearby Pacific keeps the weather pleasant and temperatures moderate. Frost is quite rare in winter, and snowfall almost unknown. Most of the annual rainfall of 13.24 inches (336 mm) falls between November and April (Mediterranean climate type). Rainfall is higher in the San Marcos Hills on the eastern edge of the city, up to 20 inches (510 mm) per year. The moderate climate has made Vista and surrounding areas a center of the plant nursery industry. Avocados and other subtropical plants thrive in the area.
Climate data for Vista, California (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1957–present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
94(34)
93(34)
96(36)
101(38)
101(38)
108(42)
107(42)
106(41)
107(42)
107(42)
97(36)
90(32)
108(42)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
82.4(28.0)
81.5(27.5)
82.9(28.3)
87.2(30.7)
86.2(30.1)
87.6(30.9)
91.1(32.8)
93.5(34.2)
98.1(36.7)
94.1(34.5)
88.5(31.4)
80.3(26.8)
101.2(38.4)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
65.6(18.7)
65.4(18.6)
66.7(19.3)
69.4(20.8)
71.0(21.7)
74.5(23.6)
78.9(26.1)
80.7(27.1)
80.5(26.9)
76.0(24.4)
71.1(21.7)
64.8(18.2)
72.0(22.2)
Daily mean °F (°C)
55.7(13.2)
55.6(13.1)
57.5(14.2)
59.9(15.5)
63.1(17.3)
66.5(19.2)
70.5(21.4)
71.9(22.2)
70.8(21.6)
66.1(18.9)
60.4(15.8)
54.9(12.7)
62.7(17.1)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
45.7(7.6)
45.8(7.7)
48.3(9.1)
50.4(10.2)
55.2(12.9)
58.5(14.7)
62.2(16.8)
63.2(17.3)
61.2(16.2)
56.2(13.4)
49.7(9.8)
45.0(7.2)
53.5(11.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
35.6(2.0)
36.4(2.4)
38.5(3.6)
41.6(5.3)
46.3(7.9)
52.1(11.2)
55.6(13.1)
56.0(13.3)
52.8(11.6)
47.9(8.8)
40.7(4.8)
35.4(1.9)
32.7(0.4)
Record low °F (°C)
21(−6)
29(−2)
25(−4)
31(−1)
32(0)
42(6)
44(7)
41(5)
39(4)
36(2)
33(1)
23(−5)
21(−6)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.85(72)
3.12(79)
2.11(54)
0.96(24)
0.35(8.9)
0.09(2.3)
0.10(2.5)
0.03(0.76)
0.16(4.1)
0.59(15)
1.09(28)
1.94(49)
13.39(340)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
7.0
7.9
6.0
4.1
3.1
1.0
0.8
0.4
0.7
2.1
4.3
6.2
43.6
Source: NOAA
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19501,705—196014,795767.7%197024,68866.9%198035,83445.1%199071,872100.6%200089,85725.0%201093,8344.4%202098,3814.8%U.S. Decennial Census
2022
The 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates reported that within Vista city, Whites and Hispanics were again the most numerous race/ethnic groups. The top ancestries were German, English, and Irish. Whites made up 75.5% of the population, while the remainder was largely Hispanic or Latino at 14.9%. All other specified races individually made up less than 10% of the population. Within the population under 18, Whites made up a larger fraction at 83.8%. Among households having children, the average number of children was two. The overall median age was 34.4 years.
Households with at least one individual employed full-time earned a median household income of $144,464. For households with both spouses employed full-time, median household income was $191,468. Approximately 9.1% of the population was below the poverty line, an improvement over both the national and California state averages. The poverty rate was highest among single parent households with young children (greater than 20%), and lowest among married couple households with young children (less than 5%). The majority of households were married couple families, and the majority of homes were single-family detached houses. More residents owned their homes than rented.
2020
The 2020 Decennial U.S. Census reported Vista's population numbered 98,381 with a median age of 35.0 years. Males comprised 50.1% and females 49.9%. Whites and Hispanics were the most numerous race/ethnic groups. The White non-Hispanic population made up 36.1% of the city, while the remainder was predominantly Hispanic or Latino at 50.6%. Individuals selecting both Hispanic and White alone made up 7.8% of Vista's population. All other specified races individually made up less than 15% of the population.
Vista city, California – Racial and ethnic composition (NH = Non-Hispanic)Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity
Pop 2000
Pop 2010
Pop 2020
% 2000
% 2010
% 2020
White alone (NH)
44,844
38,287
35,518
49.91%
40.80%
36.10%
Black or African American alone (NH)
3,535
2,753
2,410
3.93%
2.93%
2.45%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)
440
336
273
0.49%
0.36%
0.28%
Asian alone (NH)
3,206
3,806
4,984
3.57%
4.06%
5.07%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)
526
615
612
0.59%
0.66%
0.62%
Other race alone (NH)
161
175
523
0.18%
0.19%
0.53%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH)
2,155
2,482
4,317
2.40%
2.65%
4.39%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)
34,990
45,380
49,744
38.94%
48.36%
50.56%
Total
89,857
93,834
98,381
100.00%
100.00%
100.00%
Economy
Top employers
According to the city's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:
#
Employer
# of Employees
1
Vista Unified School District
2,952
2
Watkins Manufacturing Company
885
3
Costco
348
4
Fresh Creative Foods
337
5
Cue Health Inc
335
6
Walmart
323
7
Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps
322
8
Lowe's
292
9
Jeld-Wen Windows and Doors
291
10
Frazier Farms
290
Sports
Vista high schools have fielded several CIF Champion teams in recent years: the Mission Vista Timberwolves in both basketball and soccer, and the Vista Panthers in football.
Parks and recreation
The stage at Moonlight Amphitheatre
Vista is home to two city-owned theaters: the recently updated Moonlight Amphitheatre and the Avo Playhouse. The Moonlight is an open-air theater that specializes in musical productions, performing several Broadway-caliber, musical productions during the course of the summer. A winter season concert venue called ClubM hosts shows where the performance and audience areas are on the Moonlight stage, sheltered from the elements. The Avo Playhouse located in Historic Downtown Vista is rented year round for private performances.
Several popular downtown events include the North County St. Patrick's Day Parade & Festival, the Vista Strawberry Festival, the Vista Rod Run (over 25 years running) and the annual Winterfest & Christmas Parade.
Vista houses one movie theater, currently a Cinepolis theater (as of 2015), but which opened as a Krikorian Cinema in fall 2003.
Two of the best-known parks in the city are Brengle Terrace Park and Guajome County Park. Brengle Terrace Park houses the Moonlight Amphitheatre, Alta Vista Gardens (a city-owned botanical garden), two softball fields, a senior center, a playground, and the city community center, where the main offices of the city's day camps are held. Guajome County Park has 557 acres (2.25 km2) of land, which is shared between Vista and nearby Oceanside. It features a small lake, willow and oak woodlands, campsites, horse trails, and the Rancho Guajome Adobe, a National Historic Landmark. Buena Vista Park on the south side of Vista is a natural park where users can hike on trails through native chaparral and oak woodland.
The Wave Waterpark facilities
The Rancho Guajome Adobe and Rancho Buena Vista Adobe are two historic rancho buildings in Vista, built in the mid-nineteenth century, both available for tours and special occasions.
The city's Parks and Recreation Department runs the Wave Waterpark in the downtown area, open from mid-spring to early fall, and the brand new Vista Community Sports Park. Another attraction is the Antique Gas and Steam Engine Museum, an open-air museum demonstrating agricultural equipment from the 19th and early 20th centuries. A Boomers family fun park is also located in Vista.
Government
Vista Civic Center
City government
Vista, a charter city, is governed by a mayor, John B. Franklin, and a city council, consisting of Corrina Contreras (Deputy Mayor), Joe Green, Katie Melendez and Daniel O'Donnell. In 2017, Vista decided to divide the city into four council districts. The residents of each district elect a council member, with the mayor being elected at large.
State and federal representation
In the California State Legislature, Vista is in the 38th Senate District, represented by Democrat Catherine Blakespear, and in the 74th Assembly District, represented by Republican Laurie Davies.
In the United States House of Representatives, Vista is in California's 49th congressional district, which has a Cook PVI of D+4 and is represented by Democrat Mike Levin.
According to the San Diego County Registrar of Voters, in December 2023 the City of Vista had more registered Democrats than Republicans. Out of a total of 51,922 registered voters, 20,539 were Democrats, and 14,306 were Republicans. Another 2,488 registered as Independents, and 12,424 declined any party affiliation.
Education
The Vista Unified School District serves Vista and parts of Oceanside and several Unincorporated communities, with seventeen elementary schools, six middle schools, and six high schools, including Rancho Buena Vista High School, Vista High School and Mission Vista High School. Guajome Park Academy is a charter school with joint elementary, middle, and high schools that receives part of its funding from the Vista Unified School District. Alta Vista Continuation High School is another option for teens who cannot attend regular school. There are 12 private schools serving over 2,500 students, including Tri-City Christian School, St. Francis of Assisi Catholic School and Calvary Christian School.
Vista Adult School was established in 1977 by the Vista Unified School District. Vista Adult School is a provider of adult education services in the City of Vista and its surrounding communities. Vista Adult School offers adult education courses in the areas of: high school diploma, GED, HISET, adult basic education, ESL, parenting classes, community education courses, and career technical education courses (CTE). Vista Adult School also offers a robust selection of short-term medical training courses. Vista Adult School is a member of the Education to Career Network of North San Diego County (ETCN).
Media
News
The Vista Press is an online newspaper for Vista and North County San Diego news.
Radio stations
AM 1000 KCEO
TV stations
KHAX-LD channel 17 is a translator of KBNT-LP channel 17 in San Diego.
Infrastructure
The automobile is the primary means of transportation within the city of Vista, however bus service is provided by the North County Transit District (NCTD) BREEZE. NCTD has an east–west lightweight commuter train called the Sprinter with a stop in downtown Vista and another further east on Civic Center Drive near Highway 78.
Major roads and highways
State Route 78
Vista Village Drive/East Vista
Way
West Vista Way
Santa Fe Avenue
Bobier Drive
Civic Center Drive
Melrose Drive
Sycamore Avenue
Shadowridge Drive
Emerald Drive
Santa Fe Avenue
Mass transit
The North County Transit District operates a bus system and a hybrid rail service, Sprinter, with stations at Vista Transit Center and Civic Center Drive within city limits and also the Buena Creek Road in eastern Vista sphere of influence. Sprinter provides service west to Oceanside and east to San Marcos and Escondido. From the Sprinter station in Oceanside, commuters can connect to Amtrak trains, or to the Coaster commuter trains to downtown San Diego, or to the Metrolink commuter trains to the Los Angeles area.
Utilities
In the city of Vista, gas and electric service is provided by San Diego Gas & Electric, while water is provided by the Vista Irrigation District. Sewerage is provided by the City of Vista.
Healthcare
The city of Vista is located within the Tri-City Hospital District, which provides emergency care and hospitalization, while ambulance service is provided by the Vista Fire Department. The Vista Community Clinic provides general health care to those who face economic, social or cultural barriers.
Government facilities
North County Regional Center
Located in Vista is the North County Regional Center, a San Diego County facility shared by the Superior Court, Sheriff, Vista Detention Facility jail, Probation, District Attorney, Revenue and Recovery, and the County Board of Supervisors. The North County Superior Court is a full service branch court.
Public safety
Law enforcement is provided by the San Diego County Sheriff's Department through a contract with the City of Vista, approved by the City Council. Fire suppression, fire prevention and EMS is provided by the Vista Fire Department.
Notable people
Carrie Prejean, Miss California 2009
Lorena Gonzalez Fletcher, organized labor leader and former California State Assemblywoman
Darrell Issa, U.S. representative for California's 48th congressional district, former U.S. representative for California's 49th congressional district and former chair of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee
Red Killefer, professional baseball player
Katherine "Scottie" MacGregor, actress, most notably in television series Little House on the Prairie
Danny Way, skateboarder
Rudolph B. Davila, World War II Medal of Honor recipient
Allan Holdsworth, British guitarist and composer.
Dave Roberts, manager of the Los Angeles Dodgers; former Major League outfielder
Tony Wolters, catcher for the Colorado Rockies,
Don Prudhomme, retired drag racer and businessman
Sara Watkins, singer-songwriter and fiddler
Sean Watkins, singer-songwriter and guitarist, best known for being in the band Nickel Creek, the duo Fiction Family and the supergroup Works Progress Administration
Alan S. Thompson, retired U.S. Navy Vice Admiral and former director of the Defense Logistics Agency
Leon Hall, defensive back for NFL's Oakland Raiders
Pisa Tinoisamoa, retired NFL linebacker
Bob Burnquist, Brazilian skater
Cove Reber, singer-songwriter; lead vocalist of Saosin from 2004 to 2010 and Dead American
Michael Damian, actor known for The Young & The Restless
Kirby Wright, poet and writer
Heather Youmans, singer, actress, and contestant on American Idol
References
^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on October 17, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
^ a b c "Elected Officials". City of Vista. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
^ "City Manager". City of Vista, California. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
^ "Vista". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
^ "Bios". Vista Historical Society. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
^ a b c "About Vista". City of Vista, California. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
^ "Estimates-E1 | Department of Finance". dof.ca.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
^ San Diego GIS. "City of Vista" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2014.
^ Cavalier, Lois. Images of America: Vista. Arcadia Publishing, 2008, p. 20.
^ Eligio, Miranda; Jonatan (July 16, 2020). "The American Indian Studies Department of Palomar College". Office of Student Success & Equity. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
^ Doyle, Harrison and Ruth. A History of Vista, Hillside Press, 1983. pgs. 4–5.
^ Doyle, A History of Vista, p. 36
^ Doyle, A History of Vista, p. 28
^ "Vista Enterprise - Page 3". vistahistoricalsociety.com. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
^ Doyle, A History of Vista, p. 38
^ Doyle, A History of Vista, p. 39
^ a b "Renaissance: A Look at Downtown Vista's History & Rebirth | Downtown Vista, CA". downtownvista.org. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
^ "Paseo Santa Fe Street Improvements Phase III | City of Vista". www.cityofvista.com. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
^ "Vista – NWS San Diego NOAA Online Weather Data". NOAA. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
^
"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Vista, CA". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 10, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ a b "MDAT". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
^ "P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Vista city, California". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
^ "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Vista city, California". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
^ "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Vista city, California". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
^ "ANNUAL COMPREHENSIVE FINANCIAL REPORTS | City of Vista". www.cityofvista.com. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
^ "Home of the Timberwolves - Mission Vista High School". mvhs.vistausd.org. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
^ "WE ARE VPW". Vista Pop Warner Football & Cheer. February 10, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
^ "City Council Districts | City of Vista". www.cityofvista.com. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
^ "California Redistricting Commission". State of California. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
^ "Cook Partisan Voting Index". The Cook Political Report. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
^ "California's 49th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC.
^ "Voter Registration Reports". www.sdvote.com. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
^ "Our Schools - Vista Unified". www.vistausd.org. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
^ "The Vista Press - Local news for San Diego North County". The Vista Press. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
^ City of Vista. General Plan 2030. Figure CE-2
^ "NCTD Sprinter light rail schedule". Retrieved January 19, 2013.
^ "City and Residential Services". Retrieved January 19, 2013.
^ "Paramedic EMS". Archived from the original on May 5, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
^ "Vista Community Clinic". Retrieved January 19, 2013.
^ "Superior Court of San Diego, information". Retrieved January 19, 2013.
^ "Red Killefer, Ex-Vistan, Succumbs". The Vista Press. September 8, 1958. p. 3.
^ Doyle,A History of Vista,p.222
^ Dwight Daniels (June 22, 2000). "Belated recognition Asian-Americans get top honor -- Vista man waited 56 years". San Diego Union Tribune.
^ Anon., "In Memory of Allan Holdsworth", Legacy.com, Apr 16, 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vista, California.
Official website
Vista Chamber of Commerce
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chula Vista, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chula_Vista,_California"},{"link_name":"/ˈvɪstə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"San Diego-Carlsbad, CA Metropolitan Area.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego-Carlsbad,_CA_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area"},{"link_name":"2020 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"sphere of influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influence"},{"link_name":"county island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_island"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"Rancho Buena Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Buena_Vista_(Felipe)"},{"link_name":"Rancho Guajome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Guajome"},{"link_name":"post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"charter city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_city"}],"text":"City in California, United StatesNot to be confused with Chula Vista, California.City in California, United StatesVista (/ˈvɪstə/; Spanish for \"view\") is a city in San Diego County, California. Vista is a medium-sized city within the San Diego-Carlsbad, CA Metropolitan Area. As of the 2020 Census, Vista had a population of 98,381. Current data estimates a 2023 population of 99,835.[8] Vista's sphere of influence also includes portions of unincorporated San Diego County to the north and east, with a county island in the central west.[9] Located just 7 mi (11 km) inland from the Pacific Ocean, it has a Mediterranean climate.A flag is displayed at the Vista Civic Center. The flag design is the seal of Vista on a blue background.Originally the lands of Rancho Buena Vista and Rancho Guajome, Vista was founded on October 9, 1882, with the establishment of a post office.[10] It was incorporated on January 28, 1963, and became a charter city on June 13, 2007.","title":"Vista, California"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guajome_Ranch_House_2012-09-21_13-28-14.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rancho Guajome Adobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Guajome_Adobe"},{"link_name":"Luiseño Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_people"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"independence of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Rancho Guajome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Guajome"},{"link_name":"Rancho Buena Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Buena_Vista_(Felipe)"},{"link_name":"Agua Hedionda Y los Manos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Agua_Hedionda"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"John A. Frazier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Frazier"},{"link_name":"Frazier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazier_Park,_California"},{"link_name":"Buena Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buena_Vista,_Amador_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lake Henshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Henshaw"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paseo_Santa_Fe_in_Vista,_CA.png"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The Rancho Guajome Adobe is the second oldest building in Vista.The Vista area was originally inhabited by the Luiseño Indians, who established a village in today's Vista called Tovalum.[11]The prosperity of the mission-era declined by the 1830s with the independence of Mexico from Spain. The Mexican government began to grant land ownerships to a variety of people, thus beginning the Rancho era of California. Three ranchos were granted in the Vista area: Rancho Guajome, Rancho Buena Vista, and Agua Hedionda Y los Manos.[12]In the 1850s the ranchos began to fade due to changing political conditions and the scarcity of water. A growing number of settlers came to the area after California became a state in 1850 and began to create smaller agricultural holdings. One settler in the Vista area, John A. Frazier, applied to open the first post office and after several attempts to name the city (Frazier and Buena Vista were already taken), Frazier finally chose the name \"Vista\". With the opening of the first post office in 1882, Vista had officially arrived.[13]In 1870, Bernard Delpy arrived from France to build what eventually became known as \"Delpy Corners\" at the intersection of today's East Vista Way and Foothill Drive. His nephew, Jules Jacques Delpy, joined him in 1879 and together they planted several hundred acres of grapes. In 1886, they built the first successful winery in the country. The winery was shut down by the Prohibition era.[14]Inhibited by the lack of water, Vista grew slowly through the early 1910s to less than 1,000 people. In 1913, two events marked the beginning of downtown’s growth and fixed its location for good. They were the division of the central area into smaller lots and the opening of two important buildings: the Vista Inn, which stood at the intersection of today’s Santa Fe Ave. and Main Street, and the train station that replaced the old cargo platform across the street.[15] With the vote of the people in 1923, the Vista Irrigation District had the necessary funding to construct a new water supply from Lake Henshaw.[16] New buildings in downtown sprang up almost immediately. Agriculture began to flourish with crops such as tomatoes, celery, and citrus fruits. Some hillsides were also planted for avocados and by 1948, Vista became the \"avocado capital of the world\", a moniker since taken by nearby Fallbrook, CA.[17]Following World War II, agriculture declined with an influx of population and housing. The City of Vista was incorporated on January 23, 1963. The frequent housing booms of the 1970s through early 2000s greatly increased the population of Vista. Many light manufacturing businesses moved into the Business Park area on the south side, starting in the 1980s. The Moonlight theatres, Rancho Guajome, Shadowridge, Vista Village, and other retail and cultural centers have since been developed.Since the 1990s, the downtown area has received about $12 million in investments from Vista for improvements.[18]Paseo Santa Fe in Downtown VistaThe City of Vista unveiled a new vision for downtown’s future in 2015, creating a specific plan intended to make downtown the main commercial, social, and cultural hub in Vista. The specific plan map aimed to make downtown more lively, appealing, and livable for current and future residents, businesses, and visitors.[18] In 2020, Vista finished the Paseo Santa Fe corridor project, which transformed almost a mile of S. Santa Fe Avenue between Vista Village Drive and Civic Center Drive into a pedestrian-friendly street that goes through the heart of downtown. The project created a sense of identity for downtown and made it more attractive and vibrant. The City of Vista hopes that it will stimulate other downtown activities and benefit the local businesses and community.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista,_CA_Landscape.png"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Landscape view showing Vista's hilly terrainAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 18.7 square miles (48 km2) of land. Vista is a hilly city. Most of the businesses are located in the flatter areas, and residences climb the hills. In undeveloped areas, the natural vegetation types includes chaparral brushland, oak-sycamore woodland, riparian (stream) woodland and oak-grass savanna. The natural vegetation is best seen in Buena Vista Park on the south side, in the San Marcos Hills, east of the city, and in undeveloped pockets on the north side (e.g. along Gopher Canyon Road and Guajome Regional Park).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"semi-arid climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-21"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Vista has a semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk) bordering on a Mediterranean climate (Csa). The climate is temperate, with extremes of temperature uncommon. Coastal breezes and foggy overcast (especially in May and June) keep the late spring/early summer high temperatures below 80 °F (27 °C). on most days. In general, the western side of the city (closer to the Pacific) is cooler and more overcast with ocean fog than the eastern side. It is common in May–June for the western side of Vista to be overcast and cool, while the eastern side basks in clear skies and sunshine. July, August and September are usually warmer, as the coastal breezes lessen. High temperatures in excess of 90 °F (32 °C), rarely above 100 °F (38 °C) sometimes occur in late summer. High temperatures also accompany dry Santa Ana wind events, which can strike any month, but are most common during fall. On 90% of days, though, the moderating influence of the nearby Pacific keeps the weather pleasant and temperatures moderate. Frost is quite rare in winter, and snowfall almost unknown. Most of the annual rainfall of 13.24 inches (336 mm) falls between November and April (Mediterranean climate type). Rainfall is higher in the San Marcos Hills on the eastern edge of the city, up to 20 inches (510 mm) per year. The moderate climate has made Vista and surrounding areas a center of the plant nursery industry. Avocados and other subtropical plants thrive in the area.Climate data for Vista, California (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1957–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n94(34)\n\n93(34)\n\n96(36)\n\n101(38)\n\n101(38)\n\n108(42)\n\n107(42)\n\n106(41)\n\n107(42)\n\n107(42)\n\n97(36)\n\n90(32)\n\n108(42)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n82.4(28.0)\n\n81.5(27.5)\n\n82.9(28.3)\n\n87.2(30.7)\n\n86.2(30.1)\n\n87.6(30.9)\n\n91.1(32.8)\n\n93.5(34.2)\n\n98.1(36.7)\n\n94.1(34.5)\n\n88.5(31.4)\n\n80.3(26.8)\n\n101.2(38.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n65.6(18.7)\n\n65.4(18.6)\n\n66.7(19.3)\n\n69.4(20.8)\n\n71.0(21.7)\n\n74.5(23.6)\n\n78.9(26.1)\n\n80.7(27.1)\n\n80.5(26.9)\n\n76.0(24.4)\n\n71.1(21.7)\n\n64.8(18.2)\n\n72.0(22.2)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n55.7(13.2)\n\n55.6(13.1)\n\n57.5(14.2)\n\n59.9(15.5)\n\n63.1(17.3)\n\n66.5(19.2)\n\n70.5(21.4)\n\n71.9(22.2)\n\n70.8(21.6)\n\n66.1(18.9)\n\n60.4(15.8)\n\n54.9(12.7)\n\n62.7(17.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n45.7(7.6)\n\n45.8(7.7)\n\n48.3(9.1)\n\n50.4(10.2)\n\n55.2(12.9)\n\n58.5(14.7)\n\n62.2(16.8)\n\n63.2(17.3)\n\n61.2(16.2)\n\n56.2(13.4)\n\n49.7(9.8)\n\n45.0(7.2)\n\n53.5(11.9)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n35.6(2.0)\n\n36.4(2.4)\n\n38.5(3.6)\n\n41.6(5.3)\n\n46.3(7.9)\n\n52.1(11.2)\n\n55.6(13.1)\n\n56.0(13.3)\n\n52.8(11.6)\n\n47.9(8.8)\n\n40.7(4.8)\n\n35.4(1.9)\n\n32.7(0.4)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n21(−6)\n\n29(−2)\n\n25(−4)\n\n31(−1)\n\n32(0)\n\n42(6)\n\n44(7)\n\n41(5)\n\n39(4)\n\n36(2)\n\n33(1)\n\n23(−5)\n\n21(−6)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n2.85(72)\n\n3.12(79)\n\n2.11(54)\n\n0.96(24)\n\n0.35(8.9)\n\n0.09(2.3)\n\n0.10(2.5)\n\n0.03(0.76)\n\n0.16(4.1)\n\n0.59(15)\n\n1.09(28)\n\n1.94(49)\n\n13.39(340)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n7.0\n\n7.9\n\n6.0\n\n4.1\n\n3.1\n\n1.0\n\n0.8\n\n0.4\n\n0.7\n\n2.1\n\n4.3\n\n6.2\n\n43.6\n\n\nSource: NOAA[20][21]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Community Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Community_Survey"},{"link_name":"Whites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people"},{"link_name":"Hispanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"race/ethnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Americans"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Americans"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"},{"link_name":"full-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-time_job"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"},{"link_name":"single-family detached houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-family_detached_home"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"2022","text":"The 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates reported that within Vista city, Whites and Hispanics were again the most numerous race/ethnic groups. The top ancestries were German, English, and Irish. Whites made up 75.5% of the population, while the remainder was largely Hispanic or Latino at 14.9%. All other specified races individually made up less than 10% of the population. Within the population under 18, Whites made up a larger fraction at 83.8%. Among households having children, the average number of children was two. The overall median age was 34.4 years.[23]Households with at least one individual employed full-time earned a median household income of $144,464. For households with both spouses employed full-time, median household income was $191,468. Approximately 9.1% of the population was below the poverty line, an improvement over both the national and California state averages.[23] The poverty rate was highest among single parent households with young children (greater than 20%), and lowest among married couple households with young children (less than 5%). The majority of households were married couple families, and the majority of homes were single-family detached houses. More residents owned their homes than rented.[24]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 Decennial U.S. Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"2020","text":"The 2020 Decennial U.S. Census reported Vista's population numbered 98,381 with a median age of 35.0 years. Males comprised 50.1% and females 49.9%. Whites and Hispanics were the most numerous race/ethnic groups. The White non-Hispanic population made up 36.1% of the city, while the remainder was predominantly Hispanic or Latino at 50.6%. Individuals selecting both Hispanic and White alone made up 7.8% of Vista's population. All other specified races individually made up less than 15% of the population.[25]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Top employers","text":"According to the city's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[29] the top employers in the city are:","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Interscholastic_Federation"},{"link_name":"Mission Vista Timberwolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Vista_High_School"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Vista Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vista_High_School_(Vista,_California)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Vista high schools have fielded several CIF Champion teams in recent years: the Mission Vista Timberwolves in both basketball and soccer,[30] and the Vista Panthers in football.[31]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moonlight_Amphitheatre_in_Vista,_CA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alta Vista Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Vista_Gardens"},{"link_name":"botanical garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden"},{"link_name":"horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"Rancho Guajome Adobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Guajome_Adobe"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Waterpark_in_Vista,_CA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antique Gas and Steam Engine Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antique_Gas_and_Steam_Engine_Museum"},{"link_name":"Boomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomers!_Parks"}],"text":"The stage at Moonlight AmphitheatreVista is home to two city-owned theaters: the recently updated Moonlight Amphitheatre and the Avo Playhouse. The Moonlight is an open-air theater that specializes in musical productions, performing several Broadway-caliber, musical productions during the course of the summer. A winter season concert venue called ClubM hosts shows where the performance and audience areas are on the Moonlight stage, sheltered from the elements. The Avo Playhouse located in Historic Downtown Vista is rented year round for private performances.Several popular downtown events include the North County St. Patrick's Day Parade & Festival, the Vista Strawberry Festival, the Vista Rod Run (over 25 years running) and the annual Winterfest & Christmas Parade.Vista houses one movie theater, currently a Cinepolis theater (as of 2015), but which opened as a Krikorian Cinema in fall 2003.Two of the best-known parks in the city are Brengle Terrace Park and Guajome County Park. Brengle Terrace Park houses the Moonlight Amphitheatre, Alta Vista Gardens (a city-owned botanical garden), two softball fields, a senior center, a playground, and the city community center, where the main offices of the city's day camps are held. Guajome County Park has 557 acres (2.25 km2) of land, which is shared between Vista and nearby Oceanside. It features a small lake, willow and oak woodlands, campsites, horse trails, and the Rancho Guajome Adobe, a National Historic Landmark. Buena Vista Park on the south side of Vista is a natural park where users can hike on trails through native chaparral and oak woodland.The Wave Waterpark facilitiesThe Rancho Guajome Adobe and Rancho Buena Vista Adobe are two historic rancho buildings in Vista, built in the mid-nineteenth century, both available for tours and special occasions.The city's Parks and Recreation Department runs the Wave Waterpark in the downtown area, open from mid-spring to early fall, and the brand new Vista Community Sports Park. Another attraction is the Antique Gas and Steam Engine Museum, an open-air museum demonstrating agricultural equipment from the 19th and early 20th centuries. A Boomers family fun park is also located in Vista.","title":"Parks and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_Civic_Center.JPG"}],"text":"Vista Civic Center","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"charter city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_city"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cc-2"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"City government","text":"Vista, a charter city, is governed by a mayor, John B. Franklin, and a city council, consisting of Corrina Contreras (Deputy Mayor), Joe Green, Katie Melendez and Daniel O'Donnell.[2] In 2017, Vista decided to divide the city into four council districts. The residents of each district elect a council member, with the mayor being elected at large.[32]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"the 38th Senate District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_38th_State_Senate_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Catherine Blakespear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Blakespear"},{"link_name":"the 74th Assembly District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_74th_State_Assembly_district"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Laurie Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Davies_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"California's 49th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_49th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Cook PVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Partisan_Voting_Index"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"circular reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Mike Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Levin"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"State and federal representation","text":"In the California State Legislature, Vista is in the 38th Senate District, represented by Democrat Catherine Blakespear, and in the 74th Assembly District, represented by Republican Laurie Davies.[33]In the United States House of Representatives, Vista is in California's 49th congressional district, which has a Cook PVI of D+4[34][circular reference] and is represented by Democrat Mike Levin.[35]According to the San Diego County Registrar of Voters, in December 2023 the City of Vista had more registered Democrats than Republicans. Out of a total of 51,922 registered voters, 20,539 were Democrats, and 14,306 were Republicans. Another 2,488 registered as Independents, and 12,424 declined any party affiliation.[36]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vista Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vista_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"elementary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_education"},{"link_name":"middle schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school"},{"link_name":"high schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"Rancho Buena Vista High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Buena_Vista_High_School"},{"link_name":"Vista High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vista_High_School_(Vista,_California)"},{"link_name":"Mission Vista High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Vista_High_School"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Guajome Park Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guajome_Park_Academy"}],"text":"The Vista Unified School District serves Vista and parts of Oceanside and several Unincorporated communities, with seventeen elementary schools, six middle schools, and six high schools, including Rancho Buena Vista High School, Vista High School and Mission Vista High School.[37] Guajome Park Academy is a charter school with joint elementary, middle, and high schools that receives part of its funding from the Vista Unified School District. Alta Vista Continuation High School is another option for teens who cannot attend regular school. There are 12 private schools serving over 2,500 students, including Tri-City Christian School, St. Francis of Assisi Catholic School and Calvary Christian School.Vista Adult School was established in 1977 by the Vista Unified School District. Vista Adult School is a provider of adult education services in the City of Vista and its surrounding communities. Vista Adult School offers adult education courses in the areas of: high school diploma, GED, HISET, adult basic education, ESL, parenting classes, community education courses, and career technical education courses (CTE). Vista Adult School also offers a robust selection of short-term medical training courses. Vista Adult School is a member of the Education to Career Network of North San Diego County (ETCN).","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"News","text":"The Vista Press is an online newspaper for Vista and North County San Diego news.[38]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KCEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCEO"}],"sub_title":"Radio stations","text":"AM 1000 KCEO","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KHAX-LD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHAX-LD"}],"sub_title":"TV stations","text":"KHAX-LD channel 17 is a translator of KBNT-LP channel 17 in San Diego.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North County Transit District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_County_Transit_District"}],"text":"The automobile is the primary means of transportation within the city of Vista, however bus service is provided by the North County Transit District (NCTD) BREEZE. NCTD has an east–west lightweight commuter train called the Sprinter with a stop in downtown Vista and another further east on Civic Center Drive near Highway 78.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:California_78.svg"},{"link_name":"State Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_78"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Diego_County_S13.svg"},{"link_name":"Vista Village Drive/East Vista \nWay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S13_(California)#S13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Diego_County_S14.svg"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_S14_(California)#S14"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Major roads and highways","text":"State Route 78\n Vista Village Drive/East Vista \nWay\nWest Vista Way\n Santa Fe Avenue\nBobier Drive[39]\nCivic Center Drive\nMelrose Drive\nSycamore Avenue\nShadowridge Drive\nEmerald Drive\nSanta Fe Avenue","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North County Transit District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_County_Transit_District"},{"link_name":"Sprinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprinter_(rail_service)"},{"link_name":"Vista Transit Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vista_Transit_Center"},{"link_name":"Civic Center Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Center-Vista_station"},{"link_name":"Buena Creek Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buena_Creek_station"},{"link_name":"sphere of influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influence"},{"link_name":"Sprinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprinter_(rail_service)"},{"link_name":"Oceanside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanside,_California"},{"link_name":"San Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marcos,_California"},{"link_name":"Escondido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escondido,_California"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaster_(rail_service)"},{"link_name":"Metrolink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrolink_(California)"}],"sub_title":"Mass transit","text":"The North County Transit District operates a bus system and a hybrid rail service, Sprinter, with stations at Vista Transit Center and Civic Center Drive within city limits and also the Buena Creek Road in eastern Vista sphere of influence. Sprinter provides service west to Oceanside and east to San Marcos and Escondido.[40] From the Sprinter station in Oceanside, commuters can connect to Amtrak trains, or to the Coaster commuter trains to downtown San Diego, or to the Metrolink commuter trains to the Los Angeles area.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego Gas & Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Gas_%26_Electric"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Utilities","text":"In the city of Vista, gas and electric service is provided by San Diego Gas & Electric, while water is provided by the Vista Irrigation District. Sewerage is provided by the City of Vista.[41]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tri-City Hospital District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-City_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Healthcare","text":"The city of Vista is located within the Tri-City Hospital District, which provides emergency care and hospitalization, while ambulance service is provided by the Vista Fire Department.[42] The Vista Community Clinic provides general health care to those who face economic, social or cultural barriers.[43]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vistacourthouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"North County Superior Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_Courts_of_California"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Government facilities","text":"North County Regional CenterLocated in Vista is the North County Regional Center, a San Diego County facility shared by the Superior Court, Sheriff, Vista Detention Facility jail, Probation, District Attorney, Revenue and Recovery, and the County Board of Supervisors. The North County Superior Court is a full service branch court.[44]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Public safety","text":"Law enforcement is provided by the San Diego County Sheriff's Department through a contract with the City of Vista, approved by the City Council. Fire suppression, fire prevention and EMS is provided by the Vista Fire Department.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carrie Prejean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Prejean"},{"link_name":"Lorena Gonzalez Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena_Gonzalez_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Darrell Issa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Issa"},{"link_name":"U.S. representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"California's 48th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_48th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"California's 49th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_49th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"House Oversight and Government Reform Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Oversight_and_Government_Reform_Committee"},{"link_name":"Red Killefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Killefer"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Katherine \"Scottie\" MacGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_MacGregor"},{"link_name":"Little House on the Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Danny Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Way"},{"link_name":"Rudolph B. Davila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_B._Davila"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Allan Holdsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Holdsworth"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Dave Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Roberts_(outfielder)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Tony Wolters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Wolters"},{"link_name":"Colorado Rockies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rockies"},{"link_name":"Don Prudhomme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Prudhomme"},{"link_name":"Sara Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Watkins"},{"link_name":"Sean Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Watkins"},{"link_name":"Nickel Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_Creek"},{"link_name":"Fiction Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction_Family"},{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration_(band)"},{"link_name":"Alan S. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_S._Thompson"},{"link_name":"Defense Logistics Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Logistics_Agency"},{"link_name":"Leon Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Hall"},{"link_name":"Oakland Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Pisa Tinoisamoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa_Tinoisamoa"},{"link_name":"Bob Burnquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Burnquist"},{"link_name":"Cove Reber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cove_Reber"},{"link_name":"Saosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saosin"},{"link_name":"Michael Damian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Damian"},{"link_name":"The Young & The Restless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_%26_The_Restless"},{"link_name":"Kirby Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_Wright"},{"link_name":"Heather Youmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Youmans"},{"link_name":"American Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol"}],"text":"Carrie Prejean, Miss California 2009\nLorena Gonzalez Fletcher, organized labor leader and former California State Assemblywoman\nDarrell Issa, U.S. representative for California's 48th congressional district, former U.S. representative for California's 49th congressional district and former chair of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee\nRed Killefer, professional baseball player[45]\nKatherine \"Scottie\" MacGregor, actress, most notably in television series Little House on the Prairie[46]\nDanny Way, skateboarder\nRudolph B. Davila, World War II Medal of Honor recipient[47]\nAllan Holdsworth, British guitarist and composer.[48]\nDave Roberts, manager of the Los Angeles Dodgers; former Major League outfielder\nTony Wolters, catcher for the Colorado Rockies,\nDon Prudhomme, retired drag racer and businessman\nSara Watkins, singer-songwriter and fiddler\nSean Watkins, singer-songwriter and guitarist, best known for being in the band Nickel Creek, the duo Fiction Family and the supergroup Works Progress Administration\nAlan S. Thompson, retired U.S. Navy Vice Admiral and former director of the Defense Logistics Agency\nLeon Hall, defensive back for NFL's Oakland Raiders\nPisa Tinoisamoa, retired NFL linebacker\nBob Burnquist, Brazilian skater\nCove Reber, singer-songwriter; lead vocalist of Saosin from 2004 to 2010 and Dead American\nMichael Damian, actor known for The Young & The Restless\nKirby Wright, poet and writer\nHeather Youmans, singer, actress, and contestant on American Idol","title":"Notable people"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Rancho Guajome Adobe is the second oldest building in Vista.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Guajome_Ranch_House_2012-09-21_13-28-14.jpg/220px-Guajome_Ranch_House_2012-09-21_13-28-14.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paseo Santa Fe in Downtown Vista","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Paseo_Santa_Fe_in_Vista%2C_CA.png/220px-Paseo_Santa_Fe_in_Vista%2C_CA.png"},{"image_text":"Landscape view showing Vista's hilly terrain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Vista%2C_CA_Landscape.png/220px-Vista%2C_CA_Landscape.png"},{"image_text":"The stage at Moonlight Amphitheatre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Moonlight_Amphitheatre_in_Vista%2C_CA.jpg/235px-Moonlight_Amphitheatre_in_Vista%2C_CA.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Wave Waterpark facilities","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wave_Waterpark_in_Vista%2C_CA.jpg/232px-Wave_Waterpark_in_Vista%2C_CA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vista Civic Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vista_Civic_Center.JPG/220px-Vista_Civic_Center.JPG"},{"image_text":"North County Regional Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vistacourthouse.jpg/220px-Vistacourthouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"San Diego County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_California_highlighting_San_Diego_County.svg/87px-Map_of_California_highlighting_San_Diego_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"California Cities by Incorporation Date\". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on October 17, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131017052413/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc","url_text":"\"California Cities by Incorporation Date\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Agency_Formation_Commission","url_text":"Local Agency Formation Commissions"},{"url":"http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Elected Officials\". City of Vista. Retrieved January 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofvista.com/city-hall/elected-officials/john-b-franklin","url_text":"\"Elected Officials\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Manager\". City of Vista, California. Retrieved January 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofvista.com/city-hall/city-manager","url_text":"\"City Manager\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_06.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vista\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved December 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1661645","url_text":"\"Vista\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Bios\". Vista Historical Society. Retrieved December 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/save/https://www.vistahistoricalsociety.com/bios","url_text":"\"Bios\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Vista\". City of Vista, California. Retrieved March 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cityofvista.com/about-vista","url_text":"\"About Vista\""}]},{"reference":"\"Estimates-E1 | Department of Finance\". dof.ca.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dof.ca.gov/forecasting/demographics/estimates-e1/","url_text":"\"Estimates-E1 | Department of Finance\""}]},{"reference":"San Diego GIS. \"City of Vista\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222003416/http://www.sdlafco.org/images/11x17maps/City_Vista.pdf","url_text":"\"City of Vista\""},{"url":"http://www.sdlafco.org/images/11x17maps/City_Vista.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eligio, Miranda; Jonatan (July 16, 2020). \"The American Indian Studies Department of Palomar College\". Office of Student Success & Equity. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.palomar.edu/sse/the-american-indian-studies-department-of-palomar-college/","url_text":"\"The American Indian Studies Department of Palomar College\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vista Enterprise - Page 3\". vistahistoricalsociety.com. Retrieved December 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://vistahistoricalsociety.com/about/vista-history?start=2","url_text":"\"Vista Enterprise - Page 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Renaissance: A Look at Downtown Vista's History & Rebirth | Downtown Vista, CA\". downtownvista.org. Retrieved December 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://downtownvista.org/feature/renaissance-a-look-at-downtown-vistas-history-and-rebirth","url_text":"\"Renaissance: A Look at Downtown Vista's History & Rebirth | Downtown Vista, CA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paseo Santa Fe Street Improvements Phase III | City of Vista\". www.cityofvista.com. Retrieved December 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofvista.com/visitors/paseo-santa-fe-corridor/paseo-santa-fe-phase-iii","url_text":"\"Paseo Santa Fe Street Improvements Phase III | City of Vista\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vista – NWS San Diego NOAA Online Weather Data\". NOAA. Retrieved February 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=sgx","url_text":"\"Vista – NWS San Diego NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Vista, CA\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 10, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230810224722/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00049378&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","url_text":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Vista, CA\""},{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00049378&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"MDAT\". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/mdat/#/search?ds=ACSPUMS1Y2022&nv=ucgid&g=795P200US0607323","url_text":"\"MDAT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/all?g=160XX00US0682996&y=2022&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Data%20Profiles","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/all?g=160XX00US0682996&y=2020","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Vista city, California\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALSF12000.P004?g=160XX00US0682996","url_text":"\"P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Vista city, California\""}]},{"reference":"\"P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Vista city, California\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US0682996&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2","url_text":"\"P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Vista city, California\""}]},{"reference":"\"P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Vista city, California\". United States Census Bureau. 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Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://vistapopwarner.com/association/","url_text":"\"WE ARE VPW\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Council Districts | City of Vista\". www.cityofvista.com. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofvista.com/city-hall/city-council/city-council-districts","url_text":"\"City Council Districts | City of Vista\""}]},{"reference":"\"California Redistricting Commission\". State of California. Retrieved January 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/final-maps/","url_text":"\"California Redistricting Commission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cook Partisan Voting Index\". The Cook Political Report. Retrieved December 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://cookpolitical.com/analysis/national/pvi/introducing-2021-cook-political-report-partisan-voter-index","url_text":"\"Cook Partisan Voting Index\""}]},{"reference":"\"California's 49th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map\". Civic Impulse, LLC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/CA/49","url_text":"\"California's 49th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Voter Registration Reports\". www.sdvote.com. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sdvote.com/content/rov/en/elections/reportquery.html","url_text":"\"Voter Registration Reports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Schools - Vista Unified\". www.vistausd.org. Retrieved December 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vistausd.org/our-schools","url_text":"\"Our Schools - Vista Unified\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Vista Press - Local news for San Diego North County\". The Vista Press. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thevistapress.com/","url_text":"\"The Vista Press - Local news for San Diego North County\""}]},{"reference":"\"NCTD Sprinter light rail schedule\". Retrieved January 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gonctd.com/sprinter/","url_text":"\"NCTD Sprinter light rail schedule\""}]},{"reference":"\"City and Residential Services\". Retrieved January 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cityofvista.com/service.cfm","url_text":"\"City and Residential Services\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paramedic EMS\". Archived from the original on May 5, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140505190404/http://www.cityofvista.com/departments/fire/ParamedicsEMS.cfm","url_text":"\"Paramedic EMS\""},{"url":"http://www.cityofvista.com/departments/fire/ParamedicsEMS.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vista Community Clinic\". Retrieved January 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vistacommunityclinic.org/about","url_text":"\"Vista Community Clinic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Superior Court of San Diego, information\". Retrieved January 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sdcourt.ca.gov/portal/page?_pageid=55,1058990&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL","url_text":"\"Superior Court of San Diego, information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Killefer, Ex-Vistan, Succumbs\". The Vista Press. September 8, 1958. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dwight Daniels (June 22, 2000). \"Belated recognition Asian-Americans get top honor -- Vista man waited 56 years\". San Diego Union Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Union_Tribune","url_text":"San Diego Union Tribune"}]}]
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Mission Vista High School\""},{"Link":"https://vistapopwarner.com/association/","external_links_name":"\"WE ARE VPW\""},{"Link":"https://www.cityofvista.com/city-hall/city-council/city-council-districts","external_links_name":"\"City Council Districts | City of Vista\""},{"Link":"https://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/final-maps/","external_links_name":"\"California Redistricting Commission\""},{"Link":"https://cookpolitical.com/analysis/national/pvi/introducing-2021-cook-political-report-partisan-voter-index","external_links_name":"\"Cook Partisan Voting Index\""},{"Link":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/CA/49","external_links_name":"\"California's 49th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map\""},{"Link":"https://www.sdvote.com/content/rov/en/elections/reportquery.html","external_links_name":"\"Voter Registration Reports\""},{"Link":"https://www.vistausd.org/our-schools","external_links_name":"\"Our Schools - Vista Unified\""},{"Link":"https://www.thevistapress.com/","external_links_name":"\"The Vista Press - Local news for San Diego North County\""},{"Link":"http://www.gonctd.com/sprinter/","external_links_name":"\"NCTD Sprinter light rail schedule\""},{"Link":"http://www.cityofvista.com/service.cfm","external_links_name":"\"City and Residential Services\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140505190404/http://www.cityofvista.com/departments/fire/ParamedicsEMS.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Paramedic EMS\""},{"Link":"http://www.cityofvista.com/departments/fire/ParamedicsEMS.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.vistacommunityclinic.org/about","external_links_name":"\"Vista Community Clinic\""},{"Link":"http://www.sdcourt.ca.gov/portal/page?_pageid=55,1058990&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL","external_links_name":"\"Superior Court of San Diego, information\""},{"Link":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/name/allan-holdsworth-obituary?pid=1000000185111903","external_links_name":"\"In Memory of Allan Holdsworth\""},{"Link":"https://www.cityofvista.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.vistachamber.org/","external_links_name":"Vista Chamber of Commerce"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/131026404","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562096105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84064417","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/427777ae-ed85-430d-b733-72008052890b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/204076587","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Zerbst
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Charles, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
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["1 Life","2 Marriage and issue","3 References","4 External links"]
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German prince
Charles WilliamPrince of Anhalt-ZerbstCharles William, Prince of Anhalt-ZerbstFull nameKarl WilhelmBorn(1652-10-16)16 October 1652Zerbst, Principality of Anhalt-ZerbstDied3 November 1718(1718-11-03) (aged 66)ZerbstNoble familyAscaniaSpouse(s)Duchess Sophia of Saxe-WeissenfelsFatherJohn VI, Prince of Anhalt-ZerbstMotherSophie Augusta of Holstein-Gottorp
Charles William, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (16 October 1652, in Zerbst – 3 November 1718, in Zerbst), was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst.
He was the third (but eldest surviving) son of John VI, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, and Sophie Auguste, daughter of Frederick III, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp. His two older brothers died before his birth.
Life
Charles William succeeded his father in Anhalt-Zerbst in 1667 at the age of fifteen. During his minority, which lasted until 1674, his mother, the Dowager Princess Sophie Auguste, acted as regent.
He ordered the building of Zerbst Castle (which was made his official residence) and the St. Trinitatis Church of Zerbst, which were both inaugurated in 1696. Also, he lived many years in Jever.
Marriage and issue
In Halle on 18 June 1676 Charles William married Sophie (b. Halle, 23 June 1654 – d. Zerbst, 31 March 1724), daughter of August, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels. They had three children :
John Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (b. Zerbst, 29 July 1677 – d. Zerbst, 7 November 1742).
Karl Frederick (b. Zerbst, 2 July 1678 – d. Zerbst, 1 September 1693).
Magdalene Auguste (b. Zerbst, 23 October 1679 – d. Altenburg, 11 October 1740), married on 17 June 1696 to Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg; she was the grandmother of King George III of Great Britain.
References
Ferdinand Siebigk: Karl Wilhelm. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 15, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1882, S. 226 f.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles William, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst.
Charles, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst House of AscaniaBorn: 16 October 1652 Died: 3 November 1718
Preceded byJohn VI
Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst 1667–1718
Succeeded byJohn Augustus
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zerbst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerbst"},{"link_name":"House of Ascania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Ascania"},{"link_name":"Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Anhalt-Zerbst"},{"link_name":"John VI, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Zerbst"},{"link_name":"Sophie Auguste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Augusta_of_Holstein-Gottorp"},{"link_name":"Frederick III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Holstein-Gottorp"}],"text":"Charles William, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (16 October 1652, in Zerbst – 3 November 1718, in Zerbst), was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst.He was the third (but eldest surviving) son of John VI, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, and Sophie Auguste, daughter of Frederick III, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp. His two older brothers died before his birth.","title":"Charles, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zerbst Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerbst_Castle"},{"link_name":"Jever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jever"}],"text":"Charles William succeeded his father in Anhalt-Zerbst in 1667 at the age of fifteen. During his minority, which lasted until 1674, his mother, the Dowager Princess Sophie Auguste, acted as regent.He ordered the building of Zerbst Castle (which was made his official residence) and the St. Trinitatis Church of Zerbst, which were both inaugurated in 1696. Also, he lived many years in Jever.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle,_Saxony-Anhalt"},{"link_name":"Sophie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_Sophia_of_Saxe-Weissenfels"},{"link_name":"August, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August,_Duke_of_Saxe-Weissenfels"},{"link_name":"John Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Augustus,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Zerbst"},{"link_name":"Magdalene Auguste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Augusta_of_Anhalt-Zerbst"},{"link_name":"Altenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altenburg"},{"link_name":"Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg"},{"link_name":"George III of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_Great_Britain"}],"text":"In Halle on 18 June 1676 Charles William married Sophie (b. Halle, 23 June 1654 – d. Zerbst, 31 March 1724), daughter of August, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels. They had three children :John Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (b. Zerbst, 29 July 1677 – d. Zerbst, 7 November 1742).\nKarl Frederick (b. Zerbst, 2 July 1678 – d. Zerbst, 1 September 1693).\nMagdalene Auguste (b. Zerbst, 23 October 1679 – d. Altenburg, 11 October 1740), married on 17 June 1696 to Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg; she was the grandmother of King George III of Great Britain.","title":"Marriage and issue"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/28157098560372552835","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/10204337X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd10204337X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87al%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1rlar,_Sason
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Çalışırlar, Sason
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 38°22′55″N 41°29′31″E / 38.382°N 41.492°E / 38.382; 41.492Village in Batman Province, Turkey
Village in Batman, TurkeyÇalışırlarVillageÇalışırlarLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 38°22′55″N 41°29′31″E / 38.382°N 41.492°E / 38.382; 41.492CountryTurkeyProvinceBatmanDistrictSasonPopulation (2021)296Time zoneTRT (UTC+3)
Çalışırlar is a village in the Sason District, Batman Province, Turkey. The village had a population of 296 in 2021.
References
^ "Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri". T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
^ "Günümüz Sason Aşiretlerinin Dağılımı" (in Turkish). 28 July 2016. Archived from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
vteSason DistrictMunicipalities
Sason
Yücebağ
Villages
Acar
Altıdere
Balbaşı
Bayramlar
Boğazkapı
Cevizli
Çağlı
Çakırpınar
Çalışırlar
Çayırlı
Çınarlı
Dağçatı
Dereiçi
Dereköy
Derince
Dikbayır
Dörtbölük
Ekinlik
Ergünü
Erikli
Geçitli
Gençler
Gürgenli
Güvercinlik
Heybeli
İncesu
Kaleyolu
Karameşe
Karayün
Kaşyayla
Kavaklı
Kayadüzü
Kelhasan
Kilimli
Kilis
Kınalı
Köprübaşı
Kulaksız
Meşeli
Örenağıl
Sarıyayla
Soğanlı
Taşyuva
Topluca
Turnalı
Umurlu
Yakabağ
Yeniköy
Yiğitler
Yolüstü
Yuvalar
Yuvalıçay
Yürekli
Ziyaret
This geographical article about a location in Batman Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sason District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sason_District"},{"link_name":"Batman Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Village in Batman Province, TurkeyVillage in Batman, TurkeyÇalışırlar is a village in the Sason District, Batman Province, Turkey.[1] The village had a population of 296 in 2021.[2][3]","title":"Çalışırlar, Sason"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri\". T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","url_text":"\"Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021\" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 30 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]},{"reference":"\"Günümüz Sason Aşiretlerinin Dağılımı\" (in Turkish). 28 July 2016. Archived from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160801075526/http://www.sasun.org/kultur/gunumuz-sason-asiretlerinin-dagilimi-h731.html","url_text":"\"Günümüz Sason Aşiretlerinin Dağılımı\""},{"url":"http://www.sasun.org/kultur/gunumuz-sason-asiretlerinin-dagilimi-h731.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarnsj%C3%B6n,_Lissma
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Kvarnsjön, Lissma
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 59°11′34″N 18°4′51″E / 59.19278°N 18.08083°E / 59.19278; 18.08083You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Swedish. (October 2011) Click for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the Swedish article.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Not to be confused with Kvarnsjön, Gladö.
KvarnsjönKvarnsjönLocationHuddinge MunicipalityCoordinates59°11′34″N 18°4′51″E / 59.19278°N 18.08083°E / 59.19278; 18.08083Basin countriesSwedenSurface area0.145 km2 (0.056 sq mi)Max. depth1.7 m (5 ft 7 in)Surface elevation51.4 m (169 ft)
Kvarnsjön is a long narrow lake at Lissma in Huddinge Municipality, Södermanland. The surrounding land is part of Tyresån's main catchment area. The lake is 1.7 meters deep, covers an area of 0.145 square kilometers and is 51.4 meters above sea level. Kvarnsjön is situated in Kvarnsjön Natura 2000 area. During test fishing, perch and pike have been caught in the lake.
Kvarnsjön is surrounded mainly by lean pine woodland and marshland. It drains south through a dam and an old mill pond to Lissmaån and then on to Drevviken. Kvarnsjön is part of the Tyresån lake system.
The lake's outlet goes to Lake Lissma and used to be used as an energy source for Lissma mill (called Kvarntorpet or Täppan). After the mill, low walls of chipped gray stone blocks remain on either side of the stream. Above these is an old wooden bridge (RAÄ number Huddinge 203: 1). lake is part of the Tyresån lake system and lies within the Lännaskogens nature reserve . The mill has lent its name to Lissma Kvarntorp a residential area consisting of holiday homes and permanent housing.
References
^ kommun, Huddinge. "Kvarnsjön - Lissma - Miljöbarometern". Huddinge kommun (in Swedish). Retrieved 2019-12-21.
This article about a location in Stockholm County, Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kvarnsjön, Gladö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarnsj%C3%B6n,_Glad%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake"},{"link_name":"Lissma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lissma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Huddinge Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddinge_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Södermanland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland"},{"link_name":"Lissmaån","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lissma%C3%A5n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Drevviken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drevviken"},{"link_name":"Tyresån lake system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyres%C3%A5n_lake_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Kvarnsjön, Gladö.Kvarnsjön is a long narrow lake at Lissma in Huddinge Municipality, Södermanland. The surrounding land is part of Tyresån's main catchment area. The lake is 1.7 meters deep, covers an area of 0.145 square kilometers and is 51.4 meters above sea level. Kvarnsjön is situated in Kvarnsjön Natura 2000 area. During test fishing, perch and pike have been caught in the lake.Kvarnsjön is surrounded mainly by lean pine woodland and marshland. It drains south through a dam and an old mill pond to Lissmaån and then on to Drevviken. Kvarnsjön is part of the Tyresån lake system.[1]The lake's outlet goes to Lake Lissma and used to be used as an energy source for Lissma mill (called Kvarntorpet or Täppan). After the mill, low walls of chipped gray stone blocks remain on either side of the stream. Above these is an old wooden bridge (RAÄ number Huddinge 203: 1). lake is part of the Tyresån lake system and lies within the Lännaskogens nature reserve . The mill has lent its name to Lissma Kvarntorp a residential area consisting of holiday homes and permanent housing.","title":"Kvarnsjön, Lissma"}]
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[{"reference":"kommun, Huddinge. \"Kvarnsjön - Lissma - Miljöbarometern\". Huddinge kommun (in Swedish). Retrieved 2019-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://miljobarometern.huddinge.se/sjoar/kvarnsjon-lissma/","url_text":"\"Kvarnsjön - Lissma - Miljöbarometern\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kvarnsj%C3%B6n,_Lissma¶ms=59_11_34_N_18_4_51_E_region:SE_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"59°11′34″N 18°4′51″E / 59.19278°N 18.08083°E / 59.19278; 18.08083"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKvarnsj%C3%B6n,_Lissma&sl=sv&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kvarnsj%C3%B6n,_Lissma¶ms=59_11_34_N_18_4_51_E_region:SE_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"59°11′34″N 18°4′51″E / 59.19278°N 18.08083°E / 59.19278; 18.08083"},{"Link":"http://miljobarometern.huddinge.se/sjoar/kvarnsjon-lissma/","external_links_name":"\"Kvarnsjön - Lissma - Miljöbarometern\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kvarnsj%C3%B6n,_Lissma&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghdash,_Khoy
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Aghdash, Khoy
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 38°29′29″N 44°56′27″E / 38.49139°N 44.94083°E / 38.49139; 44.94083Village in West Azerbaijan, IranAghdash
اغداشvillageAghdashCoordinates: 38°29′29″N 44°56′27″E / 38.49139°N 44.94083°E / 38.49139; 44.94083Country IranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountyKhoyBakhshCentralRural DistrictRahalPopulation (2006) • Total360Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Aghdash (Persian: اغداش, also Romanized as Āghdāsh; also known as Āghdāsh-e Jadīd) is a village in Rahal Rural District, in the Central District of Khoy County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 360, in 84 families.
References
^ Aghdash can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3767261" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Khoy CountyCapital
Khoy
DistrictsCentralCities
Firuraq
Khoy
Rural Districts and villagesDizaj
Aghdarreh
Agri Bujaq
Ahmadabad
Akbarabad
Alquyruq
Asgarabad
Badalabad
Dizaj-e Jamshid Khan
Ezzatabad
Hajjat Kadeh
Heydarabad
Jafarabad
Kam
Katenluy-e Olya
Katenluy-e Sofla
Khaneqah
Koshkzar
Meydan-e Olya
Meydan-e Sofla
Parchi
Qerkh Yashar
Qez Qaleh
Qowzlojeh
Ravand
Sarab
Sogotlu
Yarim Qayeh
Zagheh
Firuraq
Ahmadabad
Badalan
Bagh-e Rajab
Batchi
Dash Pasak
Dizaj-e Batchi
Hendovan
Hesar
Kuchek
Pasak-e Sofla
Pir Musa
Qarah Dash
Qashqa Bolagh
Qeshlaq
Shivan Kandi
Sufi Kandi
Var
Zaviyeh-e Hasan Khan
Gowharan
Amineh Deh
Gowharan
Hashieh Rud
Kord Neshin
Pakajik
Qareh Shaban
Saidabad
Sarabdal
Shur Ab
Qarah Su
Aghcheh Qeshlaq
Azab
Bayram Kandi
Bulamaj
Dizaj Diz
Dizaj-e Herik
Dizaj-e Morteza Kandi
Esmail Kandi
Fanai
Goruk Kandi
Khak Mardan
Khanjar Khan
Molla Jonud
Qarajelu
Seyyed Taj ol Din
Shirin Kandi
Shur Bolagh
Rahal
Abati
Aghdash
Amir Beyg
Babakan
Bakhtiaran
Bianlu
Bozgush
Buyla Push
Chavoshqoli
Daljeli
Emam Kandi
Esteran
Gonbad
Gurparan
Hendevan
Hesar-e Qarah Tappeh
Hesar-e Sofla
Khandizaj
Khvoyaman-e Jadid
Kurti
Qarah Tappeh
Qods Brick Factory
Quruq
Rahal
Salkadeh
Shabanluy-e Olya
Shabanluy-e Sofla
Sinur
Sivan
Taglak
Yazdekan
Zaviyeh-e Sheykh Lar
IvughliCities
Ivughli
Rural Districts and villagesIvughli
Aghbolagh
Bileh Var
Bizandeh
Etezadiyeh
Hoseynabad-e Marakan
Marakan
Mozaffarabad
Pir Kandi
Siah Baz
Tappeh Bashi
Valdian
Agheshlu
Bagh Daraq
Cheshmeh
Ersi
Mahlezan
Navai
Valdian
Vishlaq-e Olya
Vishlaq-e Sofla
Zarean
QaturCities
Qatur
Rural Districts and villagesQatur
Balajuk
Garnavik
Givaran
Habash-e Olya
Habash-e Sofla
Hastehjuk
Kalt-e Olya
Kalt-e Sofla
Kutanabad
Makhin
Mir Omar
Najibabad
Razi
Sharifabad
Tarsabad
Yusefabad
Zeri
Al Sormeh
Almalu
Chalyan
Gugerd
Kafacherin
Qareh Gol
Qilehliq
Ravyan
Salehabad
Tarimish
Zeri
SafayyehCities
Zurabad
Rural Districts and villagesAland
Balaban
Balesur-e Olya
Balesur-e Sofla
Bardarash-e Olya
Bardarash-e Sofla
Barzhuk
Chakhmaq
Chakmeh Zar
Dizaj-e Aland
Jang-e Sar
Karkush
Mostafaabad
Qezel Aghol
Qur Shaqlu
Tavarreh
Tudan
Yar Paqlu
Sokmanabad
Agh Bash
Ali Sheykh
Aq Bolagh-e Olya
Aq Bolagh-e Sofla
Ariglu
Demdem
Dibak
Donbaki
Galleh Peran
Garm Darreh
Goladur
Hadar
Kalus
Kalvanes
Kaput
Kelisa
Mamesh Khan
Mohammad Sheli
Molla Esmail
Qarah Aghaj
Qarah Qush-e Olya
Qarah Qush-e Sofla
Qaranjeh
Qeris
Qezel Dash-e Olya
Qezel Dash-e Sofla
Qezeljeh
Qinar-e Olya
Qinar-e Sofla
Qiz Ulan
Qurdarik-e Olya
Qurdarik-e Sofla
Qurqan
Shegofti
Shurik
Sonnat-e Olya
Sonnat-e Sofla
Zaviyeh
Iran portal
This Khoy County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rahal Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahal_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Khoy_County)"},{"link_name":"Khoy County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoy_County"},{"link_name":"West Azerbaijan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in West Azerbaijan, IranAghdash (Persian: اغداش, also Romanized as Āghdāsh; also known as Āghdāsh-e Jadīd)[1] is a village in Rahal Rural District, in the Central District of Khoy County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 360, in 84 families.[2]","title":"Aghdash, Khoy"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aghdash,_Khoy¶ms=38_29_29_N_44_56_27_E_region:IR_type:city(360)","external_links_name":"38°29′29″N 44°56′27″E / 38.49139°N 44.94083°E / 38.49139; 44.94083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aghdash,_Khoy¶ms=38_29_29_N_44_56_27_E_region:IR_type:city(360)","external_links_name":"38°29′29″N 44°56′27″E / 38.49139°N 44.94083°E / 38.49139; 44.94083"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aghdash,_Khoy&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lake,_Hants
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List of lakes of Nova Scotia
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["1 Cape Breton Island","1.1 All Four Counties","1.2 Cape Breton Regional Municipality","1.3 Inverness County","1.4 Richmond County","1.5 Victoria County","2 Halifax Regional Municipality","3 Annapolis County","4 Antigonish County","5 Colchester County","6 Cumberland County","7 Digby County","7.1 Municipality of Clare","7.2 Municipality of the District of Digby","8 Guysborough County","8.1 Municipality of the District of Guysborough","8.2 Municipality of the District of Saint Mary's","9 Hants County","9.1 Municipality of East Hants","9.2 Municipality of the District of West Hants","10 Lunenburg County","10.1 Municipality of the District of Lunenburg","10.2 Municipality of the District of Chester","11 Kings County","12 Pictou County","13 Region of Queens Municipality","14 Shelburne County","14.1 Municipality of Barrington","14.2 Municipality of the District of Shelburne","15 Yarmouth County","15.1 Municipalite Argyle Municipality","15.2 Municipality of the District of Yarmouth","16 See also","17 References"]
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BC
AB
SK
MB
ON
QC
NB
PE
NS
NL
YT
NT
NU
This is a list of lakes in Nova Scotia.
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
Cape Breton Island
All Four Counties
Bras d'Or Lake 45°51′37″N 60°46′44″W / 45.86028°N 60.77889°W / 45.86028; -60.77889 (Bras d'Or Lake)
Cape Breton Regional Municipality
Anse aux Cannes Pond 45°57′41″N 59°48′29″W / 45.96139°N 59.80806°W / 45.96139; -59.80806 (Anse aux Cannes Pond)
The Barachois 45°55′0″N 59°58′41″W / 45.91667°N 59.97806°W / 45.91667; -59.97806 (The Barachois)
Bear Cove Pond 45°48′34″N 60°4′55″W / 45.80944°N 60.08194°W / 45.80944; -60.08194 (Bear Cove Pond)
Bear Gulch Ponds 45°57′46″N 59°50′39″W / 45.96278°N 59.84417°W / 45.96278; -59.84417 (Bear Gulch Ponds)
Beaverdam Pond 46°5′24″N 59°56′22″W / 46.09000°N 59.93944°W / 46.09000; -59.93944 (Beaverdam Pond)
Belle Lake 45°57′7″N 60°6′16″W / 45.95194°N 60.10444°W / 45.95194; -60.10444 (Belle Lake)
Bennetts Pond 45°57′8″N 59°49′24″W / 45.95222°N 59.82333°W / 45.95222; -59.82333 (Bennetts Pond)
Big Pond 45°56′46″N 59°52′19″W / 45.94611°N 59.87194°W / 45.94611; -59.87194 (Big Pond)
Blacketts Lake 46°4′7″N 60°18′28″W / 46.06861°N 60.30778°W / 46.06861; -60.30778 (Blacketts Lake)
Bluff Lake 45°47′42″N 60°6′8″W / 45.79500°N 60.10222°W / 45.79500; -60.10222 (Bluff Lake)
Boom Pond 45°59′49″N 59°51′11″W / 45.99694°N 59.85306°W / 45.99694; -59.85306 (Boom Pond)
Boutellier Lake 46°5′23″N 60°6′59″W / 46.08972°N 60.11639°W / 46.08972; -60.11639 (Boutellier Lake)
Bray Lake 46°6′13″N 60°7′35″W / 46.10361°N 60.12639°W / 46.10361; -60.12639 (Bray Lake)
Buscombe Lake 46°6′13″N 60°7′35″W / 46.10361°N 60.12639°W / 46.10361; -60.12639 (Buscombe Lake)
Campbells Pond 45°59′27″N 59°50′47″W / 45.99083°N 59.84639°W / 45.99083; -59.84639 (Campbells Pond)
Canoe Lake 45°52′17″N 60°13′39″W / 45.87139°N 60.22750°W / 45.87139; -60.22750 (Canoe Lake)
Catalone Lake 46°0′2″N 59°57′4″W / 46.00056°N 59.95111°W / 46.00056; -59.95111 (Catalone Lake)
Cavanaghs Lake 45°54′59″N 60°2′22″W / 45.91639°N 60.03944°W / 45.91639; -60.03944 (Cavanaghs Lake)
Cochran Lake 46°5′57″N 59°59′35″W / 46.09917°N 59.99306°W / 46.09917; -59.99306 (Cochran Lake)
Copper Lake 45°54′19″N 60°12′38″W / 45.90528°N 60.21056°W / 45.90528; -60.21056 (Copper Lake)
Cranberry Pond 46°3′9″N 60°9′47″W / 46.05250°N 60.16306°W / 46.05250; -60.16306 (Cranberry Pond)
Cusack Lake 46°6′37″N 60°5′13″W / 46.11028°N 60.08694°W / 46.11028; -60.08694 (Cusack Lake)
Danny MacDonalds Lake 45°58′27″N 60°4′44″W / 45.97417°N 60.07889°W / 45.97417; -60.07889 (Danny MacDonalds Lake)
Deadman Lake 46°4′25″N 60°9′46″W / 46.07361°N 60.16278°W / 46.07361; -60.16278 (Deadman Lake)
Dixon Lake 45°57′15″N 60°7′36″W / 45.95417°N 60.12667°W / 45.95417; -60.12667 (Dixon Lake)
Dixons Lake 45°55′54″N 59°58′24″W / 45.93167°N 59.97333°W / 45.93167; -59.97333 (Dixons Lake)
Ducker Lake 46°2′28″N 60°8′13″W / 46.04111°N 60.13694°W / 46.04111; -60.13694 (Ducker Lake)
Dumaresq Lake 46°4′27″N 60°8′18″W / 46.07417°N 60.13833°W / 46.07417; -60.13833 (Dumaresq Lake)
Ferguson Lake 45°58′18″N 60°4′31″W / 45.97167°N 60.07528°W / 45.97167; -60.07528 (Ferguson Lake)
Fiddlers Lake 45°53′42″N 60°12′23″W / 45.89500°N 60.20639°W / 45.89500; -60.20639 (Fiddlers Lake)
Fieldings Lake 45°59′29″N 60°2′15″W / 45.99139°N 60.03750°W / 45.99139; -60.03750 (Fieldings Lake)
First Dodds Lake 46°8′25″N 60°2′47″W / 46.14028°N 60.04639°W / 46.14028; -60.04639 (First Dodds Lake)
French Village Lake 45°55′8″N 60°15′50″W / 45.91889°N 60.26389°W / 45.91889; -60.26389 (French Village Lake)
Gabarus Lake 45°48′44″N 60°12′32″W / 45.81222°N 60.20889°W / 45.81222; -60.20889 (Gabarus Lake)
Goose Lake 45°45′0″N 60°17′54″W / 45.75000°N 60.29833°W / 45.75000; -60.29833 (Goose Lake)
Grants Hill Lake 45°48′30″N 60°8′41″W / 45.80833°N 60.14472°W / 45.80833; -60.14472 (Grants Hill Lake)
Grants Old Lake 45°49′24″N 60°9′12″W / 45.82333°N 60.15333°W / 45.82333; -60.15333 (Grants Old Lake)
Gull Lake 46°0′30″N 59°49′42″W / 46.00833°N 59.82833°W / 46.00833; -59.82833 (Gull Lake)
Hardys Lake 45°48′24″N 60°6′51″W / 45.80667°N 60.11417°W / 45.80667; -60.11417 (Hardys Lake)
Little Ferguson Lake 45°57′8″N 60°6′51″W / 45.95222°N 60.11417°W / 45.95222; -60.11417 (Little Ferguson Lake)
Little MacLeod Lake 45°57′27″N 60°6′20″W / 45.95750°N 60.10556°W / 45.95750; -60.10556 (Little MacLeod Lake)
Lower MacLeod Lake 45°57′21″N 60°7′52″W / 45.95583°N 60.13111°W / 45.95583; -60.13111 (Lower MacLeod Lake)
MacInnis Lake 45°57′28″N 60°8′53″W / 45.95778°N 60.14806°W / 45.95778; -60.14806 (MacInnis Lake)
MacIntyre Lake 45°58′20″N 60°5′43″W / 45.97222°N 60.09528°W / 45.97222; -60.09528 (MacIntyre Lake)
MacIsaacs Lake 45°58′18″N 60°7′48″W / 45.97167°N 60.13000°W / 45.97167; -60.13000 (MacIsaacs Lake)
MacLeod Lake 45°56′50″N 60°8′9″W / 45.94722°N 60.13583°W / 45.94722; -60.13583 (MacLeod Lake)
MacMullin Lake 45°57′40″N 60°6′37″W / 45.96111°N 60.11028°W / 45.96111; -60.11028 (MacMullin Lake)
MacPherson Lake 45°57′32″N 60°5′33″W / 45.95889°N 60.09250°W / 45.95889; -60.09250 (MacPherson Lake)
Marsh Lake 46°6′0″N 60°6′54″W / 46.10000°N 60.11500°W / 46.10000; -60.11500 (Marsh Lake)
Shibinette Lakes 45°58′48″N 60°7′8″W / 45.98000°N 60.11889°W / 45.98000; -60.11889 (Shibinette Lakes)
Slatterys Lake 45°50′11″N 60°9′26″W / 45.83639°N 60.15722°W / 45.83639; -60.15722 (Slatterys Lake)
Stewarts Lake 45°56′24″N 60°1′14″W / 45.94000°N 60.02056°W / 45.94000; -60.02056 (Stewarts Lake)
Sugar Loaf Lakes 45°48′12″N 60°5′38″W / 45.80333°N 60.09389°W / 45.80333; -60.09389 (Sugar Loaf Lakes)
Tank Pond 46°1′51″N 59°58′16″W / 46.03083°N 59.97111°W / 46.03083; -59.97111 (Tank Pond)
Taylors Ponds 45°57′45″N 60°3′7″W / 45.96250°N 60.05194°W / 45.96250; -60.05194 (Taylors Ponds)
The Three Ponds 45°57′5″N 59°54′38″W / 45.95139°N 59.91056°W / 45.95139; -59.91056 (The Three Ponds)
Three Stone Lake 45°52′36″N 60°12′29″W / 45.87667°N 60.20806°W / 45.87667; -60.20806 (Twelve Mile Lake)
Twelve Mile Lake 45°54′3″N 60°7′52″W / 45.90083°N 60.13111°W / 45.90083; -60.13111 (Twelve Mile Lake)
Upper Barachois Lake 45°50′25″N 60°8′37″W / 45.84028°N 60.14361°W / 45.84028; -60.14361 (Willis Lake)
Willis Lake 45°52′26″N 60°12′42″W / 45.87389°N 60.21167°W / 45.87389; -60.21167 (Willis Lake)
Winging Point Lake 45°47′13″N 60°7′2″W / 45.78694°N 60.11722°W / 45.78694; -60.11722 (Winging Point Lake)
Inverness County
Lake Ainslie 46°7′59″N 61°10′59″W / 46.13306°N 61.18306°W / 46.13306; -61.18306 (Lake Ainslie)
Beaver Lake 45°46′45″N 61°10′31″W / 45.77917°N 61.17528°W / 45.77917; -61.17528 (Beaver Lake)
Ballams Pond 45°41′45″N 61°6′19″W / 45.69583°N 61.10528°W / 45.69583; -61.10528 (Ballams Pond)
Beaver Dam Lake 45°38′18″N 61°17′3″W / 45.63833°N 61.28417°W / 45.63833; -61.28417 (Beaver Dam Lake)
Black Charlies Lake 45°50′39″N 61°2′24″W / 45.84417°N 61.04000°W / 45.84417; -61.04000 (Black Charlies Lake)
Black Lakes 45°47′29″N 61°7′17″W / 45.79139°N 61.12139°W / 45.79139; -61.12139 (Black Lakes)
Brileys Lake 45°45′11″N 61°24′10″W / 45.75306°N 61.40278°W / 45.75306; -61.40278 (Brileys Lake)
Company Lake 45°50′0″N 61°3′1″W / 45.83333°N 61.05028°W / 45.83333; -61.05028 (Company Lake)
Little Beaver Lakes 45°50′44″N 61°1′13″W / 45.84556°N 61.02028°W / 45.84556; -61.02028 (Little Beaver Lakes)
Livingstones Lakes 45°51′45″N 61°6′0″W / 45.86250°N 61.10000°W / 45.86250; -61.10000 (Livingstones Lakes)
MacArthurs Lake 45°45′49″N 61°14′47″W / 45.76361°N 61.24639°W / 45.76361; -61.24639 (MacArthurs Lake)
MacAskills Lake 45°50′9″N 61°2′39″W / 45.83583°N 61.04417°W / 45.83583; -61.04417 (MacAskills Lake)
MacDonalds Lake 45°50′14″N 61°2′14″W / 45.83722°N 61.03722°W / 45.83722; -61.03722 (MacDonalds Lake)
MacGregors Lake 45°41′44″N 61°18′52″W / 45.69556°N 61.31444°W / 45.69556; -61.31444 (MacGregors Lake)
MacIntyre Lake 45°39′12″N 61°16′49″W / 45.65333°N 61.28028°W / 45.65333; -61.28028 (MacIntyre Lake)
MacRaes Lakes 45°49′12″N 61°4′34″W / 45.82000°N 61.07611°W / 45.82000; -61.07611 (MacRaes Lakes)
Richmond County
Buchanan Lake 45°38′49″N 61°6′9″W / 45.64694°N 61.10250°W / 45.64694; -61.10250 (Buchanan Lake)
Donnellys Lake 45°43′58″N 60°58′17″W / 45.73278°N 60.97139°W / 45.73278; -60.97139 (Donnellys Lake)
First Lake 45°38′20″N 61°1′0″W / 45.63889°N 61.01667°W / 45.63889; -61.01667 (First Lake)
Hill Lake 45°42′0″N 60°59′46″W / 45.70000°N 60.99611°W / 45.70000; -60.99611 (Hill Lake)
Lauchlin Lake 45°39′6″N 61°7′39″W / 45.65167°N 61.12750°W / 45.65167; -61.12750 (Lauchlin Lake)
Loch Lomond 45°44′46.9″N 60°35′22.9″W / 45.746361°N 60.589694°W / 45.746361; -60.589694 (Loch Lomond)
MacMillan Lakes 45°37′59″N 61°9′50″W / 45.63306°N 61.16389°W / 45.63306; -61.16389 (MacMillan Lakes)
McCarthys Lake 45°37′44″N 61°10′7″W / 45.62889°N 61.16861°W / 45.62889; -61.16861 (McCarthys Lake)
McDonald Lake 45°43′13″N 60°57′48″W / 45.72028°N 60.96333°W / 45.72028; -60.96333 (McDonald Lake)
Middle Lake 45°37′52″N 61°9′33″W / 45.63111°N 61.15917°W / 45.63111; -61.15917 (Middle Lake)
Willis Lake 45°52′25.9″N 60°12′42″W / 45.873861°N 60.21167°W / 45.873861; -60.21167 (Willis Lake)
Victoria County
Artemise Lake 46°37′12″N 60°40′7″W / 46.62000°N 60.66861°W / 46.62000; -60.66861 (Artemise Lake)
Beaver Lake 46°43′6″N 60°30′37″W / 46.71833°N 60.51028°W / 46.71833; -60.51028 (Beaver Lake)
Big Lake 46°24′56″N 60°37′48″W / 46.41556°N 60.63000°W / 46.41556; -60.63000 (Big Lake)
Black Lake 46°52′35″N 60°33′35″W / 46.876389°N 60.559722°W / 46.876389; -60.559722
Boot Lake 46°33′9″N 60°28′38″W / 46.55250°N 60.47722°W / 46.55250; -60.47722 (Boot Lake)
Boyd Lake 46°40′51″N 60°29′6″W / 46.68083°N 60.48500°W / 46.68083; -60.48500 (Boyd Lake)
Breton Cove Pond 46°27′33″N 60°27′22″W / 46.45917°N 60.45611°W / 46.45917; -60.45611 (Breton Cove Pond)
Camerons Lakes 46°40′55″N 60°26′45″W / 46.68194°N 60.44583°W / 46.68194; -60.44583 (Camerons Lakes)
Canns Lake 46°40′21″N 60°25′55″W / 46.67250°N 60.43194°W / 46.67250; -60.43194 (Camerons Lakes)
Caribou Lakes 46°37′17″N 60°36′12″W / 46.62139°N 60.60333°W / 46.62139; -60.60333 (Caribou Lakes)
Chéticamp Flowage 46°39′5″N 60°38′16″W / 46.65139°N 60.63778°W / 46.65139; -60.63778 (Chéticamp Flowage)
Clyburn Lake 46°39′58″N 60°34′46″W / 46.66611°N 60.57944°W / 46.66611; -60.57944 (Clyburn Lake)
Dauphiney Lake 46°41′57″N 60°31′58″W / 46.69917°N 60.53278°W / 46.69917; -60.53278 (Dauphiney Lake)
Dundas Lakes 46°42′39″N 60°32′24″W / 46.71083°N 60.54000°W / 46.71083; -60.54000 (Dundas Lakes)
Fenton Lake 46°40′24″N 60°35′50″W / 46.67333°N 60.59722°W / 46.67333; -60.59722 (Fenton Lake)
Flint Lake 46°39′5″N 60°36′3″W / 46.65139°N 60.60083°W / 46.65139; -60.60083 (Flint Lake)
French River Lakes 46°30′52″N 60°32′43″W / 46.51444°N 60.54528°W / 46.51444; -60.54528 (French River Lakes)
Freshwater Lake 46°38′43″N 60°23′48″W / 46.64528°N 60.39667°W / 46.64528; -60.39667 (Freshwater Lake)
Gisborne Flowage 46°33′46″N 60°33′28″W / 46.56278°N 60.55778°W / 46.56278; -60.55778 (Gisborne Flowage)
McMillan Flowage 46°31′14″N 60°39′2″W / 46.52056°N 60.65056°W / 46.52056; -60.65056 (McMillan Flowage)
South Lake 46°32′31″N 60°30′0″W / 46.54194°N 60.50000°W / 46.54194; -60.50000 (South Lake)
Three Mile Lake 46°50′11″N 60°29′56″W / 46.83639°N 60.49889°W / 46.83639; -60.49889
Two Island Lake 46°39′32″N 60°35′11″W / 46.65889°N 60.58639°W / 46.65889; -60.58639 (Three Mile Lake)
Wreck Cove Flowage 46°33′29″N 60°30′29″W / 46.55806°N 60.50806°W / 46.55806; -60.50806 (Wreck Cove Flowage)
Halifax Regional Municipality
A Lake 44°49′26.9″N 63°38′2.9″W / 44.824139°N 63.634139°W / 44.824139; -63.634139 (A Lake)
Acadia Lake 44°50′21″N 62°52′12″W / 44.83917°N 62.87000°W / 44.83917; -62.87000 (Acadia Lake)
Albro Lake 44°41′19.9″N 63°34′35.9″W / 44.688861°N 63.576639°W / 44.688861; -63.576639 (Albro Lake)
Anderson Lake- Bedford 44°43′35.9″N 63°37′10.9″W / 44.726639°N 63.619694°W / 44.726639; -63.619694 (Anderson Lake)
Anderson Lake -Hammond Plains 44°44′2.5″N 63°51′51.8″W / 44.734028°N 63.864389°W / 44.734028; -63.864389 (Anderson Lake)
Ash Lake 44°54′2.9″N 63°38′46.9″W / 44.900806°N 63.646361°W / 44.900806; -63.646361 (Ash Lake)
Ash Lake 44°44′4.9″N 63°51′44″W / 44.734694°N 63.86222°W / 44.734694; -63.86222 (Ash Lake, Upper Tantallon)
Ash Lake 44°40′45.9″N 63°42′52.9″W / 44.679417°N 63.714694°W / 44.679417; -63.714694 (Ash Lake, Timberlea)
Ash Lake 44°40′5.9″N 63°51′8.9″W / 44.668306°N 63.852472°W / 44.668306; -63.852472 (Ash Lake, Hubley)
Ash Hill Lake 44°56′0″N 63°0′55″W / 44.93333°N 63.01528°W / 44.93333; -63.01528 (Ash Hill Lake)
Back Rocky Lake 44°50′35″N 62°47′21″W / 44.84306°N 62.78917°W / 44.84306; -62.78917 (Back Rocky Lake)
Lake Banook 44°40′51.2″N 63°33′24.9″W / 44.680889°N 63.556917°W / 44.680889; -63.556917 (Lake Banook)
Baptizing Lake, Nova Scotia 44°43′26.9″N 63°46′1.9″W / 44.724139°N 63.767194°W / 44.724139; -63.767194 (Baptizing Lake)
Bare Rock Lake 44°48′2″N 62°47′3″W / 44.80056°N 62.78417°W / 44.80056; -62.78417 (Bare Rock Lake)
Barrett Lake 44°48′51.9″N 63°41′13.9″W / 44.814417°N 63.687194°W / 44.814417; -63.687194 (Barrett Lake)
Bayers Lake 44°38′31.9″N 63°40′13.9″W / 44.642194°N 63.670528°W / 44.642194; -63.670528 (Bayers Lake)
Bear Lake 44°51′52″N 62°51′28″W / 44.86444°N 62.85778°W / 44.86444; -62.85778 (Bear Lake)
Beaverbank Lake 44°51′24.9″N 63°40′3.9″W / 44.856917°N 63.667750°W / 44.856917; -63.667750 (Beaverbank Lake)
Beckwith Lake 44°49′21″N 63°28′38″W / 44.82250°N 63.47722°W / 44.82250; -63.47722 (Beckwith Lake)
Beckwood Lake 44°51′4″N 63°27′21″W / 44.85111°N 63.45583°W / 44.85111; -63.45583 (Beckwood Lake)
Bell Lake 44°40′29.3″N 63°30′34.1″W / 44.674806°N 63.509472°W / 44.674806; -63.509472 (Bell Lake)
Bell Lake 44°52′19″N 63°28′32″W / 44.87194°N 63.47556°W / 44.87194; -63.47556 (Bell Lake)
Big Horseshoe Lake 44°39′54.9″N 63°43′18.9″W / 44.665250°N 63.721917°W / 44.665250; -63.721917 (Big Horseshoe Lake)
Birch Lake 44°48′38″N 63°30′50″W / 44.81056°N 63.51389°W / 44.81056; -63.51389 (Birch Lake)
Birch Cove Lake 44°40′5.9″N 63°41′46.1″W / 44.668306°N 63.696139°W / 44.668306; -63.696139 (Birch Cove Lake)
Bissett Lake 44°39′20.9″N 63°28′15.4″W / 44.655806°N 63.470944°W / 44.655806; -63.470944 (Bissett Lake)
Black Lake - 1 of 5 total 44°42′37″N 63°35′33″W / 44.71028°N 63.59250°W / 44.71028; -63.59250 (Black Lake)
Black Lake - 2 of 5 44°42′37″N 63°35′34″W / 44.7103°N 63.5927°W / 44.7103; -63.5927
Black Lake - 3 of 5 44°31′00″N 63°39′00″W / 44.51667°N 63.65000°W / 44.51667; -63.65000
Black Lake - 4 of 5 45°00′59″N 62°28′09″W / 45.016389°N 62.4691666°W / 45.016389; -62.4691666
Black Lake - 5 of 5 44°47′57″N 63°32′45″W / 44.799167°N 63.5458333°W / 44.799167; -63.5458333
Blakeney Lake 44°50′4.1″N 62°53′46.8″W / 44.834472°N 62.896333°W / 44.834472; -62.896333 (Blakeney Lake)
Blueberry Lake 44°37′18.9″N 63°41′43.9″W / 44.621917°N 63.695528°W / 44.621917; -63.695528 (Blueberry Lake)
Boot Lake 44°51′7″N 62°52′1″W / 44.85194°N 62.86694°W / 44.85194; -62.86694 (Boot Lake)
Bottle Lake 44°43′18.9″N 63°25′16.9″W / 44.721917°N 63.421361°W / 44.721917; -63.421361 (Bottle Lake)
Brandy Lake 44°48′27″N 62°47′20″W / 44.80750°N 62.78889°W / 44.80750; -62.78889 (Brandy Lake)
Bug Lake 44°49′18″N 63°33′4″W / 44.82167°N 63.55111°W / 44.82167; -63.55111 (Bug Lake)
Campbell Lake 44°41′50.9″N 63°48′49″W / 44.697472°N 63.81361°W / 44.697472; -63.81361 (Camphill Lake)
Camphill Lake 44°51′16.9″N 63°29′37.9″W / 44.854694°N 63.493861°W / 44.854694; -63.493861 (Camphill Lake)
Caribou Lake 44°49′37″N 62°52′18″W / 44.82694°N 62.87167°W / 44.82694; -62.87167 (Caribou Lake)
Carter Lake 44°44′56″N 63°25′9″W / 44.74889°N 63.41917°W / 44.74889; -63.41917 (Carter Lake)
Catcha Lake 44°44′09″N 63°11′40″W / 44.73583°N 63.19444°W / 44.73583; -63.19444
Crotched Lake 44°52′14.9″N 63°39′41″W / 44.870806°N 63.66139°W / 44.870806; -63.66139 (Crotched Lake)
Lake Charles 44°43′11.5″N 63°32′59.9″W / 44.719861°N 63.549972°W / 44.719861; -63.549972 (Lake Charles Dartmouth)
Lake Charlotte 44°46′03″N 62°57′05″W / 44.76750°N 62.95139°W / 44.76750; -62.95139 (Lake Charlotte)
Chapman Lake 44°49′15″N 63°31′44″W / 44.82083°N 63.52889°W / 44.82083; -63.52889 (Chapman Lake)
Chocolate Lake- Armdale 44°38′19.1″N 63°37′21.1″W / 44.638639°N 63.622528°W / 44.638639; -63.622528 (Chocolate Lake)
Chocolate Lake -Moser River 44°58′55.3″N 62°19′30.7″W / 44.982028°N 62.325194°W / 44.982028; -62.325194 (Chocolate Lake)
Colpitt Lake 44°36′35.9″N 63°35′52″W / 44.609972°N 63.59778°W / 44.609972; -63.59778 (Colpitt Lake)
Cow Bay Lake 44°36′54″N 63°26′42″W / 44.61500°N 63.44500°W / 44.61500; -63.44500 (Cow Bay Lake)
Cox Lake 45°14′34″N 62°45′4″W / 45.24278°N 62.75111°W / 45.24278; -62.75111 (Cox Lake)
Coxs Lake 44°42′53.9″N 63°48′50.9″W / 44.714972°N 63.814139°W / 44.714972; -63.814139 (Coxs Lake)
Dark Lake- Enfield 44°52′34.9″N 63°33′15.9″W / 44.876361°N 63.554417°W / 44.876361; -63.554417 (Dark Lake)
Dark Lake -Devon 44°52′25.4″N 63°22′33.2″W / 44.873722°N 63.375889°W / 44.873722; -63.375889 (Dark Lake)
De Said Lake 44°38′3″N 63°28′59″W / 44.63417°N 63.48306°W / 44.63417; -63.48306 (Governor Lake)
Doctors Lake 44°49′48″N 62°45′38″W / 44.83000°N 62.76056°W / 44.83000; -62.76056 (Doctors Lake)
East Little Paul Lake 44°51′44″N 62°47′37″W / 44.86222°N 62.79361°W / 44.86222; -62.79361 (East Little Paul Lake)
Lake Echo 44°43′9″N 63°23′5″W / 44.71917°N 63.38472°W / 44.71917; -63.38472 (Lake Echo)
Egg Lake 44°49′50″N 63°30′44″W / 44.83056°N 63.51222°W / 44.83056; -63.51222 (Enchanted Lake)
Enchanted Lake 44°43′8″N 63°35′33″W / 44.71889°N 63.59250°W / 44.71889; -63.59250 (Enchanted Lake)
Feely Lake 44°47′59.9″N 63°41′48.9″W / 44.799972°N 63.696917°W / 44.799972; -63.696917 (Governor Lake)
Fenerty Lake 44°49′50.9″N 63°43′8.9″W / 44.830806°N 63.719139°W / 44.830806; -63.719139 (Governor Lake)
Lake Fletcher 44°50′49.9″N 63°36′40.9″W / 44.847194°N 63.611361°W / 44.847194; -63.611361 (Lake Fletcher)
First Chain Lake 44°38′18″N 63°38′46″W / 44.63833°N 63.64611°W / 44.63833; -63.64611 (First Chain Lake)
Fox Lake 44°50′56.9″N 63°19′42.9″W / 44.849139°N 63.328583°W / 44.849139; -63.328583 (Fox Lake)
Fox Lake 44°48′24.7″N 63°30′12.9″W / 44.806861°N 63.503583°W / 44.806861; -63.503583 (Fox Lake)
Fox Lake 44°40′45.8″N 63°42′18.9″W / 44.679389°N 63.705250°W / 44.679389; -63.705250 (Fox Lake)
Frenchman Lake 44°41′55.6″N 63°34′35.5″W / 44.698778°N 63.576528°W / 44.698778; -63.576528 (Frenchman Lake)
Frog Lake 44°37′34.5″N 63°36′13.5″W / 44.626250°N 63.603750°W / 44.626250; -63.603750 (Frog Lake)
Frog Lake 44°43′7.9″N 63°24′38.9″W / 44.718861°N 63.410806°W / 44.718861; -63.410806 (Frog Lake)
Frying Pan Hole 44°49′16″N 63°30′48″W / 44.82111°N 63.51333°W / 44.82111; -63.51333 (Frying Pan Hole)
Golden Lake 44°52′44.9″N 63°38′29″W / 44.879139°N 63.64139°W / 44.879139; -63.64139 (Golden Lake)
Governor Lake 45°12′47.9″N 62°39′55.9″W / 45.213306°N 62.665528°W / 45.213306; -62.665528 (Governor Lake)
Governor Lake Lakeside 44°38′31.9″N 63°42′0″W / 44.642194°N 63.70000°W / 44.642194; -63.70000 (Governor Lake)
Green Lake 44°51′31″N 62°49′49″W / 44.85861°N 62.83028°W / 44.85861; -62.83028 (Green Lake)
Goose Lakes
Halfway Lake 44°44′42.9″N 63°47′3.9″W / 44.745250°N 63.784417°W / 44.745250; -63.784417 (Halfway Lake)
Hamilton Lake 45°11′36″N 62°51′34″W / 45.19333°N 62.85944°W / 45.19333; -62.85944 (Hamilton Lake)
Hamilton Lake 44°51′47″N 62°36′35″W / 44.86306°N 62.60972°W / 44.86306; -62.60972 (Hamilton Lake)
Hamilton Lake 44°50′24″N 63°42′22″W / 44.84000°N 63.70611°W / 44.84000; -63.70611 (Hamilton Lake)
Hatchet Lake 44°34′8″N 63°43′30″W / 44.56889°N 63.72500°W / 44.56889; -63.72500 (Hatchet Lake)
Haunted Lake 44°53′11″N 63°39′2″W / 44.88639°N 63.65056°W / 44.88639; -63.65056 (Haunted Lake)
Hawkin Hall Lake 44°52′29″N 63°43′22″W / 44.87472°N 63.72278°W / 44.87472; -63.72278 (Hawkin Hall Lake)
Henry Lake 44°34′7″N 63°37′42″W / 44.56861°N 63.62833°W / 44.56861; -63.62833 (Henry Lake)
Hobsons Lake 44°41′33″N 63°42′42″W / 44.69250°N 63.71167°W / 44.69250; -63.71167 (Hobsons Lake)
Hill Lake 45°14′8″N 62°41′26″W / 45.23556°N 62.69056°W / 45.23556; -62.69056 (Hill Lake)
Holland Marsh Lake 44°40′10″N 63°49′08″W / 44.6695°N 63.8189°W / 44.6695; -63.8189 (Holland Marsh Lake)
Holman Marsh Lake 44°34′06″N 63°46′34″W / 44.5684°N 63.7761°W / 44.5684; -63.7761 (Holman Marsh Lake)
Hurley Lake 44°51′35″N 62°49′29″W / 44.85972°N 62.82472°W / 44.85972; -62.82472 (Hurley Lake)
Jack Lake 44°44′16″N 63°40′43″W / 44.73778°N 63.67861°W / 44.73778; -63.67861 (Jack Lake)
Kearney Lake 44°41′44″N 63°41′51″W / 44.69556°N 63.69750°W / 44.69556; -63.69750 (Kearney Lake)
Kelly Lake 45°3′6″N 62°19′40″W / 45.05167°N 62.32778°W / 45.05167; -62.32778 (Kelly Lake)
Kelly Lake 44°52′24″N 63°35′7″W / 44.87333°N 63.58528°W / 44.87333; -63.58528 (Kelly Lake)
Kelly Long Lake 44°52′15″N 63°34′2″W / 44.87083°N 63.56722°W / 44.87083; -63.56722 (Kelly Long Lake)
Kidston Lake 44°35′45″N 63°37′12″W / 44.59583°N 63.62000°W / 44.59583; -63.62000 (Kidston Lake)
King Lake 44°50′59″N 63°31′8″W / 44.84972°N 63.51889°W / 44.84972; -63.51889 (King Lake)
Kinsac Lake 44°49′40″N 63°39′15″W / 44.82778°N 63.65417°W / 44.82778; -63.65417 (Kinsac Lake)
Lemont Lake 44°41′21″N 63°31′15″W / 44.68917°N 63.52083°W / 44.68917; -63.52083 (Lemont Lake)
Little Albro Lake 44°41′3″N 63°34′35″W / 44.68417°N 63.57639°W / 44.68417; -63.57639 (Little Albro Lake)
Little Cranberry Lake 44°39′33″N 63°42′49″W / 44.65917°N 63.71361°W / 44.65917; -63.71361 (Little Cranberry Lake, Halifax)
Little Cranberry Lake 44°32′24″N 63°40′36″W / 44.54000°N 63.67667°W / 44.54000; -63.67667 (Little Cranberry Lake, Halifax)
Little Cranberry Lake 44°50′12″N 62°41′41″W / 44.83667°N 62.69472°W / 44.83667; -62.69472 (Little Cranberry Lake, Halifax)
Little Pockwock Lake 44°46′10″N 63°51′35″W / 44.76944°N 63.85972°W / 44.76944; -63.85972 (Little Pockwock Lake)
Little Red Trout Lake 44°48′51″N 63°32′37″W / 44.81417°N 63.54361°W / 44.81417; -63.54361 (Little Red Trout Lake)
Lizard Lake near Hammonds Plains 44°45′39″N 63°50′37″W / 44.76083°N 63.84361°W / 44.76083; -63.84361 (Lizard Lake)
Lizard Lake on the Chebucto Peninsula 44°32′38″N 63°40′0″W / 44.54389°N 63.66667°W / 44.54389; -63.66667 (Lizard Lake)
Lizard Lake in Wellington at 44°53′46″N 63°38′15″W / 44.89611°N 63.63750°W / 44.89611; -63.63750 (Lizard Lake)
Lizard Lake in Fletchers Lake 44°50′7″N 63°37′13″W / 44.83528°N 63.62028°W / 44.83528; -63.62028 (Lizard Lake)
Lizard Lake in Timberlea 44°39′54″N 63°47′30″W / 44.66500°N 63.79167°W / 44.66500; -63.79167 (Lizard Lake)
Lovett Lake 44°38′16″N 63°40′59″W / 44.63778°N 63.68306°W / 44.63778; -63.68306 (Major Lake)
Lookout Lake 44°48′26″N 63°30′30″W / 44.80722°N 63.50833°W / 44.80722; -63.50833 (Lookout Lake)
Lower Marsh Lake 44°38′0″N 63°45′55″W / 44.63333°N 63.76528°W / 44.63333; -63.76528 (ower Marsh Lake)
Major Lake 44°44′38″N 63°29′47″W / 44.74389°N 63.49639°W / 44.74389; -63.49639 (Major Lake)
Maple Lake 44°41′18″N 63°47′8″W / 44.68833°N 63.78556°W / 44.68833; -63.78556 (Maple Lake)
Marsh Lake 44°45′0″N 63°41′55″W / 44.75000°N 63.69861°W / 44.75000; -63.69861 (Marsh Lake)
Marsh Lake 44°39′54.2″N 64°03′32.8″W / 44.665056°N 64.059111°W / 44.665056; -64.059111 (Marsh Lake)
Martin Lake 44°41′31″N 63°34′22″W / 44.69194°N 63.57278°W / 44.69194; -63.57278 (Martin Lake)
Maynard Lake 44°40′16.8″N 63°33′11.8″W / 44.671333°N 63.553278°W / 44.671333; -63.553278 (Maynard Lake)
McCabe Lake 44°46′33″N 63°45′4″W / 44.77583°N 63.75111°W / 44.77583; -63.75111 (McCabe Lake)
Lake Mic Mac 44°41′35.4″N 63°33′12.1″W / 44.693167°N 63.553361°W / 44.693167; -63.553361 (Lake Mic Mac)
Miller Lake in Fall River 44°48′52″N 63°35′35″W / 44.81444°N 63.59306°W / 44.81444; -63.59306 (Miller Lake)
Miller Lake 44°58′24″N 62°50′10″W / 44.97333°N 62.83611°W / 44.97333; -62.83611 (Miller Lake)
Moon Lake 44°46′1″N 63°32′50″W / 44.76694°N 63.54722°W / 44.76694; -63.54722 (Moon Lake)
Morris Lake 44°38′58″N 63°29′40″W / 44.64944°N 63.49444°W / 44.64944; -63.49444 (Morris Lake)
Mountain Lake 44°44′7″N 63°30′44″W / 44.73528°N 63.51222°W / 44.73528; -63.51222 (Mountain Lake)
Murphys Black Duck Lake 44°49′36″N 62°47′42″W / 44.82667°N 62.79500°W / 44.82667; -62.79500 (Murphys Black Duck Lake)
Niagara Lake 44°50′25″N 62°48′28″W / 44.84028°N 62.80778°W / 44.84028; -62.80778 (Niagara Lake)
Nelson Lake 44°43′24″N 63°25′38″W / 44.72333°N 63.42722°W / 44.72333; -63.42722 (Nelson Lake)
Newcombe Lake 44°48′32″N 62°48′6″W / 44.80889°N 62.80167°W / 44.80889; -62.80167 (Newcombe Lake)
Oak Lake 44°47′51″N 63°1′55″W / 44.79750°N 63.03194°W / 44.79750; -63.03194 (Oak Lake)
Oak Lake 44°54′0″N 63°38′34″W / 44.90000°N 63.64278°W / 44.90000; -63.64278 (Oak Lake)
Oak Hill Lake 44°53′29″N 62°41′8″W / 44.89139°N 62.68556°W / 44.89139; -62.68556 (Oak Hill Lake)
Oak Hill Lake 44°35′0″N 63°52′4″W / 44.58333°N 63.86778°W / 44.58333; -63.86778 (Oak Hill Lake)
Oak Hill Lake 44°53′28″N 62°33′48″W / 44.89111°N 62.56333°W / 44.89111; -62.56333 (Oak Hill Lake)
Oat Hill Lake 44°40′26″N 63°32′59″W / 44.67389°N 63.54972°W / 44.67389; -63.54972 (Oak Hill Lake)
Obrien Lake 44°52′6″N 62°46′24″W / 44.86833°N 62.77333°W / 44.86833; -62.77333 (Obrien Lake)
Obrien Lake 44°51′52″N 63°28′39″W / 44.86444°N 63.47750°W / 44.86444; -63.47750 (Obrien Lake)
Porters Lake 44°42′5″N 63°17′23″W / 44.70139°N 63.28972°W / 44.70139; -63.28972 (Porters Lake)
Porcupine Lake
Quarry Lake Halifax 44°40′16″N 63°41′29″W / 44.67111°N 63.69139°W / 44.67111; -63.69139 (Quarry Lake Halifax)
Quarry Lake Chebucto Peninsula 44°29′10″N 63°42′53″W / 44.48611°N 63.71472°W / 44.48611; -63.71472 (Quarry Lake Chebucto Peninsula)
Queen Lake 44°51′1″N 63°30′55″W / 44.85028°N 63.51528°W / 44.85028; -63.51528 (Queen Lake)
Paul Lake (Nova Scotia) 44°51′42″N 62°48′6″W / 44.86167°N 62.80167°W / 44.86167; -62.80167 (Paul Lake)
Perry Lake 44°47′46″N 63°37′15″W / 44.79611°N 63.62083°W / 44.79611; -63.62083 (Perry Lake)
Phillips Boot Lake 44°49′40″N 62°48′51″W / 44.82778°N 62.81417°W / 44.82778; -62.81417 (Phillips Boot Lake)
Pockwock Lake 44°47′57″N 63°50′15″W / 44.79917°N 63.83750°W / 44.79917; -63.83750 (Pockwock Lake)
Powder Mill Lake 44°46′29″N 63°36′38″W / 44.77472°N 63.61056°W / 44.77472; -63.61056 (Powder Mill Lake)
Rabbit Lake 44°51′33″N 62°51′36″W / 44.85917°N 62.86000°W / 44.85917; -62.86000 (Rabbit Lake)
Ragged Lake 44°29′55″N 63°39′39″W / 44.49861°N 63.66083°W / 44.49861; -63.66083 (Ragged Lake)
Ragged Lake 44°41′55″N 63°43′44″W / 44.69861°N 63.72889°W / 44.69861; -63.72889 (Ragged Lake)
Ragged Lake 44°37′27″N 63°40′30″W / 44.62417°N 63.67500°W / 44.62417; -63.67500 (Ragged Lake)
Rasley Lake 44°51′24″N 63°41′51″W / 44.85667°N 63.69750°W / 44.85667; -63.69750 (Rasley Lake)
Red Bridge Pond 44°41′26″N 63°32′36″W / 44.69056°N 63.54333°W / 44.69056; -63.54333 (Red Bridge Pond)
Second Chain Lake 44°38′10″N 63°39′8″W / 44.63611°N 63.65222°W / 44.63611; -63.65222 (Second Chain Lake)
Seal Cove Lake 44°49′12″N 62°51′7″W / 44.82000°N 62.85194°W / 44.82000; -62.85194 (Seal Cove Lake)
Settle Lake 44°40′44.9″N 63°30′15.9″W / 44.679139°N 63.504417°W / 44.679139; -63.504417 (Settle Lake)
Schmidt Lake 44°43′13″N 63°45′27″W / 44.72028°N 63.75750°W / 44.72028; -63.75750 (Schmidt Lake)
Shingle Lake 44°49′8″N 62°46′20″W / 44.81889°N 62.77222°W / 44.81889; -62.77222 (Shingle Lake)
Shubenacadie Grand Lake 44°55′5.7″N 63°35′40″W / 44.918250°N 63.59444°W / 44.918250; -63.59444 (Shubenacadie Grand Lake)
Six Mile Lake 44°39′5″N 63°42′43″W / 44.65139°N 63.71194°W / 44.65139; -63.71194 (Six Mile Lake)
Soldier Lake 44°48′57″N 63°34′11″W / 44.81583°N 63.56972°W / 44.81583; -63.56972 (Soldier Lake)
South Lake 45°14′19″N 62°42′23″W / 45.23861°N 62.70639°W / 45.23861; -62.70639 (South Lake)
Spectacle Lake
Springfield Lake 44°48′44″N 63°44′18″W / 44.81222°N 63.73833°W / 44.81222; -63.73833 (Springfield Lake)
Square Lake
Squirrel Lake 44°50′54″N 62°51′11″W / 44.84833°N 62.85306°W / 44.84833; -62.85306 (Squirrel Lake)
Stillwater Lake 44°42′44″N 63°50′50″W / 44.71222°N 63.84722°W / 44.71222; -63.84722 (Stillwater Lake)
Sullivan Lake 44°52′55″N 63°34′33″W / 44.88194°N 63.57583°W / 44.88194; -63.57583 (Sullivan Lake)
Sullivans Pond 44°40′22″N 63°33′47″W / 44.67278°N 63.56306°W / 44.67278; -63.56306 (Sullivans Pond)
Tangier Grand Lake 44°53′29″N 62°50′28″W / 44.89139°N 62.84111°W / 44.89139; -62.84111 (Tangier Grand Lake)
Tangier Island Pond 44°45′40″N 62°39′35″W / 44.76111°N 62.65972°W / 44.76111; -62.65972 (Tangier Island Pond)
Tangier Lake 44°49′56″N 62°43′57″W / 44.83222°N 62.73250°W / 44.83222; -62.73250 (Tangier Lake)
Taylor Lake 44°44′46″N 63°49′27″W / 44.74611°N 63.82417°W / 44.74611; -63.82417 (Taylor Lake)
Ten Mile Lake 45°8′36″N 62°42′11″W / 45.14333°N 62.70306°W / 45.14333; -62.70306 (Ten Mile Lake)
Three Mile Lake 44°46′54″N 63°37′31″W / 44.78167°N 63.62528°W / 44.78167; -63.62528 (Three Mile Lake)
Three Mile Lake 44°49′3″N 63°30′18″W / 44.81750°N 63.50500°W / 44.81750; -63.50500 (Three Mile Lake)
Timber Lake 44°49′33″N 62°45′26″W / 44.82583°N 62.75722°W / 44.82583; -62.75722 (Timber Lake)
Thomas Lake 44°48′7″N 63°36′29″W / 44.80194°N 63.60806°W / 44.80194; -63.60806 (Thomas Lake)
Third Lake
Three Finger Lake 44°40′7″N 63°43′12″W / 44.66861°N 63.72000°W / 44.66861; -63.72000 (Three Finger Lake)
Tomahawk Lake 44°46′45″N 63°48′13″W / 44.77917°N 63.80361°W / 44.77917; -63.80361 (Tomahawk Lake)
Topsail Lake 44°41′39″N 63°31′0″W / 44.69417°N 63.51667°W / 44.69417; -63.51667 (Topsail Lake)
Trout Lake 44°49′31″N 62°50′15″W / 44.82528°N 62.83750°W / 44.82528; -62.83750 (Trout Lake)
Tucker Lake 44°50′28″N 63°41′10″W / 44.84111°N 63.68611°W / 44.84111; -63.68611 (Tucker Lake)
Turf Lake 44°53′48″N 63°28′56″W / 44.89667°N 63.48222°W / 44.89667; -63.48222 (Turf Lake)
Twin Lakes 44°50′11″N 62°48′21″W / 44.83639°N 62.80583°W / 44.83639; -62.80583 (Twin Lakes)
Upper Holman Marsh Lake 44°34′50.9″N 63°46′11.5″W / 44.580806°N 63.769861°W / 44.580806; -63.769861 (Upper Holman Marsh Lake)
Upper Marsh Lake 44°38′0″N 63°45′55″W / 44.63333°N 63.76528°W / 44.63333; -63.76528 (Upper Marsh Lake)
Wallace Lake Sable Island 43°55′50.6″N 59°59′9.2″W / 43.930722°N 59.985889°W / 43.930722; -59.985889 (Wallace Lake)
Washmill Lake 44°40′47″N 63°41′5″W / 44.67972°N 63.68472°W / 44.67972; -63.68472 (Wallace Lake Sable Island)
Webber Lake 44°46′30″N 63°43′35″W / 44.77500°N 63.72639°W / 44.77500; -63.72639 (Webber Lake)
Webber Lake 44°49′49″N 63°0′18″W / 44.83028°N 63.00500°W / 44.83028; -63.00500 (Webber Lake)
West Little Paul Lake 44°51′37″N 62°48′17″W / 44.86028°N 62.80472°W / 44.86028; -62.80472 (West Little Paul Lake)
Williams Lake 44°37′11.9″N 63°35′43″W / 44.619972°N 63.59528°W / 44.619972; -63.59528 (Williams Lake)
Williams Lake 44°48′50.9″N 63°26′57″W / 44.814139°N 63.44917°W / 44.814139; -63.44917 (Williams Lake)
Williams Lake 44°43′2″N 63°3′1″W / 44.71722°N 63.05028°W / 44.71722; -63.05028 (Williams Lake)
Willis Lake 44°47′38″N 63°35′27.5″W / 44.79389°N 63.590972°W / 44.79389; -63.590972 (Willis Lake)
Wilson Lake 44°48′47″N 63°42′4″W / 44.81306°N 63.70111°W / 44.81306; -63.70111 (Wilson Lake)
Annapolis County
Beaver Lakes 44°35′12″N 65°3′44″W / 44.58667°N 65.06222°W / 44.58667; -65.06222 (Beaver Lake)
Big Molly Upsim Lake44°37′12″N 65°6′36″W / 44.62000°N 65.11000°W / 44.62000; -65.11000 (Big Molly Upsim Lake)
Carter Lake 44°43′51″N 65°5′28″W / 44.73083°N 65.09111°W / 44.73083; -65.09111 (Carter Lake)
Dean Lake 44°26′50″N 65°3′39″W / 44.44722°N 65.06083°W / 44.44722; -65.06083 (Dean Lake)
Folly Lake 44°43′47″N 64°50′53″W / 44.72972°N 64.84806°W / 44.72972; -64.84806 (Folly Lake)
Frog Lake 44°33′1.9″N 65°12′57″W / 44.550528°N 65.21583°W / 44.550528; -65.21583 (Frog Lake)
Hill Lake 44°30′36″N 65°34′30″W / 44.51000°N 65.57500°W / 44.51000; -65.57500 (Hill Lake)
Kelly Lake 44°37′41″N 65°5′17″W / 44.62806°N 65.08806°W / 44.62806; -65.08806 (Kelly Lake)
Kejimikujik Lake 44°21′40.7″N 65°13′49.2″W / 44.361306°N 65.230333°W / 44.361306; -65.230333 (Kejimikujik Lake)
Little Cranberry Lake 44°38′16″N 65°2′4″W / 44.63778°N 65.03444°W / 44.63778; -65.03444 (Little Cranberry Lake, Annapolis)
Little Grand Lake 44°39′1.6″N 65°29′11.8″W / 44.650444°N 65.486611°W / 44.650444; -65.486611 (Little Grand Lake)
Springfield Lake 44°38′9″N 64°51′29″W / 44.63583°N 64.85806°W / 44.63583; -64.85806 (Springfield Lake)
Thomas Lake 44°35′39″N 65°22′17″W / 44.59417°N 65.37139°W / 44.59417; -65.37139 (Thomas Lake)
Antigonish County
Big Loch 45°47′33″N 61°58′50″W / 45.79250°N 61.98056°W / 45.79250; -61.98056 (Big Loch)
Greendale Loch 45°47′14″N 62°0′47″W / 45.78722°N 62.01306°W / 45.78722; -62.01306 (Greendale Loch)
Malignant Cove Pond 45°47′14″N 62°4′55″W / 45.78722°N 62.08194°W / 45.78722; -62.08194 (Malignant Cove Pond)
Monks Head Pond 45°40′12″N 61°50′37″W / 45.67000°N 61.84361°W / 45.67000; -61.84361 (Monks Head Pond)
North Lake 45°46′49″N 61°55′1″W / 45.78028°N 61.91694°W / 45.78028; -61.91694 (North Lake)
Pomquet Lake 45°37′23″N 61°50′21″W / 45.62306°N 61.83917°W / 45.62306; -61.83917 (Pomquet Lake)
South Lake 45°45′56″N 61°55′0″W / 45.76556°N 61.91667°W / 45.76556; -61.91667 (South Lake)
Vincents Lake 45°42′41″N 62°9′19″W / 45.71139°N 62.15528°W / 45.71139; -62.15528 (Vincents Lake)
Colchester County
Bear Lake
Blakeney Lake 45°31′29.9″N 63°24′48.9″W / 45.524972°N 63.413583°W / 45.524972; -63.413583 (Blakeney Lake)
Carter Lake 45°31′51″N 63°34′53″W / 45.53083°N 63.58139°W / 45.53083; -63.58139 (Carter Lake)
Dean Lake 45°16′1″N 62°45′31″W / 45.26694°N 62.75861°W / 45.26694; -62.75861 (Dean Lake)
Folly Lake (Colchester) 45°32′15″N 63°32′42″W / 45.53750°N 63.54500°W / 45.53750; -63.54500 (Folly Lake)
Frog Lake 45°30′48.9″N 63°23′26.1″W / 45.513583°N 63.390583°W / 45.513583; -63.390583 (Frog Lake)
Hattie Lake 45°17′2″N 62°44′0″W / 45.28389°N 62.73333°W / 45.28389; -62.73333 (Hattie Lake)
Nelson Lake 45°16′34″N 62°43′33″W / 45.27611°N 62.72583°W / 45.27611; -62.72583 (Nelson Lake)
Pictou Lake 45°16′31″N 62°45′1″W / 45.27528°N 62.75028°W / 45.27528; -62.75028 (Pictou Lake)
Slack Lake 45°30′42″N 63°33′8″W / 45.51167°N 63.55222°W / 45.51167; -63.55222 (Slack Lake)
Stevens Lake 45°32′6″N 63°31′1″W / 45.53500°N 63.51694°W / 45.53500; -63.51694 (Stevens Lake)
Cumberland County
Black Lake (Nova Scotia) 45°28′17″N 64°16′24″W / 45.47139°N 64.27333°W / 45.47139; -64.27333
Black Lake (Nova Scotia) 45°42′12″N 63°55′47″W / 45.703422°N 63.929793°W / 45.703422; -63.929793
Barber Lake 45°33′0″N 63°33′0″W / 45.55000°N 63.55000°W / 45.55000; -63.55000 (Barber Lake)
Goose Lake 45°57′0″N 64°7′55″W / 45.95000°N 64.13194°W / 45.95000; -64.13194 (Goose Lake)
Hart Lake 45°34′32″N 63°31′5″W / 45.57556°N 63.51806°W / 45.57556; -63.51806 (Hart Lake)
Newville Lake 45°31′16″N 64°20′18″W / 45.52111°N 64.33833°W / 45.52111; -64.33833 (Newville Lake)
Taylor Lake 45°31′18″N 64°42′4″W / 45.52167°N 64.70111°W / 45.52167; -64.70111 (Taylor Lake)
Williams Lake 45°46′16.9″N 63°40′7.9″W / 45.771361°N 63.668861°W / 45.771361; -63.668861 (Williams Lake)
Digby County
Municipality of Clare
Ash Lake 44°9′37.9″N 66°6′26.9″W / 44.160528°N 66.107472°W / 44.160528; -66.107472 (Ash Lake(Clare))
Briar Lake 44°7′49.06″N 65°57′22.81″W / 44.1302944°N 65.9563361°W / 44.1302944; -65.9563361 (Briar Lake)
Second Briar Lake 44°8′0″N 65°56′55″W / 44.13333°N 65.94861°W / 44.13333; -65.94861 (Second Briar Lake)
Municipality of the District of Digby
Little Cranberry Lake 44°19′16″N 65°44′9″W / 44.32111°N 65.73583°W / 44.32111; -65.73583 (Little Cranberry Lake, Digby)
Ninth Lake 44°26′43″N 65°33′40″W / 44.44528°N 65.56111°W / 44.44528; -65.56111 (Ninth Lake)
Obrien Lake 44°30′58″N 65°40′34″W / 44.51611°N 65.67611°W / 44.51611; -65.67611 (Obrien Lake)
Porters Lake 44°29′52″N 65°48′18″W / 44.49778°N 65.80500°W / 44.49778; -65.80500 (Porters Lake)
Guysborough County
Municipality of the District of Guysborough
Frog Lake 45°17′25.9″N 61°54′31.9″W / 45.290528°N 61.908861°W / 45.290528; -61.908861 (Frog Lake)
Boggy Lake 45°0′10″N 62°11′55″W / 45.00278°N 62.19861°W / 45.00278; -62.19861 (Boggy Lake)
Boggy Lake 45°6′1″N 62°18′49″W / 45.10028°N 62.31361°W / 45.10028; -62.31361 (Boggy Lake)
Greenwood Lake 45°18′8″N 61°27′36″W / 45.30222°N 61.46000°W / 45.30222; -61.46000 (Greenwood Lake)
Goose Lake 45°11′0″N 61°23′54″W / 45.18333°N 61.39833°W / 45.18333; -61.39833 (Goose Lake)
Goose Harbour Lake 45°33′0″N 61°24′54″W / 45.55000°N 61.41500°W / 45.55000; -61.41500 (Goose Harbour Lake)
Hart Lake 45°24′33″N 61°34′32″W / 45.40917°N 61.57556°W / 45.40917; -61.57556 (Hart Lake)
Hart Lake 45°26′18″N 61°27′54″W / 45.43833°N 61.46500°W / 45.43833; -61.46500 (Hart Lake)
Hattie Lake 45°15′45″N 62°28′35″W / 45.26250°N 62.47639°W / 45.26250; -62.47639 (Hattie Lakes)
Hattie Lake 45°21′47″N 62°1′31″W / 45.36306°N 62.02528°W / 45.36306; -62.02528 (Hattie Lakes)
Hattie Lakes 45°18′52″N 62°17′29″W / 45.31444°N 62.29139°W / 45.31444; -62.29139 (Hattie Lakes)
Kelly Lake 45°14′33″N 62°19′24″W / 45.24250°N 62.32333°W / 45.24250; -62.32333 (Kelly Lake)
King Lake 45°18′8″N 61°27′36″W / 45.30222°N 61.46000°W / 45.30222; -61.46000 (King Lake)
Lake Charles 45°19′11.9″N 61°3′13.9″W / 45.319972°N 61.053861°W / 45.319972; -61.053861 (Lake Charles)
Indian Harbour Lake 45°8′1.34″N 61°52′38.38″W / 45.1337056°N 61.8773278°W / 45.1337056; -61.8773278
Jordan Lake 45°11′56.9″N 62°25′2″W / 45.199139°N 62.41722°W / 45.199139; -62.41722 (Jordan Lake)
Hay Marsh Lake 45°21′0″N 61°12′54″W / 45.35000°N 61.21500°W / 45.35000; -61.21500 (Hay Marsh Lake)
Miller Lake 45°2′26″N 62°9′12″W / 45.04056°N 62.15333°W / 45.04056; -62.15333 (Miller Lake)
Miller Lake 45°1′0″N 62°8′57″W / 45.01667°N 62.14917°W / 45.01667; -62.14917 (Miller Lake)
Morris Lake 45°4′30″N 62°18′31″W / 45.07500°N 62.30861°W / 45.07500; -62.30861 (Morris Lake)
Second Cow Lake 45°16′38.3″N 61°16′11.9″W / 45.277306°N 61.269972°W / 45.277306; -61.269972 (Second Cow Lake)
Stevens Lake 45°16′13″N 61°11′55″W / 45.27028°N 61.19861°W / 45.27028; -61.19861 (Stevens Lake)
Oak Hill Lake 45°14′1″N 61°38′20″W / 45.23361°N 61.63889°W / 45.23361; -61.63889 (Oak Hill Lake)
Oak Hill Lake 45°7′14″N 62°23′24″W / 45.12056°N 62.39000°W / 45.12056; -62.39000 (Oak Hill Lake)
Taylor Lake 45°22′50″N 62°0′0″W / 45.38056°N 62.00000°W / 45.38056; -62.00000 (Taylor Lake)
Sherbrooke Lake 45°8′27.9″N 61°58′0.9″W / 45.141083°N 61.966917°W / 45.141083; -61.966917 (Sherbrooke Lake)
Three Mile Lake 45°20′9″N 61°4′42″W / 45.33583°N 61.07833°W / 45.33583; -61.07833 (Three Mile Lake)
Wallace Lake 45°18′55.9″N 62°3′21.9″W / 45.315528°N 62.056083°W / 45.315528; -62.056083 (Wallace Lake(Guysborough))
Municipality of the District of Saint Mary's
Ash Lake 45°7′16.9″N 62°12′46.9″W / 45.121361°N 62.213028°W / 45.121361; -62.213028 (Ash Lake)
Lake Henry 45°18′20″N 62°17′14″W / 45.30556°N 62.28722°W / 45.30556; -62.28722 (Lake Henry)
Long Marsh Lake 45°0′0″N 62°6′55″W / 45.00000°N 62.11528°W / 45.00000; -62.11528 (Long Marsh Lake)
Marsh Lake 44°59′0″N 62°5′54″W / 44.98333°N 62.09833°W / 44.98333; -62.09833 (Marsh Lake)
Hants County
Municipality of East Hants
Little Grand Lake 44°57′43.9″N 63°34′30″W / 44.962194°N 63.57500°W / 44.962194; -63.57500 (Little Grand Lake)
Nelson Lake 44°58′10″N 63°42′2″W / 44.96944°N 63.70056°W / 44.96944; -63.70056 (Nelson Lake)
Soldier Lake 44°54′5″N 63°52′49″W / 44.90139°N 63.88028°W / 44.90139; -63.88028 (Soldier Lake)
Wallace Lake 45°1′39.9″N 63°43′18.9″W / 45.027750°N 63.721917°W / 45.027750; -63.721917 (Wallace Lake (Hants))
Municipality of the District of West Hants
King Lake 44°54′22″N 63°58′44″W / 44.90611°N 63.97889°W / 44.90611; -63.97889 (King Lake)
Lizard Lake 44°49′41.7″N 64°08′15.6″W / 44.828250°N 64.137667°W / 44.828250; -64.137667 (Lizard Lake)
Miller Lake 44°55′57″N 64°8′20″W / 44.93250°N 64.13889°W / 44.93250; -64.13889 (Miller Lake)
Panuke Lake 44°47′33.9″N 64°6′46.9″W / 44.792750°N 64.113028°W / 44.792750; -64.113028 (Panuke Lake)
South Lake 44°46′22″N 64°1′59″W / 44.77278°N 64.03306°W / 44.77278; -64.03306 (South Lake)
Taylor Lake 44°56′0″N 64°1′7″W / 44.93333°N 64.01861°W / 44.93333; -64.01861 (Taylor Lake)
Lunenburg County
Municipality of the District of Lunenburg
Big Mushamush Lake 44°30′5.9″N 64°33′48″W / 44.501639°N 64.56333°W / 44.501639; -64.56333 (Big Mushamush Lake)
Fox Lake 44°25′45.9″N 64°47′55″W / 44.429417°N 64.79861°W / 44.429417; -64.79861 (Fox Lake)
Marsh Lake 44°17′0″N 64°32′55″W / 44.28333°N 64.54861°W / 44.28333; -64.54861 (Marsh Lake)
Municipality of the District of Chester
Anderson Lake 44°44′0.9″N 64°13′33.9″W / 44.733583°N 64.226083°W / 44.733583; -64.226083 (Anderson Lake)
Goose Lake 44°41′0″N 64°21′55″W / 44.68333°N 64.36528°W / 44.68333; -64.36528 (Goose Lake)
Henry Lake 44°36′0″N 64°20′59″W / 44.60000°N 64.34972°W / 44.60000; -64.34972 (Henry Lake)
Maple Lake 44°38′16″N 64°4′56″W / 44.63778°N 64.08222°W / 44.63778; -64.08222 (Maple Lake)
Bear Marsh Lake 44°40′0″N 64°30′55″W / 44.66667°N 64.51528°W / 44.66667; -64.51528 (Bear Marsh Lake)
Nine Mile Lake 44°41′54″N 64°17′55″W / 44.69833°N 64.29861°W / 44.69833; -64.29861 (Nine Mile Lake)
Second Bog Lake 44°42′0″N 64°11′55″W / 44.70000°N 64.19861°W / 44.70000; -64.19861 (Second Bog Lake)
Sherbrooke Lake 44°39′27.9″N 64°36′8″W / 44.657750°N 64.60222°W / 44.657750; -64.60222 (Sherbrooke Lake)
Yellow Marsh Lake 44°35′0″N 64°6′55″W / 44.58333°N 64.11528°W / 44.58333; -64.11528 (Sherbrooke Lake)
Kings County
Aylesford Lake 44°56′28″N 64°39′50″W / 44.941°N 64.664°W / 44.941; -64.664 (Aylesford Lake)
Fox Lake 44°51′49″N 64°49′5″W / 44.86361°N 64.81806°W / 44.86361; -64.81806 (Fox Lake)
Gaspereau Lake 44°59′N 64°32′W / 44.983°N 64.533°W / 44.983; -64.533 (Gaspereau Lake)
Hamilton Lake 44°49′45″N 64°45′54″W / 44.82917°N 64.76500°W / 44.82917; -64.76500 (Hamilton Lake)
Lake George 44°55′26.9″N 64°41′21.9″W / 44.924139°N 64.689417°W / 44.924139; -64.689417 (Lake George)
Tomahawk Lake 44°52′55″N 64°45′0″W / 44.88194°N 64.75000°W / 44.88194; -64.75000 (Tomahawk Lake)
Pictou County
Beaver Lake 45°23′39″N 62°22′50″W / 45.39417°N 62.38056°W / 45.39417; -62.38056 (Beaver Lake)
Beaver Lake 45°21′6″N 62°30′1″W / 45.35167°N 62.50028°W / 45.35167; -62.50028 (Beaver Lake)
Black Lake 1 of 4 named 45°24′0″N 62°19′0″W / 45.40000°N 62.31667°W / 45.40000; -62.31667,
Black Lake 2 of 4 45°22′58″N 62°40′44″W / 45.382778°N 62.6788888°W / 45.382778; -62.6788888
Black Lake 3 of 4 45°23′54″N 62°19′06″W / 45.398333°N 62.3183333°W / 45.398333; -62.3183333
Black Lake 4 of 4 45°26′57″N 62°24′48″W / 45.449167°N 62.4133333°W / 45.449167; -62.4133333
Dryden Lake 45°23′29″N 62°46′39″W / 45.39139°N 62.77750°W / 45.39139; -62.77750 (Dryden Lake)
Ellen Brown Lake 45°18′0″N 62°43′16″W / 45.30000°N 62.72111°W / 45.30000; -62.72111 (Ellen Brown Lake)
Forbes Lake (Pictou County) 45°29′50″N 62°38′16″W / 45.497201°N 62.637773°W / 45.497201; -62.637773
Maple Lake 45°22′59″N 62°36′29″W / 45.38306°N 62.60806°W / 45.38306; -62.60806 (Maple Lake)
Robertsons Lake 45°32′10″N 62°13′42″W / 45.53611°N 62.22833°W / 45.53611; -62.22833 (Robertsons Lake)
Taylor Lake 45°21′46″N 62°26′0″W / 45.36278°N 62.43333°W / 45.36278; -62.43333 (Taylor Lake)
Region of Queens Municipality
Beaver Lake 44°29′57″N 64°55′14″W / 44.49917°N 64.92056°W / 44.49917; -64.92056 (Beaver Lake)
Beaver Lake 44°15′35″N 65°14′23″W / 44.25972°N 65.23972°W / 44.25972; -65.23972 (Beaver Lake)
Black Lake 44°12′10″N 64°58′59″W / 44.202835°N 64.983018°W / 44.202835; -64.983018
Hog Lake 44°22′43.9″N 64°54′53″W / 44.378861°N 64.91472°W / 44.378861; -64.91472 (Hog Lake)
Lake Rossignol 44°13′3.4″N 65°8′43.2″W / 44.217611°N 65.145333°W / 44.217611; -65.145333 (Lake Rossignol)
McGowan Lake 44°25′46″N 65°03′13″W / 44.42944°N 65.05361°W / 44.42944; -65.05361 (McGowan Lake)
Robertsons Lake 43°52′51″N 64°53′43″W / 43.88083°N 64.89528°W / 43.88083; -64.89528 (Robertsons Lake)
Second Beaverdam Lake 44°06′09.8″N 64°45′18.6″W / 44.102722°N 64.755167°W / 44.102722; -64.755167 (Second Beaverdam Lake)
Second Beaver Lake 44°12′37.8″N 65°19′19.3″W / 44.210500°N 65.322028°W / 44.210500; -65.322028 (Second Beaver Lake)
Second Christopher Lake 44°19′0″N 64°58′55″W / 44.31667°N 64.98194°W / 44.31667; -64.98194 (Second Christopher Lake)
Ten Mile Lake 44°10′7″N 64°50′36″W / 44.16861°N 64.84333°W / 44.16861; -64.84333 (Ten Mile Lake)
Tobeatic Lake 44°11′39.9″N 65°17′2.9″W / 44.194417°N 65.284139°W / 44.194417; -65.284139 (Tobeatic Lake)
Willis Lake 43°53′47″N 64°49′10.9″W / 43.89639°N 64.819694°W / 43.89639; -64.819694 (Willis Lake)
Shelburne County
Municipality of Barrington
Barrington Lake 43°36′44.9″N 65°34′24.9″W / 43.612472°N 65.573583°W / 43.612472; -65.573583 (Barrington Lake)
Beaver Lake 43°49′9″N 65°32′23″W / 43.81917°N 65.53972°W / 43.81917; -65.53972 (Beaver Lake)
Goose Lake 43°36′14″N 65°31′36″W / 43.60389°N 65.52667°W / 43.60389; -65.52667 (Goose Lake)
Musquash Lake 43°40′34″N 65°33′58″W / 43.67611°N 65.56611°W / 43.67611; -65.56611 (Musquash Lake)
Oak Park Lake 43°36′15″N 65°39′43″W / 43.60417°N 65.66194°W / 43.60417; -65.66194 (Oak Park Lake)
Municipality of the District of Shelburne
Greenwood Lake 43°35′53″N 65°25′39″W / 43.59806°N 65.42750°W / 43.59806; -65.42750 (Greenwood Lake)
Jordan Lake 44°4′45.7″N 65°14′14.9″W / 44.079361°N 65.237472°W / 44.079361; -65.237472 (Jordan Lake)
Lily Pond 43°44′9.9″N 65°3′8.9″W / 43.736083°N 65.052472°W / 43.736083; -65.052472 (Lily Pond)
Little Harbour Lake 43°42′30.1″N 65°3′14.2″W / 43.708361°N 65.053944°W / 43.708361; -65.053944 (Little Harbour Lake)
Long Beach Pond 43°44′2.9″N 65°0′41.9″W / 43.734139°N 65.011639°W / 43.734139; -65.011639 (Long Beach Pond)
Little Lake 43°46′11.9″N 64°59′16″W / 43.769972°N 64.98778°W / 43.769972; -64.98778 (Little Lake)
Porterfield Lakes 43°46′37.6″N 65°2′19.5″W / 43.777111°N 65.038750°W / 43.777111; -65.038750 (Porterfield Lakes)
Sodom Lake 43°45′30.9″N 64°57′30.9″W / 43.758583°N 64.958583°W / 43.758583; -64.958583 (Sodom Lake)
Swims Iceponds 43°43′9.7″N 65°7′3.9″W / 43.719361°N 65.117750°W / 43.719361; -65.117750 (Swims Iceponds)
Robs Lake 43°45′29″N 65°5′42″W / 43.75806°N 65.09500°W / 43.75806; -65.09500 (Robs Lake)
Walls Lake 43°46′29″N 65°4′4″W / 43.77472°N 65.06778°W / 43.77472; -65.06778 (Walls Lake)
Wallace Lake 44°6′9.9″N 65°21′49″W / 44.102750°N 65.36361°W / 44.102750; -65.36361 (Wallace Lake)
Yarmouth County
Municipalite Argyle Municipality
East Goose Lake 43°45′0″N 65°48′56″W / 43.75000°N 65.81556°W / 43.75000; -65.81556 (Goose Lake)
Gavels Lake 43°54′07.5″N 65°56′08.9″W / 43.902083°N 65.935806°W / 43.902083; -65.935806 (Gavels Lake)
Goose Lake (Argyle) 43°46′0″N 66°0′56″W / 43.76667°N 66.01556°W / 43.76667; -66.01556 (Goose Lake)
Great Barren Lake 43°50′33.9″N 65°44′13.9″W / 43.842750°N 65.737194°W / 43.842750; -65.737194 (Great Barren Lake)
Great Pubnico Lake 43°43′5.9″N 65°40′47″W / 43.718306°N 65.67972°W / 43.718306; -65.67972 (Great Pubnico Lake)
Hog Lake 43°53′33.9″N 65°53′22″W / 43.892750°N 65.88944°W / 43.892750; -65.88944 (Hog Lake)
Kings Lake 43°54′12.3″N 65°54′53.7″W / 43.903417°N 65.914917°W / 43.903417; -65.914917 (Kings Lake)
Middle Lakes 43°39′4″N 65°37′31″W / 43.65111°N 65.62528°W / 43.65111; -65.62528 (Middle Lakes)
Second Bear Lake 44°6′0″N 65°37′55″W / 44.10000°N 65.63194°W / 44.10000; -65.63194 (Second Bear Lake)
Municipality of the District of Yarmouth
Lake Annis 44°3′10.98″N 66°0′58.17″W / 44.0530500°N 66.0161583°W / 44.0530500; -66.0161583 (Lake Annis)
Beaver Lake 43°59′55″N 66°8′33″W / 43.99861°N 66.14250°W / 43.99861; -66.14250 (Beaver Lake)
Doctors Lake 43°53′8″N 66°5′58″W / 43.88556°N 66.09944°W / 43.88556; -66.09944 (Doctors Lake)
Goose Lake 43°36′0″N 65°31′55″W / 43.60000°N 65.53194°W / 43.60000; -65.53194 (Goose Lake)
Halfway Lake 43°59′56.9″N 65°51′25″W / 43.999139°N 65.85694°W / 43.999139; -65.85694 (Halfway Lake)
Lake Milo 43°51′40.4″N 66°6′43.4″W / 43.861222°N 66.112056°W / 43.861222; -66.112056 (Lake Milo)
Raynards Lake 43°57′41.3″N 65°54′54.7″W / 43.961472°N 65.915194°W / 43.961472; -65.915194 (Raynards Lake)
Second Chub Lake 44°26′0″N 65°37′55″W / 44.43333°N 65.63194°W / 44.43333; -65.63194 (Second Chub Lake)
Second Lake 43°52′14″N 66°6′33″W / 43.87056°N 66.10917°W / 43.87056; -66.10917 (Second Lake)
Lake Vaughan 43°54′29.9″N 65°57′46.0″W / 43.908306°N 65.962778°W / 43.908306; -65.962778 (Lake Vaughan)
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (July 2009)
See also
Beaver Lake
Crooked Lake
Cranberry Lake
Duck Lake
Flat Lake
Fourth Lake
Grand Lake
Hatchet Lake
Juniper Lake
Lewis Lake
Little Lake
Long Lake
Molega Lake
Oak Lake
Otter Lake
River Lake
Rocky Lake
Russell Lake
Sandy Lake
Second Lake
Spectacle Lake
Third Lake
Whites Lake
References
^ "Lizard Lake - CAUXS". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
^ "Lizard Lake - CAUXO". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
^ "Lizard Lake - CAUXP". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
^ "Lizard Lake - CAUXQ". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
^ "Lizard Lake - CAUXT". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap
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GPX (secondary coordinates)
Geographical Names Board of Canada
Geonames.org
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Nova Scotia Lake Survey List
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-60.09250 (MacPherson Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_57_32_N_60_5_33_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=MacPherson+Lake"},{"link_name":"Marsh Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_Lake_(Lunenburg)"},{"link_name":"46°6′0″N 60°6′54″W / 46.10000°N 60.11500°W / 46.10000; -60.11500 (Marsh Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_6_0_N_60_6_54_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Marsh+Lake"},{"link_name":"Shibinette Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibinette_Lakes"},{"link_name":"45°58′48″N 60°7′8″W / 45.98000°N 60.11889°W / 45.98000; -60.11889 (Shibinette Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_58_48_N_60_7_8_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Shibinette+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Slatterys Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slatterys_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°50′11″N 60°9′26″W / 45.83639°N 60.15722°W / 45.83639; -60.15722 (Slatterys Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_50_11_N_60_9_26_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Slatterys+Lake"},{"link_name":"Stewarts Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewarts_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°56′24″N 60°1′14″W / 45.94000°N 60.02056°W / 45.94000; -60.02056 (Stewarts Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_56_24_N_60_1_14_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Stewarts+Lake"},{"link_name":"Sugar Loaf Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Loaf_Lakes"},{"link_name":"45°48′12″N 60°5′38″W / 45.80333°N 60.09389°W / 45.80333; -60.09389 (Sugar Loaf Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_48_12_N_60_5_38_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Sugar+Loaf+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Tank Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_Pond"},{"link_name":"46°1′51″N 59°58′16″W / 46.03083°N 59.97111°W / 46.03083; -59.97111 (Tank Pond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_1_51_N_59_58_16_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Tank+Pond"},{"link_name":"Taylors Ponds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylors_Ponds"},{"link_name":"45°57′45″N 60°3′7″W / 45.96250°N 60.05194°W / 45.96250; -60.05194 (Taylors Ponds)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_57_45_N_60_3_7_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Taylors+Ponds"},{"link_name":"The Three Ponds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Ponds"},{"link_name":"45°57′5″N 59°54′38″W / 45.95139°N 59.91056°W / 45.95139; -59.91056 (The Three Ponds)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_57_5_N_59_54_38_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=The+Three+Ponds"},{"link_name":"Three Stone Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Stone_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°52′36″N 60°12′29″W / 45.87667°N 60.20806°W / 45.87667; -60.20806 (Twelve Mile Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_52_36_N_60_12_29_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Twelve+Mile+Lake"},{"link_name":"Twelve Mile Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Mile_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°54′3″N 60°7′52″W / 45.90083°N 60.13111°W / 45.90083; -60.13111 (Twelve Mile Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_54_3_N_60_7_52_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Twelve+Mile+Lake"},{"link_name":"Upper Barachois Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Barachois_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°50′25″N 60°8′37″W / 45.84028°N 60.14361°W / 45.84028; -60.14361 (Willis Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_50_25_N_60_8_37_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Willis+Lake"},{"link_name":"Willis Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°52′26″N 60°12′42″W / 45.87389°N 60.21167°W / 45.87389; -60.21167 (Willis Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_52_26_N_60_12_42_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Willis+Lake"},{"link_name":"Winging Point Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winging_Point_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°47′13″N 60°7′2″W / 45.78694°N 60.11722°W / 45.78694; -60.11722 (Winging Point Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_47_13_N_60_7_2_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Winging+Point+Lake"},{"link_name":"Inverness County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness_County,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit§ion=4"},{"link_name":"Lake Ainslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ainslie"},{"link_name":"46°7′59″N 61°10′59″W / 46.13306°N 61.18306°W / 46.13306; -61.18306 (Lake Ainslie)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_7_59_N_61_10_59_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Lake+Ainslie"},{"link_name":"Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Inverness"},{"link_name":"45°46′45″N 61°10′31″W / 45.77917°N 61.17528°W / 45.77917; -61.17528 (Beaver Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_46_45_N_61_10_31_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Beaver+Lake"},{"link_name":"Ballams Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballams_Pond"},{"link_name":"45°41′45″N 61°6′19″W / 45.69583°N 61.10528°W / 45.69583; -61.10528 (Ballams Pond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_41_45_N_61_6_19_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ballams+Pond"},{"link_name":"45°38′18″N 61°17′3″W / 45.63833°N 61.28417°W / 45.63833; -61.28417 (Beaver Dam Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_38_18_N_61_17_3_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Beaver+Dam+Lake"},{"link_name":"Black Charlies Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Charlies_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°50′39″N 61°2′24″W / 45.84417°N 61.04000°W / 45.84417; -61.04000 (Black Charlies Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_50_39_N_61_2_24_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Black+Charlies+Lake"},{"link_name":"Black Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lakes_(Inverness_County,_Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°47′29″N 61°7′17″W / 45.79139°N 61.12139°W / 45.79139; -61.12139 (Black Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_47_29_N_61_7_17_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Black+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Brileys Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brileys_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°45′11″N 61°24′10″W / 45.75306°N 61.40278°W / 45.75306; -61.40278 (Brileys Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_45_11_N_61_24_10_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Brileys+Lake"},{"link_name":"Company Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°50′0″N 61°3′1″W / 45.83333°N 61.05028°W / 45.83333; -61.05028 (Company Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_50_0_N_61_3_1_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Company+Lake"},{"link_name":"Little Beaver Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Beaver_Lakes"},{"link_name":"45°50′44″N 61°1′13″W / 45.84556°N 61.02028°W / 45.84556; -61.02028 (Little Beaver Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_50_44_N_61_1_13_W_scale:1000000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Little+Beaver+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Livingstones Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstones_Lakes"},{"link_name":"45°51′45″N 61°6′0″W / 45.86250°N 61.10000°W / 45.86250; -61.10000 (Livingstones Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_51_45_N_61_6_0_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Livingstones+Lakes"},{"link_name":"45°45′49″N 61°14′47″W / 45.76361°N 61.24639°W / 45.76361; -61.24639 (MacArthurs Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_45_49_N_61_14_47_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=MacArthurs+Lake"},{"link_name":"MacAskills Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacAskills_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°50′9″N 61°2′39″W / 45.83583°N 61.04417°W / 45.83583; -61.04417 (MacAskills Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_50_9_N_61_2_39_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=MacAskills+Lake"},{"link_name":"MacDonalds Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacDonalds_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°50′14″N 61°2′14″W / 45.83722°N 61.03722°W / 45.83722; -61.03722 (MacDonalds Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_50_14_N_61_2_14_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=MacDonalds+Lake"},{"link_name":"MacGregors Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacGregors_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°41′44″N 61°18′52″W / 45.69556°N 61.31444°W / 45.69556; -61.31444 (MacGregors Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_41_44_N_61_18_52_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=MacGregors+Lake"},{"link_name":"MacIntyre Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacIntyre_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°39′12″N 61°16′49″W / 45.65333°N 61.28028°W / 45.65333; -61.28028 (MacIntyre Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_39_12_N_61_16_49_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=MacIntyre+Lake"},{"link_name":"MacRaes Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacRaes_Lakes"},{"link_name":"45°49′12″N 61°4′34″W / 45.82000°N 61.07611°W / 45.82000; -61.07611 (MacRaes Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_49_12_N_61_4_34_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=MacRaes+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Richmond County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_County,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"Buchanan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchanan_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"45°38′49″N 61°6′9″W / 45.64694°N 61.10250°W / 45.64694; -61.10250 (Buchanan Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_38_49_N_61_6_9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Buchanan+Lake"},{"link_name":"Donnellys Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnellys_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°43′58″N 60°58′17″W / 45.73278°N 60.97139°W / 45.73278; -60.97139 (Donnellys Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_43_58_N_60_58_17_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Donnellys+Lake"},{"link_name":"First Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°38′20″N 61°1′0″W / 45.63889°N 61.01667°W / 45.63889; -61.01667 (First Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_38_20_N_61_1_0_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=First+Lake"},{"link_name":"Hill Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°42′0″N 60°59′46″W / 45.70000°N 60.99611°W / 45.70000; -60.99611 (Hill Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_42_0_N_60_59_46_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hill+Lake"},{"link_name":"Lauchlin Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauchlin_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°39′6″N 61°7′39″W / 45.65167°N 61.12750°W / 45.65167; -61.12750 (Lauchlin Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_39_6_N_61_7_39_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Lauchlin+Lake"},{"link_name":"Loch Lomond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Lomond,_Cape_Breton"},{"link_name":"45°44′46.9″N 60°35′22.9″W / 45.746361°N 60.589694°W / 45.746361; -60.589694 (Loch Lomond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_44_46.9_N_60_35_22.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Loch+Lomond"},{"link_name":"MacMillan Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacMillan_Lakes"},{"link_name":"45°37′59″N 61°9′50″W / 45.63306°N 61.16389°W / 45.63306; -61.16389 (MacMillan Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_37_59_N_61_9_50_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=MacMillan+Lakes"},{"link_name":"McCarthys Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthys_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°37′44″N 61°10′7″W / 45.62889°N 61.16861°W / 45.62889; -61.16861 (McCarthys Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_37_44_N_61_10_7_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=McCarthys+Lake"},{"link_name":"McDonald Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"45°43′13″N 60°57′48″W / 45.72028°N 60.96333°W / 45.72028; -60.96333 (McDonald Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_43_13_N_60_57_48_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=McDonald+Lake"},{"link_name":"Middle Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"45°37′52″N 61°9′33″W / 45.63111°N 61.15917°W / 45.63111; -61.15917 (Middle Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_37_52_N_61_9_33_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Middle+Lake"},{"link_name":"Willis Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Lake_Cape_Breton"},{"link_name":"45°52′25.9″N 60°12′42″W / 45.873861°N 60.21167°W / 45.873861; -60.21167 (Willis Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_52_25.9_N_60_12_42_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Willis+Lake"}],"sub_title":"Cape Breton Regional Municipality","text":"Anse aux Cannes Pond 45°57′41″N 59°48′29″W / 45.96139°N 59.80806°W / 45.96139; -59.80806 (Anse aux Cannes Pond)\nThe Barachois 45°55′0″N 59°58′41″W / 45.91667°N 59.97806°W / 45.91667; -59.97806 (The Barachois)\nBear Cove Pond 45°48′34″N 60°4′55″W / 45.80944°N 60.08194°W / 45.80944; -60.08194 (Bear Cove Pond)\nBear Gulch Ponds 45°57′46″N 59°50′39″W / 45.96278°N 59.84417°W / 45.96278; -59.84417 (Bear Gulch Ponds)\nBeaverdam Pond 46°5′24″N 59°56′22″W / 46.09000°N 59.93944°W / 46.09000; -59.93944 (Beaverdam Pond)\nBelle Lake 45°57′7″N 60°6′16″W / 45.95194°N 60.10444°W / 45.95194; -60.10444 (Belle Lake)\nBennetts Pond 45°57′8″N 59°49′24″W / 45.95222°N 59.82333°W / 45.95222; -59.82333 (Bennetts Pond)\nBig Pond 45°56′46″N 59°52′19″W / 45.94611°N 59.87194°W / 45.94611; -59.87194 (Big Pond)\nBlacketts Lake 46°4′7″N 60°18′28″W / 46.06861°N 60.30778°W / 46.06861; -60.30778 (Blacketts Lake)\nBluff Lake 45°47′42″N 60°6′8″W / 45.79500°N 60.10222°W / 45.79500; -60.10222 (Bluff Lake)\nBoom Pond 45°59′49″N 59°51′11″W / 45.99694°N 59.85306°W / 45.99694; -59.85306 (Boom Pond)\nBoutellier Lake 46°5′23″N 60°6′59″W / 46.08972°N 60.11639°W / 46.08972; -60.11639 (Boutellier Lake)\nBray Lake 46°6′13″N 60°7′35″W / 46.10361°N 60.12639°W / 46.10361; -60.12639 (Bray Lake)\nBuscombe Lake 46°6′13″N 60°7′35″W / 46.10361°N 60.12639°W / 46.10361; -60.12639 (Buscombe Lake)\nCampbells Pond 45°59′27″N 59°50′47″W / 45.99083°N 59.84639°W / 45.99083; -59.84639 (Campbells Pond)\nCanoe Lake 45°52′17″N 60°13′39″W / 45.87139°N 60.22750°W / 45.87139; -60.22750 (Canoe Lake)\nCatalone Lake 46°0′2″N 59°57′4″W / 46.00056°N 59.95111°W / 46.00056; -59.95111 (Catalone Lake)\nCavanaghs Lake 45°54′59″N 60°2′22″W / 45.91639°N 60.03944°W / 45.91639; -60.03944 (Cavanaghs Lake)\nCochran Lake 46°5′57″N 59°59′35″W / 46.09917°N 59.99306°W / 46.09917; -59.99306 (Cochran Lake)\nCopper Lake 45°54′19″N 60°12′38″W / 45.90528°N 60.21056°W / 45.90528; -60.21056 (Copper Lake)\nCranberry Pond 46°3′9″N 60°9′47″W / 46.05250°N 60.16306°W / 46.05250; -60.16306 (Cranberry Pond)\nCusack Lake 46°6′37″N 60°5′13″W / 46.11028°N 60.08694°W / 46.11028; -60.08694 (Cusack Lake)\nDanny MacDonalds Lake 45°58′27″N 60°4′44″W / 45.97417°N 60.07889°W / 45.97417; -60.07889 (Danny MacDonalds Lake)\nDeadman Lake 46°4′25″N 60°9′46″W / 46.07361°N 60.16278°W / 46.07361; -60.16278 (Deadman Lake)\nDixon Lake 45°57′15″N 60°7′36″W / 45.95417°N 60.12667°W / 45.95417; -60.12667 (Dixon Lake)\nDixons Lake 45°55′54″N 59°58′24″W / 45.93167°N 59.97333°W / 45.93167; -59.97333 (Dixons Lake)\nDucker Lake 46°2′28″N 60°8′13″W / 46.04111°N 60.13694°W / 46.04111; -60.13694 (Ducker Lake)\nDumaresq Lake 46°4′27″N 60°8′18″W / 46.07417°N 60.13833°W / 46.07417; -60.13833 (Dumaresq Lake)\nFerguson Lake 45°58′18″N 60°4′31″W / 45.97167°N 60.07528°W / 45.97167; -60.07528 (Ferguson Lake)\n\n\nFiddlers Lake 45°53′42″N 60°12′23″W / 45.89500°N 60.20639°W / 45.89500; -60.20639 (Fiddlers Lake)\nFieldings Lake 45°59′29″N 60°2′15″W / 45.99139°N 60.03750°W / 45.99139; -60.03750 (Fieldings Lake)\nFirst Dodds Lake 46°8′25″N 60°2′47″W / 46.14028°N 60.04639°W / 46.14028; -60.04639 (First Dodds Lake)\nFrench Village Lake 45°55′8″N 60°15′50″W / 45.91889°N 60.26389°W / 45.91889; -60.26389 (French Village Lake)\nGabarus Lake 45°48′44″N 60°12′32″W / 45.81222°N 60.20889°W / 45.81222; -60.20889 (Gabarus Lake)\nGoose Lake 45°45′0″N 60°17′54″W / 45.75000°N 60.29833°W / 45.75000; -60.29833 (Goose Lake)\nGrants Hill Lake 45°48′30″N 60°8′41″W / 45.80833°N 60.14472°W / 45.80833; -60.14472 (Grants Hill Lake)\nGrants Old Lake 45°49′24″N 60°9′12″W / 45.82333°N 60.15333°W / 45.82333; -60.15333 (Grants Old Lake)\nGull Lake 46°0′30″N 59°49′42″W / 46.00833°N 59.82833°W / 46.00833; -59.82833 (Gull Lake)\nHardys Lake 45°48′24″N 60°6′51″W / 45.80667°N 60.11417°W / 45.80667; -60.11417 (Hardys Lake)\nLittle Ferguson Lake 45°57′8″N 60°6′51″W / 45.95222°N 60.11417°W / 45.95222; -60.11417 (Little Ferguson Lake)\nLittle MacLeod Lake 45°57′27″N 60°6′20″W / 45.95750°N 60.10556°W / 45.95750; -60.10556 (Little MacLeod Lake)\nLower MacLeod Lake 45°57′21″N 60°7′52″W / 45.95583°N 60.13111°W / 45.95583; -60.13111 (Lower MacLeod Lake)\nMacInnis Lake 45°57′28″N 60°8′53″W / 45.95778°N 60.14806°W / 45.95778; -60.14806 (MacInnis Lake)\nMacIntyre Lake 45°58′20″N 60°5′43″W / 45.97222°N 60.09528°W / 45.97222; -60.09528 (MacIntyre Lake)\nMacIsaacs Lake 45°58′18″N 60°7′48″W / 45.97167°N 60.13000°W / 45.97167; -60.13000 (MacIsaacs Lake)\nMacLeod Lake 45°56′50″N 60°8′9″W / 45.94722°N 60.13583°W / 45.94722; -60.13583 (MacLeod Lake)\nMacMullin Lake 45°57′40″N 60°6′37″W / 45.96111°N 60.11028°W / 45.96111; -60.11028 (MacMullin Lake)\nMacPherson Lake 45°57′32″N 60°5′33″W / 45.95889°N 60.09250°W / 45.95889; -60.09250 (MacPherson Lake)\nMarsh Lake 46°6′0″N 60°6′54″W / 46.10000°N 60.11500°W / 46.10000; -60.11500 (Marsh Lake)\nShibinette Lakes 45°58′48″N 60°7′8″W / 45.98000°N 60.11889°W / 45.98000; -60.11889 (Shibinette Lakes)\nSlatterys Lake 45°50′11″N 60°9′26″W / 45.83639°N 60.15722°W / 45.83639; -60.15722 (Slatterys Lake)\nStewarts Lake 45°56′24″N 60°1′14″W / 45.94000°N 60.02056°W / 45.94000; -60.02056 (Stewarts Lake)\nSugar Loaf Lakes 45°48′12″N 60°5′38″W / 45.80333°N 60.09389°W / 45.80333; -60.09389 (Sugar Loaf Lakes)\nTank Pond 46°1′51″N 59°58′16″W / 46.03083°N 59.97111°W / 46.03083; -59.97111 (Tank Pond)\nTaylors Ponds 45°57′45″N 60°3′7″W / 45.96250°N 60.05194°W / 45.96250; -60.05194 (Taylors Ponds)\nThe Three Ponds 45°57′5″N 59°54′38″W / 45.95139°N 59.91056°W / 45.95139; -59.91056 (The Three Ponds)\nThree Stone Lake 45°52′36″N 60°12′29″W / 45.87667°N 60.20806°W / 45.87667; -60.20806 (Twelve Mile Lake)\nTwelve Mile Lake 45°54′3″N 60°7′52″W / 45.90083°N 60.13111°W / 45.90083; -60.13111 (Twelve Mile Lake)\nUpper Barachois Lake 45°50′25″N 60°8′37″W / 45.84028°N 60.14361°W / 45.84028; -60.14361 (Willis Lake)\nWillis Lake 45°52′26″N 60°12′42″W / 45.87389°N 60.21167°W / 45.87389; -60.21167 (Willis Lake)\nWinging Point Lake 45°47′13″N 60°7′2″W / 45.78694°N 60.11722°W / 45.78694; -60.11722 (Winging Point Lake)Inverness County[edit]\nLake Ainslie 46°7′59″N 61°10′59″W / 46.13306°N 61.18306°W / 46.13306; -61.18306 (Lake Ainslie)\nBeaver Lake 45°46′45″N 61°10′31″W / 45.77917°N 61.17528°W / 45.77917; -61.17528 (Beaver Lake)\nBallams Pond 45°41′45″N 61°6′19″W / 45.69583°N 61.10528°W / 45.69583; -61.10528 (Ballams Pond)\nBeaver Dam Lake 45°38′18″N 61°17′3″W / 45.63833°N 61.28417°W / 45.63833; -61.28417 (Beaver Dam Lake)\nBlack Charlies Lake 45°50′39″N 61°2′24″W / 45.84417°N 61.04000°W / 45.84417; -61.04000 (Black Charlies Lake)\nBlack Lakes 45°47′29″N 61°7′17″W / 45.79139°N 61.12139°W / 45.79139; -61.12139 (Black Lakes)\nBrileys Lake 45°45′11″N 61°24′10″W / 45.75306°N 61.40278°W / 45.75306; -61.40278 (Brileys Lake)\nCompany Lake 45°50′0″N 61°3′1″W / 45.83333°N 61.05028°W / 45.83333; -61.05028 (Company Lake)\nLittle Beaver Lakes 45°50′44″N 61°1′13″W / 45.84556°N 61.02028°W / 45.84556; -61.02028 (Little Beaver Lakes)\nLivingstones Lakes 45°51′45″N 61°6′0″W / 45.86250°N 61.10000°W / 45.86250; -61.10000 (Livingstones Lakes)\nMacArthurs Lake 45°45′49″N 61°14′47″W / 45.76361°N 61.24639°W / 45.76361; -61.24639 (MacArthurs Lake)\nMacAskills Lake 45°50′9″N 61°2′39″W / 45.83583°N 61.04417°W / 45.83583; -61.04417 (MacAskills Lake)\nMacDonalds Lake 45°50′14″N 61°2′14″W / 45.83722°N 61.03722°W / 45.83722; -61.03722 (MacDonalds Lake)\nMacGregors Lake 45°41′44″N 61°18′52″W / 45.69556°N 61.31444°W / 45.69556; -61.31444 (MacGregors Lake)\nMacIntyre Lake 45°39′12″N 61°16′49″W / 45.65333°N 61.28028°W / 45.65333; -61.28028 (MacIntyre Lake)\nMacRaes Lakes 45°49′12″N 61°4′34″W / 45.82000°N 61.07611°W / 45.82000; -61.07611 (MacRaes Lakes)\n\n\nRichmond County[edit]\nBuchanan Lake 45°38′49″N 61°6′9″W / 45.64694°N 61.10250°W / 45.64694; -61.10250 (Buchanan Lake)\nDonnellys Lake 45°43′58″N 60°58′17″W / 45.73278°N 60.97139°W / 45.73278; -60.97139 (Donnellys Lake)\nFirst Lake 45°38′20″N 61°1′0″W / 45.63889°N 61.01667°W / 45.63889; -61.01667 (First Lake)\nHill Lake 45°42′0″N 60°59′46″W / 45.70000°N 60.99611°W / 45.70000; -60.99611 (Hill Lake)\nLauchlin Lake 45°39′6″N 61°7′39″W / 45.65167°N 61.12750°W / 45.65167; -61.12750 (Lauchlin Lake)\nLoch Lomond 45°44′46.9″N 60°35′22.9″W / 45.746361°N 60.589694°W / 45.746361; -60.589694 (Loch Lomond)\nMacMillan Lakes 45°37′59″N 61°9′50″W / 45.63306°N 61.16389°W / 45.63306; -61.16389 (MacMillan Lakes)\nMcCarthys Lake 45°37′44″N 61°10′7″W / 45.62889°N 61.16861°W / 45.62889; -61.16861 (McCarthys Lake)\nMcDonald Lake 45°43′13″N 60°57′48″W / 45.72028°N 60.96333°W / 45.72028; -60.96333 (McDonald Lake)\nMiddle Lake 45°37′52″N 61°9′33″W / 45.63111°N 61.15917°W / 45.63111; -61.15917 (Middle Lake)\nWillis Lake 45°52′25.9″N 60°12′42″W / 45.873861°N 60.21167°W / 45.873861; -60.21167 (Willis Lake)","title":"Cape Breton Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Artemise Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemise_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°37′12″N 60°40′7″W / 46.62000°N 60.66861°W / 46.62000; -60.66861 (Artemise Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_37_12_N_60_40_7_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Artemise+Lake"},{"link_name":"Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Victoria"},{"link_name":"46°43′6″N 60°30′37″W / 46.71833°N 60.51028°W / 46.71833; -60.51028 (Beaver Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_43_6_N_60_30_37_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Beaver+Lake"},{"link_name":"Big Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"46°24′56″N 60°37′48″W / 46.41556°N 60.63000°W / 46.41556; -60.63000 (Big Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_24_56_N_60_37_48_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Big+Lake"},{"link_name":"Black Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"46°52′35″N 60°33′35″W / 46.876389°N 60.559722°W / 46.876389; -60.559722","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46.876389_N_60.559722_W_"},{"link_name":"Boot Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"46°33′9″N 60°28′38″W / 46.55250°N 60.47722°W / 46.55250; -60.47722 (Boot Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_33_9_N_60_28_38_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Boot+Lake"},{"link_name":"Boyd Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"46°40′51″N 60°29′6″W / 46.68083°N 60.48500°W / 46.68083; -60.48500 (Boyd Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_40_51_N_60_29_6_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Boyd+Lake"},{"link_name":"Breton Cove Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_Cove_Pond"},{"link_name":"46°27′33″N 60°27′22″W / 46.45917°N 60.45611°W / 46.45917; -60.45611 (Breton Cove Pond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_27_33_N_60_27_22_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Breton+Cove+Pond"},{"link_name":"Camerons Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerons_Lakes"},{"link_name":"46°40′55″N 60°26′45″W / 46.68194°N 60.44583°W / 46.68194; -60.44583 (Camerons Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_40_55_N_60_26_45_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Camerons+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Canns Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canns_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°40′21″N 60°25′55″W / 46.67250°N 60.43194°W / 46.67250; -60.43194 (Camerons Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_40_21_N_60_25_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Camerons+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Caribou Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribou_Lakes"},{"link_name":"46°37′17″N 60°36′12″W / 46.62139°N 60.60333°W / 46.62139; -60.60333 (Caribou Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_37_17_N_60_36_12_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Caribou+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Chéticamp Flowage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9ticamp_Flowage"},{"link_name":"46°39′5″N 60°38′16″W / 46.65139°N 60.63778°W / 46.65139; -60.63778 (Chéticamp Flowage)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_39_5_N_60_38_16_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ch%C3%A9ticamp+Flowage"},{"link_name":"Clyburn Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyburn_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°39′58″N 60°34′46″W / 46.66611°N 60.57944°W / 46.66611; -60.57944 (Clyburn Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_39_58_N_60_34_46_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Clyburn+Lake"},{"link_name":"Dauphiney Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphiney_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°41′57″N 60°31′58″W / 46.69917°N 60.53278°W / 46.69917; -60.53278 (Dauphiney Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_41_57_N_60_31_58_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Dauphiney+Lake"},{"link_name":"Dundas Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundas_Lakes"},{"link_name":"46°42′39″N 60°32′24″W / 46.71083°N 60.54000°W / 46.71083; -60.54000 (Dundas Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_42_39_N_60_32_24_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Dundas+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Fenton Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenton_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"46°40′24″N 60°35′50″W / 46.67333°N 60.59722°W / 46.67333; -60.59722 (Fenton Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_40_24_N_60_35_50_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Fenton+Lake"},{"link_name":"Flint Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°39′5″N 60°36′3″W / 46.65139°N 60.60083°W / 46.65139; -60.60083 (Flint Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_39_5_N_60_36_3_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Flint+Lake"},{"link_name":"French River Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_River_Lakes"},{"link_name":"46°30′52″N 60°32′43″W / 46.51444°N 60.54528°W / 46.51444; -60.54528 (French River Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_30_52_N_60_32_43_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=French+River+Lakes"},{"link_name":"46°38′43″N 60°23′48″W / 46.64528°N 60.39667°W / 46.64528; -60.39667 (Freshwater Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_38_43_N_60_23_48_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Freshwater+Lake"},{"link_name":"Gisborne Flowage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisborne_Flowage"},{"link_name":"46°33′46″N 60°33′28″W / 46.56278°N 60.55778°W / 46.56278; -60.55778 (Gisborne Flowage)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_33_46_N_60_33_28_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Gisborne+Flowage"},{"link_name":"McMillan Flowage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMillan_Flowage"},{"link_name":"46°31′14″N 60°39′2″W / 46.52056°N 60.65056°W / 46.52056; -60.65056 (McMillan Flowage)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_31_14_N_60_39_2_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=McMillan+Flowage"},{"link_name":"South Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lake,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"46°32′31″N 60°30′0″W / 46.54194°N 60.50000°W / 46.54194; -60.50000 (South Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_32_31_N_60_30_0_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=South+Lake"},{"link_name":"Three Mile Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°50′11″N 60°29′56″W / 46.83639°N 60.49889°W / 46.83639; -60.49889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_50_11_N_60_29_56_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS"},{"link_name":"Two Island Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Island_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°39′32″N 60°35′11″W / 46.65889°N 60.58639°W / 46.65889; -60.58639 (Three Mile Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_39_32_N_60_35_11_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Three+Mile+Lake"},{"link_name":"Wreck Cove Flowage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreck_Cove_Flowage"},{"link_name":"46°33′29″N 60°30′29″W / 46.55806°N 60.50806°W / 46.55806; -60.50806 (Wreck Cove Flowage)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=46_33_29_N_60_30_29_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Wreck+Cove+Flowage"}],"sub_title":"Victoria County","text":"Artemise Lake 46°37′12″N 60°40′7″W / 46.62000°N 60.66861°W / 46.62000; -60.66861 (Artemise Lake)\nBeaver Lake 46°43′6″N 60°30′37″W / 46.71833°N 60.51028°W / 46.71833; -60.51028 (Beaver Lake)\nBig Lake 46°24′56″N 60°37′48″W / 46.41556°N 60.63000°W / 46.41556; -60.63000 (Big Lake)\nBlack Lake 46°52′35″N 60°33′35″W / 46.876389°N 60.559722°W / 46.876389; -60.559722\nBoot Lake 46°33′9″N 60°28′38″W / 46.55250°N 60.47722°W / 46.55250; -60.47722 (Boot Lake)\nBoyd Lake 46°40′51″N 60°29′6″W / 46.68083°N 60.48500°W / 46.68083; -60.48500 (Boyd Lake)\nBreton Cove Pond 46°27′33″N 60°27′22″W / 46.45917°N 60.45611°W / 46.45917; -60.45611 (Breton Cove Pond)\nCamerons Lakes 46°40′55″N 60°26′45″W / 46.68194°N 60.44583°W / 46.68194; -60.44583 (Camerons Lakes)\nCanns Lake 46°40′21″N 60°25′55″W / 46.67250°N 60.43194°W / 46.67250; -60.43194 (Camerons Lakes)\nCaribou Lakes 46°37′17″N 60°36′12″W / 46.62139°N 60.60333°W / 46.62139; -60.60333 (Caribou Lakes)\nChéticamp Flowage 46°39′5″N 60°38′16″W / 46.65139°N 60.63778°W / 46.65139; -60.63778 (Chéticamp Flowage)\nClyburn Lake 46°39′58″N 60°34′46″W / 46.66611°N 60.57944°W / 46.66611; -60.57944 (Clyburn Lake)\n\n\nDauphiney Lake 46°41′57″N 60°31′58″W / 46.69917°N 60.53278°W / 46.69917; -60.53278 (Dauphiney Lake)\nDundas Lakes 46°42′39″N 60°32′24″W / 46.71083°N 60.54000°W / 46.71083; -60.54000 (Dundas Lakes)\nFenton Lake 46°40′24″N 60°35′50″W / 46.67333°N 60.59722°W / 46.67333; -60.59722 (Fenton Lake)\nFlint Lake 46°39′5″N 60°36′3″W / 46.65139°N 60.60083°W / 46.65139; -60.60083 (Flint Lake)\nFrench River Lakes 46°30′52″N 60°32′43″W / 46.51444°N 60.54528°W / 46.51444; -60.54528 (French River Lakes)\nFreshwater Lake 46°38′43″N 60°23′48″W / 46.64528°N 60.39667°W / 46.64528; -60.39667 (Freshwater Lake)\nGisborne Flowage 46°33′46″N 60°33′28″W / 46.56278°N 60.55778°W / 46.56278; -60.55778 (Gisborne Flowage)\nMcMillan Flowage 46°31′14″N 60°39′2″W / 46.52056°N 60.65056°W / 46.52056; -60.65056 (McMillan Flowage)\nSouth Lake 46°32′31″N 60°30′0″W / 46.54194°N 60.50000°W / 46.54194; -60.50000 (South Lake)\nThree Mile Lake 46°50′11″N 60°29′56″W / 46.83639°N 60.49889°W / 46.83639; -60.49889\nTwo Island Lake 46°39′32″N 60°35′11″W / 46.65889°N 60.58639°W / 46.65889; -60.58639 (Three Mile Lake)\nWreck Cove Flowage 46°33′29″N 60°30′29″W / 46.55806°N 60.50806°W / 46.55806; -60.50806 (Wreck Cove Flowage)","title":"Cape Breton Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°49′26.9″N 63°38′2.9″W / 44.824139°N 63.634139°W / 44.824139; -63.634139 (A Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_49_26.9_N_63_38_2.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=A+Lake"},{"link_name":"Acadia Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°50′21″N 62°52′12″W / 44.83917°N 62.87000°W / 44.83917; -62.87000 (Acadia Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_50_21_N_62_52_12_W_type:waterbody_scale:100000_region:CA-NS&title=Acadia+Lake"},{"link_name":"Albro Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albro_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°41′19.9″N 63°34′35.9″W / 44.688861°N 63.576639°W / 44.688861; -63.576639 (Albro Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_41_19.9_N_63_34_35.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Albro+Lake"},{"link_name":"Anderson Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"44°43′35.9″N 63°37′10.9″W / 44.726639°N 63.619694°W / 44.726639; -63.619694 (Anderson Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_43_35.9_N_63_37_10.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Anderson+Lake"},{"link_name":"Anderson Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"Hammond Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammonds_Plains,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"44°44′2.5″N 63°51′51.8″W / 44.734028°N 63.864389°W / 44.734028; -63.864389 (Anderson Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_44_2.5_N_63_51_51.8_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Anderson+Lake"},{"link_name":"Ash Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Lake,_Wellington"},{"link_name":"44°54′2.9″N 63°38′46.9″W / 44.900806°N 63.646361°W / 44.900806; -63.646361 (Ash Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_54_2.9_N_63_38_46.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ash+Lake"},{"link_name":"Ash Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Lake,_Upper_Tantallon"},{"link_name":"44°44′4.9″N 63°51′44″W / 44.734694°N 63.86222°W / 44.734694; -63.86222 (Ash Lake, Upper Tantallon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_44_4.9_N_63_51_44_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ash+Lake%2C+Upper+Tantallon"},{"link_name":"Ash Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Lake,_Timberlea"},{"link_name":"44°40′45.9″N 63°42′52.9″W / 44.679417°N 63.714694°W / 44.679417; -63.714694 (Ash Lake, Timberlea)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_40_45.9_N_63_42_52.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ash+Lake%2C+Timberlea"},{"link_name":"Ash Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Lake,_Hubley"},{"link_name":"44°40′5.9″N 63°51′8.9″W / 44.668306°N 63.852472°W / 44.668306; -63.852472 (Ash Lake, Hubley)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_40_5.9_N_63_51_8.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ash+Lake%2C+Hubley"},{"link_name":"Ash Hill Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Hill_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°56′0″N 63°0′55″W / 44.93333°N 63.01528°W / 44.93333; -63.01528 (Ash Hill Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_56_0_N_63_0_55_W_type:waterbody_scale:100000_region:CA-NS&title=Ash+Hill+Lake"},{"link_name":"Back Rocky Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Rocky_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°50′35″N 62°47′21″W / 44.84306°N 62.78917°W / 44.84306; -62.78917 (Back Rocky Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_50_35_N_62_47_21_W_type:waterbody_scale:100000_region:CA-NS&title=Back+Rocky+Lake"},{"link_name":"Lake Banook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Banook"},{"link_name":"44°40′51.2″N 63°33′24.9″W / 44.680889°N 63.556917°W / 44.680889; -63.556917 (Lake Banook)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_40_51.2_N_63_33_24.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Lake+Banook"},{"link_name":"Baptizing Lake, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptizing_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"44°43′26.9″N 63°46′1.9″W / 44.724139°N 63.767194°W / 44.724139; -63.767194 (Baptizing Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_43_26.9_N_63_46_1.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Baptizing+Lake"},{"link_name":"Bare Rock Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare_Rock_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°48′2″N 62°47′3″W / 44.80056°N 62.78417°W / 44.80056; -62.78417 (Bare Rock Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_48_2_N_62_47_3_W_type:waterbody_scale:100000_region:CA-NS&title=Bare+Rock+Lake"},{"link_name":"Barrett Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°48′51.9″N 63°41′13.9″W / 44.814417°N 63.687194°W / 44.814417; -63.687194 (Barrett Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_48_51.9_N_63_41_13.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Barrett+Lake"},{"link_name":"Bayers Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayers_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°38′31.9″N 63°40′13.9″W / 44.642194°N 63.670528°W / 44.642194; -63.670528 (Bayers Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_38_31.9_N_63_40_13.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Bayers+Lake"},{"link_name":"Bear Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"44°51′52″N 62°51′28″W / 44.86444°N 62.85778°W / 44.86444; -62.85778 (Bear Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_51_52_N_62_51_28_W_type:waterbody_scale:100000_region:CA-NS&title=Bear+Lake"},{"link_name":"Beaverbank Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverbank_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°51′24.9″N 63°40′3.9″W / 44.856917°N 63.667750°W / 44.856917; -63.667750 (Beaverbank Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_51_24.9_N_63_40_3.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Beaverbank+Lake"},{"link_name":"Beckwith Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckwith_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°49′21″N 63°28′38″W / 44.82250°N 63.47722°W / 44.82250; -63.47722 (Beckwith Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_49_21_N_63_28_38_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Beckwith+Lake"},{"link_name":"Beckwood Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckwood_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°51′4″N 63°27′21″W / 44.85111°N 63.45583°W / 44.85111; -63.45583 (Beckwood Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_51_4_N_63_27_21_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Beckwood+Lake"},{"link_name":"Bell Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"44°40′29.3″N 63°30′34.1″W / 44.674806°N 63.509472°W / 44.674806; -63.509472 (Bell Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_40_29.3_N_63_30_34.1_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Bell+Lake"},{"link_name":"Bell Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"44°52′19″N 63°28′32″W / 44.87194°N 63.47556°W / 44.87194; -63.47556 (Bell Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_52_19_N_63_28_32_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Bell+Lake"},{"link_name":"Big Horseshoe Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Horseshoe_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°39′54.9″N 63°43′18.9″W / 44.665250°N 63.721917°W / 44.665250; -63.721917 (Big Horseshoe Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_39_54.9_N_63_43_18.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Big+Horseshoe+Lake"},{"link_name":"Birch Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"44°48′38″N 63°30′50″W / 44.81056°N 63.51389°W / 44.81056; -63.51389 (Birch Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_48_38_N_63_30_50_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Birch+Lake"},{"link_name":"Birch Cove Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_Cove_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°40′5.9″N 63°41′46.1″W / 44.668306°N 63.696139°W / 44.668306; -63.696139 (Birch Cove Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_40_5.9_N_63_41_46.1_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Birch+Cove+Lake"},{"link_name":"Bissett Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bissett_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°39′20.9″N 63°28′15.4″W / 44.655806°N 63.470944°W / 44.655806; -63.470944 (Bissett Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_39_20.9_N_63_28_15.4_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Bissett+Lake"},{"link_name":"Black Lake - 1 of 5 total","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"44°42′37″N 63°35′33″W / 44.71028°N 63.59250°W / 44.71028; 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-63.58139 (Carter Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_31_51_N_63_34_53_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Carter+Lake"},{"link_name":"Dean Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Lake_Colchester"},{"link_name":"45°16′1″N 62°45′31″W / 45.26694°N 62.75861°W / 45.26694; -62.75861 (Dean Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_16_1_N_62_45_31_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Dean+Lake"},{"link_name":"Folly Lake (Colchester)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly_Lake_(Colchester)"},{"link_name":"45°32′15″N 63°32′42″W / 45.53750°N 63.54500°W / 45.53750; -63.54500 (Folly Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_32_15_N_63_32_42_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Folly+Lake"},{"link_name":"Frog Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog_Lake_(Colchester)"},{"link_name":"45°30′48.9″N 63°23′26.1″W / 45.513583°N 63.390583°W / 45.513583; -63.390583 (Frog Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_30_48.9_N_63_23_26.1_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Frog+Lake"},{"link_name":"Hattie Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattie_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°17′2″N 62°44′0″W / 45.28389°N 62.73333°W / 45.28389; -62.73333 (Hattie Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_17_2_N_62_44_0_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hattie+Lake"},{"link_name":"Nelson Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Lake_Colchester"},{"link_name":"45°16′34″N 62°43′33″W / 45.27611°N 62.72583°W / 45.27611; -62.72583 (Nelson Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_16_34_N_62_43_33_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Nelson+Lake"},{"link_name":"Pictou Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictou_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°16′31″N 62°45′1″W / 45.27528°N 62.75028°W / 45.27528; -62.75028 (Pictou Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_16_31_N_62_45_1_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Pictou+Lake"},{"link_name":"Slack Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°30′42″N 63°33′8″W / 45.51167°N 63.55222°W / 45.51167; -63.55222 (Slack Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_30_42_N_63_33_8_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Slack+Lake"},{"link_name":"Stevens Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakes_of_Nova_Scotia#Colchester_County"},{"link_name":"45°32′6″N 63°31′1″W / 45.53500°N 63.51694°W / 45.53500; -63.51694 (Stevens Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_32_6_N_63_31_1_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Stevens+Lake"},{"link_name":"Cumberland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit§ion=11"},{"link_name":"Black Lake (Nova Scotia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°28′17″N 64°16′24″W / 45.47139°N 64.27333°W / 45.47139; -64.27333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45.47139_N_64.27333_W_type:waterbody_region:CA"},{"link_name":"Black Lake (Nova Scotia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°42′12″N 63°55′47″W / 45.703422°N 63.929793°W / 45.703422; -63.929793","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45.703422_N_63.929793_W_type:waterbody_region:CA"},{"link_name":"Barber Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°33′0″N 63°33′0″W / 45.55000°N 63.55000°W / 45.55000; -63.55000 (Barber Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_33_0_N_63_33_0_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Barber+Lake"},{"link_name":"Goose Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Lake_(Cumberland)"},{"link_name":"45°57′0″N 64°7′55″W / 45.95000°N 64.13194°W / 45.95000; -64.13194 (Goose Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_57_0_N_64_7_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Goose+Lake"},{"link_name":"Hart Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_Lake_(Cumberland)"},{"link_name":"45°34′32″N 63°31′5″W / 45.57556°N 63.51806°W / 45.57556; -63.51806 (Hart Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_34_32_N_63_31_5_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hart+Lake"},{"link_name":"Newville Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newville_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°31′16″N 64°20′18″W / 45.52111°N 64.33833°W / 45.52111; -64.33833 (Newville Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_31_16_N_64_20_18_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Newville+Lake"},{"link_name":"Taylor Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Lake_(Cumberland)"},{"link_name":"45°31′18″N 64°42′4″W / 45.52167°N 64.70111°W / 45.52167; -64.70111 (Taylor Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_31_18_N_64_42_4_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Taylor+Lake"},{"link_name":"Williams Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Lake,_Cumberland"},{"link_name":"45°46′16.9″N 63°40′7.9″W / 45.771361°N 63.668861°W / 45.771361; -63.668861 (Williams Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_46_16.9_N_63_40_7.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Williams+Lake"}],"text":"A Lake 44°49′26.9″N 63°38′2.9″W / 44.824139°N 63.634139°W / 44.824139; -63.634139 (A Lake)\nAcadia Lake 44°50′21″N 62°52′12″W / 44.83917°N 62.87000°W / 44.83917; -62.87000 (Acadia Lake)\nAlbro Lake 44°41′19.9″N 63°34′35.9″W / 44.688861°N 63.576639°W / 44.688861; -63.576639 (Albro Lake)\nAnderson Lake- Bedford 44°43′35.9″N 63°37′10.9″W / 44.726639°N 63.619694°W / 44.726639; -63.619694 (Anderson Lake)\nAnderson Lake -Hammond Plains 44°44′2.5″N 63°51′51.8″W / 44.734028°N 63.864389°W / 44.734028; -63.864389 (Anderson Lake)\nAsh Lake 44°54′2.9″N 63°38′46.9″W / 44.900806°N 63.646361°W / 44.900806; -63.646361 (Ash Lake)\nAsh Lake 44°44′4.9″N 63°51′44″W / 44.734694°N 63.86222°W / 44.734694; -63.86222 (Ash Lake, Upper Tantallon)\nAsh Lake 44°40′45.9″N 63°42′52.9″W / 44.679417°N 63.714694°W / 44.679417; -63.714694 (Ash Lake, Timberlea)\nAsh Lake 44°40′5.9″N 63°51′8.9″W / 44.668306°N 63.852472°W / 44.668306; -63.852472 (Ash Lake, Hubley)\nAsh Hill Lake 44°56′0″N 63°0′55″W / 44.93333°N 63.01528°W / 44.93333; -63.01528 (Ash Hill Lake)\nBack Rocky Lake 44°50′35″N 62°47′21″W / 44.84306°N 62.78917°W / 44.84306; -62.78917 (Back Rocky Lake)\nLake Banook 44°40′51.2″N 63°33′24.9″W / 44.680889°N 63.556917°W / 44.680889; -63.556917 (Lake Banook)\nBaptizing Lake, Nova Scotia 44°43′26.9″N 63°46′1.9″W / 44.724139°N 63.767194°W / 44.724139; -63.767194 (Baptizing Lake)\nBare Rock Lake 44°48′2″N 62°47′3″W / 44.80056°N 62.78417°W / 44.80056; -62.78417 (Bare Rock Lake)\nBarrett Lake 44°48′51.9″N 63°41′13.9″W / 44.814417°N 63.687194°W / 44.814417; -63.687194 (Barrett Lake)\nBayers Lake 44°38′31.9″N 63°40′13.9″W / 44.642194°N 63.670528°W / 44.642194; -63.670528 (Bayers Lake)\nBear Lake 44°51′52″N 62°51′28″W / 44.86444°N 62.85778°W / 44.86444; -62.85778 (Bear Lake)\nBeaverbank Lake 44°51′24.9″N 63°40′3.9″W / 44.856917°N 63.667750°W / 44.856917; -63.667750 (Beaverbank Lake)\nBeckwith Lake 44°49′21″N 63°28′38″W / 44.82250°N 63.47722°W / 44.82250; -63.47722 (Beckwith Lake)\nBeckwood Lake 44°51′4″N 63°27′21″W / 44.85111°N 63.45583°W / 44.85111; -63.45583 (Beckwood Lake)\nBell Lake 44°40′29.3″N 63°30′34.1″W / 44.674806°N 63.509472°W / 44.674806; -63.509472 (Bell Lake)\nBell Lake 44°52′19″N 63°28′32″W / 44.87194°N 63.47556°W / 44.87194; -63.47556 (Bell Lake)\nBig Horseshoe Lake 44°39′54.9″N 63°43′18.9″W / 44.665250°N 63.721917°W / 44.665250; -63.721917 (Big Horseshoe Lake)\nBirch Lake 44°48′38″N 63°30′50″W / 44.81056°N 63.51389°W / 44.81056; -63.51389 (Birch Lake)\nBirch Cove Lake 44°40′5.9″N 63°41′46.1″W / 44.668306°N 63.696139°W / 44.668306; -63.696139 (Birch Cove Lake)\nBissett Lake 44°39′20.9″N 63°28′15.4″W / 44.655806°N 63.470944°W / 44.655806; -63.470944 (Bissett Lake)\nBlack Lake - 1 of 5 total 44°42′37″N 63°35′33″W / 44.71028°N 63.59250°W / 44.71028; -63.59250 (Black Lake)\nBlack Lake - 2 of 5 44°42′37″N 63°35′34″W / 44.7103°N 63.5927°W / 44.7103; -63.5927\nBlack Lake - 3 of 5 44°31′00″N 63°39′00″W / 44.51667°N 63.65000°W / 44.51667; -63.65000\nBlack Lake - 4 of 5 45°00′59″N 62°28′09″W / 45.016389°N 62.4691666°W / 45.016389; -62.4691666\nBlack Lake - 5 of 5 44°47′57″N 63°32′45″W / 44.799167°N 63.5458333°W / 44.799167; -63.5458333\nBlakeney Lake 44°50′4.1″N 62°53′46.8″W / 44.834472°N 62.896333°W / 44.834472; -62.896333 (Blakeney Lake)\nBlueberry Lake 44°37′18.9″N 63°41′43.9″W / 44.621917°N 63.695528°W / 44.621917; -63.695528 (Blueberry Lake)\nBoot Lake 44°51′7″N 62°52′1″W / 44.85194°N 62.86694°W / 44.85194; -62.86694 (Boot Lake)\nBottle Lake 44°43′18.9″N 63°25′16.9″W / 44.721917°N 63.421361°W / 44.721917; -63.421361 (Bottle Lake)\nBrandy Lake 44°48′27″N 62°47′20″W / 44.80750°N 62.78889°W / 44.80750; -62.78889 (Brandy Lake)\nBug Lake 44°49′18″N 63°33′4″W / 44.82167°N 63.55111°W / 44.82167; -63.55111 (Bug Lake)\nCampbell Lake 44°41′50.9″N 63°48′49″W / 44.697472°N 63.81361°W / 44.697472; -63.81361 (Camphill Lake)\nCamphill Lake 44°51′16.9″N 63°29′37.9″W / 44.854694°N 63.493861°W / 44.854694; -63.493861 (Camphill Lake)\nCaribou Lake 44°49′37″N 62°52′18″W / 44.82694°N 62.87167°W / 44.82694; -62.87167 (Caribou Lake)\nCarter Lake 44°44′56″N 63°25′9″W / 44.74889°N 63.41917°W / 44.74889; -63.41917 (Carter Lake)\nCatcha Lake 44°44′09″N 63°11′40″W / 44.73583°N 63.19444°W / 44.73583; -63.19444\nCrotched Lake 44°52′14.9″N 63°39′41″W / 44.870806°N 63.66139°W / 44.870806; -63.66139 (Crotched Lake)\nLake Charles 44°43′11.5″N 63°32′59.9″W / 44.719861°N 63.549972°W / 44.719861; -63.549972 (Lake Charles Dartmouth)\nLake Charlotte 44°46′03″N 62°57′05″W / 44.76750°N 62.95139°W / 44.76750; -62.95139 (Lake Charlotte)\nChapman Lake 44°49′15″N 63°31′44″W / 44.82083°N 63.52889°W / 44.82083; -63.52889 (Chapman Lake)\nChocolate Lake- Armdale 44°38′19.1″N 63°37′21.1″W / 44.638639°N 63.622528°W / 44.638639; -63.622528 (Chocolate Lake)\nChocolate Lake -Moser River 44°58′55.3″N 62°19′30.7″W / 44.982028°N 62.325194°W / 44.982028; -62.325194 (Chocolate Lake)\nColpitt Lake 44°36′35.9″N 63°35′52″W / 44.609972°N 63.59778°W / 44.609972; -63.59778 (Colpitt Lake)\nCow Bay Lake 44°36′54″N 63°26′42″W / 44.61500°N 63.44500°W / 44.61500; -63.44500 (Cow Bay Lake)\nCox Lake 45°14′34″N 62°45′4″W / 45.24278°N 62.75111°W / 45.24278; -62.75111 (Cox Lake)\nCoxs Lake 44°42′53.9″N 63°48′50.9″W / 44.714972°N 63.814139°W / 44.714972; -63.814139 (Coxs Lake)\nDark Lake- Enfield 44°52′34.9″N 63°33′15.9″W / 44.876361°N 63.554417°W / 44.876361; -63.554417 (Dark Lake)\nDark Lake -Devon 44°52′25.4″N 63°22′33.2″W / 44.873722°N 63.375889°W / 44.873722; -63.375889 (Dark Lake)\nDe Said Lake 44°38′3″N 63°28′59″W / 44.63417°N 63.48306°W / 44.63417; -63.48306 (Governor Lake)\nDoctors Lake 44°49′48″N 62°45′38″W / 44.83000°N 62.76056°W / 44.83000; -62.76056 (Doctors Lake)\nEast Little Paul Lake 44°51′44″N 62°47′37″W / 44.86222°N 62.79361°W / 44.86222; -62.79361 (East Little Paul Lake)\nLake Echo 44°43′9″N 63°23′5″W / 44.71917°N 63.38472°W / 44.71917; -63.38472 (Lake Echo)\nEgg Lake 44°49′50″N 63°30′44″W / 44.83056°N 63.51222°W / 44.83056; -63.51222 (Enchanted Lake)\nEnchanted Lake 44°43′8″N 63°35′33″W / 44.71889°N 63.59250°W / 44.71889; -63.59250 (Enchanted Lake)\nFeely Lake 44°47′59.9″N 63°41′48.9″W / 44.799972°N 63.696917°W / 44.799972; -63.696917 (Governor Lake)\nFenerty Lake 44°49′50.9″N 63°43′8.9″W / 44.830806°N 63.719139°W / 44.830806; -63.719139 (Governor Lake)\nLake Fletcher 44°50′49.9″N 63°36′40.9″W / 44.847194°N 63.611361°W / 44.847194; -63.611361 (Lake Fletcher)\nFirst Chain Lake 44°38′18″N 63°38′46″W / 44.63833°N 63.64611°W / 44.63833; -63.64611 (First Chain Lake)\nFox Lake 44°50′56.9″N 63°19′42.9″W / 44.849139°N 63.328583°W / 44.849139; -63.328583 (Fox Lake)\nFox Lake 44°48′24.7″N 63°30′12.9″W / 44.806861°N 63.503583°W / 44.806861; -63.503583 (Fox Lake)\nFox Lake 44°40′45.8″N 63°42′18.9″W / 44.679389°N 63.705250°W / 44.679389; -63.705250 (Fox Lake)\nFrenchman Lake 44°41′55.6″N 63°34′35.5″W / 44.698778°N 63.576528°W / 44.698778; -63.576528 (Frenchman Lake)\nFrog Lake 44°37′34.5″N 63°36′13.5″W / 44.626250°N 63.603750°W / 44.626250; -63.603750 (Frog Lake)\nFrog Lake 44°43′7.9″N 63°24′38.9″W / 44.718861°N 63.410806°W / 44.718861; -63.410806 (Frog Lake)\nFrying Pan Hole 44°49′16″N 63°30′48″W / 44.82111°N 63.51333°W / 44.82111; -63.51333 (Frying Pan Hole)\nGolden Lake 44°52′44.9″N 63°38′29″W / 44.879139°N 63.64139°W / 44.879139; -63.64139 (Golden Lake)\nGovernor Lake 45°12′47.9″N 62°39′55.9″W / 45.213306°N 62.665528°W / 45.213306; -62.665528 (Governor Lake)\nGovernor Lake Lakeside 44°38′31.9″N 63°42′0″W / 44.642194°N 63.70000°W / 44.642194; -63.70000 (Governor Lake)\nGreen Lake 44°51′31″N 62°49′49″W / 44.85861°N 62.83028°W / 44.85861; -62.83028 (Green Lake)\nGoose Lakes\nHalfway Lake 44°44′42.9″N 63°47′3.9″W / 44.745250°N 63.784417°W / 44.745250; -63.784417 (Halfway Lake)\nHamilton Lake 45°11′36″N 62°51′34″W / 45.19333°N 62.85944°W / 45.19333; -62.85944 (Hamilton Lake)\nHamilton Lake 44°51′47″N 62°36′35″W / 44.86306°N 62.60972°W / 44.86306; -62.60972 (Hamilton Lake)\nHamilton Lake 44°50′24″N 63°42′22″W / 44.84000°N 63.70611°W / 44.84000; -63.70611 (Hamilton Lake)\nHatchet Lake 44°34′8″N 63°43′30″W / 44.56889°N 63.72500°W / 44.56889; -63.72500 (Hatchet Lake)\nHaunted Lake 44°53′11″N 63°39′2″W / 44.88639°N 63.65056°W / 44.88639; -63.65056 (Haunted Lake)\nHawkin Hall Lake 44°52′29″N 63°43′22″W / 44.87472°N 63.72278°W / 44.87472; -63.72278 (Hawkin Hall Lake)\nHenry Lake 44°34′7″N 63°37′42″W / 44.56861°N 63.62833°W / 44.56861; -63.62833 (Henry Lake)\nHobsons Lake 44°41′33″N 63°42′42″W / 44.69250°N 63.71167°W / 44.69250; -63.71167 (Hobsons Lake)\nHill Lake 45°14′8″N 62°41′26″W / 45.23556°N 62.69056°W / 45.23556; -62.69056 (Hill Lake)\nHolland Marsh Lake 44°40′10″N 63°49′08″W / 44.6695°N 63.8189°W / 44.6695; -63.8189 (Holland Marsh Lake)\nHolman Marsh Lake 44°34′06″N 63°46′34″W / 44.5684°N 63.7761°W / 44.5684; -63.7761 (Holman Marsh Lake)\nHurley Lake 44°51′35″N 62°49′29″W / 44.85972°N 62.82472°W / 44.85972; -62.82472 (Hurley Lake)\nJack Lake 44°44′16″N 63°40′43″W / 44.73778°N 63.67861°W / 44.73778; -63.67861 (Jack Lake)\nKearney Lake 44°41′44″N 63°41′51″W / 44.69556°N 63.69750°W / 44.69556; -63.69750 (Kearney Lake)\nKelly Lake 45°3′6″N 62°19′40″W / 45.05167°N 62.32778°W / 45.05167; -62.32778 (Kelly Lake)\nKelly Lake 44°52′24″N 63°35′7″W / 44.87333°N 63.58528°W / 44.87333; -63.58528 (Kelly Lake)\nKelly Long Lake 44°52′15″N 63°34′2″W / 44.87083°N 63.56722°W / 44.87083; -63.56722 (Kelly Long Lake)\nKidston Lake 44°35′45″N 63°37′12″W / 44.59583°N 63.62000°W / 44.59583; -63.62000 (Kidston Lake)\nKing Lake 44°50′59″N 63°31′8″W / 44.84972°N 63.51889°W / 44.84972; -63.51889 (King Lake)\nKinsac Lake 44°49′40″N 63°39′15″W / 44.82778°N 63.65417°W / 44.82778; -63.65417 (Kinsac Lake)\nLemont Lake 44°41′21″N 63°31′15″W / 44.68917°N 63.52083°W / 44.68917; -63.52083 (Lemont Lake)\n\n\nLittle Albro Lake 44°41′3″N 63°34′35″W / 44.68417°N 63.57639°W / 44.68417; -63.57639 (Little Albro Lake)\nLittle Cranberry Lake 44°39′33″N 63°42′49″W / 44.65917°N 63.71361°W / 44.65917; -63.71361 (Little Cranberry Lake, Halifax)\nLittle Cranberry Lake 44°32′24″N 63°40′36″W / 44.54000°N 63.67667°W / 44.54000; -63.67667 (Little Cranberry Lake, Halifax)\nLittle Cranberry Lake 44°50′12″N 62°41′41″W / 44.83667°N 62.69472°W / 44.83667; -62.69472 (Little Cranberry Lake, Halifax)\nLittle Pockwock Lake 44°46′10″N 63°51′35″W / 44.76944°N 63.85972°W / 44.76944; -63.85972 (Little Pockwock Lake)\nLittle Red Trout Lake 44°48′51″N 63°32′37″W / 44.81417°N 63.54361°W / 44.81417; -63.54361 (Little Red Trout Lake)\nLizard Lake near Hammonds Plains 44°45′39″N 63°50′37″W / 44.76083°N 63.84361°W / 44.76083; -63.84361 (Lizard Lake)[1]\nLizard Lake on the Chebucto Peninsula 44°32′38″N 63°40′0″W / 44.54389°N 63.66667°W / 44.54389; -63.66667 (Lizard Lake)[2]\nLizard Lake in Wellington at 44°53′46″N 63°38′15″W / 44.89611°N 63.63750°W / 44.89611; -63.63750 (Lizard Lake)[3]\nLizard Lake in Fletchers Lake 44°50′7″N 63°37′13″W / 44.83528°N 63.62028°W / 44.83528; -63.62028 (Lizard Lake)[4]\nLizard Lake in Timberlea 44°39′54″N 63°47′30″W / 44.66500°N 63.79167°W / 44.66500; -63.79167 (Lizard Lake)[5]\nLovett Lake 44°38′16″N 63°40′59″W / 44.63778°N 63.68306°W / 44.63778; -63.68306 (Major Lake)\nLookout Lake 44°48′26″N 63°30′30″W / 44.80722°N 63.50833°W / 44.80722; -63.50833 (Lookout Lake)\nLower Marsh Lake 44°38′0″N 63°45′55″W / 44.63333°N 63.76528°W / 44.63333; -63.76528 (ower Marsh Lake)\nMajor Lake 44°44′38″N 63°29′47″W / 44.74389°N 63.49639°W / 44.74389; -63.49639 (Major Lake)\nMaple Lake 44°41′18″N 63°47′8″W / 44.68833°N 63.78556°W / 44.68833; -63.78556 (Maple Lake)\nMarsh Lake 44°45′0″N 63°41′55″W / 44.75000°N 63.69861°W / 44.75000; -63.69861 (Marsh Lake)\nMarsh Lake 44°39′54.2″N 64°03′32.8″W / 44.665056°N 64.059111°W / 44.665056; -64.059111 (Marsh Lake)\nMartin Lake 44°41′31″N 63°34′22″W / 44.69194°N 63.57278°W / 44.69194; -63.57278 (Martin Lake)\nMaynard Lake 44°40′16.8″N 63°33′11.8″W / 44.671333°N 63.553278°W / 44.671333; -63.553278 (Maynard Lake)\nMcCabe Lake 44°46′33″N 63°45′4″W / 44.77583°N 63.75111°W / 44.77583; -63.75111 (McCabe Lake)\nLake Mic Mac 44°41′35.4″N 63°33′12.1″W / 44.693167°N 63.553361°W / 44.693167; -63.553361 (Lake Mic Mac)\nMiller Lake in Fall River 44°48′52″N 63°35′35″W / 44.81444°N 63.59306°W / 44.81444; -63.59306 (Miller Lake)\nMiller Lake 44°58′24″N 62°50′10″W / 44.97333°N 62.83611°W / 44.97333; -62.83611 (Miller Lake)\nMoon Lake 44°46′1″N 63°32′50″W / 44.76694°N 63.54722°W / 44.76694; -63.54722 (Moon Lake)\nMorris Lake 44°38′58″N 63°29′40″W / 44.64944°N 63.49444°W / 44.64944; -63.49444 (Morris Lake)\nMountain Lake 44°44′7″N 63°30′44″W / 44.73528°N 63.51222°W / 44.73528; -63.51222 (Mountain Lake)\nMurphys Black Duck Lake 44°49′36″N 62°47′42″W / 44.82667°N 62.79500°W / 44.82667; -62.79500 (Murphys Black Duck Lake)\nNiagara Lake 44°50′25″N 62°48′28″W / 44.84028°N 62.80778°W / 44.84028; -62.80778 (Niagara Lake)\nNelson Lake 44°43′24″N 63°25′38″W / 44.72333°N 63.42722°W / 44.72333; -63.42722 (Nelson Lake)\nNewcombe Lake 44°48′32″N 62°48′6″W / 44.80889°N 62.80167°W / 44.80889; -62.80167 (Newcombe Lake)\nOak Lake 44°47′51″N 63°1′55″W / 44.79750°N 63.03194°W / 44.79750; -63.03194 (Oak Lake)\nOak Lake 44°54′0″N 63°38′34″W / 44.90000°N 63.64278°W / 44.90000; -63.64278 (Oak Lake)\nOak Hill Lake 44°53′29″N 62°41′8″W / 44.89139°N 62.68556°W / 44.89139; -62.68556 (Oak Hill Lake)\nOak Hill Lake 44°35′0″N 63°52′4″W / 44.58333°N 63.86778°W / 44.58333; -63.86778 (Oak Hill Lake)\nOak Hill Lake 44°53′28″N 62°33′48″W / 44.89111°N 62.56333°W / 44.89111; -62.56333 (Oak Hill Lake)\nOat Hill Lake 44°40′26″N 63°32′59″W / 44.67389°N 63.54972°W / 44.67389; -63.54972 (Oak Hill Lake)\nObrien Lake 44°52′6″N 62°46′24″W / 44.86833°N 62.77333°W / 44.86833; -62.77333 (Obrien Lake)\nObrien Lake 44°51′52″N 63°28′39″W / 44.86444°N 63.47750°W / 44.86444; -63.47750 (Obrien Lake)\nPorters Lake 44°42′5″N 63°17′23″W / 44.70139°N 63.28972°W / 44.70139; -63.28972 (Porters Lake)\nPorcupine Lake\nQuarry Lake Halifax 44°40′16″N 63°41′29″W / 44.67111°N 63.69139°W / 44.67111; -63.69139 (Quarry Lake Halifax)\nQuarry Lake Chebucto Peninsula 44°29′10″N 63°42′53″W / 44.48611°N 63.71472°W / 44.48611; -63.71472 (Quarry Lake Chebucto Peninsula)\nQueen Lake 44°51′1″N 63°30′55″W / 44.85028°N 63.51528°W / 44.85028; -63.51528 (Queen Lake)\nPaul Lake (Nova Scotia) 44°51′42″N 62°48′6″W / 44.86167°N 62.80167°W / 44.86167; -62.80167 (Paul Lake)\nPerry Lake 44°47′46″N 63°37′15″W / 44.79611°N 63.62083°W / 44.79611; -63.62083 (Perry Lake)\nPhillips Boot Lake 44°49′40″N 62°48′51″W / 44.82778°N 62.81417°W / 44.82778; -62.81417 (Phillips Boot Lake)\nPockwock Lake 44°47′57″N 63°50′15″W / 44.79917°N 63.83750°W / 44.79917; -63.83750 (Pockwock Lake)\nPowder Mill Lake 44°46′29″N 63°36′38″W / 44.77472°N 63.61056°W / 44.77472; -63.61056 (Powder Mill Lake)\nRabbit Lake 44°51′33″N 62°51′36″W / 44.85917°N 62.86000°W / 44.85917; -62.86000 (Rabbit Lake)\nRagged Lake 44°29′55″N 63°39′39″W / 44.49861°N 63.66083°W / 44.49861; -63.66083 (Ragged Lake)\nRagged Lake 44°41′55″N 63°43′44″W / 44.69861°N 63.72889°W / 44.69861; -63.72889 (Ragged Lake)\nRagged Lake 44°37′27″N 63°40′30″W / 44.62417°N 63.67500°W / 44.62417; -63.67500 (Ragged Lake)\nRasley Lake 44°51′24″N 63°41′51″W / 44.85667°N 63.69750°W / 44.85667; -63.69750 (Rasley Lake)\nRed Bridge Pond 44°41′26″N 63°32′36″W / 44.69056°N 63.54333°W / 44.69056; -63.54333 (Red Bridge Pond)\nSecond Chain Lake 44°38′10″N 63°39′8″W / 44.63611°N 63.65222°W / 44.63611; -63.65222 (Second Chain Lake)\nSeal Cove Lake 44°49′12″N 62°51′7″W / 44.82000°N 62.85194°W / 44.82000; -62.85194 (Seal Cove Lake)\nSettle Lake 44°40′44.9″N 63°30′15.9″W / 44.679139°N 63.504417°W / 44.679139; -63.504417 (Settle Lake)\nSchmidt Lake 44°43′13″N 63°45′27″W / 44.72028°N 63.75750°W / 44.72028; -63.75750 (Schmidt Lake)\nShingle Lake 44°49′8″N 62°46′20″W / 44.81889°N 62.77222°W / 44.81889; -62.77222 (Shingle Lake)\nShubenacadie Grand Lake 44°55′5.7″N 63°35′40″W / 44.918250°N 63.59444°W / 44.918250; -63.59444 (Shubenacadie Grand Lake)\nSix Mile Lake 44°39′5″N 63°42′43″W / 44.65139°N 63.71194°W / 44.65139; -63.71194 (Six Mile Lake)\nSoldier Lake 44°48′57″N 63°34′11″W / 44.81583°N 63.56972°W / 44.81583; -63.56972 (Soldier Lake)\nSouth Lake 45°14′19″N 62°42′23″W / 45.23861°N 62.70639°W / 45.23861; -62.70639 (South Lake)\nSpectacle Lake\nSpringfield Lake 44°48′44″N 63°44′18″W / 44.81222°N 63.73833°W / 44.81222; -63.73833 (Springfield Lake)\nSquare Lake\nSquirrel Lake 44°50′54″N 62°51′11″W / 44.84833°N 62.85306°W / 44.84833; -62.85306 (Squirrel Lake)\nStillwater Lake 44°42′44″N 63°50′50″W / 44.71222°N 63.84722°W / 44.71222; -63.84722 (Stillwater Lake)\nSullivan Lake 44°52′55″N 63°34′33″W / 44.88194°N 63.57583°W / 44.88194; -63.57583 (Sullivan Lake)\nSullivans Pond 44°40′22″N 63°33′47″W / 44.67278°N 63.56306°W / 44.67278; -63.56306 (Sullivans Pond)\nTangier Grand Lake 44°53′29″N 62°50′28″W / 44.89139°N 62.84111°W / 44.89139; -62.84111 (Tangier Grand Lake)\nTangier Island Pond 44°45′40″N 62°39′35″W / 44.76111°N 62.65972°W / 44.76111; -62.65972 (Tangier Island Pond)\nTangier Lake 44°49′56″N 62°43′57″W / 44.83222°N 62.73250°W / 44.83222; -62.73250 (Tangier Lake)\nTaylor Lake 44°44′46″N 63°49′27″W / 44.74611°N 63.82417°W / 44.74611; -63.82417 (Taylor Lake)\nTen Mile Lake 45°8′36″N 62°42′11″W / 45.14333°N 62.70306°W / 45.14333; -62.70306 (Ten Mile Lake)\nThree Mile Lake 44°46′54″N 63°37′31″W / 44.78167°N 63.62528°W / 44.78167; -63.62528 (Three Mile Lake)\nThree Mile Lake 44°49′3″N 63°30′18″W / 44.81750°N 63.50500°W / 44.81750; -63.50500 (Three Mile Lake)\nTimber Lake 44°49′33″N 62°45′26″W / 44.82583°N 62.75722°W / 44.82583; -62.75722 (Timber Lake)\nThomas Lake 44°48′7″N 63°36′29″W / 44.80194°N 63.60806°W / 44.80194; -63.60806 (Thomas Lake)\nThird Lake\nThree Finger Lake 44°40′7″N 63°43′12″W / 44.66861°N 63.72000°W / 44.66861; -63.72000 (Three Finger Lake)\nTomahawk Lake 44°46′45″N 63°48′13″W / 44.77917°N 63.80361°W / 44.77917; -63.80361 (Tomahawk Lake)\nTopsail Lake 44°41′39″N 63°31′0″W / 44.69417°N 63.51667°W / 44.69417; -63.51667 (Topsail Lake)\nTrout Lake 44°49′31″N 62°50′15″W / 44.82528°N 62.83750°W / 44.82528; -62.83750 (Trout Lake)\nTucker Lake 44°50′28″N 63°41′10″W / 44.84111°N 63.68611°W / 44.84111; -63.68611 (Tucker Lake)\nTurf Lake 44°53′48″N 63°28′56″W / 44.89667°N 63.48222°W / 44.89667; -63.48222 (Turf Lake)\nTwin Lakes 44°50′11″N 62°48′21″W / 44.83639°N 62.80583°W / 44.83639; -62.80583 (Twin Lakes)\nUpper Holman Marsh Lake 44°34′50.9″N 63°46′11.5″W / 44.580806°N 63.769861°W / 44.580806; -63.769861 (Upper Holman Marsh Lake)\nUpper Marsh Lake 44°38′0″N 63°45′55″W / 44.63333°N 63.76528°W / 44.63333; -63.76528 (Upper Marsh Lake)\nWallace Lake Sable Island 43°55′50.6″N 59°59′9.2″W / 43.930722°N 59.985889°W / 43.930722; -59.985889 (Wallace Lake)\nWashmill Lake 44°40′47″N 63°41′5″W / 44.67972°N 63.68472°W / 44.67972; -63.68472 (Wallace Lake Sable Island)\nWebber Lake 44°46′30″N 63°43′35″W / 44.77500°N 63.72639°W / 44.77500; -63.72639 (Webber Lake)\nWebber Lake 44°49′49″N 63°0′18″W / 44.83028°N 63.00500°W / 44.83028; -63.00500 (Webber Lake)\nWest Little Paul Lake 44°51′37″N 62°48′17″W / 44.86028°N 62.80472°W / 44.86028; -62.80472 (West Little Paul Lake)\nWilliams Lake 44°37′11.9″N 63°35′43″W / 44.619972°N 63.59528°W / 44.619972; -63.59528 (Williams Lake)\nWilliams Lake 44°48′50.9″N 63°26′57″W / 44.814139°N 63.44917°W / 44.814139; -63.44917 (Williams Lake)\nWilliams Lake 44°43′2″N 63°3′1″W / 44.71722°N 63.05028°W / 44.71722; -63.05028 (Williams Lake)\nWillis Lake 44°47′38″N 63°35′27.5″W / 44.79389°N 63.590972°W / 44.79389; -63.590972 (Willis Lake)\nWilson Lake 44°48′47″N 63°42′4″W / 44.81306°N 63.70111°W / 44.81306; -63.70111 (Wilson Lake)Annapolis County[edit]\nBeaver Lakes 44°35′12″N 65°3′44″W / 44.58667°N 65.06222°W / 44.58667; -65.06222 (Beaver Lake)\nBig Molly Upsim Lake44°37′12″N 65°6′36″W / 44.62000°N 65.11000°W / 44.62000; -65.11000 (Big Molly Upsim Lake)\nCarter Lake 44°43′51″N 65°5′28″W / 44.73083°N 65.09111°W / 44.73083; -65.09111 (Carter Lake)\nDean Lake 44°26′50″N 65°3′39″W / 44.44722°N 65.06083°W / 44.44722; -65.06083 (Dean Lake)\nFolly Lake 44°43′47″N 64°50′53″W / 44.72972°N 64.84806°W / 44.72972; -64.84806 (Folly Lake)\nFrog Lake 44°33′1.9″N 65°12′57″W / 44.550528°N 65.21583°W / 44.550528; -65.21583 (Frog Lake)\nHill Lake 44°30′36″N 65°34′30″W / 44.51000°N 65.57500°W / 44.51000; -65.57500 (Hill Lake)\nKelly Lake 44°37′41″N 65°5′17″W / 44.62806°N 65.08806°W / 44.62806; -65.08806 (Kelly Lake)\nKejimikujik Lake 44°21′40.7″N 65°13′49.2″W / 44.361306°N 65.230333°W / 44.361306; -65.230333 (Kejimikujik Lake)\nLittle Cranberry Lake 44°38′16″N 65°2′4″W / 44.63778°N 65.03444°W / 44.63778; -65.03444 (Little Cranberry Lake, Annapolis)\nLittle Grand Lake 44°39′1.6″N 65°29′11.8″W / 44.650444°N 65.486611°W / 44.650444; -65.486611 (Little Grand Lake)\nSpringfield Lake 44°38′9″N 64°51′29″W / 44.63583°N 64.85806°W / 44.63583; -64.85806 (Springfield Lake)\nThomas Lake 44°35′39″N 65°22′17″W / 44.59417°N 65.37139°W / 44.59417; -65.37139 (Thomas Lake)\n\n\nAntigonish County[edit]\nBig Loch 45°47′33″N 61°58′50″W / 45.79250°N 61.98056°W / 45.79250; -61.98056 (Big Loch)\nGreendale Loch 45°47′14″N 62°0′47″W / 45.78722°N 62.01306°W / 45.78722; -62.01306 (Greendale Loch)\nMalignant Cove Pond 45°47′14″N 62°4′55″W / 45.78722°N 62.08194°W / 45.78722; -62.08194 (Malignant Cove Pond)\nMonks Head Pond 45°40′12″N 61°50′37″W / 45.67000°N 61.84361°W / 45.67000; -61.84361 (Monks Head Pond)\nNorth Lake 45°46′49″N 61°55′1″W / 45.78028°N 61.91694°W / 45.78028; -61.91694 (North Lake)\nPomquet Lake 45°37′23″N 61°50′21″W / 45.62306°N 61.83917°W / 45.62306; -61.83917 (Pomquet Lake)\nSouth Lake 45°45′56″N 61°55′0″W / 45.76556°N 61.91667°W / 45.76556; -61.91667 (South Lake)\nVincents Lake 45°42′41″N 62°9′19″W / 45.71139°N 62.15528°W / 45.71139; -62.15528 (Vincents Lake)Colchester County[edit]\nBear Lake\nBlakeney Lake 45°31′29.9″N 63°24′48.9″W / 45.524972°N 63.413583°W / 45.524972; -63.413583 (Blakeney Lake)\nCarter Lake 45°31′51″N 63°34′53″W / 45.53083°N 63.58139°W / 45.53083; -63.58139 (Carter Lake)\nDean Lake 45°16′1″N 62°45′31″W / 45.26694°N 62.75861°W / 45.26694; -62.75861 (Dean Lake)\nFolly Lake (Colchester) 45°32′15″N 63°32′42″W / 45.53750°N 63.54500°W / 45.53750; -63.54500 (Folly Lake)\nFrog Lake 45°30′48.9″N 63°23′26.1″W / 45.513583°N 63.390583°W / 45.513583; -63.390583 (Frog Lake)\nHattie Lake 45°17′2″N 62°44′0″W / 45.28389°N 62.73333°W / 45.28389; -62.73333 (Hattie Lake)\nNelson Lake 45°16′34″N 62°43′33″W / 45.27611°N 62.72583°W / 45.27611; -62.72583 (Nelson Lake)\nPictou Lake 45°16′31″N 62°45′1″W / 45.27528°N 62.75028°W / 45.27528; -62.75028 (Pictou Lake)\nSlack Lake 45°30′42″N 63°33′8″W / 45.51167°N 63.55222°W / 45.51167; -63.55222 (Slack Lake)\nStevens Lake 45°32′6″N 63°31′1″W / 45.53500°N 63.51694°W / 45.53500; -63.51694 (Stevens Lake)\n\n\nCumberland County[edit]\nBlack Lake (Nova Scotia) 45°28′17″N 64°16′24″W / 45.47139°N 64.27333°W / 45.47139; -64.27333\nBlack Lake (Nova Scotia) 45°42′12″N 63°55′47″W / 45.703422°N 63.929793°W / 45.703422; -63.929793\nBarber Lake 45°33′0″N 63°33′0″W / 45.55000°N 63.55000°W / 45.55000; -63.55000 (Barber Lake)\nGoose Lake 45°57′0″N 64°7′55″W / 45.95000°N 64.13194°W / 45.95000; -64.13194 (Goose Lake)\nHart Lake 45°34′32″N 63°31′5″W / 45.57556°N 63.51806°W / 45.57556; -63.51806 (Hart Lake)\nNewville Lake 45°31′16″N 64°20′18″W / 45.52111°N 64.33833°W / 45.52111; -64.33833 (Newville Lake)\nTaylor Lake 45°31′18″N 64°42′4″W / 45.52167°N 64.70111°W / 45.52167; -64.70111 (Taylor Lake)\nWilliams Lake 45°46′16.9″N 63°40′7.9″W / 45.771361°N 63.668861°W / 45.771361; -63.668861 (Williams Lake)","title":"Halifax Regional Municipality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipality of Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit§ion=13"},{"link_name":"Ash Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Lake,_Clare"},{"link_name":"44°9′37.9″N 66°6′26.9″W / 44.160528°N 66.107472°W / 44.160528; -66.107472 (Ash Lake(Clare))","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_9_37.9_N_66_6_26.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ash+Lake%28Clare%29"},{"link_name":"Briar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briar_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°7′49.06″N 65°57′22.81″W / 44.1302944°N 65.9563361°W / 44.1302944; -65.9563361 (Briar Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_7_49.06_N_65_57_22.81_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Briar+Lake"},{"link_name":"Second Briar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Briar_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°8′0″N 65°56′55″W / 44.13333°N 65.94861°W / 44.13333; -65.94861 (Second Briar Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_8_0_N_65_56_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Second+Briar+Lake"},{"link_name":"Municipality of the District of Digby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digby,_Nova_Scotia_(municipal_district)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit§ion=14"},{"link_name":"Little Cranberry Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Cranberry_Lake,_Digby"},{"link_name":"44°19′16″N 65°44′9″W / 44.32111°N 65.73583°W / 44.32111; -65.73583 (Little Cranberry Lake, Digby)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_19_16_N_65_44_9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Little+Cranberry+Lake%2C+Digby"},{"link_name":"Ninth Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°26′43″N 65°33′40″W / 44.44528°N 65.56111°W / 44.44528; -65.56111 (Ninth Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_26_43_N_65_33_40_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ninth+Lake"},{"link_name":"Obrien Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrien_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°30′58″N 65°40′34″W / 44.51611°N 65.67611°W / 44.51611; -65.67611 (Obrien Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_30_58_N_65_40_34_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Obrien+Lake"},{"link_name":"Porters Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porters_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°29′52″N 65°48′18″W / 44.49778°N 65.80500°W / 44.49778; -65.80500 (Porters Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_29_52_N_65_48_18_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Porters+Lake"}],"text":"Municipality of Clare[edit]\nAsh Lake 44°9′37.9″N 66°6′26.9″W / 44.160528°N 66.107472°W / 44.160528; -66.107472 (Ash Lake(Clare))\nBriar Lake 44°7′49.06″N 65°57′22.81″W / 44.1302944°N 65.9563361°W / 44.1302944; -65.9563361 (Briar Lake)\nSecond Briar Lake 44°8′0″N 65°56′55″W / 44.13333°N 65.94861°W / 44.13333; -65.94861 (Second Briar Lake)\n\n\nMunicipality of the District of Digby[edit]\nLittle Cranberry Lake 44°19′16″N 65°44′9″W / 44.32111°N 65.73583°W / 44.32111; -65.73583 (Little Cranberry Lake, Digby)\nNinth Lake 44°26′43″N 65°33′40″W / 44.44528°N 65.56111°W / 44.44528; -65.56111 (Ninth Lake)\nObrien Lake 44°30′58″N 65°40′34″W / 44.51611°N 65.67611°W / 44.51611; -65.67611 (Obrien Lake)\nPorters Lake 44°29′52″N 65°48′18″W / 44.49778°N 65.80500°W / 44.49778; -65.80500 (Porters Lake)","title":"Digby County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipality of the District of Guysborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guysborough,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit§ion=16"},{"link_name":"Frog Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog_Lake_(Guysborough)"},{"link_name":"45°17′25.9″N 61°54′31.9″W / 45.290528°N 61.908861°W / 45.290528; -61.908861 (Frog Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_17_25.9_N_61_54_31.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Frog+Lake"},{"link_name":"Boggy Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boggy_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°0′10″N 62°11′55″W / 45.00278°N 62.19861°W / 45.00278; -62.19861 (Boggy Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_0_10_N_62_11_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Boggy+Lake"},{"link_name":"Boggy Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boggy_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°6′1″N 62°18′49″W / 45.10028°N 62.31361°W / 45.10028; -62.31361 (Boggy Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_6_1_N_62_18_49_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Boggy+Lake"},{"link_name":"Greenwood Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°18′8″N 61°27′36″W / 45.30222°N 61.46000°W / 45.30222; -61.46000 (Greenwood Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_18_8_N_61_27_36_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Greenwood+Lake"},{"link_name":"Goose Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Lake_(Guysborough)"},{"link_name":"45°11′0″N 61°23′54″W / 45.18333°N 61.39833°W / 45.18333; -61.39833 (Goose Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_11_0_N_61_23_54_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Goose+Lake"},{"link_name":"Goose Harbour Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Harbour_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°33′0″N 61°24′54″W / 45.55000°N 61.41500°W / 45.55000; -61.41500 (Goose Harbour Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_33_0_N_61_24_54_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Goose+Harbour+Lake"},{"link_name":"Hart Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_Lake_(Guysborough)"},{"link_name":"45°24′33″N 61°34′32″W / 45.40917°N 61.57556°W / 45.40917; -61.57556 (Hart Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_24_33_N_61_34_32_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hart+Lake"},{"link_name":"Hart Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_Lake_(Guysborough)"},{"link_name":"45°26′18″N 61°27′54″W / 45.43833°N 61.46500°W / 45.43833; -61.46500 (Hart Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_26_18_N_61_27_54_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hart+Lake"},{"link_name":"Hattie Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattie_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°15′45″N 62°28′35″W / 45.26250°N 62.47639°W / 45.26250; -62.47639 (Hattie Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_15_45_N_62_28_35_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hattie+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Hattie Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattie_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°21′47″N 62°1′31″W / 45.36306°N 62.02528°W / 45.36306; -62.02528 (Hattie Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_21_47_N_62_1_31_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hattie+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Hattie Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattie_Lakes"},{"link_name":"45°18′52″N 62°17′29″W / 45.31444°N 62.29139°W / 45.31444; -62.29139 (Hattie Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_18_52_N_62_17_29_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hattie+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Kelly Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Lake_(Guysborough)"},{"link_name":"45°14′33″N 62°19′24″W / 45.24250°N 62.32333°W / 45.24250; -62.32333 (Kelly Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_14_33_N_62_19_24_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Kelly+Lake"},{"link_name":"King Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Lake_(Guysborough,_Nova_Scotia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"45°18′8″N 61°27′36″W / 45.30222°N 61.46000°W / 45.30222; -61.46000 (King Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_18_8_N_61_27_36_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=King+Lake"},{"link_name":"45°19′11.9″N 61°3′13.9″W / 45.319972°N 61.053861°W / 45.319972; -61.053861 (Lake Charles)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_19_11.9_N_61_3_13.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Lake+Charles"},{"link_name":"Indian Harbour Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Harbour_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"45°8′1.34″N 61°52′38.38″W / 45.1337056°N 61.8773278°W / 45.1337056; -61.8773278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_8_1.34_N_61_52_38.38_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS"},{"link_name":"Jordan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Lake,_Guysborough"},{"link_name":"45°11′56.9″N 62°25′2″W / 45.199139°N 62.41722°W / 45.199139; -62.41722 (Jordan Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_11_56.9_N_62_25_2_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Jordan+Lake"},{"link_name":"Hay Marsh Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay_Marsh_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°21′0″N 61°12′54″W / 45.35000°N 61.21500°W / 45.35000; -61.21500 (Hay Marsh Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_21_0_N_61_12_54_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hay+Marsh+Lake"},{"link_name":"Miller Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Lake_Guysborough"},{"link_name":"45°2′26″N 62°9′12″W / 45.04056°N 62.15333°W / 45.04056; -62.15333 (Miller Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_2_26_N_62_9_12_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Miller+Lake"},{"link_name":"Miller Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Lake_Guysborough"},{"link_name":"45°1′0″N 62°8′57″W / 45.01667°N 62.14917°W / 45.01667; -62.14917 (Miller Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_1_0_N_62_8_57_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Miller+Lake"},{"link_name":"Morris Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Lake_Guysborough"},{"link_name":"45°4′30″N 62°18′31″W / 45.07500°N 62.30861°W / 45.07500; -62.30861 (Morris Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_4_30_N_62_18_31_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Morris+Lake"},{"link_name":"Second Cow Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cow_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°16′38.3″N 61°16′11.9″W / 45.277306°N 61.269972°W / 45.277306; -61.269972 (Second Cow Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_16_38.3_N_61_16_11.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Second+Cow+Lake"},{"link_name":"Stevens Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakes_of_Nova_Scotia#Colchester_County"},{"link_name":"45°16′13″N 61°11′55″W / 45.27028°N 61.19861°W / 45.27028; -61.19861 (Stevens Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_16_13_N_61_11_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Stevens+Lake"},{"link_name":"Oak Hill Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Hill_Lake_(Guysborough)"},{"link_name":"45°14′1″N 61°38′20″W / 45.23361°N 61.63889°W / 45.23361; -61.63889 (Oak Hill Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_14_1_N_61_38_20_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Oak+Hill+Lake"},{"link_name":"Oak Hill Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Hill_Lake_(Guysborough)"},{"link_name":"45°7′14″N 62°23′24″W / 45.12056°N 62.39000°W / 45.12056; -62.39000 (Oak Hill Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_7_14_N_62_23_24_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Oak+Hill+Lake"},{"link_name":"Taylor Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Lake_(Guysborough)"},{"link_name":"45°22′50″N 62°0′0″W / 45.38056°N 62.00000°W / 45.38056; -62.00000 (Taylor Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_22_50_N_62_0_0_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Taylor+Lake"},{"link_name":"Sherbrooke Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherbrooke_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°8′27.9″N 61°58′0.9″W / 45.141083°N 61.966917°W / 45.141083; -61.966917 (Sherbrooke Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_8_27.9_N_61_58_0.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Sherbrooke+Lake"},{"link_name":"Three Mile Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°20′9″N 61°4′42″W / 45.33583°N 61.07833°W / 45.33583; -61.07833 (Three Mile Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_20_9_N_61_4_42_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Three+Mile+Lake"},{"link_name":"Wallace Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallace_Lake_(Guysborough)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"45°18′55.9″N 62°3′21.9″W / 45.315528°N 62.056083°W / 45.315528; -62.056083 (Wallace Lake(Guysborough))","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_18_55.9_N_62_3_21.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Wallace+Lake%28Guysborough%29"},{"link_name":"Municipality of the District of Saint Mary's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit§ion=17"},{"link_name":"Ash Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Lake,_St._Mary%27s"},{"link_name":"45°7′16.9″N 62°12′46.9″W / 45.121361°N 62.213028°W / 45.121361; -62.213028 (Ash Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_7_16.9_N_62_12_46.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ash+Lake"},{"link_name":"Lake Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Henry_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"45°18′20″N 62°17′14″W / 45.30556°N 62.28722°W / 45.30556; -62.28722 (Lake Henry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_18_20_N_62_17_14_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA&title=Lake+Henry"},{"link_name":"Long Marsh Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Marsh_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°0′0″N 62°6′55″W / 45.00000°N 62.11528°W / 45.00000; -62.11528 (Long Marsh Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_0_0_N_62_6_55_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA&title=Long+Marsh+Lake"},{"link_name":"Marsh Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"44°59′0″N 62°5′54″W / 44.98333°N 62.09833°W / 44.98333; -62.09833 (Marsh Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_59_0_N_62_5_54_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA&title=Marsh+Lake"}],"text":"Municipality of the District of Guysborough[edit]\nFrog Lake 45°17′25.9″N 61°54′31.9″W / 45.290528°N 61.908861°W / 45.290528; -61.908861 (Frog Lake)\nBoggy Lake 45°0′10″N 62°11′55″W / 45.00278°N 62.19861°W / 45.00278; -62.19861 (Boggy Lake)\nBoggy Lake 45°6′1″N 62°18′49″W / 45.10028°N 62.31361°W / 45.10028; -62.31361 (Boggy Lake)\nGreenwood Lake 45°18′8″N 61°27′36″W / 45.30222°N 61.46000°W / 45.30222; -61.46000 (Greenwood Lake)\nGoose Lake 45°11′0″N 61°23′54″W / 45.18333°N 61.39833°W / 45.18333; -61.39833 (Goose Lake)\nGoose Harbour Lake 45°33′0″N 61°24′54″W / 45.55000°N 61.41500°W / 45.55000; -61.41500 (Goose Harbour Lake)\nHart Lake 45°24′33″N 61°34′32″W / 45.40917°N 61.57556°W / 45.40917; -61.57556 (Hart Lake)\nHart Lake 45°26′18″N 61°27′54″W / 45.43833°N 61.46500°W / 45.43833; -61.46500 (Hart Lake)\nHattie Lake 45°15′45″N 62°28′35″W / 45.26250°N 62.47639°W / 45.26250; -62.47639 (Hattie Lakes)\nHattie Lake 45°21′47″N 62°1′31″W / 45.36306°N 62.02528°W / 45.36306; -62.02528 (Hattie Lakes)\nHattie Lakes 45°18′52″N 62°17′29″W / 45.31444°N 62.29139°W / 45.31444; -62.29139 (Hattie Lakes)\nKelly Lake 45°14′33″N 62°19′24″W / 45.24250°N 62.32333°W / 45.24250; -62.32333 (Kelly Lake)\nKing Lake 45°18′8″N 61°27′36″W / 45.30222°N 61.46000°W / 45.30222; -61.46000 (King Lake)\nLake Charles 45°19′11.9″N 61°3′13.9″W / 45.319972°N 61.053861°W / 45.319972; -61.053861 (Lake Charles)\nIndian Harbour Lake 45°8′1.34″N 61°52′38.38″W / 45.1337056°N 61.8773278°W / 45.1337056; -61.8773278\n\n\nJordan Lake 45°11′56.9″N 62°25′2″W / 45.199139°N 62.41722°W / 45.199139; -62.41722 (Jordan Lake)\nHay Marsh Lake 45°21′0″N 61°12′54″W / 45.35000°N 61.21500°W / 45.35000; -61.21500 (Hay Marsh Lake)\nMiller Lake 45°2′26″N 62°9′12″W / 45.04056°N 62.15333°W / 45.04056; -62.15333 (Miller Lake)\nMiller Lake 45°1′0″N 62°8′57″W / 45.01667°N 62.14917°W / 45.01667; -62.14917 (Miller Lake)\nMorris Lake 45°4′30″N 62°18′31″W / 45.07500°N 62.30861°W / 45.07500; -62.30861 (Morris Lake)\nSecond Cow Lake 45°16′38.3″N 61°16′11.9″W / 45.277306°N 61.269972°W / 45.277306; -61.269972 (Second Cow Lake)\nStevens Lake 45°16′13″N 61°11′55″W / 45.27028°N 61.19861°W / 45.27028; -61.19861 (Stevens Lake)\nOak Hill Lake 45°14′1″N 61°38′20″W / 45.23361°N 61.63889°W / 45.23361; -61.63889 (Oak Hill Lake)\nOak Hill Lake 45°7′14″N 62°23′24″W / 45.12056°N 62.39000°W / 45.12056; -62.39000 (Oak Hill Lake)\nTaylor Lake 45°22′50″N 62°0′0″W / 45.38056°N 62.00000°W / 45.38056; -62.00000 (Taylor Lake)\nSherbrooke Lake 45°8′27.9″N 61°58′0.9″W / 45.141083°N 61.966917°W / 45.141083; -61.966917 (Sherbrooke Lake)\nThree Mile Lake 45°20′9″N 61°4′42″W / 45.33583°N 61.07833°W / 45.33583; -61.07833 (Three Mile Lake)\nWallace Lake 45°18′55.9″N 62°3′21.9″W / 45.315528°N 62.056083°W / 45.315528; -62.056083 (Wallace Lake(Guysborough))\nMunicipality of the District of Saint Mary's[edit]\nAsh Lake 45°7′16.9″N 62°12′46.9″W / 45.121361°N 62.213028°W / 45.121361; -62.213028 (Ash Lake)\nLake Henry 45°18′20″N 62°17′14″W / 45.30556°N 62.28722°W / 45.30556; -62.28722 (Lake Henry)\nLong Marsh Lake 45°0′0″N 62°6′55″W / 45.00000°N 62.11528°W / 45.00000; -62.11528 (Long Marsh Lake)\nMarsh Lake 44°59′0″N 62°5′54″W / 44.98333°N 62.09833°W / 44.98333; -62.09833 (Marsh Lake)","title":"Guysborough County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipality of East Hants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hants,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit§ion=19"},{"link_name":"Little Grand Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Grand_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°57′43.9″N 63°34′30″W / 44.962194°N 63.57500°W / 44.962194; -63.57500 (Little Grand Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_57_43.9_N_63_34_30_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Little+Grand+Lake"},{"link_name":"Nelson Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Lake_Hants"},{"link_name":"44°58′10″N 63°42′2″W / 44.96944°N 63.70056°W / 44.96944; -63.70056 (Nelson Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_58_10_N_63_42_2_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Nelson+Lake"},{"link_name":"Soldier Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°54′5″N 63°52′49″W / 44.90139°N 63.88028°W / 44.90139; -63.88028 (Soldier Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_54_5_N_63_52_49_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Soldier+Lake"},{"link_name":"Wallace Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallace_Lake_(East_Hants)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"45°1′39.9″N 63°43′18.9″W / 45.027750°N 63.721917°W / 45.027750; -63.721917 (Wallace Lake (Hants))","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_1_39.9_N_63_43_18.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Wallace+Lake+%28Hants%29"},{"link_name":"Municipality of the District of West Hants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hants,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit§ion=20"},{"link_name":"King Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"44°54′22″N 63°58′44″W / 44.90611°N 63.97889°W / 44.90611; -63.97889 (King Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_54_22_N_63_58_44_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=King+Lake"},{"link_name":"Lizard Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard_Lake_(Hants)"},{"link_name":"44°49′41.7″N 64°08′15.6″W / 44.828250°N 64.137667°W / 44.828250; -64.137667 (Lizard Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_49_41.7_N_64_08_15.6_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Lizard+Lake"},{"link_name":"Miller Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Lake_Hants"},{"link_name":"44°55′57″N 64°8′20″W / 44.93250°N 64.13889°W / 44.93250; -64.13889 (Miller Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_55_57_N_64_8_20_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Miller+Lake"},{"link_name":"Panuke Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panuke_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°47′33.9″N 64°6′46.9″W / 44.792750°N 64.113028°W / 44.792750; -64.113028 (Panuke Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_47_33.9_N_64_6_46.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Panuke+Lake"},{"link_name":"South Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lake,_Hants"},{"link_name":"44°46′22″N 64°1′59″W / 44.77278°N 64.03306°W / 44.77278; -64.03306 (South Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_46_22_N_64_1_59_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=South+Lake"},{"link_name":"Taylor Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Lake_(Hants)"},{"link_name":"44°56′0″N 64°1′7″W / 44.93333°N 64.01861°W / 44.93333; -64.01861 (Taylor Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_56_0_N_64_1_7_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Taylor+Lake"}],"text":"Municipality of East Hants[edit]\nLittle Grand Lake 44°57′43.9″N 63°34′30″W / 44.962194°N 63.57500°W / 44.962194; -63.57500 (Little Grand Lake)\nNelson Lake 44°58′10″N 63°42′2″W / 44.96944°N 63.70056°W / 44.96944; -63.70056 (Nelson Lake)\nSoldier Lake 44°54′5″N 63°52′49″W / 44.90139°N 63.88028°W / 44.90139; -63.88028 (Soldier Lake)\nWallace Lake 45°1′39.9″N 63°43′18.9″W / 45.027750°N 63.721917°W / 45.027750; -63.721917 (Wallace Lake (Hants))\n\n\nMunicipality of the District of West Hants[edit]\nKing Lake 44°54′22″N 63°58′44″W / 44.90611°N 63.97889°W / 44.90611; -63.97889 (King Lake)\nLizard Lake 44°49′41.7″N 64°08′15.6″W / 44.828250°N 64.137667°W / 44.828250; -64.137667 (Lizard Lake)\nMiller Lake 44°55′57″N 64°8′20″W / 44.93250°N 64.13889°W / 44.93250; -64.13889 (Miller Lake)\nPanuke Lake 44°47′33.9″N 64°6′46.9″W / 44.792750°N 64.113028°W / 44.792750; -64.113028 (Panuke Lake)\nSouth Lake 44°46′22″N 64°1′59″W / 44.77278°N 64.03306°W / 44.77278; -64.03306 (South Lake)\nTaylor Lake 44°56′0″N 64°1′7″W / 44.93333°N 64.01861°W / 44.93333; -64.01861 (Taylor Lake)","title":"Hants County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipality of the District of Lunenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia_(municipal_district)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit§ion=22"},{"link_name":"Big Mushamush Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mushamush_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°30′5.9″N 64°33′48″W / 44.501639°N 64.56333°W / 44.501639; -64.56333 (Big Mushamush Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_30_5.9_N_64_33_48_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Big+Mushamush+Lake"},{"link_name":"Fox Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Lake_(Lunenburg)"},{"link_name":"44°25′45.9″N 64°47′55″W / 44.429417°N 64.79861°W / 44.429417; -64.79861 (Fox Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_25_45.9_N_64_47_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Fox+Lake"},{"link_name":"Marsh Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_Lake_(Lunenburg)"},{"link_name":"44°17′0″N 64°32′55″W / 44.28333°N 64.54861°W / 44.28333; -64.54861 (Marsh Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_17_0_N_64_32_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Marsh+Lake"},{"link_name":"Municipality of the District of Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Municipal_District,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit§ion=23"},{"link_name":"Anderson Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"44°44′0.9″N 64°13′33.9″W / 44.733583°N 64.226083°W / 44.733583; -64.226083 (Anderson Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_44_0.9_N_64_13_33.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Anderson+Lake"},{"link_name":"Goose Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Lake_(District_of_Chester)"},{"link_name":"44°41′0″N 64°21′55″W / 44.68333°N 64.36528°W / 44.68333; -64.36528 (Goose Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_41_0_N_64_21_55_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Goose+Lake"},{"link_name":"Henry Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lake_(District_of_Chester)"},{"link_name":"44°36′0″N 64°20′59″W / 44.60000°N 64.34972°W / 44.60000; -64.34972 (Henry Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_36_0_N_64_20_59_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Henry+Lake"},{"link_name":"Maple Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Lake_(Lunenburg)"},{"link_name":"44°38′16″N 64°4′56″W / 44.63778°N 64.08222°W / 44.63778; -64.08222 (Maple Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_38_16_N_64_4_56_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Maple+Lake"},{"link_name":"Bear Marsh Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Marsh_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°40′0″N 64°30′55″W / 44.66667°N 64.51528°W / 44.66667; -64.51528 (Bear Marsh Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_40_0_N_64_30_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Bear+Marsh+Lake"},{"link_name":"Nine Mile Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Mile_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°41′54″N 64°17′55″W / 44.69833°N 64.29861°W / 44.69833; -64.29861 (Nine Mile Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_41_54_N_64_17_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Nine+Mile+Lake"},{"link_name":"Second Bog Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bog_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°42′0″N 64°11′55″W / 44.70000°N 64.19861°W / 44.70000; -64.19861 (Second Bog Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_42_0_N_64_11_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Second+Bog+Lake"},{"link_name":"Sherbrooke Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherbrooke_Lake_Lundenburg"},{"link_name":"44°39′27.9″N 64°36′8″W / 44.657750°N 64.60222°W / 44.657750; -64.60222 (Sherbrooke Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_39_27.9_N_64_36_8_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Sherbrooke+Lake"},{"link_name":"Yellow Marsh Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Marsh_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°35′0″N 64°6′55″W / 44.58333°N 64.11528°W / 44.58333; -64.11528 (Sherbrooke Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_35_0_N_64_6_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Sherbrooke+Lake"},{"link_name":"Kings County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_County,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit§ion=24"},{"link_name":"Aylesford Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylesford_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°56′28″N 64°39′50″W / 44.941°N 64.664°W / 44.941; -64.664 (Aylesford Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44.941_N_64.664_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Aylesford+Lake"},{"link_name":"Fox Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Lake_(Kings_County)"},{"link_name":"44°51′49″N 64°49′5″W / 44.86361°N 64.81806°W / 44.86361; -64.81806 (Fox Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_51_49_N_64_49_5_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Fox+Lake"},{"link_name":"Gaspereau Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspereau_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°59′N 64°32′W / 44.983°N 64.533°W / 44.983; -64.533 (Gaspereau Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_59_N_64_32_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Gaspereau+Lake"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"44°49′45″N 64°45′54″W / 44.82917°N 64.76500°W / 44.82917; -64.76500 (Hamilton Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_49_45_N_64_45_54_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hamilton+Lake"},{"link_name":"Lake George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_George_(Kings_County,_Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"44°55′26.9″N 64°41′21.9″W / 44.924139°N 64.689417°W / 44.924139; -64.689417 (Lake George)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_55_26.9_N_64_41_21.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Lake+George"},{"link_name":"Tomahawk Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_Lake_(Kings)"},{"link_name":"44°52′55″N 64°45′0″W / 44.88194°N 64.75000°W / 44.88194; -64.75000 (Tomahawk Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_52_55_N_64_45_0_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Tomahawk+Lake"},{"link_name":"Pictou County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictou_County"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit§ion=25"},{"link_name":"Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Pictou"},{"link_name":"45°23′39″N 62°22′50″W / 45.39417°N 62.38056°W / 45.39417; -62.38056 (Beaver Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_23_39_N_62_22_50_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Beaver+Lake"},{"link_name":"Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Pictou"},{"link_name":"45°21′6″N 62°30′1″W / 45.35167°N 62.50028°W / 45.35167; -62.50028 (Beaver Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_21_6_N_62_30_1_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Beaver+Lake"},{"link_name":"Black Lake 1 of 4 named","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°24′0″N 62°19′0″W / 45.40000°N 62.31667°W / 45.40000; -62.31667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_24_0_N_62_19_0_W_type:waterbody_region:CA"},{"link_name":"Black Lake 2 of 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°22′58″N 62°40′44″W / 45.382778°N 62.6788888°W / 45.382778; -62.6788888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45.382778_N_62.6788888_W_"},{"link_name":"Black Lake 3 of 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°23′54″N 62°19′06″W / 45.398333°N 62.3183333°W / 45.398333; -62.3183333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45.398333_N_62.3183333_W_"},{"link_name":"Black Lake 4 of 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°26′57″N 62°24′48″W / 45.449167°N 62.4133333°W / 45.449167; -62.4133333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45.449167_N_62.4133333_W_"},{"link_name":"Dryden Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryden_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°23′29″N 62°46′39″W / 45.39139°N 62.77750°W / 45.39139; -62.77750 (Dryden Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_23_29_N_62_46_39_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Dryden+Lake"},{"link_name":"Ellen Brown Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Brown_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°18′0″N 62°43′16″W / 45.30000°N 62.72111°W / 45.30000; -62.72111 (Ellen Brown Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_18_0_N_62_43_16_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ellen+Brown+Lake"},{"link_name":"Forbes Lake (Pictou County)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Lake_(Pictou_County)"},{"link_name":"45°29′50″N 62°38′16″W / 45.497201°N 62.637773°W / 45.497201; -62.637773","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45.497201_N_62.637773_W_"},{"link_name":"Maple Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Lake_(Pictou)"},{"link_name":"45°22′59″N 62°36′29″W / 45.38306°N 62.60806°W / 45.38306; -62.60806 (Maple Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_22_59_N_62_36_29_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Maple+Lake"},{"link_name":"Robertsons Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertsons_Lake,_Pictou_County"},{"link_name":"45°32′10″N 62°13′42″W / 45.53611°N 62.22833°W / 45.53611; -62.22833 (Robertsons Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_32_10_N_62_13_42_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Robertsons+Lake"},{"link_name":"Taylor Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Lake_(Cumberland)"},{"link_name":"45°21′46″N 62°26′0″W / 45.36278°N 62.43333°W / 45.36278; -62.43333 (Taylor Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=45_21_46_N_62_26_0_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Taylor+Lake"}],"text":"Municipality of the District of Lunenburg[edit]\nBig Mushamush Lake 44°30′5.9″N 64°33′48″W / 44.501639°N 64.56333°W / 44.501639; -64.56333 (Big Mushamush Lake)\nFox Lake 44°25′45.9″N 64°47′55″W / 44.429417°N 64.79861°W / 44.429417; -64.79861 (Fox Lake)\nMarsh Lake 44°17′0″N 64°32′55″W / 44.28333°N 64.54861°W / 44.28333; -64.54861 (Marsh Lake)\n\n\nMunicipality of the District of Chester[edit]\nAnderson Lake 44°44′0.9″N 64°13′33.9″W / 44.733583°N 64.226083°W / 44.733583; -64.226083 (Anderson Lake)\nGoose Lake 44°41′0″N 64°21′55″W / 44.68333°N 64.36528°W / 44.68333; -64.36528 (Goose Lake)\nHenry Lake 44°36′0″N 64°20′59″W / 44.60000°N 64.34972°W / 44.60000; -64.34972 (Henry Lake)\nMaple Lake 44°38′16″N 64°4′56″W / 44.63778°N 64.08222°W / 44.63778; -64.08222 (Maple Lake)\nBear Marsh Lake 44°40′0″N 64°30′55″W / 44.66667°N 64.51528°W / 44.66667; -64.51528 (Bear Marsh Lake)\nNine Mile Lake 44°41′54″N 64°17′55″W / 44.69833°N 64.29861°W / 44.69833; -64.29861 (Nine Mile Lake)\nSecond Bog Lake 44°42′0″N 64°11′55″W / 44.70000°N 64.19861°W / 44.70000; -64.19861 (Second Bog Lake)\nSherbrooke Lake 44°39′27.9″N 64°36′8″W / 44.657750°N 64.60222°W / 44.657750; -64.60222 (Sherbrooke Lake)\nYellow Marsh Lake 44°35′0″N 64°6′55″W / 44.58333°N 64.11528°W / 44.58333; -64.11528 (Sherbrooke Lake)Kings County[edit]\nAylesford Lake 44°56′28″N 64°39′50″W / 44.941°N 64.664°W / 44.941; -64.664 (Aylesford Lake)\nFox Lake 44°51′49″N 64°49′5″W / 44.86361°N 64.81806°W / 44.86361; -64.81806 (Fox Lake)\nGaspereau Lake 44°59′N 64°32′W / 44.983°N 64.533°W / 44.983; -64.533 (Gaspereau Lake)\nHamilton Lake 44°49′45″N 64°45′54″W / 44.82917°N 64.76500°W / 44.82917; -64.76500 (Hamilton Lake)\nLake George 44°55′26.9″N 64°41′21.9″W / 44.924139°N 64.689417°W / 44.924139; -64.689417 (Lake George)\nTomahawk Lake 44°52′55″N 64°45′0″W / 44.88194°N 64.75000°W / 44.88194; -64.75000 (Tomahawk Lake)\n\n\nPictou County[edit]\nBeaver Lake 45°23′39″N 62°22′50″W / 45.39417°N 62.38056°W / 45.39417; -62.38056 (Beaver Lake)\nBeaver Lake 45°21′6″N 62°30′1″W / 45.35167°N 62.50028°W / 45.35167; -62.50028 (Beaver Lake)\nBlack Lake 1 of 4 named 45°24′0″N 62°19′0″W / 45.40000°N 62.31667°W / 45.40000; -62.31667,\nBlack Lake 2 of 4 45°22′58″N 62°40′44″W / 45.382778°N 62.6788888°W / 45.382778; -62.6788888\nBlack Lake 3 of 4 45°23′54″N 62°19′06″W / 45.398333°N 62.3183333°W / 45.398333; -62.3183333\nBlack Lake 4 of 4 45°26′57″N 62°24′48″W / 45.449167°N 62.4133333°W / 45.449167; -62.4133333\nDryden Lake 45°23′29″N 62°46′39″W / 45.39139°N 62.77750°W / 45.39139; -62.77750 (Dryden Lake)\nEllen Brown Lake 45°18′0″N 62°43′16″W / 45.30000°N 62.72111°W / 45.30000; -62.72111 (Ellen Brown Lake)\nForbes Lake (Pictou County) 45°29′50″N 62°38′16″W / 45.497201°N 62.637773°W / 45.497201; -62.637773\nMaple Lake 45°22′59″N 62°36′29″W / 45.38306°N 62.60806°W / 45.38306; -62.60806 (Maple Lake)\nRobertsons Lake 45°32′10″N 62°13′42″W / 45.53611°N 62.22833°W / 45.53611; -62.22833 (Robertsons Lake)\nTaylor Lake 45°21′46″N 62°26′0″W / 45.36278°N 62.43333°W / 45.36278; -62.43333 (Taylor Lake)","title":"Lunenburg County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Queens"},{"link_name":"44°29′57″N 64°55′14″W / 44.49917°N 64.92056°W / 44.49917; -64.92056 (Beaver Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_29_57_N_64_55_14_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Beaver+Lake"},{"link_name":"Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Queens"},{"link_name":"44°15′35″N 65°14′23″W / 44.25972°N 65.23972°W / 44.25972; -65.23972 (Beaver Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_15_35_N_65_14_23_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Beaver+Lake"},{"link_name":"Black Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"44°12′10″N 64°58′59″W / 44.202835°N 64.983018°W / 44.202835; -64.983018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44.202835_N_64.983018_W_"},{"link_name":"Hog Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_of_Queens_Municipality,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"44°22′43.9″N 64°54′53″W / 44.378861°N 64.91472°W / 44.378861; -64.91472 (Hog Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_22_43.9_N_64_54_53_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hog+Lake"},{"link_name":"Lake Rossignol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Rossignol"},{"link_name":"44°13′3.4″N 65°8′43.2″W / 44.217611°N 65.145333°W / 44.217611; -65.145333 (Lake Rossignol)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_13_3.4_N_65_8_43.2_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Lake+Rossignol"},{"link_name":"McGowan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McGowan_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"44°25′46″N 65°03′13″W / 44.42944°N 65.05361°W / 44.42944; -65.05361 (McGowan Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_25_46_N_65_03_13_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=McGowan+Lake"},{"link_name":"Robertsons Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertsons_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°52′51″N 64°53′43″W / 43.88083°N 64.89528°W / 43.88083; -64.89528 (Robertsons Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_52_51_N_64_53_43_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Robertsons+Lake"},{"link_name":"Second Beaverdam Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Beaverdam_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°06′09.8″N 64°45′18.6″W / 44.102722°N 64.755167°W / 44.102722; -64.755167 (Second Beaverdam Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_06_09.8_N_64_45_18.6_W_scale:100000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Second+Beaverdam+Lake"},{"link_name":"Second Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Beaver_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°12′37.8″N 65°19′19.3″W / 44.210500°N 65.322028°W / 44.210500; -65.322028 (Second Beaver Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_12_37.8_N_65_19_19.3_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Second+Beaver+Lake"},{"link_name":"Second Christopher Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Christopher_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°19′0″N 64°58′55″W / 44.31667°N 64.98194°W / 44.31667; -64.98194 (Second Christopher Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_19_0_N_64_58_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Second+Christopher+Lake"},{"link_name":"Ten Mile Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Mile_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"44°10′7″N 64°50′36″W / 44.16861°N 64.84333°W / 44.16861; -64.84333 (Ten Mile Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_10_7_N_64_50_36_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ten+Mile+Lake"},{"link_name":"Tobeatic Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobeatic_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°11′39.9″N 65°17′2.9″W / 44.194417°N 65.284139°W / 44.194417; -65.284139 (Tobeatic Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_11_39.9_N_65_17_2.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Tobeatic+Lake"},{"link_name":"Willis Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Lake_Queens"},{"link_name":"43°53′47″N 64°49′10.9″W / 43.89639°N 64.819694°W / 43.89639; -64.819694 (Willis Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_53_47_N_64_49_10.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Willis+Lake"}],"text":"Beaver Lake 44°29′57″N 64°55′14″W / 44.49917°N 64.92056°W / 44.49917; -64.92056 (Beaver Lake)\nBeaver Lake 44°15′35″N 65°14′23″W / 44.25972°N 65.23972°W / 44.25972; -65.23972 (Beaver Lake)\nBlack Lake 44°12′10″N 64°58′59″W / 44.202835°N 64.983018°W / 44.202835; -64.983018\nHog Lake 44°22′43.9″N 64°54′53″W / 44.378861°N 64.91472°W / 44.378861; -64.91472 (Hog Lake)\nLake Rossignol 44°13′3.4″N 65°8′43.2″W / 44.217611°N 65.145333°W / 44.217611; -65.145333 (Lake Rossignol)\nMcGowan Lake 44°25′46″N 65°03′13″W / 44.42944°N 65.05361°W / 44.42944; -65.05361 (McGowan Lake)\nRobertsons Lake 43°52′51″N 64°53′43″W / 43.88083°N 64.89528°W / 43.88083; -64.89528 (Robertsons Lake)\nSecond Beaverdam Lake 44°06′09.8″N 64°45′18.6″W / 44.102722°N 64.755167°W / 44.102722; -64.755167 (Second Beaverdam Lake)\nSecond Beaver Lake 44°12′37.8″N 65°19′19.3″W / 44.210500°N 65.322028°W / 44.210500; -65.322028 (Second Beaver Lake)\nSecond Christopher Lake 44°19′0″N 64°58′55″W / 44.31667°N 64.98194°W / 44.31667; -64.98194 (Second Christopher Lake)\nTen Mile Lake 44°10′7″N 64°50′36″W / 44.16861°N 64.84333°W / 44.16861; -64.84333 (Ten Mile Lake)\nTobeatic Lake 44°11′39.9″N 65°17′2.9″W / 44.194417°N 65.284139°W / 44.194417; -65.284139 (Tobeatic Lake)\nWillis Lake 43°53′47″N 64°49′10.9″W / 43.89639°N 64.819694°W / 43.89639; -64.819694 (Willis Lake)","title":"Region of Queens Municipality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipality of Barrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_the_District_of_Barrington"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit§ion=28"},{"link_name":"Barrington Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°36′44.9″N 65°34′24.9″W / 43.612472°N 65.573583°W / 43.612472; -65.573583 (Barrington Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_36_44.9_N_65_34_24.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Barrington+Lake"},{"link_name":"Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Shelburne"},{"link_name":"43°49′9″N 65°32′23″W / 43.81917°N 65.53972°W / 43.81917; -65.53972 (Beaver Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_49_9_N_65_32_23_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Beaver+Lake"},{"link_name":"Goose Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Lake_(Barrington)"},{"link_name":"43°36′14″N 65°31′36″W / 43.60389°N 65.52667°W / 43.60389; -65.52667 (Goose Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_36_14_N_65_31_36_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Goose+Lake"},{"link_name":"Musquash Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musquash_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°40′34″N 65°33′58″W / 43.67611°N 65.56611°W / 43.67611; -65.56611 (Musquash Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_40_34_N_65_33_58_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Musquash+Lake"},{"link_name":"Oak Park Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Park_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°36′15″N 65°39′43″W / 43.60417°N 65.66194°W / 43.60417; -65.66194 (Oak Park Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_36_15_N_65_39_43_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA&title=Oak+Park+Lake"},{"link_name":"Municipality of the District of Shelburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelburne,_Nova_Scotia_(municipal_district)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit§ion=29"},{"link_name":"Greenwood Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"43°35′53″N 65°25′39″W / 43.59806°N 65.42750°W / 43.59806; -65.42750 (Greenwood Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_35_53_N_65_25_39_W_type:waterbody_scale:50000_region:CA-NS&title=Greenwood+Lake"},{"link_name":"Jordan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"44°4′45.7″N 65°14′14.9″W / 44.079361°N 65.237472°W / 44.079361; -65.237472 (Jordan Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_4_45.7_N_65_14_14.9_W_scale:100000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Jordan+Lake"},{"link_name":"43°44′9.9″N 65°3′8.9″W / 43.736083°N 65.052472°W / 43.736083; -65.052472 (Lily Pond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_44_9.9_N_65_3_8.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Lily+Pond"},{"link_name":"Little Harbour Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Harbour_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°42′30.1″N 65°3′14.2″W / 43.708361°N 65.053944°W / 43.708361; -65.053944 (Little Harbour Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_42_30.1_N_65_3_14.2_W_scale:50000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Little+Harbour+Lake"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Pond"},{"link_name":"43°44′2.9″N 65°0′41.9″W / 43.734139°N 65.011639°W / 43.734139; -65.011639 (Long Beach Pond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_44_2.9_N_65_0_41.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Long+Beach+Pond"},{"link_name":"Little Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"43°46′11.9″N 64°59′16″W / 43.769972°N 64.98778°W / 43.769972; -64.98778 (Little Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_46_11.9_N_64_59_16_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Little+Lake"},{"link_name":"Porterfield Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porterfield_Lakes"},{"link_name":"43°46′37.6″N 65°2′19.5″W / 43.777111°N 65.038750°W / 43.777111; -65.038750 (Porterfield Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_46_37.6_N_65_2_19.5_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Porterfield+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Sodom Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°45′30.9″N 64°57′30.9″W / 43.758583°N 64.958583°W / 43.758583; -64.958583 (Sodom Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_45_30.9_N_64_57_30.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Sodom+Lake"},{"link_name":"Swims Iceponds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swims_Iceponds"},{"link_name":"43°43′9.7″N 65°7′3.9″W / 43.719361°N 65.117750°W / 43.719361; -65.117750 (Swims Iceponds)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_43_9.7_N_65_7_3.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Swims+Iceponds"},{"link_name":"Robs Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robs_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°45′29″N 65°5′42″W / 43.75806°N 65.09500°W / 43.75806; -65.09500 (Robs Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_45_29_N_65_5_42_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Robs+Lake"},{"link_name":"Walls Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°46′29″N 65°4′4″W / 43.77472°N 65.06778°W / 43.77472; -65.06778 (Walls Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_46_29_N_65_4_4_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Walls+Lake"},{"link_name":"Wallace Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallace_Lake_(Shelburne)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"44°6′9.9″N 65°21′49″W / 44.102750°N 65.36361°W / 44.102750; -65.36361 (Wallace Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_6_9.9_N_65_21_49_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Wallace+Lake"}],"text":"Municipality of Barrington[edit]\nBarrington Lake 43°36′44.9″N 65°34′24.9″W / 43.612472°N 65.573583°W / 43.612472; -65.573583 (Barrington Lake)\nBeaver Lake 43°49′9″N 65°32′23″W / 43.81917°N 65.53972°W / 43.81917; -65.53972 (Beaver Lake)\nGoose Lake 43°36′14″N 65°31′36″W / 43.60389°N 65.52667°W / 43.60389; -65.52667 (Goose Lake)\nMusquash Lake 43°40′34″N 65°33′58″W / 43.67611°N 65.56611°W / 43.67611; -65.56611 (Musquash Lake)\nOak Park Lake 43°36′15″N 65°39′43″W / 43.60417°N 65.66194°W / 43.60417; -65.66194 (Oak Park Lake)\n\n\nMunicipality of the District of Shelburne[edit]\nGreenwood Lake 43°35′53″N 65°25′39″W / 43.59806°N 65.42750°W / 43.59806; -65.42750 (Greenwood Lake)\nJordan Lake 44°4′45.7″N 65°14′14.9″W / 44.079361°N 65.237472°W / 44.079361; -65.237472 (Jordan Lake)\nLily Pond 43°44′9.9″N 65°3′8.9″W / 43.736083°N 65.052472°W / 43.736083; -65.052472 (Lily Pond)\nLittle Harbour Lake 43°42′30.1″N 65°3′14.2″W / 43.708361°N 65.053944°W / 43.708361; -65.053944 (Little Harbour Lake)\nLong Beach Pond 43°44′2.9″N 65°0′41.9″W / 43.734139°N 65.011639°W / 43.734139; -65.011639 (Long Beach Pond)\nLittle Lake 43°46′11.9″N 64°59′16″W / 43.769972°N 64.98778°W / 43.769972; -64.98778 (Little Lake)\nPorterfield Lakes 43°46′37.6″N 65°2′19.5″W / 43.777111°N 65.038750°W / 43.777111; -65.038750 (Porterfield Lakes)\nSodom Lake 43°45′30.9″N 64°57′30.9″W / 43.758583°N 64.958583°W / 43.758583; -64.958583 (Sodom Lake)\nSwims Iceponds 43°43′9.7″N 65°7′3.9″W / 43.719361°N 65.117750°W / 43.719361; -65.117750 (Swims Iceponds)\nRobs Lake 43°45′29″N 65°5′42″W / 43.75806°N 65.09500°W / 43.75806; -65.09500 (Robs Lake)\nWalls Lake 43°46′29″N 65°4′4″W / 43.77472°N 65.06778°W / 43.77472; -65.06778 (Walls Lake)\nWallace Lake 44°6′9.9″N 65°21′49″W / 44.102750°N 65.36361°W / 44.102750; -65.36361 (Wallace Lake)","title":"Shelburne County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipalite Argyle Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyle,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit§ion=31"},{"link_name":"East Goose Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Goose_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°45′0″N 65°48′56″W / 43.75000°N 65.81556°W / 43.75000; -65.81556 (Goose Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_45_0_N_65_48_56_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Goose+Lake"},{"link_name":"Gavels Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gavels_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"43°54′07.5″N 65°56′08.9″W / 43.902083°N 65.935806°W / 43.902083; -65.935806 (Gavels Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_54_07.5_N_65_56_08.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Gavels+Lake"},{"link_name":"Goose Lake (Argyle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Lake_(Argyle)"},{"link_name":"43°46′0″N 66°0′56″W / 43.76667°N 66.01556°W / 43.76667; -66.01556 (Goose Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_46_0_N_66_0_56_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Goose+Lake"},{"link_name":"Great Barren Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barren_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°50′33.9″N 65°44′13.9″W / 43.842750°N 65.737194°W / 43.842750; -65.737194 (Great Barren Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_50_33.9_N_65_44_13.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Great+Barren+Lake"},{"link_name":"Great Pubnico Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pubnico_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°43′5.9″N 65°40′47″W / 43.718306°N 65.67972°W / 43.718306; -65.67972 (Great Pubnico Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_43_5.9_N_65_40_47_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Great+Pubnico+Lake"},{"link_name":"Hog Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyle,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"43°53′33.9″N 65°53′22″W / 43.892750°N 65.88944°W / 43.892750; -65.88944 (Hog Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_53_33.9_N_65_53_22_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hog+Lake"},{"link_name":"Kings Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kings_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"43°54′12.3″N 65°54′53.7″W / 43.903417°N 65.914917°W / 43.903417; -65.914917 (Kings Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_54_12.3_N_65_54_53.7_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Kings+Lake"},{"link_name":"Middle Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Lakes"},{"link_name":"43°39′4″N 65°37′31″W / 43.65111°N 65.62528°W / 43.65111; -65.62528 (Middle Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_39_4_N_65_37_31_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Middle+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Second Bear Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bear_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°6′0″N 65°37′55″W / 44.10000°N 65.63194°W / 44.10000; -65.63194 (Second Bear Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_6_0_N_65_37_55_W_type:waterbody_scale:100000_region:CA-NS&title=Second+Bear+Lake"},{"link_name":"Municipality of the District of Yarmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarmouth,_Nova_Scotia_(municipal_district)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit§ion=32"},{"link_name":"Lake Annis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Annis"},{"link_name":"44°3′10.98″N 66°0′58.17″W / 44.0530500°N 66.0161583°W / 44.0530500; -66.0161583 (Lake Annis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_3_10.98_N_66_0_58.17_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Lake+Annis"},{"link_name":"Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Yarmouth"},{"link_name":"43°59′55″N 66°8′33″W / 43.99861°N 66.14250°W / 43.99861; -66.14250 (Beaver Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_59_55_N_66_8_33_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Beaver+Lake"},{"link_name":"Doctors Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"43°53′8″N 66°5′58″W / 43.88556°N 66.09944°W / 43.88556; -66.09944 (Doctors Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_53_8_N_66_5_58_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Doctors+Lake"},{"link_name":"Goose Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Lake_(Yarmouth)"},{"link_name":"43°36′0″N 65°31′55″W / 43.60000°N 65.53194°W / 43.60000; -65.53194 (Goose Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_36_0_N_65_31_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Goose+Lake"},{"link_name":"Halfway Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfway_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"43°59′56.9″N 65°51′25″W / 43.999139°N 65.85694°W / 43.999139; -65.85694 (Halfway Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_59_56.9_N_65_51_25_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Halfway+Lake"},{"link_name":"Lake Milo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Milo_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"43°51′40.4″N 66°6′43.4″W / 43.861222°N 66.112056°W / 43.861222; -66.112056 (Lake Milo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_51_40.4_N_66_6_43.4_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Lake+Milo"},{"link_name":"Raynards Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynards_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"43°57′41.3″N 65°54′54.7″W / 43.961472°N 65.915194°W / 43.961472; -65.915194 (Raynards Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_57_41.3_N_65_54_54.7_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Raynards+Lake"},{"link_name":"Second Chub Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chub_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°26′0″N 65°37′55″W / 44.43333°N 65.63194°W / 44.43333; -65.63194 (Second Chub Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_26_0_N_65_37_55_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Second+Chub+Lake"},{"link_name":"Second Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"43°52′14″N 66°6′33″W / 43.87056°N 66.10917°W / 43.87056; -66.10917 (Second Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_52_14_N_66_6_33_W_type:waterbody_scale:100000_region:CA-NS&title=Second+Lake"},{"link_name":"Lake Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"43°54′29.9″N 65°57′46.0″W / 43.908306°N 65.962778°W / 43.908306; -65.962778 (Lake Vaughan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia¶ms=43_54_29.9_N_65_57_46.0_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Lake+Vaughan"}],"text":"Municipalite Argyle Municipality[edit]\nEast Goose Lake 43°45′0″N 65°48′56″W / 43.75000°N 65.81556°W / 43.75000; -65.81556 (Goose Lake)\nGavels Lake 43°54′07.5″N 65°56′08.9″W / 43.902083°N 65.935806°W / 43.902083; -65.935806 (Gavels Lake)\nGoose Lake (Argyle) 43°46′0″N 66°0′56″W / 43.76667°N 66.01556°W / 43.76667; -66.01556 (Goose Lake)\nGreat Barren Lake 43°50′33.9″N 65°44′13.9″W / 43.842750°N 65.737194°W / 43.842750; -65.737194 (Great Barren Lake)\nGreat Pubnico Lake 43°43′5.9″N 65°40′47″W / 43.718306°N 65.67972°W / 43.718306; -65.67972 (Great Pubnico Lake)\nHog Lake 43°53′33.9″N 65°53′22″W / 43.892750°N 65.88944°W / 43.892750; -65.88944 (Hog Lake)\nKings Lake 43°54′12.3″N 65°54′53.7″W / 43.903417°N 65.914917°W / 43.903417; -65.914917 (Kings Lake)\nMiddle Lakes 43°39′4″N 65°37′31″W / 43.65111°N 65.62528°W / 43.65111; -65.62528 (Middle Lakes)\nSecond Bear Lake 44°6′0″N 65°37′55″W / 44.10000°N 65.63194°W / 44.10000; -65.63194 (Second Bear Lake)\n\n\nMunicipality of the District of Yarmouth[edit]\nLake Annis 44°3′10.98″N 66°0′58.17″W / 44.0530500°N 66.0161583°W / 44.0530500; -66.0161583 (Lake Annis)\nBeaver Lake 43°59′55″N 66°8′33″W / 43.99861°N 66.14250°W / 43.99861; -66.14250 (Beaver Lake)\nDoctors Lake 43°53′8″N 66°5′58″W / 43.88556°N 66.09944°W / 43.88556; -66.09944 (Doctors Lake)\nGoose Lake 43°36′0″N 65°31′55″W / 43.60000°N 65.53194°W / 43.60000; -65.53194 (Goose Lake)\nHalfway Lake 43°59′56.9″N 65°51′25″W / 43.999139°N 65.85694°W / 43.999139; -65.85694 (Halfway Lake)\nLake Milo 43°51′40.4″N 66°6′43.4″W / 43.861222°N 66.112056°W / 43.861222; -66.112056 (Lake Milo)\nRaynards Lake 43°57′41.3″N 65°54′54.7″W / 43.961472°N 65.915194°W / 43.961472; -65.915194 (Raynards Lake)\nSecond Chub Lake 44°26′0″N 65°37′55″W / 44.43333°N 65.63194°W / 44.43333; -65.63194 (Second Chub Lake)\nSecond Lake 43°52′14″N 66°6′33″W / 43.87056°N 66.10917°W / 43.87056; -66.10917 (Second Lake)\nLake Vaughan 43°54′29.9″N 65°57′46.0″W / 43.908306°N 65.962778°W / 43.908306; -65.962778 (Lake Vaughan)","title":"Yarmouth County"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Lake_(Halifax)"},{"title":"Crooked Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooked_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"title":"Cranberry Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_Lake,(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Duck Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"title":"Flat Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Fourth Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Grand Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Hatchet Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchet_Lake,_Nova_Scotia_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Juniper Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Lewis Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"title":"Little Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Long Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Molega Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molega_Lake,_(Nova_Scotia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Oak Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Otter Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"River Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Rocky Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Russell Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russell_Lake_in_Nova_Scotia"},{"title":"Sandy Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"title":"Second Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"title":"Spectacle Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacle_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Third Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"title":"Whites Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whites_Lake"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Lizard Lake - CAUXS\". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/CAUXS","url_text":"\"Lizard Lake - CAUXS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_Canada","url_text":"Geographical Names Board of Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Lizard Lake - CAUXO\". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/CAUXO","url_text":"\"Lizard Lake - CAUXO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_Canada","url_text":"Geographical Names Board of Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Lizard Lake - CAUXP\". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/CAUXP","url_text":"\"Lizard Lake - CAUXP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_Canada","url_text":"Geographical Names Board of Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Lizard Lake - CAUXQ\". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/CAUXQ","url_text":"\"Lizard Lake - CAUXQ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_Canada","url_text":"Geographical Names Board of Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Lizard Lake - CAUXT\". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/CAUXT","url_text":"\"Lizard Lake - CAUXT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_Canada","url_text":"Geographical Names Board of Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gozelo_I,_Count_of_Montaigu
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Gozelo I, Count of Montaigu
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["1 References","2 Sources"]
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Count Gozelon (died 1064), was an 11th century count who held the forts Behogne at Rochefort, and Montaigu at Marcourt, which are both in the Ardennes in modern Belgium. He was also advocatus of the abbey of Saint-Barthélémy, Liège, beginning in 1043. Gozelon is the earliest known member of the family of Counts of Montaigu that eventually also became Counts of Duras, by marriage to an heiress. He is of unknown parentage.
The name Gozelon implies a family connection with the House of Verdun, who had several men with this name and a strong presence in the same Ardennes region. Gozlin, Count of the Ardennes, for example, had a grandson Gozelon, Count of Bastogne, the successor to his father Reginar. Another one of Gozlin's grandsons (the son of Godfrey the Captive), was also known as Gozelo, but there is no direct evidence for a relationship.
In 1038, in an act witnessed by Gozelon, Gothelo the Great (Duke of Lorraine), Arnold I of Looz, an unknown count named Sigebold, and the Archbishop of Trier Poppo von Babenberg, restored the monastery of St. Matheus of Trier.
Gozelon married Ermentrude (perhaps also known as Ermengarde) de Grandpré. Gozelon and Ermentrude had five children:
Conon, Count of Montaigu
Raoul of Montaigu
Guy of Montaigu
Jean of Montaigu (d. before 1112), Provost of Saint Pierre, likely Cathédrale Saint-Pierre d'Angoulême (Angoulême Cathedral)
Henry of Montaigu (d. 1124 or after), Archdeacon and dean (decant) at Saint Lambert, Liège (1095).
Gozelon was succeeded as count of Montaigu by his son Conon, a knight in service of his brother-in-law Godfrey of Bouillon, the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. For further details on the transition from Gozelon to his son, see Conon, Count of Montaigu.
Gozelon died in 1064 after pillaging Marloie, which was possessed by the abbey of Saint Hubert, the Apostle of the Ardennes. Gozelon was nevertheless buried at the church of the abbey.
References
^ Murray, Alan V. (1992). "The Army of Godfrey of Bouillon, 1096–1099".
^ Santinelli 2003, p. 178.
Sources
Santinelli, Emmanuelle (2003). Des femmes éplorées?: Les veuves dans la société aristocratique du Moyen-Âge. Presses Universitaires du Septentrion. ISBN 9782859397777.
C. G. Roland (1893), "Les seigneurs et comtes de Rochefort", Annales de la Société archéologique de Namur, 20: 63–141.
Wolters, Mathias J., Notice Historique sur lAncien Comté de Duras en Hesbaie, McNally Jackson, 1855 (available on Google Books)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes-Verdun_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Gozlin, Count of the Ardennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gozlin,_Count_of_Bidgau_and_Methingau"},{"link_name":"Godfrey the Captive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_I,_Count_of_Verdun"},{"link_name":"Gothelo the Great (Duke of Lorraine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothelo_I,_Duke_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Arnold I of Looz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_I,_Count_of_Loon"},{"link_name":"the Archbishop of Trier Poppo von Babenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppo_(archbishop_of_Trier)"},{"link_name":"St. Matheus of Trier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Matthias%27_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantinelli2003178-2"},{"link_name":"Conon, Count of Montaigu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conon,_Count_of_Montaigu"},{"link_name":"Cathédrale Saint-Pierre d'Angoulême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Saint Lambert, Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lambert%27s_Cathedral,_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Godfrey of Bouillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Conon, Count of Montaigu.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conon,_Count_of_Montaigu#Succession"},{"link_name":"Marloie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marloie"},{"link_name":"abbey of Saint Hubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Hubert"}],"text":"The name Gozelon implies a family connection with the House of Verdun, who had several men with this name and a strong presence in the same Ardennes region. Gozlin, Count of the Ardennes, for example, had a grandson Gozelon, Count of Bastogne, the successor to his father Reginar. Another one of Gozlin's grandsons (the son of Godfrey the Captive), was also known as Gozelo, but there is no direct evidence for a relationship.In 1038, in an act witnessed by Gozelon, Gothelo the Great (Duke of Lorraine), Arnold I of Looz, an unknown count named Sigebold, and the Archbishop of Trier Poppo von Babenberg, restored the monastery of St. Matheus of Trier.Gozelon married Ermentrude (perhaps also known as Ermengarde) de Grandpré.[2] Gozelon and Ermentrude had five children:Conon, Count of Montaigu\nRaoul of Montaigu\nGuy of Montaigu\nJean of Montaigu (d. before 1112), Provost of Saint Pierre, likely Cathédrale Saint-Pierre d'Angoulême (Angoulême Cathedral)\nHenry of Montaigu (d. 1124 or after), Archdeacon and dean (decant) at Saint Lambert, Liège (1095).Gozelon was succeeded as count of Montaigu by his son Conon, a knight in service of his brother-in-law Godfrey of Bouillon, the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. For further details on the transition from Gozelon to his son, see Conon, Count of Montaigu.Gozelon died in 1064 after pillaging Marloie, which was possessed by the abbey of Saint Hubert, the Apostle of the Ardennes. Gozelon was nevertheless buried at the church of the abbey.","title":"Gozelo I, Count of Montaigu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Des femmes éplorées?: Les veuves dans la société aristocratique du Moyen-Âge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Z234n923HToC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9782859397777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782859397777"},{"link_name":"\"Les seigneurs et comtes de Rochefort\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/annalesdelasocie20soci/page/124"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=N6M6AAAAcAAJ&dq=comte+duras&pg=PA8"}],"text":"Santinelli, Emmanuelle (2003). Des femmes éplorées?: Les veuves dans la société aristocratique du Moyen-Âge. Presses Universitaires du Septentrion. ISBN 9782859397777.\nC. G. Roland (1893), \"Les seigneurs et comtes de Rochefort\", Annales de la Société archéologique de Namur, 20: 63–141.\nWolters, Mathias J., Notice Historique sur lAncien Comté de Duras en Hesbaie, McNally Jackson, 1855 (available on Google Books)","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"reference":"Murray, Alan V. (1992). \"The Army of Godfrey of Bouillon, 1096–1099\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1992_num_70_2_3824","url_text":"\"The Army of Godfrey of Bouillon, 1096–1099\""}]},{"reference":"Santinelli, Emmanuelle (2003). Des femmes éplorées?: Les veuves dans la société aristocratique du Moyen-Âge. Presses Universitaires du Septentrion. ISBN 9782859397777.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z234n923HToC","url_text":"Des femmes éplorées?: Les veuves dans la société aristocratique du Moyen-Âge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782859397777","url_text":"9782859397777"}]},{"reference":"C. G. Roland (1893), \"Les seigneurs et comtes de Rochefort\", Annales de la Société archéologique de Namur, 20: 63–141","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annalesdelasocie20soci/page/124","url_text":"\"Les seigneurs et comtes de Rochefort\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1992_num_70_2_3824","external_links_name":"\"The Army of Godfrey of Bouillon, 1096–1099\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z234n923HToC","external_links_name":"Des femmes éplorées?: Les veuves dans la société aristocratique du Moyen-Âge"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/annalesdelasocie20soci/page/124","external_links_name":"\"Les seigneurs et comtes de Rochefort\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N6M6AAAAcAAJ&dq=comte+duras&pg=PA8","external_links_name":"Google Books"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence,_surveillance_and_reconnaissance
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Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance
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["1 ISR (Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance)","2 ISTAR","3 Variations of ISTAR","3.1 Surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (STAR)","3.2 Reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition (RSTA)","3.3 Surveillance and target acquisition (STA)","4 ISTAR units and formations","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
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Military doctrinal concept
"ISTAR" redirects here. For other uses, see Istar (disambiguation).
Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS)
ISTAR stands for intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance. In its macroscopic sense, ISTAR is a practice that links several battlefield functions together to assist a combat force in employing its sensors and managing the information they gather.
Information is collected on the battlefield through systematic observation by deployed soldiers and a variety of electronic sensors. Surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance are methods of obtaining this information. The information is then passed to intelligence personnel for analysis, and then to the commander and their staff for the formulation of battle plans. Intelligence is processed information that is relevant and contributes to an understanding of the ground, and of enemy dispositions and intents. Intelligence failures can happen.
ISR (Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance)
USNS Sea Hunter, an unmanned ocean-going surface vessel is suited for freedom of navigation operations (FONOPS)
ISR is the coordinated and integrated acquisition, processing and provision of timely, accurate, relevant, coherent and assured information and intelligence to support commander's conduct of activities. Land, sea, air and space platforms have critical ISR roles in supporting operations in general. By massing ISR assets, an improved clarity and depth of knowledge can be established. ISR encompasses multiple activities related to the planning and operation of systems that collect, process, and disseminate data in support of current and future military operations.
On 28 July 2021 the NDAA budget markup by the House Armed Services Committee sought to retain ISR resources such as the RQ-4 Global Hawk, the E-8 Joint Surveillance Radar and Attack System (JSTARS) which the Air Force is seeking to divest.
Examples of ISR systems include surveillance and reconnaissance systems ranging from satellites, to crewed aircraft such as the U-2, to uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) such as the US Air Force's Global Hawk and Predator and the US Army's Hunter and PSST Aerostats, to unmanned ocean-going vessels, to other ground-, air-, sea-, or space-based equipment, to human intelligence teams, or to AI-based ISR systems.
MQ-9 Reaper at a FARP (forward area refueling point)
The intelligence data provided by these ISR systems can take many forms, including optical, radar, or infrared images or electronic signals. Effective ISR data can provide early warning of enemy threats as well as enable military forces to increase effectiveness, coordination, and lethality, and demand for ISR capabilities to support ongoing military operations has increased. In December 2021, the US Navy began testing the usefulness and effectiveness of unmanned "saildrones" at recognizing targets of interest on the high seas.
For space-based targeting sensors, in a 2019 Broad Agency Announcement, the US government defined ISR in this case as "a capability for gathering data and information on an object or in an area of interest (AOI) on a persistent, event-driven, or scheduled basis using imagery, signals, and other collection methods. This includes warning (to include ballistic missile activity), targeting analysis, threat capability assessment, situational awareness, battle damage assessment (BDA), and characterization of the operational environment." Persistence was in turn described: "Persistent access provides predictable coverage of an area of interest (AOI). Most space-based intelligence collection capabilities consist of multiple satellites operating in concert, or supplemented by other sensors, when continuous surveillance of an area is desired. Persistent sensors must provide sufficient surveillance revisit timelines to support a weapon strike at any time."
The United States Space Force, National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), and National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) share the satellite-based ISR task as of 2021. See Space Delta 7
NGA uses Data transformation services (DTS), a program begun in 2018, to convert raw sensor data into a format usable by its mission partners, who are government agencies whose names are classified. In light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, NGA has taken operational control of DoD's Project Maven, the AI ISR project for area defense, to identify point targets for ISR. NGA is currently using OREN, the Odyssey GEOINT Edge Node for National System for Geospatial Intelligence, or NGS; the Joint Regional Edge Node (JREN) is on-deck for distributing nearly a petabyte to the Combatant Commands in the next year (for 2023, an increase by a factor of 10).
NRO "has a proven track record in ", insists one of the founders of the US Space Force, who defends the capability of the NRO over the ambition of the Space Force to take over the role of ISR. GMTI (ground moving target indicator) data is an objective for Space Force, NGA, and NRO.
ISR at platoon level
Junior (3rd year) and Senior (4th year) cadets at West Point had hands-on experience building and using drones with various tactical capabilities, guided by faculty from the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science departments in tactical applications during Cadet Leadership Development Training in July 2022.
Ukraine's soldiers are using FPV drones on the battlefield, armed with munitions.
ISR concepts are also associated with certain intelligence units, for instance Task Force ODIN, ISR TF (Company+) in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan. In the United States, the similar entity is used within their Marine Corps's Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Intelligence Group (SRIG). The SRIG modelled as a consolidated military intelligence collection agency, most of the gathered intelligence are collected from many sources (i.e. STA Sniper platoons, Marine reconnaissance assets, signal intelligence, etc.).
Commercial ISR
In light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, commercial satellite imagery is being used to track troop movements, broadcast world events in real time, and conduct war.—NHK World-Japan
ISTAR
ISTAR is the process of integrating the intelligence process with surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance tasks in order to improve a commander's situational awareness and consequently their decision making. The inclusion of the "I" is important as it recognizes the importance of taking the information from all the sensors and processing it into useful knowledge.
ISTAR can also refer to:
a unit or sub unit with ISTAR as a task (e.g.: an ISTAR squadron)
equipment required to support the task
Variations of ISTAR
There are several variations on the "ISTAR" acronym. Some variations reflect specific emphasis on certain aspects of ISTAR.
Surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (STAR)
A term used when emphasis is to be placed on the sensing component of ISTAR.
Reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition (RSTA)
Main article: Reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (United States)
RSTA is used by the US Army in place of STAR or ISTAR. Also, a term used to identify certain US Army units: for instance, 3rd Squadron, 153rd RSTA. These units serve a similar role to the below mentioned US Marine Corps STA platoons, but on a larger scale.
Surveillance and target acquisition (STA)
Main article: Surveillance and target acquisition
Used to designate one of the following:
A US Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) - specifically a STA United States Marine Corps Scout Sniper
The role of a unit (e.g. STA patrol) or equipment
A doctrine similar to ISTAR; for the US, and its allies and partners, its basis is the US National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA) as realized by layered constellations of Earth satellites and Earth stations
ISTAR units and formations
Space Delta 7 (U.S. Space Force)
Reconnaissance Surveillance and Target Acquisition (RSTA) Units (U.S. Army)
Long-Range Surveillance (LRS) Units (U.S. Army)
Northrop Grumman E-8 Joint STARS, Raytheon Sentinel, Alliance Ground Surveillance Aircraft
Sayeret Matkal (Israeli Army)
Shaldag Unit (Israeli Air Force)
Brigade de renseignement (French Army)
13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment (French Army)
Norwegian Army)
Jegerkompaniet (Norwegian Army)
Kystjegerkommandoen (Norwegian Coastal Ranger Command)
Artillerijeger (Norwegian Army)
Garnisonen i Sør-Varanger (Borderguard, Norwegian Army)
ISTAR battalion (Norwegian Army)
ISTAR HQ platoon (Norwegian Army)
Joint ISTAR Command (Dutch Army)
103 ISTAR battalion (Dutch Army)
Cavalry Corps (Irish Army)
Jagers te Paard Battalion (Belgian Army)
ISTAR Battalion (Portuguese Army)
NBG ISTAR TF (EU Nordic Battle Group)
ISTAR (Canadian Army)
62nd Svarzochna Brigada (Bulgarian Armed Forces)
Särskilda Inhämtningsgruppen (SIG) (Swedish Armed Forces)
61 Special Reconnaissance Regiment (Jordan Royal Guard, Jordanian Armed Forces)
Strategic Reconnaissance Company (28th Ranger Brigade, Jordanian Armed Forces)
Acquisition and Survey Regiment (Jordanian Armed Forces)
Special Support & Reconnaissance Company - SSR (Danish Defence)
ISTAR Bat TF 11 ad hoc] (Swiss Armed Forces)
350. military intelligence battalion ( 350. vojnoobavještajna bojna ) (Croatian Army)
Razuznavacki bataljon na ARM, Republika Makedonija
5. obveščevalno-izvidniški bataljon, 5th Intelligence-Reconnaissance Btn, Military of Slovenia
ISTAR battalion (Slovakian army)
Regimiento de Inteligencia 1 (1st Intelligence Regiment, Spanish Army)
32nd Regiment Royal Artillery UAS Regiment (British Army)
47th Regiment Royal Artillery UAS Regiment (British Army)
30 Commando Information Exploitation Group (Royal Marines)
21 SAS and 23 SAS (British Army), now part of 1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade
Special Reconnaissance Regiment (British Army)
Honourable Artillery Company (British Army)
Surveillance, Reconnaissance, Intelligence Group (SRIG) U.S. Marine Corps
STA Sniper U.S. Marine Corps
6th Brigade (Australia)
Intelligence Center (Croatian: Središnjica za obavještajno djelovanje) (Croatia)
Fernspäher (German Bundeswehr)
Meritiedustelupataljoona (Coastal Brigade, Finnish Defence Forces)
See also
After-action review
Battlefield surveillance brigades in the United States Army
C4ISTAR, a broader concept that also includes Command, Control, Communications and Computers.
CARVER matrix
Kill chain
Notes
^ In 2022 Sea Hunter and three other unmanned surface vessels participated in RIMPAC, which caused requests for additional command and control capabilities for them in naval operations.
References
^ Justin Katz (2 Aug 2022) After RIMPAC, sailor feedback shows evolving view of unmanned vessels: Officials
^ Megan Eckstein (8 Aug 2022) US Navy injects first-of-kind unmanned experiments into multinational exercise 30 unmanned platforms in RIMPAC 2022
^ a b Joseph Trevithick (4 Feb 2019) Navy's Sea Hunter Drone Ship Has Sailed Autonomously To Hawaii And Back Amid Talk Of New Roles
^ Graham Jenkins (14 July 2021) SAILORS, SAILORS EVERYWHERE AND NOT A BERTH TO SLEEP: THE ILLUSION OF FORWARD POSTURE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC
^ Trevor Prouty (2 July 2021) FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION OPERATIONS: A MISSION FOR UNMANNED SYSTEMS
^ StrategyPage Freedom Of Navigation Operations (21 Mar 2021) Strategy talk: Freedom of navigation operations (FONOPS) audio clip, 38:10
^ Heather Mongilio (8 Aug 2022) U.S. Will Continue Taiwan Strait Transits, FONOPs in Western Pacific Despite Growing Tension with China In the wake of high-level visit to Taiwan by Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi
^ Caitlin M. Kenney (30 Aug 3022) Iranian Navy Tries To Steal US Unmanned Vessel At Sea
Justin Katz (29 Sep 2022) Saildrone CEO says Iranian interference was valuable experience, not a surprise "If someone takes it, good luck. Keep it, it's worthless. We’ve got hundreds of them," said Richard Jenkins, chief executive officer of Saildrone."
^ Suchominus (2022) What Was the Unmanned Boat That Washed up Near Sevastopol, Crimea? USV, Detonator, Starlink
^ Ukrainska Pravda (30 OCT 2022) Sevastopol: Unmanned surface vehicles hit Admiral Makarov, flagship of Russian Black Sea Fleet
^ a b Nancy A. Youssef, Michael R. Gordon (6 Sep 2023) Pentagon Plans Vast AI Fleet to Counter China Threat
^ Rear Admiral Patrick Piercey, U.S. Navy (Retired) (Sep 2023) Planning for the Next War Must Be a Mixture of Art & Science "In recent decades, military planning has leaned more heavily on science than art, but success in a peer-level fight will depend on commander’s intent and the art of warfare". Proceedings of US Naval Institute vol 149 (9) #1,447
^ AJP-3.15(A) NATO Allied Joint Doctrine for Countering – Improvised Explosive Devices.
^ Breaking Defense (14 Sep 2023) Earth's a big world with secrets to reveal to those who can sense and make sense of it See 'before and after' images of camp in Belarus (since dismantled after Prigozhin's death)
^ a b Report to the Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives — General Accounting Office, 2008-03-15
^ THERESA HITCHENS and SYDNEY J. FREEDBERG JR. (4 May 2021) Exclusive: Army Plan May Loosen IC Grip On Sat-Based ISR Tactical Satellite Layer (TSL) experiment
^ Andrew Eversden (6 Sep 2022) Army’s testbed ISR business jets are opening doors to new mission possibilities "With the prototypes, we're able to launch from one area and very quickly get to another area that is much further away in distance. So it opens up the aperture from a mission perspective".
^ Lauren Williams (19 Oct 2022) The U.S. Army Is Testing A Data Platform Just For Intel Officers "We are testing an Army Intelligence Data Platform. So essentially a system that will ingest all of the Army's intel data—data from the intel community, commercial data, whatever data sources our intel professionals may need or want" —Mark Kitz PEO Intelligence, Electronic Warfare and Sensors (IEWS)
^ Theresa Hitchens Theresa Hitchens (28 Jul 2021) Lawmakers Throw Wrench Into Air Force ISR Divestment Plan
^ Marcus Weisgerber (15 Dec 2022) Inside the Army’s Newest Spy Plane Artemis by Leidos, cf: Ares by L3Harris
^ Theresa Hitchens (19 Dec 2022) SES launches O3b mPower satellites, eyeing government, defense sectors Satellite uses 5000 digitally formed beams, each tuned to a different sovereign user. 2 satellites launched into MEO, 11 satellites planned
^ Theresa Hitchens (28 Jul 2021) Space Force Vice Argues Value Of Embattled Analysis Center
^ Joseph Trevithick (16 Dec 2022) Mayhem Hypersonic Strike-Recon Jet Contract Awarded To Leidos "Mayhem air vehicle to demonstrate strike and intelligence-gathering capabilities"
^ Frederik Pleitgen, CNN (7 Apr 2022) Drone video team turns the tables on hiding Russian vehicle a dedicated team of drone enthusiasts perform ISR, pass coordinates to the Army, who interdict Russian tank
^ Alia Shoaib (20 Mar 2022) An elite Ukrainian drone unit on quad bikes ambushed Russian forces, helping to defeat Putin's plan to capture Kyiv, report says
^ Jomana Karadsheh, CNN (8 Apr 2022) Turkish drone is so effective, Ukrainian troops are singing about it after ISR, Bayraktar drone documents strikes as Information operation for consumers
^ Sky News (10 Mar 2022) Ukraine War: Dramatic drone footage shows Russian convoy 'ambush' ISR sample
^ Sakshi Tiwari (18 Sep 2023) US Navy's 'Ghost Fleet' Reaches Japan Amid Growing Tensions With China; Experts Call It 'Rare Visit' unmanned surface vehicles voyage takes from 1 May 2023 to 18 Sep 2023
^ Ziezulewicz, Geoff (2021-12-13). "The Navy is testing this adorable sailboat drone". Defense News. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
^ "Draft BAA, Time-Sensitive Target Mission Payloads Demonstration (TSTMPD) Solicitation Number: HQ0034-19-BAA-TSTMPD-0001".
^ Sandra Erwin (February 17, 2019). "Pentagon seeking proposals for how to use sensors in space to quickly target enemy missiles". SpaceNews.
^ (11 Feb 2021) SDA to launch several demonstration satellites in 2021
^ ESRI app, Satellite Map
^ Theresa Hitchens (1 Apr 2021) Theater Commands OK SDA’s Sat Plans: EXCLUSIVE
^ (8 Oct 2020) SATELLITE SYSTEMS, SATCOM AND SPACE SYSTEMS UPDATE
^ Nate Turkin (28 Apr 2021) What focus areas are key to America’s future space capabilities?
^ Theresa Hitchens (21 May 2021) Army Sat Ops Brigade Transfers To Space Force: Karbler
^ Theresa Hitchens (22 Oct 2021) EXCLUSIVE: Imagery Industry Seeking Direct DoD Sales In Wake Of Tiny NRO Bid FY2022 NRO bid
Theresa Hitchens (30 Jul 2021) EXCLUSIVE: NRO Space ‘Civil Reserve’ Includes Shutter Control Option
^ Colin Clark (24 Aug 2021) NRO, NGA, SPACECOM, Space Force Hammer Out Boundaries
^ Theresa Hitchens (29 Apr 2022) NATO considers buying commercial imagery, irking US spy sat agencies: Sources NGA, NRO, ...
^ Therese Hitchens (15 Dec 2022) 'Huge, huge problem': DoD space policy chief says over-classification harming allied advantage —John Plumb
^ Theresa Hitchens (14 Jun 2021) NGA Seeks Upgraded Software To Speed Analysis: Processing, exploitation, and dissemination (PED) in support of the Concept of Operations (CONOPS) of the mission partners.
^ Patrick Tucker (25 Apr 2022) NGA Will Take Over Pentagon’s Flagship AI Program
^ Courtney Albon (21 Dec 2022) Geospatial-intelligence agency to expand capacity amid ‘data deluge’ using Joint Regional Edge Node, or JREN for distributing nearly a petabyte to the Combatant Commands; NGA is currently using OREN, the Odyssey GEOINT Edge Node for National System for Geospatial Intelligence, or NGS.
^ Courtney Albon (8 Feb 2023) Maxar wins contract to provide satellite imagery to US allies
^ Emma Poole (31 Aug 2023) The US Satellite Intelligence Agency is not so silent about the new "Silent Barker" mission is NRO's GSSAP maneuverable replacement, will keep custody of tracked vehicles.
Theresa Hitchens (31 Aug 2023) SilentBarker 'watchdog' to be 'exponential' leap in DoD monitoring of Chinese, Russian sats in geosynchronous orbits
^ a b Theresa Hitchens (17 Jun 2021) Key Lawmaker Warns Off Space Force On Tactical ISR ' "I think before you hand off the ball, let's make sure there won't be a fumble -- and the Space Force has a lot on it's plate right now," Rep. Jim Cooper says. '
^ Theresa Hitchens (19 Jul 2021) Exclusive: NRO Erects Buy American Barriers Against Allied Satellite Data Authorities: conflicted
^ Theresa Hitchens (27 Apr 2022) After Ukraine success, NRO says electro-optical imagery contracts due this summer EO and SAR imagery
^ Theresa Hitchens (21 Sep 2023) Space industry shakeups: Aerospace consolidates, Maxar breaks up Has NRO mission
^ Theresa Hitchens (28 Apr 2022) Space Force team asks warfighters: What do you need from space ISR? GMTI (ground moving target indicator) data is an objective for Space Force, NGA, and NRO
^ Jorge Garcia, Pointer View Staff Writer (3 Aug 2022) Cadets enhance tactical skills through drone training
^ Johnny Harris (30 Nov 2023) DIY Drones: War Will Never be the Same Ukraine grass-roots supply of FPV drones. 10,000 per month, independent of government. US is following this trend.
^ Patrick Tucker ( With continued Western support in question, Ukraine is betting on innovation in electronic warfare, drones
^ NHK World-Japan (15 Jul 2022) Ukraine: The New Satellite War - Digital Eye video clip, 49:06
^ KATERYNA TYSHCHENKO Ukrainska Pravda (20 Jul 2022) Russia stockpiles equipment near border with Kharkiv region media "The Russian military might use this equipment, and particularly on the Izium and Sloviansk fronts"
^ "Forsvarsnett: Innhold". www.mil.no. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
^ "ISTAR Feldversuche ROVER". www.rover08.ch. Archived from the original on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
External links
INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, and RECONNAISSANCE (ISR) PROGRAMS – ACSC Research Topic
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For other uses, see Istar (disambiguation).Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS)ISTAR stands for intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance. In its macroscopic sense, ISTAR is a practice that links several battlefield functions together to assist a combat force in employing its sensors and managing the information they gather.Information is collected on the battlefield through systematic observation by deployed soldiers and a variety of electronic sensors. Surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance are methods of obtaining this information. The information is then passed to intelligence personnel for analysis, and then to the commander and their staff for the formulation of battle plans. Intelligence is processed information that is relevant and contributes to an understanding of the ground, and of enemy dispositions and intents. Intelligence failures can happen.","title":"Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_Hunter_gets_underway_on_the_Willamette_River_following_a_christening_ceremony_in_Portland,_Ore._(25702146834).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sea Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moreCapabilities-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seaHunterFonops-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ytFonops-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mongilio-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usvHijacking-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usvDetonatorStarlink-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sevastopol-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vastAiFleet-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simplePlans-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vastAiFleet-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJP315-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-applyRemoteSensing-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gao.gov-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isrFromLeo-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artemisAres-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peoIews-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isrAfCuts-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artemis2022-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sesO3bmPower-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swacUssf-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mayhem2022-24"},{"link_name":"satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite"},{"link_name":"U-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_U-2"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sampleIsrInUkraine-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quadBikesDronesUnit-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bayraktarDrone-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-droneFootageOfAmbush-28"},{"link_name":"Global Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Hawk"},{"link_name":"Predator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MQ-1_Predator"},{"link_name":"Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-5_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-droneOps-3"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ghostInJapan-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MQ-9_Reaper_FARP_(forward_area_refuelling_point).jpg"},{"link_name":"MQ-9 Reaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MQ-9_Reaper"},{"link_name":"FARP (forward area refueling point)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_arming_and_refuelling_point"},{"link_name":"electronic signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elint#ELINT"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gao.gov-16"},{"link_name":"unmanned \"saildrones\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_surface_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bao2019-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-erwin2019-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hubspot2021-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esriApp-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jadc2Sda-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"United States Space Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Space_Force"},{"link_name":"National Reconnaissance Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office"},{"link_name":"National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nroBaa-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24aug2021-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natoConsidersCommercialImagery-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overClassProb-42"},{"link_name":"Space Delta 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Delta_7"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l3harrisGeoreplay-43"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ngaOpMaven-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ngaJren-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxarAllies-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geosatSilentBarkerAug2023-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jimCooper-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jimCooper-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nroDeterminations-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nroSarEoImagery-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxarSold-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmti-52"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jGarcia-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isrAtPlatoonLevel-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isrInnovationOver2024-55"},{"link_name":"Task Force ODIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_Force_ODIN"},{"link_name":"Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Intelligence Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance,_Reconnaissance,_and_Intelligence_Group"},{"link_name":"STA Sniper platoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_Sniper_Platoon"},{"link_name":"Marine reconnaissance assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Air-Ground_Task_Force_Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"signal intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_intelligence"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"commercial satellite imagery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_satellite_imagery"},{"link_name":"NHK World-Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK_World-Japan"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UkraineSatelliteWar-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KharkivRegionBuildup-57"}],"text":"USNS Sea Hunter, an unmanned ocean-going surface vessel[a] is suited for freedom of navigation operations (FONOPS)[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]ISR is the coordinated and integrated acquisition, processing and provision of timely, accurate, relevant, coherent and assured information and intelligence to support commander's conduct of activities. Land, sea, air and space platforms have critical ISR roles in supporting operations in general.[12][11] By massing ISR assets, an improved clarity and depth of knowledge can be established.[13][14] ISR encompasses multiple activities related to the planning and operation of systems that collect, process, and disseminate data in support of current and future military operations.[15][16][17][18]On 28 July 2021 the NDAA budget markup by the House Armed Services Committee sought to retain ISR resources such as the RQ-4 Global Hawk, the E-8 Joint Surveillance Radar and Attack System (JSTARS) which the Air Force is seeking to divest.[19][20] [21][22][23]\nExamples of ISR systems include surveillance and reconnaissance systems ranging from satellites, to crewed aircraft such as the U-2, to uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS)[24][25][26][27] such as the US Air Force's Global Hawk and Predator and the US Army's Hunter and PSST Aerostats, to unmanned ocean-going vessels,[3] to other ground-, air-, sea-, or space-based equipment, to human intelligence teams, or to AI-based ISR systems. [28]MQ-9 Reaper at a FARP (forward area refueling point)The intelligence data provided by these ISR systems can take many forms, including optical, radar, or infrared images or electronic signals. Effective ISR data can provide early warning of enemy threats as well as enable military forces to increase effectiveness, coordination, and lethality, and demand for ISR capabilities to support ongoing military operations has increased.[15] In December 2021, the US Navy began testing the usefulness and effectiveness of unmanned \"saildrones\" at recognizing targets of interest on the high seas.[29]For space-based targeting sensors, in a 2019 Broad Agency Announcement, the US government defined ISR in this case as \"a capability for gathering data and information on an object or in an area of interest (AOI) on a persistent, event-driven, or scheduled basis using imagery, signals, and other collection methods. This includes warning (to include ballistic missile activity), targeting analysis, threat capability assessment, situational awareness, battle damage assessment (BDA), and characterization of the operational environment.\" Persistence was in turn described: \"Persistent access provides predictable coverage of an area of interest (AOI). Most space-based intelligence collection capabilities consist of multiple satellites operating in concert, or supplemented by other sensors, when continuous surveillance of an area is desired. Persistent sensors must provide sufficient surveillance revisit timelines to support a weapon strike at any time.\"[30][31][32][33][34][35][36]The United States Space Force, National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), and National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) share the satellite-based ISR task as of 2021.[37][38][39][40][41] See Space Delta 7NGA uses Data transformation services (DTS), a program begun in 2018, to convert raw sensor data into a format usable by its mission partners, who are government agencies whose names are classified.[42] In light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, NGA has taken operational control of DoD's Project Maven, the AI ISR project for area defense, to identify point targets for ISR.[43] NGA is currently using OREN, the Odyssey GEOINT Edge Node for National System for Geospatial Intelligence, or NGS; the Joint Regional Edge Node (JREN) is on-deck for distributing nearly a petabyte to the Combatant Commands in the next year (for 2023, an increase by a factor of 10).[44][45]NRO \"has a proven track record in [ISR]\",[46][47] insists one of the founders of the US Space Force, who defends the capability of the NRO over the ambition of the Space Force to take over the role of ISR.[47][48][49][50] GMTI (ground moving target indicator) data is an objective for Space Force, NGA, and NRO.[51]ISR at platoon levelJunior (3rd year) and Senior (4th year) cadets at West Point had hands-on experience building and using drones with various tactical capabilities, guided by faculty from the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science departments in tactical applications during Cadet Leadership Development Training in July 2022.[52]Ukraine's soldiers are using FPV drones on the battlefield, armed with munitions.[53] [54]ISR concepts are also associated with certain intelligence units, for instance Task Force ODIN, ISR TF (Company+) in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan. In the United States, the similar entity is used within their Marine Corps's Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Intelligence Group (SRIG). The SRIG modelled as a consolidated military intelligence collection agency, most of the gathered intelligence are collected from many sources (i.e. STA Sniper platoons, Marine reconnaissance assets, signal intelligence, etc.).Commercial ISRIn light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, commercial satellite imagery is being used to track troop movements, broadcast world events in real time, and conduct war.—NHK World-Japan[55][56]","title":"ISR (Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"situational awareness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_awareness"},{"link_name":"decision making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_making"}],"text":"ISTAR is the process of integrating the intelligence process with surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance tasks in order to improve a commander's situational awareness and consequently their decision making. The inclusion of the \"I\" is important as it recognizes the importance of taking the information from all the sensors and processing it into useful knowledge.ISTAR can also refer to:a unit or sub unit with ISTAR as a task (e.g.: an ISTAR squadron)\nequipment required to support the task","title":"ISTAR"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are several variations on the \"ISTAR\" acronym. Some variations reflect specific emphasis on certain aspects of ISTAR.","title":"Variations of ISTAR"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (STAR)","text":"A term used when emphasis is to be placed on the sensing component of ISTAR.","title":"Variations of ISTAR"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RSTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance,_surveillance,_and_target_acquisition_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"US Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"}],"sub_title":"Reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition (RSTA)","text":"RSTA is used by the US Army in place of STAR or ISTAR. Also, a term used to identify certain US Army units: for instance, 3rd Squadron, 153rd RSTA. These units serve a similar role to the below mentioned US Marine Corps STA platoons, but on a larger scale.","title":"Variations of ISTAR"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Military Occupational Specialty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Occupational_Specialty"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps Scout Sniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Scout_Sniper"},{"link_name":"STA patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honourable_Artillery_Company#Current_role"},{"link_name":"US National Defense Space Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Development_Agency#NDSA"},{"link_name":"Earth satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_satellite"},{"link_name":"Earth stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_station"}],"sub_title":"Surveillance and target acquisition (STA)","text":"Used to designate one of the following:A US Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) - specifically a STA United States Marine Corps Scout Sniper\nThe role of a unit (e.g. STA patrol) or equipment\nA doctrine similar to ISTAR; for the US, and its allies and partners, its basis is the US National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA) as realized by layered constellations of Earth satellites and Earth stations","title":"Variations of ISTAR"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Space Delta 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Delta_7"},{"link_name":"RSTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSTA"},{"link_name":"Long-Range Surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-range_surveillance"},{"link_name":"Northrop Grumman E-8 Joint STARS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_E-8_Joint_STARS"},{"link_name":"Raytheon Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon_Sentinel"},{"link_name":"Alliance Ground Surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Ground_Surveillance"},{"link_name":"Sayeret Matkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayeret_Matkal"},{"link_name":"Shaldag Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaldag_Unit"},{"link_name":"13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Parachute_Dragoon_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Army"},{"link_name":"Jegerkompaniet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jegerkompaniet"},{"link_name":"Kystjegerkommandoen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kystjegerkommandoen"},{"link_name":"Artillerijeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artillerijeger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Garnisonen i Sør-Varanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnisonen_i_S%C3%B8r-Varanger"},{"link_name":"ISTAR battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISTAR_battalion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISTAR HQ platoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISTAR_HQ_platoon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joint ISTAR Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_ISTAR_Command"},{"link_name":"Dutch Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Army"},{"link_name":"103 ISTAR battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/103_ISTAR_battalion"},{"link_name":"Cavalry Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry_Corps_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Irish Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Army"},{"link_name":"Jagers te Paard Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagers_te_Paard_Battalion"},{"link_name":"Belgian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Army"},{"link_name":"ISTAR Battalion (Portuguese Army)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISTAR_Battalion_(Portuguese_Army)"},{"link_name":"NBG ISTAR TF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBG_ISTAR_TF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nordic Battle Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Battle_Group"},{"link_name":"Canadian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"62nd Svarzochna Brigada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=62nd_Svarzochna_Brigada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Särskilda Inhämtningsgruppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4rskilda_Inh%C3%A4mtningsgruppen"},{"link_name":"Swedish Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Jordan Royal Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Royal_Guard"},{"link_name":"Jordanian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"28th Ranger Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Special_Operations_Command_(Jordan)#Joint_Special_Operations_Command_Structure"},{"link_name":"Jordanian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Jordanian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Special Support & Reconnaissance Company - SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Support_and_Reconnaissance_Company"},{"link_name":"Danish Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Defence"},{"link_name":"Swiss Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Croatian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Army"},{"link_name":"ARM, Republika Makedonija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Military of Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Slovakian army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_Forces_of_the_Slovak_Republic"},{"link_name":"Spanish Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Army"},{"link_name":"32nd Regiment Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Regiment_Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"47th Regiment Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_Regiment_Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"30 Commando Information Exploitation Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_Commando_Information_Exploitation_Group"},{"link_name":"21 SAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_SAS"},{"link_name":"23 SAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23_SAS"},{"link_name":"1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Intelligence,_Surveillance_and_Reconnaissance_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Special Reconnaissance Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Reconnaissance_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Honourable Artillery Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honourable_Artillery_Company"},{"link_name":"Surveillance, Reconnaissance, Intelligence Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance,_Reconnaissance,_Intelligence_Group"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"STA Sniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STA_Sniper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"6th Brigade (Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Brigade_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Intelligence Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Center&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Fernspäher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernsp%C3%A4hlehrkompanie_200"},{"link_name":"Bundeswehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr"},{"link_name":"Meritiedustelupataljoona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meritiedustelupataljoona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coastal Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Finnish Defence Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces"}],"text":"Space Delta 7 (U.S. Space Force)\nReconnaissance Surveillance and Target Acquisition (RSTA) Units (U.S. Army)\nLong-Range Surveillance (LRS) Units (U.S. Army)\nNorthrop Grumman E-8 Joint STARS, Raytheon Sentinel, Alliance Ground Surveillance Aircraft\nSayeret Matkal (Israeli Army)\nShaldag Unit (Israeli Air Force)\nBrigade de renseignement (French Army)\n13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment (French Army)\n[Intelligence battalion[57] Norwegian Army)\nJegerkompaniet (Norwegian Army)\nKystjegerkommandoen (Norwegian Coastal Ranger Command)\nArtillerijeger (Norwegian Army)\nGarnisonen i Sør-Varanger (Borderguard, Norwegian Army)\nISTAR battalion (Norwegian Army)\nISTAR HQ platoon (Norwegian Army)\nJoint ISTAR Command (Dutch Army)\n103 ISTAR battalion (Dutch Army)\nCavalry Corps (Irish Army)\nJagers te Paard Battalion (Belgian Army)\nISTAR Battalion (Portuguese Army)\nNBG ISTAR TF (EU Nordic Battle Group)\nISTAR (Canadian Army)\n62nd Svarzochna Brigada (Bulgarian Armed Forces)\nSärskilda Inhämtningsgruppen (SIG) (Swedish Armed Forces)\n61 Special Reconnaissance Regiment (Jordan Royal Guard, Jordanian Armed Forces)\nStrategic Reconnaissance Company (28th Ranger Brigade, Jordanian Armed Forces)\nAcquisition and Survey Regiment (Jordanian Armed Forces)\nSpecial Support & Reconnaissance Company - SSR (Danish Defence)\nISTAR Bat TF 11 ad hoc] (Swiss Armed Forces)[58]\n350. military intelligence battalion ( 350. vojnoobavještajna bojna ) (Croatian Army)\nRazuznavacki bataljon na ARM, Republika Makedonija\n5. obveščevalno-izvidniški bataljon, 5th Intelligence-Reconnaissance Btn, Military of Slovenia\nISTAR battalion (Slovakian army)\nRegimiento de Inteligencia 1 (1st Intelligence Regiment, Spanish Army)\n32nd Regiment Royal Artillery UAS Regiment (British Army)\n47th Regiment Royal Artillery UAS Regiment (British Army)\n30 Commando Information Exploitation Group (Royal Marines)\n21 SAS and 23 SAS (British Army), now part of 1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade\nSpecial Reconnaissance Regiment (British Army)\nHonourable Artillery Company (British Army)\nSurveillance, Reconnaissance, Intelligence Group (SRIG) U.S. Marine Corps\nSTA Sniper U.S. Marine Corps\n6th Brigade (Australia)\nIntelligence Center (Croatian: Središnjica za obavještajno djelovanje) (Croatia)\nFernspäher (German Bundeswehr)\nMeritiedustelupataljoona (Coastal Brigade, Finnish Defence Forces)","title":"ISTAR units and formations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-moreCapabilities_5-0"},{"link_name":"Sea Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Hunter"},{"link_name":"RIMPAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIMPAC"},{"link_name":"command and control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_control"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wantSingleCommandApp-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-initialUsvUsage-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-droneOps-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usv-4"}],"text":"^ In 2022 Sea Hunter and three other unmanned surface vessels participated in RIMPAC, which caused requests for additional command and control capabilities for them in naval operations.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/United_States_Air_Force_Northrop_Grumman_E-8_Joint_STARS_in_flight.jpg/220px-United_States_Air_Force_Northrop_Grumman_E-8_Joint_STARS_in_flight.jpg"},{"image_text":"USNS Sea Hunter, an unmanned ocean-going surface vessel[a] is suited for freedom of navigation operations (FONOPS)[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sea_Hunter_gets_underway_on_the_Willamette_River_following_a_christening_ceremony_in_Portland%2C_Ore._%2825702146834%29.jpg/300px-Sea_Hunter_gets_underway_on_the_Willamette_River_following_a_christening_ceremony_in_Portland%2C_Ore._%2825702146834%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"MQ-9 Reaper at a FARP (forward area refueling point)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/MQ-9_Reaper_FARP_%28forward_area_refuelling_point%29.jpg/300px-MQ-9_Reaper_FARP_%28forward_area_refuelling_point%29.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"After-action review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After-action_review"},{"title":"Battlefield surveillance brigades in the United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield_surveillance_brigades_in_the_United_States_Army"},{"title":"C4ISTAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4ISTAR"},{"title":"CARVER matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARVER_matrix"},{"title":"Kill chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_chain"}]
|
[{"reference":"Ziezulewicz, Geoff (2021-12-13). \"The Navy is testing this adorable sailboat drone\". Defense News. Retrieved 2022-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defensenews.com/news/your-navy/2021/12/13/the-navy-is-testing-this-adorable-sailboat-drone/","url_text":"\"The Navy is testing this adorable sailboat drone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Draft BAA, Time-Sensitive Target Mission Payloads Demonstration (TSTMPD) Solicitation Number: HQ0034-19-BAA-TSTMPD-0001\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fbo.gov/index.php?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=d201b631d0c096f4934f53b50050fe34&tab=core&_cview=0","url_text":"\"Draft BAA, Time-Sensitive Target Mission Payloads Demonstration (TSTMPD) Solicitation Number: HQ0034-19-BAA-TSTMPD-0001\""}]},{"reference":"Sandra Erwin (February 17, 2019). \"Pentagon seeking proposals for how to use sensors in space to quickly target enemy missiles\". SpaceNews.","urls":[{"url":"https://spacenews.com/pentagon-seeking-proposals-for-how-to-use-sensors-in-space-to-quickly-target-enemy-missiles/","url_text":"\"Pentagon seeking proposals for how to use sensors in space to quickly target enemy missiles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forsvarsnett: Innhold\". www.mil.no. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311035147/http://www.mil.no/haren/Etterretningsbataljonen/start/","url_text":"\"Forsvarsnett: Innhold\""},{"url":"http://www.mil.no/haren/Etterretningsbataljonen/start/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ISTAR Feldversuche ROVER\". www.rover08.ch. Archived from the original on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090609091348/http://www.rover08.ch/","url_text":"\"ISTAR Feldversuche ROVER\""},{"url":"http://www.rover08.ch/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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NOT A BERTH TO SLEEP: THE ILLUSION OF FORWARD POSTURE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC"},{"Link":"https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/freedom-of-navigation-operations-a-mission-for-unmanned-systems/","external_links_name":"(2 July 2021) FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION OPERATIONS: A MISSION FOR UNMANNED SYSTEMS"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Qz0YDO62SE","external_links_name":"Freedom Of Navigation Operations (21 Mar 2021) Strategy talk: Freedom of navigation operations"},{"Link":"https://news.usni.org/2022/08/08/u-s-will-continue-taiwan-strait-transits-fonops-in-western-pacific-despite-growing-tension-with-china","external_links_name":"(8 Aug 2022) U.S. Will Continue Taiwan Strait Transits, FONOPs in Western Pacific Despite Growing Tension with China"},{"Link":"https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2022/08/iranian-navy-tries-steal-us-unmanned-vessel-sea/376513/","external_links_name":"(30 Aug 3022) Iranian Navy Tries To Steal US Unmanned Vessel At Sea"},{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/saildrone-ceo-says-iranian-interference-was-valuable-experience-not-a-surprise/","external_links_name":"(29 Sep 2022) Saildrone CEO says Iranian interference was valuable experience, not a surprise"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8CeJ3QUeHs","external_links_name":"(2022) What Was the Unmanned Boat That Washed up Near Sevastopol, Crimea?"},{"Link":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/sevastopol-unmanned-surface-vehicles-hit-051052181.html","external_links_name":"(30 OCT 2022) Sevastopol: Unmanned surface vehicles hit Admiral Makarov, flagship of Russian Black Sea Fleet"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/pentagon-plans-vast-ai-fleet-to-counter-china-threat-4186a186","external_links_name":"(6 Sep 2023) Pentagon Plans Vast AI Fleet to Counter China Threat"},{"Link":"https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2023/september/planning-next-war-must-be-mixture-art-science","external_links_name":"(Sep 2023) Planning for the Next War Must Be a Mixture of Art & Science"},{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/earths-a-big-world-with-secrets-to-reveal-to-those-who-can-sense-and-make-sense-of-it/","external_links_name":"(14 Sep 2023) Earth's a big world with secrets to reveal to those who can sense and make sense of it"},{"Link":"http://www.gao.gov/htext/d08374.html","external_links_name":"Report to the Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives"},{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2021/05/exclusive-army-plan-may-loosen-ic-grip-on-sat-based-isr/","external_links_name":"(4 May 2021) Exclusive: Army Plan May Loosen IC Grip On Sat-Based ISR"},{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/armys-testbed-isr-business-jets-are-opening-doors-to-new-mission-possibilities/","external_links_name":"(6 Sep 2022) Army’s testbed ISR business jets are opening doors to new mission possibilities"},{"Link":"https://www.defenseone.com/defense-systems/2022/10/us-army-testing-data-platform-just-intel-officers/378657/","external_links_name":"(19 Oct 2022) The U.S. Army Is Testing A Data Platform Just For Intel Officers"},{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2021/07/lawmakers-throw-wrench-into-air-force-isr-divestment-plan/","external_links_name":"Theresa Hitchens (28 Jul 2021) Lawmakers Throw Wrench Into Air Force ISR Divestment Plan"},{"Link":"https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2022/12/inside-armys-newest-spy-plane/380964/","external_links_name":"(15 Dec 2022) Inside the Army’s Newest Spy Plane"},{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2022/12/ses-launches-o3b-mpower-satellites-eyeing-government-defense-sectors/","external_links_name":"(19 Dec 2022) SES launches O3b mPower satellites, eyeing government, defense sectors"},{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2021/07/space-force-vice-argues-value-of-embattled-analysis-center/","external_links_name":"(28 Jul 2021) Space Force Vice Argues Value Of Embattled Analysis Center"},{"Link":"https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/mayhem-hypersonic-strike-recon-jet-contract-awarded-to-leidos","external_links_name":"(16 Dec 2022) Mayhem Hypersonic Strike-Recon Jet Contract Awarded To Leidos"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAyl2XiWZyo","external_links_name":"(7 Apr 2022) Drone video team turns the tables on hiding Russian vehicle"},{"Link":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/an-elite-ukrainian-drone-unit-on-quad-bikes-ambushed-russian-forces-helping-to-defeat-putin-s-plan-to-capture-kyiv-report-says/ar-AAVOj4a","external_links_name":"(20 Mar 2022) An elite Ukrainian drone unit on quad bikes ambushed Russian forces, helping to defeat Putin's plan to capture Kyiv, report says"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4qUsPCFV28","external_links_name":"(8 Apr 2022) Turkish drone is so effective, Ukrainian troops are singing about it"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcYOjbyttvM","external_links_name":"(10 Mar 2022) Ukraine War: Dramatic drone footage shows Russian convoy 'ambush'"},{"Link":"https://www.eurasiantimes.com/us-navys-ghost-fleet-reaches-japan-amid-growing-tensions/","external_links_name":"(18 Sep 2023) US Navy's 'Ghost Fleet' Reaches Japan Amid Growing Tensions With China; Experts Call It 'Rare Visit'"},{"Link":"https://www.defensenews.com/news/your-navy/2021/12/13/the-navy-is-testing-this-adorable-sailboat-drone/","external_links_name":"\"The Navy is testing this adorable sailboat drone\""},{"Link":"https://www.fbo.gov/index.php?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=d201b631d0c096f4934f53b50050fe34&tab=core&_cview=0","external_links_name":"\"Draft BAA, Time-Sensitive Target Mission Payloads Demonstration (TSTMPD) Solicitation Number: HQ0034-19-BAA-TSTMPD-0001\""},{"Link":"https://spacenews.com/pentagon-seeking-proposals-for-how-to-use-sensors-in-space-to-quickly-target-enemy-missiles/","external_links_name":"\"Pentagon seeking proposals for how to use sensors in space to quickly target enemy missiles\""},{"Link":"https://intelhubspot.com/sda-to-launch-several-demonstration-satellites-in-2021/","external_links_name":"(11 Feb 2021) SDA to launch several demonstration satellites in 2021"},{"Link":"https://maps.esri.com/rc/sat2/index.html","external_links_name":"ESRI app, Satellite Map"},{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2021/04/theater-commands-ok-sdas-sat-plans-exclusive/","external_links_name":"Theresa Hitchens (1 Apr 2021) Theater Commands OK SDA’s Sat Plans: EXCLUSIVE"},{"Link":"https://battle-updates.com/update/satellite-systems-satcom-and-space-systems-update-138/","external_links_name":"(8 Oct 2020) SATELLITE SYSTEMS, SATCOM AND SPACE SYSTEMS UPDATE"},{"Link":"https://www.sda.mil/what-focus-areas-are-key-to-americas-future-space-capabilities/","external_links_name":"Nate Turkin (28 Apr 2021) What focus areas are key to America’s future space capabilities?"},{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2021/05/army-sat-ops-brigade-transfers-to-space-force-karbler/","external_links_name":"Theresa Hitchens (21 May 2021) Army Sat Ops Brigade Transfers To Space Force: Karbler"},{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2021/10/exclusive-imagery-industry-seeking-direct-dod-sales-in-wake-of-tiny-nro-bid/","external_links_name":"(22 Oct 2021) EXCLUSIVE: Imagery Industry Seeking Direct DoD Sales In Wake Of Tiny NRO Bid"},{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2021/07/exclusive-nro-space-civil-reserve-includes-shutter-control-option/","external_links_name":"(30 Jul 2021) EXCLUSIVE: NRO Space ‘Civil Reserve’ Includes Shutter Control Option"},{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/nro-nga-spacecom-space-force-hammer-out-boundaries/","external_links_name":"(24 Aug 2021) NRO, NGA, SPACECOM, Space Force Hammer Out Boundaries"},{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2022/04/nato-considers-buying-commercial-imagery-irking-us-spy-sat-agencies-sources/","external_links_name":"(29 Apr 2022) NATO considers buying commercial imagery, irking US spy sat agencies: Sources"},{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2022/12/huge-huge-problem-dod-space-policy-chief-says-over-classification-allied-advantage/","external_links_name":"(15 Dec 2022) 'Huge, huge problem': DoD space policy chief says over-classification harming allied advantage"},{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2021/06/nga-seeks-upgraded-software-to-speed-analysis/","external_links_name":"Theresa Hitchens (14 Jun 2021) NGA Seeks Upgraded Software To Speed 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mission"},{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2023/08/silentbarker-watchdog-to-be-exponential-leap-in-dod-monitoring-of-chinese-russian-sats/","external_links_name":"(31 Aug 2023) SilentBarker 'watchdog' to be 'exponential' leap in DoD monitoring of Chinese, Russian sats"},{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2021/06/key-lawmaker-warns-off-space-force-on-tactical-isr/","external_links_name":"(17 Jun 2021) Key Lawmaker Warns Off Space Force On Tactical ISR"},{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2021/07/exclusive-nro-erects-buy-american-barriers-against-allied-satellite-data/","external_links_name":"Theresa Hitchens (19 Jul 2021) Exclusive: NRO Erects Buy American Barriers Against Allied Satellite Data"},{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2022/04/lauding-firms-ukraine-work-nro-head-says-electro-optical-imagery-contracts-coming-this-summer/","external_links_name":"(27 Apr 2022) After Ukraine success, NRO says electro-optical imagery contracts due this 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betting on innovation in electronic warfare, drones"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahbnVYro1G8","external_links_name":"(15 Jul 2022) Ukraine: The New Satellite War - Digital Eye"},{"Link":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/russia-stockpiles-equipment-near-border-150836865.html","external_links_name":"(20 Jul 2022) Russia stockpiles equipment near border with Kharkiv region media"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311035147/http://www.mil.no/haren/Etterretningsbataljonen/start/","external_links_name":"\"Forsvarsnett: Innhold\""},{"Link":"http://www.mil.no/haren/Etterretningsbataljonen/start/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090609091348/http://www.rover08.ch/","external_links_name":"\"ISTAR Feldversuche ROVER\""},{"Link":"http://www.rover08.ch/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/bibs/ISR.htm","external_links_name":"INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, and RECONNAISSANCE (ISR) PROGRAMS – ACSC 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonneau,_South_Carolina
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Bonneau, South Carolina
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["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Climate","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 33°18′24″N 79°57′28″W / 33.30667°N 79.95778°W / 33.30667; -79.95778
Town in South Carolina, United StatesBonneau, South CarolinaTownMotto: Where the living is easy...Location of Bonneau, South CarolinaCoordinates: 33°18′24″N 79°57′28″W / 33.30667°N 79.95778°W / 33.30667; -79.95778CountryUnited StatesStateSouth CarolinaCountyBerkeleyArea • Total3.12 sq mi (8.07 km2) • Land3.02 sq mi (7.83 km2) • Water0.09 sq mi (0.24 km2)Elevation59 ft (18 m)Population (2020) • Total431 • Density142.53/sq mi (55.04/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code29431Area codes843, 854FIPS code45-07525GNIS feature ID1246941
Bonneau is a town in Berkeley County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 487 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Charleston–North Charleston–Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area.
History
The community was named after the family of Floride Bonneau Calhoun, wife of U.S. politician John C. Calhoun.
Geography
Bonneau is located in north-central Berkeley County on the east shore of Lake Moultrie at 33°18′24″N 79°57′28″W / 33.30667°N 79.95778°W / 33.30667; -79.95778 (33.306720, -79.957836) The town is on the western edge of the Francis Marion National Forest. U.S. Route 52 passes through the town, leading south 41 miles (66 km) to Charleston and north 71 miles (114 km) to Florence.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.1 square miles (7.9 km2), of which 3.0 square miles (7.8 km2) is land and 0.039 square miles (0.1 km2), or 1.74%, is water.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1940493—1950408−17.2%1960402−1.5%1970365−9.2%19804019.9%1990374−6.7%2000354−5.3%201048737.6%2020431−11.5%U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 354 people, 156 households, and 99 families residing in the town. The population density was 125.6 inhabitants per square mile (48.5/km2). There were 176 housing units at an average density of 62.5 per square mile (24.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 76.55% White, 20.34% Black, 0.85% Native American, 1.13% from other races, and 1.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.85% of the population.
There were 156 households, out of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.5% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.5% were non-families. 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.85.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.2% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 29.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.4 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $30,938, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $33,333 versus $25,833 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,799. About 21.4% of families and 19.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 32.7% of those age 65 or over.
Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Bonneau has a Humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
References
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Bonneau town, South Carolina". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
^ Federal Writers' Project (1941). Palmetto Place Names. Sloane Printing Co. p. 28.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ Climate Summary for Bonneau, South Carolina
External links
vteMunicipalities and communities of Berkeley County, South Carolina, United StatesCounty seat: Moncks CornerCities
Charleston‡
Goose Creek‡
Hanahan
North Charleston‡
Map of South Carolina highlighting Berkeley CountyTowns
Bonneau
Jamestown
Moncks Corner
St. Stephen
Summerville‡
CDPs
Bonneau Beach
Ladson‡
Pimlico
Pinopolis
Russellville
Sangaree
Othercommunities
Alvin
Bethera
Cordesville
Cross
Gumville
Huger
Mount Holly
Pineville
Pringletown
Strawberry
The Barrows
Wide Awake
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
South Carolina portal
United States portal
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The population was 487 at the 2010 census.[5] It is part of the Charleston–North Charleston–Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area.","title":"Bonneau, South Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Floride Bonneau Calhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floride_Calhoun"},{"link_name":"John C. Calhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The community was named after the family of Floride Bonneau Calhoun, wife of U.S. politician John C. Calhoun.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Moultrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Moultrie"},{"link_name":"33°18′24″N 79°57′28″W / 33.30667°N 79.95778°W / 33.30667; -79.95778","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bonneau,_South_Carolina¶ms=33_18_24_N_79_57_28_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-7"},{"link_name":"Francis Marion National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Marion_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_52"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"}],"text":"Bonneau is located in north-central Berkeley County on the east shore of Lake Moultrie at 33°18′24″N 79°57′28″W / 33.30667°N 79.95778°W / 33.30667; -79.95778 (33.306720, -79.957836)[7] The town is on the western edge of the Francis Marion National Forest. U.S. Route 52 passes through the town, leading south 41 miles (66 km) to Charleston and north 71 miles (114 km) to Florence.According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.1 square miles (7.9 km2), of which 3.0 square miles (7.8 km2) is land and 0.039 square miles (0.1 km2), or 1.74%, is water.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 354 people, 156 households, and 99 families residing in the town. The population density was 125.6 inhabitants per square mile (48.5/km2). There were 176 housing units at an average density of 62.5 per square mile (24.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 76.55% White, 20.34% Black, 0.85% Native American, 1.13% from other races, and 1.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.85% of the population.There were 156 households, out of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.5% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.5% were non-families. 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.85.In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.2% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 29.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.4 males.The median income for a household in the town was $30,938, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $33,333 versus $25,833 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,799. About 21.4% of families and 19.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 32.7% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"Humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Bonneau has a Humid subtropical climate, abbreviated \"Cfa\" on climate maps.[9]","title":"Climate"}]
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[{"image_text":"Map of South Carolina highlighting Berkeley County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Berkeley_County.svg/180px-Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Berkeley_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2745%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census Population API\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:45&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","url_text":"\"Census Population API\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Bonneau town, South Carolina\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212195950/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US4507525","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Bonneau town, South Carolina\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US4507525","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Federal Writers' Project (1941). Palmetto Place Names. Sloane Printing Co. p. 28.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project","url_text":"Federal Writers' Project"},{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c056089075&view=1up&seq=5","url_text":"Palmetto Place Names"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempiute,_Nevada
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Tempiute, Nevada
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["1 History","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 37°39′09″N 115°38′09″W / 37.65250°N 115.63583°W / 37.65250; -115.63583Ghost town in Nevada, United StatesTempiute, NevadaGhost townTempiuteShow map of NevadaTempiuteShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 37°39′09″N 115°38′09″W / 37.65250°N 115.63583°W / 37.65250; -115.63583CountryUnited StatesStateNevadaCountyLincolnElevation6,112 ft (1,863 m)
Tempiute is a ghost town in Lincoln County, Nevada United States.
History
Silver was first discovered in the area in 1865. In 1868, additional silver lodes were found near the settlement. A mining district was established, but mining was difficult due to insufficient water supplies. Water had to be transported by mules from springs 12 miles away. The settlement had a population of fifty miners in 1870. When the stamp-mill in nearby Crescent was shut down in 1871, mining in Tempiute was abandoned. The post office was named Tem Piute from February 1879 until January 1881 and then again from June 1882 until January 1883.
Tungsten ore was discovered nearby in 1916, but large-scale mining did not begin for another twenty years. The Lincoln Mines Company initiated mining operations in Tempiute in 1940 after building a mill. The mines were productive until the end of World War II, but declined in the next five years. After the price of tungsten rose in 1950, the mining camp was reestablished when the Wah Chang Trading Company, a New York-based tungsten importer and trading company, incorporated the entire mining district as the Black Rock Mining Company. From 1950—1956, Tempiute had a population of 700, and a school. The post Office was opened as Tempiute in February 1953 and closed in October 1957. During its most productive years, the Lincoln mine was one of the nation's primary producers of tungsten. When the price of tungsten declined in 1957, the mill was closed and the town was soon abandoned.
References
^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Tempiute
^ a b Paher, Stanley W (1970). Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps. Howell North. p. 69.
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Tempiute Post Office
^ Carlson, Helen S. (1985). Nevada Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-094-8. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Lincoln County, Nevada, United StatesCounty seat: PiocheCity
Caliente
Lincoln County mapCDPs
Alamo
Beaverdam
Bennett Springs
Dry Valley
Hiko
Mount Wilson
Panaca
Pioche
Rachel
Ursine
Othercommunities
Ash Springs
Barclay
Ghost towns
Acoma
Bristol Wells
Brown
Bullionville
Carp
Cave Valley
Crystal Springs
Delamar
Delmues
Elgin
Etna
Fay
Joseco
Logan
Rox
Stine
Tempiute
Proposed communities
Coyote Springs‡
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Nevada portal
United States portal
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lincoln County, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"}],"text":"Ghost town in Nevada, United StatesTempiute is a ghost town in Lincoln County, Nevada United States.[1]","title":"Tempiute, Nevada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nevada_ghost_towns-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnispo-3"},{"link_name":"Tungsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"tungsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carlson-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnispo-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nevada_ghost_towns-2"}],"text":"Silver was first discovered in the area in 1865. In 1868, additional silver lodes were found near the settlement. A mining district was established, but mining was difficult due to insufficient water supplies. Water had to be transported by mules from springs 12 miles away. The settlement had a population of fifty miners in 1870. When the stamp-mill in nearby Crescent was shut down in 1871, mining in Tempiute was abandoned.[2] The post office was named Tem Piute from February 1879 until January 1881 and then again from June 1882 until January 1883.[3]Tungsten ore was discovered nearby in 1916, but large-scale mining did not begin for another twenty years. The Lincoln Mines Company initiated mining operations in Tempiute in 1940 after building a mill. The mines were productive until the end of World War II, but declined in the next five years. After the price of tungsten rose in 1950, the mining camp was reestablished when the Wah Chang Trading Company, a New York-based tungsten importer and trading company, incorporated the entire mining district as the Black Rock Mining Company.[4] From 1950—1956, Tempiute had a population of 700, and a school. The post Office was opened as Tempiute in February 1953 and closed in October 1957.[3] During its most productive years, the Lincoln mine was one of the nation's primary producers of tungsten. When the price of tungsten declined in 1957, the mill was closed and the town was soon abandoned.[2]","title":"History"}]
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[{"image_text":"Lincoln County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Map_of_Nevada_highlighting_Lincoln_County.svg/51px-Map_of_Nevada_highlighting_Lincoln_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Paher, Stanley W (1970). Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps. Howell North. p. 69.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carlson, Helen S. (1985). Nevada Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-094-8. Retrieved June 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7GyVDwAAQBAJ&q=Timpahute","url_text":"Nevada Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-094-8","url_text":"978-0-87417-094-8"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tempiute,_Nevada¶ms=37_39_09_N_115_38_09_W_type:city_region:US-NV_source:GNIS-enwiki","external_links_name":"37°39′09″N 115°38′09″W / 37.65250°N 115.63583°W / 37.65250; -115.63583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tempiute,_Nevada¶ms=37_39_09_N_115_38_09_W_type:city_region:US-NV_source:GNIS-enwiki","external_links_name":"37°39′09″N 115°38′09″W / 37.65250°N 115.63583°W / 37.65250; -115.63583"},{"Link":"https://gnis-ld.org/lod/gnis/feature/845975","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Tempiute"},{"Link":"https://gnis-ld.org/lod/gnis/feature/864438","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Tempiute Post Office"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7GyVDwAAQBAJ&q=Timpahute","external_links_name":"Nevada Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior,_Iowa
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Superior, Iowa
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["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Education","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 43°25′56″N 94°56′44″W / 43.43222°N 94.94556°W / 43.43222; -94.94556
City in Iowa, United StatesSuperior, IowaCityLocation of Superior, IowaCoordinates: 43°25′56″N 94°56′44″W / 43.43222°N 94.94556°W / 43.43222; -94.94556Country United StatesState IowaCountyDickinsonArea • Total0.43 sq mi (1.11 km2) • Land0.43 sq mi (1.11 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,499 ft (457 m)Population (2020) • Total132 • Density307.69/sq mi (118.77/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code51363Area code712FIPS code19-76440GNIS feature ID0462121
Superior is a city in Dickinson County, Iowa, United States. The population was 132 at the time of the 2020 census.
History
Superior began its historic existence in 1882 when the railroad was built through the neighborhood.
Geography
Superior is located at 43°25′56″N 94°56′44″W / 43.43222°N 94.94556°W / 43.43222; -94.94556 (43.432156, -94.945692).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.41 square miles (1.06 km2), all land.
Demographics
Historical populationsYearPop.±%1900187— 1910154−17.6%1920200+29.9%1930168−16.0%1940230+36.9%1950240+4.3%1960190−20.8%1970139−26.8%1980188+35.3%1990128−31.9%2000142+10.9%2010130−8.5%2020132+1.5%Source:"U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 29, 2020. and Iowa Data CenterSource: U.S. Decennial Census
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 130 people, 52 households, and 34 families living in the city. The population density was 317.1 inhabitants per square mile (122.4/km2). There were 60 housing units at an average density of 146.3 per square mile (56.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.2% White and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.
There were 52 households, of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.6% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.97.
The median age in the city was 44.5 years. 22.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.5% were from 25 to 44; 33.1% were from 45 to 64; and 16.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53.1% male and 46.9% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 142 people, 57 households, and 40 families living in the city. The population density was 336.0 inhabitants per square mile (129.7/km2). There were 64 housing units at an average density of 151.4 per square mile (58.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.30% White and 0.70% Asian. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.11% of the population.
There were 57 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.4% were married couples living together, 3.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.8% were non-families. 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.03.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 118.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $35,000, and the median income for a family was $39,250. Males had a median income of $28,333 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,486. There were none of the families and 3.3% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.
Education
Estherville–Lincoln Central Community School District operates area public schools. It was established on July 1, 1997, by the merger of the Estherville and Lincoln Central school districts. The northwest portion of town is served by Spirit Lake Community School District.
References
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ a b "2020 Census State Redistricting Data". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
^ History of Emmet County and Dickinson County, Iowa. Pioneer Publishing Company. 1917. p. 353.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Estherville-Lincoln Central" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
^ "REORGANIZATION & DISSOLUTION ACTIONS SINCE 1965-66" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
^ "SPIRIT LAKE" (PDF). Iowa department of Education. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
External links
vteMunicipalities and communities of Dickinson County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: Spirit LakeCities
Arnolds Park
Lake Park
Milford
Okoboji
Orleans
Spirit Lake
Superior
Terril
Wahpeton
West Okoboji
Map of Iowa highlighting Dickinson CountyTownships
Center Grove
Diamond Lake
Excelsior
Lakeville
Lloyd
Milford
Okoboji
Richland
Silver Lake
Spirit Lake
Superior
Westport
Unincorporatedcommunity
Montgomery
Iowa portal
United States portal
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dickinson County, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickinson_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cen2020-2"}],"text":"City in Iowa, United StatesSuperior is a city in Dickinson County, Iowa, United States. The population was 132 at the time of the 2020 census.[2]","title":"Superior, Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Superior began its historic existence in 1882 when the railroad was built through the neighborhood.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"43°25′56″N 94°56′44″W / 43.43222°N 94.94556°W / 43.43222; -94.94556","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Superior,_Iowa¶ms=43_25_56_N_94_56_44_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Superior is located at 43°25′56″N 94°56′44″W / 43.43222°N 94.94556°W / 43.43222; -94.94556 (43.432156, -94.945692).[4]According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.41 square miles (1.06 km2), all land.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-7"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[7] of 2010, there were 130 people, 52 households, and 34 families living in the city. The population density was 317.1 inhabitants per square mile (122.4/km2). There were 60 housing units at an average density of 146.3 per square mile (56.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.2% White and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.There were 52 households, of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.6% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.97.The median age in the city was 44.5 years. 22.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.5% were from 25 to 44; 33.1% were from 45 to 64; and 16.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53.1% male and 46.9% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[8] of 2000, there were 142 people, 57 households, and 40 families living in the city. The population density was 336.0 inhabitants per square mile (129.7/km2). There were 64 housing units at an average density of 151.4 per square mile (58.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.30% White and 0.70% Asian. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.11% of the population.There were 57 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.4% were married couples living together, 3.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.8% were non-families. 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.03.In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 118.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.9 males.The median income for a household in the city was $35,000, and the median income for a family was $39,250. Males had a median income of $28,333 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,486. There were none of the families and 3.3% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estherville–Lincoln Central Community School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estherville%E2%80%93Lincoln_Central_Community_School_District"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Estherville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estherville_Community_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Central_Community_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Spirit Lake Community School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_Lake_Community_School_District"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Estherville–Lincoln Central Community School District operates area public schools.[9] It was established on July 1, 1997, by the merger of the Estherville and Lincoln Central school districts.[10] The northwest portion of town is served by Spirit Lake Community School District.[11]","title":"Education"}]
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[{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Dickinson County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Dickinson_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Dickinson_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_19.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/Iowa/","url_text":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\""}]},{"reference":"History of Emmet County and Dickinson County, Iowa. Pioneer Publishing Company. 1917. p. 353.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyemmetcou00unkngoog","url_text":"History of Emmet County and Dickinson County, Iowa"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyemmetcou00unkngoog/page/n421","url_text":"353"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Estherville-Lincoln Central\" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Retrieved March 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/FY20_ESTHERVILLE%20LINCOLN%20CENTRAL.pdf","url_text":"\"Estherville-Lincoln Central\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Department_of_Education","url_text":"Iowa Department of Education"}]},{"reference":"\"REORGANIZATION & DISSOLUTION ACTIONS SINCE 1965-66\" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124738/https://www.educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/District%20Reorganization%20History%20final.pdf","url_text":"\"REORGANIZATION & DISSOLUTION ACTIONS SINCE 1965-66\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Department_of_Education","url_text":"Iowa Department of Education"},{"url":"https://www.educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/District%20Reorganization%20History%20final.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SPIRIT LAKE\" (PDF). Iowa department of Education. Retrieved September 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/FY20_SPIRIT%20LAKE_0.pdf","url_text":"\"SPIRIT LAKE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iowa_department_of_Education&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Iowa department of Education"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Superior,_Iowa¶ms=43_25_56_N_94_56_44_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"43°25′56″N 94°56′44″W / 43.43222°N 94.94556°W / 43.43222; -94.94556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Superior,_Iowa¶ms=43_25_56_N_94_56_44_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"43°25′56″N 94°56′44″W / 43.43222°N 94.94556°W / 43.43222; -94.94556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Superior,_Iowa¶ms=43_25_56_N_94_56_44_W_type:city","external_links_name":"43°25′56″N 94°56′44″W / 43.43222°N 94.94556°W / 43.43222; -94.94556"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000.pdf","external_links_name":"Iowa Data Center"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_19.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/Iowa/","external_links_name":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyemmetcou00unkngoog","external_links_name":"History of Emmet County and Dickinson County, Iowa"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyemmetcou00unkngoog/page/n421","external_links_name":"353"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/FY20_ESTHERVILLE%20LINCOLN%20CENTRAL.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Estherville-Lincoln Central\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124738/https://www.educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/District%20Reorganization%20History%20final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"REORGANIZATION & DISSOLUTION ACTIONS SINCE 1965-66\""},{"Link":"https://www.educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/District%20Reorganization%20History%20final.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/FY20_SPIRIT%20LAKE_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SPIRIT LAKE\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Green,_Florida
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Fort Green, Florida
|
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 27°36′45″N 81°56′36″W / 27.61250°N 81.94333°W / 27.61250; -81.94333
Census-designated place in Florida, United StatesFort Green, FloridaCensus-designated placeFort GreenShow map of FloridaFort GreenShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 27°36′45″N 81°56′36″W / 27.61250°N 81.94333°W / 27.61250; -81.94333CountryUnited StatesStateFloridaCountyHardeeArea • Total4.04 sq mi (10.47 km2) • Land4.04 sq mi (10.47 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation115 ft (35 m)Population (2020) • Total78 • Density19.30/sq mi (7.45/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code33834Area code863GNIS feature ID294776
Fort Green is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Hardee County, Florida, United States. Its population was 78 as of the 2020 census.
Geography
Fort Green is in northwestern Hardee County, bordered to the north by Polk County and to the south by Fort Green Springs. Brewster Road is the main road through the community, leading south 1 mile (1.6 km) to State Road 62 in Fort Green Springs and north 13 miles (21 km) to State Road 37 at Bradley Junction. Fort Green is 12 miles (19 km) northwest of Wauchula, the Hardee County seat.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Fort Green CDP has an area of 4.042 square miles (10.47 km2), all of it land. Payne Creek, an east-flowing tributary of the Peace River, forms the southern border of the CDP.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
202078—U.S. Decennial Census
References
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
^ "Fort Green FL ZIP Code". zipdatamaps.com. 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
^ "Fort Green". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files - Places: Florida". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Hardee County, Florida, United StatesCounty seat: WauchulaCities
Bowling Green
Wauchula
Town
Zolfo Springs
CDPs
Fort Green
Fort Green Springs
Gardner
Lemon Grove
Limestone
Ona
Unincorporatedcommunities
Oak Grove
Popash
Sweetwater
Ghost town
Moffit
Florida portal
United States portal
This article about a location in Hardee County, Florida is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Hardee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardee_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Florida, United StatesFort Green is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Hardee County, Florida, United States. Its population was 78 as of the 2020 census.","title":"Fort Green, Florida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polk_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Fort Green Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Green_Springs,_Florida"},{"link_name":"State Road 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_62"},{"link_name":"State Road 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_37"},{"link_name":"Bradley Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Junction,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Wauchula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wauchula,_Florida"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FL-4"},{"link_name":"Peace River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_River_(Florida)"}],"text":"Fort Green is in northwestern Hardee County, bordered to the north by Polk County and to the south by Fort Green Springs. Brewster Road is the main road through the community, leading south 1 mile (1.6 km) to State Road 62 in Fort Green Springs and north 13 miles (21 km) to State Road 37 at Bradley Junction. Fort Green is 12 miles (19 km) northwest of Wauchula, the Hardee County seat.According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Fort Green CDP has an area of 4.042 square miles (10.47 km2), all of it land.[4] Payne Creek, an east-flowing tributary of the Peace River, forms the southern border of the CDP.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Map_of_Florida_highlighting_Hardee_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Florida_highlighting_Hardee_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_12.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fort Green FL ZIP Code\". zipdatamaps.com. 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zipdatamaps.com/33834","url_text":"\"Fort Green FL ZIP Code\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fort Green\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/294776","url_text":"\"Fort Green\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files - Places: Florida\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2010_place_list_12.txt","url_text":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files - Places: Florida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Green,_Florida¶ms=27_36_45_N_81_56_36_W_region:US-FL_type:city(78)","external_links_name":"27°36′45″N 81°56′36″W / 27.61250°N 81.94333°W / 27.61250; -81.94333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Green,_Florida¶ms=27_36_45_N_81_56_36_W_region:US-FL_type:city(78)","external_links_name":"27°36′45″N 81°56′36″W / 27.61250°N 81.94333°W / 27.61250; -81.94333"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_12.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.zipdatamaps.com/33834","external_links_name":"\"Fort Green FL ZIP Code\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/294776","external_links_name":"\"Fort Green\""},{"Link":"http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2010_place_list_12.txt","external_links_name":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files - Places: Florida\""},{"Link":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Green,_Florida&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_Lake,_Ontario
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Savant Lake
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["1 History","2 Transportation","3 Local media","3.1 Television","4 See also","5 References"]
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For the lake, see Savant Lake (lake).
Place in Ontario, CanadaSavant LakeSavant LakeLocation of Savant Lake in OntarioCoordinates: 50°14′19″N 90°42′31″W / 50.23861°N 90.70861°W / 50.23861; -90.70861Country CanadaProvince OntarioRegionNorthwestern OntarioDistrictThunder BayGovernment • Typelocal services board • MPBob Nault (Kenora, LPC) • MPPGreg Rickford (Kenora—Rainy River, PC)Elevation430 m (1,410 ft)Time zoneUTC-6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Postal CodeP0V 2S0Area code807
Savant Lake is an unincorporated place and community in Unorganized Thunder Bay District in northwestern Ontario, Canada.
History
The town was founded when the National Transcontinental Railway was built in the early 1900s. It was originally named Bucke, after a civil engineer in charge of building the railroad. In 1928, after it was found that there already was another town of the same name in Ontario (Bucke Township, now amalgamated in Temiskaming Shores), it was renamed after the name of the lake north of the town, Lake Savant.
In 1901, gold was discovered on Lake Savant. Therefore, in 1905, the Saint Anthony Goldmine located south of the town opened. It serviced the town until it was closed in 1941.
In 1913, CN Savant Lake railroad station was built. Until 1959, the main form of transportation was dog teams until Highway 599 was completed.
In 1918, the Hudson's Bay Company opened a fur-trade post along the railway at Bucke in order to forestall competition. From 1935 on, the post operated a fur-trade outpost at the St. Anthony Mine. The Bucke Post closed in 1938 and the post at St. Anthony Mine operated briefly as a full post, until operations were moved to Dinorwic and it too closed that same year.
In 1973, Hydro (electricity) was brought in.
Transportation
Savant Lake is on Highway 599, roughly halfway between Ignace and Pickle Lake. The community is also connected to Sioux Lookout via Highway 516, and is the proposed northern terminus of an extension of Highway 811, if the extension is ever built.
Savant Lake is on the Canadian National Railway transcontinental main line, between Fowler to the west and the Staunton railway flag stop to the east. Savant Lake railway station is on the line and is served by Via Rail transcontinental Canadian trains.
Savant Lake (Sturgeon Lake) Water Aerodrome is located 3.5 nautical miles (6.5 km) southeast of the community.
Local media
Television
CBWDT-03 (channel 8) (CBC)
CICA-63 (channel 10) (TVO)
See also
Northern District School Area Board
Ojibway Nation of Saugeen
References
^ a b "Savant Lake". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
^ a b Wildewood on Lake Savant
^ "Hudson's Bay Company: Bucke". pam.minisisinc.com. Archives of Manitoba - Keystone Archives Descriptive Database. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
^ "Hudson's Bay Company: St. Anthony Mine". pam.minisisinc.com. Archives of Manitoba - Keystone Archives Descriptive Database. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
^ Map 13 (PDF) (Map). 1 : 1,600,000. Official road map of Ontario. Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. 2010-01-01. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
vteThunder Bay District, OntarioCities
Thunder Bay
Towns
Greenstone
Marathon
Townships
Conmee
Dorion
Gillies
Manitouwadge
Neebing
Nipigon
O'Connor
Oliver Paipoonge
Red Rock
Schreiber
Shuniah
Terrace Bay
First Nations
Animbiigoo Zaagi'igan Anishinaabek
Aroland
Biigtigong Nishnaabeg
Biinjitiwabik Zaaging Anishnabek (Rocky Bay)
Bingwi Neyaashi Anishinaabek (Sand Point)
Fort William
Ginoogaming
Kiashke Zaaging Anishinaabek (Gull Bay)
Lac des Mille Lacs
Long Lake 58
Mishkeegogamang
Namaygoosisagagun
Netmizaaggamig Nishnaabeg (Pic Mobert)
Ojibways of Saugeen
Pays Plat
Red Rock (Lake Helen)
Whitesand
First Nations reserves
Fort William 52
Ginoogaming (Long Lac 77)
Gull River 55
Lac des Mille Lacs 22A1
Lac des Mille Lacs 22A2
Lake Helen 53A
Lake Nipigon
Long Lake 58
Ojibway Nation of Saugeen (Savant Lake)
Osnaburgh 63A
Pays Plat 51
Pic Mobert North
Pic Mobert South
Pic River 50
Red Rock 53
Rocky Bay 1
Sand Point First Nation
Whitesand
First Nations settlements
Armstrong
Aroland
Collins Lake
Unorganized areas
Unorganized Thunder Bay
Local services boards
Armstrong
East Gorham
Hurkett
Kaministiquia
Lappe
Nolalu
Rossport
Shebandowan
Upsala
Unincorporatedcommunities
Amethyst Harbour
Ancliff
Auden
Baird
Beardmore
Bowker
Burchell Lake
Caramat
Carters Corners
Cloud Bay
English River
Finmark
Flint
Fort William
Geraldton
Gorham
Harstone
Hemlo
Hillside
Hume
Hymers
Jackfish
Jacques
Jarvis River
Jellicoe
Kakabeka Falls
Kashabowie
Lee
Leeblain
Leeper
Longlac
Loon
Macdiarmid
Mackenzie
McCluskeys Corners
Millar
Mokomon
Moose Hill
Murillo
Nakina
Navilus
Nolalu
Ombabika
Orient Bay
Pass Lake
Pays Plat
Pearl
Port Arthur
Raith
Rosslyn
Savanne
Savant Lake
Scoble West
Sellers
Shabaqua
Shabaqua Corners
Silver Harbour
Silver Islet
Silver Mountain
Slate River Valley
South Gillies
Stanley
Sorrell Lake
Suomi
Twin City
Wamsley
Wild Goose
See also
Communities in Thunder Bay District
List of census divisions of Ontario
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Savant Lake (lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_Lake_(lake)"},{"link_name":"unincorporated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area#Canada"},{"link_name":"Unorganized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unorganized_Thunder_Bay_District"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_District"},{"link_name":"northwestern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGNDB-1"}],"text":"For the lake, see Savant Lake (lake).Place in Ontario, CanadaSavant Lake is an unincorporated place and community in Unorganized Thunder Bay District in northwestern Ontario, Canada.[1]","title":"Savant Lake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Transcontinental Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transcontinental_Railway"},{"link_name":"Temiskaming Shores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temiskaming_Shores"},{"link_name":"Lake Savant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Savant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Highway 599","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_599"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wildewood-2"},{"link_name":"Hudson's Bay Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company"},{"link_name":"fur-trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_fur_trade"},{"link_name":"Dinorwic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinorwic,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wildewood-2"}],"text":"The town was founded when the National Transcontinental Railway was built in the early 1900s. It was originally named Bucke, after a civil engineer in charge of building the railroad. In 1928, after it was found that there already was another town of the same name in Ontario (Bucke Township, now amalgamated in Temiskaming Shores), it was renamed after the name of the lake north of the town, Lake Savant.In 1901, gold was discovered on Lake Savant. Therefore, in 1905, the Saint Anthony Goldmine located south of the town opened. It serviced the town until it was closed in 1941.In 1913, CN Savant Lake railroad station was built. Until 1959, the main form of transportation was dog teams until Highway 599 was completed.[2]In 1918, the Hudson's Bay Company opened a fur-trade post along the railway at Bucke in order to forestall competition. From 1935 on, the post operated a fur-trade outpost at the St. Anthony Mine. The Bucke Post closed in 1938 and the post at St. Anthony Mine operated briefly as a full post, until operations were moved to Dinorwic and it too closed that same year.[3][4]In 1973, Hydro (electricity) was brought in.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highway 599","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_599"},{"link_name":"Ignace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignace"},{"link_name":"Pickle Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickle_Lake"},{"link_name":"Sioux Lookout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Lookout"},{"link_name":"Highway 516","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_516"},{"link_name":"Highway 811","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_811"},{"link_name":"Canadian National Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway"},{"link_name":"transcontinental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad"},{"link_name":"main line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_line_(railway)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OntRoadMap2010-5"},{"link_name":"Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowler,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"flag stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_stop"},{"link_name":"Savant Lake railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_Lake_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Via Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Rail"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_(train)"},{"link_name":"Savant Lake (Sturgeon Lake) Water Aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_Lake_(Sturgeon_Lake)_Water_Aerodrome"}],"text":"Savant Lake is on Highway 599, roughly halfway between Ignace and Pickle Lake. The community is also connected to Sioux Lookout via Highway 516, and is the proposed northern terminus of an extension of Highway 811, if the extension is ever built.Savant Lake is on the Canadian National Railway transcontinental main line,[5] between Fowler to the west and the Staunton railway flag stop to the east. Savant Lake railway station is on the line and is served by Via Rail transcontinental Canadian trains.Savant Lake (Sturgeon Lake) Water Aerodrome is located 3.5 nautical miles (6.5 km) southeast of the community.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Local media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBWDT-03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBWT"},{"link_name":"CICA-63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVOntario"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"CBWDT-03 (channel 8) (CBC)\nCICA-63 (channel 10) (TVO)","title":"Local media"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Northern District School Area Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_District_School_Area_Board"},{"title":"Ojibway Nation of Saugeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibway_Nation_of_Saugeen"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Savant Lake\". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 2011-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=FEAUV","url_text":"\"Savant Lake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base","url_text":"Geographical Names Data Base"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Hudson's Bay Company: Bucke\". pam.minisisinc.com. Archives of Manitoba - Keystone Archives Descriptive Database. Retrieved 2 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://pam.minisisinc.com/scripts/mwimain.dll/144/PAM_AUTHORITY/AUTH_DESC_DET_REP/SISN%201333?sessionsearch","url_text":"\"Hudson's Bay Company: Bucke\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hudson's Bay Company: St. Anthony Mine\". pam.minisisinc.com. Archives of Manitoba - Keystone Archives Descriptive Database. Retrieved 2 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://pam.minisisinc.com/scripts/mwimain.dll/144/PAM_AUTHORITY/AUTH_DESC_DET_REP/SISN%201334?sessionsearch","url_text":"\"Hudson's Bay Company: St. Anthony Mine\""}]},{"reference":"Map 13 (PDF) (Map). 1 : 1,600,000. Official road map of Ontario. Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. 2010-01-01. Retrieved 2011-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/map/images/pdf/northont/sheets/Map13.pdf","url_text":"Map 13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_of_Ontario","url_text":"Ministry of Transportation of Ontario"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Savant_Lake¶ms=50_14_19_N_90_42_31_W_region:CA-ON_type:city_source:GeographicalNamesBoardofCanada","external_links_name":"50°14′19″N 90°42′31″W / 50.23861°N 90.70861°W / 50.23861; -90.70861"},{"Link":"https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=FEAUV","external_links_name":"\"Savant Lake\""},{"Link":"http://wildewoodonlakesavant.com/local-area/lake-savant-history/","external_links_name":"Wildewood on Lake Savant"},{"Link":"http://pam.minisisinc.com/scripts/mwimain.dll/144/PAM_AUTHORITY/AUTH_DESC_DET_REP/SISN%201333?sessionsearch","external_links_name":"\"Hudson's Bay Company: Bucke\""},{"Link":"http://pam.minisisinc.com/scripts/mwimain.dll/144/PAM_AUTHORITY/AUTH_DESC_DET_REP/SISN%201334?sessionsearch","external_links_name":"\"Hudson's Bay Company: St. Anthony Mine\""},{"Link":"http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/map/images/pdf/northont/sheets/Map13.pdf","external_links_name":"Map 13"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bend,_Iowa
|
West Bend, Iowa
|
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Attractions","5 Education","6 Notable person","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 42°57′33″N 94°26′45″W / 42.95917°N 94.44583°W / 42.95917; -94.44583
City in Iowa, United StatesWest Bend, IowaCityMotto: "A Rock Solid Community"Location of West Bend, IowaCoordinates: 42°57′33″N 94°26′45″W / 42.95917°N 94.44583°W / 42.95917; -94.44583Country United StatesState IowaCountiesPalo Alto, KossuthArea • Total0.88 sq mi (2.27 km2) • Land0.88 sq mi (2.27 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,191 ft (363 m)Population (2020) • Total791 • Density901.94/sq mi (348.22/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code50597Area code515FIPS code19-83550GNIS feature ID0465615WebsiteCity of West Bend, Iowa
West Bend is a city in Kossuth and Palo Alto (originally) counties in the U.S. state of Iowa. The population was 791 at the time of the 2020 census.
History
West Bend got its start in the early 1880s, following the construction of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway through that territory. It was originally called Ives after the president of the railroad, but the townspeople had it changed to West Bend from the bend in the river. West Bend (aka Ives) was the first town in Palo Alto County. A special five cent tax to build a railroad station was promised to the railroad if they would create a stop when the railroad was built. The railroad did that placing the line and the new station in West Bend.
Geography
The village straddles the county line, in the southwest part of Kossuth County and the southeast part of Palo Alto County, in northwestern Iowa. But, it was first in Palo Alto County.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.89 square miles (2.31 km2), all land.
West Bend is served by a lightly-used former branch line of the Rock Island Railroad now owned by the Union Pacific Railroad.
Demographics
Historical populationsYearPop.±%1890325— 1900538+65.5%1910679+26.2%1920969+42.7%1930634−34.6%1940737+16.2%1950772+4.7%1960910+17.9%1970865−4.9%1980941+8.8%1990862−8.4%2000834−3.2%2010785−5.9%2020791+0.8%Source:"U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 29, 2020. and Iowa Data CenterSource: U.S. Decennial Census
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 785 people, 360 households, and 213 families living in the city. The population density was 882.0 inhabitants per square mile (340.5/km2). There were 396 housing units at an average density of 444.9 per square mile (171.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.1% White, 0.1% Native American, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.
There were 360 households, of which 20.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.8% were non-families. 38.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.71.
The median age in the city was 51.6 years. 18.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15.5% were from 25 to 44; 26.8% were from 45 to 64; and 32.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.4% male and 53.6% female.
2000 census
At the 2000 census, there were 834 people, 352 households and 210 families living in the city. The population density was 943.3 inhabitants per square mile (364.2/km2). There were 379 housing units at an average density of 428.7 per square mile (165.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.40% White, 0.12% Native American, 0.12% Asian, and 0.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.48% of the population.
There were 352 households, of which 25.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 3.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.1% were non-families. 37.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 24.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.95.
Age distribution was 22.1% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 20.5% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 30.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.6 males.
The median household income was $31,711, and the median family income was $40,455. Males had a median income of $31,083 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,804. About 4.1% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.8% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.
Attractions
Grotto of the Redemption
West Bend is the site of the Grotto of the Redemption, a series of nine contiguous grottos occupying a full city block, constructed of minerals, petrifications, and semiprecious gems.
Education
West Bend is part of the West Bend–Mallard Community School District, established by the merger of the West Bend and Mallard school districts in 1995.
Notable person
Paul Dobberstein, German American priest and architect, most famous for constructing the Grotto of the Redemption; resident of West Bend
References
^ "City of West Bend, Iowa". City of West Bend, Iowa. Archived from the original on April 7, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ a b "2020 Census State Redistricting Data". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
^ McCarty, Dwight Gaylord (1910). History of Palo Alto County, Iowa. Torch Press. pp. 146.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
^ Iowa Railroad Traffic Density, Iowa Department of Transportation
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "West Bend-Mallard" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
^ "REORGANIZATION & DISSOLUTION ACTIONS SINCE 1965-66" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
^ "Grotto of the Redemption". RoadsideAmerica.com. Retrieved July 27, 2014.
External links
West Bend, Iowa website
vteMunicipalities and communities of Kossuth County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: AlgonaCities
Algona
Bancroft
Burt
Fenton
Lakota
Ledyard
Lone Rock
Lu Verne‡
Swea City
Titonka
Wesley
West Bend‡
Whittemore
Map of Iowa highlighting Kossuth CountyTownships
Buffalo
Burt
Cresco
Eagle
Fenton
Garfield
German
Grant
Greenwood
Harrison
Hebron
Irvington
Ledyard
Lincoln
Lotts Creek
Lu Verne
Plum Creek
Portland
Prairie
Ramsey
Riverdale
Seneca
Sherman
Springfield
Swea
Union
Wesley
Whittemore
CDPs
Irvington
Sexton
St. Benedict
St. Joseph
Unincorporatedcommunities
Galbraith
Gerled
Ghost town
Plum Creek
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Iowa portal
United States portal
vteMunicipalities and communities of Palo Alto County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: EmmetsburgCities
Ayrshire
Curlew
Cylinder
Emmetsburg
Graettinger
Mallard
Rodman
Ruthven
West Bend‡
Map of Iowa highlighting Palo Alto CountyUnincorporatedcommunities
Depew
Fairville
Osgood
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Iowa portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kossuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kossuth_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Palo Alto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cen2020-3"}],"text":"City in Iowa, United StatesWest Bend is a city in Kossuth and Palo Alto (originally) counties in the U.S. state of Iowa. The population was 791 at the time of the 2020 census.[3]","title":"West Bend, Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Cedar_Rapids_and_Northern_Railway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"West Bend got its start in the early 1880s, following the construction of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway through that territory. It was originally called Ives after the president of the railroad, but the townspeople had it changed to West Bend from the bend in the river. West Bend (aka Ives) was the first town in Palo Alto County. A special five cent tax to build a railroad station was promised to the railroad if they would create a stop when the railroad was built. The railroad did that placing the line and the new station in West Bend.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rock Island Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Island_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The village straddles the county line, in the southwest part of Kossuth County and the southeast part of Palo Alto County, in northwestern Iowa. But, it was first in Palo Alto County.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.89 square miles (2.31 km2), all land.[5]West Bend is served by a lightly-used former branch line of the Rock Island Railroad now owned by the Union Pacific Railroad.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-8"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[8] of 2010, there were 785 people, 360 households, and 213 families living in the city. The population density was 882.0 inhabitants per square mile (340.5/km2). There were 396 housing units at an average density of 444.9 per square mile (171.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.1% White, 0.1% Native American, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.There were 360 households, of which 20.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.8% were non-families. 38.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.71.The median age in the city was 51.6 years. 18.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15.5% were from 25 to 44; 26.8% were from 45 to 64; and 32.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.4% male and 53.6% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"At the 2000 census,[9] there were 834 people, 352 households and 210 families living in the city. The population density was 943.3 inhabitants per square mile (364.2/km2). There were 379 housing units at an average density of 428.7 per square mile (165.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.40% White, 0.12% Native American, 0.12% Asian, and 0.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.48% of the population.There were 352 households, of which 25.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 3.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.1% were non-families. 37.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 24.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.95.Age distribution was 22.1% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 20.5% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 30.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.6 males.The median household income was $31,711, and the median family income was $40,455. Males had a median income of $31,083 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,804. About 4.1% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.8% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grotto_of_the_Redemption_South.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grotto of the Redemption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotto_of_the_Redemption"},{"link_name":"grottos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotto"},{"link_name":"minerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral"},{"link_name":"petrifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrification"},{"link_name":"gems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gem"}],"text":"Grotto of the RedemptionWest Bend is the site of the Grotto of the Redemption, a series of nine contiguous grottos occupying a full city block, constructed of minerals, petrifications, and semiprecious gems.","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Bend–Mallard Community School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bend%E2%80%93Mallard_Community_School_District"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"West Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Bend_Community_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mallard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mallard_Community_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"West Bend is part of the West Bend–Mallard Community School District,[10] established by the merger of the West Bend and Mallard school districts in 1995.[11]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Dobberstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dobberstein"},{"link_name":"German American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"Grotto of the Redemption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotto_of_the_Redemption"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Paul Dobberstein, German American priest and architect, most famous for constructing the Grotto of the Redemption; resident of West Bend[12]","title":"Notable person"}]
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[{"image_text":"Grotto of the Redemption","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Grotto_of_the_Redemption_South.jpg/220px-Grotto_of_the_Redemption_South.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Kossuth County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Kossuth_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Kossuth_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Palo Alto County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Palo_Alto_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Palo_Alto_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"City of West Bend, Iowa\". City of West Bend, Iowa. Archived from the original on April 7, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180407160243/http://www.westbendiowa.com/city.htm","url_text":"\"City of West Bend, Iowa\""},{"url":"http://www.westbendiowa.com/city.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_19.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/Iowa/","url_text":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\""}]},{"reference":"McCarty, Dwight Gaylord (1910). History of Palo Alto County, Iowa. Torch Press. pp. 146.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofpaloalt01mcca","url_text":"History of Palo Alto County, Iowa"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofpaloalt01mcca/page/146","url_text":"146"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"West Bend-Mallard\" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Retrieved March 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/FY20_WEST%20BEND-MALLARD.pdf","url_text":"\"West Bend-Mallard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Department_of_Education","url_text":"Iowa Department of Education"}]},{"reference":"\"REORGANIZATION & DISSOLUTION ACTIONS SINCE 1965-66\" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124738/https://www.educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/District%20Reorganization%20History%20final.pdf","url_text":"\"REORGANIZATION & DISSOLUTION ACTIONS SINCE 1965-66\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Department_of_Education","url_text":"Iowa Department of Education"},{"url":"https://www.educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/District%20Reorganization%20History%20final.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Grotto of the Redemption\". RoadsideAmerica.com. Retrieved July 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.roadsideamerica.com/story/2083","url_text":"\"Grotto of the Redemption\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Bend,_Iowa¶ms=42_57_33_N_94_26_45_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"42°57′33″N 94°26′45″W / 42.95917°N 94.44583°W / 42.95917; -94.44583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Bend,_Iowa¶ms=42_57_33_N_94_26_45_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"42°57′33″N 94°26′45″W / 42.95917°N 94.44583°W / 42.95917; -94.44583"},{"Link":"http://www.westbendiowa.com/city.htm","external_links_name":"City of West Bend, Iowa"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000.pdf","external_links_name":"Iowa Data Center"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180407160243/http://www.westbendiowa.com/city.htm","external_links_name":"\"City of West Bend, Iowa\""},{"Link":"http://www.westbendiowa.com/city.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_19.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/Iowa/","external_links_name":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofpaloalt01mcca","external_links_name":"History of Palo Alto County, Iowa"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofpaloalt01mcca/page/146","external_links_name":"146"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"http://www.iowadot.gov/iowarail/railroads/maps/Density%202010.pdf","external_links_name":"Iowa Railroad Traffic Density"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/FY20_WEST%20BEND-MALLARD.pdf","external_links_name":"\"West Bend-Mallard\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124738/https://www.educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/District%20Reorganization%20History%20final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"REORGANIZATION & DISSOLUTION ACTIONS SINCE 1965-66\""},{"Link":"https://www.educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/District%20Reorganization%20History%20final.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.roadsideamerica.com/story/2083","external_links_name":"\"Grotto of the Redemption\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180407160243/http://www.westbendiowa.com/city.htm","external_links_name":"West Bend, Iowa website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/154790711","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566973905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82064547","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82otwiny,_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship
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Słotwiny, Łódź Voivodeship
|
["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 51°44′N 19°51′E / 51.733°N 19.850°E / 51.733; 19.850See also: Słotwiny, Lublin Voivodeship
Village in Łódź Voivodeship, PolandSłotwinyVillageSłotwinyCoordinates: 51°44′N 19°51′E / 51.733°N 19.850°E / 51.733; 19.850Country PolandVoivodeshipŁódźCountyŁódź East CountyGminaKoluszki
Słotwiny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Koluszki, within Łódź East County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Koluszki and 27 km (17 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.
References
^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.
Central Statistical Office (GUS) Population: Size and Structure by Administrative Division - (2007-12-31) (in Polish)
vteGmina KoluszkiTown and seat
Koluszki
Villages
Będzelin
Borowa
Długie
Erazmów
Felicjanów
Gałków Duży
Gałków Mały
Gałkówek-Parcela
Jeziorko
Kaletnik
Katarzynów
Kazimierzów
Leosin
Lisowice
Nowy Redzeń
Przanowice
Regny
Różyca
Słotwiny
Stary Redzeń
Stefanów
Świny
Turobowice
Wierzchy
Żakowice
Zygmuntów
This Łódź East County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Słotwiny, Lublin Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82otwiny,_Lublin_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[swɔtˈfinɨ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Gmina Koluszki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Koluszki"},{"link_name":"Łódź East County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_East_County"},{"link_name":"Łódź Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"},{"link_name":"Koluszki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koluszki"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"}],"text":"See also: Słotwiny, Lublin VoivodeshipVillage in Łódź Voivodeship, PolandSłotwiny [swɔtˈfinɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Koluszki, within Łódź East County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.[1] It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Koluszki and 27 km (17 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.","title":"Słotwiny, Łódź Voivodeship"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geeseytown,_Pennsylvania
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Geeseytown, Pennsylvania
|
["1 Demographics","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 40°26′55″N 78°20′46″W / 40.44861°N 78.34611°W / 40.44861; -78.34611
Census-designated place in Pennsylvania, United StatesGeeseytown, PennsylvaniaCensus-designated placeGeeseytownShow map of PennsylvaniaGeeseytownShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 40°26′55″N 78°20′46″W / 40.44861°N 78.34611°W / 40.44861; -78.34611CountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyBlairTownshipFrankstownArea • Total0.16 sq mi (0.42 km2) • Land0.16 sq mi (0.42 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation958 ft (292 m)Population (2020) • Total107 • Density664.60/sq mi (256.19/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP Code16648 (Hollidaysburg)Area code(s)814/582FIPS code42-28696GNIS feature ID2805506
Geeseytown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census.
The CDP is in central Blair County, in the western part of Frankstown Township. U.S. Route 22 passes through the community, leading southwest 3 miles (5 km) to Hollidaysburg and northeast 4 miles (6 km) to Canoe Creek. Geeseytown is on the north side of the valley of the Frankstown Branch Juniata River, one of the main headwater branches of the Juniata River which leads east to the Susquehanna.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
2020107—U.S. Decennial Census
References
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
^ "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
^ a b "Geeseytown Census Designated Place". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Blair County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: HollidaysburgCity
Altoona
Boroughs
Bellwood
Duncansville
Hollidaysburg
Martinsburg
Newry
Roaring Spring
Tunnelhill‡
Tyrone
Williamsburg
Townships
Allegheny
Antis
Blair
Catharine
Frankstown
Freedom
Greenfield
Huston
Juniata
Logan
North Woodbury
Snyder
Taylor
Tyrone
Woodbury
CDPs
Bald Eagle
Beavertown
Blue Knob
Brooks Mill
Canan Station
Canoe Creek
Carson Valley
Charlottsville
Clappertown
Claysburg
Cotton Town
Cove Forge
Cross Keys
Culp
Curryville
Dumb Hundred
East Altoona
East Freedom
East Sharpsburg
Elberta
Eldorado
Fisherville
Foot of Ten
Fort Fetter
Fostoria
Franklin Forge
Frankstown
Fredericksburg
Friesville
Ganister
Geeseytown
Gray
Grazierville
Greenwood
Henrietta
Homewood at Martinsburg
Ironville
Jugtown
Juniata Gap
Klahr
Lakemont
Larke
Leamersville
Linds Crossing
Loop
Martinsburg Junction
McKee
Mill Run
Millerstown
Moores Mill
Nealmont
Newburg
Northwood
Olivia
Ore Hill
Oreminea
Penn Farms
Pinecroft
Point View
Puzzletown
Red Hill
Reese
Reightown
Reservoir
Robeson Extension
Roots
Royer
Shelltown
Shellytown
Sickles Corner
Skelp
Ski Gap
Smith Corner
Spring Drive Mobile Home Park
Sproul
St. Clair
Sunbrook
Sylvan Hills
Tipton
Tyrone Forge
Vail
Vicksburg
Wopsononock
Yellow Springs
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Pennsylvania portal
United States portal
This Blair County, Pennsylvania state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Blair_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Blair_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2742%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census Population API\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:42&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","url_text":"\"Census Population API\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geeseytown Census Designated Place\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2805506","url_text":"\"Geeseytown Census Designated Place\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shaw_(footballer,_born_1969)
|
George Shaw (footballer, born 1969)
|
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
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Scottish footballer and manager
George ShawPersonal informationDate of birth
(1969-02-10) 10 February 1969 (age 55)Place of birth
Glasgow, ScotlandPosition(s)
forwardTeam informationCurrent team
Cumbernauld United (manager)Youth career
Ayresome NorthSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1987–1991
St Mirren
68
(4)1991–1993
Partick Thistle
91
(21)1993–1997
Dundee
108
(34)1997–1999
Dunfermline Athletic
41
(4)1999–2000
Ross County
38
(14)2000–2001
Partick Thistle
13
(3)2001
Clydebank
1
(0)2001–2002
Stranraer
29
(4)2002–2003
Forfar Athletic
13
(0)2003–2004
Arbroath
1
(0)2004
Shettleston
Total
403
(84)Managerial career2006–2007
Forfar Athletic2016–
Cumbernauld United
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
George Shaw (born 10 February 1969) is a Scottish former football player who is currently manager of Cumbernauld United in the Scottish Junior Football Association, West Region. He played in the Scottish Football League Premier Division for four clubs.
Career
Shaw began his career with St Mirren but left the club in June 1991 for Partick Thistle when he and Mark McWalter were exchanged for Chic Charnley and David Elliot. He joined Dundee along with fellow Thistle player Gerry Britton in January 1994 for a combined fee of £250,000, but the club were relegated to the First Division at the end of the season. After three years in the second tier, which also included a Scottish League Cup final defeat to Aberdeen in 1995, Shaw returned to the Premier Division in 1997 with Dunfermline Athletic. He later had spells at Ross County, Partick Thistle for a second time, Clydebank, Stranraer, Forfar Athletic and Arbroath before dropping out of the Scottish Football League to play for Junior sides Shettleston and Cumbernauld United.
Shaw returned to Forfar Athletic under manager Ray Farningham, initially serving as his assistant before succeeding him in the role. The team struggled, ultimately finishing bottom of the Second Division although Shaw was sacked in March before the season had ended.
Shaw was playing for and managing amateur team Kilsyth United AFC, and also scouting opponents for Partick Thistle, before joining Craig Tully's management team at East Stirlingshire in the summer of 2014. With Tully sacked after Shire's relegation to the Lowland Football League in 2016, Shaw joined the coaching team at Cumbernauld United as assistant to John Queen that summer and following Queen's resignation in September, was appointed manager after a short interim period in charge.
References
^ David Elliot profile
^ "Played for Dundee and Partick – George Shaw". dundeefc.co.uk. Dundee FC. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
^ "Forfar promote Shaw to new boss". BBC Sport. 10 May 2006. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
^ "FORFAR PART COMPANY WITH MANAGER GEORGE SHAW". Forfar Dispatch. 18 March 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
^ "Shaw can recall the past but would rather that someone else relived it". The Herald. 25 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
^ Stewart, Craig (2 May 2014). "Tully getting ready for East Stirling". spfl.co.uk. SPFL. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
^ MacLean, Ian (29 September 2016). "United banking on a Shaw thing with new manager". Cumbernauld News. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
External links
George Shaw at Post War English & Scottish Football League A–Z Player's Database
vteForfar Athletic F.C. – managers
Brown (1957–58)
Gray (1959–60)
Newlands (1966–67)
Young (1967)
I. Campbell (1970–72)
Kennedy & Easson (1972–74)
Easson (1974)
Kerr (1974–76)
Knox (1976–80)
Murray (1980)
Rae (1980–82)
Houston (1982–86)
Hall (1986–89)
Glennie (1989–90)
Hegarty (1990–92)
T. Campbell (1992–96)
McPhee (1996–2000)
Cooper (2000–03)
Stewart (2003–04)
Fairley (2004–05)
Farningham (2005–06)
Shaw (2006–07)
Moffat (2007–08)
R. Campbell (2008–15)
Petriec (2015)
Bollan (2015–17)
Balmer & Sellarsc (2017)
Weir (2017–19)
Malcolm (2019–21)
Irvine (2021–22)
McKinnon (2022–)
(c) = caretaker manager
|
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He played in the Scottish Football League Premier Division for four clubs.","title":"George Shaw (footballer, born 1969)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C."},{"link_name":"Partick Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partick_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Mark McWalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_McWalter"},{"link_name":"Chic Charnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chic_Charnley"},{"link_name":"David Elliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Elliot_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gerry Britton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Britton"},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dunfermline Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ross County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Clydebank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydebank_F.C._(1965)"},{"link_name":"Stranraer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranraer_F.C."},{"link_name":"Forfar Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forfar_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Arbroath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbroath_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Shettleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cumbernauld United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbernauld_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ray Farningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Farningham"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"bottom of the Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Craig Tully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Tully"},{"link_name":"East Stirlingshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Stirlingshire_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lowland Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Cumbernauld United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbernauld_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Shaw began his career with St Mirren but left the club in June 1991 for Partick Thistle when he and Mark McWalter were exchanged for Chic Charnley and David Elliot.[1] He joined Dundee along with fellow Thistle player Gerry Britton in January 1994 for a combined fee of £250,000, but the club were relegated to the First Division at the end of the season. After three years in the second tier, which also included a Scottish League Cup final defeat to Aberdeen in 1995, Shaw returned to the Premier Division in 1997 with Dunfermline Athletic.[2] He later had spells at Ross County, Partick Thistle for a second time, Clydebank, Stranraer, Forfar Athletic and Arbroath before dropping out of the Scottish Football League to play for Junior sides Shettleston and Cumbernauld United.Shaw returned to Forfar Athletic under manager Ray Farningham, initially serving as his assistant before succeeding him in the role.[3] The team struggled, ultimately finishing bottom of the Second Division although Shaw was sacked in March before the season had ended.[4]Shaw was playing for and managing amateur team Kilsyth United AFC, and also scouting opponents for Partick Thistle, before joining Craig Tully's management team at East Stirlingshire in the summer of 2014.[5][6] With Tully sacked after Shire's relegation to the Lowland Football League in 2016, Shaw joined the coaching team at Cumbernauld United as assistant to John Queen that summer and following Queen's resignation in September, was appointed manager after a short interim period in charge.[7]","title":"Career"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Played for Dundee and Partick – George Shaw\". dundeefc.co.uk. Dundee FC. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://dundeefc.co.uk/news/played-for-dundee-and-partick-george-shaw/","url_text":"\"Played for Dundee and Partick – George Shaw\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forfar promote Shaw to new boss\". BBC Sport. 10 May 2006. Retrieved 29 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/f/forfar_athletic/4758751.stm","url_text":"\"Forfar promote Shaw to new boss\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"FORFAR PART COMPANY WITH MANAGER GEORGE SHAW\". Forfar Dispatch. 18 March 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.forfardispatch.co.uk/sport/local-sport/forfar-part-company-with-manager-george-shaw-1-259767","url_text":"\"FORFAR PART COMPANY WITH MANAGER GEORGE SHAW\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shaw can recall the past but would rather that someone else relived it\". The Herald. 25 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/13128765.Shaw_can_recall_the_past_but_would_rather_that_someone_else_relived_it/","url_text":"\"Shaw can recall the past but would rather that someone else relived it\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)","url_text":"The Herald"}]},{"reference":"Stewart, Craig (2 May 2014). \"Tully getting ready for East Stirling\". spfl.co.uk. SPFL. Retrieved 29 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://spfl.co.uk/news/article/tully-getting-ready-for-east-stirling/","url_text":"\"Tully getting ready for East Stirling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPFL","url_text":"SPFL"}]},{"reference":"MacLean, Ian (29 September 2016). \"United banking on a Shaw thing with new manager\". Cumbernauld News. Retrieved 29 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cumbernauld-news.co.uk/sport/local-sport/united-banking-on-a-shaw-thing-with-new-manager-1-4244322","url_text":"\"United banking on a Shaw thing with new manager\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Office,_Iranshahr
|
Camp Office, Iranshahr
|
["1 References"]
|
Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranCamp Office, Iranshahr
کمپ اداره راهvillageCountry IranProvinceSistan and BaluchestanCountyIranshahrBakhshBazmanRural DistrictBazmanPopulation (2006) • Total109Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Camp Office, Iranshahr (Persian: کمپ اداره راه – Kamp-e Ādāreh Rāh) is a village in Bazman Rural District, Bazman District, Iranshahr County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 109, in 11 families.
References
Iran portal
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Iranshahr CountyCapital
Iranshahr
DistrictsCentralCities
Iranshahr
Rural Districts and villagesAbtar
Abgurandan
Abtar
Ahmadabad
Anari
Asanu
Azmanabad
Bazmahi
Bon Gir
Darajendan
Darbandkan
Galak
Ganjabad
Garuki
Gazin
Geri
Golshahr
Gunkan
Gurkavan
Gurnak
Kablan
Kaliran
Kaliri
Kasami
Katukan
Kusichi
Maduhak
Manesh
Manjin
Mowtowr-e Amir
Nadag Dan
Naserabad
Pansan
Qaderabad
Raginan
Rudi
Rudy
Sahran
Sar Taruna
Saraydan
Sarnajdani
Shahidan
Shak Shichi
Siahti Kalat
Surgu
Tukar
Vashapi
Zaminkan
Zirdan
Damen
Ab Chekan
Abadan
Afzalabad
Baluchkan
Benuk
Chahan
Darreh-ye Seyeh Tapi
Detk
Gazan Ashehi
Kach Kurin
Kahnu
Kaj
Kaj Kush
Kucheh
Kuhigan-e Bala
Kuhigan-e Pain
Kuran-e Olya
Kuran-e Sofla
Malekabad
Marabad
Murtan
Pazard
Piranch
Qaderabad-e Murtan
Qaleh-ye Tarvan
Sarjub
Sayegan
Sheyban
Zehlenfan
Howmeh
Aliabad
Allahabad
Baghdaniyeh
Brick Factory, Iranshahr
Chah-e Jamal
Darkian
Do Rahi Sad
Gavdari-ye Amiri
Gavdari-ye Sagari
Iranshahr Industrial Complex
Kal Chat
Kallinag-e Hasankhani
Karimabad
Khalilabad
Kheyrabad
Kur-e Kelkian
Mowtowr-e Abdol Ghani Bahader
Mowtowr-e Abdol Naser Kelekeli
Mowtowr-e Alizadeh
Mowtowr-e Allah Bakhsh
Mowtowr-e Ayyub Borhan Zehi
Mowtowr-e Barnayan
Mowtowr-e Chengiz
Mowtowr-e Dar Mohammad Jamshid Zehi
Mowtowr-e Dusahnbeh Dust Kam
Mowtowr-e Gholam Hoseyn Iran
Mowtowr-e Hajji Amid
Mowtowr-e Hajji Dadager
Mowtowr-e Hajji Heydar
Mowtowr-e Hajji Mohammad Zard Kuhi
Mowtowr-e Jafar
Mowtowr-e Karim Khan
Mowtowr-e Mazar Karimi
Mowtowr-e Mohammad Hoseyn Shahli Bar
Mowtowr-e Mohammad Zaman
Mowtowr-e Molla Vahid Kelkeli
Mowtowr-e Nabi Bakhsh Baluch Zehi
Mowtowr-e Naser Gargij
Mowtowr-e Pey Khvasteh
Mowtowr-e Seyyd Mohammad
Mowtowr-e Seyyed Shahak Zehi
Mowtowr-e Sheykh Mohammad Mahmudi
Mowtowr-e Yusef Rudini
Naserabad
Nukabad
Nukabad-e Sarhang
Rahmanabad
Sar Kahuran
Sarzeh
Shahr Deraz
Surab
Tomp-e Rigan
BazmanCities
Bazman
Rural Districts and villagesAbreis
Abbasabad
Aliabad
Chah-e Qezelbash
Chah-e Qorban
Chah-e Rahim
Deh-e Gami
Deh-e Jehil
Gigan
Hajjiabad
Kafeh Jangian
Kheyrabad
Masjed Abu ol Fazl
Mian Chah
Mohimabad
Nagatak
Pag
Sharifabad
Shurab
Valiabad
Bazman
Asan Kuh
Azizabad
Camp Office, Iranshahr
Chah Shur-e Seh
Chah Shur-e Shomareh-ye Do
Chah Shur-e Shomareh-ye Yek
Chah-e Kalir
Chah-e Kalir
Chah-e Mir Jan
Chah-e Mohammad
Chah-e Torsh
Chahuk
Chahuk-e Mehrab
Dar Dazdan
Dar Giaban
Darahu
Darchahi
Darreh Kashkin
Espidabad
Estakhrak
Gazhak
Giman
Golabad
Hajjiabad
Karudan
Kaskin
Kavanz
Kelk
Kermanchi
Konarak
Kuh Khezr
Madan-e Sang Chah Torsh
Madhan
Maksan
Mowtowr-e Ali Kord
Narazad
Pansareh
Sar Tap
Sarab
Sargaruk
Shur
Tang-e Rahin
Tanhak
Tireh-ye Kheyrabad
This Iranshahr County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camp_Office,_Iranshahr&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Stylebook
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AP Stylebook
|
["1 Organization","2 Title","3 History","4 Influence on American English","5 Edition","5.1 Edition number: English edition","5.2 Edition number: Spanish edition","6 Revision process","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Book on English usage by Associated Press
AP Stylebook AP Stylebook, 2004 editionAuthor
AP Editors (1909–1952)
G. P. Winkler (1953–1970)
Howard Angione (1977)
Angione & E.A. Powell (1980)
An., Pow. & C.W. French (1984)
French (1986)
French & Norm Goldstein (1988)
Goldstein (1992–2007)
AP Editors (since 2008)
Original titleThe Associate Press Rules Regulations and General OrdersLanguageEnglishSeriesUpdated bienniallySubjectStyle guideGenreJournalism referencePublisherLorenz PressPublication date1909 (1st internal ed.)1953 (1st public ed.)1977 (1st public modern ed.)2020 (latest public modern ed.)Publication placeUnited StatesPages640 (PB)619 (SB)ISBN978-1-541647-57-2 (PB)978-0-917360-69-5 (SB)
Style guides
ACS style
AIP style
AMA Manual of Style
AP Stylebook
APA Style
The ASA Style Guide
Australian Guide to Legal Citation
The Bluebook
The Business Style Handbook
California Style Manual
The Cambridge Guide to English Usage
The Chicago Manual of Style
Citing Medicine
The Elements of Style
The Elements of Typographic Style
Fowler's Modern English Usage
Garner's Modern English Usage
IEEE style
ISO 690
MHRA Style Guide
Microsoft Manual of Style
MLA Handbook
The New York Times Manual
The Oxford Guide to Style/New Hart's Rules
Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA) / Oxford style
Scientific Style and Format (CSE style)
Turabian: A Manual for Writers
List of style guide abbreviations
vte
The Associated Press Stylebook (generally called the AP Stylebook), alternatively titled The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law, is a style and usage guide for American English grammar created by American journalists working for or connected with the Associated Press journalism cooperative based in New York City. The Stylebook offers a basic reference to American English grammar, punctuation, and principles of reporting, including many definitions and rules for usage as well as styles for capitalization, abbreviation, spelling, and numerals.
The first publicly available edition of the book was published in 1953. The first modern edition was published in August 1977 by Lorenz Press. Afterwards, various paperback editions were published by different publishers, including, among others, Turtleback Books, Penguin's Laurel Press, Pearson's Addison-Wesley, and Hachette's Perseus Books and Basic Books. Recent editions are released in several formats, including paperback and flat-lying spiral-bound editions, as well as a digital e-book edition and an online subscription version. Additionally, the AP Stylebook also provides English grammar recommendations through social media, including Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest, and Instagram.
From 1977 to 2005, more than two million copies of the AP Stylebook have been sold worldwide, with that number climbing to 2.5 million by 2011. Writers in broadcasting, news, magazine publishing, marketing departments and public relations firms traditionally adopt and apply AP grammar and punctuation styles.
Organization
The AP Stylebook is organized into sections:
Business Guidelines
A reference section for reporters covering business and financial news including general knowledge of accounting, bankruptcy, mergers, and international bureaus. For instance, it includes explanations of five different chapters of bankruptcy.
Sports Guidelines and Style
Includes terminology, statistics, organization rules and guidelines commonly referenced by sports reporters, such as the correct way to spell and use basketball terminology like half-court pass, field goal and goal-tending.
Guide to Punctuation
A specific guide on how to use punctuation in journalistic materials. This section includes rules regarding hyphens, commas, parentheses, and quotations.
Briefing on Media Law
An overview of legal issues and ethical expectations for those working in journalism, including the difference between slander and libel. Slander is spoken; libel is written.
Photo Captions
The simple formula of what to include when writing a photo caption, usually called a cutline in newspapers.
Editing Marks
A key with editing symbols to assist the journalist with the proofreading process.
Digital Security
A guide to protect journalists, their work, sources, online accounts, and avoid online harassment.
Bibliography
This provides second reference materials for information not included in the book. For example, it says to use Webster's New World College Dictionary as a reference after the AP Stylebook for spelling, style, usage and foreign geographic names.
Title
From 1909, when the first company-wide stylebook-like guide was released internally under the title: "The Associate Press Rules Regulations and General Orders", and until 1953, the stylebook was published under different titles including, among others, Instructions for Correspondents of the Associated Press, The Associated Press. Regulations Traffic Department, A Guide for Filing Editors. The Associated Press, A Guide for Foreign Correspondents. The Associated Press, A Guide for Writers. The Associated Press, The AP Copy Book, and AP Writing Handbook.
By the end of WWII, pressures from a growing number of non-journalistic business sectors, already referencing copied or confiscated copies of the guide for years, greatly increased the stylebook's demand. The first publicly available edition of AP Stylebook was published in 1953 under the title "The Associated Press Style Book". Since 1953, the stylebook has been published under different titles, including Writing for The AP; AP Stylebook; and The Associated Press Stylebook and Libel Manual.
Some journalists have referred to The AP Stylebook as the 'journalist bible'.
In 2000, the guide was renamed The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law and the paperback edition has been published under this title since then. Some editions, such as the spiral-bound and e-book editions, use the shorter title The Associated Press Stylebook on their covers.
History
The Associated Press organization was first created in 1846. The first company-wide AP "guide" did not cover English grammar. It was more of a brochure with 24 pages of various titles and corporate structures of the Associated Press organization and was first published in 1900 under the title "The Associated Press".
Although a formal English grammar style guide did not exist across the organization through the 1800s, individual bureaus were known to have maintained similar internal style guides as early as the late 1870s. The first corporate-wide style guide, with a complete reference to American English words and grammar, was released in 1909, under the title: "The Associate Press Rules Regulations and General Orders".
By the early 1950s the publication was formalized into the AP Stylebook and became the leading professional English grammar reference by most member and non-member news bureaus throughout the world. Due to growing demand by non-member journalists and writers working in public-facing corporate communications, the AP published their first official "stylebook" for the general public in 1953 under the title Associated Press Style Book; the first publication focused on "where the wire set a specific style". For nearly a quarter century it assumed its reader had a "solid grounding in language and a good reference library" and thus omitted any guidelines in those broader areas. In 1977, prompted by AP Executive News Editor Lou Boccardi's request for "more of a reference work", the organization started expanding the book and in 1977 produced a book that was different in a few fundamental regards. Firstly, The structure was changed and entries were organized in alphabetical order so that users could find what they need in a timely manner. Secondly, in 1977 the book was published for the first time by a 3rd party publisher – Lorenz Press. Thirdly, in 1977, United Press International and AP cooperated to produce stylebooks for each organization based on revisions and guidelines jointly agreed to by editors of both UPI Stylebook (Bobby Ray Miller) and AP Stylebook (Howard Angione). In 1982, Eileen Alt Powell, a co-editor of AP Stylebook 1980 edition, stated that: Howard Angione... at times thought the task he and UPI counterpart Bobby Ray Miller had undertaken resembled the quest of Don Quixote. It was "an impossible dream", Angione said, to find style rules that pleased everyone, especially since even grammarians couldn't agree among themselves.
In 1989, Norm Goldstein became the AP Stylebook lead editor, a job he held until the 2007 edition. After publishing the final edition under his editorship, Goldstein commented on the future of the AP Stylebook's section on name references: I think the difference... now is that there is more information available on the Internet, and I'm not sure, and at least our executive editor is not sure, how much of a reference book we ought to be anymore. I think some of our historical background material like on previous hurricanes and earthquakes, that kind of encyclopedic material that's so easily available on the Internet now, might be cut back.
After Norm Goldstein stepped down as lead editor in 2007, in bibliographical records for all subsequent editions starting from 2008 lead editors' names are usually not explicitly called out and the author is simply referred to as Associated Press or AP Editors. In 2009 and 2011 the Stylebook was released as an app called AP Stylebook Mobile edition for iOS and BlackBerry, respectively, however it was later discontinued in 2015 in favor of users simply accessing the AP Stylebook online edition through their desktop or mobile browsers. In March 2019 AP created an Archived AP Stylebooks section on its apstylebook.com website where anyone can access previous versions of the AP Stylebook starting from 1900 "brochure on AP corporate structure" and all the way to 1977 edition.
The first Spanish AP stylebook was created in 2012, after requests from the AP Mexico City bureau and others to develop such a stylebook. The bureau at the time was looking for ways to expand into Latin America while bridging the language barrier. In 2013 the AP Spanish Stylebook came into fruition and is now available to everyone. The Spanish AP stylebook is also referred to as the Manual de Estilo.
The most recent print edition is the 2020–2022 AP Stylebook, available spiral-bound directly from AP, and as a perfect-bound paperback sold by Basic Books. Creation of AP Stylebook has been helmed by lead editor Paula Froke since 2016. In early 2023, the stylebook attracted attention for suggesting that "the French" could be an offensive term in a tweet promoting people-first language; there was considerable mockery of the suggestion, and the AP subsequently retracted it.
Influence on American English
The influence of the AP and similar news service styles has reached beyond the news writing community. Many other North American sectors disseminating information to the public began to adopt news styles as early as the late 1800s. Many other sectors now also have developed their own similar style guides and also continue to reference the AP Stylebook for general American grammar, more than any other style guide available.
Edition
Edition number: English edition
The first publicly available English edition of the book was released in 1953. However, all editions prior to 1977 are not included in the editions count and the first modern edition is considered to be the August 1977 edition released for the first time by Lorenz Press. The latest, 2020 version, is the 55th edition and can be used until 2022. The Associated Press has reduced the frequency in print publication due to the popularity of the online version of the AP Stylebook. The print version is expected to be available, unless otherwise stated, biennially.
Edition number: Spanish edition
Due to the rising influence of the Spanish language worldwide, in November 2012 Associated Press added, in addition to American English, its first ever Spanish edition of its stylebook. The Spanish edition is separate from the English edition and has a different website, as well as Twitter and Facebook accounts. Unlike the English edition which currently has both online and print versions, the Spanish edition only has an online edition. The Spanish edition does not have an 'edition number' since it only exists as an online service.
Revision process
From 1980 to 1984 the English edition was updated biennially; then from 1985 to 2020, the English edition was updated annually, usually in May, at which time edits and new entries were added to keep the stylebook up to date with technological and cultural changes. As of the middle of 2023, the most recent edition is the 2022-2024 edition (56th edition).
In 2005, dozens of new or revised entries were added, including "Sept. 11", "e.g.", "i.e.", "FedEx" and "Midwest region".
In 2008, about 200 new or revised entries were added, including "iPhone", "anti-virus", "outsourcing", "podcast", "text messaging", "social networking", "high-definition" and "Wikipedia".
In 2009, about 60 new or revised entries were added, including "Twitter", "baba ghanoush" and "texting".
In 2013, about 90 new or revised entries were added, including "Benedictine", "Grand Marnier", "madeleine" and "upside-down cake", "chichi" and "froufrou".
In 2019, about 200 new or revised entries were added, including "budtender", "deepfake" and "cryptocurrency".
The 2020–2022 edition was released on May 21, 2020. About 90 new or revised technology-related entries were added, including "internet privacy", "digital wallet" / "mobile wallet", "smart devices", and "lidar". A new chapter was added about digital security for journalists.
The 2022–2024 edition includes more than 300 new and revised entries, including a new chapter on "inclusive storytelling", accepting of "they/them/their" singular pronouns, revised guidance on the use of the term "female", and new entries for "critical race theory", "anti-vaxxer", and others.
Notes
^ There's also a Spanish online-only edition of AP Stylebook.
^ The title page has a full title Hand Book and Manual of Resolutions of the Board of Directors/General Orders and Instructions to Employees of The Associated Press.
References
^ "AP Stylebook (APStylebook)". Twitter. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
^ "AP Stylebook". Facebook. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
^ "AP Stylebook". Pinterest. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
^ "AP Stylebook". Instagram. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
^ Cotter, Colleen (September 4, 2014). "Revisiting the "journalist's bible": How news practitioners respond to language and social change". In Androutsopoulos, Jannis (ed.). Mediatization and Sociolinguistic Change. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 371–394. ISBN 978-3-11-034683-1.
^ a b "2005 Edition of AP Stylebook now available". AP.org. Associated Press. April 2005. Archived from the original on January 19, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
^ Library of Congress Catalog Record for The Associated Press Stylebook and Libel Manual
^ Goulet, Neal (February 9, 2014). "AP Stylebook remains a compelling and necessary read". Goulet Communications: Public Relations Specialist. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ Mark S. Luckie (4 February 2008). "The history of the AP Stylebook". 10,000 Words. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
^ Library of Congress Catalog Record for The Associated Press stylebook and briefing on media law
^ Perlman, Merrill (June 5, 2018). "AP Stylebooks through the ages". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ Colton, Graham; Drapiewski, Amanda (May 4, 2018). "Style guide superjam". ACES: The Society for Editing. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ The Associated Press Rules Regulations and General Orders (PDF). New York. 2019 . Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ a b c Hare, Kristen (March 28, 2019). "You can now search really old AP Stylebooks and guides online". Poynter. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ a b "AP Stylebook marks 60th anniversary with new print edition". Associated Press. May 29, 2013. Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ Perlman, Merrill (June 12, 2018). "The history of AP's guidance on language". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ a b c d e abridged version: "Norm Goldstein, keeper of AP style". Common Sense Journalism magazine. July 2007. Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2011.; full version: Norm Goldstein. Common Sense Journalism blog, 2007
^ Heath, Robert L. (August 20, 2013). Encyclopedia of Public Relations. SAGE Publications. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-1-4522-7622-9.
^ The Associated Press stylebook and libel manual (revised ed.). Lorenz Press. 1977. ISBN 9780893280161. OCLC 3499556. OL 26337279M.
^ United Press International (2009). "Introduction to the UPI Stylebook". UPIU. Archived from the original on July 25, 2010.
^ a b Alt Powell, Eileen (1982). "Media (is) (are) getting new 'bible': Stylebook publication under way (2 words)". In Dorfman, Ron; Fuller, Harry Jr. (eds.). Reporting/writing/editing : the Quill guides to journalism. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt. pp. 131–138. ISBN 978-0-8403-2832-8 – via Internet Archive.
^ Blundell, Ryan (March 25, 2011). "Has your inkwell run dry? The AP Stylebook for BlackBerry gives you a refill". CrackBerry.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ Tenore, Mallary Jean (September 25, 2009). "AP Stylebook iPhone App Launches Today, a Hybrid of Print & Online Versions". Poynter. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ AP Stylebook Mobile. legacy.apstylebook.com, 2014
^ "2015 AP Stylebook adds more than 300 new or revised entries". Associated Press. May 27, 2015. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ "APStylebook — Can I continue to use my old Stylebook Mobile app?". Associated Press. September 28, 2019. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ Jean Tenore, Mallary (November 12, 2012). "AP Stylebook creates a Spanish version of the Stylebook to address changes in language". Poynter.org. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
^ "Guard Changes on 'AP Stylebook' Team of Editors". Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
^ "Froke named APME executive director and AP Stylebook editor". Associated Press. October 19, 2017. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ Cohen, Roger (January 27, 2023). "The French Want to Remain the French". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
^ "AP deletes 'the French' tweet and apologises after it is widely mocked". BBC News. January 28, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
^ Estes, Dorothy Southerland. "The effect of journalism on modern American writing" (PDF). unt.edu. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
^ Julia, Guarneri. "How Syndicated Columns, Comics and Stories Forever Changed the News Media". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
^ Perlman, Merrill. "AP Stylebooks through the ages". cjr.org. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
^ Spiers, Cynthia (June 18, 2020). "Four US Style Guides That Every Writer Needs to Know About". www.acrolinx.com. Content Quality. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
^ "AP Style". Store.Stylebooks.com. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
^ "AP Style". ap.org. Associated Press. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
^ "AP-launches-its-first-Spanish-language-stylebook". Associated Press. November 9, 2012. Archived from the original on December 1, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ "La AP lanza su primer Manual de Estilo en español". Associated Press (in Spanish). November 9, 2012. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ "AP Stylebook creates a Spanish version of the Stylebook to address changes in language". Poynter. December 11, 2012. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ "AP launches Spanish stylebook in Latin America". Associated Press. December 3, 2012. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ Berendzen, Gerri. "AP Stylebook Changes Announced at ACES 2020 Online". ACES. The American Copy Editors Society. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
^ Noble, Barnes &. "The Associated Press Stylebook: 2022-2024|Paperback". Barnes & Noble. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
^ "Print edition of 2008 AP Stylebook now on sale". Associated Press. June 2008. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ "New edition of AP Stylebook adds entries and helpful features". Associated Press. June 11, 2009. Archived from the original on June 14, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ "Health and science chapter debuts in 2019 AP Stylebook". Associated Press. May 2019. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ "AP Style". Store.Stylebooks.com. Associated Press. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
^ "APStylebook — When is the AP Stylebook published?". 2019. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
External links
Official website
Quick Associated Press Style from The COM Writing Center, at scribd.com (subscription required)
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Slander is spoken; libel is written.Photo Captions\nThe simple formula of what to include when writing a photo caption, usually called a cutline in newspapers.Editing Marks\nA key with editing symbols to assist the journalist with the proofreading process.Digital Security\nA guide to protect journalists, their work, sources, online accounts, and avoid online harassment.Bibliography\nThis provides second reference materials for information not included in the book. For example, it says to use Webster's New World College Dictionary as a reference after the AP Stylebook for spelling, style, usage and foreign geographic names.","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luckie-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"e-book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book"}],"text":"From 1909, when the first company-wide stylebook-like guide was released internally under the title: \"The Associate Press Rules Regulations and General Orders\", and until 1953, the stylebook was published under different titles including, among others, Instructions for Correspondents of the Associated Press, The Associated Press. Regulations Traffic Department, A Guide for Filing Editors. The Associated Press, A Guide for Foreign Correspondents. The Associated Press, A Guide for Writers. The Associated Press, The AP Copy Book, and AP Writing Handbook.By the end of WWII, pressures from a growing number of non-journalistic business sectors, already referencing copied or confiscated copies of the guide for years, greatly increased the stylebook's demand. The first publicly available edition of AP Stylebook was published in 1953 under the title \"The Associated Press Style Book\". 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Due to growing demand by non-member journalists and writers working in public-facing corporate communications, the AP published their first official \"stylebook\" for the general public in 1953 under the title Associated Press Style Book; the first publication focused on \"where the wire set a specific style\".[14][15][16][17] For nearly a quarter century it assumed its reader had a \"solid grounding in language and a good reference library\" and thus omitted any guidelines in those broader areas.[17] In 1977, prompted by AP Executive News Editor Lou Boccardi's request for \"more of a reference work\", the organization started expanding the book and in 1977 produced a book that was different in a few fundamental regards.[17] Firstly, The structure was changed and entries were organized in alphabetical order so that users could find what they need in a timely manner.[18] Secondly, in 1977 the book was published for the first time by a 3rd party publisher – Lorenz Press.[19] Thirdly, in 1977, United Press International and AP cooperated to produce stylebooks for each organization based on revisions and guidelines jointly agreed to by editors of both UPI Stylebook (Bobby Ray Miller) and AP Stylebook (Howard Angione).[20][21] In 1982, Eileen Alt Powell, a co-editor of AP Stylebook 1980 edition, stated that:Howard Angione... at times thought the task he and UPI counterpart Bobby Ray Miller had undertaken resembled the quest of Don Quixote. It was \"an impossible dream\", Angione said, to find style rules that pleased everyone, especially since even grammarians couldn't agree among themselves.[21]In 1989, Norm Goldstein became the AP Stylebook lead editor, a job he held until the 2007 edition.[17] After publishing the final edition under his editorship, Goldstein commented on the future of the AP Stylebook's section on name references:I think the difference... now is that there is more information available on the Internet, and I'm not sure, and at least our executive editor is not sure, how much of a reference book we ought to be anymore. I think some of our historical background material like on previous hurricanes and earthquakes, that kind of encyclopedic material that's so easily available on the Internet now, might be cut back.[17]After Norm Goldstein stepped down as lead editor in 2007, in bibliographical records for all subsequent editions starting from 2008 lead editors' names are usually not explicitly called out and the author is simply referred to as Associated Press or AP Editors. In 2009 and 2011 the Stylebook was released as an app called AP Stylebook Mobile edition for iOS and BlackBerry, respectively,[22][23][24] however it was later discontinued in 2015 in favor of users simply accessing the AP Stylebook online edition through their desktop or mobile browsers.[25][26] In March 2019 AP created an Archived AP Stylebooks section on its apstylebook.com website where anyone can access previous versions of the AP Stylebook starting from 1900 \"brochure on AP corporate structure\" and all the way to 1977 edition.[14]The first Spanish AP stylebook was created in 2012, after requests from the AP Mexico City bureau and others to develop such a stylebook. The bureau at the time was looking for ways to expand into Latin America while bridging the language barrier. In 2013 the AP Spanish Stylebook came into fruition and is now available to everyone.[27] The Spanish AP stylebook is also referred to as the Manual de Estilo.The most recent print edition is the 2020–2022 AP Stylebook, available spiral-bound directly from AP, and as a perfect-bound paperback sold by Basic Books. Creation of AP Stylebook has been helmed by lead editor Paula Froke since 2016.[28][29] In early 2023, the stylebook attracted attention for suggesting that \"the French\" could be an offensive term in a tweet promoting people-first language; there was considerable mockery of the suggestion, and the AP subsequently retracted it.[30][31]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"The influence of the AP and similar news service styles has reached beyond the news writing community.[32][33] Many other North American sectors disseminating information to the public began to adopt news styles as early as the late 1800s. Many other sectors now also have developed their own similar style guides and also continue to reference the AP Stylebook for general American grammar, more than any other style guide available.[34][35]","title":"Influence on American English"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Edition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poynter_1-16"},{"link_name":"Lorenz Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_Press"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Edition number: English edition","text":"The first publicly available English edition of the book was released in 1953.[14] However, all editions prior to 1977 are not included in the editions count and the first modern edition is considered to be the August 1977 edition released for the first time by Lorenz Press. The latest, 2020 version, is the 55th edition and can be used until[36] 2022. The Associated Press has reduced the frequency in print publication due to the popularity of the online version of the AP Stylebook. The print version is expected to be available, unless otherwise stated, biennially.[37]","title":"Edition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Edition number: Spanish edition","text":"Due to the rising influence of the Spanish language worldwide, in November 2012 Associated Press added, in addition to American English, its first ever Spanish edition of its stylebook.[38][39] The Spanish edition is separate from the English edition and has a different website, as well as Twitter and Facebook accounts.[40][41] Unlike the English edition which currently has both online and print versions, the Spanish edition only has an online edition. The Spanish edition does not have an 'edition number' since it only exists as an online service.","title":"Edition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Sept. 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sept._11,_2001"},{"link_name":"e.g.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.g."},{"link_name":"i.e.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.e."},{"link_name":"FedEx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx"},{"link_name":"Midwest region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_region_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP_2005-7"},{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"anti-virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-virus"},{"link_name":"outsourcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsourcing"},{"link_name":"podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"text messaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_messaging"},{"link_name":"social networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking"},{"link_name":"high-definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP_2008-46"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"baba ghanoush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_ghanoush"},{"link_name":"texting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texting"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP_2009-47"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"Grand Marnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Marnier"},{"link_name":"madeleine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_(cake)"},{"link_name":"upside-down cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upside-down_cake"},{"link_name":"chichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chichi"},{"link_name":"froufrou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frou-frou"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP_2013-17"},{"link_name":"budtender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budtender"},{"link_name":"deepfake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepfake"},{"link_name":"cryptocurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"they/them/their","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_they"},{"link_name":"critical race theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_race_theory"},{"link_name":"anti-vaxxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism"}],"text":"From 1980 to 1984 the English edition was updated biennially; then from 1985 to 2020, the English edition was updated annually, usually in May, at which time edits and new entries were added to keep the stylebook up to date with technological and cultural changes. As of the middle of 2023, the most recent edition is the 2022-2024 edition (56th edition).[42][43]In 2005, dozens of new or revised entries were added, including \"Sept. 11\", \"e.g.\", \"i.e.\", \"FedEx\" and \"Midwest region\".[6]In 2008, about 200 new or revised entries were added, including \"iPhone\", \"anti-virus\", \"outsourcing\", \"podcast\", \"text messaging\", \"social networking\", \"high-definition\" and \"Wikipedia\".[44]In 2009, about 60 new or revised entries were added, including \"Twitter\", \"baba ghanoush\" and \"texting\".[45]In 2013, about 90 new or revised entries were added, including \"Benedictine\", \"Grand Marnier\", \"madeleine\" and \"upside-down cake\", \"chichi\" and \"froufrou\".[15]In 2019, about 200 new or revised entries were added, including \"budtender\", \"deepfake\" and \"cryptocurrency\".[46]The 2020–2022 edition was released on May 21, 2020. About 90 new or revised technology-related entries were added, including \"internet privacy\", \"digital wallet\" / \"mobile wallet\", \"smart devices\", and \"lidar\". A new chapter was added about digital security for journalists.[47][48][failed verification]The 2022–2024 edition includes more than 300 new and revised entries, including a new chapter on \"inclusive storytelling\", accepting of \"they/them/their\" singular pronouns, revised guidance on the use of the term \"female\", and new entries for \"critical race theory\", \"anti-vaxxer\", and others.","title":"Revision process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"title page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_page"}],"text":"^ There's also a Spanish online-only edition of AP Stylebook.\n\n^ The title page has a full title Hand Book and Manual of Resolutions of the Board of Directors/General Orders and Instructions to Employees of The Associated Press.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
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Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928040221/https://www.ap.org/ap-in-the-news/2012/ap-launches-spanish-stylebook-in-latin-america","url_text":"\"AP launches Spanish stylebook in Latin America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://www.ap.org/ap-in-the-news/2012/ap-launches-spanish-stylebook-in-latin-america","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Berendzen, Gerri. \"AP Stylebook Changes Announced at ACES 2020 Online\". ACES. The American Copy Editors Society. Retrieved May 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://aceseditors.org/news/2020/2020-ap-stylebook-changes","url_text":"\"AP Stylebook Changes Announced at ACES 2020 Online\""}]},{"reference":"Noble, Barnes &. \"The Associated Press Stylebook: 2022-2024|Paperback\". Barnes & Noble. Retrieved August 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-associated-press-stylebook-associated-press/1140501351","url_text":"\"The Associated Press Stylebook: 2022-2024|Paperback\""}]},{"reference":"\"Print edition of 2008 AP Stylebook now on sale\". Associated Press. June 2008. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100612184911/http://ap.org/pages/about/pressreleases/pr_062608a.html","url_text":"\"Print edition of 2008 AP Stylebook now on sale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"http://ap.org/pages/about/pressreleases/pr_062608a.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New edition of AP Stylebook adds entries and helpful features\". Associated Press. June 11, 2009. Archived from the original on June 14, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090614170449/http://www.ap.org/pages/about/pressreleases/pr_061109a.html","url_text":"\"New edition of AP Stylebook adds entries and helpful features\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"http://www.ap.org/pages/about/pressreleases/pr_061109a.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Health and science chapter debuts in 2019 AP Stylebook\". Associated Press. May 2019. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928032145/https://www.ap.org/press-releases/2019/health-and-science-chapter-debuts-in-2019-ap-stylebook","url_text":"\"Health and science chapter debuts in 2019 AP Stylebook\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://www.ap.org/press-releases/2019/health-and-science-chapter-debuts-in-2019-ap-stylebook","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AP Style\". Store.Stylebooks.com. Associated Press. Retrieved June 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://store.stylebooks.com/2020-ap-stylebook-print-edition.html?SID=o1j8tj8ahhbkfnpg665seloon2","url_text":"\"AP Style\""}]},{"reference":"\"APStylebook — When is the AP Stylebook published?\". 2019. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928032755/https://apstylebook.helpjuice.com/18958-ap-stylebook-print-edition/when-is-the-ap-stylebook-published","url_text":"\"APStylebook — When is the AP Stylebook published?\""},{"url":"https://apstylebook.helpjuice.com/18958-ap-stylebook-print-edition/when-is-the-ap-stylebook-published","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AREA_Science_Park
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AREA Science Park
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 45°39′27″N 13°49′40″E / 45.65754°N 13.82778°E / 45.65754; 13.82778The Trieste AREA Science Park is composed of two neighbouring campus developments located near the exit from the motorway linking Trieste to Austria and Slovenia.
Operational since 1982, the AREA Science Park was founded with the initial aim of providing a link between the business community and the many high-level international scientific institutions in Trieste.
References
^ "Icgeb smonta le accuse di Fuori dal coro: "Nessun nuovo laboratorio di biosicurezza"". TriestePrima (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-06.
^ Saracino, Zeno (2023-12-29). "Area Science Park vola a Las Vegas, 3 start up di Trieste alla fiera CES - TRIESTE.news" (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-06.
^ Phillips, Charlotte (2021-12-05). "Trieste, The City of Science". InTrieste. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
External links
AREA Science Park Official Site
45°39′27″N 13°49′40″E / 45.65754°N 13.82778°E / 45.65754; 13.82778
Authority control databases
ISNI
This article about a scientific organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Trieste AREA Science Park is composed of two neighbouring campus developments located near the exit from the motorway linking Trieste to Austria and Slovenia.[1][2]Operational since 1982, the AREA Science Park was founded with the initial aim of providing a link between the business community and the many high-level international scientific institutions in Trieste.[3]","title":"AREA Science Park"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Icgeb smonta le accuse di Fuori dal coro: \"Nessun nuovo laboratorio di biosicurezza\"\". TriestePrima (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.triesteprima.it/cronaca/icgeb-laboratori-trieste.html","url_text":"\"Icgeb smonta le accuse di Fuori dal coro: \"Nessun nuovo laboratorio di biosicurezza\"\""}]},{"reference":"Saracino, Zeno (2023-12-29). \"Area Science Park vola a Las Vegas, 3 start up di Trieste alla fiera CES - TRIESTE.news\" (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.triesteallnews.it/2023/12/area-science-park-vola-a-las-vegas-3-start-up-di-trieste-alla-fiera-ces/","url_text":"\"Area Science Park vola a Las Vegas, 3 start up di Trieste alla fiera CES - TRIESTE.news\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Charlotte (2021-12-05). \"Trieste, The City of Science\". InTrieste. Retrieved 2024-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.intrieste.com/2021/12/05/trieste-the-city-of-science/","url_text":"\"Trieste, The City of Science\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=AREA_Science_Park¶ms=45.65754_N_13.82778_E_","external_links_name":"45°39′27″N 13°49′40″E / 45.65754°N 13.82778°E / 45.65754; 13.82778"},{"Link":"https://www.triesteprima.it/cronaca/icgeb-laboratori-trieste.html","external_links_name":"\"Icgeb smonta le accuse di Fuori dal coro: \"Nessun nuovo laboratorio di biosicurezza\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.triesteallnews.it/2023/12/area-science-park-vola-a-las-vegas-3-start-up-di-trieste-alla-fiera-ces/","external_links_name":"\"Area Science Park vola a Las Vegas, 3 start up di Trieste alla fiera CES - TRIESTE.news\""},{"Link":"https://www.intrieste.com/2021/12/05/trieste-the-city-of-science/","external_links_name":"\"Trieste, The City of Science\""},{"Link":"https://www.areasciencepark.it/","external_links_name":"AREA Science Park Official Site"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=AREA_Science_Park¶ms=45.65754_N_13.82778_E_","external_links_name":"45°39′27″N 13°49′40″E / 45.65754°N 13.82778°E / 45.65754; 13.82778"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000417594706","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AREA_Science_Park&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARINC_818
|
ARINC 818
|
["1 Background","2 Overview of ARINC 818 protocol","3 ADVB Packet Structure","4 ADVB container structure","5 Applications","6 Flexibility vs. Interoperability","7 Implementation considerations","8 ARINC 818-2 updates","9 ARINC 818-3 updates","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "ARINC 818" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
ARINC 818: Avionics Digital Video Bus (ADVB) is a video interface and protocol standard developed for high bandwidth, low-latency, uncompressed digital video transmission in avionics systems. The standard, which was released in January 2007, has been advanced by ARINC and the aerospace community to meet the stringent needs of high performance digital video. The specification was updated and ARINC 818-2 was released in December 2013, adding a number of new features, including link rates up to 32X fibre channel rates, channel-bonding, switching, field sequential color, bi-directional control and data-only links.
ARINC 818-3 was released in 2018. This revision clarified the 8b/10b encoding rates versus the 64b/66b encoding rates, along with clarifying several issues.
Although simplified, ADVB retains attributes of Fibre Channel that are beneficial for mission-critical applications:
High Speed / High Reliability / Low Latency / Flexibility / High-Performance / Uncompressed Digital Video Transmission
Benefits of ARINC 818 (ADVB):
Low Overhead
Real-time transmission of video signals at high data rates (high bandwidth)
Low-latency
Uncompressed Digital Video transmission
Flexibility - not tied to any one physical layer or video format
Opportunity to standardize high-speed video systems
High reliability - 2 layers of error checking available
Networking capable
Multiple video streams on a single link
Multiple timing classes defined
Suitable for mission-critical applications (up to DAL A)
Background
In aircraft, an ever-increasing amount of information is supplied in the form of images, this information passes through a complex video system before reaching cockpit displays. Video systems include: infrared and other wavelength sensors, optical cameras, radar, flight recorders, map/chart systems, synthetic vision, image fusion systems, heads-up displays (HUD) and heads-down primary flight and multifunction displays, video concentrators, and other subsystems. Video systems are used for taxi and take-off assist, cargo loading, navigation, target tracking, collision avoidance, and other critical functions.
ARINC 818 (ADVB) is a Fibre Channel (FC) protocol that builds on FC-AV (Fibre Channel Audio Video, defined in ANSI INCITS 356-2002), which was used extensively on video systems in the F-18 and the C-130AMP. Although FC-AV has been used on numerous programs, each implementation has been unique. ARINC 818 provides an opportunity to standardize high-speed video systems and has since been adopted by a number of high-profile commercial and military aerospace programs, including the A400M, A350XWB, B787, KC-46A, C-130, KF-X, Comac C919, and numerous other programs. ARINC 818 is also common in avionics suites, such as Proline Fusion by Rockwell Collins, and the TopDeck by Thales.
Overview of ARINC 818 protocol
ARINC 818 (Avionics Digital Video Bus) is a point-to-point, 8b/10b-encoded (or 64B/66B for higher speeds) serial protocol for transmission of video, audio, and data. The protocol is packetized but is video-centric and very flexible, supporting an array of complex video functions including the multiplexing of multiple video streams on a single link or the transmission of a single stream over a dual link. Four different synchronization classes of video are defined, from simple asynchronous to stringent pixel synchronous systems.
ARINC 818 (ADVB) is unidirectional, and does not require handshaking.
ARINC 818 (ADVB) has 15 defined speeds—from 1 Gbit/s to 28 Gbit/s.
Each ADVB project requires an Interface Control Document (ICD). Shared among all project members, the ICD ensures interoperability, reduces the implementation magnitude, and defines:
Video format(s) for the project
Embedded data (Ancillary Data)
Video and line timing
Pixel format
Synchronization class
ADVB Packet Structure
The ARINC 818 (ADVB) frame is the basic transport mechanism for ARINC 818. It is important to refer to these packets as “ADVB frames” rather than simply “frames” to eliminate potential confusion with video frames.
The start of an ADVB frame is signaled by a SOFx 4-byte ordered set and terminated with an EOFx ordered set. Every ADVB frame has a standard Fibre Channel header composed of six 32-bit words. These header words pertain to such things as the ADVB frame origin and intended destination and the ADVB frames position within the sequence. The Source ID field (SID) in the ADVB frame header allows video from each sensor to be distinguished from the other sensors.
The “payload” contains either video, video parameters or ancillary data. The payload can vary in size, but is limited to 2112 bytes per ADVB frame. To insure data integrity, all ADVB frames have a 32-bit CRC calculated for data between the SOFx and the CRC word. The CRC is the same 32-bit polynomial calculation defined for Fibre Channel.
ADVB container structure
The ARINC 818 (ADVB) specification defines a “container” as a set of ADVB frames used to transport video. In other words, a video image and data is encapsulated into a “container” that spans many ADVB frames. The “payload” of each ADVB frame contains either data or video. Within a container, ARINC 818 defines objects that contain certain types of data. That is, certain ADVB frames within the container are part of an object.
An example of how ARINC 818 transmits color XGA provides a good overview. XGA RGB requires ~141M bytes/s of data transfer (1024 pixels x 3 bytes per pixel x 768 lines x 60 Hz). Adding the protocol overhead and blanking time, a standard link rate of 2.125 Gbit/s is required. ARINC 818 “packetizes” video images into Fibre Channel frames. Each FC frame begins with a 4 byte ordered set, called an SOF (Start of Frame), and ends with an EOF (End of Frame), additionally, a 4 byte CRC is included for data integrity. The payload of the first ADVB frame in a sequence contains container header data that accompanies each video image.
Each XGA video line requires 3072 bytes, which exceeds the maximum FC payload length, so each line is divided into two ADVB frames. Transporting an XGA image requires a “payload” of 1536 FC frames. Additionally, an ADVB header frame is added, making a total of 1537 FC frames. Idle characters are required between FC frames because they are used for synchronization between transmitters and receivers.
Applications
Although ARINC 818 was developed specifically for avionics applications, the protocol is already being used in sensor fusion applications where multiple sensor outputs are multiplexed onto a single high-speed link. Features added in ARINC 818-2 facilitate using ARINC 818 as a sensor interface.
The ARINC 818 specification does not mandate which physical layer is to be used and implementations are done using both copper and fiber. Although the majority of implementation use fiber, low-speed implementations of ARINC 818 (1.0625Gbp to 6.375 Gbit/s) sometimes use copper (twinax or TSP or coax). The most commonly, either 850 nm MM fiber (<500m) or 1310 nm SM fiber (up to 10 km) is used. ARINC 818 lends itself to applications that require few conductors (slip rings, turrets), low weight (aerospace), EMI resistance, or long-distance transmission (aerospace, ships).
Flexibility vs. Interoperability
ARINC 818 is flexible and can accommodate many types of video and data applications. It is the intention of the standard that all implementation be accompanied by a small interface control document (ICD) that defines key parameters of the header such as: link speed, video resolution, color scheme, size of ancillary data, pixel format, timing classification, or bit-packing schemes. Interoperability is only guaranteed among equipment built to the same ICD.
Implementation considerations
ARINC 818 uses a FC physical layer that can be constructed from any FC compatible 8b/10b SerDes, which are common in large FPGAs.
ARINC 818 transmitters must assemble valid FC frames, including starting and ending ordered sets, headers, and CRC. This can easily be done with VHDL state machines, and many PLD SerDes include built in CRC calculations.
The flexibility of ARINC 818 allows for receiver implementations using either full image buffers or just display-line buffers. For either, synchronization issues must be considered at the pixel, line, and frame level.
Line buffer or FIFO-based receivers will require that the transmitter adhere to strict line timing requirements of the display. Since the display horizontal scanning must be precise, the arrival time of lines will also need to be precise. ARINC 818 intends that timing parameters such as these be captured in an ICD specific to the video system.
The authors of ARINC 818 built upon many years of combined experience of using FC to transport different video formats, and key implementation details are included in the specification, including examples of common analog formats.
ARINC 818-2 updates
ARINC 818-2, ratified in December 2013, adds features to accommodate higher link rates, support for compression and encryption, networking, and sophisticated display schemes, such as channel bonding used on large area displays (LADs).
Link rates: At the time the original ARINC 818 specification was ratified, the fiber-channel protocol supported link rates up to 8.5 gigabits per second (Gb/s). ARINC 818-2 added rates of 5.0, 6.375 (FC 6x), 12.75 (FC 12x), 14.025 (FC 16x), 21.0375 (FC 24x), and 28.05 (FC 32x) Gb/s. The 6x, 12x, and 24x speeds were added to accommodate the use of high-speed, bi-directional coax with power as a physical medium. The specification also provides for non-standard link rates for bi-directional return path for applications such as camera control where high speed video links are not required.
Compression and Encryption: ARINC 818 was originally envisioned as carrying only uncompressed video and audio. Applications such as high-resolution sensors, UAV/UAS with bandwidth limited downlinks, and data only applications drove the need to compress and/or encrypt a link. Sticking to a philosophy of maximum flexibility, the ARINC 818-2 calls for the ICD to specify implementation details for compression and encryption. The ARINC 818 protocol does not provide a means for compression and encryption, it simply provides flags to indicate that payload is compressed or encrypted.
Switching: ARINC 818 was designed as a point-to-point protocol. Since many of the newer implementations of the ARINC 818 have multiple displays and or many channels of ARINC 818 (10 or more), switching has become more important. The new specification requires that active switching can only occur between frames. In effect, to prevent broken video frames, the switch must wait until the vertical blanking. Again, the ICD controls the implementation details.
Field Sequential Color: A video format code was added to support field sequential color. The color field-sequential mode will typically send each color component in a separate container.
Channel Bonding: To overcome link bandwidth limitations of FPGAs, ARINC 818-2 supports multiple links in parallel. The video frame is broken into smaller segments and transmitted on two or more links. Each link must transmit a complete ADVB frame with header, and the ICD addresses latency and skew between the links.
Data-only Links: ARINC 818-2 provides for data-only links, typically used in command-and-control channels, such as those needed for bi-directional camera interfaces. These may employ a standard link rate or a non-standard rate specified by the ICD.
Regions of Interest: The ARINC 818-2 protocol provides a means for defining partial images, tiling, and region-of-interest that are important for high-speed sensors and stereo displays.
ARINC 818-3 updates
Defines display emulation mode for test equipment
Adds new material describing a latency budget for ARINC 818 devices used in transmit and receive modes
10 Gbit/s as the highest 8b/10b-encoded bus speed
Adds 64B/66B encoding for speeds of 12 Gbit/s and higher
Supports 28.05 Gbit/s (FC32X) bus speeds using 256B/257B or 64B/66B encoding
Overall this revision will allow for technologies such as 4K and 8K displays, windowless cockpits, VR and high-bandwidth sensors & cameras around the aircraft.
See also
Aircraft flight control system
Fibre Channel 8b/10b encoding
Fibre Channel network protocols
Integrated Modular Avionics
References
818-1 Avionics Digital Video Bus (ADVB) High Data Rate, published by ARINC 2007
ARINC 818 Becomes New Protocol Standard for High-Performance Video Systems, COTS Journal, Dec 2006
Explaining ARINC 818, Avionics Magazine March 1, 2008
Paul Grunwald, “What’s New in ARINC 818-2,” 32nd Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Syracuse, New York, October 6–10, 2013.
External links
ARINC 818
vteTechnical and de facto standards for wired computer busesGeneral
System bus
Front-side bus
Back-side bus
Daisy chain
Control bus
Address bus
Bus contention
Bus mastering
Network on a chip
Plug and play
List of bus bandwidths
Standards
SS-50 bus
S-100 bus
Multibus
Unibus
VAXBI
MBus
STD Bus
SMBus
Q-Bus
Europe Card Bus
ISA
STEbus
Zorro II
Zorro III
CAMAC
FASTBUS
LPC
HP Precision Bus
EISA
VME
VXI
VXS
NuBus
TURBOchannel
MCA
SBus
VLB
HP GSC bus
InfiniBand
Ethernet
UPA
PCI
PCI Extended (PCI-X)
PXI
PCI Express (PCIe)
AGP
Compute Express Link (CXL)
Direct Media Interface (DMI)
RapidIO
Intel QuickPath Interconnect
NVLink
HyperTransport
Infinity Fabric
Intel Ultra Path Interconnect
Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI)
SpaceWire
Storage
ST-506
ESDI
IPI
SMD
Parallel ATA (PATA)
Bus and Tag
DSSI
HIPPI
Serial ATA (SATA)
SCSI
Parallel
SAS
ESCON
Fibre Channel
SSA
SATAe
PCI Express (via AHCI or NVMe logical device interface)
Peripheral
Apple Desktop Bus
Atari SIO
DCB
Commodore bus
HP-IL
HIL
MIDI
RS-232
RS-422
RS-423
RS-485
Lightning
DMX512-A
IEEE-488 (GPIB)
IEEE-1284 (parallel port)
IEEE-1394 (FireWire)
UNI/O
1-Wire
I²C (ACCESS.bus, PMBus, SMBus)
I3C
SPI
D²B
Parallel SCSI
Profibus
USB
Camera Link
External PCIe
Thunderbolt
Audio
ADAT Lightpipe
AES3
Intel HD Audio
I²S
MADI
McASP
S/PDIF
TOSLINK
Portable
PC Card
ExpressCard
Embedded
Multidrop bus
CoreConnect
AMBA (AXI)
Wishbone
SLIMbus
Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest. Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"avionics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics"},{"link_name":"ARINC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARINC"}],"text":"ARINC 818: Avionics Digital Video Bus (ADVB) is a video interface and protocol standard developed for high bandwidth, low-latency, uncompressed digital video transmission in avionics systems. The standard, which was released in January 2007, has been advanced by ARINC and the aerospace community to meet the stringent needs of high performance digital video. The specification was updated and ARINC 818-2 was released in December 2013, adding a number of new features, including link rates up to 32X fibre channel rates, channel-bonding, switching, field sequential color, bi-directional control and data-only links.ARINC 818-3 was released in 2018. This revision clarified the 8b/10b encoding rates versus the 64b/66b encoding rates, along with clarifying several issues.Although simplified, ADVB retains attributes of Fibre Channel that are beneficial for mission-critical applications:\nHigh Speed / High Reliability / Low Latency / Flexibility / High-Performance / Uncompressed Digital Video TransmissionBenefits of ARINC 818 (ADVB):Low Overhead\nReal-time transmission of video signals at high data rates (high bandwidth)\nLow-latency\nUncompressed Digital Video transmission\nFlexibility - not tied to any one physical layer or video format\nOpportunity to standardize high-speed video systems\nHigh reliability - 2 layers of error checking available\nNetworking capable\nMultiple video streams on a single link\nMultiple timing classes defined\nSuitable for mission-critical applications (up to DAL A)","title":"ARINC 818"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"cockpit displays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cockpit_displays&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"flight recorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_recorders"},{"link_name":"synthetic vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_vision"},{"link_name":"image fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_fusion"},{"link_name":"heads-up displays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-up_display"},{"link_name":"primary flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_flight_display"},{"link_name":"multifunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-function_display"},{"link_name":"navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_navigation"},{"link_name":"collision avoidance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_collision_avoidance_systems"},{"link_name":"Fibre Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel"},{"link_name":"F-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-18"},{"link_name":"C-130AMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"Comac C919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comac_C919"}],"text":"In aircraft, an ever-increasing amount of information is supplied in the form of images, this information passes through a complex video system before reaching cockpit displays. Video systems include: infrared and other wavelength sensors, optical cameras, radar, flight recorders, map/chart systems, synthetic vision, image fusion systems, heads-up displays (HUD) and heads-down primary flight and multifunction displays, video concentrators, and other subsystems. Video systems are used for taxi and take-off assist, cargo loading, navigation, target tracking, collision avoidance, and other critical functions.ARINC 818 (ADVB) is a Fibre Channel (FC) protocol that builds on FC-AV (Fibre Channel Audio Video, defined in ANSI INCITS 356-2002), which was used extensively on video systems in the F-18 and the C-130AMP. Although FC-AV has been used on numerous programs, each implementation has been unique. ARINC 818 provides an opportunity to standardize high-speed video systems and has since been adopted by a number of high-profile commercial and military aerospace programs, including the A400M, A350XWB, B787, KC-46A, C-130, KF-X, Comac C919, and numerous other programs. ARINC 818 is also common in avionics suites, such as Proline Fusion by Rockwell Collins, and the TopDeck by Thales.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"8b/10b-encoded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8b/10b_encoding"}],"text":"ARINC 818 (Avionics Digital Video Bus) is a point-to-point, 8b/10b-encoded (or 64B/66B for higher speeds) serial protocol for transmission of video, audio, and data. The protocol is packetized but is video-centric and very flexible, supporting an array of complex video functions including the multiplexing of multiple video streams on a single link or the transmission of a single stream over a dual link. Four different synchronization classes of video are defined, from simple asynchronous to stringent pixel synchronous systems.ARINC 818 (ADVB) is unidirectional, and does not require handshaking.ARINC 818 (ADVB) has 15 defined speeds—from 1 Gbit/s to 28 Gbit/s.Each ADVB project requires an Interface Control Document (ICD). Shared among all project members, the ICD ensures interoperability, reduces the implementation magnitude, and defines:Video format(s) for the project\nEmbedded data (Ancillary Data)\nVideo and line timing\nPixel format\nSynchronization class","title":"Overview of ARINC 818 protocol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check"}],"text":"The ARINC 818 (ADVB) frame is the basic transport mechanism for ARINC 818. It is important to refer to these packets as “ADVB frames” rather than simply “frames” to eliminate potential confusion with video frames.The start of an ADVB frame is signaled by a SOFx 4-byte ordered set and terminated with an EOFx ordered set. Every ADVB frame has a standard Fibre Channel header composed of six 32-bit words. These header words pertain to such things as the ADVB frame origin and intended destination and the ADVB frames position within the sequence. The Source ID field (SID) in the ADVB frame header allows video from each sensor to be distinguished from the other sensors.The “payload” contains either video, video parameters or ancillary data. The payload can vary in size, but is limited to 2112 bytes per ADVB frame. To insure data integrity, all ADVB frames have a 32-bit CRC calculated for data between the SOFx and the CRC word. The CRC is the same 32-bit polynomial calculation defined for Fibre Channel.","title":"ADVB Packet Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XGA"},{"link_name":"blanking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanking_(video)"}],"text":"The ARINC 818 (ADVB) specification defines a “container” as a set of ADVB frames used to transport video. In other words, a video image and data is encapsulated into a “container” that spans many ADVB frames. The “payload” of each ADVB frame contains either data or video. Within a container, ARINC 818 defines objects that contain certain types of data. That is, certain ADVB frames within the container are part of an object.An example of how ARINC 818 transmits color XGA provides a good overview. XGA RGB requires ~141M bytes/s of data transfer (1024 pixels x 3 bytes per pixel x 768 lines x 60 Hz). Adding the protocol overhead and blanking time, a standard link rate of 2.125 Gbit/s is required. ARINC 818 “packetizes” video images into Fibre Channel frames. Each FC frame begins with a 4 byte ordered set, called an SOF (Start of Frame), and ends with an EOF (End of Frame), additionally, a 4 byte CRC is included for data integrity. The payload of the first ADVB frame in a sequence contains container header data that accompanies each video image.Each XGA video line requires 3072 bytes, which exceeds the maximum FC payload length, so each line is divided into two ADVB frames. Transporting an XGA image requires a “payload” of 1536 FC frames. Additionally, an ADVB header frame is added, making a total of 1537 FC frames. Idle characters are required between FC frames because they are used for synchronization between transmitters and receivers.","title":"ADVB container structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"slip rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_ring"},{"link_name":"turrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret"},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference"}],"text":"Although ARINC 818 was developed specifically for avionics applications, the protocol is already being used in sensor fusion applications where multiple sensor outputs are multiplexed onto a single high-speed link. Features added in ARINC 818-2 facilitate using ARINC 818 as a sensor interface.The ARINC 818 specification does not mandate which physical layer is to be used and implementations are done using both copper and fiber. Although the majority of implementation use fiber, low-speed implementations of ARINC 818 (1.0625Gbp to 6.375 Gbit/s) sometimes use copper (twinax or TSP or coax). The most commonly, either 850 nm MM fiber (<500m) or 1310 nm SM fiber (up to 10 km) is used. ARINC 818 lends itself to applications that require few conductors (slip rings, turrets), low weight (aerospace), EMI resistance, or long-distance transmission (aerospace, ships).","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"ARINC 818 is flexible and can accommodate many types of video and data applications. It is the intention of the standard that all implementation be accompanied by a small interface control document (ICD) that defines key parameters of the header such as: link speed, video resolution, color scheme, size of ancillary data, pixel format, timing classification, or bit-packing schemes. Interoperability is only guaranteed among equipment built to the same ICD.","title":"Flexibility vs. Interoperability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SerDes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SerDes"},{"link_name":"FPGAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA"},{"link_name":"VHDL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHDL"},{"link_name":"state machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_machine"},{"link_name":"PLD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_device"},{"link_name":"FIFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)"},{"link_name":"horizontal scanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_scan_rate"}],"text":"ARINC 818 uses a FC physical layer that can be constructed from any FC compatible 8b/10b SerDes, which are common in large FPGAs.ARINC 818 transmitters must assemble valid FC frames, including starting and ending ordered sets, headers, and CRC. This can easily be done with VHDL state machines, and many PLD SerDes include built in CRC calculations.The flexibility of ARINC 818 allows for receiver implementations using either full image buffers or just display-line buffers. For either, synchronization issues must be considered at the pixel, line, and frame level.Line buffer or FIFO-based receivers will require that the transmitter adhere to strict line timing requirements of the display. Since the display horizontal scanning must be precise, the arrival time of lines will also need to be precise. ARINC 818 intends that timing parameters such as these be captured in an ICD specific to the video system.The authors of ARINC 818 built upon many years of combined experience of using FC to transport different video formats, and key implementation details are included in the specification, including examples of common analog formats.","title":"Implementation considerations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"ARINC 818-2, ratified in December 2013, adds features to accommodate higher link rates, support for compression and encryption, networking, and sophisticated display schemes, such as channel bonding used on large area displays (LADs).Link rates: At the time the original ARINC 818 specification was ratified, the fiber-channel protocol supported link rates up to 8.5 gigabits per second (Gb/s). ARINC 818-2 added rates of 5.0, 6.375 (FC 6x), 12.75 (FC 12x), 14.025 (FC 16x), 21.0375 (FC 24x), and 28.05 (FC 32x) Gb/s. The 6x, 12x, and 24x speeds were added to accommodate the use of high-speed, bi-directional coax with power as a physical medium. The specification also provides for non-standard link rates for bi-directional return path for applications such as camera control where high speed video links are not required.Compression and Encryption: ARINC 818 was originally envisioned as carrying only uncompressed video and audio. Applications such as high-resolution sensors, UAV/UAS with bandwidth limited downlinks, and data only applications drove the need to compress and/or encrypt a link. Sticking to a philosophy of maximum flexibility, the ARINC 818-2 calls for the ICD to specify implementation details for compression and encryption. The ARINC 818 protocol does not provide a means for compression and encryption, it simply provides flags to indicate that payload is compressed or encrypted.Switching: ARINC 818 was designed as a point-to-point protocol. Since many of the newer implementations of the ARINC 818 have multiple displays and or many channels of ARINC 818 (10 or more), switching has become more important. The new specification requires that active switching can only occur between frames. In effect, to prevent broken video frames, the switch must wait until the vertical blanking. Again, the ICD controls the implementation details.Field Sequential Color: A video format code was added to support field sequential color. The color field-sequential mode will typically send each color component in a separate container.Channel Bonding: To overcome link bandwidth limitations of FPGAs, ARINC 818-2 supports multiple links in parallel. The video frame is broken into smaller segments and transmitted on two or more links. Each link must transmit a complete ADVB frame with header, and the ICD addresses latency and skew between the links.Data-only Links: ARINC 818-2 provides for data-only links, typically used in command-and-control channels, such as those needed for bi-directional camera interfaces. These may employ a standard link rate or a non-standard rate specified by the ICD.Regions of Interest: The ARINC 818-2 protocol provides a means for defining partial images, tiling, and region-of-interest that are important for high-speed sensors and stereo displays.","title":"ARINC 818-2 updates"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Defines display emulation mode for test equipment\nAdds new material describing a latency budget for ARINC 818 devices used in transmit and receive modes\n10 Gbit/s as the highest 8b/10b-encoded bus speed\nAdds 64B/66B encoding for speeds of 12 Gbit/s and higher\nSupports 28.05 Gbit/s (FC32X) bus speeds using 256B/257B or 64B/66B encoding\nOverall this revision will allow for technologies such as 4K and 8K displays, windowless cockpits, VR and high-bandwidth sensors & cameras around the aircraft.","title":"ARINC 818-3 updates"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Aircraft flight control system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system"},{"title":"Fibre Channel 8b/10b encoding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel_8b/10b_encoding"},{"title":"Fibre Channel network protocols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel_network_protocols"},{"title":"Integrated Modular Avionics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Modular_Avionics"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22ARINC+818%22","external_links_name":"\"ARINC 818\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22ARINC+818%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22ARINC+818%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22ARINC+818%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22ARINC+818%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22ARINC+818%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.arinc818.com/","external_links_name":"ARINC 818"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARJ45
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GG45
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["1 Details","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Connector interface for twisted pair cabling
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "GG45" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
GG45 (GigaGate 45) and ARJ45 (Augmented RJ45) are two related connectors for Category 7, Category 7A, and Category 8 telecommunication cabling. The GG45 interface and related implementations are developed and sold by Nexans S.A., while the ARJ45 interface and related implementations are developed and sold by Bel Fuse Inc. The electrical performance of each is compliant with IEC 61076-3-110, as published by the International Electrotechnical Commission. Furthermore, the ARJ45 connector meets the mechanical dimensions specified in IEC 61076-3-110.
Details
The GG45 and ARJ45 connectors operate in the frequency band between 600 MHz and 5 GHz with shielded twisted pair and twinax cables. To reduce crosstalk, two of the four pairs have been moved so that each pair occupies one corner.
GG45 is a variant of ARJ45 that allows for cables terminated with male 8P8C (AKA RJ45) connectors to be plugged into GG45 jacks. However, GG45 cables cannot plug into 8P8C jacks as a protrusion on the socket is designed to activate a switch on the jack for the alternative contact positions.
Combined with an internal system of Faraday cages, the GG45 interface therefore has plenty of headroom, plus the ability to migrate to higher speed service by upgrading to Category 7A patch cords that activate the switch in the jack.
There are two main variants of GG45/ARJ45:
GG45 or ARJ45 HD is the full connector with 12 contacts, providing a Category 6 cable interface (100/250 MHz) for older devices as well as the new interface.
ARJ45 HS is the version without the Cat-6–compatible contacts, for a total of 8 contacts.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
|‾‾█‾█‾█‾█‾█‾█‾█‾█‾‾| Pinout of GG45 and ARJ45 HD sockets. The protrusion ▒▒▒
| | activates a switch, redirecting the 3-6 and 4-5 pairs to
| | the corners on a GG45 jack (3′ and 6′, and 4′ and 5′).
|_█_█____▒▒▒____█_█_|
3′6′ | | 4′5′ ARJ45 HS omits the Cat-6–compatible 3-6 and 4-5 pairs.
|_|
See also
TERA
References
^ IEC Webstore: International standard IEC 61076-3-110 Connectors for electronic equipment - Product requirements - Part 3-110: Rectangular connectors — Detail specification for shielded, free and fixed connectors for data transmissions with frequencies up to 1000MHz, Edition 1.0, December 2007; ( (in English and French) "Preview" (PDF). (217 KB))
^ "Category 8 Cabling Standards Update" (PDF). Commscope Technical Content Portal. CommScope. 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-10-17. Retrieved 2021-10-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Twisted-pair connectors continue technological evolution". November 1, 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08., section A step further
External links
ARJ45 Modular Connector
LANmark GG45 Connector
vteUnshielded and shielded twisted pair cabling standardsCategories
Cat 1
Cat 2
Cat 3
Cat 4
Cat 5/5e
Cat 6/6a
Cat 7/7a
Cat 8/8.1/8.2
See also
Copper cable certification
Ethernet over twisted pair
Modular connector
TIA/EIA-568
Twisted pair
vteIEC standardsIEC
60027
60034
60038
60062
60063
60068
60112
60228
60269
60297
60309
60320
60364
60446
60559
60601
60870
60870-5
60870-6
60906-1
60908
60929
60958
61030
61131
61131-3
61131-9
61158
61162
61334
61355
61360
61400
61499
61508
61511
61784
61850
61851
61883
61960
61968
61970
62014-4
62026
62056
62061
62196
62262
62264
62304
62325
62351
62365
62366
62379
62386
62455
62680
62682
62700
63110
63119
63382
ISO/IEC
646
1989
2022
4909
5218
6429
6523
7810
7811
7812
7813
7816
7942
8613
8632
8652
8859
9126
9293
9496
9529
9592
9593
9899
9945
9995
10021
10116
10165
10179
10279
10646
10967
11172
11179
11404
11544
11801
12207
13250
13346
13522-5
13568
13816
13818
14443
14496
14651
14882
15288
15291
15408
15444
15445
15504
15511
15693
15897
15938
16262
16485
17024
17025
18004
18014
18181
19752
19757
19770
19788
20000
20802
21000
21827
22275
22537
23000
23003
23008
23270
23360
24707
24727
24744
24752
26300
27000
27000-series
27002
27040
29110
29119
33001
38500
39075
42010
80000
81346
Related
International Electrotechnical Commission
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"connectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_connector"},{"link_name":"Category 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801#CAT7"},{"link_name":"Category 7A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801#CAT7A"},{"link_name":"Category 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801#CAT8"},{"link_name":"Nexans S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexans"},{"link_name":"International Electrotechnical Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"GG45 (GigaGate 45) and ARJ45 (Augmented RJ45) are two related connectors for Category 7, Category 7A, and Category 8 telecommunication cabling. The GG45 interface and related implementations are developed and sold by Nexans S.A., while the ARJ45 interface and related implementations are developed and sold by Bel Fuse Inc. The electrical performance of each is compliant with IEC 61076-3-110, as published by the International Electrotechnical Commission.[1] Furthermore, the ARJ45 connector meets the mechanical dimensions specified in IEC 61076-3-110.","title":"GG45"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shielded twisted pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair#Cable_shielding"},{"link_name":"twinax cables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinaxial_cabling"},{"link_name":"crosstalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalk"},{"link_name":"8P8C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8P8C"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Faraday cages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_cage"},{"link_name":"Category 7A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_7A"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Category 6 cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_6_cable"}],"text":"The GG45 and ARJ45 connectors operate in the frequency band between 600 MHz and 5 GHz with shielded twisted pair and twinax cables. To reduce crosstalk, two of the four pairs have been moved so that each pair occupies one corner.GG45 is a variant of ARJ45 that allows for cables terminated with male 8P8C (AKA RJ45) connectors to be plugged into GG45 jacks. However, GG45 cables cannot plug into 8P8C jacks as a protrusion on the socket is designed to activate a switch on the jack for the alternative contact positions.[2]Combined with an internal system of Faraday cages, the GG45 interface therefore has plenty of headroom, plus the ability to migrate to higher speed service by upgrading to Category 7A patch cords that activate the switch in the jack.[3]There are two main variants of GG45/ARJ45:GG45 or ARJ45 HD is the full connector with 12 contacts, providing a Category 6 cable interface (100/250 MHz) for older devices as well as the new interface.\nARJ45 HS is the version without the Cat-6–compatible contacts, for a total of 8 contacts.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 \n|‾‾█‾█‾█‾█‾█‾█‾█‾█‾‾| Pinout of GG45 and ARJ45 HD sockets. The protrusion ▒▒▒\n| | activates a switch, redirecting the 3-6 and 4-5 pairs to\n| | the corners on a GG45 jack (3′ and 6′, and 4′ and 5′).\n|_█_█____▒▒▒____█_█_|\n 3′6′ | | 4′5′ ARJ45 HS omits the Cat-6–compatible 3-6 and 4-5 pairs.\n |_|","title":"Details"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"TERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TERA"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Preview\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec61076-3-110%7Bed1.0%7Db.pdf","url_text":"\"Preview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Category 8 Cabling Standards Update\" (PDF). Commscope Technical Content Portal. CommScope. 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-10-17. Retrieved 2021-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211017205236/https://docs.commscope.com/Public/Cat8_Cabling_Standards_Update_WP-107114.pdf","url_text":"\"Category 8 Cabling Standards Update\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twisted-pair connectors continue technological evolution\". November 1, 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708110757/http://www.cablinginstall.com/index/display/article-display/344659/articles/cabling-installation-maintenance/volume-16/issue-11/features/technology/twisted-pair-connectors-continue-technological-evolution.html","url_text":"\"Twisted-pair connectors continue technological evolution\""},{"url":"https://www.cablinginstall.com/index/display/article-display/344659/articles/cabling-installation-maintenance/volume-16/issue-11/features/technology/twisted-pair-connectors-continue-technological-evolution.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22GG45%22","external_links_name":"\"GG45\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22GG45%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22GG45%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22GG45%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22GG45%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22GG45%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://webstore.iec.ch/webstore/webstore.nsf/artnum/038707","external_links_name":"International standard IEC 61076-3-110 Connectors for electronic equipment - Product requirements - Part 3-110: Rectangular connectors — Detail specification for shielded, free and fixed connectors for data transmissions with frequencies up to 1000MHz"},{"Link":"http://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec61076-3-110%7Bed1.0%7Db.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Preview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211017205236/https://docs.commscope.com/Public/Cat8_Cabling_Standards_Update_WP-107114.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Category 8 Cabling Standards Update\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708110757/http://www.cablinginstall.com/index/display/article-display/344659/articles/cabling-installation-maintenance/volume-16/issue-11/features/technology/twisted-pair-connectors-continue-technological-evolution.html","external_links_name":"\"Twisted-pair connectors continue technological evolution\""},{"Link":"https://www.cablinginstall.com/index/display/article-display/344659/articles/cabling-installation-maintenance/volume-16/issue-11/features/technology/twisted-pair-connectors-continue-technological-evolution.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.belfuse.com/product-detail/stewart-connector-arj45-modular-connectors","external_links_name":"ARJ45 Modular Connector"},{"Link":"https://www.nexans.be/en/products/Data-Network-Solutions/Copper-LAN-Systems/Connectors/LANmark-7A11004.html","external_links_name":"LANmark GG45 Connector"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut-the-Knot
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Alexander Bogomolny
|
["1 Education and academic career","2 Cut-the-Knot","3 Book","4 Personal life","5 Tribute","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Israeli American mathematician (1948–2018)
Alexander BogomolnyBogomolny in 2017BornJanuary 4, 1948Moscow, RSFSR, Soviet UnionDiedJuly 7, 2018New Brunswick, New Jersey, United StatesNationalityIsraeli AmericanAlma mater
Moscow State University (MSc, Mathematics)
Hebrew University (PhD, Mathematics)
Scientific careerInstitutionsMoscow Institute of Electronic Machine Building (MIEM), Hebrew University, Ben Gurion University, University of IowaThesis A New Numerical Solution for the Stamp Problem (PhD, 1981)Doctoral advisorGregory Eskin
Websitecut-the-knot.org
Alexander Bogomolny (January 4, 1948 – July 7, 2018) was a Soviet-born Israeli-American mathematician. He was Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at the University of Iowa, and formerly research fellow at the Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics, senior instructor at Hebrew University and software consultant at Ben Gurion University. He wrote extensively about arithmetic, probability, algebra, geometry, trigonometry and mathematical games.
He was known for his contribution to heuristics and mathematics education, creating and maintaining the mathematically themed educational website Cut-the-Knot for the Mathematical Association of America (MAA) Online. He was a pioneer in mathematical education on the internet, having started Cut-the-Knot in October 1996.
Education and academic career
Bogomolny attended Moscow school No. 444, for gifted children, then entered Moscow State University, where he graduated with a master's degree in mathematics in 1971. From 1971 to 1974 he was a junior research fellow at the Moscow Institute of Electronic Machine Building (MIEM). He emigrated to Israel and became a senior programmer at Lake Kinneret Research Laboratory in Tiberias, Israel (1974 – 1977) and a software consultant at Ben Gurion University in Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel (1976 – 1977). From 1976 to 1983 he was a senior instructor and researcher at Hebrew University in Jerusalem. He received his Ph.D. in mathematics at Hebrew University in 1981. His dissertation is titled, A New Numerical Solution for the Stamp Problem and his thesis advisor was Gregory I. Eskin. From 1981 to 1982 he was also a visiting professor at Ohio State University, where he taught mathematics.
From 1982 to 1987 he was professor of mathematics at the University of Iowa. From August 1987 to August 1991 he was vice president of software development at CompuDoc, Inc.
Cut-the-Knot
Cut-the-Knot (CTK) is a free, advertisement-funded educational website which Bogomolny maintained from 1996 to 2018. It is devoted to popular exposition of various topics in mathematics. The site was designed for teachers, children and parents, and anyone else curious about mathematics, with an eye to educating, encouraging interest, and provoking curiosity. Its name is a reference to the legend of Alexander the Great's solution to the Gordian knot.
CTK won more than 20 awards from scientific and educational publications, including a Scientific American Web Award in 2003, the Encyclopædia Britannica's Internet Guide Award, and Science's NetWatch award.
The site contains extensive analysis of many of the classic problems in recreational mathematics including the Apollonian gasket, Napoleon's theorem, logarithmic spirals, the "Futurama Theorem" from the episode "The Prisoner of Benda", the Pitot theorem, and the monkey and the coconuts problem. One page includes 122 proofs of the Pythagorean theorem.
Bogomolny wrote a manifesto for CTK in which he said that "Judging Mathematics by its pragmatic value is like judging symphony by the weight of its score." He described the site as "a resource that would help learn, if not math itself, then, at least, ways to appreciate its beauty," and he wondered why it is acceptable among otherwise well-educated people "to confess a dislike and misunderstanding of Mathematics as a whole."
Many mathematical ideas were originally illustrated by Java applets, but most were later replaced by GeoGebra applications, also used for material added later. CTK wiki (powered by PmWiki) extends the main site with additional mathematical content, especially that with more complicated formulae than available on the main site.
Book
Cut the Knot: Probability Riddles. Champaign, IL: Wolfram Media, 2020.
Published after Bogomolny's death, with a foreword by his friend Nassim Nicholas Taleb, this book of probability riddles is curated to challenge the mind and expand mathematical and logical thinking skills. First housed on cut-the-knot.org, these puzzles and their solutions represent the efforts of great minds around the world. Bogomolny presented these selected riddles by topical progression.
Personal life
Bogomolny had to leave academia because he had an uncorrectable hearing problem and was practically deaf in latter years.
Tribute
Bogomolny's older son David chronicled his yearlong recitation of kaddish in honor of his father, originally on The Times of Israel blogs, in a series titled, "The skeptic's kaddish for the atheist", consisting of traditional Jewish sources, religious text analysis, modern interpretations and expressions of kaddish, philosophy, theology, eschatology, creative writing, and the personal reflections; memories; and experiences of a son in mourning.
References
^ Cut The Knot!, by Alex Bogomolny Mathematical Association of America
^ a b Interview with Alexander Bogomolny MathTango, March 2, 2014
^ a b Alexander Bogomolny at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
^ "ALEXANDER BOGOMOLNY cv". www.cut-the-knot.org. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
^ a b Linked in: Alexander Bogomolny software developer at CTK Software Development
^ "Alexander Bogomolny, creator of Cut the Knot, has died". 9 July 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
^ "Cut-the-Knot's list of awards". Retrieved 2006-01-18.
^ "Scientific American 2003 Sci/Tech Web Awards: Mathematics". Scientific American. Retrieved 2006-01-18.
^ "Site Visit: Mathematical Wonders". Science. 285 (5424): 7d–7. 1999-07-02. doi:10.1126/science.285.5424.7d. S2CID 220114994.
^ Cut-the-Knot: Proofs of the Pythagorean Theorem
^ Alexander Bogomolny Natural Math.com
^ "Cut-the-Knot's manifesto". Retrieved 2006-01-18.
^ Foreword for Cut the Knot: Probability Riddles by Alexander B.
^ Obituary of Alexander Bogomolny By Gary Ernest Davis in Crikey Math, July 13, 2018
^ "The skeptic's kaddish for the atheist". wordpress.com. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
^ "The skeptic's kaddish for the atheist, 51". timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2019-10-15.
External links
Alexander Bogomolny at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
Math of all types: The problems of Alexander Bogomolny
Cut-the-Knot official website
Authority control databases: Academics
MathSciNet
Mathematics Genealogy Project
zbMATH
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Israeli-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Americans"},{"link_name":"Professor Emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Emeritus"},{"link_name":"University of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Institute_of_Electronics_and_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University"},{"link_name":"Ben Gurion University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Gurion_University"},{"link_name":"arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic"},{"link_name":"probability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability"},{"link_name":"algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"trigonometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry"},{"link_name":"heuristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristics"},{"link_name":"mathematics education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_education"},{"link_name":"Mathematical Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-2"}],"text":"Alexander Bogomolny (January 4, 1948 – July 7, 2018) was a Soviet-born Israeli-American mathematician. He was Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at the University of Iowa, and formerly research fellow at the Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics, senior instructor at Hebrew University and software consultant at Ben Gurion University. He wrote extensively about arithmetic, probability, algebra, geometry, trigonometry and mathematical games.He was known for his contribution to heuristics and mathematics education, creating and maintaining the mathematically themed educational website Cut-the-Knot for the Mathematical Association of America (MAA) Online.[1] He was a pioneer in mathematical education on the internet, having started Cut-the-Knot in October 1996.[2]","title":"Alexander Bogomolny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Moscow State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_State_University"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gene-3"},{"link_name":"Moscow Institute of Electronic Machine Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Institute_of_Electronic_Machine_Building"},{"link_name":"Tiberias, Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberias,_Israel"},{"link_name":"Ben Gurion University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Gurion_University"},{"link_name":"Be’er Sheva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%E2%80%99er_Sheva"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem,_Israel"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"Gregory I. Eskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_I._Eskin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gene-3"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resume-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-2"},{"link_name":"University of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-link-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-link-5"}],"text":"Bogomolny attended Moscow school No. 444, for gifted children, then entered Moscow State University, where he graduated with a master's degree in mathematics in 1971.[3] From 1971 to 1974 he was a junior research fellow at the Moscow Institute of Electronic Machine Building (MIEM). He emigrated to Israel and became a senior programmer at Lake Kinneret Research Laboratory in Tiberias, Israel (1974 – 1977) and a software consultant at Ben Gurion University in Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel (1976 – 1977). From 1976 to 1983 he was a senior instructor and researcher at Hebrew University in Jerusalem. He received his Ph.D. in mathematics at Hebrew University in 1981. His dissertation is titled, A New Numerical Solution for the Stamp Problem and his thesis advisor was Gregory I. Eskin.[3] From 1981 to 1982 he was also a visiting professor at Ohio State University, where he taught mathematics.[4][2]From 1982 to 1987 he was professor of mathematics at the University of Iowa.[5] From August 1987 to August 1991 he was vice president of software development at CompuDoc, Inc.[5]","title":"Education and academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Gordian knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_knot"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bogomolny#endnote_awards_Awards"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"recreational mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_mathematics"},{"link_name":"Apollonian gasket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonian_gasket"},{"link_name":"Napoleon's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"logarithmic spirals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_spiral"},{"link_name":"The Prisoner of Benda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prisoner_of_Benda#The_theorem"},{"link_name":"Pitot theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot_theorem"},{"link_name":"the monkey and the coconuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_monkey_and_the_coconuts"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Java applets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applet"},{"link_name":"GeoGebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoGebra"},{"link_name":"PmWiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PmWiki"}],"text":"Cut-the-Knot (CTK) is a free, advertisement-funded educational website which Bogomolny maintained from 1996 to 2018. It is devoted to popular exposition of various topics in mathematics. The site was designed for teachers, children and parents, and anyone else curious about mathematics, with an eye to educating, encouraging interest, and provoking curiosity.[6] Its name is a reference to the legend of Alexander the Great's solution to the Gordian knot.CTK won more than 20 awards from scientific and educational publications,[7] including a Scientific American Web Award in 2003,[8] the Encyclopædia Britannica's Internet Guide Award,[1] and Science's NetWatch award.[9]The site contains extensive analysis of many of the classic problems in recreational mathematics including the Apollonian gasket, Napoleon's theorem, logarithmic spirals, the \"Futurama Theorem\" from the episode \"The Prisoner of Benda\", the Pitot theorem, and the monkey and the coconuts problem. One page includes 122 proofs of the Pythagorean theorem.[10]Bogomolny wrote a manifesto for CTK in which he said that \"Judging Mathematics by its pragmatic value is like judging symphony by the weight of its score.\"[11] He described the site as \"a resource that would help learn, if not math itself, then, at least, ways to appreciate its beauty,\" and he wondered why it is acceptable among otherwise well-educated people \"to confess a dislike and misunderstanding of Mathematics as a whole.\"[12]Many mathematical ideas were originally illustrated by Java applets, but most were later replaced by GeoGebra applications, also used for material added later. CTK wiki (powered by PmWiki) extends the main site with additional mathematical content, especially that with more complicated formulae than available on the main site.","title":"Cut-the-Knot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wolfram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Research"},{"link_name":"Nassim Nicholas Taleb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Cut the Knot: Probability Riddles. Champaign, IL: Wolfram Media, 2020.Published after Bogomolny's death, with a foreword by his friend Nassim Nicholas Taleb,[13] this book of probability riddles is curated to challenge the mind and expand mathematical and logical thinking skills. First housed on cut-the-knot.org, these puzzles and their solutions represent the efforts of great minds around the world. Bogomolny presented these selected riddles by topical progression.","title":"Book"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"academia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy"},{"link_name":"deaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crikey-14"}],"text":"Bogomolny had to leave academia because he had an uncorrectable hearing problem and was practically deaf in latter years.[14]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kaddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaddish"},{"link_name":"The Times of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Bogomolny's older son David chronicled his yearlong recitation of kaddish in honor of his father, originally on The Times of Israel blogs, in a series titled, \"The skeptic's kaddish for the atheist\", consisting of traditional Jewish sources, religious text analysis, modern interpretations and expressions of kaddish, philosophy, theology, eschatology, creative writing, and the personal reflections; memories; and experiences of a son in mourning.[15][16]","title":"Tribute"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"ALEXANDER BOGOMOLNY cv\". www.cut-the-knot.org. Retrieved 10 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cut-the-knot.org/AcResume.shtml","url_text":"\"ALEXANDER BOGOMOLNY cv\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alexander Bogomolny, creator of Cut the Knot, has died\". 9 July 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://aperiodical.com/2018/07/alexander-bogomolny-creator-of-cut-the-knot-has-died/","url_text":"\"Alexander Bogomolny, creator of Cut the Knot, has died\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cut-the-Knot's list of awards\". Retrieved 2006-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cut-the-knot.org/awards.shtml","url_text":"\"Cut-the-Knot's list of awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scientific American 2003 Sci/Tech Web Awards: Mathematics\". Scientific American. Retrieved 2006-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?articleID=00077DD8-59F2-1ECA-8E1C809EC588EF21","url_text":"\"Scientific American 2003 Sci/Tech Web Awards: Mathematics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American","url_text":"Scientific American"}]},{"reference":"\"Site Visit: Mathematical Wonders\". Science. 285 (5424): 7d–7. 1999-07-02. doi:10.1126/science.285.5424.7d. S2CID 220114994.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.285.5424.7d","url_text":"\"Site Visit: Mathematical Wonders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)","url_text":"Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.285.5424.7d","url_text":"10.1126/science.285.5424.7d"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220114994","url_text":"220114994"}]},{"reference":"\"Cut-the-Knot's manifesto\". Retrieved 2006-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cut-the-knot.org/manifesto/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Cut-the-Knot's manifesto\""}]},{"reference":"\"The skeptic's kaddish for the atheist\". wordpress.com. Retrieved 2020-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://skepticskaddish.com/","url_text":"\"The skeptic's kaddish for the atheist\""}]},{"reference":"\"The skeptic's kaddish for the atheist, 51\". timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2019-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-skeptics-kaddish-for-the-atheist-51/","url_text":"\"The skeptic's kaddish for the atheist, 51\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://cut-the-knot.org/","external_links_name":"cut-the-knot.org"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bogomolny#endnote_awards_Awards","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.maa.org/news/cut-the-knot-by-alex-bogomolny","external_links_name":"Cut The Knot!, by Alex Bogomolny"},{"Link":"https://mathtango.blogspot.com/2014/03/alexander-bogomolny-cut-knot.html","external_links_name":"Interview with Alexander Bogomolny"},{"Link":"https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=81954","external_links_name":"Alexander Bogomolny"},{"Link":"https://www.cut-the-knot.org/AcResume.shtml","external_links_name":"\"ALEXANDER BOGOMOLNY cv\""},{"Link":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/alexanderbogomolnypublic","external_links_name":"Linked in: Alexander Bogomolny"},{"Link":"https://aperiodical.com/2018/07/alexander-bogomolny-creator-of-cut-the-knot-has-died/","external_links_name":"\"Alexander Bogomolny, creator of Cut the Knot, has died\""},{"Link":"http://www.cut-the-knot.org/awards.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Cut-the-Knot's list of awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?articleID=00077DD8-59F2-1ECA-8E1C809EC588EF21","external_links_name":"\"Scientific American 2003 Sci/Tech Web Awards: Mathematics\""},{"Link":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.285.5424.7d","external_links_name":"\"Site Visit: Mathematical Wonders\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.285.5424.7d","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.285.5424.7d"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220114994","external_links_name":"220114994"},{"Link":"https://www.cut-the-knot.org/pythagoras/index.shtml","external_links_name":"Cut-the-Knot: Proofs of the Pythagorean Theorem"},{"Link":"https://naturalmath.com/mathfuture/eventslist/4371/cut-the-knot.html","external_links_name":"Alexander Bogomolny"},{"Link":"http://www.cut-the-knot.org/manifesto/index.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Cut-the-Knot's manifesto\""},{"Link":"https://medium.com/incerto/maestro-bogomolny-8498f08c0f0c","external_links_name":"Foreword for Cut the Knot: Probability Riddles by Alexander B."},{"Link":"https://www.gaussianos.com/ha-muerto-alexander-bogomolny-creador-de-cut-the-knot/","external_links_name":"Obituary of Alexander Bogomolny"},{"Link":"https://skepticskaddish.com/","external_links_name":"\"The skeptic's kaddish for the atheist\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-skeptics-kaddish-for-the-atheist-51/","external_links_name":"\"The skeptic's kaddish for the atheist, 51\""},{"Link":"https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=81954","external_links_name":"Alexander Bogomolny"},{"Link":"https://plus.google.com/collection/QnvHpB","external_links_name":"Math of all types: The problems of Alexander Bogomolny"},{"Link":"http://cut-the-knot.org/","external_links_name":"Cut-the-Knot official website"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/38660","external_links_name":"MathSciNet"},{"Link":"https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=81954","external_links_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:bogomolny.alexander","external_links_name":"zbMATH"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_Security_Agency_(Singapore)
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Cyber Security Agency
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["1 History and overview","2 Singapore's Cybersecurity Strategy","2.1 Cutting off internet access","3 Singapore's Cybersecurity Programmes","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Singaporean government agency
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cyber Security Agency" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Cyber Security Agency of SingaporeAgency overviewFormed1 April 2015; 9 years ago (2015-04-01)JurisdictionGovernment of SingaporeHeadquarters5 Maxwell Road, #03-00, Tower Block, MND Complex, Singapore 069110Minister responsibleJosephine Teo, (Minister In Charge for Cyber Security) Minister of Communications and Information and Second Minister for Home AffairsAgency executiveDavid Koh, Commissioner of Cybersecurity and Chief ExecutiveParent agencyPrime Minister's Office (de jure)Ministry of Communications and Information (de facto)Websitecsa.gov.sg
The Cyber Security Agency (CSA) is a government agency under the Prime Minister's Office, but is managed by the Ministry of Communications and Information of the Government of Singapore. It provides centralised oversight of national cyber security functions and works with sector leads to protect Singapore's Critical Information Infrastructure (CII), such as the energy and banking sectors. Formed on 1 April 2015, the agency also engages with various industries and stakeholders to heighten cyber security awareness as well as to ensure the development of Singapore's cyber security. It is headed by the Commissioner of Cybersecurity, David Koh.
History and overview
The Cyber Security Agency took over the functions previously carried out by the Singapore Infocomm Technology Security Authority (SITSA), under the Ministry of Home Affairs. SITSA was set up in 2009 as the national specialist authority overseeing operational IT security.
The CSA also took over some roles undertaken by the then-Infocomm Development of Authority (IDA) such as the Singapore Cyber Emergency Response Team (SingCERT), which facilitates the detection, resolution and prevention of security-related incidents on the Internet.
The agency builds upon the government's cyber security capabilities, which include strategy and policy development, cyber security operations, industry development and outreach; as well as public communications and engagement.
It has organised events such as the Singapore International Cyber Week (SICW) in 2016, with over 5,000 attendees from close to 50 countries. The SICW also saw the launch of Singapore's Cybersecurity Strategy.
In 2017, the second edition of the SICW was held from 18 to 21 September 2017. It also hosted the 2nd ASEAN Ministerial Conference on Cybersecurity.
Singapore's Cybersecurity Strategy
In October 2016, then-Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong launched Singapore's Cybersecurity Strategy with the aim to create a resilient and trusted cyber environment for Singapore. Four pillars underpinned the strategy:
Building a Resilient Infrastructure
Creating a Safer Cyberspace
Developing a Vibrant Cybersecurity Ecosystem
Strengthening International Partnerships
Singapore's revised goals were outlined in the Singapore Cybersecurity Strategy 2021. As a result, Singapore's cybersecurity plan, which was originally implemented in 2016, was reviewed and updated.
Cutting off internet access
In 2016, as part of Singapore's Cybersecurity Strategy, it was announced that internet access of civil servants' work stations will be cut-off. David Koh, chief executive of the then-newly formed agency, said officials realised there was too much data to secure and "there is no way to secure this because the attack surface is like a building with a zillion windows, doors, fire escapes".
Security experts commented that the move may only raise the defense against cyber attacks slightly but risk damaging the productivity of civil servants and those working at more than four dozen statutory boards, and cutting them off from the people they serve.
Singapore's Cybersecurity Programmes
Singapore Cyber Security Agency has launched various programmes to support its strategy, including:
CSA Common Criteria
CSAT Programme
Cybersecurity Labelling Scheme
Cybersecurity Career Mentoring Programme
Cybersecurity Co-innovation and Development Fund
ICE71
PSG Cybersecurity Solutions
SG Cyber Safe Seniors
SG Cyber Safe Students
SG Cyber Talent. These initiatives include:
Cyber Security Associates and Technologists (CSAT) programme with Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA);
Cybersecurity Career Mentoring programme with the Singapore Computer Society (SCS);
SG Cyber Women initiative;
SG Cyber Educators Programme; and
SG Cyber Youth Programme.
SG Cyber Safe Programme.
Singapore’s Cyber Security Agency launched a new cyber security certification scheme recognizing organisations with good cyber security practices at the end of March 2022.
See also
National Cyber Security Centre
Government Technology Agency (GovTech)
References
^ "Singapore's Cybersecurity Act to be reviewed, could include non-critical information infrastructure". 4 March 2022.
^ Auto, Hermes (4 March 2022). "Budget debate: Widely used services, apps soon to comply with govt cyber-security rules | The Straits Times". www.straitstimes.com.
^ "Senior leaders have key role in cyber security: Commissioner". The Straits Times. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
^ Lin, Cheryl (23 April 2021). "Cabinet reshuffle: Josephine Teo to head Smart Nation Initiative; new roles for political office holders". CNA. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
^ "Singapore Encouraging Women to Work in Cybersecurity Industry - OpenGov Asia". 25 March 2022.
^ "SG Cyber Talent Development Fund to launch this month: MCI Minister Josephine Teo". 14 January 2022.
^ "Singapore government patching systems after alert on 'critical' Log4j software vulnerability". CNA.
^ "Inaugural Singapore International Cyber Week 2016" (PDF). www.nas.gov.sg. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
^ "Joint Call on Acting Prime Minister Teo Chee Hean by Participants of the 2nd ASEAN Ministerial Conference on Cybersecurity" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 January 2022.
^ "The Singapore Cybersecurity Strategy 2021". Archived from the original on 5 October 2021.
^ a b "Singapore to cut off public servants from the internet". The Guardian. 24 August 2016 – via www.theguardian.com.
^ "Programs". Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
^ "Cybersecurity Labelling Scheme (CLS)". Archived from the original on 7 October 2020.
^ "Parliament: Singapore to start first cyber-security start-up hub". The Straits Times.
^ "SG Cyber Talent". Archived from the original on 10 August 2020.
^ "SG Cyber Women". Archived from the original on 28 September 2020.
^ "SG Cyber Women X ICE71: Start-up Women in Cybersecurity".
^ "SG Cyber Safe Programme". Archived from the original on 20 October 2021.
^ "Singapore rolls out cyber security certification scheme". ComputerWeekly.com.
^ "Singapore Introduces Cybersecurity Certification Programme". April 2022.
^ "Singaporean cybersecurity agency launches certification scheme for businesses". The Daily Swig | Cybersecurity news and views. 5 April 2022.
^ "Benefits of CSA Cyber Essentials Certification in Singapore". Oryon. 15 January 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
External links
Official website
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"government agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister's Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Communications and Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information"},{"link_name":"Government of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"cyber security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_security"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Cyber Security Agency (CSA) is a government agency under the Prime Minister's Office, but is managed by the Ministry of Communications and Information of the Government of Singapore. It provides centralised oversight of national cyber security functions and works with sector leads to protect Singapore's Critical Information Infrastructure (CII), such as the energy and banking sectors.[1][2] Formed on 1 April 2015, the agency also engages with various industries and stakeholders to heighten cyber security awareness as well as to ensure the development of Singapore's cyber security. It is headed by the Commissioner of Cybersecurity, David Koh.[3][4][5][6][7]","title":"Cyber Security Agency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"Infocomm Development of Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infocomm_Development_Authority_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Cyber Emergency Response Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Emergency_Response_Team"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Cyber Security Agency took over the functions previously carried out by the Singapore Infocomm Technology Security Authority (SITSA), under the Ministry of Home Affairs. SITSA was set up in 2009 as the national specialist authority overseeing operational IT security.The CSA also took over some roles undertaken by the then-Infocomm Development of Authority (IDA) such as the Singapore Cyber Emergency Response Team (SingCERT), which facilitates the detection, resolution and prevention of security-related incidents on the Internet.The agency builds upon the government's cyber security capabilities, which include strategy and policy development, cyber security operations, industry development and outreach; as well as public communications and engagement.It has organised events such as the Singapore International Cyber Week (SICW) in 2016, with over 5,000 attendees from close to 50 countries. The SICW also saw the launch of Singapore's Cybersecurity Strategy.[8]In 2017, the second edition of the SICW was held from 18 to 21 September 2017. It also hosted the 2nd ASEAN Ministerial Conference on Cybersecurity.[9]","title":"History and overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee Hsien Loong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In October 2016, then-Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong launched Singapore's Cybersecurity Strategy with the aim to create a resilient and trusted cyber environment for Singapore. Four pillars underpinned the strategy:Building a Resilient Infrastructure\nCreating a Safer Cyberspace\nDeveloping a Vibrant Cybersecurity Ecosystem\nStrengthening International PartnershipsSingapore's revised goals were outlined in the Singapore Cybersecurity Strategy 2021.[10] As a result, Singapore's cybersecurity plan, which was originally implemented in 2016, was reviewed and updated.","title":"Singapore's Cybersecurity Strategy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-11"}],"sub_title":"Cutting off internet access","text":"In 2016, as part of Singapore's Cybersecurity Strategy, it was announced that internet access of civil servants' work stations will be cut-off. David Koh, chief executive of the then-newly formed agency, said officials realised there was too much data to secure and \"there is no way to secure this because the attack surface is like a building with a zillion windows, doors, fire escapes\".[11]Security experts commented that the move may only raise the defense against cyber attacks slightly but risk damaging the productivity of civil servants and those working at more than four dozen statutory boards, and cutting them off from the people they serve.[11]","title":"Singapore's Cybersecurity Strategy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Common Criteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Criteria_Evaluation_and_Validation_Scheme"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Singapore Cyber Security Agency has launched various programmes to support its strategy, including:[12]CSA Common Criteria\nCSAT Programme\nCybersecurity Labelling Scheme [13]\nCybersecurity Career Mentoring Programme\nCybersecurity Co-innovation and Development Fund\nICE71[14]\nPSG Cybersecurity Solutions\nSG Cyber Safe Seniors\nSG Cyber Safe Students\nSG Cyber Talent.[15] These initiatives include:\nCyber Security Associates and Technologists (CSAT) programme with Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA);\nCybersecurity Career Mentoring programme with the Singapore Computer Society (SCS);\nSG Cyber Women initiative;[16][17]\nSG Cyber Educators Programme; and\nSG Cyber Youth Programme.\nSG Cyber Safe Programme.[18]Singapore’s Cyber Security Agency launched a new cyber security certification scheme recognizing organisations with good cyber security practices at the end of March 2022. [19][20][21][22]","title":"Singapore's Cybersecurity Programmes"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"National Cyber Security Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cyber_Security_Centre_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Government Technology Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Technology_Agency"}]
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Retrieved 8 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/senior-leaders-have-key-role-in-cyber-security-commissioner","url_text":"\"Senior leaders have key role in cyber security: Commissioner\""}]},{"reference":"Lin, Cheryl (23 April 2021). \"Cabinet reshuffle: Josephine Teo to head Smart Nation Initiative; new roles for political office holders\". CNA. Retrieved 28 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/cabinet-reshuffle-josephine-teo-head-smart-nation-new-14679076","url_text":"\"Cabinet reshuffle: Josephine Teo to head Smart Nation Initiative; new roles for political office holders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Singapore Encouraging Women to Work in Cybersecurity Industry - OpenGov Asia\". 25 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://opengovasia.com/singapore-encouraging-women-to-work-in-cybersecurity-industry/","url_text":"\"Singapore Encouraging Women to Work in Cybersecurity Industry - OpenGov Asia\""}]},{"reference":"\"SG Cyber Talent Development Fund to launch this month: MCI Minister Josephine Teo\". 14 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/technology/sg-cyber-talent-development-fund-to-launch-this-month-mci-minister-josephine-teo","url_text":"\"SG Cyber Talent Development Fund to launch this month: MCI Minister Josephine Teo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Singapore government patching systems after alert on 'critical' Log4j software vulnerability\". CNA.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/log4j-vulnerability-csa-raises-alert-patch-systems-cybersecurity-2386496","url_text":"\"Singapore government patching systems after alert on 'critical' Log4j software vulnerability\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inaugural Singapore International Cyber Week 2016\" (PDF). www.nas.gov.sg. Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/20160927002/Press%20release%20-%20Singapore%20International%20Cyber%20Week%202016_27%20Sep%202016.pdf","url_text":"\"Inaugural Singapore International Cyber Week 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joint Call on Acting Prime Minister Teo Chee Hean by Participants of the 2nd ASEAN Ministerial Conference on Cybersecurity\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/data/pdfdoc/20170919015/Joint%20Call%20on%20Acting%20Prime%20Minister%20Teo%20Chee%20Hean%20by%20Participants%20of%20the%202nd%20ASEAN%20Ministerial%20Conference%20on%20Cybersecurity.pdf","url_text":"\"Joint Call on Acting Prime Minister Teo Chee Hean by Participants of the 2nd ASEAN Ministerial Conference on Cybersecurity\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220105071212/https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/data/pdfdoc/20170919015/Joint%20Call%20on%20Acting%20Prime%20Minister%20Teo%20Chee%20Hean%20by%20Participants%20of%20the%202nd%20ASEAN%20Ministerial%20Conference%20on%20Cybersecurity.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Singapore Cybersecurity Strategy 2021\". Archived from the original on 5 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csa.gov.sg/News/Publications/singapore-cybersecurity-strategy-2021","url_text":"\"The Singapore Cybersecurity Strategy 2021\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211005135241/https://www.csa.gov.sg/News/Publications/singapore-cybersecurity-strategy-2021","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Singapore to cut off public servants from the internet\". The Guardian. 24 August 2016 – via www.theguardian.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/aug/24/singapore-to-cut-off-public-servants-from-the-internet","url_text":"\"Singapore to cut off public servants from the internet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Programs\". Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211023051018/https://www.csa.gov.sg/Programmes/csa-common-criteria/about","url_text":"\"Programs\""},{"url":"https://www.csa.gov.sg/Programmes/csa-common-criteria/about","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cybersecurity Labelling Scheme (CLS)\". Archived from the original on 7 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csa.gov.sg/Programmes/cybersecurity-labelling/about-cls","url_text":"\"Cybersecurity Labelling Scheme (CLS)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201007081315/https://www.csa.gov.sg/programmes/cybersecurity-labelling/about-cls","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Parliament: Singapore to start first cyber-security start-up hub\". The Straits Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/parliament-singapore-to-start-first-cyber-security-start-up-hub","url_text":"\"Parliament: Singapore to start first cyber-security start-up hub\""}]},{"reference":"\"SG Cyber Talent\". Archived from the original on 10 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csa.gov.sg/Programmes/SGCyberTalent/About","url_text":"\"SG Cyber Talent\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200810110430/https://www.csa.gov.sg/programmes/sgcybertalent/about","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SG Cyber Women\". Archived from the original on 28 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csa.gov.sg/Programmes/SGCyberTalent/SGCyberWomen","url_text":"\"SG Cyber Women\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200928100820/https://www.csa.gov.sg/programmes/sgcybertalent/sgcyberwomen","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SG Cyber Women X ICE71: Start-up Women in Cybersecurity\".","urls":[{"url":"https://enterprise.nus.edu.sg/event/sg-cyber-women-x-ice71-start-up-women-in-cybersecurity/","url_text":"\"SG Cyber Women X ICE71: Start-up Women in Cybersecurity\""}]},{"reference":"\"SG Cyber Safe Programme\". Archived from the original on 20 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csa.gov.sg/Programmes/sgcybersafe/about","url_text":"\"SG Cyber Safe Programme\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211020063535/https://www.csa.gov.sg/Programmes/sgcybersafe/about","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Singapore rolls out cyber security certification scheme\". ComputerWeekly.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252515222/Singapore-rolls-out-cyber-security-certification-scheme","url_text":"\"Singapore rolls out cyber security certification scheme\""}]},{"reference":"\"Singapore Introduces Cybersecurity Certification Programme\". April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://opengovasia.com/singapore-introduces-cybersecurity-certification-programme/","url_text":"\"Singapore Introduces Cybersecurity Certification Programme\""}]},{"reference":"\"Singaporean cybersecurity agency launches certification scheme for businesses\". The Daily Swig | Cybersecurity news and views. 5 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/singaporean-cybersecurity-agency-launches-certification-scheme-for-businesses","url_text":"\"Singaporean cybersecurity agency launches certification scheme for businesses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benefits of CSA Cyber Essentials Certification in Singapore\". Oryon. 15 January 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oryon.net/blog/csa-cyber-essentials/","url_text":"\"Benefits of CSA Cyber Essentials Certification in Singapore\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cyber+Security+Agency%22","external_links_name":"\"Cyber Security Agency\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cyber+Security+Agency%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cyber+Security+Agency%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cyber+Security+Agency%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cyber+Security+Agency%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cyber+Security+Agency%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://csa.gov.sg/","external_links_name":"csa.gov.sg"},{"Link":"https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/singapores-cybersecurity-act-to-be-reviewed-could-include-non-critical","external_links_name":"\"Singapore's Cybersecurity Act to be reviewed, could include non-critical information infrastructure\""},{"Link":"https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/budget-debate-widely-used-services-apps-soon-to-comply-with-govt-cyber-security-rules","external_links_name":"\"Budget debate: Widely used services, apps soon to comply with govt cyber-security rules | The Straits Times\""},{"Link":"https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/senior-leaders-have-key-role-in-cyber-security-commissioner","external_links_name":"\"Senior leaders have key role in cyber security: Commissioner\""},{"Link":"https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/cabinet-reshuffle-josephine-teo-head-smart-nation-new-14679076","external_links_name":"\"Cabinet reshuffle: Josephine Teo to head Smart Nation Initiative; new roles for political office holders\""},{"Link":"https://opengovasia.com/singapore-encouraging-women-to-work-in-cybersecurity-industry/","external_links_name":"\"Singapore Encouraging Women to Work in Cybersecurity Industry - OpenGov Asia\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/technology/sg-cyber-talent-development-fund-to-launch-this-month-mci-minister-josephine-teo","external_links_name":"\"SG Cyber Talent Development Fund to launch this month: MCI Minister Josephine Teo\""},{"Link":"https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/log4j-vulnerability-csa-raises-alert-patch-systems-cybersecurity-2386496","external_links_name":"\"Singapore government patching systems after alert on 'critical' Log4j software vulnerability\""},{"Link":"https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/20160927002/Press%20release%20-%20Singapore%20International%20Cyber%20Week%202016_27%20Sep%202016.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Inaugural Singapore International Cyber Week 2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/data/pdfdoc/20170919015/Joint%20Call%20on%20Acting%20Prime%20Minister%20Teo%20Chee%20Hean%20by%20Participants%20of%20the%202nd%20ASEAN%20Ministerial%20Conference%20on%20Cybersecurity.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Joint Call on Acting Prime Minister Teo Chee Hean by Participants of the 2nd ASEAN Ministerial Conference on Cybersecurity\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220105071212/https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/data/pdfdoc/20170919015/Joint%20Call%20on%20Acting%20Prime%20Minister%20Teo%20Chee%20Hean%20by%20Participants%20of%20the%202nd%20ASEAN%20Ministerial%20Conference%20on%20Cybersecurity.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.csa.gov.sg/News/Publications/singapore-cybersecurity-strategy-2021","external_links_name":"\"The Singapore Cybersecurity Strategy 2021\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211005135241/https://www.csa.gov.sg/News/Publications/singapore-cybersecurity-strategy-2021","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/aug/24/singapore-to-cut-off-public-servants-from-the-internet","external_links_name":"\"Singapore to cut off public servants from the internet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211023051018/https://www.csa.gov.sg/Programmes/csa-common-criteria/about","external_links_name":"\"Programs\""},{"Link":"https://www.csa.gov.sg/Programmes/csa-common-criteria/about","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.csa.gov.sg/Programmes/cybersecurity-labelling/about-cls","external_links_name":"\"Cybersecurity Labelling Scheme (CLS)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201007081315/https://www.csa.gov.sg/programmes/cybersecurity-labelling/about-cls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/parliament-singapore-to-start-first-cyber-security-start-up-hub","external_links_name":"\"Parliament: Singapore to start first cyber-security start-up hub\""},{"Link":"https://www.csa.gov.sg/Programmes/SGCyberTalent/About","external_links_name":"\"SG Cyber Talent\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200810110430/https://www.csa.gov.sg/programmes/sgcybertalent/about","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.csa.gov.sg/Programmes/SGCyberTalent/SGCyberWomen","external_links_name":"\"SG Cyber Women\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200928100820/https://www.csa.gov.sg/programmes/sgcybertalent/sgcyberwomen","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://enterprise.nus.edu.sg/event/sg-cyber-women-x-ice71-start-up-women-in-cybersecurity/","external_links_name":"\"SG Cyber Women X ICE71: Start-up Women in Cybersecurity\""},{"Link":"https://www.csa.gov.sg/Programmes/sgcybersafe/about","external_links_name":"\"SG Cyber Safe Programme\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211020063535/https://www.csa.gov.sg/Programmes/sgcybersafe/about","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252515222/Singapore-rolls-out-cyber-security-certification-scheme","external_links_name":"\"Singapore rolls out cyber security certification scheme\""},{"Link":"https://opengovasia.com/singapore-introduces-cybersecurity-certification-programme/","external_links_name":"\"Singapore Introduces Cybersecurity Certification Programme\""},{"Link":"https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/singaporean-cybersecurity-agency-launches-certification-scheme-for-businesses","external_links_name":"\"Singaporean cybersecurity agency launches certification scheme for businesses\""},{"Link":"https://www.oryon.net/blog/csa-cyber-essentials/","external_links_name":"\"Benefits of CSA Cyber Essentials Certification in Singapore\""},{"Link":"https://www.csa.gov.sg/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_per_instruction
|
Cycles per instruction
|
["1 Definition","2 Explanation","3 Examples","3.1 Example 1","3.2 Example 2","4 See also","5 References"]
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The average number of clock cycles per instruction
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In computer architecture, cycles per instruction (aka clock cycles per instruction, clocks per instruction, or CPI) is one aspect of a processor's performance: the average number of clock cycles per instruction for a program or program fragment. It is the multiplicative inverse of instructions per cycle.
Definition
The average of Cycles Per Instruction in a given process (CPI) is defined by the following weighted average:
C
P
I
:=
Σ
i
(
I
C
i
)
(
C
C
i
)
I
C
=
Σ
i
(
I
C
i
⋅
C
C
i
)
Σ
i
(
I
C
i
)
{\displaystyle \mathrm {CPI} :={\frac {\Sigma _{i}(\mathrm {IC} _{i})(\mathrm {CC} _{i})}{\mathrm {IC} }}={\frac {\Sigma _{i}(\mathrm {IC} _{i}\cdot \mathrm {CC} _{i})}{\Sigma _{i}(\mathrm {IC} _{i})}}}
Where
I
C
i
{\displaystyle \mathrm {IC} _{i}}
is the number of instructions for a given instruction type
i
{\displaystyle i}
,
C
C
i
{\displaystyle \mathrm {CC} _{i}}
is the clock-cycles for that instruction type and
I
C
=
Σ
i
(
I
C
i
)
{\displaystyle \mathrm {IC} =\Sigma _{i}(\mathrm {IC} _{i})}
is the total instruction count. The summation sums over all instruction types for a given benchmarking process.
Explanation
Let us assume a classic RISC pipeline, with the following five stages:
Instruction fetch cycle (IF).
Instruction decode/Register fetch cycle (ID).
Execution/Effective address cycle (EX).
Memory access (MEM).
Write-back cycle (WB).
Each stage requires one clock cycle and an instruction passes through the stages sequentially. Without pipelining, in a multi-cycle processor, a new instruction is fetched in stage 1 only after the previous instruction finishes at stage 5, therefore the number of clock cycles it takes to execute an instruction is five (CPI = 5 > 1). In this case, the processor is said to be subscalar. With pipelining, a new instruction is fetched every clock cycle by exploiting instruction-level parallelism, therefore, since one could theoretically have five instructions in the five pipeline stages at once (one instruction per stage), a different instruction would complete stage 5 in every clock cycle and on average the number of clock cycles it takes to execute an instruction is 1 (CPI = 1). In this case, the processor is said to be scalar.
With a single-execution-unit processor, the best CPI attainable is 1. However, with a multiple-execution-unit processor, one may achieve even better CPI values (CPI < 1). In this case, the processor is said to be superscalar. To get better CPI values without pipelining, the number of execution units must be greater than the number of stages. For example, with six executions units, six new instructions are fetched in stage 1 only after the six previous instructions finish at stage 5, therefore on average the number of clock cycles it takes to execute an instruction is 5/6 (CPI = 5/6 < 1). To get better CPI values with pipelining, there must be at least two execution units. For example, with two executions units, two new instructions are fetched every clock cycle by exploiting instruction-level parallelism, therefore two different instructions would complete stage 5 in every clock cycle and on average the number of clock cycles it takes to execute an instruction is 1/2 (CPI = 1/2 < 1).
Examples
Example 1
For the multi-cycle MIPS, there are five types of instructions:
Load (5 cycles)
Store (4 cycles)
R-type (4 cycles)
Branch (3 cycles)
Jump (3 cycles)
If a program has:
50% load instructions
25% store instructions
15% R-type instructions
8% branch instructions
2% jump instructions
then, the CPI is:
CPI
=
5
×
50
+
4
×
25
+
4
×
15
+
3
×
8
+
3
×
2
100
=
4.4
{\displaystyle {\text{CPI}}={\frac {5\times 50+4\times 25+4\times 15+3\times 8+3\times 2}{100}}=4.4}
Example 2
A 400MHz processor was used to execute a benchmark program with the following instruction mix and clock cycle count:
Instruction TYPE
Instruction count
Clock cycle count
Integer Arithmetic
45000
1
Data transfer
32000
2
Floating point
15000
2
Control transfer
8000
2
Determine the effective CPI, MIPS (Millions of instructions per second) rate, and execution time for this program.
CPI
=
45000
×
1
+
32000
×
2
+
15000
×
2
+
8000
×
2
100000
=
155000
100000
=
1.55
{\displaystyle {\text{CPI}}={\frac {45000\times 1+32000\times 2+15000\times 2+8000\times 2}{100000}}={\frac {155000}{100000}}=1.55}
400
MHz
=
400
,
000
,
000
Hz
{\displaystyle 400\,{\text{MHz}}=400,000,000\,{\text{Hz}}}
since:
MIPS
∝
1
/
CPI
{\displaystyle {\text{MIPS}}\propto 1/{\text{CPI}}}
and
MIPS
∝
clock frequency
{\displaystyle {\text{MIPS}}\propto {\text{clock frequency}}}
Effective processor performance
=
MIPS
=
clock frequency
CPI
×
1
1 Million
{\displaystyle {\text{Effective processor performance}}={\text{MIPS}}={\frac {\text{clock frequency}}{\text{CPI}}}\times {\frac {1}{\text{1 Million}}}}
=
400
,
000
,
000
1.55
×
1000000
=
400
1.55
=
258
MIPS
{\displaystyle ={\frac {400,000,000}{1.55\times 1000000}}={\frac {400}{1.55}}=258\,{\text{MIPS}}}
Therefore:
Execution time
(
T
)
=
CPI
×
Instruction count
×
clock time
=
CPI
×
Instruction Count
frequency
{\displaystyle {\text{Execution time}}(T)={\text{CPI}}\times {\text{Instruction count}}\times {\text{clock time}}={\frac {{\text{CPI}}\times {\text{Instruction Count}}}{\text{frequency}}}}
=
1.55
×
100000
400
×
1000000
=
1.55
4000
=
0.0003875
sec
=
0.3875
ms
{\displaystyle ={\frac {1.55\times 100000}{400\times 1000000}}={\frac {1.55}{4000}}=0.0003875\,{\text{sec}}=0.3875\,{\text{ms}}}
See also
Cycle per second (Hz)
Instructions per cycle (IPC)
Instructions per second (IPS)
Megahertz myth
MIPS
The benchmark article provides a useful introduction to computer performance measurement for those readers interested in the topic.
References
^ Patterson, David A.; Hennessy, John L. (1994). Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface. ISBN 9781558602816.
^ Advanced Computer Architecture by Kai Hwang, Chapter 1, Exercise Problem 1.1
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture"},{"link_name":"processor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"clock cycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_cycle"},{"link_name":"instruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"multiplicative inverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_inverse"},{"link_name":"instructions per cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructions_per_cycle"}],"text":"In computer architecture, cycles per instruction (aka clock cycles per instruction, clocks per instruction, or CPI) is one aspect of a processor's performance: the average number of clock cycles per instruction for a program or program fragment.[1] It is the multiplicative inverse of instructions per cycle.","title":"Cycles per instruction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"weighted average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean"}],"text":"The average of Cycles Per Instruction in a given process (CPI) is defined by the following weighted average:C\n P\n I\n \n :=\n \n \n \n \n Σ\n \n i\n \n \n (\n \n \n I\n C\n \n \n i\n \n \n )\n (\n \n \n C\n C\n \n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n I\n C\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n Σ\n \n i\n \n \n (\n \n \n I\n C\n \n \n i\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n C\n C\n \n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n Σ\n \n i\n \n \n (\n \n \n I\n C\n \n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {CPI} :={\\frac {\\Sigma _{i}(\\mathrm {IC} _{i})(\\mathrm {CC} _{i})}{\\mathrm {IC} }}={\\frac {\\Sigma _{i}(\\mathrm {IC} _{i}\\cdot \\mathrm {CC} _{i})}{\\Sigma _{i}(\\mathrm {IC} _{i})}}}Where \n \n \n \n \n \n I\n C\n \n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {IC} _{i}}\n \n is the number of instructions for a given instruction type \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n C\n \n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {CC} _{i}}\n \n is the clock-cycles for that instruction type and \n \n \n \n \n I\n C\n \n =\n \n Σ\n \n i\n \n \n (\n \n \n I\n C\n \n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {IC} =\\Sigma _{i}(\\mathrm {IC} _{i})}\n \n is the total instruction count. The summation sums over all instruction types for a given benchmarking process.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"classic RISC pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_RISC_pipeline"},{"link_name":"pipelining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_pipelining"},{"link_name":"multi-cycle processor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-cycle_processor"},{"link_name":"instruction-level parallelism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelism"},{"link_name":"execution-unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_unit"},{"link_name":"superscalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalar"}],"text":"Let us assume a classic RISC pipeline, with the following five stages:Instruction fetch cycle (IF).\nInstruction decode/Register fetch cycle (ID).\nExecution/Effective address cycle (EX).\nMemory access (MEM).\nWrite-back cycle (WB).Each stage requires one clock cycle and an instruction passes through the stages sequentially. Without pipelining, in a multi-cycle processor, a new instruction is fetched in stage 1 only after the previous instruction finishes at stage 5, therefore the number of clock cycles it takes to execute an instruction is five (CPI = 5 > 1). In this case, the processor is said to be subscalar. With pipelining, a new instruction is fetched every clock cycle by exploiting instruction-level parallelism, therefore, since one could theoretically have five instructions in the five pipeline stages at once (one instruction per stage), a different instruction would complete stage 5 in every clock cycle and on average the number of clock cycles it takes to execute an instruction is 1 (CPI = 1). In this case, the processor is said to be scalar.With a single-execution-unit processor, the best CPI attainable is 1. However, with a multiple-execution-unit processor, one may achieve even better CPI values (CPI < 1). In this case, the processor is said to be superscalar. To get better CPI values without pipelining, the number of execution units must be greater than the number of stages. For example, with six executions units, six new instructions are fetched in stage 1 only after the six previous instructions finish at stage 5, therefore on average the number of clock cycles it takes to execute an instruction is 5/6 (CPI = 5/6 < 1). To get better CPI values with pipelining, there must be at least two execution units. For example, with two executions units, two new instructions are fetched every clock cycle by exploiting instruction-level parallelism, therefore two different instructions would complete stage 5 in every clock cycle and on average the number of clock cycles it takes to execute an instruction is 1/2 (CPI = 1/2 < 1).","title":"Explanation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MIPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture"},{"link_name":"R-type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture#MIPS_assembly_language"},{"link_name":"Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture#MIPS_assembly_language"},{"link_name":"Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture#MIPS_assembly_language"}],"sub_title":"Example 1","text":"For the multi-cycle MIPS, there are five types of instructions:Load (5 cycles)\nStore (4 cycles)\nR-type (4 cycles)\nBranch (3 cycles)\nJump (3 cycles)If a program has:50% load instructions\n25% store instructions\n15% R-type instructions\n8% branch instructions\n2% jump instructionsthen, the CPI is:CPI\n \n =\n \n \n \n 5\n ×\n 50\n +\n 4\n ×\n 25\n +\n 4\n ×\n 15\n +\n 3\n ×\n 8\n +\n 3\n ×\n 2\n \n 100\n \n \n =\n 4.4\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{CPI}}={\\frac {5\\times 50+4\\times 25+4\\times 15+3\\times 8+3\\times 2}{100}}=4.4}","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHz"},{"link_name":"benchmark program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchmark_program"},{"link_name":"instruction mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instruction_mix&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"clock cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_cycle"},{"link_name":"MIPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructions_per_second#Million_instructions_per_second"}],"sub_title":"Example 2","text":"[2] A 400MHz processor was used to execute a benchmark program with the following instruction mix and clock cycle count:Determine the effective CPI, MIPS (Millions of instructions per second) rate, and execution time for this program.CPI\n \n =\n \n \n \n 45000\n ×\n 1\n +\n 32000\n ×\n 2\n +\n 15000\n ×\n 2\n +\n 8000\n ×\n 2\n \n 100000\n \n \n =\n \n \n 155000\n 100000\n \n \n =\n 1.55\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{CPI}}={\\frac {45000\\times 1+32000\\times 2+15000\\times 2+8000\\times 2}{100000}}={\\frac {155000}{100000}}=1.55}400\n \n \n MHz\n \n =\n 400\n ,\n 000\n ,\n 000\n \n \n Hz\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 400\\,{\\text{MHz}}=400,000,000\\,{\\text{Hz}}}since: \n \n \n \n \n MIPS\n \n ∝\n 1\n \n /\n \n \n CPI\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{MIPS}}\\propto 1/{\\text{CPI}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n MIPS\n \n ∝\n \n clock frequency\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{MIPS}}\\propto {\\text{clock frequency}}}Effective processor performance\n \n =\n \n MIPS\n \n =\n \n \n clock frequency\n CPI\n \n \n ×\n \n \n 1\n 1 Million\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{Effective processor performance}}={\\text{MIPS}}={\\frac {\\text{clock frequency}}{\\text{CPI}}}\\times {\\frac {1}{\\text{1 Million}}}}\n \n\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 400\n ,\n 000\n ,\n 000\n \n \n 1.55\n ×\n 1000000\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 400\n 1.55\n \n \n =\n 258\n \n \n MIPS\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle ={\\frac {400,000,000}{1.55\\times 1000000}}={\\frac {400}{1.55}}=258\\,{\\text{MIPS}}}Therefore:Execution time\n \n (\n T\n )\n =\n \n CPI\n \n ×\n \n Instruction count\n \n ×\n \n clock time\n \n =\n \n \n \n \n CPI\n \n ×\n \n Instruction Count\n \n \n frequency\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{Execution time}}(T)={\\text{CPI}}\\times {\\text{Instruction count}}\\times {\\text{clock time}}={\\frac {{\\text{CPI}}\\times {\\text{Instruction Count}}}{\\text{frequency}}}}\n \n\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 1.55\n ×\n 100000\n \n \n 400\n ×\n 1000000\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1.55\n 4000\n \n \n =\n 0.0003875\n \n \n sec\n \n =\n 0.3875\n \n \n ms\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle ={\\frac {1.55\\times 100000}{400\\times 1000000}}={\\frac {1.55}{4000}}=0.0003875\\,{\\text{sec}}=0.3875\\,{\\text{ms}}}","title":"Examples"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Cycle per second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_per_second"},{"title":"Hz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"title":"Instructions per cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructions_per_cycle"},{"title":"Instructions per second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructions_per_second"},{"title":"Megahertz myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megahertz_myth"},{"title":"MIPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_instructions_per_second"},{"title":"benchmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchmark_(computing)"}]
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[{"reference":"Patterson, David A.; Hennessy, John L. (1994). Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface. ISBN 9781558602816.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/computerorganiza00henn","url_text":"Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558602816","url_text":"9781558602816"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_Internet
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Broadband
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["1 Overview","2 Differences from old telephony","2.1 Multi-media","2.2 Multi-point","2.3 Multi-rate","3 A single network for multiple services","4 Broadband technologies","4.1 Telecommunications","4.2 Requirements of the types of traffic","4.3 Computer networks","4.4 TV and video","4.5 Alternative technologies","5 Internet broadband","5.1 Speed qualifiers","5.2 Global bandwidth concentration","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Data transmission concept
For the book, see Broad Band.
"HSIA" redirects here. For the airport, see Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport.
Fixed broadband subscriptions (per 100 people)
In telecommunications, broadband or high speed is the wide-bandwidth data transmission that exploits signals at a wide spread of frequencies or several different simultaneous frequencies, and is used in fast Internet access. The transmission medium can be coaxial cable, optical fiber, wireless Internet (radio), twisted pair cable, or satellite.
Originally used to mean 'using a wide-spread frequency' and for services that were analog at the lowest level, nowadays in the context of Internet access, 'broadband' is often used to mean any high-speed Internet access that is seemingly always 'on' and is faster than dial-up access over traditional analog or ISDN PSTN services.
The ideal telecommunication network has the following characteristics: broadband, multi-media, multi-point, multi-rate and economical implementation for a diversity of services (multi-services). The Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) was planned to provide these characteristics. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) was promoted as a target technology for meeting these requirements.
Overview
Different criteria for "broad" have been applied in different contexts and at different times. Its origin is in physics, acoustics, and radio systems engineering, where it had been used with a meaning similar to "wideband", or in the context of audio noise reduction systems, where it indicated a single-band rather than a multiple-audio-band system design of the compander. Later, with the advent of digital telecommunications, the term was mainly used for transmission over multiple channels. Whereas a passband signal is also modulated so that it occupies higher frequencies (compared to a baseband signal which is bound to the lowest end of the spectrum, see line coding), it is still occupying a single channel. The key difference is that what is typically considered a broadband signal in this sense is a signal that occupies multiple (non-masking, orthogonal) passbands, thus allowing for much higher throughput over a single medium but with additional complexity in the transmitter/receiver circuitry.
The term became popularized through the 1990s as a marketing term for Internet access that was faster than dial-up access (dial-up being typically limited to a maximum of 56 kbit/s). This meaning is only distantly related to its original technical meaning.
Since 1999, broadband Internet access has been a factor in public policy. In that year, at the World Trade Organization Biannual Conference called “Financial Solutions to Digital Divide” in Seattle, the term “Meaningful Broadband” was introduced to the world leaders, leading to the activation of a movement to close the digital divide. Fundamental aspects of this movement are to suggest that the equitable distribution of broadband is a fundamental human right.
Personal computing facilitated easy access, manipulation, storage, and exchange of information, and required reliable data transmission. Communicating documents by images and the use of high-resolution graphics terminals provided a more natural and informative mode of human interaction than do voice and data alone. Video teleconferencing enhances group interaction at a distance. High-definition entertainment video improves the quality of pictures, but requires much higher transmission rates.
These new data transmission requirements may require new transmission means other than the present overcrowded radio spectrum. A modern telecommunications network (such as the broadband network) must provide all these different services (multi-services) to the user.
Differences from old telephony
Conventional telephony communication used:
the voice medium only,
connected only two telephones per telephone call, and
used circuits of fixed bit-rates.
Modern services can be:
Multimedia,
multi-point, and
multi-rate.
These aspects are examined individually in the following three sub-sections.
Multi-media
A multi-media call may communicate audio, data, still images, or full-motion video, or any combination of these media. Each medium has different demands for communication quality, such as:
bandwidth requirement,
signal latency within the network, and
signal fidelity upon delivery by the network.
The information content of each medium may affect the information generated by other media. For example, voice could be transcribed into data via voice recognition, and data commands may control the way voice and video are presented. These interactions most often occur at the communication terminals, but may also occur within the network.
Multi-point
Traditional voice calls are predominantly two party calls, requiring a point-to-point connection using only the voice medium. To access pictorial information in a remote database would require a point-to-point connection that sends low bit-rate queries to the database and high bit-rate video from the database. Entertainment video applications are largely point-to-multi-point connections, requiring one-way communication of full motion video and audio from the program source to the viewers. Video teleconferencing involves connections among many parties, communicating voice, video, as well as data. Offering future services thus requires flexible management of the connection and media requests of a multi-point, multi-media communication call.
Multi-rate
A multi-rate service network is one which flexibly allocates transmission capacity to connections. A multi-media network has to support a broad range of bit-rates demanded by connections, not only because there are many communication media, but also because a communication medium may be encoded by algorithms with different bit-rates. For example, audio signals can be encoded with bit-rates ranging from less than 1 kbit/s to hundreds of kbit/s, using different encoding algorithms with a wide range of complexity and quality of audio reproduction. Similarly, full motion video signals may be encoded with bit-rates ranging from less than 1 Mbit/s to hundreds of Mbit/s. Thus a network transporting both video and audio signals may have to integrate traffic with a very broad range of bit-rates.
A single network for multiple services
Traditionally, different telecommunications services were carried via separate networks: voice on the telephone network, data on computer networks such as local area networks, video teleconferencing on private corporate networks, and television on broadcast radio or cable networks.
These networks were largely engineered for a specific application and are not suited to other applications. For example, the traditional telephone network is too noisy and inefficient for bursty data communication. On the other hand, data networks which store and forward messages using computers had limited connectivity, usually did not have sufficient bandwidth for digitised voice and video signals, and suffer from unacceptable delays for the real-time signals. Television networks using radio or cables were largely broadcast networks with minimum switching facilities.
It was desirable to have a single network for providing all these communication services to achieve the economy of sharing. This economy motivates the general idea of an integrated services network. Integration avoids the need for many overlaying networks, which complicates network management and reduces flexibility in the introduction and evolution of services. This integration was made possible with advances in broadband technologies and high-speed information processing of the 1990s.
While multiple network structures were capable of supporting broadband services, an ever-increasing percentage of broadband and MSO providers opted for fibre-optic network structures to support both present and future bandwidth requirements.
CATV (cable television), HDTV (high definition television), VoIP (voice over internet protocol), and broadband internet are some of the most common applications now being supported by fibre optic networks, in some cases directly to the home (FTTh – Fibre To The Home). These types of fibre optic networks incorporate a wide variety of products to support and distribute the signal from the central office to an optic node, and ultimately to the subscriber (end-user).
Broadband technologies
Telecommunications
In telecommunications, a broadband signalling method is one that handles a wide band of frequencies. "Broadband" is a relative term, understood according to its context. The wider (or broader) the bandwidth of a channel, the greater the data-carrying capacity, given the same channel quality.
In radio, for example, a very narrow band will carry Morse code, a broader band will carry speech, and a still broader band will carry music without losing the high audio frequencies required for realistic sound reproduction. This broad band is often divided into channels or "frequency bins" using passband techniques to allow frequency-division multiplexing instead of sending a higher-quality signal.
In data communications, a 56k modem will transmit a data rate of 56 kilobits per second (kbit/s) over a 4-kilohertz-wide telephone line (narrowband or voiceband). In the late 1980s, the Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) used the term to refer to a broad range of bit rates, independent of physical modulation details. The various forms of digital subscriber line (DSL) services are broadband in the sense that digital information is sent over multiple channels. Each channel is at a higher frequency than the baseband voice channel, so it can support plain old telephone service on a single pair of wires at the same time. However, when that same line is converted to a non-loaded twisted-pair wire (no telephone filters), it becomes hundreds of kilohertz wide (broadband) and can carry up to 100 megabits per second using very high-bit rate digital subscriber line (VDSL or VHDSL) techniques.
Modern networks have to carry integrated traffic consisting of voice, video and data. The Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) was designed for these needs. The types of traffic supported by a broadband network can be classified according to three characteristics:
Bandwidth is the amount of network capacity required to support a connection.
Latency is the amount of delay associated with a connection. Requesting low latency in the quality of service (QoS) profile means that the cells need to travel quickly from one point in the network to another.
Cell-delay variation (CDV) is the range of delays experienced by each group of associated cells. Low cell-delay variation means a group of cells must travel through the network without getting too far apart from one another.
Cellular networks utilize various standards for data transmission, including 5G which can support one million separate devices per square kilometer.
Requirements of the types of traffic
The types of traffic found in a broadband network (with examples) and their respective requirements are summarised in Table 1.
Table 1: Network traffic types and their requirements
Traffic type
Example
Required bandwidth
Cell-delay
Latency
Constant
Voice, guaranteed circuit emulation
Minimal
Low
Variable
Compressed video
Guaranteed
Variable
Low
Available
Data
Not guaranteed
Widely variable
Variable
Computer networks
Many computer networks use a simple line code to transmit one type of signal using a medium's full bandwidth using its baseband (from zero through the highest frequency needed). Most versions of the popular Ethernet family are given names, such as the original 1980s 10BASE5, to indicate this. Networks that use cable modems on standard cable television infrastructure are called broadband to indicate the wide range of frequencies that can include multiple data users as well as traditional television channels on the same cable. Broadband systems usually use a different radio frequency modulated by the data signal for each band.
The total bandwidth of the medium is larger than the bandwidth of any channel.
The 10BROAD36 broadband variant of Ethernet was standardized by 1985, but was not commercially successful.
The DOCSIS standard became available to consumers in the late 1990s, to provide Internet access to cable television residential customers. Matters were further confused by the fact that the 10PASS-TS standard for Ethernet ratified in 2008 used DSL technology, and both cable and DSL modems often have Ethernet connectors on them.
TV and video
A television antenna may be described as "broadband" because it is capable of receiving a wide range of channels, while e.g. a low-VHF antenna is "narrowband" since it receives only 1 to 5 channels. The U.S. federal standard FS-1037C defines "broadband" as a synonym for wideband. "Broadband" in analog video distribution is traditionally used to refer to systems such as cable television, where the individual channels are modulated on carriers at fixed frequencies. In this context, baseband is the term's antonym, referring to a single channel of analog video, typically in composite form with separate baseband audio. The act of demodulating converts broadband video to baseband video. Fiber optic allows the signal to be transmitted farther without being repeated. Cable companies use a hybrid system using fiber to transmit the signal to neighborhoods and then changes the signal from light to radio frequency to be transmitted over coaxial cable to homes. Doing so reduces the use of having multiple head ends. A head end gathers all the information from the local cable networks and movie channels and then feeds the information into the system.
However, "broadband video" in the context of streaming Internet video has come to mean video files that have bit-rates high enough to require broadband Internet access for viewing. "Broadband video" is also sometimes used to describe IPTV Video on demand.
Alternative technologies
Power lines have also been used for various types of data communication. Although some systems for remote control are based on narrowband signaling, modern high-speed systems use broadband signaling to achieve very high data rates. One example is the ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides a way to create a local area network up to 1 Gigabit/s (which is considered high-speed as of 2014) using existing home business and home wiring (including power lines, but also phone lines and coaxial cables).
In 2014, researchers at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology made developments on the creation of ultra-shallow broadband optical instruments.
Internet broadband
Main article: Internet access
In the context of Internet access, the term "broadband" is used loosely to mean "access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access".
A range of more precise definitions of speed have been prescribed at times, including:
"Greater than the primary rate" (which ranged from about 1.5 to 2 Mbit/s) —CCITT in "broadband service" in 1988.
"Internet access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access" —US National Broadband Plan of 2009
4 Mbit/s downstream, 1 Mbit/s upstream —Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 2010
25 Mbit/s downstream, 3 Mbit/s upstream —FCC, 2015
50 Mbit/s downstream, 10 Mbit/s upstream —Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)
Broadband Internet service in the United States was effectively treated or managed as a public utility by net neutrality rules until being overturned by the FCC in December 2017.
Speed qualifiers
A number of national and international regulators categorize broadband connections according to upload and download speeds, stated in Mbit/s (megabits per second).
Term
Regulator(s)
Minimal download speed (Mbit/s)
Minimal upload speed (Mbit/s)
Notes
Full fibre / FTTP/H
Ofcom
100
1
Gigabit
EU
1000
1
Ultrafast
Ofcom
300
1
Ultra-fast / Gfast
EU, UK Government
100
1
Fast
EU
30
Superfast
Ofcom
30
1
Superfast
UK Government
24
1
Broadband
FCC
100
20
Broadband
Ofcom
10
1
Broadband
CRTC
50
10
In Australia, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission also requires Internet Service Providers to quote speed during night time and busy hours
Global bandwidth concentration
Global bandwidth concentration: 3 countries have almost 50% between them; 10 countries almost 75%.
Bandwidth has historically been very unequally distributed worldwide, with increasing concentration in the digital age. Historically only 10 countries have hosted 70–75% of the global telecommunication capacity (see pie-chart Figure on the right). In 2014, only three countries (China, the US, and Japan) host 50% of the globally installed telecommunication bandwidth potential. The U.S. lost its global leadership in terms of installed bandwidth in 2011, being replaced by China, which hosts more than twice as much national bandwidth potential in 2014 (29% versus 13% of the global total).
See also
Telecommunication portalInternet portal
Mobile broadband
Ultra-wideband
Wireless broadband
Nation specific:
Broadband mapping in the United States
Internet in Malaysia
Internet in the United Kingdom
List of broadband providers in the United States
National broadband plan
References
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^ Ruiz, Rebecca R. (March 12, 2015). "F.C.C. Sets Net Neutrality Rules". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 13, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
^ Sommer, Jeff (March 12, 2015). "What the Net Neutrality Rules Say". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 13, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
^ FCC Staff (March 12, 2015). "Federal Communications Commission - FCC 15-24 - In the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - GN Docket No. 14-28 - Report and Order on Remand, Declaratory Ruling, and Order" (PDF). Federal Communications Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 12, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
^ Reisinger, Don (April 13, 2015). "Net neutrality rules get published -- let the lawsuits begin". CNET. Archived from the original on April 14, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
^ Federal Communications Commission (April 13, 2015). "Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - A Rule by the Federal Communications Commission on 04/13/2015". Federal Register. Archived from the original on May 2, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
^ Kang, Cecilia (14 December 2017). "F.C.C. Repeals Net Neutrality Rules". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-01-17. Retrieved 2018-01-11.
^ "A Brief Price Comparison of UK FTTP / FTTH Ultrafast Broadband ISPs". ISP Review. 15 April 2017. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
^ a b c "Broadband in the EU Member States (12/2018)". EU. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
^ "UK HOME BROADBAND PERFORMANCE" (PDF). Ofcom. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
^ "Ultrafast fibre Gfast". Openreach. Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
^ a b Hood, Hannah Hood (22 December 2016). "Super fast broadband" (PDF). What Do They Know. Department for Culture, Media and Sport. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
^ "FCC INCREASES BROADBAND SPEED BENCHMARK" (PDF). 2024-03-14. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
^ "CONNECTED NATIONS 2017" (PDF). Ofcom. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
^ Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) (2013-03-20). "What you should know about Internet speeds". crtc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
^ "Broadband Performance Data". accc.gov.au. 30 April 2014. Archived from the original on 2021-12-05. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
^ a b c Hilbert, Martin (2016-01-06). "The bad news is that the digital access divide is here to stay: Domestically installed bandwidths among 172 countries for 1986–2014". Telecommunications Policy. 40 (6). Escholarship.org: 567–581. doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2016.01.006. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
External links
Media related to Broadband at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of broadband at Wiktionary
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Power-line
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broad Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Band"},{"link_name":"Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazrat_Shahjalal_International_Airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fixed_broadband_subscriptions_(per_100_people),_OWID.svg"},{"link_name":"telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications"},{"link_name":"bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"data transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmission"},{"link_name":"Internet access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access"},{"link_name":"transmission medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_medium"},{"link_name":"coaxial cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable"},{"link_name":"optical fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber"},{"link_name":"wireless Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Internet"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"twisted pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair"},{"link_name":"satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_broadband"},{"link_name":"Internet access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access"},{"link_name":"dial-up access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_access"},{"link_name":"analog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service"},{"link_name":"ISDN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN"},{"link_name":"PSTN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC2014-1"},{"link_name":"telecommunication network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication_network"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lu-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saito-3"},{"link_name":"Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Integrated_Services_Digital_Network"},{"link_name":"Asynchronous Transfer Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saito-3"}],"text":"For the book, see Broad Band.\"HSIA\" redirects here. For the airport, see Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport.Fixed broadband subscriptions (per 100 people)In telecommunications, broadband or high speed is the wide-bandwidth data transmission that exploits signals at a wide spread of frequencies or several different simultaneous frequencies, and is used in fast Internet access. The transmission medium can be coaxial cable, optical fiber, wireless Internet (radio), twisted pair cable, or satellite.Originally used to mean 'using a wide-spread frequency' and for services that were analog at the lowest level, nowadays in the context of Internet access, 'broadband' is often used to mean any high-speed Internet access that is seemingly always 'on' and is faster than dial-up access over traditional analog or ISDN PSTN services.[1]The ideal telecommunication network has the following characteristics: broadband, multi-media, multi-point, multi-rate and economical implementation for a diversity of services (multi-services).[2][3] The Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) was planned to provide these characteristics. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) was promoted as a target technology for meeting these requirements.[3]","title":"Broadband"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acoustics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics"},{"link_name":"wideband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wideband"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"noise reduction systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_reduction_system"},{"link_name":"compander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compander"},{"link_name":"digital telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmission"},{"link_name":"multiple channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing"},{"link_name":"passband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passband"},{"link_name":"line coding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_coding"},{"link_name":"orthogonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonality#Communications"},{"link_name":"Internet access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access"},{"link_name":"dial-up access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_access"},{"link_name":"public policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy"},{"link_name":"World Trade Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"digital divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_divide"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Video teleconferencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_teleconferencing"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hui-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broadband-8"}],"text":"Different criteria for \"broad\" have been applied in different contexts and at different times. Its origin is in physics, acoustics, and radio systems engineering, where it had been used with a meaning similar to \"wideband\",[4][5] or in the context of audio noise reduction systems, where it indicated a single-band rather than a multiple-audio-band system design of the compander. Later, with the advent of digital telecommunications, the term was mainly used for transmission over multiple channels. Whereas a passband signal is also modulated so that it occupies higher frequencies (compared to a baseband signal which is bound to the lowest end of the spectrum, see line coding), it is still occupying a single channel. The key difference is that what is typically considered a broadband signal in this sense is a signal that occupies multiple (non-masking, orthogonal) passbands, thus allowing for much higher throughput over a single medium but with additional complexity in the transmitter/receiver circuitry.The term became popularized through the 1990s as a marketing term for Internet access that was faster than dial-up access (dial-up being typically limited to a maximum of 56 kbit/s). This meaning is only distantly related to its original technical meaning.Since 1999, broadband Internet access has been a factor in public policy. In that year, at the World Trade Organization Biannual Conference called “Financial Solutions to Digital Divide” in Seattle, the term “Meaningful Broadband” was introduced to the world leaders, leading to the activation of a movement to close the digital divide. Fundamental aspects of this movement are to suggest that the equitable distribution of broadband is a fundamental human right.[6]Personal computing facilitated easy access, manipulation, storage, and exchange of information, and required reliable data transmission. Communicating documents by images and the use of high-resolution graphics terminals provided a more natural and informative mode of human interaction than do voice and data alone. Video teleconferencing enhances group interaction at a distance. High-definition entertainment video improves the quality of pictures, but requires much higher transmission rates.These new data transmission requirements may require new transmission means other than the present overcrowded radio spectrum.[7][8] A modern telecommunications network (such as the broadband network) must provide all these different services (multi-services) to the user.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telephony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephony"},{"link_name":"telephone call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_call"},{"link_name":"Multimedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QoS-9"}],"text":"Conventional telephony communication used:the voice medium only,\nconnected only two telephones per telephone call, and\nused circuits of fixed bit-rates.Modern services can be:Multimedia,\nmulti-point, and\nmulti-rate.These aspects are examined individually in the following three sub-sections.[9]","title":"Differences from old telephony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video"},{"link_name":"bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)"},{"link_name":"latency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latency_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saito-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hui-7"}],"sub_title":"Multi-media","text":"A multi-media call may communicate audio, data, still images, or full-motion video, or any combination of these media. Each medium has different demands for communication quality, such as:bandwidth requirement,\nsignal latency within the network, and\nsignal fidelity upon delivery by the network.The information content of each medium may affect the information generated by other media. For example, voice could be transcribed into data via voice recognition, and data commands may control the way voice and video are presented. These interactions most often occur at the communication terminals, but may also occur within the network.[3][7]","title":"Differences from old telephony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hui-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broadband-8"}],"sub_title":"Multi-point","text":"Traditional voice calls are predominantly two party calls, requiring a point-to-point connection using only the voice medium. To access pictorial information in a remote database would require a point-to-point connection that sends low bit-rate queries to the database and high bit-rate video from the database. Entertainment video applications are largely point-to-multi-point connections, requiring one-way communication of full motion video and audio from the program source to the viewers. Video teleconferencing involves connections among many parties, communicating voice, video, as well as data. Offering future services thus requires flexible management of the connection and media requests of a multi-point, multi-media communication call.[7][8]","title":"Differences from old telephony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hui-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QoS-9"}],"sub_title":"Multi-rate","text":"A multi-rate service network is one which flexibly allocates transmission capacity to connections. A multi-media network has to support a broad range of bit-rates demanded by connections, not only because there are many communication media, but also because a communication medium may be encoded by algorithms with different bit-rates. For example, audio signals can be encoded with bit-rates ranging from less than 1 kbit/s to hundreds of kbit/s, using different encoding algorithms with a wide range of complexity and quality of audio reproduction. Similarly, full motion video signals may be encoded with bit-rates ranging from less than 1 Mbit/s to hundreds of Mbit/s. Thus a network transporting both video and audio signals may have to integrate traffic with a very broad range of bit-rates.[7][9]","title":"Differences from old telephony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network"},{"link_name":"local area networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network"},{"link_name":"broadcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saito-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hui-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saito-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hui-7"},{"link_name":"CATV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CATV"},{"link_name":"HDTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV"},{"link_name":"VoIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIP"},{"link_name":"broadband internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_internet"}],"text":"Traditionally, different telecommunications services were carried via separate networks: voice on the telephone network, data on computer networks such as local area networks, video teleconferencing on private corporate networks, and television on broadcast radio or cable networks.These networks were largely engineered for a specific application and are not suited to other applications. For example, the traditional telephone network is too noisy and inefficient for bursty data communication. On the other hand, data networks which store and forward messages using computers had limited connectivity, usually did not have sufficient bandwidth for digitised voice and video signals, and suffer from unacceptable delays for the real-time signals. Television networks using radio or cables were largely broadcast networks with minimum switching facilities.[3][7]It was desirable to have a single network for providing all these communication services to achieve the economy of sharing. This economy motivates the general idea of an integrated services network. Integration avoids the need for many overlaying networks, which complicates network management and reduces flexibility in the introduction and evolution of services. This integration was made possible with advances in broadband technologies and high-speed information processing of the 1990s.[3][7]While multiple network structures were capable of supporting broadband services, an ever-increasing percentage of broadband and MSO providers opted for fibre-optic network structures to support both present and future bandwidth requirements.CATV (cable television), HDTV (high definition television), VoIP (voice over internet protocol), and broadband internet are some of the most common applications now being supported by fibre optic networks, in some cases directly to the home (FTTh – Fibre To The Home). These types of fibre optic networks incorporate a wide variety of products to support and distribute the signal from the central office to an optic node, and ultimately to the subscriber (end-user).","title":"A single network for multiple services"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Broadband technologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications"},{"link_name":"relative term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relative_term&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"Morse code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code"},{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music"},{"link_name":"audio frequencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency"},{"link_name":"sound reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_reproduction"},{"link_name":"passband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passband"},{"link_name":"frequency-division multiplexing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing"},{"link_name":"56k modem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem#56_kbit/s_technologies"},{"link_name":"telephone line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_line"},{"link_name":"voiceband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceband"},{"link_name":"Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Integrated_Services_Digital_Network"},{"link_name":"bit rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bisdn-10"},{"link_name":"digital subscriber line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line"},{"link_name":"baseband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseband"},{"link_name":"plain old telephone service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adsl-aa-11"},{"link_name":"non-loaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loading_coil"},{"link_name":"VDSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDSL"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vdsl-itu-12"},{"link_name":"Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Integrated_Services_Digital_Network"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jain-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATM-14"},{"link_name":"Bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Latency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_latency"},{"link_name":"quality of service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_service"},{"link_name":"Cellular networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network"},{"link_name":"5G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G"}],"sub_title":"Telecommunications","text":"In telecommunications, a broadband signalling method is one that handles a wide band of frequencies. \"Broadband\" is a relative term, understood according to its context. The wider (or broader) the bandwidth of a channel, the greater the data-carrying capacity, given the same channel quality.In radio, for example, a very narrow band will carry Morse code, a broader band will carry speech, and a still broader band will carry music without losing the high audio frequencies required for realistic sound reproduction. This broad band is often divided into channels or \"frequency bins\" using passband techniques to allow frequency-division multiplexing instead of sending a higher-quality signal.In data communications, a 56k modem will transmit a data rate of 56 kilobits per second (kbit/s) over a 4-kilohertz-wide telephone line (narrowband or voiceband). In the late 1980s, the Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) used the term to refer to a broad range of bit rates, independent of physical modulation details.[10] The various forms of digital subscriber line (DSL) services are broadband in the sense that digital information is sent over multiple channels. Each channel is at a higher frequency than the baseband voice channel, so it can support plain old telephone service on a single pair of wires at the same time.[11] However, when that same line is converted to a non-loaded twisted-pair wire (no telephone filters), it becomes hundreds of kilohertz wide (broadband) and can carry up to 100 megabits per second using very high-bit rate digital subscriber line (VDSL or VHDSL) techniques.[12]Modern networks have to carry integrated traffic consisting of voice, video and data. The Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) was designed for these needs.[13] The types of traffic supported by a broadband network can be classified according to three characteristics:[14]Bandwidth is the amount of network capacity required to support a connection.\nLatency is the amount of delay associated with a connection. Requesting low latency in the quality of service (QoS) profile means that the cells need to travel quickly from one point in the network to another.\nCell-delay variation (CDV) is the range of delays experienced by each group of associated cells. Low cell-delay variation means a group of cells must travel through the network without getting too far apart from one another.Cellular networks utilize various standards for data transmission, including 5G which can support one million separate devices per square kilometer.","title":"Broadband technologies"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Requirements of the types of traffic","text":"The types of traffic found in a broadband network (with examples) and their respective requirements are summarised in Table 1.","title":"Broadband technologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network"},{"link_name":"line code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_code"},{"link_name":"baseband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseband"},{"link_name":"Ethernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet"},{"link_name":"10BASE5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10BASE5"},{"link_name":"cable modems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modem"},{"link_name":"cable television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television"},{"link_name":"radio frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"10BROAD36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10BROAD36"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"DOCSIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS"},{"link_name":"Internet access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access"},{"link_name":"10PASS-TS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10PASS-TS"}],"sub_title":"Computer networks","text":"Many computer networks use a simple line code to transmit one type of signal using a medium's full bandwidth using its baseband (from zero through the highest frequency needed). Most versions of the popular Ethernet family are given names, such as the original 1980s 10BASE5, to indicate this. Networks that use cable modems on standard cable television infrastructure are called broadband to indicate the wide range of frequencies that can include multiple data users as well as traditional television channels on the same cable. Broadband systems usually use a different radio frequency modulated by the data signal for each band.[15]The total bandwidth of the medium is larger than the bandwidth of any channel.[16]The 10BROAD36 broadband variant of Ethernet was standardized by 1985, but was not commercially successful.[17][18]The DOCSIS standard became available to consumers in the late 1990s, to provide Internet access to cable television residential customers. Matters were further confused by the fact that the 10PASS-TS standard for Ethernet ratified in 2008 used DSL technology, and both cable and DSL modems often have Ethernet connectors on them.","title":"Broadband technologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"wideband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wideband"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"analog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signal"},{"link_name":"video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video"},{"link_name":"cable television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television"},{"link_name":"modulated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"baseband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseband"},{"link_name":"antonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonym"},{"link_name":"composite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_video"},{"link_name":"audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cablinginstall.com-21"},{"link_name":"head end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television_headend"},{"link_name":"streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media"},{"link_name":"bit-rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate#Bit-rates_in_multimedia"},{"link_name":"IPTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV"},{"link_name":"Video on demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demand"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"TV and video","text":"A television antenna may be described as \"broadband\" because it is capable of receiving a wide range of channels, while e.g. a low-VHF antenna is \"narrowband\" since it receives only 1 to 5 channels. The U.S. federal standard FS-1037C defines \"broadband\" as a synonym for wideband.[19] \"Broadband\" in analog video distribution is traditionally used to refer to systems such as cable television, where the individual channels are modulated on carriers at fixed frequencies.[20] In this context, baseband is the term's antonym, referring to a single channel of analog video, typically in composite form with separate baseband audio.[21] The act of demodulating converts broadband video to baseband video. Fiber optic allows the signal to be transmitted farther without being repeated. Cable companies use a hybrid system using fiber to transmit the signal to neighborhoods and then changes the signal from light to radio frequency to be transmitted over coaxial cable to homes. Doing so reduces the use of having multiple head ends. A head end gathers all the information from the local cable networks and movie channels and then feeds the information into the system.However, \"broadband video\" in the context of streaming Internet video has come to mean video files that have bit-rates high enough to require broadband Internet access for viewing. \"Broadband video\" is also sometimes used to describe IPTV Video on demand.[22]","title":"Broadband technologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Power lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_line_communication"},{"link_name":"narrowband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowband"},{"link_name":"ITU-T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-T"},{"link_name":"G.hn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.hn"},{"link_name":"local area network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network"},{"link_name":"coaxial cables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_over_coax"},{"link_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Advanced_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"optical instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_instruments"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Alternative technologies","text":"Power lines have also been used for various types of data communication. Although some systems for remote control are based on narrowband signaling, modern high-speed systems use broadband signaling to achieve very high data rates. One example is the ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides a way to create a local area network up to 1 Gigabit/s (which is considered high-speed as of 2014) using existing home business and home wiring (including power lines, but also phone lines and coaxial cables).In 2014, researchers at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology made developments on the creation of ultra-shallow broadband optical instruments.[23]","title":"Broadband technologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-What_is_Broadband-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"primary rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Rate_Interface"},{"link_name":"CCITT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-T"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-What_is_Broadband-24"},{"link_name":"National Broadband Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Broadband_Plan_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC15-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC15-28"},{"link_name":"Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"public utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utility"},{"link_name":"net neutrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-20150312a-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-20150312b-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC-20150315-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNET-20150413-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FR-20150413-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"In the context of Internet access, the term \"broadband\" is used loosely to mean \"access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access\".[24][25]A range of more precise definitions of speed have been prescribed at times, including:\"Greater than the primary rate\" (which ranged from about 1.5 to 2 Mbit/s) —CCITT in \"broadband service\" in 1988.[26]\n\"Internet access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access\"[24] —US National Broadband Plan of 2009[27]\n4 Mbit/s downstream, 1 Mbit/s upstream —Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 2010[28]\n25 Mbit/s downstream, 3 Mbit/s upstream —FCC, 2015[28]\n50 Mbit/s downstream, 10 Mbit/s upstream —Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)[29]Broadband Internet service in the United States was effectively treated or managed as a public utility by net neutrality rules[30][31][32][33][34] until being overturned by the FCC in December 2017.[35]","title":"Internet broadband"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mbit/s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbit/s"},{"link_name":"megabits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabit"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second"},{"link_name":"Australian Competition and Consumer Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Competition_and_Consumer_Commission"},{"link_name":"Internet Service Providers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Service_Providers"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Speed qualifiers","text":"A number of national and international regulators categorize broadband connections according to upload and download speeds, stated in Mbit/s (megabits per second).In Australia, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission also requires Internet Service Providers to quote speed during night time and busy hours [44]","title":"Internet broadband"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GlobalBandwidthConcentration.jpg"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HilbertBitsDivide-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HilbertBitsDivide-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HilbertBitsDivide-45"}],"sub_title":"Global bandwidth concentration","text":"Global bandwidth concentration: 3 countries have almost 50% between them; 10 countries almost 75%.[45]Bandwidth has historically been very unequally distributed worldwide, with increasing concentration in the digital age. Historically only 10 countries have hosted 70–75% of the global telecommunication capacity (see pie-chart Figure on the right).[45] In 2014, only three countries (China, the US, and Japan) host 50% of the globally installed telecommunication bandwidth potential. The U.S. lost its global leadership in terms of installed bandwidth in 2011, being replaced by China, which hosts more than twice as much national bandwidth potential in 2014 (29% versus 13% of the global total).[45]","title":"Internet broadband"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Fixed broadband subscriptions (per 100 people)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Fixed_broadband_subscriptions_%28per_100_people%29%2C_OWID.svg/220px-Fixed_broadband_subscriptions_%28per_100_people%29%2C_OWID.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Global bandwidth concentration: 3 countries have almost 50% between them; 10 countries almost 75%.[45]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/GlobalBandwidthConcentration.jpg/500px-GlobalBandwidthConcentration.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Telecommunication portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg"},{"title":"Internet portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet"},{"title":"Mobile broadband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadband"},{"title":"Ultra-wideband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-wideband"},{"title":"Wireless broadband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_broadband"},{"title":"Broadband mapping in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_mapping_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Internet in Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Malaysia"},{"title":"Internet in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"List of broadband providers in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_broadband_providers_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"National broadband plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_broadband_plan"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Performance_Knowledge_Bases
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High Performance Knowledge Bases
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["1 See also","2 External links","3 References"]
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The High Performance Knowledge Bases (HPKB) was a DARPA research program to advance the technology of how computers acquire, represent and manipulate knowledge. The successor of the HPKB project was the Rapid Knowledge Formation (RKF) project.
The primary results of the HPKB project was to focus further research on the Knowledge acquisition bottleneck problem.
HPKB was divided programmatically into three groups:
Integrators
Technology developers
Challenge problem developers
See also
Knowledge base
Cyc - commercial knowledge base
OpenCyc - Open Source version of Cyc
Electronic Directory Research (EDR) - Japanese large knowledge base effort
Project Halo - Ultimate successor project
Rapid Knowledge Formation (RKF)- follow-on project
SUMO - Suggested Upper Merged Ontology
Wikipedia - example of large knowledge base that is not yet semantically parsable
WordNet - a semantic network of words, terms used in the English language
External links
DARPA HPKB Home Page
Cohen,P., Schrag, R., Jones, E., Pease, A., Lin, A., Starr, B., Gunning, D. and Burke, M. DARPA High-Performance Knowledge Bases Project AI Magazine Volume 19 Number 4 (1998)
References
Web Intelligence: First Asia-Pacific Conference, Wi 2001, Maebashi City, Japan, October 23–26, by N Zhong, Y Yao, J Liu
This computer science article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"title":"Knowledge base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_base"},{"title":"Cyc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyc"},{"title":"OpenCyc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCyc"},{"title":"Open Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source"},{"title":"Electronic Directory Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_Directory_Research&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Project Halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Halo"},{"title":"Rapid Knowledge Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapid_Knowledge_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"SUMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggested_Upper_Merged_Ontology"},{"title":"WordNet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet"},{"title":"semantic network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_network"},{"title":"English language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000829144612/http://reliant.teknowledge.com/HPKB/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewArticle/1423%7CThe","external_links_name":"DARPA High-Performance Knowledge Bases Project"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_Performance_Knowledge_Bases&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Productivity_Computing_Systems
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High Productivity Computing Systems
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["1 Participants","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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"HPCS" redirects here. For the Harry Potter book, see Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.
High Productivity Computing Systems (HPCS) is a DARPA project for developing a new generation of economically viable high productivity computing systems for national security and industry in the 2002–10 timeframe.
The HPC Challenge (High-performance computers challenge) is part of the project. An HPCS goal is to create a multi petaflop systems.
Participants
at phase I, II and III
IBM with PERCS (Productive, Easy-to-use, Reliable Computer System) based on POWER7 processor, X10, AIX and Linux operating systems and General Parallel File System
Cray with Cascade, Chapel and Lustre filesystem
at phase I and II
Sun Microsystems with proximity communication and research projects of silicon photonics, object-based storage, the Fortress programming language, interval computing
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
at phase I only
HP
Silicon Graphics (SGI)
MITRE
Also (status unknown from official site):
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Los Alamos National Laboratory
A vivid description of this type of work was given by James Bamford in his March 15, 2012 article:
The plan was launched in 2004 as a modern-day Manhattan Project. Dubbed the High Productivity Computing Systems program, its goal was to advance computer speed a thousandfold, creating a machine that could execute a quadrillion (1015) operations a second, known as a petaflop—the computer equivalent of breaking the land speed record. And as with the Manhattan Project, the venue chosen for the supercomputing program was the town of Oak Ridge in eastern Tennessee, a rural area where sharp ridges give way to low, scattered hills, and the southwestward-flowing Clinch River bends sharply to the southeast.
About 25 miles from Knoxville, it is the "secret city" where uranium- 235 was extracted for the first atomic bomb. A sign near the exit read: what you see here, what you do here, what you hear here, when you leave here, let it stay here. Today, not far from where that sign stood, Oak Ridge is home to the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and it's engaged in a new secret war. But this time, instead of a bomb of almost unimaginable power, the weapon is a computer of almost unimaginable speed.— James Bamford, The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center
See also
Exascale computing program
Multiprogram Research Facility
References
^ DARPA Selects IBM for Supercomputing Grand Challenge
^ Bamford, James (March 15, 2012). "The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)". Wired.
External links
HPC Challenge
Last valid Waybackmachine cache of DARPA site's section about HPCS
DARPA Selects Cray and IBM for Final Phase of HPCS
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets"},{"link_name":"DARPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA"},{"link_name":"HPC Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPC_Challenge_Benchmark"},{"link_name":"petaflop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petaflop"}],"text":"\"HPCS\" redirects here. For the Harry Potter book, see Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.High Productivity Computing Systems (HPCS) is a DARPA project for developing a new generation of economically viable high productivity computing systems for national security and industry in the 2002–10 timeframe.The HPC Challenge (High-performance computers challenge) is part of the project. An HPCS goal is to create a multi petaflop systems.","title":"High Productivity Computing Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"PERCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PERCS"},{"link_name":"POWER7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POWER7"},{"link_name":"X10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X10_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"AIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX"},{"link_name":"General Parallel File System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_General_Parallel_File_System"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray"},{"link_name":"Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Lustre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustre_(file_system)"},{"link_name":"Sun Microsystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems"},{"link_name":"proximity communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximity_communication"},{"link_name":"silicon photonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_photonics"},{"link_name":"object-based storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-based_storage"},{"link_name":"Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"interval computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(mathematics)#Interval_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"HP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard"},{"link_name":"Silicon Graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphics"},{"link_name":"MITRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MITRE"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"at phase I, II and III\nIBM with PERCS (Productive, Easy-to-use, Reliable Computer System) based on POWER7 processor, X10, AIX and Linux operating systems and General Parallel File System[1]\nCray with Cascade, Chapel and Lustre filesystem\nat phase I and II\nSun Microsystems with proximity communication and research projects of silicon photonics, object-based storage, the Fortress programming language, interval computing\nMIT Lincoln Laboratory\nat phase I only\nHP\nSilicon Graphics (SGI)\nMITREAlso (status unknown from official site):Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory\nLos Alamos National LaboratoryA vivid description of this type of work was given by James Bamford in his March 15, 2012 article:The plan was launched in 2004 as a modern-day Manhattan Project. Dubbed the High Productivity Computing Systems program, its goal was to advance computer speed a thousandfold, creating a machine that could execute a quadrillion (1015) operations a second, known as a petaflop—the computer equivalent of breaking the land speed record. And as with the Manhattan Project, the venue chosen for the supercomputing program was the town of Oak Ridge in eastern Tennessee, a rural area where sharp ridges give way to low, scattered hills, and the southwestward-flowing Clinch River bends sharply to the southeast.\nAbout 25 miles from Knoxville, it is the \"secret city\" where uranium- 235 was extracted for the first atomic bomb. A sign near the exit read: what you see here, what you do here, what you hear here, when you leave here, let it stay here. Today, not far from where that sign stood, Oak Ridge is home to the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and it's engaged in a new secret war. But this time, instead of a bomb of almost unimaginable power, the weapon is a computer of almost unimaginable speed.— James Bamford, The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center[2]","title":"Participants"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Exascale computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exascale_computing"},{"title":"Multiprogram Research Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprogram_Research_Facility"}]
|
[{"reference":"Bamford, James (March 15, 2012). \"The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)\". Wired.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_nsadatacenter/all/1","url_text":"\"The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/20671.wss","external_links_name":"DARPA Selects IBM for Supercomputing Grand Challenge"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_nsadatacenter/all/1","external_links_name":"\"The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)\""},{"Link":"http://icl.cs.utk.edu/hpcc/index.html","external_links_name":"HPC Challenge"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090820205241/http://www.darpa.mil/IPTO/programs/hpcs/hpcs.asp","external_links_name":"Last valid Waybackmachine cache of DARPA site's section about HPCS"},{"Link":"http://www.hpcwire.com/2006/11/24/darpa_selects_cray_and_ibm_for_final_phase_of_hpcs-1/","external_links_name":"DARPA Selects Cray and IBM for Final Phase of HPCS"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avgas
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Avgas
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["1 Properties","2 Consumption","3 Grades","3.1 100LL (blue)","3.2 Automotive gasoline","3.3 Gasohol","3.4 Fuel dyes","4 Phase-out of leaded aviation gasoline","5 New unleaded fuel grades","5.1 91UL (or UL91)","5.2 93UL (Ethanol-free 93AKI automotive gasoline)","5.3 UL94 (formerly 94UL)","5.4 UL102 (formerly 100SF Swift Fuel)","5.5 G100UL","5.6 Shell Unleaded 100-Octane Fuel","6 Environmental regulation","7 Other uses","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
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Aviation fuel
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
An American Aviation AA-1 Yankee being refueled with 100LL avgas
Avgas (aviation gasoline, also known as aviation spirit in the UK) is an aviation fuel used in aircraft with spark-ignited internal combustion engines. Avgas is distinguished from conventional gasoline (petrol) used in motor vehicles, which is termed mogas (motor gasoline) in an aviation context. Unlike motor gasoline, which has been formulated without lead since the 1970s to allow the use of catalytic converters for pollution reduction, the most commonly used grades of avgas still contain tetraethyl lead, a toxic lead containing additive used to increase octane rating and prevent engine knocking (premature detonation). There are ongoing efforts to reduce or eliminate the use of lead in aviation gasoline.
Kerosene-based jet fuel is formulated to suit the requirements of turbine engines which have no octane requirement and operate over a much wider flight envelope than piston engines. Kerosene is also used by most diesel piston engines developed for aviation use, such as those by SMA Engines, Austro Engine, and Thielert.
Properties
The main petroleum component used in blending avgas is alkylate, which is a mixture of various isooctanes. Some refineries also use reformate. All grades of avgas that meet CAN 2–3, 25-M82 have a density of 6.01 pounds per US gallon (720 g/L) at 15 °C (59 °F). (6 lb/U.S. gal is commonly used in America for weight and balance computation.) Density increases to 6.41 pounds per US gallon (768 g/L) at −40 °C (−40 °F), and decreases by about 0.1% per 1 °C (1.8 °F) increase in temperature.
Avgas has an emission coefficient (or factor) of 18.355 pounds per US gallon (2.1994 kg/L) of CO2 or about 3.07 units of weight CO2 produced per unit weight of fuel used. Avgas is less volatile, with a Reid vapor pressure range of 5.5 to 7 psi, than automotive gasoline, with a range of 8 to 14 psi. A minimum limit ensures adequate volatility for engine starting. The upper limits are related to atmospheric pressure at sea level, 14.7 psi, for motor vehicles and ambient pressure at 22,000 ft, 6.25 psi, for aircraft. The lower avgas volatility reduces the chance of vapor lock in fuel lines at altitudes up to 22,000 ft.
The particular mixtures in use today are the same as when they were first developed in the 1940s, and were used in airline and military aero engines with high levels of supercharging; notably the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine used in the Spitfire and Hurricane fighters, Mosquito fighter-bomber and Lancaster heavy bomber (the Merlin II and later versions required 100-octane fuel), as well as the liquid-cooled Allison V-1710 engine, and air-cooled radial engines from Pratt & Whitney, Wright, and other manufacturers on both sides of the Atlantic. The high octane ratings were traditionally achieved by the addition of tetraethyllead, a highly toxic substance that was phased out of automotive use in most countries in the late 20th century.
Leaded avgas is currently available in several grades with differing maximum lead concentrations. (Unleaded avgas is also available.) Because tetraethyllead is a toxic additive, the minimum amount needed to bring the fuel to the required octane rating is used; actual concentrations are often lower than the permissible maximum. Historically, many post-WWII developed, low-powered 4- and 6-cylinder piston aircraft engines were designed to use leaded fuels; an unleaded replacement fuel is being developed and certified for these engines. Some reciprocating-engine aircraft still require leaded fuels, but some do not, and some can burn unleaded gasoline if a special oil additive is used.
Consumption
The annual US usage of avgas was 186 million US gallons (700,000 m3) in 2008, and was approximately 0.14% of the motor gasoline consumption. From 1983 through 2008, US usage of avgas declined consistently by approximately 7.5 million US gallons (28,000 m3) each year. As of 2024, the annual US usage of avgas was 180 million US gallons (680,000 m3), most of which contained lead, and 170,000 aircraft in the US used leaded avgas.
In Europe, avgas remains the most common piston-engine fuel. High prices have encouraged efforts to convert to diesel fuel, which is more readily available, less expensive, and has advantages for aviation use.
Grades
Grades of avgas are identified by two numbers associated with its
Motor Octane Number (MON). The first number indicates the octane rating of the fuel tested to "aviation lean" standards, which is similar to the anti-knock index or "pump rating" given to automotive gasoline in the US. The second number indicates the octane rating of the fuel tested to the "aviation rich" standard, which tries to simulate a supercharged condition with a rich mixture, elevated temperatures, and a high manifold pressure. For example, 100/130 avgas has an octane rating of 100 at the lean settings usually used for cruising and 130 at the rich settings used for take-off and other full-power conditions.
Antiknock agents such as tetraethyl lead (TEL) help to control detonation and provide lubrication. One gram of TEL contains 640.6 milligrams of lead.
Table of aviation fuel grades
Grade
Colour (Dye)
Lead (Pb) content maximum (g/L)
Additives
Uses
Availability
80/87
("avgas 80")
red(red + a little blue)
0.14
TEL
It was used in engines with low compression ratio.
Phased out in the late 20th century. Its availability is very limited.
82UL
purple(red + blue)
0
ASTM D6227; similar to automobile gasoline but without automotive additives
As of 2008, 82UL is not being produced and no refiner has announced plans to put it into production.
85UL
none
0
oxygenate-free
Used to power piston-engine ultralight aircraft.Motor Octane Number min 85. Research Octane Number min 95.
91/96
brown(orange + blue + red)
almost negligible
TEL
Made particularly for military use.
91/96UL
none
0
ethanol-free, antioxidant and antistatic additives; ASTM D7547
In 1991, Hjelmco Oil introduced unleaded avgas 91/96UL (also meeting leaded grade 91/98 standard ASTM D910 with the exception of transparent colour) and no lead in Sweden. Engine manufacturers Teledyne Continental Motors, Textron Lycoming, Rotax, and radial engine manufacturer Kalisz have cleared the Hjelmco avgas 91/96UL which in practice means that the fuel can be used in more than 90% of the piston aircraft fleet worldwide. May be used in Rotax engines, and Lycoming engines per SI1070R.
In November 2010, the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) cleared this fuel for all aircraft where the aircraft engine manufacturer has approved this fuel, based on about 20 years of trouble-free operations with unleaded avgas 91/96UL produced by Hjelmco Oil.
B91/115
green(yellow + blue)
1.60
TEL; see standard GOST 1012–72.
Specially formulated for Shvetsov ASh-62 and Ivchenko AI-14 – nine-cylinder, air-cooled, radial aircraft engines.
The Commonwealth of Independent States, produced exclusively by OBR PR.
100/130
("avgas 100")
green(yellow + blue)
1.12
TEL
Mostly replaced by 100LL.
As of August 2013, Australia, Chile, and the states of Hawaii and Utah in the United States.
100LL
("avgas 100LL")
blue
0.56
TELAs of January 2010, 100LL has a maximum of 0.56 grams of lead (.875 gr of TEL) per Litre. This is equivalent to 2.12 grams of lead per US gallon of gasoline. (As a comparison, this lies within the same range as the lead content of on-road automotive gasoline from 1973.)
Most commonly used aviation gasoline.
Common in North America and western Europe, limited availability elsewhere worldwide.
100VLL
blue
0.45
TELAs of January 2011, 100VLL has a maximum of 0.45 grams of lead per Litre.
Very low lead substitute for 100/130LL
G100UL
green
0
aromatic compounds such as xylene or mesitylene
Composed primarily of aviation alkylate (same as used for 100LL). Developed by General Aviation Modifications, Inc. (GAMI), G100UL is not certified by ASTM.
As of September 2022, fleet wide supplemental type certificate (STC) approved. In April 2024, 1.2 million gallons were available. STC certificate requred to use G100UL. Distribution planned to airports on the US West Coast in 2024.
UL102
none
0
n/a
Swift Fuels LLC blend of 83% mesitylene, 17% isopentane
Limited quantities are produced for testing.
115/145
("avgas 115")
purple(red + blue)
1.29
TEL, historically xylidine
Originally used as primary fuel for the largest, boost-supercharged radial engines needing this fuel's anti-detonation properties.
Limited batches are produced for special events such as unlimited air races. Reintroduced by Warter Aviation 2015.
100LL (blue)
Taking a fuel sample from an under-wing drain using a GATS Jar fuel sampler. The blue dye indicates that this fuel is 100LL.
100LL (pronounced "one hundred low lead") may contain a maximum of one-half the tetraethyllead allowed in 100/130 (green) avgas.
Some of the lower-powered (100–150 horsepower or 75–112 kilowatts) aviation engines that were developed in the late 1990s are designed to run on unleaded fuel and on 100LL, an example being the Rotax 912.
Automotive gasoline
An EAA Cessna 150 used for American STC certification of auto fuel
Automotive gasoline – known as mogas or autogas among aviators – that does not contain ethanol may be used in certified aircraft that have a Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) for automotive gasoline, as well as in experimental aircraft and ultralight aircraft. Some oxygenates other than ethanol are approved, but these STC's prohibit ethanol-laced gasolines. Ethanol-treated gasoline is susceptible to phase-separation which is very possible due to the altitude/temperature changes light airplanes undergo in ordinary flight. This ethanol-treated fuel can flood the fuel system with water which can cause in-flight engine failure. Additionally, the phase-separated fuel can leave remaining portions that do not meet octane requirements due to the loss of the ethanol in the water-absorption process. Further, the ethanol can attack materials in aircraft construction which pre-date "gasahol" fuels. Most of these applicable aircraft have low-compression engines which were originally certified to run on 80/87 avgas and require only "regular" 87 anti-knock index automotive gasoline. Examples include the popular Cessna 172 Skyhawk or Piper Cherokee with the 150 hp (110 kW) variant of the Lycoming O-320.
Some aircraft engines were originally certified using a 91/96 avgas and have STCs available to run "premium" 91 anti-knock index (AKI) automotive gasoline. Examples include some Cherokees with the 160 hp (120 kW) Lycoming O-320 or 180 hp (130 kW) O-360, or the Cessna 152 with the O-235. The AKI rating of typical automotive fuel might not directly correspond to the 91/96 avgas used to certify engines, as motor vehicle pumps in the US use the so-called "(R + M)/2" averaged motor vehicle octane rating system as posted on gas station pumps. Sensitivity is roughly 8–10 points, meaning that a 91 AKI fuel might have a MON of as low as 86. The extensive testing process required to obtain an STC for the engine/airframe combination helps ensure that, for those eligible aircraft, 91 AKI fuel provides sufficient detonation margin under normal conditions.
Automotive gasoline is not a fully viable replacement for avgas in many aircraft, because many high-performance and/or turbocharged airplane engines require 100 octane fuel and modifications are necessary in order to use lower-octane fuel.
Many general aviation aircraft engines were designed to run on 80/87 octane, roughly the standard (as unleaded fuel only, with the "{R+M}/2" 87 octane rating) for North American automobiles today. Direct conversions to run on automotive fuel are fairly common, by supplemental type certificate (STC). However, the alloys used in aviation engine construction are chosen for their durability and synergistic relationship with the protective features of lead, and engine wear in the valves is a potential problem on automotive gasoline conversions.
Fortunately, significant history of engines converted to mogas has shown that very few engine problems are caused by automotive gasoline. A larger problem stems from the higher and wider range of allowable vapor pressures found in automotive gasoline; this can pose some risk to aviation users if fuel system design considerations are not taken into account. Automotive gasoline can vaporize in fuel lines, causing a vapor lock (a bubble in the line) or fuel pump cavitation, thereby starving the engine of fuel. This does not constitute an insurmountable obstacle, but merely requires examination of the fuel system, ensuring adequate shielding from high temperatures and maintaining sufficient pressure in the fuel lines. This is the main reason why both the specific engine model as well as the aircraft in which it is installed must be supplementally certified for the conversion. A good example of this is the Piper Cherokee with high-compression 160 or 180 hp (120 or 130 kW) engines. Only later versions of the airframe with different engine cowling and exhaust arrangements are applicable for the automotive fuel STC, and even then require fuel-system modifications.
Vapor lock typically occurs in fuel systems where a mechanically-driven fuel pump mounted on the engine draws fuel from a tank mounted lower than the pump. The reduced pressure in the line can cause the more volatile components in automotive gasoline to flash into vapor, forming bubbles in the fuel line and interrupting fuel flow. If an electric boost pump is mounted in the fuel tank to push fuel toward the engine, as is common practice in fuel-injected automobiles, the fuel pressure in the lines is maintained above ambient pressure, preventing bubble formation. Likewise, if the fuel tank is mounted above the engine and fuel flows primarily due to gravity, as in a high-wing airplane, vapor lock cannot occur, using either aviation or automotive fuels. Fuel-injected engines in automobiles also usually have a "fuel return" line to send unused fuel back to the tank, which has the benefit of equalizing the fuel's temperature throughout the system, further reducing the chance of vapor lock developing.
In addition to vapor locking potential, automotive gasoline does not have the same quality tracking as aviation gasoline. To help solve this problem, the specification for an aviation fuel known as 82UL was developed as essentially automotive gasoline with additional quality tracking and restrictions on permissible additives. This fuel is not currently in production and no refiners have committed to producing it.
Gasohol
Rotax allows up to 10% ethanol (similar to E10 fuel for cars) in the fuel for Rotax 912 engines. Light sport aircraft that are specified by the manufacturer to tolerate alcohol in the fuel system can use up to 10% ethanol.
See also: Common ethanol fuel mixtures
Fuel dyes
Fuel dyes aid ground crew and pilots in identifying and distinguishing the fuel grades
and most are specified by ASTM D910 or other standards.
Dyes for the fuel are required in some countries.
Table of aviation fuel dyes
Dye (nominal colour)
chemical
blue
alkyl derivatives of 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone, like Oil Blue A and Oil Blue 35
yellow
p-diethylaminoazobenzene or 1,3-benzenediol, 2,4-bis
red
alkyl derivatives of azobenzene-4-azo-2-naphthol
orange
benzene-azo-2-napthol
Phase-out of leaded aviation gasoline
The 100LL phase-out has been called "one of modern GA's most pressing problems", because 70% of 100LL aviation fuel is used by the 30% of the aircraft in the general aviation fleet that cannot use any of the existing alternatives.
There are three fundamental issues in using unleaded fuels without serious modification of the airframe/engine:
The fuel must have a high enough octane rating (and meet other specifications) to replace leaded fuels,
The engine must be certified to use the fuel, and
The airframe must also be certified to use the fuel.
In February 2008, Teledyne Continental Motors (TCM) announced that the company is very concerned about future availability of 100LL, and as a result, they would develop a line of diesel engines.
In a February 2008 interview, TCM president Rhett Ross indicated belief that the aviation industry will be "forced out" of using 100LL in the near future, leaving automotive fuel and jet fuel as the only alternatives. In May 2010, TCM announced that they had licensed development of the SMA SR305 diesel engine.
In November 2008, National Air Transportation Association president Jim Coyne indicated that the environmental impact of aviation is expected to be a big issue over the next few years and will result in the phasing out of 100LL because of its lead content.
By May 2012, the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA Unleaded Avgas Transition rulemaking committee) had put together a plan in conjunction with industry to replace leaded avgas with an unleaded alternative within 11 years. Given the progress already made on 100SF and G100UL, the replacement time might be shorter than that 2023 estimate. Each candidate fuel must meet a checklist of 12 fuel specification parameters and 4 distribution and storage parameters. The FAA has requested a maximum of US$60M to fund the administration of the changeover. In July 2014, nine companies and consortiums submitted proposals to the Piston Aviation Fuels Initiative (PAFI) to assess fuels without tetraethyl lead. Phase one testing is performed at the William J. Hughes Technical Center for a FAA approved industry replacement by 2018.
In July 2021, the first commercially-produced unleaded avgas, GAMI's G100UL, was approved by the Federal Aviation Administration through a Supplemental Type Certificate.
Lycoming Engines provides a list of engines and fuels that are compatible with unleaded fuel. However, all of their engines require that an oil additive be used when unleaded fuel is used: "When using the unleaded fuels identified in Table 1, Lycoming oil additive P/N LW-16702, or an equivalent finished product such as Aeroshell 15W-50, must be used." Lycoming also notes that the octane rating of the fuel used must also meet the requirements stated in the fuel specification, otherwise engine damage may occur due to detonation.
Prior to 2022, Teledyne Continental Motors (TCM) indicated that leaded avgas is required in their engines, and not unleaded auto fuels: "Current aircraft engines feature valve gear components which are designed for compatibility with the leaded ASTM D910 fuels. In such fuels, the lead acts as a lubricant, coating the contact areas between the valve, guide, and seat. The use of unleaded auto fuels with engines designed for leaded fuels can result in excessive exhaust valve seat wear due to the lack of lead with cylinder performance deteriorating to unacceptable levels in under 10 hours."
In 2022, TCM changed its policy. They have announced a formal application to the FAA to approve the use of UL91 and UL94 in selected engines, stating that "Continental considers 91UL and 94UL fuel as a transitional step in a long-term strategy to reach a more sustainable aviation".
New unleaded fuel grades
91UL (or UL91)
Hjelmco Oil first introduced unleaded Avgas grades in Europe in 2003, after its success with 80UL. This grade of Avgas is manufactured to meet ASTM D7547. Many common Lycoming engines are certified to run on this particular grade of Avgas, and Cessna has approved the use of this fuel in a large number of their piston fleet. This fuel is also usable in any aircraft in Europe or the United Kingdom where the engine is certified to use it, whether or not the airframe is certified to do so, too.
93UL (Ethanol-free 93AKI automotive gasoline)
The firm Airworthy AutoGas tested an ethanol-free 93 anti-knock index (AKI) premium auto gas on a Lycoming O-360-A4M in 2013. The fuel is certified under Lycoming Service Instruction 1070 and ASTM D4814.
UL94 (formerly 94UL)
Unleaded 94 Motor octane fuel (UL94) is essentially 100LL without the lead.
In March 2009, Teledyne Continental Motors (TCM) announced they had tested a 94UL fuel that might be the best replacement for 100LL. This 94UL meets the avgas specification including vapor pressure but has not been completely tested for detonation qualities in all Continental engines or under all conditions. Flight testing has been conducted in an IO-550-B powering a Beechcraft Bonanza and ground testing in Continental O-200, 240, O-470, and O-520 engines. In May 2010, TCM indicated that despite industry skepticism, they are proceeding with 94UL and that certification was expected in mid-2013.
In June 2010, Lycoming Engines indicated their opposition to 94UL. Company general manager Michael Kraft stated that aircraft owners do not realize how much performance would be lost with 94UL and characterized the decision to pursue 94UL as a mistake that could cost the aviation industry billions in lost business. Lycoming believes the industry should be pursuing 100UL instead. The Lycoming position is supported by aircraft type clubs representing owners of aircraft that would be unable to run on lower octane fuel. In June 2010, clubs such as the American Bonanza Society, the Malibu Mirage Owners and Pilots Association, and the Cirrus Owners and Pilots Association collectively formed the Clean 100 Octane Coalition to represent them on this issue and push for unleaded 100 octane avgas.
In November 2015, UL94 was added as a secondary grade of unleaded aviation gasoline to ASTM D7547, which is the specification that governs UL91 unleaded avgas. UL91 is currently being sold in Europe. UL94 meets all of the same specification property limits as 100LL with the exception of a lower motor octane number (94.0 minimum for UL94 vs. 99.6 minimum for 100LL) and a decreased maximum lead content. UL94 is an unleaded fuel, but as with all ASTM International unleaded gasoline specifications, a de minimis amount of unintentionally added lead is permitted.
Since May 2016, UL94, now a product of Swift Fuels, is available for sale at dozens of airports in the United States. Swift Fuels has an agreement for distribution in Europe.
UL94 is not intended to be a full replacement for 100LL, but rather is designed to be a drop-in replacement for aircraft with lower-octane-rated engines, such as those that are approved for operation on Grade 80 avgas (or lower), UL91, or mogas. It is estimated that up to 65% of the fleet of current general aviation piston-engine-powered aircraft can operate on UL94 with no modifications to either the engine or airframe. Some aircraft, however, do require a FAA-approved Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) to be purchased to allow for operation on UL94.
UL94 has a minimum Motor octane number (MON, which is the octane rating employed for grading aviation gasoline) of 94.0. 100LL has a minimum MON of 99.6.
AKI is the octane rating used to grade all U.S. automotive gasoline (typical values at the pump can include 87, 89, 91, and 93), and also the 93UL fuel from Airworthy AutoGas.
The minimum AKI of UL94, as sold by Swift Fuels, is 98.0.
Concurrent with the addition of UL94 to ASTM D7547, the FAA published Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin (SAIB) HQ-16-05, which states that "UL94 meets the operating limitations or aircraft and engines approved to operate with grade UL91 avgas," meaning that "Grade UL94 avgas that meets specification D7547 is acceptable to use on those aircraft and engines that are approved to operate with ... grade UL91 avgas that meets specification D7547." In August 2016, the FAA revised SAIB HQ-16-05 to include similar wording regarding the acceptability of using UL94 in aircraft and engines that are approved to operate with avgas that has a minimum Motor octane rating of 80 or lower, including Grade 80/87.
The publication of the SAIB, especially the August 2016 revision, eliminated the need for many of the UL94 STCs being sold by Swift Fuels, as the majority of the aircraft on the STC's Approved Model List are type-certified to use 80-octane or lower avgas.
On April 6, 2017, Lycoming Engines published Service Instruction 1070V, which adds UL94 as an approved grade of fuel for dozens of engine models, 60% of which are carbureted engines. Engines with displacements of 235, 320, 360, and 540 cubic inches make up almost 90% of the models approved for UL94.
UL102 (formerly 100SF Swift Fuel)
Purdue University Cessna 150M Swift Fuel demonstrator
Swift Fuels, LLC, has attained approval to produce fuel for testing at its pilot plant in Indiana. Composed of approximately 85% mesitylene and 15% isopentane, the fuel is reportedly scheduled for extensive testing by the FAA to receive certification under the new ASTM D7719 guideline for unleaded 100LL replacement fuels. The company eventually intends to produce the fuel from renewable biomass feedstocks, and aims to produce something competitive in price with 100LL and currently available alternative fuels. Swift Fuels has suggested that the fuel, formerly referred to as 100SF, will be available for "high performance piston-powered aircraft" before 2020.
John and Mary-Louise Rusek founded Swift Enterprises in 2001 to develop renewable fuels and hydrogen fuel cells. They began testing "Swift 142" in 2006 and patented several alternatives for non-alcohol based fuels which can be derived from biomass fermentation. Over the next several years, the company sought to build a pilot plant to produce enough fuel for larger-scale testing and submitted fuel to the FAA for testing.
In 2008, an article by technology writer and aviation enthusiast Robert X. Cringely attracted popular attention to the fuel, as also did a cross-country Swift-Fueled flight by the AOPA's Dave Hirschman. Swift Enterprises' claims that the fuel could eventually be manufactured much more cheaply than 100LL have been debated in the aviation press.
The FAA found Swift Fuel to have a motor octane number of 104.4, 96.3% of the energy per unit of mass, and 113% of the energy per unit of volume as 100LL, and to meet most of the ASTM D910 standard for leaded aviation fuel. Following tests in two Lycoming engines, the FAA concluded it performs better than 100LL in detonation testing and will provide a fuel saving of 8% per unit of volume, though it weighs 1 pound per US gallon (120 g/L) more than 100LL. GC–FID testing showed the fuel to be made primarily of two components — one about 85% by weight and the other about 14% by weight. Soon afterward, AVweb reported that Continental had begun the process of certifying several of its engines to use the new fuel.
From 2009 through 2011, 100SF was approved as a test fuel by ASTM International, allowing the company to pursue certification testing. satisfactorily tested by the FAA, tested by Purdue University, and approved under ASTM specification D7719 for high-octane Grade UL102, allowing the company to test more economically in non-experimental aircraft.
In 2012, Swift Fuels LLC was formed to bring in oil and gas industry experience, scale up production and bring the fuel to market. By November 2013, the company had built its pilot plant and received approval to produce fuel in it. Its most recent patent, approved in 2013, describes methods by which the fuel can be produced from fermentable biomass.
The FAA scheduled UL102 for 2 years of phase 2 testing in its PAFI initiative beginning in the summer of 2016.
G100UL
In February 2010, General Aviation Modifications Inc. (GAMI) announced that it was in the process of developing a 100LL replacement to be called G100UL ("unleaded"). This fuel is made by blending existing refinery products and yields detonation margins comparable to 100LL. The new fuel is slightly more dense than 100LL, but has a 3.5% higher thermodynamic output. G100UL is compatible with 100LL and can be mixed with it in aircraft tanks for use.
In demonstrations held in July 2010, G100UL performed better than 100LL that just meets the minimum specification and performed as well as average production 100LL.
G100UL was approved by the Federal Aviation Administration by the issuance of a Supplemental Type Certificate at AirVenture in July 2021. The STC was initially only applicable to Lycoming-powered models of the Cessna 172. The company indicated that the retail cost was expected to be 0.60–0.85 US dollars per US gallon higher than 100LL. This was later revised to 1.00 US dollar per US gallon.
In 2022, Paul Bertorelli of AVweb reported that the FAA was dragging its feet on broadly certifying G100UL, delaying approval of the fuel for more engines and spending over $80 million on EAGLE to re-start a search for an unleaded fuel when G100UL had been under evaluation for over 10 years.
In September 2022, in a surprise announcement, the FAA approved an STC for the use of the fuel for all piston-engined aircraft and engine combinations. In February 2023, GAMI began selling supplemental type certificates to allow aircraft owners to use the fuel when it becomes available. In April 2024, GAMI announced that 1 million gallons of G100UL had been produced. Fuel availability in the US was forecast for airports in California, Washington and Oregon by the middle of 2024 and the rest of the country by 2026.
Shell Unleaded 100-Octane Fuel
In December 2013, Shell Oil announced that they had developed an unleaded 100 octane fuel and will submit it for FAA testing with certification expected within two to three years. The fuel is alkylate-based with an additive package of aromatics. No information has yet been published with regard to its performance, producibility or price. Industry analysts have indicated that it will likely cost as much as or more than existing 100LL.
Environmental regulation
TEL found in leaded avgas and its combustion products are potent neurotoxins that have been shown in scientific research to interfere with brain development in children. Children in residences or childcare facilities in close proximity to airports with moderate to high piston engine aircraft traffic are at especially high risk of high blood lead levels. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has noted that exposure to even very low levels of lead contamination has been conclusively linked to loss of IQ in children's brain function tests, thus providing a high degree of motivation to eliminate lead and its compounds from the environment.
While lead concentrations in the air have declined, scientific studies have demonstrated that children's neurological development is harmed by much lower levels of lead exposure than previously understood. Low level lead exposure has been clearly linked to loss of IQ in performance testing. Even an average IQ loss of 1–2 points in children has a meaningful impact for the nation as a whole, as it would result in an increase in children classified as mentally challenged, as well as a proportional decrease in the number of children considered "gifted".
On November 16, 2007, the environmental group Friends of the Earth formally petitioned the EPA, asking them to regulate leaded avgas. The EPA responded with a notice of petition for rulemaking.
The notice of petition stated:
Friends of the Earth has filed a petition with EPA, requesting that EPA find pursuant to section 231 of the Clean Air Act that lead emissions from general aviation aircraft cause or contribute to air pollution that may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare and that EPA propose emissions standards for lead from general aviation aircraft. Alternatively, Friends of the Earth requests that EPA commence a study and investigation of the health and environmental impacts of lead emissions from general aviation aircraft, if EPA believes that insufficient information exists to make such a finding. The petition submitted by Friends of the Earth explains their view that lead emissions from general aviation aircraft endanger the public health and welfare, creating a duty for the EPA to propose emission standards.
The public comment period on this petition closed on March 17, 2008.
Under a federal court order to set a new standard by October 15, 2008, the EPA cut the acceptable limits for atmospheric lead from the previous standard of 1.5 μg/m3 to 0.15 μg/m3. This was the first change to the standard since 1978 and represents an order of magnitude reduction over previous levels. The new standard requires the 16,000 remaining USA sources of lead, which include lead smelting, airplane fuels, military installations, mining and metal smelting, iron and steel manufacturing, industrial boilers and process heaters, hazardous waste incineration, and production of batteries, to reduce their emissions by October 2011.
The EPA's own studies have shown that to prevent a measurable decrease in IQ for children deemed most vulnerable, the standard needs to be set much lower, to 0.02 μg/m3. The EPA identified avgas as one of the most "significant sources of lead".
At an EPA public consultation held in June 2008 on the new standards, Andy Cebula, the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association's executive vice president of government affairs, stated that general aviation plays a valuable role in the USA economy and any changes in lead standards that would change the current composition of avgas would have a "direct impact on the safety of flight and the very future of light aircraft in this country".
In December 2008, AOPA filed formal comments to the new EPA regulations. AOPA has asked the EPA to account for the cost and the safety issues involved with removing lead from avgas. They cited that the aviation sector employs more than 1.3 million people in the US and has an economic direct and indirect effect that "exceeds $150 billion annually". AOPA interprets the new regulations as not affecting general aviation as they are currently written.
Publication in the USA Federal Register of an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking by the USA EPA occurred in April 2010. The EPA indicated: "This action will describe the lead inventory related to use of leaded avgas, air quality and exposure information, additional information the Agency is collecting related to the impact of lead emissions from piston-engine aircraft on air quality and will request comments on this information."
Despite assertions in the media that leaded avgas will be eliminated in the US by 2017 at the latest date, the EPA confirmed in July 2010 that there is no phase-out date and that setting one would be an FAA responsibility as the EPA has no authority over avgas. The FAA administrator stated that regulating lead in avgas is an EPA responsibility, resulting in widespread criticism of both organizations for causing confusion and delaying solutions.
In April 2011 at Sun 'n Fun, Pete Bunce, head of the General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA), and Craig Fuller, president and CEO of the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, indicated that they both are confident that leaded avgas will not be eliminated until a suitable replacement is in place. "There is no reason to believe 100 low-lead will become unavailable in the foreseeable future," Fuller stated.
Final results from EPA's lead modeling study at the Santa Monica Airport shows off-airport levels below current 150 ng/m3 and possible future 20 ng/m3 levels. Fifteen of 17 airports monitored during a year-long study in the US by the EPA have lead emissions well below the current National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for lead.
Other uses
Avgas is occasionally used in amateur auto racing cars as its octane rating is higher than automotive gasoline thus allowing the engines to run at higher compression ratios.
See also
Relative CO2 emission from various fuels
References
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^ a b O'Connor, Kate (September 1, 2022). "GAMI Unleaded Avgas Approved For GA Piston Fleet". AVweb. Archived from the original on September 3, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
^ a b O'Connor, Kate (February 2, 2023). "GAMI Begins G100UL STC Sales". AVweb. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ Bertorelli, Paul (December 3, 2013). "Shell Announces Unleaded 100-Octane Fuel". Avweb. Archived from the original on December 9, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
^ Bertorelli, Paul (December 11, 2013). "Shell's New Avgas: Inside Comments". Avweb. Archived from the original on August 14, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
^ "National Analysis of the Populations Residing Near or Attending School Near U.S. Airports – February 2020 Final Report" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
^ Zahran, Sammy; Iverson, Terrence; McElmurry, Shawn P.; Weiler, Stephan (June 1, 2017). "The Effect of Leaded Aviation Gasoline on Blood Lead in Children". Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists. 4 (2): 575–610. doi:10.1086/691686. S2CID 59126623.
^ Miranda, Marie Lynn; Anthopolos, Rebecca; Hastings, Douglas (October 1, 2011). "A Geospatial Analysis of the Effects of Aviation Gasoline on Childhood Blood Lead Levels". Environmental Health Perspectives. 119 (10): 1513–1516. doi:10.1289/ehp.1003231. PMC 3230438. PMID 21749964.
^ a b Pew, Glenn (October 2008). "EPA Sets New Standard For Lead In Air". Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
^ a b c Balbus, John (October 2008). "New EPA lead standard significantly improved to protect kids' health" (PDF). MarketWatch.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 6, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
^ a b Environmental Protection Agency (November 2007). "Federal Register: November 16, 2007 (Volume 72, Number 221)". Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
^ Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (October 2008). "U.S. tightens health standard for airborne lead". CBC News. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
^ "Lead emissions from planes may be costing billions in lost earnings". December 16, 2016. Archived from the original on December 31, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2021.
^ "ASTM D910 PDF". October 7, 2019. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2021.
^ Hirschman, Dave (October 2008). "EPA sets new air quality standard". Archived from the original on October 27, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
^ Pew, Glenn (December 5, 2008). "Leaded Fuel, Emissions, The EPA And AOPA". Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
^ Grady, Mary (April 10, 2007). "Leaded Avgas Issue Moving To Front Burner". Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2010.
^ Grady, Mary (April 10, 2010). "EPA Advances 100LL Rulemaking Process". Archived from the original on August 11, 2010. Retrieved April 22, 2010.
^ Bertorelli, Paul (July 4, 2010). "Fuel Fight: It's About Time". Archived from the original on July 10, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
^ Bertorelli, Paul (July 28, 2010). "EPA On Lead In Fuel: No Immediate Deadline". Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
^ Bertorelli, Paul (July 28, 2010). "Industry Leaders: Don't Panic On Avgas". Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
^ Bertorelli, Paul (July 28, 2010). "AirVenture 2010: Avgas — Top 'er off with 100 gallons of muddled message". Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
^ Pew, Glenn (July 28, 2010). "100LL: FAA's Babbitt contradicts EPA statement". Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
^ Grady, Mary (April 2011). ""Town Meeting" Issues: Avgas, Pilot Decline". AvWeb. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
^ "Final Results from EPA's Lead Modeling Study at the Santa Monica Airport, by Arnold Den, Senior Science Advisor, February 22, 2010" (PDF). smgov.net. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
^ "GA community works to replace 100LL". Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association. June 20, 2013. Archived from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved June 23, 2013. 15 of the airports monitored during a year-long study have lead emissions well below the current National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for lead.
External links
ASTM D910
vteAircraft piston engine components, systems and terminologyPiston enginesMechanicalcomponents
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AmericanAviationAA-1YankeeC-FBVQrefueling01.jpg"},{"link_name":"American Aviation AA-1 Yankee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_American_AA-1"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"aviation fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_fuel"},{"link_name":"internal combustion engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine"},{"link_name":"gasoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline"},{"link_name":"motor vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle"},{"link_name":"catalytic converters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converter"},{"link_name":"tetraethyl lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethyllead"},{"link_name":"octane rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octane_rating"},{"link_name":"engine knocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_knocking"},{"link_name":"Kerosene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene"},{"link_name":"jet fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_fuel"},{"link_name":"turbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine"},{"link_name":"SMA Engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMA_Engines"},{"link_name":"Austro Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro_Engine"},{"link_name":"Thielert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thielert_Centurion"}],"text":"An American Aviation AA-1 Yankee being refueled with 100LL avgasAvgas (aviation gasoline, also known as aviation spirit in the UK) is an aviation fuel used in aircraft with spark-ignited internal combustion engines. Avgas is distinguished from conventional gasoline (petrol) used in motor vehicles, which is termed mogas (motor gasoline) in an aviation context. Unlike motor gasoline, which has been formulated without lead since the 1970s to allow the use of catalytic converters for pollution reduction, the most commonly used grades of avgas still contain tetraethyl lead, a toxic lead containing additive used to increase octane rating and prevent engine knocking (premature detonation). There are ongoing efforts to reduce or eliminate the use of lead in aviation gasoline.Kerosene-based jet fuel is formulated to suit the requirements of turbine engines which have no octane requirement and operate over a much wider flight envelope than piston engines. Kerosene is also used by most diesel piston engines developed for aviation use, such as those by SMA Engines, Austro Engine, and Thielert.","title":"Avgas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"alkylate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkylate"},{"link_name":"isooctanes.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,2,4-Trimethylpentane"},{"link_name":"reformate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformate"},{"link_name":"further explanation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"further explanation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density"},{"link_name":"weight and balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_and_balance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAAPHAK-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-From_The_Ground_Up-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CFS-3"},{"link_name":"emission coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_factor"},{"link_name":"CO2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_DOE_EIA_Carbon_Dioxide_Emissions_Coefficients-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_DOE_EIA_2005-5"},{"link_name":"vapor lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_lock"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"supercharging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercharger"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin"},{"link_name":"Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Allison V-1710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_V-1710"},{"link_name":"octane ratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octane_rating"},{"link_name":"tetraethyllead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethyllead"},{"link_name":"phased out of automotive use in most countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethyllead#Phaseout_and_ban"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The main petroleum component used in blending avgas is alkylate, which is a mixture of various isooctanes. Some refineries also use reformate. All grades of avgas that meet CAN 2–3[further explanation needed], 25-M82[further explanation needed] have a density of 6.01 pounds per US gallon (720 g/L) at 15 °C (59 °F). (6 lb/U.S. gal is commonly used in America for weight and balance computation.)[1] Density increases to 6.41 pounds per US gallon (768 g/L) at −40 °C (−40 °F), and decreases by about 0.1% per 1 °C (1.8 °F) increase in temperature.[2][3]\nAvgas has an emission coefficient (or factor) of 18.355 pounds per US gallon (2.1994 kg/L) of CO2[4][5] or about 3.07 units of weight CO2 produced per unit weight of fuel used. Avgas is less volatile, with a Reid vapor pressure range of 5.5 to 7 psi, than automotive gasoline, with a range of 8 to 14 psi. A minimum limit ensures adequate volatility for engine starting. The upper limits are related to atmospheric pressure at sea level, 14.7 psi, for motor vehicles and ambient pressure at 22,000 ft, 6.25 psi, for aircraft. The lower avgas volatility reduces the chance of vapor lock in fuel lines at altitudes up to 22,000 ft.[6]The particular mixtures in use today are the same as when they were first developed in the 1940s, and were used in airline and military aero engines with high levels of supercharging; notably the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine used in the Spitfire and Hurricane fighters, Mosquito fighter-bomber and Lancaster heavy bomber (the Merlin II and later versions required 100-octane fuel), as well as the liquid-cooled Allison V-1710 engine, and air-cooled radial engines from Pratt & Whitney, Wright, and other manufacturers on both sides of the Atlantic. The high octane ratings were traditionally achieved by the addition of tetraethyllead, a highly toxic substance that was phased out of automotive use in most countries in the late 20th century.Leaded avgas is currently available in several grades with differing maximum lead concentrations. (Unleaded avgas is also available.) Because tetraethyllead is a toxic additive, the minimum amount needed to bring the fuel to the required octane rating is used; actual concentrations are often lower than the permissible maximum.[citation needed] Historically, many post-WWII developed, low-powered 4- and 6-cylinder piston aircraft engines were designed to use leaded fuels; an unleaded replacement fuel is being developed and certified for these engines. Some reciprocating-engine aircraft still require leaded fuels, but some do not, and some can burn unleaded gasoline if a special oil additive is used.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Avgasissue-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whenwill-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whenwill-9"},{"link_name":"diesel fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The annual US usage of avgas was 186 million US gallons (700,000 m3) in 2008, and was approximately 0.14% of the motor gasoline consumption. From 1983 through 2008, US usage of avgas declined consistently by approximately 7.5 million US gallons (28,000 m3) each year.[7] As of 2024, the annual US usage of avgas was 180 million US gallons (680,000 m3),[8] most of which contained lead,[9] and 170,000 aircraft in the US used leaded avgas.[9]In Europe, avgas remains the most common piston-engine fuel. High prices have encouraged efforts to convert to diesel fuel, which is more readily available, less expensive, and has advantages for aviation use.[10]","title":"Consumption"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Motor Octane Number (MON)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octane_rating#Motor_Octane_Number_(MON)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVGas,_Lead,_and_Engine_Relationship-11"},{"link_name":"aviation lean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixture_control"},{"link_name":"anti-knock index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octane_rating#Anti-Knock_Index_(AKI)_or_(R+M)/2"},{"link_name":"aviation rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixture_control"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GroundUp20th-12"},{"link_name":"Antiknock agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiknock_agent"},{"link_name":"tetraethyl lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethyl_lead"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"}],"text":"Grades of avgas are identified by two numbers associated with its\nMotor Octane Number (MON).[11] The first number indicates the octane rating of the fuel tested to \"aviation lean\" standards, which is similar to the anti-knock index or \"pump rating\" given to automotive gasoline in the US. The second number indicates the octane rating of the fuel tested to the \"aviation rich\" standard, which tries to simulate a supercharged condition with a rich mixture, elevated temperatures, and a high manifold pressure. For example, 100/130 avgas has an octane rating of 100 at the lean settings usually used for cruising and 130 at the rich settings used for take-off and other full-power conditions.[12]Antiknock agents such as tetraethyl lead (TEL) help to control detonation and provide lubrication. One gram of TEL contains 640.6 milligrams of lead.","title":"Grades"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GATS_jar_03.JPG"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASTM_D910-16"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Tetraethyllead-35"},{"link_name":"Rotax 912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_912"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RotaxApril2009-18"}],"sub_title":"100LL (blue)","text":"Taking a fuel sample from an under-wing drain using a GATS Jar fuel sampler. The blue dye indicates that this fuel is 100LL.100LL (pronounced \"one hundred low lead\") may contain a maximum of one-half the tetraethyllead allowed in 100/130 (green) avgas.[16][35]Some of the lower-powered (100–150 horsepower or 75–112 kilowatts) aviation engines that were developed in the late 1990s are designed to run on unleaded fuel and on 100LL, an example being the Rotax 912.[18]","title":"Grades"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EAA150.jpg"},{"link_name":"gasoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline"},{"link_name":"certified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_certificate"},{"link_name":"Supplemental Type Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_Type_Certificate"},{"link_name":"experimental aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_aircraft"},{"link_name":"ultralight aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"low-compression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratio"},{"link_name":"anti-knock index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Octane_Number"},{"link_name":"Cessna 172 Skyhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_172_Skyhawk"},{"link_name":"Piper Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Cherokee"},{"link_name":"Lycoming O-320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_O-320"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"anti-knock index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Octane_Number"},{"link_name":"Lycoming O-320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_O-320"},{"link_name":"O-360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_O-360"},{"link_name":"Cessna 152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_152"},{"link_name":"O-235","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_O-235"},{"link_name":"The AKI rating of typical automotive fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octane_rating#Anti-Knock_Index_(AKI)_or_(R+M)/2"},{"link_name":"Sensitivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octane_rating#Sensitivity"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berry-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berry2-37"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"aircraft engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"\"{R+M}/2\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octane_rating#Anti-Knock_Index_(AKI)_or_(R+M)/2"},{"link_name":"supplemental type certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_type_certificate"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"vapor lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_lock"},{"link_name":"Piper Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Cherokee"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb20071117-14"}],"sub_title":"Automotive gasoline","text":"An EAA Cessna 150 used for American STC certification of auto fuelAutomotive gasoline – known as mogas or autogas among aviators – that does not contain ethanol may be used in certified aircraft that have a Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) for automotive gasoline, as well as in experimental aircraft and ultralight aircraft.[citation needed] Some oxygenates other than ethanol are approved, but these STC's prohibit ethanol-laced gasolines.[citation needed] Ethanol-treated gasoline is susceptible to phase-separation which is very possible due to the altitude/temperature changes light airplanes undergo in ordinary flight.[citation needed] This ethanol-treated fuel can flood the fuel system with water which can cause in-flight engine failure.[citation needed] Additionally, the phase-separated fuel can leave remaining portions that do not meet octane requirements due to the loss of the ethanol in the water-absorption process. Further, the ethanol can attack materials in aircraft construction which pre-date \"gasahol\" fuels.[citation needed] Most of these applicable aircraft have low-compression engines which were originally certified to run on 80/87 avgas and require only \"regular\" 87 anti-knock index automotive gasoline. Examples include the popular Cessna 172 Skyhawk or Piper Cherokee with the 150 hp (110 kW) variant of the Lycoming O-320.[citation needed]Some aircraft engines were originally certified using a 91/96 avgas and have STCs available to run \"premium\" 91 anti-knock index (AKI) automotive gasoline. Examples include some Cherokees with the 160 hp (120 kW) Lycoming O-320 or 180 hp (130 kW) O-360, or the Cessna 152 with the O-235. The AKI rating of typical automotive fuel might not directly correspond to the 91/96 avgas used to certify engines, as motor vehicle pumps in the US use the so-called \"(R + M)/2\" averaged motor vehicle octane rating system as posted on gas station pumps. Sensitivity is roughly 8–10 points, meaning that a 91 AKI fuel might have a MON of as low as 86. The extensive testing process required to obtain an STC for the engine/airframe combination helps ensure that, for those eligible aircraft, 91 AKI fuel provides sufficient detonation margin under normal conditions.[citation needed]Automotive gasoline is not a fully viable replacement for avgas in many aircraft, because many high-performance and/or turbocharged airplane engines require 100 octane fuel and modifications are necessary in order to use lower-octane fuel.[36][37]Many general aviation aircraft engines were designed to run on 80/87 octane,[citation needed] roughly the standard (as unleaded fuel only, with the \"{R+M}/2\" 87 octane rating) for North American automobiles today. Direct conversions to run on automotive fuel are fairly common, by supplemental type certificate (STC). However, the alloys used in aviation engine construction are chosen for their durability and synergistic relationship with the protective features of lead, and engine wear in the valves is a potential problem on automotive gasoline conversions.[citation needed]Fortunately, significant history of engines converted to mogas has shown that very few engine problems are caused by automotive gasoline[citation needed]. A larger problem stems from the higher and wider range of allowable vapor pressures found in automotive gasoline; this can pose some risk to aviation users if fuel system design considerations are not taken into account. Automotive gasoline can vaporize in fuel lines, causing a vapor lock (a bubble in the line) or fuel pump cavitation, thereby starving the engine of fuel. This does not constitute an insurmountable obstacle, but merely requires examination of the fuel system, ensuring adequate shielding from high temperatures and maintaining sufficient pressure in the fuel lines. This is the main reason why both the specific engine model as well as the aircraft in which it is installed must be supplementally certified for the conversion. A good example of this is the Piper Cherokee with high-compression 160 or 180 hp (120 or 130 kW) engines. Only later versions of the airframe with different engine cowling and exhaust arrangements are applicable for the automotive fuel STC, and even then require fuel-system modifications.[citation needed]Vapor lock typically occurs in fuel systems where a mechanically-driven fuel pump mounted on the engine draws fuel from a tank mounted lower than the pump. The reduced pressure in the line can cause the more volatile components in automotive gasoline to flash into vapor, forming bubbles in the fuel line and interrupting fuel flow. If an electric boost pump is mounted in the fuel tank to push fuel toward the engine, as is common practice in fuel-injected automobiles, the fuel pressure in the lines is maintained above ambient pressure, preventing bubble formation. Likewise, if the fuel tank is mounted above the engine and fuel flows primarily due to gravity, as in a high-wing airplane, vapor lock cannot occur, using either aviation or automotive fuels. Fuel-injected engines in automobiles also usually have a \"fuel return\" line to send unused fuel back to the tank, which has the benefit of equalizing the fuel's temperature throughout the system, further reducing the chance of vapor lock developing.[citation needed]In addition to vapor locking potential, automotive gasoline does not have the same quality tracking as aviation gasoline. To help solve this problem, the specification for an aviation fuel known as 82UL was developed as essentially automotive gasoline with additional quality tracking and restrictions on permissible additives. This fuel is not currently in production and no refiners have committed to producing it.[14]","title":"Grades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E10 fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E10_fuel"},{"link_name":"Rotax 912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_912"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RotaxApril2009-18"},{"link_name":"Common ethanol fuel mixtures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures"}],"sub_title":"Gasohol","text":"Rotax allows up to 10% ethanol (similar to E10 fuel for cars) in the fuel for Rotax 912 engines. Light sport aircraft that are specified by the manufacturer to tolerate alcohol in the fuel system can use up to 10% ethanol.[18]See also: Common ethanol fuel mixtures","title":"Grades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fuel dyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_dyes"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ShellAvgasSpecs-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASTM_D910-16"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Fuel dyes","text":"Fuel dyes aid ground crew and pilots in identifying and distinguishing the fuel grades[13]\nand most are specified by ASTM D910 or other standards.[16]\nDyes for the fuel are required in some countries.[38]","title":"Grades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aeromarkt235-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AOPAalternatives-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AirportBusinessAugust2008-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AOPA10ll-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Teledyne Continental Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teledyne_Continental_Motors"},{"link_name":"diesel engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb18Feb08-44"},{"link_name":"Rhett Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhett_Ross&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SMA SR305","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMA_SR305-230"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertorelli-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb12May10-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb12May10A-47"},{"link_name":"National Air Transportation Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_Transportation_Association"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Avweb06Nov08-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertorelli20May12-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avnews:_future_of_fuel-50"},{"link_name":"William J. Hughes Technical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Hughes_Technical_Center"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"G100UL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G100UL"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"Supplemental Type Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_Type_Certificate"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertorelli27Jul21-52"},{"link_name":"Lycoming Engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_Engines"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lyc1070-20"},{"link_name":"Teledyne Continental Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teledyne_Continental_Motors"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"The 100LL phase-out has been called \"one of modern GA's most pressing problems\",[39] because 70% of 100LL aviation fuel is used by the 30% of the aircraft in the general aviation fleet that cannot use any of the existing alternatives.[40][41][42]There are three fundamental issues in using unleaded fuels without serious modification of the airframe/engine:The fuel must have a high enough octane rating (and meet other specifications) to replace leaded fuels,\nThe engine must be certified to use the fuel, and\nThe airframe must also be certified to use the fuel.[43]In February 2008, Teledyne Continental Motors (TCM) announced that the company is very concerned about future availability of 100LL, and as a result, they would develop a line of diesel engines.[44]\nIn a February 2008 interview, TCM president Rhett Ross indicated belief that the aviation industry will be \"forced out\" of using 100LL in the near future, leaving automotive fuel and jet fuel as the only alternatives. In May 2010, TCM announced that they had licensed development of the SMA SR305 diesel engine.[45][46][47]In November 2008, National Air Transportation Association president Jim Coyne indicated that the environmental impact of aviation is expected to be a big issue over the next few years and will result in the phasing out of 100LL because of its lead content.[48]By May 2012, the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA Unleaded Avgas Transition rulemaking committee) had put together a plan in conjunction with industry to replace leaded avgas with an unleaded alternative within 11 years. Given the progress already made on 100SF and G100UL, the replacement time might be shorter than that 2023 estimate. Each candidate fuel must meet a checklist of 12 fuel specification parameters and 4 distribution and storage parameters. The FAA has requested a maximum of US$60M to fund the administration of the changeover.[49][50] In July 2014, nine companies and consortiums submitted proposals to the Piston Aviation Fuels Initiative (PAFI) to assess fuels without tetraethyl lead. Phase one testing is performed at the William J. Hughes Technical Center for a FAA approved industry replacement by 2018.[51]In July 2021, the first commercially-produced unleaded avgas, GAMI's G100UL, was approved by the Federal Aviation Administration through a Supplemental Type Certificate.[52]Lycoming Engines provides a list of engines and fuels that are compatible with unleaded fuel. However, all of their engines require that an oil additive be used when unleaded fuel is used: \"When using the unleaded fuels identified in Table 1, Lycoming oil additive P/N LW-16702, or an equivalent finished product such as Aeroshell 15W-50, must be used.\"[20] Lycoming also notes that the octane rating of the fuel used must also meet the requirements stated in the fuel specification, otherwise engine damage may occur due to detonation.Prior to 2022, Teledyne Continental Motors (TCM) indicated that leaded avgas is required in their engines, and not unleaded auto fuels: \"Current aircraft engines feature valve gear components which are designed for compatibility with the leaded ASTM D910 fuels. In such fuels, the lead acts as a lubricant, coating the contact areas between the valve, guide, and seat. The use of unleaded auto fuels with engines designed for leaded fuels can result in excessive exhaust valve seat wear due to the lack of lead with cylinder performance deteriorating to unacceptable levels in under 10 hours.\"[53]In 2022, TCM changed its policy. They have announced a formal application to the FAA to approve the use of UL91 and UL94 in selected engines, stating that \"Continental considers 91UL and 94UL fuel as a transitional step in a long-term strategy to reach a more sustainable aviation\".[54]","title":"Phase-out of leaded aviation gasoline"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"New unleaded fuel grades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hjelmco Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hjelmco_Oil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-56"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lyc1070-20"},{"link_name":"Cessna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"91UL (or UL91)","text":"Hjelmco Oil first introduced unleaded Avgas grades in Europe in 2003, after its success with 80UL.[55] This grade of Avgas is manufactured to meet ASTM D7547.[56] Many common Lycoming engines are certified to run on this particular grade of Avgas,[20] and Cessna has approved the use of this fuel in a large number of their piston fleet.[57] This fuel is also usable in any aircraft in Europe[58] or the United Kingdom[59] where the engine is certified to use it, whether or not the airframe is certified to do so, too.","title":"New unleaded fuel grades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-knock index (AKI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-knock_index"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"93UL (Ethanol-free 93AKI automotive gasoline)","text":"The firm Airworthy AutoGas tested an ethanol-free 93 anti-knock index (AKI) premium auto gas on a Lycoming O-360-A4M in 2013. The fuel is certified under Lycoming Service Instruction 1070 and ASTM D4814.[60]","title":"New unleaded fuel grades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Motor octane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_octane_number"},{"link_name":"Teledyne Continental Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teledyne_Continental_Motors"},{"link_name":"IO-550-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_O-550"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft Bonanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Bonanza"},{"link_name":"Continental O-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_O-200"},{"link_name":"240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_O-240"},{"link_name":"O-470","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_O-470"},{"link_name":"O-520","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_O-520"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb31Mar09-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb12May10B-62"},{"link_name":"Lycoming Engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_Engines"},{"link_name":"aircraft type clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_type_club"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb06Jun10-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb11Jun10-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb16Jun10-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100OC-66"},{"link_name":"motor octane number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_octane_number"},{"link_name":"ASTM International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTM_International"},{"link_name":"de minimis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_minimis"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-56"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AOPA_September_13,_2016_94UL-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swift_Fuel_product_94UL-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AINOnline_6_April2016_94UL_102_UL-69"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"Supplemental Type Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_type_certificate"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swift_Fuel_product_94UL-68"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"octane rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octane_rating"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASTM_D910-16"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-56"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lyc1070-20"}],"sub_title":"UL94 (formerly 94UL)","text":"Unleaded 94 Motor octane fuel (UL94) is essentially 100LL without the lead.\nIn March 2009, Teledyne Continental Motors (TCM) announced they had tested a 94UL fuel that might be the best replacement for 100LL. This 94UL meets the avgas specification including vapor pressure but has not been completely tested for detonation qualities in all Continental engines or under all conditions. Flight testing has been conducted in an IO-550-B powering a Beechcraft Bonanza and ground testing in Continental O-200, 240, O-470, and O-520 engines. In May 2010, TCM indicated that despite industry skepticism, they are proceeding with 94UL and that certification was expected in mid-2013.[61][62]In June 2010, Lycoming Engines indicated their opposition to 94UL. Company general manager Michael Kraft stated that aircraft owners do not realize how much performance would be lost with 94UL and characterized the decision to pursue 94UL as a mistake that could cost the aviation industry billions in lost business. Lycoming believes the industry should be pursuing 100UL instead. The Lycoming position is supported by aircraft type clubs representing owners of aircraft that would be unable to run on lower octane fuel. In June 2010, clubs such as the American Bonanza Society, the Malibu Mirage Owners and Pilots Association, and the Cirrus Owners and Pilots Association collectively formed the Clean 100 Octane Coalition to represent them on this issue and push for unleaded 100 octane avgas.[63][64][65][66]In November 2015, UL94 was added as a secondary grade of unleaded aviation gasoline to ASTM D7547, which is the specification that governs UL91 unleaded avgas. UL91 is currently being sold in Europe. UL94 meets all of the same specification property limits as 100LL with the exception of a lower motor octane number (94.0 minimum for UL94 vs. 99.6 minimum for 100LL) and a decreased maximum lead content. UL94 is an unleaded fuel, but as with all ASTM International unleaded gasoline specifications, a de minimis amount of unintentionally added lead is permitted.[56]Since May 2016, UL94, now a product of Swift Fuels, is available for sale at dozens of airports in the United States. Swift Fuels has an agreement for distribution in Europe.[67][68][69]UL94 is not intended to be a full replacement for 100LL, but rather is designed to be a drop-in replacement for aircraft with lower-octane-rated engines, such as those that are approved for operation on Grade 80 avgas (or lower), UL91, or mogas. It is estimated that up to 65% of the fleet of current general aviation piston-engine-powered aircraft can operate on UL94 with no modifications to either the engine or airframe. Some aircraft, however, do require a FAA-approved Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) to be purchased to allow for operation on UL94.[68][70][71]UL94 has a minimum Motor octane number (MON, which is the octane rating employed for grading aviation gasoline) of 94.0. 100LL has a minimum MON of 99.6.[16][56]AKI is the octane rating used to grade all U.S. automotive gasoline (typical values at the pump can include 87, 89, 91, and 93), and also the 93UL fuel from Airworthy AutoGas.The minimum AKI of UL94, as sold by Swift Fuels, is 98.0.Concurrent with the addition of UL94 to ASTM D7547, the FAA published Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin (SAIB) HQ-16-05, which states that \"UL94 meets the operating limitations or aircraft and engines approved to operate with grade UL91 avgas,\" meaning that \"Grade UL94 avgas that meets specification D7547 is acceptable to use on those aircraft and engines that are approved to operate with ... grade UL91 avgas that meets specification D7547.\"[72] In August 2016, the FAA revised SAIB HQ-16-05 to include similar wording regarding the acceptability of using UL94 in aircraft and engines that are approved to operate with avgas that has a minimum Motor octane rating of 80 or lower, including Grade 80/87.[73]The publication of the SAIB, especially the August 2016 revision, eliminated the need for many of the UL94 STCs being sold by Swift Fuels, as the majority of the aircraft on the STC's Approved Model List are type-certified to use 80-octane or lower avgas.On April 6, 2017, Lycoming Engines published Service Instruction 1070V, which adds UL94 as an approved grade of fuel for dozens of engine models, 60% of which are carbureted engines. Engines with displacements of 235, 320, 360, and 540 cubic inches make up almost 90% of the models approved for UL94.[20]","title":"New unleaded fuel grades"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cessna150M-SwiftFuel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Purdue University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University"},{"link_name":"Cessna 150M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_150M"},{"link_name":"mesitylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesitylene"},{"link_name":"isopentane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopentane"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AOPA_September_13,_2016_94UL-67"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delphi142test2006-74"},{"link_name":"biomass fermentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_fermentation"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SwiftPatent-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarrolCountyComet2007Nov7-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delphishowcase-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MedillJune2008-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewAviationFuel-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarrollCountyCometJuly2008-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarrolCountyCometJuly92008-81"},{"link_name":"Robert X. Cringely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_X._Cringely"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cringely-82"},{"link_name":"AOPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOPA"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hirschman-83"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MedillJune2008-78"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb03Mar09-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb08Mar09-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Avweb07Feb10B-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb02May10-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABS16Jun10-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb02Jul10-89"},{"link_name":"motor octane number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_octane_number"},{"link_name":"GC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chromatograph"},{"link_name":"FID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_ionization_detector"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWebFAAtest2008-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAAtest2008-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCMtest-92"},{"link_name":"ASTM International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTM_International"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb15Dec09-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InsideIndiana15Dec09-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb22Aug10-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb27Oct10-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GenAv20110525Swift-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AOPASwiftPilotApproval-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SwiftPatent2013-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AINOnline_PAFI_phase_2-100"}],"sub_title":"UL102 (formerly 100SF Swift Fuel)","text":"Purdue University Cessna 150M Swift Fuel demonstratorSwift Fuels, LLC, has attained approval to produce fuel for testing at its pilot plant in Indiana. Composed of approximately 85% mesitylene and 15% isopentane, the fuel is reportedly scheduled for extensive testing by the FAA to receive certification under the new ASTM D7719 guideline for unleaded 100LL replacement fuels. The company eventually intends to produce the fuel from renewable biomass feedstocks, and aims to produce something competitive in price with 100LL and currently available alternative fuels. Swift Fuels has suggested that the fuel, formerly referred to as 100SF, will be available for \"high performance piston-powered aircraft\" before 2020.[67]John and Mary-Louise Rusek founded Swift Enterprises in 2001 to develop renewable fuels and hydrogen fuel cells. They began testing \"Swift 142\" in 2006[74] and patented several alternatives for non-alcohol based fuels which can be derived from biomass fermentation.[75] Over the next several years, the company sought to build a pilot plant to produce enough fuel for larger-scale testing[76][77] and submitted fuel to the FAA for testing.[78][79][80][81]In 2008, an article by technology writer and aviation enthusiast Robert X. Cringely attracted popular attention to the fuel,[82] as also did a cross-country Swift-Fueled flight by the AOPA's Dave Hirschman.[83] Swift Enterprises' claims that the fuel could eventually be manufactured much more cheaply than 100LL have been debated in the aviation press.[78][84][85][86][87][88][89]The FAA found Swift Fuel to have a motor octane number of 104.4, 96.3% of the energy per unit of mass, and 113% of the energy per unit of volume as 100LL, and to meet most of the ASTM D910 standard for leaded aviation fuel. Following tests in two Lycoming engines, the FAA concluded it performs better than 100LL in detonation testing and will provide a fuel saving of 8% per unit of volume, though it weighs 1 pound per US gallon (120 g/L) more than 100LL. GC–FID testing showed the fuel to be made primarily of two components — one about 85% by weight and the other about 14% by weight.[90][91] Soon afterward, AVweb reported that Continental had begun the process of certifying several of its engines to use the new fuel.[92]From 2009 through 2011, 100SF was approved as a test fuel by ASTM International, allowing the company to pursue certification testing.[93][94] satisfactorily tested by the FAA,[95] tested by Purdue University,[96] and approved under ASTM specification D7719 for high-octane Grade UL102, allowing the company to test more economically in non-experimental aircraft.[97]In 2012, Swift Fuels LLC was formed to bring in oil and gas industry experience, scale up production and bring the fuel to market. By November 2013, the company had built its pilot plant and received approval to produce fuel in it.[98] Its most recent patent, approved in 2013, describes methods by which the fuel can be produced from fermentable biomass.[99]The FAA scheduled UL102 for 2 years of phase 2 testing in its PAFI initiative beginning in the summer of 2016.[100]","title":"New unleaded fuel grades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Aviation Modifications Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Aviation_Modifications_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Avweb07Feb10B-86"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamimakes-28"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Avweb07Feb10A-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Avweb08Jul10-102"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"Supplemental Type Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_Type_Certificate"},{"link_name":"AirVenture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirVenture"},{"link_name":"Cessna 172","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_172"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertorelli27Jul21-52"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamimakes-28"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Avweb05Apr22-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Connor01Sep22-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Connor02Feb23-105"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onemillion-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamimakes-28"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Connor01Sep22-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Connor02Feb23-105"}],"sub_title":"G100UL","text":"In February 2010, General Aviation Modifications Inc. (GAMI) announced that it was in the process of developing a 100LL replacement to be called G100UL (\"unleaded\"). This fuel is made by blending existing refinery products and yields detonation margins comparable to 100LL. The new fuel is slightly more dense than 100LL, but has a 3.5% higher thermodynamic output. G100UL is compatible with 100LL and can be mixed with it in aircraft tanks for use.[86][28][101]In demonstrations held in July 2010, G100UL performed better than 100LL that just meets the minimum specification and performed as well as average production 100LL.[102]G100UL was approved by the Federal Aviation Administration by the issuance of a Supplemental Type Certificate at AirVenture in July 2021. The STC was initially only applicable to Lycoming-powered models of the Cessna 172. The company indicated that the retail cost was expected to be 0.60–0.85 US dollars per US gallon higher than 100LL. [52] This was later revised to 1.00 US dollar per US gallon.[28]In 2022, Paul Bertorelli of AVweb reported that the FAA was dragging its feet on broadly certifying G100UL, delaying approval of the fuel for more engines and spending over $80 million on EAGLE to re-start a search for an unleaded fuel when G100UL had been under evaluation for over 10 years.[103]In September 2022, in a surprise announcement, the FAA approved an STC for the use of the fuel for all piston-engined aircraft and engine combinations. In February 2023, GAMI began selling supplemental type certificates to allow aircraft owners to use the fuel when it becomes available. [104][105]In April 2024, GAMI announced that 1 million gallons of G100UL had been produced. Fuel availability in the US was forecast for airports in California, Washington and Oregon by the middle of 2024 and the rest of the country by 2026.[29][28][104][105]","title":"New unleaded fuel grades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shell Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_Oil"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"}],"sub_title":"Shell Unleaded 100-Octane Fuel","text":"In December 2013, Shell Oil announced that they had developed an unleaded 100 octane fuel and will submit it for FAA testing with certification expected within two to three years.[106] The fuel is alkylate-based with an additive package of aromatics. No information has yet been published with regard to its performance, producibility or price. Industry analysts have indicated that it will likely cost as much as or more than existing 100LL.[107]","title":"New unleaded fuel grades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neurotoxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxin"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"IQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotient"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb20081016-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarketWatch_WHO-112"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarketWatch_WHO-112"},{"link_name":"environmental group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism"},{"link_name":"Friends of the Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb20071117-14"},{"link_name":"Clean Air Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FederalRegister16Nov07-113"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FederalRegister16Nov07-113"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb20081016-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarketWatch_WHO-112"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC20081016-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_Owners_and_Pilots_Association"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AOPA1-117"},{"link_name":"AOPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_Owners_and_Pilots_Association"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb20081205-118"},{"link_name":"Federal Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Register"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb20070410-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb20100410-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb20100704-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb20100728A-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb20100728B-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb20100728C-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb20100728D-125"},{"link_name":"Sun 'n Fun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_%27n_Fun"},{"link_name":"General Aviation Manufacturers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Aviation_Manufacturers_Association"},{"link_name":"Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_Owners_and_Pilots_Association"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeb02Apr11-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AOPA20130620-128"}],"text":"TEL found in leaded avgas and its combustion products are potent neurotoxins that have been shown in scientific research to interfere with brain development in children. Children in residences or childcare facilities in close proximity to airports with moderate to high piston engine aircraft traffic are at especially high risk of high blood lead levels.[108][109][110] The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has noted that exposure to even very low levels of lead contamination has been conclusively linked to loss of IQ in children's brain function tests, thus providing a high degree of motivation to eliminate lead and its compounds from the environment.[111][112]While lead concentrations in the air have declined, scientific studies have demonstrated that children's neurological development is harmed by much lower levels of lead exposure than previously understood. Low level lead exposure has been clearly linked to loss of IQ in performance testing. Even an average IQ loss of 1–2 points in children has a meaningful impact for the nation as a whole, as it would result in an increase in children classified as mentally challenged, as well as a proportional decrease in the number of children considered \"gifted\".[112]On November 16, 2007, the environmental group Friends of the Earth formally petitioned the EPA, asking them to regulate leaded avgas. The EPA responded with a notice of petition for rulemaking.[14]The notice of petition stated:Friends of the Earth has filed a petition with EPA, requesting that EPA find pursuant to section 231 of the Clean Air Act that lead emissions from general aviation aircraft cause or contribute to air pollution that may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare and that EPA propose emissions standards for lead from general aviation aircraft. Alternatively, Friends of the Earth requests that EPA commence a study and investigation of the health and environmental impacts of lead emissions from general aviation aircraft, if EPA believes that insufficient information exists to make such a finding. The petition submitted by Friends of the Earth explains their view that lead emissions from general aviation aircraft endanger the public health and welfare, creating a duty for the EPA to propose emission standards.[113]The public comment period on this petition closed on March 17, 2008.[113]Under a federal court order to set a new standard by October 15, 2008, the EPA cut the acceptable limits for atmospheric lead from the previous standard of 1.5 μg/m3 to 0.15 μg/m3. This was the first change to the standard since 1978 and represents an order of magnitude reduction over previous levels. The new standard requires the 16,000 remaining USA sources of lead, which include lead smelting, airplane fuels, military installations, mining and metal smelting, iron and steel manufacturing, industrial boilers and process heaters, hazardous waste incineration, and production of batteries, to reduce their emissions by October 2011.[111][112][114]The EPA's own studies have shown that to prevent a measurable decrease in IQ for children deemed most vulnerable, the standard needs to be set much lower, to 0.02 μg/m3. The EPA identified avgas as one of the most \"significant sources of lead\".[115][116]At an EPA public consultation held in June 2008 on the new standards, Andy Cebula, the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association's executive vice president of government affairs, stated that general aviation plays a valuable role in the USA economy and any changes in lead standards that would change the current composition of avgas would have a \"direct impact on the safety of flight and the very future of light aircraft in this country\".[117]In December 2008, AOPA filed formal comments to the new EPA regulations. AOPA has asked the EPA to account for the cost and the safety issues involved with removing lead from avgas. They cited that the aviation sector employs more than 1.3 million people in the US and has an economic direct and indirect effect that \"exceeds $150 billion annually\". AOPA interprets the new regulations as not affecting general aviation as they are currently written.[118]Publication in the USA Federal Register of an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking by the USA EPA occurred in April 2010. The EPA indicated: \"This action will describe the lead inventory related to use of leaded avgas, air quality and exposure information, additional information the Agency is collecting related to the impact of lead emissions from piston-engine aircraft on air quality and will request comments on this information.\"[119][120]Despite assertions in the media that leaded avgas will be eliminated in the US by 2017 at the latest date, the EPA confirmed in July 2010 that there is no phase-out date and that setting one would be an FAA responsibility as the EPA has no authority over avgas. The FAA administrator stated that regulating lead in avgas is an EPA responsibility, resulting in widespread criticism of both organizations for causing confusion and delaying solutions.[121][122][123][124][125]In April 2011 at Sun 'n Fun, Pete Bunce, head of the General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA), and Craig Fuller, president and CEO of the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, indicated that they both are confident that leaded avgas will not be eliminated until a suitable replacement is in place. \"There is no reason to believe 100 low-lead will become unavailable in the foreseeable future,\" Fuller stated.[126]Final results from EPA's lead modeling study at the Santa Monica Airport shows off-airport levels below current 150 ng/m3 and possible future 20 ng/m3 levels.[127] Fifteen of 17 airports monitored during a year-long study in the US by the EPA have lead emissions well below the current National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for lead.[128]","title":"Environmental regulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amateur auto racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Avgas is occasionally used in amateur auto racing cars as its octane rating is higher than automotive gasoline thus allowing the engines to run at higher compression ratios.[citation needed]","title":"Other uses"}]
|
[{"image_text":"An American Aviation AA-1 Yankee being refueled with 100LL avgas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/AmericanAviationAA-1YankeeC-FBVQrefueling01.jpg/250px-AmericanAviationAA-1YankeeC-FBVQrefueling01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Taking a fuel sample from an under-wing drain using a GATS Jar fuel sampler. The blue dye indicates that this fuel is 100LL.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GATS_jar_03.JPG/220px-GATS_jar_03.JPG"},{"image_text":"An EAA Cessna 150 used for American STC certification of auto fuel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/EAA150.jpg/220px-EAA150.jpg"},{"image_text":"Purdue University Cessna 150M Swift Fuel demonstrator","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cessna150M-SwiftFuel.jpg/220px-Cessna150M-SwiftFuel.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Relative CO2 emission from various fuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas"}]
|
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Retrieved June 23, 2013. 15 of the [17] airports monitored during a year-long study have lead emissions well below the current National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for lead.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aopa.org/News-and-Video/All-News/2013/June/20/ga-community-works-to-replace-100ll.aspx","url_text":"\"GA community works to replace 100LL\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130625013907/http://www.aopa.org/News-and-Video/All-News/2013/June/20/ga-community-works-to-replace-100ll.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-party_software_component
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Third-party software component
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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In computer programming, a third-party software component is a reusable software component developed to be either freely distributed or sold by an entity other than the original vendor of the development platform. The third-party software component market thrives because many programmers believe that component-oriented development improves the efficiency and the quality of developing custom applications. Common third-party software includes macros, bots, and software/scripts to be run as add-ons for popular developing software. In the case of operating systems such as Windows XP, Vista or Seven, there are applications installed by default, such as Windows Media Player or Internet Explorer.
See also
Middleware
Enterprise Java Beans
VCL / CLX
KParts (KDE)
Video-game third-party developers
Third-party source
References
^ "Third Party Software Components Definition". Law Insider. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
This programming-tool-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Third-party software component"}]
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[]
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM7
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ARM7
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["1 Overview","1.1 ARM license","1.2 Silicon customization","2 Cores","2.1 ARM7TDMI","2.2 ARM7EJ-S","3 Chips","3.1 ARM7TDMI or ARM7TDMI-S core","3.2 Unreferenced ARM7 core","4 Notable uses","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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32-bit ARM processor architecture
This article is about ARM7 microcontroller cores. For the ARMv7 instruction set architecture, see ARM architecture.
ARM7General informationDesigned byARM HoldingsArchitecture and classificationInstruction setARM (32-bit) (ARMv3)
ARM7TArchitecture and classificationInstruction setARM (32-bit),Thumb (16-bit) (ARMv4T)
ARM7EJ-SArchitecture and classificationInstruction setARM (32-bit),Thumb (16-bit),Jazelle (8-bit) (ARMv5TEJ)
ARM7 is a group of 32-bit RISC ARM processor cores licensed by ARM Holdings for microcontroller use. The ARM7 core family consists of ARM700, ARM710, ARM7DI, ARM710a, ARM720T, ARM740T, ARM710T, ARM7TDMI, ARM7TDMI-S, ARM7EJ-S. The ARM7TDMI and ARM7TDMI-S were the most popular cores of the family.
Since ARM7 cores were released from 1993 to 2001, they are no longer recommended for new IC designs; instead ARM Cortex-M or ARM Cortex-R cores are preferred.
Overview
See also: ARM architecture and List of ARM cores
This generation introduced the Thumb 16-bit instruction set providing improved code density compared to previous designs. The most widely used ARM7 designs implement the ARMv4T architecture, but some implement ARMv3 or ARMv5TEJ. ARM7TDMI has 37 registers (31 GPR and 6 SPR). All these designs use a Von Neumann architecture, thus the few versions containing a cache do not separate data and instruction caches.
Some ARM7 cores are obsolete. One historically significant model, the ARM7DI is notable for having introduced JTAG based on-chip debugging; the preceding ARM6 cores did not support it. The "D" represented a JTAG TAP for debugging; the "I" denoted an ICEBreaker debug module supporting hardware breakpoints and watchpoints, and letting the system be stalled for debugging. Subsequent cores included and enhanced this support.
It is a versatile processor designed for mobile devices and other low power electronics. This processor architecture is capable of up to 130 MIPS on a typical 0.13 μm process. The ARM7TDMI processor core implements ARM architecture v4T. The processor supports both 32-bit and 16-bit instructions via the ARM and Thumb instruction sets.
ARM licenses the processor to various semiconductor companies, which design full chips based on the ARM processor architecture.
ARM license
ARM Holdings neither manufactures nor sells CPU devices based on its own designs, but rather licenses the processor architecture to interested parties. ARM offers a variety of licensing terms, varying in cost and deliverables. To all licensees, ARM provides an integratable hardware description of the ARM core, as well as complete software development toolset and the right to sell manufactured silicon containing the ARM CPU.
Silicon customization
Integrated device manufacturers (IDM) receive the ARM Processor IP as synthesizable RTL (written in Verilog). In this form, they have the ability to perform architectural level optimizations and extensions. This allows the manufacturer to achieve custom design goals, such as higher clock speed, very low power consumption, instruction set extensions, optimizations for size, debug support, etc. To determine which components have been included in a particular ARM CPU chip, consult the manufacturer datasheet and related documentation.
Cores
Year
ARM7 Cores
1993
ARM700
1994
ARM710
1994
ARM7DI
1994
ARM7TDMI
1995
ARM710a
1997
ARM710T
1997
ARM720T
1997
ARM740T
2001
ARM7TDMI-S
2001
ARM7EJ-S
The original ARM7 was based on the earlier ARM6 design and used the same ARMv3 instruction set. The ARM710 variant was used in a CPU module for the Acorn Risc PC, and the first ARM based System on a Chip designs ARM7100 and ARM7500 used this core.
ARM7TDMI
The ARM7TDMI (ARM7 + 16 bit Thumb + JTAG Debug + fast Multiplier + enhanced ICE) processor implements the ARMv4 instruction set. It was licensed for manufacture by an array of semiconductor companies. In 2009, it was one of the most widely used ARM cores, and is found in numerous deeply embedded system designs. It was used in the popular video game console Game Boy Advance.
Texas Instruments licensed the ARM7TDMI, which was designed into the Nokia 6110, the first ARM-powered GSM phone. This led to the popular series of Nokia phones using the processor, including the 3210 and 3310.
The ARM7TDMI-S variant is the synthesizable core.
ARM7EJ-S
MediaTek MT3337V - ARM7EJ-S processor
The ARM7EJ-S (ARM7 + Enhanced + Jazelle - Synthesizable) is a version of the ARM7 implementing the ARMv5TE instruction set originally introduced with the more powerful ARM9E core.
Chips
Yamaha AICA sound processor in Dreamcast game console
ARM7TDMI or ARM7TDMI-S core
Analog Devices AD6720 (used in LG KG130/150), AD6724 (used in LG KP130/135), AD6726 (used in LG KP170/175)
Atmel AT91M, AT91R, AT91SAM7L, AT91SAM7S/SE, AT91SAM7X/XC (see AT91SAM7)
STMicroelectronics STR7
Alcatel Microelectronics (STMicroelectronics) ALCATEL 2840 (MTC-20276 INTQ, MTC-20277 INTT); used in Alcatel One Touch 30x (BE4)
PortalPlayer PP5002, PP5022 (used in iPods)
NXP LPC2100, LPC2200, LPC2300, LPC2400
Unreferenced ARM7 core
The Make Controller Kit with an Atmel AT91SAM7X256 (ARM) microcontroller
ADMtek ADM8628
Atmel AT91CAP7
Cirrus Logic CL-PS7110
Mediatek MT2502 (ARM7 EJ-STM)
NetSilicon NS7520
Nuvoton NUC500, NUC700
LH7
PortalPlayer 5002, 5003, 5020, 5021-TDF, 5022, 5024 SOCs (dual ARM7TDI cores)
Samsung S3C46Q0X01-EE8X, S3C44B0X
Yamaha AICA (ARM7DI) – sound processor with DSP
Notable uses
Nokia 6110 – first GSM phone to use an ARM processor
Dreamcast – home video game console (audio coprocessor)
PlayStation 2 - home video game console (security handler)
Game Boy Advance – handheld video game console
Nintendo DS – successor to the Game Boy Advance
Zune HD – portable media player
Roomba – robotic vacuum cleaner
Lego Mindstorms NXT - 2nd generation robotics toy line from Lego
iPod – the first 5 generations of the iPod Classic as well as the Mini and first Nano used dual-core ARM7TDMI processors.
See also
Electronics portal
ARM architecture
List of ARM microarchitectures
JTAG
Real-time operating system, Comparison of real-time operating systems
References
^ a b ARM7 Family Webpage; ARM Holdings.
^ "ARM7DI Data Sheet"; Document Number ARM DDI 0027D; Issued: December 1994.
^ Sakr, Sharif. "ARM co-founder John Biggs". Engadget. Retrieved 23 December 2011. the ARM7-TDMI was licensed by Texas Instruments and designed into the Nokia 6110, which was the first ARM-powered GSM phone.
^ Walshe, Ben (13 March 2018). "A look at devices that have shaped mobile gaming". Arm Community. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
^ "Remembering the Sega Dreamcast". 29 September 2009.
^ Shiro Hagiwara; Ian Oliver (1999). "Sega Dreamcast: Creating a Unified Entertainment World". IEEE Micro. 19 (6): 29–35. doi:10.1109/40.809375.
^ a b "Dreamcast/ Dev.Box System Architecture" (PDF). 2 September 1999.
^ a b c Atmel Legacy ARM-Based Solutions; Atmel.
^ SAM7S/SE ARM7 Microcontrollers; Atmel.
^ SAM7X/XC ARM7 Microcontrollers; Atmel.
^ STR7 ARM7 Microcontrollers; STMicroelectronics.
^ "Case No COMP/M.2820" (PDF). ec.europa.eu. 24 June 2002. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
^ "Alcatel Microelectronics MTC-20276 INTQ Data Sheet" (PDF). datasheet.datasheetarchive.com. October 1998. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
^ "Alcatel Microelectronics MTC-20277 INTT Data Sheet and User Manual" (PDF). datasheet.datasheetarchive.com. October 1998. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
^ "TargetSpecificOptimization". www.rockbox.org. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
^ "Ipod nano Generations - ipod touch generations". www.ipodlinux.org. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
^ "LPC2109/2119/2129 datasheet" (PDF). 14 June 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ARM7.
ARM7 official website
Architecture Reference Manual: ARMv4/5/6
Core Reference Manuals: ARM7DIARM7EJ-S,ARM7TDMI,ARM7TDMI-S,ARM710a, ARM710T,ARM720T,ARM740T
Instructions: Thumb (1), ARM and Thumb-2 (2), Vector Floating Point (3)
Opcodes: Thumb (1, 2), ARM (3, 4), GNU Assembler Directives 5
Differences between ARM7TDMI and ARM7TDMI-S
ARM Assembly Intro A starter's tutorial on ARM assembly
ARM7TDMI Microcontroller Development Resources - schematics, CAD files, header files
vteClassic ARM-based chips
ARM Holdings
ARM architecture family
List of ARM cores
ARM Cortex-A
ARM Cortex-R
ARM Cortex-M
List of ARM Cortex-M development tools
ClassicprocessorsARM7
Atmel SAM7L, SAM7S, SAM7SE, SAM7X, SAM7XC, AT91CAP7, AT91M, AT91R
Cirrus Logic PS7xxx, EP7xxx
Mediatek MT62xx
NXP LPC2100, LPC2200, LPC2300, LPC2400, LH7
STMicroelectronics STR7
ARM9
Aspeed AST2400
Atmel SAM9G, SAM9M, SAM9N, SAM9R, SAM9X, SAM9XE, SAM926x, AT91CAP9
Cirrus Logic EP9xxx
Freescale i.MX1x, i.MX2x
Nuvoton NUC900
NXP LPC2900, LPC3000, LH7A
Philips Nexperia PNX4008
Rockchip RK27xx, RK28xx
Samsung S3C24xx
STMicroelectronics Nomadik STn881x
STMicroelectronics STR9
Texas Instruments OMAP 1, AM1x, DaVinci
VIA WonderMedia WM8505/8650
ZiiLABS ZMS-05
ARM11
Broadcom BCM2835
Cavium CNS3xxx
Freescale i.MX3x
Infotmic IMAPX210/220
Mindspeed Comcerto 1000
Nvidia Tegra APX, 6xx
Qualcomm MSM7000, Snapdragon S1
Samsung S3C64xx, S5P64xx
ST-NXP Wireless Nomadik STn882x
Telechips TCC8902
Texas Instruments OMAP 2
VIA WonderMedia WM87x0
ARMv2acompatible
Amber (open FPGA core)
ARMv4compatible
Faraday FA526, FA626
DEC/Intel StrongARM
ARMv5TEcompatible
Intel/Marvell XScale
Marvell Sheeva, Feroceon, Jolteon, Mohawk
Faraday FA606TE, FA616TE, FA626TE, FA726TE
vteEmbedded ARM-based chips
ARM Holdings
ARM architecture family
List of ARM cores
ARM Cortex-A
ARM Cortex-R
ARM Cortex-M
List of ARM Cortex-M development tools
EmbeddedmicrocontrollersCortex-M0
Cypress PSoC 4000, 4100, 4100M, 4200, 4200DS, 4200L, 4200M
Infineon XMC1000
Nordic nRF51
NXP LPC1100, LPC1200
nuvoTon NuMicro
Sonix SN32F700
STMicroelectronics STM32 F0
Toshiba TX00
Vorago VA108x0
Cortex-M0+
Cypress PSoC 4000S, 4100S, 4100S+, 4100PS, 4700S, FM0+
Holtek HT32F52000
Microchip (Atmel) SAM C2, D0, D1, D2, DA, L2, R2, R3
NXP LPC800, LPC11E60, LPC11U60
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis E, EA, L, M, V1, W0
Raspberry Pi RP2040
Renesas Synergy S1
Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Zero, Happy
STMicroelectronics STM32 L0
Cortex-M1
Altera FPGAs Cyclone-II, Cyclone-III, Stratix-II, Stratix-III
Microsemi (Actel) FPGAs Fusion, IGLOO/e, ProASIC3L, ProASIC3/E
Xilinx FPGAs Spartan-3, Virtex-2-3-4
Cortex-M3
Actel SmartFusion, SmartFusion 2
Analog Devices ADuCM300
Cypress PSoC 5000, 5000LP, FM3
Fujitsu FM3
Holtek HT32F
Microchip (Atmel) SAM 3A, 3N, 3S, 3U, 3X
NXP LPC1300, LPC1700, LPC1800
ON Semiconductor Q32M210
Silicon Labs Precision32
Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Tiny, Gecko, Leopard, Giant
STMicroelectronics STM32 F1, F2, L1
Texas Instruments F28, LM3, TMS470, OMAP 4
Toshiba TX03
Cortex-M4
Microchip (Atmel) SAM 4L, 4N, 4S
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis K, W2
Renesas RA4W1, RA6M1, RA6M2, RA6M3, RA6T1
Cortex-M4F
Cypress 6200, FM4
Infineon XMC4000
Microchip (Atmel) SAM 4C, 4E, D5, E5, G5
Microchip CEC1302
Nordic nRF52
NXP LPC4000, LPC4300
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis K, V3, V4
Renesas Synergy S3, S5, S7
Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Wonder
STMicroelectronics STM32 F3, F4, L4, L4+, WB
Texas Instruments LM4F/TM4C, MSP432
Toshiba TX04
Cortex-M7F
Microchip (Atmel) SAM E7, S7, V7
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis KV5x, i.MX RT 10xx, i.MX RT 11xx, S32K3xx
STMicroelectronics STM32 F7, H7
Cortex-M23
GigaDevice CD32E2xx
Microchip (Atmel) SAM L10, L11, and PIC 32CM-LE 32CM-LS
Nuvoton M23xx family, M2xx family, NUC1262, M2L31
Renesas S1JA, RA2A1, RA2L1, RA2E1, RA2E2
Cortex-M33F
Analog Devices ADUCM4
Dialog DA1469x
GigaDevice GD32E5, GD32W5
Nordic nRF91, nRF5340, nRF54
NXP LPC5500, i.MX RT600
ON RSL15
Renesas RA4, RA6
ST STM32 H5, L5, U5, WBA
Silicon Labs Wireless Gecko Series 2
Cortex-M35P
STMicroelectronics ST33K
Cortex-M55F
Alif Semiconductor Ensemble
Infineon PSoC Edge
Cortex-M85F
Renesas RA8
Real-timemicroprocessorsCortex-R4F
Texas Instruments RM4, TMS570
Renesas RZ/T1
Cortex-R5F
Scaleo OLEA
Texas Instruments RM57, AM2
Xilinx Versal, ZynqMP, ZynqRF
Cortex-R7F
Renesas RZ/G2E, RZ/G2H, RZ/G2M, RZ/G2N
Cortex-R52F
NXP S32Z, S32E
Renesas RZ/N2L, RZ/T2L, RZ/T2M
Cortex-R52+F
STMicroelectronics Stellar G, Stellar P
vteMicrocontrollersMain
Single-board microcontroller
Special function register
Architectures
68000
8051
ARC
ARM
AVR
MIPS
MPS430
PIC
RISC-V
x86
Word length4-bit
Am2900
COP400
MARC4
PPS-4
S1C6x
TLCS-47
TMS1000
μCOM-4
8-bit
6800
68HC05
68HC08
68HC11
S08
RS08
6502
65C134
65C265
MELPS 740
78K
8048
8051
XC800
AVR
COP8
H8
PIC10/12/16/17/18
ST6/ST7
STM8
Z8
Z80
eZ80
Rabbit 2000
TLCS-870
16-bit
65C816
68HC12/16
80186
C166
CR16/C
H8S
MSP430
PIC24/dsPIC
R8C
RL78
TLCS-900
Z8000
32-bit
Am29000
ARC
ARM Cortex-M
EFM32
LPC
SAM
STM32
XMC
ARM Cortex-R
AVR32
CRX
FR
FR-V
H8SX
M32R
MN103
68000
ColdFire
PIC32
PowerPC
MPC5xx
Propeller
SuperH
TLCS-900
TriCore
V850
RX
Xtensa
Z80000
64-bit
ARC
ARM Cortex-R
PowerPC64
InterfacesProgramming
In-circuit serial programming (ICSP)
In-system programming (ISP)
Program and Debug Interface (PDI)
High-voltage serial programming (HVSP)
High voltage parallel programming (HVPP)
Bootloader
ROM
aWire
Debugging
Nexus (standard)
Joint Test Action Group (JTAG)
debugWIRE (Atmel)
In-circuit debugging (ICD)
In-circuit emulator (ICE)
In-target probe (ITP)
Lists
List of common microcontrollers
By manufacturer
Intel
NXP/Freescale
Infineon
Renesas Electronics
List of Wi-Fi microcontrollers
See also
Embedded system
Programmable logic controller
List of microprocessors
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARM architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"32-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bit"},{"link_name":"RISC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer"},{"link_name":"ARM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"ARM Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Holdings"},{"link_name":"microcontroller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARM7-Web-1"},{"link_name":"ARM Cortex-M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-M"},{"link_name":"ARM Cortex-R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-R"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARM7-Web-1"}],"text":"This article is about ARM7 microcontroller cores. For the ARMv7 instruction set architecture, see ARM architecture.ARM7 is a group of 32-bit RISC ARM processor cores licensed by ARM Holdings for microcontroller use.[1] The ARM7 core family consists of ARM700, ARM710, ARM7DI, ARM710a, ARM720T, ARM740T, ARM710T, ARM7TDMI, ARM7TDMI-S, ARM7EJ-S. The ARM7TDMI and ARM7TDMI-S were the most popular cores of the family.Since ARM7 cores were released from 1993 to 2001, they are no longer recommended for new IC designs; instead ARM Cortex-M or ARM Cortex-R cores are preferred.[1]","title":"ARM7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARM architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"List of ARM cores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ARM_cores"},{"link_name":"Von Neumann architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arm7di-2"},{"link_name":"JTAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTAG"},{"link_name":"MIPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Instructions_Per_Second"},{"link_name":"0.13 μm process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/130_nanometer"},{"link_name":"ARM architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"ARM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Ltd"}],"text":"See also: ARM architecture and List of ARM coresThis generation introduced the Thumb 16-bit instruction set providing improved code density compared to previous designs. The most widely used ARM7 designs implement the ARMv4T architecture, but some implement ARMv3 or ARMv5TEJ. ARM7TDMI has 37 registers (31 GPR and 6 SPR). All these designs use a Von Neumann architecture,[citation needed] thus the few versions containing a cache do not separate data and instruction caches.Some ARM7 cores are obsolete. One historically significant model, the ARM7DI[2] is notable for having introduced JTAG based on-chip debugging; the preceding ARM6 cores did not support it. The \"D\" represented a JTAG TAP for debugging; the \"I\" denoted an ICEBreaker debug module supporting hardware breakpoints and watchpoints, and letting the system be stalled for debugging. Subsequent cores included and enhanced this support.It is a versatile processor designed for mobile devices and other low power electronics. This processor architecture is capable of up to 130 MIPS on a typical 0.13 μm process. The ARM7TDMI processor core implements ARM architecture v4T. The processor supports both 32-bit and 16-bit instructions via the ARM and Thumb instruction sets.ARM licenses the processor to various semiconductor companies, which design full chips based on the ARM processor architecture.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon"}],"sub_title":"ARM license","text":"ARM Holdings neither manufactures nor sells CPU devices based on its own designs, but rather licenses the processor architecture to interested parties. ARM offers a variety of licensing terms, varying in cost and deliverables. To all licensees, ARM provides an integratable hardware description of the ARM core, as well as complete software development toolset and the right to sell manufactured silicon containing the ARM CPU.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"synthesizable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_synthesis"},{"link_name":"RTL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_transfer_level"},{"link_name":"Verilog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verilog"}],"sub_title":"Silicon customization","text":"Integrated device manufacturers (IDM) receive the ARM Processor IP as synthesizable RTL (written in Verilog). In this form, they have the ability to perform architectural level optimizations and extensions. This allows the manufacturer to achieve custom design goals, such as higher clock speed, very low power consumption, instruction set extensions, optimizations for size, debug support, etc. To determine which components have been included in a particular ARM CPU chip, consult the manufacturer datasheet and related documentation.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Risc PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risc_PC"},{"link_name":"System on a Chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_Chip"}],"text":"The original ARM7 was based on the earlier ARM6 design and used the same ARMv3 instruction set. The ARM710 variant was used in a CPU module for the Acorn Risc PC, and the first ARM based System on a Chip designs ARM7100 and ARM7500 used this core.","title":"Cores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"16 bit Thumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture#Thumb"},{"link_name":"JTAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTAG"},{"link_name":"semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"Nokia 6110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_6110"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-engadget_john_biggs-3"},{"link_name":"3210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_3210"},{"link_name":"3310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_3310"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"synthesizable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_synthesis"}],"sub_title":"ARM7TDMI","text":"The ARM7TDMI (ARM7 + 16 bit Thumb + JTAG Debug + fast Multiplier + enhanced ICE) processor implements the ARMv4 instruction set. It was licensed for manufacture by an array of semiconductor companies. In 2009, it was one of the most widely used ARM cores, and is found in numerous deeply embedded system designs. It was used in the popular video game console Game Boy Advance.Texas Instruments licensed the ARM7TDMI, which was designed into the Nokia 6110, the first ARM-powered GSM phone.[3] This led to the popular series of Nokia phones using the processor, including the 3210 and 3310.[4]The ARM7TDMI-S variant is the synthesizable core.","title":"Cores"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ITracker_mini0806-S_-_GPS_antenna_-_MTK_MT3337V-0384.jpg"},{"link_name":"MediaTek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaTek"},{"link_name":"Jazelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazelle"}],"sub_title":"ARM7EJ-S","text":"MediaTek MT3337V - ARM7EJ-S processorThe ARM7EJ-S (ARM7 + Enhanced + Jazelle - Synthesizable) is a version of the ARM7 implementing the ARMv5TE instruction set originally introduced with the more powerful ARM9E core.","title":"Cores"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NAOMI_Yamaha_AICA_Super_Intelligent_Sound_Processor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dreamcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamcast"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sega-7"}],"text":"Yamaha AICA sound processor in Dreamcast game console[5][6][7]","title":"Chips"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Analog Devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Devices"},{"link_name":"Atmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atmel-Legacy-Web-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atmel-Legacy-Web-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atmel-Legacy-Web-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"AT91SAM7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT91SAM7"},{"link_name":"STMicroelectronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"STMicroelectronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Alcatel One Touch 30x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel_One_Touch_300"},{"link_name":"PortalPlayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PortalPlayer"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"LPC2100, LPC2200, LPC2300, LPC2400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_LPC"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"ARM7TDMI or ARM7TDMI-S core","text":"Analog Devices AD6720 (used in LG KG130/150), AD6724 (used in LG KP130/135), AD6726 (used in LG KP170/175)\nAtmel AT91M,[8] AT91R,[8] AT91SAM7L,[8] AT91SAM7S/SE,[9] AT91SAM7X/XC[10] (see AT91SAM7)\nSTMicroelectronics STR7[11]\nAlcatel Microelectronics (STMicroelectronics[12]) ALCATEL 2840 (MTC-20276 INTQ,[13] MTC-20277 INTT[14]); used in Alcatel One Touch 30x (BE4)\nPortalPlayer PP5002, PP5022[15] (used in iPods[16])\nNXP LPC2100, LPC2200, LPC2300, LPC2400[17]","title":"Chips"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mck_glamor_320.jpg"},{"link_name":"Make Controller Kit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_Controller_Kit"},{"link_name":"ARM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"microcontroller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller"},{"link_name":"AT91CAP7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT91CAP7"},{"link_name":"Mediatek MT2502","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MediaTek_systems_on_chips#Wearable_device_SoCs"},{"link_name":"Nuvoton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuvoton"},{"link_name":"PortalPlayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PortalPlayer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sega-7"}],"sub_title":"Unreferenced ARM7 core","text":"The Make Controller Kit with an Atmel AT91SAM7X256 (ARM) microcontrollerADMtek ADM8628\nAtmel AT91CAP7\nCirrus Logic CL-PS7110\nMediatek MT2502 (ARM7 EJ-STM)\nNetSilicon NS7520\nNuvoton NUC500, NUC700\nLH7\nPortalPlayer 5002, 5003, 5020, 5021-TDF, 5022, 5024 SOCs (dual ARM7TDI cores)\nSamsung S3C46Q0X01-EE8X, S3C44B0X\nYamaha AICA (ARM7DI) – sound processor with DSP[7]","title":"Chips"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nokia 6110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_6110"},{"link_name":"Dreamcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamcast"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"Zune HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zune_HD"},{"link_name":"Roomba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomba"},{"link_name":"Lego Mindstorms NXT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Mindstorms_NXT"},{"link_name":"iPod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod"}],"text":"Nokia 6110 – first GSM phone to use an ARM processor\nDreamcast – home video game console (audio coprocessor)\nPlayStation 2 - home video game console (security handler)\nGame Boy Advance – handheld video game console\nNintendo DS – successor to the Game Boy Advance\nZune HD – portable media player\nRoomba – robotic vacuum cleaner\nLego Mindstorms NXT - 2nd generation robotics toy line from Lego\niPod – the first 5 generations of the iPod Classic as well as the Mini and first Nano used dual-core ARM7TDMI processors.","title":"Notable uses"}]
|
[{"image_text":"MediaTek MT3337V - ARM7EJ-S processor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ITracker_mini0806-S_-_GPS_antenna_-_MTK_MT3337V-0384.jpg/220px-ITracker_mini0806-S_-_GPS_antenna_-_MTK_MT3337V-0384.jpg"},{"image_text":"Yamaha AICA sound processor in Dreamcast game console[5][6][7]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/NAOMI_Yamaha_AICA_Super_Intelligent_Sound_Processor.jpg/220px-NAOMI_Yamaha_AICA_Super_Intelligent_Sound_Processor.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Make Controller Kit with an Atmel AT91SAM7X256 (ARM) microcontroller","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mck_glamor_320.jpg/220px-Mck_glamor_320.jpg"}]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png"},{"title":"Electronics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Electronics"},{"title":"ARM architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"title":"List of ARM microarchitectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ARM_microarchitectures"},{"title":"JTAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTAG"},{"title":"Real-time operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_operating_system"},{"title":"Comparison of real-time operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_real-time_operating_systems"}]
|
[{"reference":"Sakr, Sharif. \"ARM co-founder John Biggs\". Engadget. Retrieved 23 December 2011. [...] the ARM7-TDMI was licensed by Texas Instruments and designed into the Nokia 6110, which was the first ARM-powered GSM phone.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2011/12/20/the-engadget-interview-arm-co-founder-john-biggs/","url_text":"\"ARM co-founder John Biggs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget","url_text":"Engadget"}]},{"reference":"Walshe, Ben (13 March 2018). \"A look at devices that have shaped mobile gaming\". Arm Community. Retrieved 12 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://community.arm.com/developer/tools-software/graphics/b/blog/posts/25-years-of-mobile-gaming-powered-by-arm","url_text":"\"A look at devices that have shaped mobile gaming\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering the Sega Dreamcast\". 29 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bit-tech.net/gaming/retro/2009/09/29/remembering-the-sega-dreamcast/3","url_text":"\"Remembering the Sega Dreamcast\""}]},{"reference":"Shiro Hagiwara; Ian Oliver (1999). \"Sega Dreamcast: Creating a Unified Entertainment World\". IEEE Micro. 19 (6): 29–35. doi:10.1109/40.809375.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/mi/1999/06/m6029-abs.html","url_text":"\"Sega Dreamcast: Creating a Unified Entertainment World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Micro","url_text":"IEEE Micro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F40.809375","url_text":"10.1109/40.809375"}]},{"reference":"\"Dreamcast/ Dev.Box System Architecture\" (PDF). 2 September 1999.","urls":[{"url":"https://segaretro.org/images/7/78/DreamcastDevBoxSystemArchitecture.pdf","url_text":"\"Dreamcast/ Dev.Box System Architecture\""}]},{"reference":"\"Case No COMP/M.2820\" (PDF). ec.europa.eu. 24 June 2002. Retrieved 20 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m2820_en.pdf","url_text":"\"Case No COMP/M.2820\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alcatel Microelectronics MTC-20276 INTQ Data Sheet\" (PDF). datasheet.datasheetarchive.com. October 1998. Retrieved 20 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://datasheet.datasheetarchive.com/originals/library/Datasheets-IS3/DSA0045448.pdf","url_text":"\"Alcatel Microelectronics MTC-20276 INTQ Data Sheet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alcatel Microelectronics MTC-20277 INTT Data Sheet and User Manual\" (PDF). datasheet.datasheetarchive.com. October 1998. Retrieved 20 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://datasheet.datasheetarchive.com/originals/library/Datasheets-IS3/DSA0045449.pdf","url_text":"\"Alcatel Microelectronics MTC-20277 INTT Data Sheet and User Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"TargetSpecificOptimization\". www.rockbox.org. Retrieved 11 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockbox.org/wiki/TargetSpecificOptimization#ARM7TDMI","url_text":"\"TargetSpecificOptimization\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ipod nano Generations - ipod touch generations\". www.ipodlinux.org. Retrieved 11 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ipodlinux.org/Generations/index.html#First.2FSecond_Generation","url_text":"\"Ipod nano Generations - ipod touch generations\""}]},{"reference":"\"LPC2109/2119/2129 datasheet\" (PDF). 14 June 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/data-sheet/LPC2109_2119_2129.pdf","url_text":"\"LPC2109/2119/2129 datasheet\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.arm.com/products/processors/classic/arm7/index.php","external_links_name":"ARM7 Family Webpage; ARM Holdings."},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2011/12/20/the-engadget-interview-arm-co-founder-john-biggs/","external_links_name":"\"ARM co-founder John Biggs\""},{"Link":"https://community.arm.com/developer/tools-software/graphics/b/blog/posts/25-years-of-mobile-gaming-powered-by-arm","external_links_name":"\"A look at devices that have shaped mobile gaming\""},{"Link":"http://www.bit-tech.net/gaming/retro/2009/09/29/remembering-the-sega-dreamcast/3","external_links_name":"\"Remembering the Sega Dreamcast\""},{"Link":"https://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/mi/1999/06/m6029-abs.html","external_links_name":"\"Sega Dreamcast: Creating a Unified Entertainment World\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F40.809375","external_links_name":"10.1109/40.809375"},{"Link":"https://segaretro.org/images/7/78/DreamcastDevBoxSystemArchitecture.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Dreamcast/ Dev.Box System Architecture\""},{"Link":"http://www.atmel.com/products/microcontrollers/arm/legacy_products.aspx","external_links_name":"Atmel Legacy ARM-Based Solutions; Atmel."},{"Link":"http://www.atmel.com/products/microcontrollers/arm/sam7s_se.aspx","external_links_name":"SAM7S/SE ARM7 Microcontrollers; Atmel."},{"Link":"http://www.atmel.com/products/microcontrollers/arm/sam7x_xc.aspx","external_links_name":"SAM7X/XC ARM7 Microcontrollers; Atmel."},{"Link":"http://www.st.com/en/microcontrollers/str7-32-bit-arm7-mcus.html?querycriteria=productId=LN1106","external_links_name":"STR7 ARM7 Microcontrollers; STMicroelectronics."},{"Link":"http://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m2820_en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Case No COMP/M.2820\""},{"Link":"https://datasheet.datasheetarchive.com/originals/library/Datasheets-IS3/DSA0045448.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Alcatel Microelectronics MTC-20276 INTQ Data Sheet\""},{"Link":"https://datasheet.datasheetarchive.com/originals/library/Datasheets-IS3/DSA0045449.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Alcatel Microelectronics MTC-20277 INTT Data Sheet and User Manual\""},{"Link":"https://www.rockbox.org/wiki/TargetSpecificOptimization#ARM7TDMI","external_links_name":"\"TargetSpecificOptimization\""},{"Link":"http://www.ipodlinux.org/Generations/index.html#First.2FSecond_Generation","external_links_name":"\"Ipod nano Generations - ipod touch generations\""},{"Link":"https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/data-sheet/LPC2109_2119_2129.pdf","external_links_name":"\"LPC2109/2119/2129 datasheet\""},{"Link":"http://www.arm.com/products/processors/classic/arm7/index.php","external_links_name":"ARM7 official website"},{"Link":"https://silver.arm.com/download/ARM_Architecture/AR550-DA-70002-r0p0-00rel0/DDI%2001001.pdf","external_links_name":"ARMv4/5/6"},{"Link":"http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ddi0027d/DDI0027D_7di_ds.pdf","external_links_name":"ARM7DI"},{"Link":"http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ddi0214b/DDI0214.boom.pdf","external_links_name":"ARM7EJ-S"},{"Link":"http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ddi0210c/DDI0210B.pdf","external_links_name":"ARM7TDMI"},{"Link":"http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ddi0234b/DDI0234.pdf","external_links_name":"ARM7TDMI-S"},{"Link":"http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ddi0033d/DDI0033D_710a_prelim_ds.pdf","external_links_name":"ARM710a"},{"Link":"http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ddi0086b/DDI0086B_710t_ds.pdf","external_links_name":"ARM710T"},{"Link":"http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ddi0229c/DDI0229.pdf","external_links_name":"ARM720T"},{"Link":"http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ddi0008e/DDI0008E_740t_ds.pdf","external_links_name":"ARM740T"},{"Link":"http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.qrc0006e/QRC0006_UAL16.pdf","external_links_name":"1"},{"Link":"http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.qrc0001m/QRC0001_UAL.pdf","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.qrc0007e/QRC0007_VFP.pdf","external_links_name":"3"},{"Link":"http://re-eject.gbadev.org/files/ThumbRefV2-beta.pdf","external_links_name":"1"},{"Link":"http://www.mechcore.net/files/docs/ThumbRefV2-beta.pdf","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://re-eject.gbadev.org/files/armref.pdf","external_links_name":"3"},{"Link":"http://www.mechcore.net/files/docs/armref.pdf","external_links_name":"4"},{"Link":"http://re-eject.gbadev.org/files/GasARMRef.pdf","external_links_name":"5"},{"Link":"http://www.embeddedrelated.com/groups/lpc2000/show/11640.php","external_links_name":"Differences between ARM7TDMI and ARM7TDMI-S"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140806011853/http://www.coranac.com/tonc/text/asm.htm","external_links_name":"ARM Assembly Intro"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130111115802/http://www.arm-development.com/","external_links_name":"ARM7TDMI Microcontroller Development Resources"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclometer
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Cyclometer
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["1 History","1.1 Example message","1.2 Marian Rejewski","1.3 Characteristic","1.4 Grill method","1.5 Cycle lengths","1.6 Recovering the plugboard","2 Building the catalog","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
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Cryptologic device
This article is about the cryptologic device. For the device used in cycling, see cyclocomputer. "Cyclometer" also means a person who works either on the classic circle-squaring problem or on the geometry of circles.
Cyclometer, devised in the mid-1930s by Rejewski to catalog the cycle structure of Enigma permutations. At top are the two rotor banks, one with lid open; below is the rheostat at left, and at right the array of lamps and switches labelled with corresponding letters.
The cyclometer was a cryptologic device designed, "probably in 1934 or 1935," by Marian Rejewski of the Polish Cipher Bureau's German section (BS-4), to catalog the cycle structure of Enigma permutations, thereby facilitating the decryption of German Enigma ciphertext.
With Rejewski's later cryptologic bomb, it can be viewed as a predecessor to the Bombe that was to help break Enigma ciphers later in the war at Bletchley Park in England.
Using drawings made by Rejewski, Hal Evans and Tim Flack at the Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, in 2019 constructed a working version of the cyclometer.
History
Example message
Enigma, an electro-mechanical rotor machine with scrambler comprising entry drum, three rotors, and reflector. This military model also has a plugboard.
Fede Weierud provides the procedure, secret settings, and results that were used in a 1950 German technical manual.
Daily key (shared secret):
Wheel Order : II I III
Ringstellung : 24 18 22 (XMV)
Reflector : A
Plugboard : A-M, F-I, N-V, P-S, T-U, W-Z
Grundstellung: FOL
Operator chosen message key : ABL
Enciphered starting with FOL: PKPJXI
Cleartext message to send and resulting cleartext:
Feindliche Infanteriekolonne beobachtet.
Anfang Südausgang Bärwalde.
Ende drei km ostwärts Neustadt.
FEIND LIQEI NFANT ERIEK
OLONN EBEOB AQTET XANFA
NGSUE DAUSG ANGBA ERWAL
DEXEN DEDRE IKMOS TWAER
TSNEU STADT
Resulting message:
1035 – 90 – 341 –
PKPJX IGCDS EAHUG WTQGR
KVLFG XUCAL XVYMI GMMNM
FDXTG NVHVR MMEVO UYFZS
LRHDR RXFJW CFHUH MUNZE
FRDIS IKBGP MYVXU Z
The first line of the message is not encrypted. The "1035" is the time, "90" is number of characters encrypted under the message key, and "341" is a system indicator that tells the recipient how the message was encrypted (i.e., using Enigma with a certain daily key). The first six letters in the body ("PKPJXI") are the doubled key ("ABLABL") encrypted using the daily key settings and starting the encryption at the ground setting/Grundstellung "FOL". The recipient would decipher the first six letters to recover the message key ("ABL"); he would then set the machine's rotors to "ABL" and decipher the remaining 90 characters. Notice that the Enigma does not have numerals, punctuation, or umlauts. Numbers were spelled out. Most spaces were ignored; an "X" was used for a period. Umlauts used their alternative spelling with a trailing "e". Some abbreviations were used: a "Q" was used for "CH".
Marian Rejewski
Marian Rejewski, ca. 1932
During Marian Rejewski's mathematics studies at Poznań University, the Polish Cipher Bureau recruited him and some other mathematics students, including Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski, to take a Bureau-sponsored course on cryptology. The Bureau later hired some of the students to work part-time at a temporary local Bureau office. After graduating from Poznań University, at the University of Göttingen Rejewski completed the first year of a two-year actuarial statistics course, then returned to Poznań. In September 1932 he, Różycki, and Zygalski went to Warsaw to work full-time for the Cipher Bureau.
In December 1932 Rejewski was tasked by the Cipher Bureau to work on the German Enigma cipher machine. The Bureau had attempted, but had failed, to break it. Within a few weeks, Rejewski managed to reconstruct the machine. The German Enigma message procedures used common, secret daily machine settings, but also required a cipher clerk to choose an individual three-letter message key. Thus, a clerk might choose "ABL" as the message key. The message key was used to set the initial position of the rotors when enciphering or deciphering the message.
Choosing an individual message key was a security measure: it avoided having all the day's messages sent using the same polyalphabetic key, which would have made the messages vulnerable to a polyalphabetic attack. However, the sender needed to communicate the message key to the recipient in order for the latter to decipher the message. The message key was first encrypted using the day's Grundstellung (a secret initial position of the Enigma's rotors, e.g., "FOL").
Communications were sometimes garbled, and if the message key were garbled, the recipient would be unable to decrypt the message. Consequently the Germans took the precaution of sending the message key twice; if there was a garble, the recipient should be able to find the message key. Here the Germans committed a crucial error. Instead of sending the encrypted message key (e.g., "PKP") twice to get "PKP PKP", they doubled the message key (e.g., "ABL ABL"), encrypted the doubled key to get ("PKP JXI"), and sent the encrypted doubled key. That mistake allowed Rejewski to identify six sequential permutations of the Enigma and exploit the knowledge that they encrypted the same message key.
With the help of a commercial Enigma machine, German materials obtained by French spy Hans-Thilo Schmidt, and German cipher clerks who chose weak keys, Rejewski was able to reverse-engineer the wiring of the Enigma's rotors and reflector. The Cipher Bureau then built several Polish Enigma doubles that could be used to decrypt German messages.
Characteristic
The German procedure that sent an encrypted doubled key was the mistake that gave Rejewski a way in. Rejewski viewed the Enigma as permuting the plaintext letters into ciphertext. For each character position in a message, the machine used a different permutation. Let A B C D E F be the respective permutations for the first through sixth letters. Rejewski knew the first and fourth letters were the same, the second and fifth letters were the same, and third and sixth letters were the same. Rejewski could then examine the day's message traffic; with enough traffic he could piece together the composed permutations.
For example, for the daily key in a 1930 technical manual, then (with enough messages) Rejewski could find the following characteristics:
A
D
=
(pjxroquctwzsy)(kvgledmanhfib)
B
E
=
(kxtcoigweh)(zvfbsylrnp)(ujd)(mqa)
C
F
=
(yvxqtdhpim)(skgrjbcolw)(un)(fa)(e)(z)
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}AD&={\texttt {(pjxroquctwzsy)(kvgledmanhfib)}}\\BE&={\texttt {(kxtcoigweh)(zvfbsylrnp)(ujd)(mqa)}}\\CF&={\texttt {(yvxqtdhpim)(skgrjbcolw)(un)(fa)(e)(z)}}\\\end{aligned}}}
The notation is Cauchy's cycle notation. By examining the day's traffic, Rejewski would notice that if "p" were the first letter of the indicator, then "j" would be the fourth letter. On another indicator, "j" would be the first letter, and "x" would be the fourth letter. Rejewski would continue following the letters. Eventually, there would be a message whose first letter was "y" and the fourth letter would cycle back to "p". The same observations would be done for the second and fifth letters; usually there would be several cycles.
Grill method
Main article: Grill (cryptology)
Rejewski could use this cycle information and some sloppy habits of code clerks to figure out the individual permutations A B C D E F using the grill method, but that method was tedious. After using the grill, the Poles would know the rightmost rotor and its position, the plugboard connections, and Q (the permutation of the reflector and other two rotors). In order to get the daily key, the Poles would still have a lot of work to do, and that work could entail trying all possible orders and positions for the two left rotors to find the position for the Grundstellung. The Poles started using a Q-catalog to make part of the grill method easier; that catalog had 4,056 entries (26 × 26 × 6). To find the ring settings, the grill method could require trying 17,576 possibilities.
The grill method worked well until 1 October 1936, the day the Germans stopped using six steckers (plugboard connections) and started using five to eight steckers. More steckers could frustrate the grill method.
Cycle lengths
Instead of indexing the catalog by the actual cycles, the Poles hit upon indexing the catalog by the length of the cycles. Although the plugboard changed the identity of the letters in the permutation, the plugboard did not change the lengths of the cycles.
It turns out there are 101 possible patterns for the cycle lengths of an indicator permutation. With the three permutations in the characteristic, there are about one million possible cycle length combinations (1013=1,030,301). Consequently, the cycle lengths could be used as a hash function into a hash table of the 105,456 possible combinations. The Poles would look at the day's traffic, recover the characteristic of the indicator, and then look in the card catalog. The odds would be good that only one (or maybe a few) cards had those cycle lengths.
The result would be the appropriate rotor order and the positions of all the rotors without much work. The method was simpler than the grill method and would work when there were many steckers.
Recovering the plugboard
The catalog did not disclose the plugboard settings. For six plugs (steckers), there are about 100 billion possible arrangements. Trying them all out is infeasible. However, the cryptographer could find the characteristic for that rotor order without a plugboard, use that bare characteristic in a known plaintext attack, and then determine the plugboard settings by comparing them with the daily characteristic.
From some daily traffic, the cryptanalyst would calculate the characteristic.
A
D
=
(pjxroquctwzsy)(kvgledmanhfib)
B
E
=
(kxtcoigweh)(zvfbsylrnp)(ujd)(mqa)
C
F
=
(yvxqtdhpim)(skgrjbcolw)(un)(fa)(e)(z)
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}AD&={\texttt {(pjxroquctwzsy)(kvgledmanhfib)}}\\BE&={\texttt {(kxtcoigweh)(zvfbsylrnp)(ujd)(mqa)}}\\CF&={\texttt {(yvxqtdhpim)(skgrjbcolw)(un)(fa)(e)(z)}}\\\end{aligned}}}
In the grill method, the above characteristic would be solved for the individual permutations A B C D E F and then a laborious search would be done. Instead, the characteristic's paired cycle lengths would be calculated:
AD: 13
BE: 10 3
CF: 10 2 1
Those lengths would be looked up in the card catalog, and an entry would be found that would state the wheel order (II, I, III) and the initial position of each wheel.
The card catalog did not include the actual characteristic: the cyclometer only indicated membership in a cycle; it did not specify the order of letters in a cycle. After finding a catalog entry, the cryptanalyst would then calculate the characteristic without steckers (just the catalog settings). The cryptanalyst can determine each of the individual permutations A* B* C* D* E* F* by setting an Enigma to the given wheel order and initial positions. The cryptanalyst then presses a and holds it down; the corresponding lamp lights and is written down; without releasing the first letter, the cryptanalyst presses b and then releases the first letter; that keeps the machine from advancing the rotors and lights the lamp corresponding to b. After mapping out all of A, the cryptanalyst can move on to B and the other permutations. The cryptanalyst recovers the unsteckered characteristic:
A
∗
D
∗
=
(jxroqtcuzwpys)(kngledamvhifb)
B
∗
E
∗
=
(kxucofgzeh)(wnibpylrvs)(aqm)(dtj)
C
∗
F
∗
=
(colzpkgrjb)(ynxqudhsfa)(vt)(mi)(e)(w)
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A^{*}D^{*}&={\texttt {(jxroqtcuzwpys)(kngledamvhifb)}}\\B^{*}E^{*}&={\texttt {(kxucofgzeh)(wnibpylrvs)(aqm)(dtj)}}\\C^{*}F^{*}&={\texttt {(colzpkgrjb)(ynxqudhsfa)(vt)(mi)(e)(w)}}\\\end{aligned}}}
The two characteristics are then used to solve the stecker permutation S.
For this example, there are six steckers, and they would affect 12 characters. Looking at the CF cycles, the plugboard cycles (un)(fa) must transpose with the un-steckered cycles (vt)(mi). None of the letters are same, so all of those eight letters are steckered. Looking at the singleton cycles of CF and C*F* shows not only that "e" is not steckered, but also that "w" and "z" are steckered together. Thus ten of the twelve steckered letters are quickly identified. Most of the other 16 letters, such as "b", "d", "g", and "l", are probably not steckered. The cycle notation of A*D*, B*E*, and C*F* can be rearranged to match the likely unsteckered characters. (The initial letter of a cycle's notation is not significant: within a cycle, the letters must keep the same sequence, but they may be rotated. For example, (dtj) is the same as (tjd) which is the same as jdt.)
A
D
=
(pjxroquctwzsy)(kvgledmanhfib)
A
∗
D
∗
=
(sjxroqtcuzwpy)(kngledamvhifb)
B
E
=
(kxtcoigweh)(zvfbsylrnp)(ujd)(mqa)
B
∗
E
∗
=
(kxucofgzeh)(wnibpylrvs)(tjd)(aqm)
C
F
=
(yvxqtdhpim)(skgrjbcolw)(un)(fa)(e)(z)
C
∗
F
∗
=
(ynxqudhsfa)(pkgrjbcolz)(tv)(im)(e)(w)
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}AD&={\texttt {(pjxroquctwzsy)(kvgledmanhfib)}}\\A^{*}D^{*}&={\texttt {(sjxroqtcuzwpy)(kngledamvhifb)}}\\BE&={\texttt {(kxtcoigweh)(zvfbsylrnp)(ujd)(mqa)}}\\B^{*}E^{*}&={\texttt {(kxucofgzeh)(wnibpylrvs)(tjd)(aqm)}}\\CF&={\texttt {(yvxqtdhpim)(skgrjbcolw)(un)(fa)(e)(z)}}\\C^{*}F^{*}&={\texttt {(ynxqudhsfa)(pkgrjbcolz)(tv)(im)(e)(w)}}\\\end{aligned}}}
At this point, the potential steckers can be read from the differences in the first two lines; they can also be checked for interchange consistency. The result is
P-S T-U W-Z N-V A-M F-I
These steckers match the 1930 Enigma example.
The only remaining secret is the ring positions (Ringstellung).
Building the catalog
The cyclometer was used to prepare a catalog of the length and number of cycles in the "characteristics" for all 17,576 positions of the rotors for a given sequence of rotors. Since there were six such possible sequences, the resulting "catalog of characteristics," or "card catalog," comprised a total of (6) (17,576) = 105,456 entries.
The utility of the card catalog, writes Rejewski, was independent of the number of plug connections being used by the Germans on their Enigma machines (and of the reconstruction of message keys). Preparation of the catalog "was laborious and took over a year, but when it was ready... daily keys within about fifteen minutes."
On November 1, 1937, however, the Germans changed the "reversing drum," or "reflector." This forced the Cipher Bureau to start anew with a new card catalog, "a task," writes Rejewski, "which consumed, on account of our greater experience, probably somewhat less than a year's time."
But then, on September 15, 1938, the Germans changed entirely the procedure for enciphering message keys, and as a result the card-catalog method became completely useless.
This spurred the invention of Rejewski's cryptologic bomb and Zygalski's perforated sheets.
See also
Polish Cipher BureauBiuro Szyfrów
Methods and technology
"ANX"
Enigma "double"
Grill
Clock
Cyclometer
Card catalog
Cryptologic bomb
Zygalski sheets
Lacida
Locations
Saxon Palace
Kabaty Woods
PC Bruno
Cadix
Personnel
ChiefGwido Langer
Deputy ChiefChief of Radio IntelligenceChief of German SectionMaksymilian Ciężki
German Section cryptologists Marian RejewskiJerzy Różycki Henryk ZygalskiAntoni Palluth Wiktor Michałowski
Chief of Russian SectionJan Graliński
Russian Section cryptologistPiotr Smoleński
OthersJan KowalewskiStanisław LeśniewskiStefan MazurkiewiczFranciszek PokornyWacław Sierpiński
vte
The Enigma cipher machine
Enigma machine
Enigma rotors
Breaking Enigma
Polish Cipher Bureau
Doubles
Grill
Clock
Cyclometer
Bomba
Zygalski sheets
Bletchley Park
Banburismus
Herivel tip
Crib
Bombe
Hut 3
Hut 4
Hut 6
Hut 8
PC Bruno
Cadix
Related
Ultra
vte
Cryptologic bomb: a machine designed about October 1938 by Marian Rejewski to facilitate the retrieval of Enigma keys.
Bombe: a machine, inspired by Rejewski's "(cryptologic) bomb," that was used by British and American cryptologists during World War II.
Cryptanalysis of the Enigma and Enigma machine.
Zygalski sheets: invented about October 1938 by Henryk Zygalski and called "perforated sheets" by the Poles, they made possible the recovery of the Enigma's entire cipher key.
Notes
^ Marian Rejewski, "Summary of Our Methods for Reconstructing ENIGMA and Reconstructing Daily Keys...", p. 242.
^ Evans, Henry A.(2019): Recreation of the Polish Cyclometer and its role in breaking Enigma. MEng dissertation, University of Cambridge
^ "Frode Weierud's CryptoCellar | Enigma Test Message from 1930". Archived from the original on 2014-10-30. Retrieved 2014-10-07., citing 1930 "Schlüsselanleitung zur Chiffriermachine Enigma I"
^ Can be checked with a simulator. For example, http://people.physik.hu-berlin.de/~palloks/js/enigma/enigma-u_v20_en.html Select Enigma I, choose reflector A (at the time, the Germans only had one reflector), setting the wheels ordering (II, I, III), set the rings (24, 13, 22), set the plugs (AM, FI, NV, PS, TU, WZ), activate the plugboard, and set the heels to the ground setting ("FOL"). Typing ABLABL in the input box should produce PKPJXI as the output.
^ The permutations would be determined by the plugboard, the rotor order, the rotor positions, and the reflector. The right rotor (and possibly other rotors) moved for each character encrypted, and that movement changed the permutation.
^ Rejewski 1981, p. 224
^ The characteristic is 26 letters, but the cycles in the characteristic must pair, so the question is how many patterns are there for 13 letters: the number of ways to partition 13 indistinguishable objects. See "a(n) = number of partitions of n (the partition numbers)" https://oeis.org/A000041; "Partition Function P(n)", stating "gives the number of ways of writing the integer n as a sum of positive integers, where the order of addends is not considered significant," http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PartitionFunctionP.html; Partition (number theory)
^ Rejewski 1981, p. 216
^ Rejewski (1981, p. 225) states, "When all six card files were prepared, finding the daily key was an ordinary matter that took a mere 10 or 15 minutes. The drum positions were read off the card, the order of the drums was read from the box from which the card was retrieved, and permutation S was obtained by comparing the letters in the cycles of the characteristic with the letters in the cycles of permutations AD, BE, CF, which were found by typing them on the machine." Rejewski says they did not get the information from the card but rather got it from the double. That seems unlikely. The cyclometer would quickly provide the information, and the information could be on the card.
^ If "e" were steckered, it must be paired with "w" in one transposition and paired with "z" in another transposition — but "e" cannot be paired with two different letters, so "e" cannot be steckered.
^ Marian Rejewski, "The Mathematical Solution of the Enigma Cipher," pp. 284–87.
^ Marian Rejewski, "Summary of Our Methods...", p. 242.
^ Rejewski 1981, p. 225
^ a b Rejewski, "Summary of Our Methods...", p. 242.
^ Rejewski, "Summary of Our Methods...", pp. 242–43.
References
Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984, ISBN 0-89093-547-5.
Rejewski, Marian (July 1981), "How Polish Mathematicians Deciphered the Enigma", Annals of the History of Computing, 3 (3), IEEE: 213–234, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1981.10033, S2CID 15748167
Marian Rejewski, "Summary of Our Methods for Reconstructing ENIGMA and Reconstructing Daily Keys, and of German Efforts to Frustrate Those Methods," Appendix C to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, 1984, pp. 241–45.
Marian Rejewski, "The Mathematical Solution of the Enigma Cipher," Appendix E to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, 1984, pp. 272–91.
External links
"Polish Enigma Double"
About the Enigma (National Security Agency) Archived 2004-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
"The Enigma Code Breach" by Jan Bury
The „Enigma” and the Intelligence
"Codebreaking and Secret Weapons in World War II" By Bill Momsen
A Brief History of Computing Technology, 1930 to 1939
Kuhl, Alex (October 2007), "Rejewski's Catalog" (PDF), Cryptologia, 31 (4), Taylor & Francis: 326–331, doi:10.1080/01611190701299487, S2CID 14254844, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-24
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyclocomputer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclocomputer"},{"link_name":"circle-squaring problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaring_the_circle"},{"link_name":"circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyklometr.jpg"},{"link_name":"cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_permutation"},{"link_name":"Enigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machine"},{"link_name":"permutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation"},{"link_name":"cryptologic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptology"},{"link_name":"Marian Rejewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Rejewski"},{"link_name":"Polish Cipher Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Cipher_Bureau"},{"link_name":"cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_permutation"},{"link_name":"Enigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machine"},{"link_name":"permutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation"},{"link_name":"Enigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machine"},{"link_name":"ciphertext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciphertext"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cryptologic bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptologic_bomb"},{"link_name":"Bombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombe"},{"link_name":"Bletchley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Park"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about the cryptologic device. For the device used in cycling, see cyclocomputer. \"Cyclometer\" also means a person who works either on the classic circle-squaring problem or on the geometry of circles.Cyclometer, devised in the mid-1930s by Rejewski to catalog the cycle structure of Enigma permutations. At top are the two rotor banks, one with lid open; below is the rheostat at left, and at right the array of lamps and switches labelled with corresponding letters.The cyclometer was a cryptologic device designed, \"probably in 1934 or 1935,\" by Marian Rejewski of the Polish Cipher Bureau's German section (BS-4), to catalog the cycle structure of Enigma permutations, thereby facilitating the decryption of German Enigma ciphertext.[1]With Rejewski's later cryptologic bomb, it can be viewed as a predecessor to the Bombe that was to help break Enigma ciphers later in the war at Bletchley Park in England.Using drawings made by Rejewski, Hal Evans and Tim Flack at the Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, in 2019 constructed a working version of the cyclometer.[2]","title":"Cyclometer"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EnigmaMachineLabeled.jpg"},{"link_name":"Enigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machine"},{"link_name":"rotor machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_machine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Example message","text":"Enigma, an electro-mechanical rotor machine with scrambler comprising entry drum, three rotors, and reflector. This military model also has a plugboard.Fede Weierud provides the procedure, secret settings, and results that were used in a 1950 German technical manual.[3][4]Daily key (shared secret):\n Wheel Order : II I III\n Ringstellung : 24 18 22 (XMV)\n Reflector : A\n Plugboard : A-M, F-I, N-V, P-S, T-U, W-Z\n Grundstellung: FOL\n\nOperator chosen message key : ABL\nEnciphered starting with FOL: PKPJXI\n\nCleartext message to send and resulting cleartext:\n Feindliche Infanteriekolonne beobachtet.\n Anfang Südausgang Bärwalde.\n Ende drei km ostwärts Neustadt.\n\n FEIND LIQEI NFANT ERIEK \n OLONN EBEOB AQTET XANFA \n NGSUE DAUSG ANGBA ERWAL \n DEXEN DEDRE IKMOS TWAER \n TSNEU STADT\n\nResulting message:\n 1035 – 90 – 341 – \n PKPJX IGCDS EAHUG WTQGR\n KVLFG XUCAL XVYMI GMMNM\n FDXTG NVHVR MMEVO UYFZS\n LRHDR RXFJW CFHUH MUNZE\n FRDIS IKBGP MYVXU ZThe first line of the message is not encrypted. The \"1035\" is the time, \"90\" is number of characters encrypted under the message key, and \"341\" is a system indicator that tells the recipient how the message was encrypted (i.e., using Enigma with a certain daily key). The first six letters in the body (\"PKPJXI\") are the doubled key (\"ABLABL\") encrypted using the daily key settings and starting the encryption at the ground setting/Grundstellung \"FOL\". The recipient would decipher the first six letters to recover the message key (\"ABL\"); he would then set the machine's rotors to \"ABL\" and decipher the remaining 90 characters. Notice that the Enigma does not have numerals, punctuation, or umlauts. Numbers were spelled out. Most spaces were ignored; an \"X\" was used for a period. Umlauts used their alternative spelling with a trailing \"e\". Some abbreviations were used: a \"Q\" was used for \"CH\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marian_Rejewski_1932_small.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marian Rejewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Rejewski"},{"link_name":"Marian Rejewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Rejewski"},{"link_name":"Poznań University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University"},{"link_name":"Polish Cipher Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Cipher_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Różycki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_R%C3%B3%C5%BCycki"},{"link_name":"Henryk Zygalski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Zygalski"},{"link_name":"University of Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"German Enigma message procedures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Enigma_message_procedures"},{"link_name":"Hans-Thilo Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Thilo_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"Polish Enigma doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Enigma_doubles"}],"sub_title":"Marian Rejewski","text":"Marian Rejewski, ca. 1932During Marian Rejewski's mathematics studies at Poznań University, the Polish Cipher Bureau recruited him and some other mathematics students, including Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski, to take a Bureau-sponsored course on cryptology. The Bureau later hired some of the students to work part-time at a temporary local Bureau office. After graduating from Poznań University, at the University of Göttingen Rejewski completed the first year of a two-year actuarial statistics course, then returned to Poznań. In September 1932 he, Różycki, and Zygalski went to Warsaw to work full-time for the Cipher Bureau.In December 1932 Rejewski was tasked by the Cipher Bureau to work on the German Enigma cipher machine. The Bureau had attempted, but had failed, to break it. Within a few weeks, Rejewski managed to reconstruct the machine. The German Enigma message procedures used common, secret daily machine settings, but also required a cipher clerk to choose an individual three-letter message key. Thus, a clerk might choose \"ABL\" as the message key. The message key was used to set the initial position of the rotors when enciphering or deciphering the message.Choosing an individual message key was a security measure: it avoided having all the day's messages sent using the same polyalphabetic key, which would have made the messages vulnerable to a polyalphabetic attack. However, the sender needed to communicate the message key to the recipient in order for the latter to decipher the message. The message key was first encrypted using the day's Grundstellung (a secret initial position of the Enigma's rotors, e.g., \"FOL\").Communications were sometimes garbled, and if the message key were garbled, the recipient would be unable to decrypt the message. Consequently the Germans took the precaution of sending the message key twice; if there was a garble, the recipient should be able to find the message key. Here the Germans committed a crucial error. Instead of sending the encrypted message key (e.g., \"PKP\") twice to get \"PKP PKP\", they doubled the message key (e.g., \"ABL ABL\"), encrypted the doubled key to get (\"PKP JXI\"), and sent the encrypted doubled key. That mistake allowed Rejewski to identify six sequential permutations of the Enigma and exploit the knowledge that they encrypted the same message key.With the help of a commercial Enigma machine, German materials obtained by French spy Hans-Thilo Schmidt, and German cipher clerks who chose weak keys, Rejewski was able to reverse-engineer the wiring of the Enigma's rotors and reflector. The Cipher Bureau then built several Polish Enigma doubles that could be used to decrypt German messages.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cauchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin-Louis_Cauchy"},{"link_name":"cycle notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation#Cycle_notation"}],"sub_title":"Characteristic","text":"The German procedure that sent an encrypted doubled key was the mistake that gave Rejewski a way in. Rejewski viewed the Enigma as permuting the plaintext letters into ciphertext. For each character position in a message, the machine used a different permutation.[5] Let A B C D E F be the respective permutations for the first through sixth letters. Rejewski knew the first and fourth letters were the same, the second and fifth letters were the same, and third and sixth letters were the same. Rejewski could then examine the day's message traffic; with enough traffic he could piece together the composed permutations.For example, for the daily key in a 1930 technical manual, then (with enough messages) Rejewski could find the following characteristics:A\n D\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (pjxroquctwzsy)(kvgledmanhfib)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n E\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (kxtcoigweh)(zvfbsylrnp)(ujd)(mqa)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n F\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (yvxqtdhpim)(skgrjbcolw)(un)(fa)(e)(z)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}AD&={\\texttt {(pjxroquctwzsy)(kvgledmanhfib)}}\\\\BE&={\\texttt {(kxtcoigweh)(zvfbsylrnp)(ujd)(mqa)}}\\\\CF&={\\texttt {(yvxqtdhpim)(skgrjbcolw)(un)(fa)(e)(z)}}\\\\\\end{aligned}}}The notation is Cauchy's cycle notation. By examining the day's traffic, Rejewski would notice that if \"p\" were the first letter of the indicator, then \"j\" would be the fourth letter. On another indicator, \"j\" would be the first letter, and \"x\" would be the fourth letter. Rejewski would continue following the letters. Eventually, there would be a message whose first letter was \"y\" and the fourth letter would cycle back to \"p\". The same observations would be done for the second and fifth letters; usually there would be several cycles.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grill method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grill_(cryptology)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Grill method","text":"Rejewski could use this cycle information and some sloppy habits of code clerks to figure out the individual permutations A B C D E F using the grill method, but that method was tedious. After using the grill, the Poles would know the rightmost rotor and its position, the plugboard connections, and Q (the permutation of the reflector and other two rotors). In order to get the daily key, the Poles would still have a lot of work to do, and that work could entail trying all possible orders and positions for the two left rotors to find the position for the Grundstellung. The Poles started using a Q-catalog to make part of the grill method easier; that catalog had 4,056 entries (26 × 26 × 6). To find the ring settings, the grill method could require trying 17,576 possibilities.The grill method worked well until 1 October 1936, the day the Germans stopped using six steckers (plugboard connections) and started using five to eight steckers.[6] More steckers could frustrate the grill method.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"hash function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function"},{"link_name":"hash table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_table"}],"sub_title":"Cycle lengths","text":"Instead of indexing the catalog by the actual cycles, the Poles hit upon indexing the catalog by the length of the cycles. Although the plugboard changed the identity of the letters in the permutation, the plugboard did not change the lengths of the cycles.It turns out there are 101 possible patterns for the cycle lengths of an indicator permutation.[7] With the three permutations in the characteristic, there are about one million possible cycle length combinations (1013=1,030,301). Consequently, the cycle lengths could be used as a hash function into a hash table of the 105,456 possible combinations. The Poles would look at the day's traffic, recover the characteristic of the indicator, and then look in the card catalog. The odds would be good that only one (or maybe a few) cards had those cycle lengths.The result would be the appropriate rotor order and the positions of all the rotors without much work. The method was simpler than the grill method and would work when there were many steckers.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Recovering the plugboard","text":"The catalog did not disclose the plugboard settings. For six plugs (steckers), there are about 100 billion possible arrangements.[8] Trying them all out is infeasible. However, the cryptographer could find the characteristic for that rotor order without a plugboard, use that bare characteristic in a known plaintext attack, and then determine the plugboard settings by comparing them with the daily characteristic.[9]From some daily traffic, the cryptanalyst would calculate the characteristic.A\n D\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (pjxroquctwzsy)(kvgledmanhfib)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n E\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (kxtcoigweh)(zvfbsylrnp)(ujd)(mqa)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n F\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (yvxqtdhpim)(skgrjbcolw)(un)(fa)(e)(z)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}AD&={\\texttt {(pjxroquctwzsy)(kvgledmanhfib)}}\\\\BE&={\\texttt {(kxtcoigweh)(zvfbsylrnp)(ujd)(mqa)}}\\\\CF&={\\texttt {(yvxqtdhpim)(skgrjbcolw)(un)(fa)(e)(z)}}\\\\\\end{aligned}}}In the grill method, the above characteristic would be solved for the individual permutations A B C D E F and then a laborious search would be done. Instead, the characteristic's paired cycle lengths would be calculated:AD: 13\nBE: 10 3\nCF: 10 2 1Those lengths would be looked up in the card catalog, and an entry would be found that would state the wheel order (II, I, III) and the initial position of each wheel.The card catalog did not include the actual characteristic: the cyclometer only indicated membership in a cycle; it did not specify the order of letters in a cycle. After finding a catalog entry, the cryptanalyst would then calculate the characteristic without steckers (just the catalog settings). The cryptanalyst can determine each of the individual permutations A* B* C* D* E* F* by setting an Enigma to the given wheel order and initial positions. The cryptanalyst then presses a and holds it down; the corresponding lamp lights and is written down; without releasing the first letter, the cryptanalyst presses b and then releases the first letter; that keeps the machine from advancing the rotors and lights the lamp corresponding to b. After mapping out all of A, the cryptanalyst can move on to B and the other permutations. The cryptanalyst recovers the unsteckered characteristic:A\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n D\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (jxroqtcuzwpys)(kngledamvhifb)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n E\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (kxucofgzeh)(wnibpylrvs)(aqm)(dtj)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n F\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (colzpkgrjb)(ynxqudhsfa)(vt)(mi)(e)(w)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}A^{*}D^{*}&={\\texttt {(jxroqtcuzwpys)(kngledamvhifb)}}\\\\B^{*}E^{*}&={\\texttt {(kxucofgzeh)(wnibpylrvs)(aqm)(dtj)}}\\\\C^{*}F^{*}&={\\texttt {(colzpkgrjb)(ynxqudhsfa)(vt)(mi)(e)(w)}}\\\\\\end{aligned}}}The two characteristics are then used to solve the stecker permutation S.For this example, there are six steckers, and they would affect 12 characters. Looking at the CF cycles, the plugboard cycles (un)(fa) must transpose with the un-steckered cycles (vt)(mi). None of the letters are same, so all of those eight letters are steckered. Looking at the singleton cycles of CF and C*F* shows not only that \"e\" is not steckered, but also that \"w\" and \"z\" are steckered together.[10] Thus ten of the twelve steckered letters are quickly identified. Most of the other 16 letters, such as \"b\", \"d\", \"g\", and \"l\", are probably not steckered. The cycle notation of A*D*, B*E*, and C*F* can be rearranged to match the likely unsteckered characters. (The initial letter of a cycle's notation is not significant: within a cycle, the letters must keep the same sequence, but they may be rotated. For example, (dtj) is the same as (tjd) which is the same as jdt.)A\n D\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (pjxroquctwzsy)(kvgledmanhfib)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n D\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (sjxroqtcuzwpy)(kngledamvhifb)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n E\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (kxtcoigweh)(zvfbsylrnp)(ujd)(mqa)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n E\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (kxucofgzeh)(wnibpylrvs)(tjd)(aqm)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n F\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (yvxqtdhpim)(skgrjbcolw)(un)(fa)(e)(z)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n F\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (ynxqudhsfa)(pkgrjbcolz)(tv)(im)(e)(w)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}AD&={\\texttt {(pjxroquctwzsy)(kvgledmanhfib)}}\\\\A^{*}D^{*}&={\\texttt {(sjxroqtcuzwpy)(kngledamvhifb)}}\\\\BE&={\\texttt {(kxtcoigweh)(zvfbsylrnp)(ujd)(mqa)}}\\\\B^{*}E^{*}&={\\texttt {(kxucofgzeh)(wnibpylrvs)(tjd)(aqm)}}\\\\CF&={\\texttt {(yvxqtdhpim)(skgrjbcolw)(un)(fa)(e)(z)}}\\\\C^{*}F^{*}&={\\texttt {(ynxqudhsfa)(pkgrjbcolz)(tv)(im)(e)(w)}}\\\\\\end{aligned}}}At this point, the potential steckers can be read from the differences in the first two lines; they can also be checked for interchange consistency. The result isP-S T-U W-Z N-V A-M F-IThese steckers match the 1930 Enigma example.The only remaining secret is the ring positions (Ringstellung).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_graph_(algebra)"},{"link_name":"card catalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_catalog_(cryptology)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"card catalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_catalog_(cryptology)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"reflector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflector_(cipher_machine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rejewski_p._242-14"},{"link_name":"card-catalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_catalog_(cryptology)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rejewski_p._242-14"},{"link_name":"Rejewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Rejewski"},{"link_name":"cryptologic bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba_(cryptography)"},{"link_name":"Zygalski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Zygalski"},{"link_name":"perforated sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perforated_sheets"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The cyclometer was used to prepare a catalog of the length and number of cycles in the \"characteristics\" for all 17,576 positions of the rotors for a given sequence of rotors. Since there were six such possible sequences, the resulting \"catalog of characteristics,\" or \"card catalog,\" comprised a total of (6) (17,576) = 105,456 entries.[11]The utility of the card catalog, writes Rejewski, was independent of the number of plug connections being used by the Germans on their Enigma machines (and of the reconstruction of message keys). Preparation of the catalog \"was laborious and took over a year, but when it was ready... daily keys [could be obtained] within about fifteen minutes.\"[12]On November 1, 1937, however, the Germans changed the \"reversing drum,\" or \"reflector.\"[13] This forced the Cipher Bureau to start anew with a new card catalog, \"a task,\" writes Rejewski, \"which consumed, on account of our greater experience, probably somewhat less than a year's time.\"[14]But then, on September 15, 1938, the Germans changed entirely the procedure for enciphering message keys, and as a result the card-catalog method became completely useless.[14]\nThis spurred the invention of Rejewski's cryptologic bomb and Zygalski's perforated sheets.[15]","title":"Building the catalog"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Marian Rejewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Rejewski"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eng.cam.ac.uk/uploads/news/files/recreation-polish-cyclometer-and-its-role-breaking-enigma-hal.evans.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Frode Weierud's CryptoCellar | Enigma Test Message from 1930\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141030213421/http://cryptocellar.web.cern.ch/cryptocellar/Enigma/EMsg1930.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cryptocellar.web.cern.ch/cryptocellar/Enigma/EMsg1930.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"http://people.physik.hu-berlin.de/~palloks/js/enigma/enigma-u_v20_en.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//people.physik.hu-berlin.de/~palloks/js/enigma/enigma-u_v20_en.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Rejewski 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRejewski1981"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"https://oeis.org/A000041","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//oeis.org/A000041"},{"link_name":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PartitionFunctionP.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mathworld.wolfram.com/PartitionFunctionP.html"},{"link_name":"Partition (number theory)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_(number_theory)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Rejewski 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRejewski1981"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Rejewski (1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRejewski1981"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Marian Rejewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Rejewski"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Marian Rejewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Rejewski"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Rejewski 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRejewski1981"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rejewski_p._242_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rejewski_p._242_14-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"}],"text":"^ Marian Rejewski, \"Summary of Our Methods for Reconstructing ENIGMA and Reconstructing Daily Keys...\", p. 242.\n\n^ Evans, Henry A.(2019): Recreation of the Polish Cyclometer and its role in breaking Enigma. MEng dissertation, University of Cambridge [1]\n\n^ \"Frode Weierud's CryptoCellar | Enigma Test Message from 1930\". Archived from the original on 2014-10-30. Retrieved 2014-10-07., citing 1930 \"Schlüsselanleitung zur Chiffriermachine Enigma I\" [\"Directions for use of Keys on the Cypher Machine 'Enigma I'\"]\n\n^ Can be checked with a simulator. For example, http://people.physik.hu-berlin.de/~palloks/js/enigma/enigma-u_v20_en.html Select Enigma I, choose reflector A (at the time, the Germans only had one reflector), setting the wheels ordering (II, I, III), set the rings (24, 13, 22), set the plugs (AM, FI, NV, PS, TU, WZ), activate the plugboard, and set the heels to the ground setting (\"FOL\"). Typing ABLABL in the input box should produce PKPJXI as the output.\n\n^ The permutations would be determined by the plugboard, the rotor order, the rotor positions, and the reflector. The right rotor (and possibly other rotors) moved for each character encrypted, and that movement changed the permutation.\n\n^ Rejewski 1981, p. 224\n\n^ The characteristic is 26 letters, but the cycles in the characteristic must pair, so the question is how many patterns are there for 13 letters: the number of ways to partition 13 indistinguishable objects. See \"a(n) = number of partitions of n (the partition numbers)\" https://oeis.org/A000041; \"Partition Function P(n)\", stating \"gives the number of ways of writing the integer n as a sum of positive integers, where the order of addends is not considered significant,\" http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PartitionFunctionP.html; Partition (number theory)\n\n^ Rejewski 1981, p. 216\n\n^ Rejewski (1981, p. 225) states, \"When all six card files were prepared, finding the daily key was an ordinary matter that took a mere 10 or 15 minutes. The drum positions were read off the card, the order of the drums was read from the box from which the card was retrieved, and permutation S was obtained by comparing the letters in the cycles of the characteristic with the letters in the cycles of permutations AD, BE, CF, which were found by typing them on the machine.\" Rejewski says they did not get the information from the card but rather got it from the double. That seems unlikely. The cyclometer would quickly provide the information, and the information could be on the card.\n\n^ If \"e\" were steckered, it must be paired with \"w\" in one transposition and paired with \"z\" in another transposition — but \"e\" cannot be paired with two different letters, so \"e\" cannot be steckered.\n\n^ Marian Rejewski, \"The Mathematical Solution of the Enigma Cipher,\" pp. 284–87.\n\n^ Marian Rejewski, \"Summary of Our Methods...\", p. 242.\n\n^ Rejewski 1981, p. 225\n\n^ a b Rejewski, \"Summary of Our Methods...\", p. 242.\n\n^ Rejewski, \"Summary of Our Methods...\", pp. 242–43.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Cyclometer, devised in the mid-1930s by Rejewski to catalog the cycle structure of Enigma permutations. At top are the two rotor banks, one with lid open; below is the rheostat at left, and at right the array of lamps and switches labelled with corresponding letters.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cyklometr.jpg/370px-Cyklometr.jpg"},{"image_text":"Enigma, an electro-mechanical rotor machine with scrambler comprising entry drum, three rotors, and reflector. This military model also has a plugboard.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/EnigmaMachineLabeled.jpg/330px-EnigmaMachineLabeled.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marian Rejewski, ca. 1932","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Marian_Rejewski_1932_small.jpg/125px-Marian_Rejewski_1932_small.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Cryptologic bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba_(cryptography)"},{"title":"Marian Rejewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Rejewski"},{"title":"Bombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombe"},{"title":"Cryptanalysis of the Enigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma"},{"title":"Enigma machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machine"},{"title":"Zygalski sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perforated_sheets"},{"title":"Henryk Zygalski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Zygalski"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Frode Weierud's CryptoCellar | Enigma Test Message from 1930\". Archived from the original on 2014-10-30. Retrieved 2014-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141030213421/http://cryptocellar.web.cern.ch/cryptocellar/Enigma/EMsg1930.html","url_text":"\"Frode Weierud's CryptoCellar | Enigma Test Message from 1930\""},{"url":"http://cryptocellar.web.cern.ch/cryptocellar/Enigma/EMsg1930.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rejewski, Marian (July 1981), \"How Polish Mathematicians Deciphered the Enigma\", Annals of the History of Computing, 3 (3), IEEE: 213–234, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1981.10033, S2CID 15748167","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Rejewski","url_text":"Rejewski, Marian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.1981.10033","url_text":"10.1109/MAHC.1981.10033"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15748167","url_text":"15748167"}]},{"reference":"Kuhl, Alex (October 2007), \"Rejewski's Catalog\" (PDF), Cryptologia, 31 (4), Taylor & Francis: 326–331, doi:10.1080/01611190701299487, S2CID 14254844, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-24","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150724205315/http://www.alexkuhl.org/research/RejewskisCatalog.pdf","url_text":"\"Rejewski's Catalog\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01611190701299487","url_text":"10.1080/01611190701299487"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14254844","url_text":"14254844"},{"url":"http://www.alexkuhl.org/research/RejewskisCatalog.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/uploads/news/files/recreation-polish-cyclometer-and-its-role-breaking-enigma-hal.evans.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141030213421/http://cryptocellar.web.cern.ch/cryptocellar/Enigma/EMsg1930.html","external_links_name":"\"Frode Weierud's CryptoCellar | Enigma Test Message from 1930\""},{"Link":"http://cryptocellar.web.cern.ch/cryptocellar/Enigma/EMsg1930.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://people.physik.hu-berlin.de/~palloks/js/enigma/enigma-u_v20_en.html","external_links_name":"http://people.physik.hu-berlin.de/~palloks/js/enigma/enigma-u_v20_en.html"},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000041","external_links_name":"https://oeis.org/A000041"},{"Link":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PartitionFunctionP.html","external_links_name":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PartitionFunctionP.html"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.1981.10033","external_links_name":"10.1109/MAHC.1981.10033"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15748167","external_links_name":"15748167"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312044208/http://www.hut-six.co.uk/poland/","external_links_name":"\"Polish Enigma Double\""},{"Link":"http://www.nsa.gov/publications/publi00016.cfm","external_links_name":"About the Enigma (National Security Agency)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040414231238/http://www.nsa.gov/publications/publi00016.cfm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050923124533/http://www.armyradio.com/publish/Articles/The_Enigma_Code_Breach/The_Enigma_Code_Breach.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Enigma Code Breach\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070711191748/http://www.ww2.pl/","external_links_name":"The „Enigma” and the Intelligence"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130913071626/http://home.earthlink.net/~nbrass1/1enigma.htm","external_links_name":"\"Codebreaking and Secret Weapons in World War II\" By Bill Momsen"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060418205857/http://www.smithsrisca.demon.co.uk/STMsubtypes-pt3.html","external_links_name":"A Brief History of Computing Technology, 1930 to 1939"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150724205315/http://www.alexkuhl.org/research/RejewskisCatalog.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Rejewski's Catalog\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01611190701299487","external_links_name":"10.1080/01611190701299487"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14254844","external_links_name":"14254844"},{"Link":"http://www.alexkuhl.org/research/RejewskisCatalog.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDPR_fines_and_notices
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GDPR fines and notices
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["1 Fines and notices","2 References","3 External links"]
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The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a European Union regulation that specifies standards for data protection and electronic privacy in the European Economic Area, and the rights of European citizens to control the processing and distribution of personally-identifiable information.
Violators of GDPR may be fined up to €20 million, or up to 4% of the annual worldwide turnover of the preceding financial year, whichever is greater. The following is a list of fines and notices issued under the GDPR, including reasoning.
Fines and notices
Date
Organisation
Amount
Issued by
Reason(s)
2018-10
Hospital do Barreiro
€400,000
Portugal (CNPD)
"...based on access policies to databases, which allowed technicians and physicians to consult patients’ clinical files, without proper authorization."
2018-11-21
Knuddels.de (German social network)
€20,000
Germany (LfDI)
"...unauthorized access to and disclosure of personal data of around 330,000 users, including passwords and email addresses."
2019-01-21
Google LLC
€50,000,000
France (CNIL)
Insufficient transparency, control, and consent over the processing of personal data for the purposes of behavioural advertising.
2019-03-07
Unnamed bank
€1,560
Hungary (NAIH)
Failure to erase and correct data at the request of the data subject.
2019-03-07
Unnamed debt collector
€1,560
Hungary (NAIH)
Breaching the principles of transparency and data minimisation.
2019-03-15
Bisnode (business, credit and market information)
€220,000
Poland (UODO)
Covert scraping of personal data.
2019-03-16
Lower Silesian Football Association
€13,000
Poland (UODO)
Listing personal information of 585 referees on its website.
2019-04-04
Rousseau (participatory democracy platform)
€50,000
Italy (GPDP)
Failing to protect users' personal data.
2019-05-08
The Municipality of Bergen
€170,000
Norway (Datatilsynet)
File with login credentials for 35,000 students and employees found in a public storage area.
2019-05-16
MisterTango UAB (payment services)
€61,500
Lithuania (ADA)
Processing more personal data than is necessary for effecting of the payment.
2019-05-28
Unnamed Belgian mayor
€2,000
Belgium (GBA/APD)
Misuse of personal data collected for local administrative purposes for election campaign purposes.
2019-06
La Liga
€250,000
Spain (AEPD)
Poorly disclosing purpose for requesting GPS and microphone permissions within the football league's mobile app. When the app was open, it transmitted the user's location if it detected an acoustic fingerprint embedded within game telecasts. This was used to help pinpoint the locations of venues that may be screening the games from unauthorized feeds.
2019-06-11
IDDesign A/S (furniture)
DKK 1,500,000
Denmark (Datatilsynet)
Failure to delete personal data from an older system: processing personal data for a longer time than necessary.
2019-06-18
Unnamed police officer
€1,400
Germany (LfDI)
Autonomously processing personal data for non-legal purposes.
2019-06-18
Sergic (real estate services)
€400,000
France (CNIL)
Failure to implement appropriate security measures; failure to define appropriate data retention periods for the personal data of unsuccessful rental candidates.
2019-06-18
Uniontrad Company (translation services)
€20,000
France (CNIL)
Excessive video surveillance of employees; single, shared password for messaging system; ignoring earlier CNIL order to change practices.
2019-06-24
EE (telecoms)
£100,000
UK (ICO)
Sending over 2.5 million direct marketing messages to its customers, without consent.
2019-06-27
UniCredit Bank Romania
€130,000
Romania (ANSPDCP)
Failure to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures
2019-07-08
British Airways
£183,000,000
UK (ICO)
Use of poor security arrangements that resulted in a 2018 web skimming attack affecting 500,000 consumers. Was later reduced to £20 million
2020-10-30
Marriott International
£18,400,000
UK (ICO)
Failure to keep millions of customers’ personal data secure
2019-07-03
Cathay Pacific
£500,000
UK (ICO)
Failure to protect the security of its customers’ personal data. Between October 2014 and May 2018 Cathay Pacific’s computer systems lacked appropriate security measures which led to customers’ personal details being exposed
2019-07-16
HagaZiekenhuis
€460,000
The Netherlands (AP)
Insufficient security of medical records
2019-07-25
Active Assurances
€180,000
France (CNIL)
Failure to implement appropriate security measures.
2019-07-25
PricewaterhouseCoopers
€150,000
Greece (HDPA)
Unlawful processing of employee data.
2019-08-21
Skellefteå High School Board
€20,000
Sweden (SDPA)
Using facial recognition technology to monitor the attendance of students in school on an invalid legal basis; processing sensitive biometric data unlawfully and failure to do an adequate impact assessment including seeking prior consultation with the Swedish DPA.
2019-??-??
Unnamed company
€3,135
Hungary (NAIH)
Infringing a data subject's access rights.
2019-08-12
Unnamed medical company
€55,000
Austria (DSB)
Not appointing a DPO, not publishing its contact details or reporting those to the supervisory authority, obligatory consent of data subjects (Art. 7), not providing information (Art. 13, 14), no DPIA despite handling sensitive data (Art. 35).
2019-08-12
Unnamed online retailer
€7,000
Latvia (DSI)
Nonconformity with data subjects rights to erasure and non-cooperation with the supervisory authority.
2019-09-19
Unnamed retailer
€10,000
Belgium (GBA/APD)
Demanding an electronic identity card to create a customer loyalty card.
2019-10-17
Vueling Airlines
€30,000
Spain (AEPD)
Failing to obtain valid consent to process customer cookies, as per privacy notice.
2019-12-09
1&1 Ionos
€9,550,000
Germany (BfDI)
Insufficient protection of personal data, failing to put “sufficient technical and organizational measures” in place to protect customer data in its call centers. Violation of article 32 of GDPR
2019-12-17
Doorstep Dispensaree
£275,000
UK (ICO)
"cavalier attitude to data protection”, having left 500,000 patient records in an unsecured location
2020-01-15
TIM S.p.A.
€27,800,000
Italy (GPDP)
Unlawful processing for marketing purposes
2020-03-10
Google LLC
SEK 75 M (€7 M)
Sweden (SDPA)
Right-to-be-forgotten violations
2020-07-06
BKR
€840,000
The Netherlands (AP)
Failing to give access to personal data free of charge, failing to provide easy means of accessing the data, putting unreasonable limits on the number of requests per individual
2020-07-14
Google LLC (Google Belgium)
€600,000
Belgium (GBA/APD)
Failure to respect a citizen's right to be forgotten.
2020-10-01
H&M
€35,300,000
Germany (HmbBfDI)
Illegal surveillance of several hundred employees
2020-12-10
Amazon Europe Core Sarl
€35,000,000
France (CNIL)
Deposit of cookies without obtaining consent and lack of information provided to users
2020-12-10
Google LLC
€60,000,000
Deposit of cookies without obtaining consent, lack of information provided to users and defective "opposition" mechanism
2020-12-10
Google Ireland Limited
€40,000,000
2021-01-26
Grindr LLC
NOK 65 M(€6.5 M)
Norway (Datatilsynet)
Sharing special category data without valid consent
2021-03-10
Filigrana Comunicación
€8,000
Spain (AEPD)
Violation of Article 6(1)(a), 6(1)(f), 13 and 14 GDPR by collecting and re-using data from the Andalusian Education Department without a legitimate basis, and not fulfilling their information obligations.
2021-03-17
Miljø- og Kvalitetsledelse AS
€3,500 (NOK 35,000)
Norway (Datatilsynet)
Violation of Article 6(1) and Article 5(1)(a) of the GDPR by sharing a CCTV recording of a data subject vandalising a property with the data subject's employer, without a legal basis.
2021-03-18
Air Europa Líneas Aéreas S.A.
€600,000
Spain (AEPD)
infringement of Articles 32(1) and 33 GDPR, due to the lack of appropriate technical and organisational measures and of an adequate level of security and due to the delay in the notification of a personal data breach.
2021-03-22
FURNISHYOURSPACE SL
€3,000
Spain (AEPD)
Infringing the Spanish Law regulating cookies after an investigation launched due to a complaint referred by the Berlin DPA, for offering unclear information and not giving the option of rejecting the cookies.
2021-03-24
CP&A B.V.
€15,000
The Netherlands (AP)
Violation of Article 4(15) GDPR, Article 9 GDPR and Article 32 GDPR by processing the health data of sick employees, and for failing to implement appropriate security measures regarding such processing
2021-04-07
Orange Espagne, S.A.U.
€150,000 (reduced to €90,000)
Spain (AEPD)
Violation of Articles 6(1)(a) and 7 GDPR, as well as Article 21(1) LSSI, by sending bulk unsolicited commercial communications without adequately obtaining the consent of the users.
2021-04-14
Natural person (landlord)
€3000
Spain (AEPD)
Violating Articles 5(1)(c) and 13 GDPR in relation to a video surveillance system in an apartment building.
2021-04-15
Vodafone Espana, S.A.U.
€150,000 (reduced to €90,000)
Spain (AEPD)
Violation of Article 6(1)(a) GDPR by processing personal data without consent or any other legal basis. When imposing the fine, the AEPD took into account:
The type of data affected: basic identifiers such as names, surnames, phone number.
The relation between the processing and the business activities of the respondent.
The previous fines on the same grounds.
The lack of diligence regarding the erasure request.
The AEPD finally fined Vodafone €150,000, that was reduced to €90,000 due to the assumption of responsibility and the early payment.
2021-04-22
Cyfrowy Polsat Spółka Akcyjna
€250,000
Poland (UODO)
Violation of Articles 24(1) and 32(1) and (2) GDPR by not implementing appropriate technical and organisational measures to ensure the security of personal data when cooperating with a courier company
2021-05-04
EDP Comercializadora, S.A.U.
€1,500,000
Spain (AEPD)
Violation of Articles 6, 13, 22 and 25 GDPR by not providing sufficient information to data subjects, and for not implementing adequate measures to avoid or mitigate risks related to the data processing.
2021-05-04
EDP ENERGÍA, S.A.U.
€1,500,000
Spain (AEPD)
Violation of Articles 6, 13, 22 and 25 GDPR by not providing sufficient information to data subjects, and for not implementing adequate measures to avoid or mitigate risks related to the data processing.
2021-05-06
Owner's association in Iasi
€500 (RON 2,463.30)
Romania (ANSPDCP)
Violation of Articles 58(1)(a), 58(1)(e), 83(5)(e) GDPR as well as of Article 8 of Government Ordinance No 2/2001, by violating the obligation to cooperate with the DPA during an investigation by failing to provide the information requested
2021-05-11
PVV (Overijssel)
€7,500
The Netherlands (AP)
Violation of Articles 4(12), 9(1) GDPR and 33(1) GDPR by unauthorised disclosure of a mailing list containing 101 email addresses, and failing to notify this breach to the DPA. The email addresses constituted special category data revealing political party opinions.
2021-05
Locatefamily.com
€525,000
The Netherlands (AP)
Failure to appoint a representative pursuant to article 27
2021-06-16
Amazon Europe Core Sarl
€746,000,000
Luxembourg (CNPD)
The largest fine for violating GDPR at the time. Related to targeted advertising.
2021-09-02
WhatsApp Ireland Ltd
€225 M
Ireland
2021-12-16
Psykoterapiakeskus Vastaamo
€608,000
Finland
Failure to protect sensitive medical data.
2022-12-14
Viking Line
€230,000
Finland
The Office of the Data Protection Ombudsman's Sanctions Board has imposed an administrative fine on Viking Line Oy Abp for data protection violations related to the processing of its employees' health data.
2023-05-12
Meta Platforms
€1.2 billion
Ireland
Transferring data from the European Union to the United States without adequate privacy protections
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (April 2019)
References
^ "L_2016119EN.01000101.xml". eur-lex.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
^ "Hospital Do Barreiro fined by Comissão Nacional de Protecção de Dados in 400,000 Euro for allowing improper access to clinical files". 24 June 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
^ "Data Protection Authority of Baden-Württemberg Issues First German Fine Under the GDPR". 23 November 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
^ Fox, Chris (21 January 2019). "Google hit with £44m GDPR fine". BBC News. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ Porter, Jon (21 January 2019). "Google fined €50 million for GDPR violation in France". The Verge. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ "Hungary fines two companies for GDPR infringement". CMS. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
^ "Hungary fines two companies for GDPR infringement". CMS. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
^ Lomas, Natasha (30 March 2019). "Covert data-scraping on watch as EU DPA lays down 'radical' GDPR red-line". TechCrunch. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ Clark, Sam (17 May 2019). "Polish watchdog issues second GDPR fine". Global Data Review. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ "5Stars defend their digital democracy in face of privacy sanction". Politico. 19 April 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
^ "Administrative fine of 170.000 € imposed on Bergen Municipality". Datatilsynet. 12 April 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ "First Significant Fine Was Imposed for the Breaches of the General Data Protection Regulation in Lithuania". 21 May 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ Fiten, Bernd (3 June 2019). "First GDPR fine in Belgium: € 2000 imposed on a mayor". Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ "LaLiga facing €250k fine for GDPR violations in app used to spy on users". TechRepublic. 12 June 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ Geigner, Timothy (14 June 2019). "La Liga Fined 250K Euros For Using Mobile App To Try To Catch 3rd Party Pirates". Techdirt. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ "Danish DPA set to fine furniture company". 11 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ "German Data Protection Authority of Baden-Württemberg fines an employee of a public body". 24 June 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
^ Lanois, Paul (21 June 2019). "Videosurveillance: CNIL issues fine of 20,000 euros against a small company in France". Fieldfisher. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ Lanois, Paul (21 June 2019). "Videosurveillance: CNIL issues fine of 20,000 euros against a small company in France". Fieldfisher. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ "EE fined £100,000 for unlawful texts". BBC News. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ "ICO fines telecoms company EE Limited for sending unlawful text messages". ICO. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ "First Fine For The Application Of Gdpr". 4 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
^ "First fine by the Romanian Supervisory Authority". 5 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
^ "British Airways faces record £183m fine for data breach". 8 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
^ Sweney, Mark (8 July 2019). "BA faces £183m fine over passenger data breach". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
^ "UK's ICO fines British Airways a record £183M over GDPR breach that leaked data from 500,000 users". TechCrunch. 8 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
^ "British Airways fined £20m over data breach". BBC News. 16 October 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ "ICO fines Marriott International Inc £18.4million for failing to keep customers' personal data secure". 30 October 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
^ "International airline fined £500,000 for failing to secure its customers' personal data". 4 March 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
^ "Haga beboet voor onvoldoende interne beveiliging patiëntendossiers". 16 July 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
^ "Hague Hospital Fined €460,000 For Not Protecting Patient's Privacy". 16 July 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
^ Lanois, Paul (25 July 2019). "CNIL issues fine of €280.000 for failure to implement "basic security measures"". Fieldfisher. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
^ "Exercise of the Hellenic DPA's corrective powers pursuant to the GDPR for selection and application of inappropriate legal basis and violation of the principle of accountability by a company". HDPA. 30 July 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
^ "Facial recognition in school renders Sweden's first GDPR fine". EDPB. 22 August 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
^ "First GDPR fine in Hungary for breaching data subject's rights". Lexology. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
^ "Austrian DPA fines controller in the medical sector". EDPB. 12 August 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
^ "Data State Inspectorate of Latvia imposes a financial penalty of 7000 euros against online retailer". EDPB. 3 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
^ "The Belgian data protection authority imposes a fine of € 10,000". 19 September 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
^ "The Spanish Data Protection Authority fined the company Vueling for the cookie policy used on its website with 30,000 euros". 17 October 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
^ "BfDI verhängt Geldbußen gegen Telekommunikationsdienstleister". 9 December 2019. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
^ "Pharmacy incurs first ever UK data protection fine worth £275k". Pharmaceutical Journal. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
^ DOSLAKOSKA, Wiktoria (11 February 2020). "MARKETING: THE ITALIAN SA FINES TIM EUR 27.8 MILLION". European Data Protection Board - European Data Protection Board. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
^ HANSELAER, Sarah (11 March 2020). "The Swedish Data Protection Authority imposes administrative fine on Google". European Data Protection Board - European Data Protection Board. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
^ "National Credit Register (BKR) fined for personal data access charges". Retrieved 14 August 2020.
^
"Google's failure to respect the " right to be forgotten " results in €600,000 fine". 14 July 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
^ "H&M fined for breaking GDPR over employee surveillance". BBC News. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
^ "Cookies: financial penalty of 35 million euros imposed on the company AMAZON EUROPE CORE | CNIL". www.cnil.fr. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
^
"Cookies: financial penalties of 60 million euros against the company GOOGLE LLC and of 40 million euros against the company GOOGLE IRELAND LIMITED | CNIL". www.cnil.fr. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
^ "Norwegian DPA imposes fine against Grindr LLC". edpb.europa.eu. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
^ "Miljø- og Kvalitetsledelse AS fined". Datatilsynet. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "Datatilsynet (Norway) - DT-20/01777 - GDPRhub". gdprhub.eu. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "AEPD - PS/00179/2020 - GDPRhub". gdprhub.eu. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "AEPD - PS/00126/2020 - GDPRhub". gdprhub.eu. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "AP sanctions CP&A B.V." (PDF). autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "AP (The Netherlands) - CP&A". gdprhub.eu. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "AEPD - PS/00089/2021 - GDPRhub". gdprhub.eu. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "RESOLUCIÓN R/00251/2021 DE TERMINACIÓN DEL PROCEDIMIENTO POR PAGOVOLUNTARIO - ORANGE ESPAGNE, S.A.U. (Spanish)" (PDF). aepd.es. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "AEPD - PS/00151/2020 - GDPRhub". gdprhub.eu. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "AEPD - PS/00085/2021 - GDPRhub". gdprhub.eu. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "RESOLUCIÓN R/00248/2021 DE TERMINACIÓN DEL PROCEDIMIENTO POR PAGOVOLUNTARIO - VODAFONE ESPAÑA, S.A.U. (Spanish)" (PDF). aepd.es. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "Decyzje Prezesa UODO - UODO". www.uodo.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "UODO (Poland) - DKN.5130.3114.2020 - GDPRhub". gdprhub.eu. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "AEPD (Spain) - PS/00037/2020 - GDPRhub". gdprhub.eu. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "RESOLUCIÓN DE PROCEDIMIENTO SANCIONADOR - EDP COMERCIALIZADORA, S.A.U. (Spanish)" (PDF). aepd.es. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "AEPD (Spain) - PS/00236/2020 - GDPRhub". gdprhub.eu. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "RESOLUCIÓN DE PROCEDIMIENTO SANCIONADOR - EDP ENERGÍA, S.A.U. (Spanish)" (PDF). aepd.es. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "ANSPDCP (Romania) - Fine against a Property Owners Association - GDPRhub". gdprhub.eu. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "Comunicat_Presa_19_/_05_/_2021_1". www.dataprotection.ro. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "AP (The Netherlands) - PVV Overijssel - GDPRhub". gdprhub.eu. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "AP sanctions PVV Overijssel (Dutch)" (PDF). autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "Dutch DPA imposes fine of €525,000 on Locatefamily.com for failing to appoint Article 27 EU representative". SME Comply. 2021-05-13. Accessed 2023-02-08.
^ "Amazon hit with record EU data privacy fine". Reuters. 30 July 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
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^ "Psykoterapiakeskus Vastaamolle seuraamusmaksu tietosuojarikkomuksesta". Tietosuojavaltuutetun toimisto. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
^ "Administrative fine on Viking Line for unlawful processing of employees' health data". Tietosuojavaltuutetun toimisto.
^ Milmo, Dan; O'Carroll, Lisa (22 May 2023). "Facebook owner Meta fined €1.2bn for mishandling user information". TheGuardian.com.
^ "Data Protection Commission announces conclusion of inquiry into Meta Ireland". Data Protection Commission. 22 May 2023.
External links
European Data Protection Board
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)"},{"link_name":"data protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_protection"},{"link_name":"electronic privacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_privacy"},{"link_name":"European Economic Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area"},{"link_name":"personally-identifiable information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personally-identifiable_information"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-article83-1"}],"text":"The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a European Union regulation that specifies standards for data protection and electronic privacy in the European Economic Area, and the rights of European citizens to control the processing and distribution of personally-identifiable information.Violators of GDPR may be fined up to €20 million, or up to 4% of the annual worldwide turnover of the preceding financial year, whichever is greater.[1] The following is a list of fines and notices issued under the GDPR, including reasoning.","title":"GDPR fines and notices"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fines and notices"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"L_2016119EN.01000101.xml\". eur-lex.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679#d1e6226-1-1","url_text":"\"L_2016119EN.01000101.xml\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171110044439/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679#d1e6226-1-1#d1e6226-1-1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hospital Do Barreiro fined by Comissão Nacional de Protecção de Dados in 400,000 Euro for allowing improper access to clinical files\". 24 June 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.cuatrecasas.com/propiedad-intelectual/hospital-do-barreiro-fined-by-comissao-nacional-proteccao-dados-in-400000-euro-for-allowing-improper-access-to-clinical-files/?lang=en","url_text":"\"Hospital Do Barreiro fined by Comissão Nacional de Protecção de Dados in 400,000 Euro for allowing improper access to clinical files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Data Protection Authority of Baden-Württemberg Issues First German Fine Under the GDPR\". 23 November 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hldataprotection.com/2018/11/articles/international-eu-privacy/data-protection-authority-of-baden-wurttemberg-issues-first-german-fine-under-the-gdpr/","url_text":"\"Data Protection Authority of Baden-Württemberg Issues First German Fine Under the GDPR\""}]},{"reference":"Fox, Chris (21 January 2019). \"Google hit with £44m GDPR fine\". BBC News. Retrieved 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-46944696","url_text":"\"Google hit with £44m GDPR fine\""}]},{"reference":"Porter, Jon (21 January 2019). \"Google fined €50 million for GDPR violation in France\". The Verge. Retrieved 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2019/1/21/18191591/google-gdpr-fine-50-million-euros-data-consent-cnil","url_text":"\"Google fined €50 million for GDPR violation in France\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hungary fines two companies for GDPR infringement\". CMS. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cms-lawnow.com/ealerts/2019/03/hungary-fines-two-companies-for-gdpr-infringement?cc_lang=en","url_text":"\"Hungary fines two companies for GDPR infringement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hungary fines two companies for GDPR infringement\". CMS. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cms-lawnow.com/ealerts/2019/03/hungary-fines-two-companies-for-gdpr-infringement?cc_lang=en","url_text":"\"Hungary fines two companies for GDPR infringement\""}]},{"reference":"Lomas, Natasha (30 March 2019). \"Covert data-scraping on watch as EU DPA lays down 'radical' GDPR red-line\". TechCrunch. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2019/03/30/covert-data-scraping-on-watch-as-eu-dpa-lays-down-radical-gdpr-red-line/","url_text":"\"Covert data-scraping on watch as EU DPA lays down 'radical' GDPR red-line\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Sam (17 May 2019). \"Polish watchdog issues second GDPR fine\". Global Data Review. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://globaldatareview.com/article/1193090/polish-watchdog-issues-second-gdpr-fine","url_text":"\"Polish watchdog issues second GDPR fine\""}]},{"reference":"\"5Stars defend their digital democracy in face of privacy sanction\". Politico. 19 April 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.eu/article/davide-casaleggio-5stars-rousseau-platform-lashes-out-over-political-motivated-data-protection-fine/","url_text":"\"5Stars defend their digital democracy in face of privacy sanction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Administrative fine of 170.000 € imposed on Bergen Municipality\". Datatilsynet. 12 April 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.datatilsynet.no/en/about-privacy/reports-on-specific-subjects/administrative-fine-of-170.000--imposed-on-bergen-municipality/","url_text":"\"Administrative fine of 170.000 € imposed on Bergen Municipality\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Significant Fine Was Imposed for the Breaches of the General Data Protection Regulation in Lithuania\". 21 May 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ada.lt/go.php/eng/First-significant-fine-was-imposed-for-the-breaches-of-the-general-data-protection-regulation-in-lithuania/1","url_text":"\"First Significant Fine Was Imposed for the Breaches of the General Data Protection Regulation in Lithuania\""}]},{"reference":"Fiten, Bernd (3 June 2019). \"First GDPR fine in Belgium: € 2000 imposed on a mayor\". Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timelex.eu/en/blog/first-gdpr-fine-belgium-eu-2000-imposed-mayor","url_text":"\"First GDPR fine in Belgium: € 2000 imposed on a mayor\""}]},{"reference":"\"LaLiga facing €250k fine for GDPR violations in app used to spy on users\". TechRepublic. 12 June 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techrepublic.com/article/laliga-facing-eur250k-fine-for-gdpr-violations-in-app-used-to-spy-on-users/","url_text":"\"LaLiga facing €250k fine for GDPR violations in app used to spy on users\""}]},{"reference":"Geigner, Timothy (14 June 2019). \"La Liga Fined 250K Euros For Using Mobile App To Try To Catch 3rd Party Pirates\". Techdirt. Retrieved 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20190612/14250242382/la-liga-fined-250k-euros-using-mobile-app-to-try-to-catch-3rd-party-pirates.shtml","url_text":"\"La Liga Fined 250K Euros For Using Mobile App To Try To Catch 3rd Party Pirates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Danish DPA set to fine furniture company\". 11 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://edpb.europa.eu/news/national-news/2019/danish-dpa-set-fine-furniture-company_en","url_text":"\"Danish DPA set to fine furniture company\""}]},{"reference":"\"German Data Protection Authority of Baden-Württemberg fines an employee of a public body\". 24 June 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.privacy-ticker.com/german-data-protection-authority-of-baden-wurttemberg-fines-an-employee-of-a-public-body/","url_text":"\"German Data Protection Authority of Baden-Württemberg fines an employee of a public body\""}]},{"reference":"Lanois, Paul (21 June 2019). \"Videosurveillance: CNIL issues fine of 20,000 euros against a small company in France\". Fieldfisher. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://privacylawblog.fieldfisher.com/2019/videosurveillance-cnil-issues-fine-of-20-000-euros-against-a-small-company-in-france","url_text":"\"Videosurveillance: CNIL issues fine of 20,000 euros against a small company in France\""}]},{"reference":"Lanois, Paul (21 June 2019). \"Videosurveillance: CNIL issues fine of 20,000 euros against a small company in France\". Fieldfisher. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://privacylawblog.fieldfisher.com/2019/videosurveillance-cnil-issues-fine-of-20-000-euros-against-a-small-company-in-france","url_text":"\"Videosurveillance: CNIL issues fine of 20,000 euros against a small company in France\""}]},{"reference":"\"EE fined £100,000 for unlawful texts\". BBC News. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-48743784","url_text":"\"EE fined £100,000 for unlawful texts\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICO fines telecoms company EE Limited for sending unlawful text messages\". ICO. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/news-and-events/news-and-blogs/2019/06/ico-fines-telecoms-company-ee-limited-for-sending-unlawful-text-messages/","url_text":"\"ICO fines telecoms company EE Limited for sending unlawful text messages\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Fine For The Application Of Gdpr\". 4 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dataprotection.ro/index.jsp?page=Comunicat_Amenda_Unicredit&lang=en","url_text":"\"First Fine For The Application Of Gdpr\""}]},{"reference":"\"First fine by the Romanian Supervisory Authority\". 5 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://edpb.europa.eu/news/national-news/2019/first-fine-romanian-supervisory-authority_en","url_text":"\"First fine by the Romanian Supervisory Authority\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Airways faces record £183m fine for data breach\". 8 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-48905907","url_text":"\"British Airways faces record £183m fine for data breach\""}]},{"reference":"Sweney, Mark (8 July 2019). \"BA faces £183m fine over passenger data breach\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jul/08/ba-fine-customer-data-breach-british-airways","url_text":"\"BA faces £183m fine over passenger data breach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"UK's ICO fines British Airways a record £183M over GDPR breach that leaked data from 500,000 users\". TechCrunch. 8 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/07/08/uks-ico-fines-british-airways-a-record-183m-over-gdpr-breach-that-leaked-data-from-500000-users/","url_text":"\"UK's ICO fines British Airways a record £183M over GDPR breach that leaked data from 500,000 users\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Airways fined £20m over data breach\". BBC News. 16 October 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54568784","url_text":"\"British Airways fined £20m over data breach\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICO fines Marriott International Inc £18.4million for failing to keep customers' personal data secure\". 30 October 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/news-and-events/news-and-blogs/2020/10/ico-fines-marriott-international-inc-184million-for-failing-to-keep-customers-personal-data-secure/","url_text":"\"ICO fines Marriott International Inc £18.4million for failing to keep customers' personal data secure\""}]},{"reference":"\"International airline fined £500,000 for failing to secure its customers' personal data\". 4 March 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/news-and-events/news-and-blogs/2020/03/international-airline-fined-500-000-for-failing-to-secure-its-customers-personal-data/","url_text":"\"International airline fined £500,000 for failing to secure its customers' personal data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Haga beboet voor onvoldoende interne beveiliging patiëntendossiers\". 16 July 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/nl/nieuws/haga-beboet-voor-onvoldoende-interne-beveiliging-pati%C3%ABntendossiers","url_text":"\"Haga beboet voor onvoldoende interne beveiliging patiëntendossiers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hague Hospital Fined €460,000 For Not Protecting Patient's Privacy\". 16 July 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nltimes.nl/2019/07/16/hague-hospital-fined-eu460000-protecting-patients-privacy","url_text":"\"Hague Hospital Fined €460,000 For Not Protecting Patient's Privacy\""}]},{"reference":"Lanois, Paul (25 July 2019). \"CNIL issues fine of €280.000 for failure to implement \"basic security measures\"\". Fieldfisher. Retrieved 29 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://privacylawblog.fieldfisher.com/2019/cnil-issues-fine-of-280000-for-failure-to-implement-basic-security-measures","url_text":"\"CNIL issues fine of €280.000 for failure to implement \"basic security measures\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exercise of the Hellenic DPA's corrective powers pursuant to the GDPR for selection and application of inappropriate legal basis and violation of the principle of accountability by a company\". HDPA. 30 July 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dpa.gr/portal/page?_pageid=33,43547&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL","url_text":"\"Exercise of the Hellenic DPA's corrective powers pursuant to the GDPR for selection and application of inappropriate legal basis and violation of the principle of accountability by a company\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facial recognition in school renders Sweden's first GDPR fine\". EDPB. 22 August 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://edpb.europa.eu/news/national-news/2019/facial-recognition-school-renders-swedens-first-gdpr-fine_en","url_text":"\"Facial recognition in school renders Sweden's first GDPR fine\""}]},{"reference":"\"First GDPR fine in Hungary for breaching data subject's rights\". Lexology. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=f7d13455-9fca-4114-af15-fb145bb6120b","url_text":"\"First GDPR fine in Hungary for breaching data subject's rights\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austrian DPA fines controller in the medical sector\". EDPB. 12 August 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://edpb.europa.eu/news/national-news/2019/austrian-dpa-fines-controller-medical-sector_en","url_text":"\"Austrian DPA fines controller in the medical sector\""}]},{"reference":"\"Data State Inspectorate of Latvia imposes a financial penalty of 7000 euros against online retailer\". EDPB. 3 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://edpb.europa.eu/news/national-news/2019/data-state-inspectorate-latvia-imposes-financial-penalty-7000-euros-against_en","url_text":"\"Data State Inspectorate of Latvia imposes a financial penalty of 7000 euros against online retailer\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Belgian data protection authority imposes a fine of € 10,000\". 19 September 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://edpb.europa.eu/news/national-news/2019/belgian-data-protection-authority-imposes-fine-eu-10000_en","url_text":"\"The Belgian data protection authority imposes a fine of € 10,000\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Spanish Data Protection Authority fined the company Vueling for the cookie policy used on its website with 30,000 euros\". 17 October 2019. 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Tietosuojavaltuutetun toimisto.","urls":[{"url":"https://tietosuoja.fi/en/-/administrative-fine-on-viking-line-for-unlawful-processing-of-employees-health-data","url_text":"\"Administrative fine on Viking Line for unlawful processing of employees' health data\""}]},{"reference":"Milmo, Dan; O'Carroll, Lisa (22 May 2023). \"Facebook owner Meta fined €1.2bn for mishandling user information\". TheGuardian.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/22/facebook-fined-mishandling-user-information-ireland-eu-meta","url_text":"\"Facebook owner Meta fined €1.2bn for mishandling user information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheGuardian.com","url_text":"TheGuardian.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Data Protection Commission announces conclusion of inquiry into Meta Ireland\". 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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_reducibility
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Axiom of reducibility
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["1 History","2 Russell's axiom of reducibility","3 Criticism","3.1 Zermelo 1908","3.2 Wiener 1914","3.3 Wittgenstein 1918","3.4 Russell 1919","3.5 Skolem 1922","3.6 Russell 1927","3.7 von Neumann 1925","3.8 David Hilbert 1927","3.9 Ramsey 1925","3.10 Gödel 1944","3.11 Quine 1967","3.12 Kleene 1952","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
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The axiom of reducibility was introduced by Bertrand Russell in the early 20th century as part of his ramified theory of types. Russell devised and introduced the axiom in an attempt to manage the contradictions he had discovered in his analysis of set theory.
History
With Russell's discovery (1901, 1902) of a paradox in Gottlob Frege's 1879 Begriffsschrift and Frege's acknowledgment of the same (1902), Russell tentatively introduced his solution as "Appendix B: Doctrine of Types" in his 1903 The Principles of Mathematics. This contradiction can be stated as "the class of all classes that do not contain themselves as elements". At the end of this appendix Russell asserts that his "doctrine" would solve the immediate problem posed by Frege, but "there is at least one closely analogous contradiction which is probably not soluble by this doctrine. The totality of all logical objects, or of all propositions, involves, it would seem a fundamental logical difficulty. What the complete solution of the difficulty may be, I have not succeeded in discovering; but as it affects the very foundations of reasoning..."
By the time of his 1908 Mathematical logic as based on the theory of types Russell had studied "the contradictions" (among them the Epimenides paradox, the Burali-Forti paradox, and Richard's paradox) and concluded that "In all the contradictions there is a common characteristic, which we may describe as self-reference or reflexiveness".
In 1903, Russell defined predicative functions as those whose order is one more than the highest-order function occurring in the expression of the function. While these were fine for the situation, impredicative functions had to be disallowed:
A function whose argument is an individual and whose value is always a first-order proposition will be called a first-order function. A function involving a first-order function or proposition as apparent variable will be called a second-order function, and so on. A function of one variable which is of the order next above that of its argument will be called a predicative function; the same name will be given to a function of several variables .
He repeats this definition in a slightly different way later in the paper (together with a subtle prohibition that they would express more clearly in 1913):
A predicative function of x is one whose values are propositions of the type next above that of x, if x is an individual or a proposition, or that of values of x if x is a function. It may be described as one in which the apparent variables, if any, are all of the same type as x or of lower type; and a variable is of lower type than x if it can significantly occur as argument to x, or as argument to an argument to x, and so forth.
This usage carries over to Alfred North Whitehead and Russell's 1913 Principia Mathematica wherein the authors devote an entire subsection of their Chapter II: "The Theory of Logical Types" to subchapter I. The Vicious-Circle Principle: "We will define a function of one variable as predicative when it is of the next order above that of its argument, i.e. of the lowest order compatible with its having that argument. . . A function of several arguments is predicative if there is one of its arguments such that, when the other arguments have values assigned to them, we obtain a predicative function of the one undetermined argument."
They again propose the definition of a predicative function as one that does not violate The Theory of Logical Types. Indeed the authors assert such violations are "incapable " and "impossible":
We are thus led to the conclusion, both from the vicious-circle principle and from direct inspection, that the functions to which a given object a can be an argument are incapable of being arguments to each other, and that they have no term in common with the functions to which they can be arguments. We are thus led to construct a hierarchy.
The authors stress the word impossible:
if we are not mistaken, that not only is it impossible for a function φz^ to have itself or anything derived from it as argument, but that, if ψz^ is another function such there are arguments a with which both "φa" and "ψa" are significant, then ψz^ and anything derived from it cannot significantly be argument to φz^.
Russell's axiom of reducibility
The axiom of reducibility states that any truth function (i.e. propositional function) can be expressed by a formally equivalent predicative truth function. It made its first appearance in Bertrand Russell's (1908) Mathematical logic as based on the theory of types, but only after some five years of trial and error. In his words:
Thus a predicative function of an individual is a first-order function; and for higher types of arguments, predicative functions take the place that first-order functions take in respect of individuals. We assume then, that every function is equivalent, for all its values, to some predicative function of the same argument. This assumption seems to be the essence of the usual assumption of classes . . . we will call this assumption the axiom of classes, or the axiom of reducibility.
For relations (functions of two variables such as "For all x and for all y, those values for which f(x,y) is true" i.e. ∀x∀y: f(x,y)), Russell assumed an axiom of relations, or axiom of reducibility.
In 1903, he proposed a possible process of evaluating such a 2-place function by comparing the process to double integration: One after another, plug into x definite values am (i.e. the particular aj is "a constant" or a parameter held constant), then evaluate f(am,yn) across all the n instances of possible yn. For all yn evaluate f(a1, yn), then for all yn evaluate f(a2, yn), etc until all the x = am are exhausted). This would create an m by n matrix of values: TRUE or UNKNOWN. (In this exposition, the use of indices is a modern convenience.)
In 1908, Russell made no mention of this matrix of x, y values that render a two-place function (e.g. relation) TRUE, but by 1913 he has introduced a matrix-like concept into "function". In *12 of Principia Mathematica (1913) he defines "a matrix" as "any function, of however many variables, which does not involve any apparent variables. Then any possible function other than a matrix is derived from a matrix by means of generalisation, i.e. by considering the proposition which asserts that the function in question is true with all possible values or with some values of one of the arguments, the other argument or arguments remaining undetermined". For example, if one asserts that "∀y: f(x, y) is true", then x is the apparent variable because it is unspecified.
Russell now defines a matrix of "individuals" as a first-order matrix, and he follows a similar process to define a second-order matrix, etc. Finally, he introduces the definition of a predicative function:
A function is said to be predicative when it is a matrix. It will be observed that, in a hierarchy in which all the variables are individuals or matrices, a matrix is the same thing as an elementary function . ¶ "Matrix" or "predicative function" is a primitive idea.
From this reasoning, he then uses the same wording to propose the same axioms of reducibility as he did in his 1908.
As an aside, Russell in his 1903 considered, and then rejected, "a temptation to regard a relation as definable in extension as a class of couples", i.e. the modern set-theoretic notion of ordered pair. An intuitive version of this notion appeared in Frege's (1879) Begriffsschrift (translated in van Heijenoort 1967:23); Russell's 1903 followed closely the work of Frege (cf. Russell 1903:505ff). Russell worried that "it is necessary to give sense to the couple, to distinguish the referent from the relatum: thus a couple becomes essentially distinct from a class of two terms, and must itself be introduced as a primitive idea. It would seem, viewing the idea philosophically, that sense can only be derived from some relational proposition . . . it seems therefore more correct to take an intensional view of relations, and to identify them rather with class-concepts than with classes". As shown below, Norbert Wiener (1914) reduced the notion of relation to class by his definition of an ordered pair.
Criticism
Zermelo 1908
The outright prohibition implied by Russell's axiom of reducibility was roundly criticised by Ernst Zermelo in his 1908 Investigations in the foundations of set theory I, stung as he was by a demand similar to that of Russell that came from Poincaré:
According to Poincaré (1906, p. 307) a definition is "predicative" and logically admissible only if it excludes all objects that are "dependent" upon the notion defined, that is, that can in any way be determined by it.
Zermelo countered:
A definition may very well rely upon notions that are equivalent to the one being defined; indeed in every definition definiens and definiendum are equivalent notions, and the strict observance of Poincaré's demand would make every definition, hence all of science, impossible.
Wiener 1914
In his 1914 A simplification of the logic of relations, Norbert Wiener removed the need for the axiom of reducibility as applied to relations between two variables x, and y e.g. φ(x,y). He did this by introducing a way to express a relation as a set of ordered pairs: "It will be seen that what we have done is practically to revert to Schröder's treatment of a relation as a class of ordered couples". Van Heijenoort observes that "y giving a definition of the ordered pair of two-elements in terms of class operations, the note reduced the theory of relations to that of classes." But Wiener opined that while he had dispatched Russell and Whitehead's two-variable version of the axiom *12.11, the single-variable version of the axiom of reducibility for (axiom *12.1 in Principia Mathematica) was still necessary.
Wittgenstein 1918
Ludwig Wittgenstein, while imprisoned in a prison camp, finished his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. His introduction credits "the great works of Frege and the writings of my friend Bertrand Russell". Not a self-effacing intellectual, he pronounced that "the truth of the thoughts communicated here seems to me unassailable and definitive. I am, therefore, of the opinion that the problems have in essentials been finally solved." So given such an attitude, it is no surprise that Russell's theory of types comes under criticism:
3.33
In logical syntax the meaning of a sign ought never to play a role; it must admit of being established without mention being thereby made of the meaning of a sign; it ought to presuppose only the description of the expressions.
3.331
From this observation we get a further view – into Russell's Theory of Types. Russell's error is shown by the fact that in drawing up his symbolic rules he has to speak of the meaning of the signs.
3.332
No proposition can say anything about itself, because the proposition sign cannot be contained in itself (that is the "whole theory of types").
3.333
A function cannot be its own argument, because the functional sign already contains the prototype of its own argument and it cannot contain itself. ... Herewith Russell's paradox vanishes.
This appears to support the same argument Russell uses to erase his "paradox". This "using the signs" to "speak of the signs" Russell criticises in his introduction that preceded the original English translation:
What causes hesitation is the fact that, after all, Mr Wittgenstein manages to say a good deal about what cannot be said, thus suggesting to the sceptical reader that possibly there may be some loophole through a hierarchy of languages, or by some other exit.
This problem appears later when Wittgenstein arrives at this gentle disavowal of the axiom of reducibility—one interpretation of the following is that Wittgenstein is saying that Russell has made (what is known today as) a category error; Russell has asserted (inserted into the theory) a "further law of logic" when all the laws (e.g. the unbounded Sheffer stroke adopted by Wittgenstein) have already been asserted:
6.123
It is clear that the laws of logic cannot themselves obey further logical laws. (There is not, as Russell supposed, for every "type" a special law of contradiction; but one is sufficient, since it is not applied to itself.)
6.1231
The mark of logical propositions is not their general validity. To be general is only to be accidentally valid for all things. An ungeneralised proposition can be tautologous just as well as a generalised one.
6.1232
Logical general validity, we could call essential as opposed to accidental general validity, e.g., of the proposition "all men are mortal". Propositions like Russell's "axiom of reducibility" are not logical propositions, and this explains our feeling that, if true, they can only be true by a happy chance.
6.1233
We can imagine a world in which the axiom of reducibility is not valid. But it is clear that logic has nothing to do with the question of whether our world is really of this kind or not.
Russell 1919
Bertrand Russell in his 1919 Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, a non-mathematical companion to his first edition of PM, discusses his Axiom of Reducibility in Chapter 17 Classes (pp. 146ff). He concludes that "we cannot accept "class" as a primitive idea; the symbols for classes are "mere conveniences" and classes are "logical fictions, or (as we say) 'incomplete symbols' ... classes cannot be regarded as part of the ultimate furniture of the world" (p. 146). The reason for this is because of the problem of impredicativity: "classes cannot be regarded as a species of individuals, on account of the contradiction about classes which are not members of themselves ... and because we can prove that the number of classes is greater than the number of individuals, ". What he then does is propose 5 obligations that must be satisfied with respect to a theory of classes, and the result is his axiom of reducibility. He states that this axiom is "a generalised form of Leibniz's identity of indiscernibles" (p. 155). But he concludes Leibniz's assumption is not necessarily true for all possible predicates in all possible worlds, so he concludes that:
I do not see any reason to believe that the axiom of reducibility is logically necessary, which is what would be meant by saying that it is true in all possible worlds. The admission of this axiom into a system of logic is therefore a defect ... a dubious assumption. (p. 155)
The goal that he sets for himself then is "adjustments to his theory" of avoiding classes:
in its reduction of propositions nominally about classes to propositions about their defining functions. The avoidance of classes as entities by this method must, it would be seem, be sound in principle, however the detail may still require adjustment. (p. 155)
Skolem 1922
Thoralf Skolem in his 1922 Some remarks on axiomatised set theory took a less than positive attitude toward "Russell and Whitehead" (i.e. their work Principia Mathematica):
Until now, so far as I know, only one such system of axioms has found rather general acceptance, namely that constructed by Zermelo (1908). Russell and Whitehead, too, constructed a system of logic that provides a foundation for set theory; if I am not mistaken, however, mathematicians have taken but little interest in it.
Skolem then observes the problems of what he called "nonpredicative definition" in the set theory of Zermelo:
the difficulty is that we have to form some sets whose existence depends upon all sets ... Poincaré called this kind of definition and regarded it as the real logical weakness of set theory.
While Skolem is mainly addressing a problem with Zermelo's set theory, he does make this observation about the axiom of reducibility:
they , too, simply content themselves with circumventing the difficulty by introducing a stipulation, the axiom of reducibility. Actually, this axiom decrees that the nonpredicative stipulations will be satisfied. There is no proof of that; besides, so far as I can see, such a proof must be impossible from Russell and Whitehead's point of view as well as from Zermelo's.
Russell 1927
In his 1927 "Introduction" to the second edition of Principia Mathematica, Russell criticises his own axiom:
One point in regard to which improvement is obviously desirable is the axiom of reducibility (*12.1.11). This axiom has a purely pragmatic justification: it leads to the desired results, and to no others. But clearly it is not the sort of axiom with which we can rest content. On this subject, however, it cannot be said that a satisfactory solution is as yet obtainable. ... There is another course recommended by Wittgenstein† for philosophical reasons. This is to assume that functions of propositions are always truth-functions, and that a function can only occur as in a proposition through its values. There are difficulties ... It involves the consequence that all functions of functions are extensional. ... the theory of infinite Dedekindian and well-ordering collapses, so that irrationals, and real numbers generally, can no longer be adequately dealt with. Also Cantor's proof that 2n > n breaks down unless n is finite. Perhaps some further axiom, less objectionable than the axiom of reducibility, might give these results, but we have not succeeded in finding such an axiom.
Wittgenstein's 5.54ff is more centred on the notion of function:
5.54
In the general propositional form, propositions occur in a proposition only as bases of the truth-operations.
5.541
At first sight it appears as if there were also a different way in which one proposition could occur in another. ¶ Especially in certain propositional forms of psychology, like "A thinks, that p is the case," or "A thinks p," etc. ¶ Here it appears superficially as if the proposition p stood to the object A in a kind of relation. ¶ (And in modern epistemology those propositions have been conceived in this way.)
5.542
But it is clear that "A believes that p, "A thinks p", "A says p", are of the form " ' p ' thinks p "; and here we have no co-ordination of a fact and an object, but a co-ordination of facts by means of a co-ordination of their objects.
5.5421
5.5422
The correct explanation of the form of the proposition "A judges p" must show that it is impossible to judge a nonsense. (Russell's theory does not satisfy this condition).
A possible interpretation of Wittgenstein's stance is that the thinker A i.e. 'p' is identically the thought p, in this way the "soul" remains a unit and not a composite. So to utter "the thought thinks the thought" is nonsense, because per 5.542 the utterance does not specify anything.
von Neumann 1925
John von Neumann in his 1925 "An axiomatisation of set theory" wrestled with the same issues as did Russell, Zermelo, Skolem, and Fraenkel. He summarily rejected the effort of Russell:
Here Russell, J. Konig, Weyl, and Brouwer must be mentioned. They arrived at entirely different results , but the over-all effect of their activity seems to me outright devastating. In Russell, all of mathematics and set theory seems to rest upon the highly problematic "axiom of reducibility", while Weyl and Brouwer systematically reject the larger part of mathematics and set theory as completely meaningless.
He then notes the work of the set theorists Zermelo, Fraenkel and Schoenflies, in which "one understands by "set" nothing but an object of which one knows no more and wants to know no more than what follows about it from the postulates. The postulates are to be formulated in such a way that all the desired theorems of Cantor's set theory follow from them, but not the antinomies.
While he mentions the efforts of David Hilbert to prove the consistency of his axiomatisation of mathematics von Neumann placed him in the same group as Russell. Rather, von Neumann considered his proposal to be "in the spirit of the second group ... We must, however, avoid forming sets by collecting or separating elements , and so on, as well as eschew the unclear principle of 'definiteness' that can still be found in Zermelo. We prefer, however, to axiomatise not 'set' but 'function'."
Van Heijenoort observes that ultimately this axiomatic system of von Neumann's, "was simplified, revised, and expanded ... and it come to be known as the von Neumann-Bernays-Gödel set theory."
David Hilbert 1927
David Hilbert's axiomatic system that he presents in his 1925 The Foundations of Mathematics is the mature expression of a task he set about in the early 1900s but let lapse for a while (cf. his 1904 On the foundations of logic and arithmetic). His system is neither set theoretic nor derived directly from Russell and Whitehead. Rather, it invokes 13 axioms of logic—four axioms of Implication, six axioms of logical AND and logical OR, 2 axioms of logical negation, and 1 ε-axiom ("existence" axiom)-- plus a version of the Peano axioms in 4 axioms including mathematical induction, some definitions that "have the character of axioms, and certain recursion axioms that result from a general recursion schema" plus some formation rules that "govern the use of the axioms".
Hilbert states that, with regard to this system, i.e. "Russell and Whitehead's theory of foundations ... the foundation that it provides for mathematics rests, first, upon the axiom of infinity and, then upon what is called the axiom of reducibility, and both of these axioms are genuine contentual assumptions that are not supported by a consistency proof; they are assumptions whose validity in fact remains dubious and that, in any case, my theory does not require ... reducibility is not presupposed in my theory ... the execution of the reduction would be required only in case a proof of a contradiction were given, and then, according to my proof theory, this reduction would always be bound to succeed."
It is upon this foundation that modern recursion theory rests.
Ramsey 1925
In 1925, Frank Plumpton Ramsey argued that it is not needed. However in the second edition of Principia Mathematica (1927, page xiv) and in Ramsey's 1926 paper it is stated that certain theorems about real numbers could not be proved using Ramsey's approach. Most later mathematical formalisms (Hilbert's Formalism or Brower's Intuitionism for example) do not use it.
Ramsey showed that it is possible to reformulate the definition of predicative by using the definitions in Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. As a result, all functions of a given order are predicative, irrespective of how they are expressed. He goes on to show that his formulation still avoids the paradoxes. However, the "Tractatus" theory did not appear strong enough to prove some mathematical results.
Gödel 1944
Kurt Gödel in his 1944 Russell's mathematical logic offers in the words of his commentator Charles Parsons, " might be seen as a defense of these attitudes of Russell against the reductionism prominent in his philosophy and implicit in much of his actual logical work. It was perhaps the most robust defense of realism about mathematics and its objects since the paradoxes and come to the consciousness of the mathematical world after 1900".
In general, Gödel is sympathetic to the notion that a propositional function can be reduced to (identified with) the real objects that satisfy it, but this causes problems with respect to the theory of real numbers, and even integers (p. 134). He observes that the first edition of PM "abandoned" the realist (constructivistic) "attitude" with his proposal of the axiom of reducibility (p. 133). However, within the introduction to the second edition of PM (1927) Gödel asserts "the constructivistic attitude is resumed again" (p. 133) when Russell "dropped" of the axiom of reducibility in favour of the matrix (truth-functional) theory; Russell "stated explicitly that all primitive predicates belong to the lowest type and that the only purpose of variables (and evidently also of constants) is to make it possible to assert more complicated truth-functions of atomic propositions ... the higher types and orders are solely a façon de parler" (p. 134). But this only works when the number of individuals and primitive predicates is finite, for one can construct finite strings of symbols such as:
x
=
a
1
∨
x
=
a
2
∨
⋯
∨
x
=
a
k
{\displaystyle x=a_{1}\vee x=a_{2}\vee \dots \vee x=a_{k}}
And from such strings one can form strings of strings to obtain the equivalent of classes of classes, with a mixture of types possible. However, from such finite strings the whole of mathematics cannot be constructed because they cannot be "analyzed", i.e. reducible to the law of identity or disprovable by a negations of the law:
Even the theory of integers is non-analytic, provided that one requires of the rules of elimination that they allow one actually to carry out the elimination in a finite number of steps in each case.44 (44Because this would imply the existence of a decision procedure for all arithmetical propositions. Cf. Turing 1937.) ... the whole of mathematics as applied to sentences of infinite length has to be presupposed to prove analyticity , e.g., the axiom of choice can be proved to be analytic only if it is assumed to be true. (p. 139)
But he observes that "this procedure seems to presuppose arithmetic in some form or other" (p. 134), and he states in the next paragraph that "the question of whether (or to what extent) the theory of integers can be obtained on the basis of the ramified hierarchy must be considered as unsolved." (p. 135)
Gödel proposed that one should take a "more conservative approach":
make the meaning of the terms "class" and "concept" clearer, and to set up a consistent theory of classes and concepts as objectively existing entities. This is the course which the actual development of mathematical logic has been taking ... Major among the attempts in this direction ... are the simple theory of types ... and axiomatic set theory, both of which have been successful at least to this extent, that they permit the derivation of modern mathematics and at the same time avoid all known paradoxes. Many symptoms show only too clearly, however, that the primitive concepts need further elucidation. (p. 140)
Quine 1967
In a critique that also discusses the pros and cons of Ramsey (1931) W. V. O. Quine calls Russell's formulation of "types" to be "troublesome ... the confusion persists as he attempts to define 'nth order propositions'... the method is indeed oddly devious ... the axiom of reducibility is self-effacing", etc.
Like Stephen Kleene, Quine observes that Ramsey (1926) divided the various paradoxes into two varieties (i) "those of pure set theory" and (ii) those derived from "semantic concepts such as falsity and specifiability", and Ramsey believed that the second variety should have been left out of Russell's solution. Quine ends with the opinion that "because of the confusion of propositions with sentences, and of attributes with their expressions, Russell's purported solution of the semantic paradoxes was enigmatic anyway."
Kleene 1952
In his section "§12. First inferences from the paradoxes" (subchapter "LOGICISM"), Stephen Kleene (1952) traces the development of Russell's theory of types:
To adapt the logicistic construction of mathematics to the situation arising from the discovery of the paradoxes, Russell excluded impredicative definitions by his ramified theory of types (1908, 1910).
Kleene observes that "to exclude impredicative definitions within a type, the types above type 0 are further separated into orders. Thus for type 1 , properties defined without mentioning any totality belong to order 0, and properties defined using the totality of properties of a given order below to the next higher order)".
Kleene, however, parenthetically observes that "the logicistic definition of natural number now becomes predicative when the P in it is specified to range only over properties of a given order; in case the property of being a natural number is of the next higher order". But this separation into orders makes it impossible to construct the familiar analysis, which contains impredicative definitions. To escape this outcome, Russell postulated his axiom of reducibility. But, Kleene wonders, "on what grounds should we believe in the axiom of reducibility?" He observes that, whereas Principia Mathematica is presented as derived from intuitively-derived axioms that "were intended to be believed about the world, or at least to be accepted as plausible hypotheses concerning the world ... if properties are to be constructed, the matter should be settled on the basis of constructions, not by an axiom." Indeed, he quotes Whitehead and Russell (1927) questioning their own axiom: "clearly it is not the sort of axiom with which we can rest content".
Kleene references the work of Ramsey 1926, but notes that "neither Whitehead and Russell nor Ramsey succeeded in attaining the logicistic goal constructively" and "an interesting proposal ... by Langford 1927 and Carnap 1931-2, is also not free of difficulties." Kleene ends this discussion with quotes from Weyl (1946) that "the system of Principia Mathematica ... a sort of logician's paradise" and anyone "who is ready to believe in this 'transcendental world' could also accept the system of axiomatic set theory (Zermelo, Fraenkel, etc), which, for the deduction of mathematics, has the advantage of being simpler in structure."
Notes
^ Thierry Coquand (20 January 2010). "Type Theory". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, CSLI, Stanford University. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
^ According to van Heijenoort 1967:124, Russell discovered the paradox in June 1901. van Heijenoort in turn references Bertrand Russell (1944) "My mental development" in The philosophy of Bertrand Russell, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp (Tudor, New York), page 13. But Russell did not report it to Frege until his letter to Frege dated 16 June 1902. Livio 2009:186 reports the same date. Livio 2009:191 writes that Zermelo discovered the paradox as early as 1900, but does not give his source for this (Ewald 1996?). Indeed, Zermelo makes this claim in a footnote 9 to his 1908 A new proof of the possibility of a well-ordering in van Heijenoort 1967:191.
^ Cf. Introductory remarks by W. V. O. Quine preceding Bertrand Russell (1908a) reprinted in van Heijenoort 1967:150.
^ Cf. Introductory remarks by W. V. O. Quine preceding Bertrand Russell (1908a) reprinted in van Heijenoort 1967:150.
^ Russell 1903:528
^ reprinted in van Heijenoort 150–182
^ Russell 1908:154. The exact wording appears in Whitehead and Russell 1913 reprinted to *53 1962:60
^ Russell 1908a in van Heijenoort 1967:165.
^ Russell 1908a in van Heijenoort 1967:169.
^ Whitehead and Russell 1913 reprinted to *53 1962:53
^ Whitehead and Russell 1913 reprinted to *53 1962:48
^ In the original z^ is z with a circumflex (hat) over it, etc. Whitehead and Russell 1913 reprinted to *53 1962:47
^ Cf. commentary by W. V. O. Quine in van Heijenoort 1967:150–152
^ boldface added, cf. Russell 1908 reprinted in van Heijenoort 1967:167
^ Whitehead and Russell 1913:162
^ Whitehead and Russell 1913:164
^ Russell 1903:99
^ Russell 1903:99
^ Zermelo (1908) The possibility of a well-ordering reprinted in van Heijenoort 1967:190
^ Zermelo (1908) The possibility of a well-ordering reprinted in van Heijenoort 1967:190
^ Wiener 1914 in van Heijenoort 1967:226
^ Wiener in van Heijenoort 1967:224
^ Wiener 1914 in van Heijenoort 1967:224
^ Wittgenstein 1922 in HarperCollins 2009:4
^ Wittgenstein 1922 in HarperCollins 2009:18
^ Wittgenstein 1922 in HarperCollins 2009:70
^ Skolem 1922 in van Heijenoort 1967:291
^ Zermelo stipulates that there exist "a domain B of objects, among which are the sets." But by a theorem Zermelo proves that this domain B cannot be a set itself "and this disposes of the Russell antinomy so far as we are concerned." (Cf. Zermelo 1908 in van Heijenoort 1967:203.) The ultimate problem (to be answered by Skolem and Fraenkel ) is a precise definition of Zermelo's notion of definite property which, via Zermelo's Axiom of separation (Axiom der Aussonderung), when applied via a propositional function to a set M, separates from M a subset e.g. M1 (Skolem 1922 in van Heijenoort 1967:292).
^ Skolem 1922 in van Heijenoort 1967:297. In a footnote 7 to the quotation above, he backs this up with a demonstration derived from the axioms of Zermelo: "A typical nonpredicative stipulation, is for example that the intersection of all sets that have an arbitrary definite property E again be a set. This in fact follows from the axioms ."
^ Skolem 1922 in van Heijenoort 1967:297
^ Introduction to the 2nd Edition 1927 of Whitehead and Russell 1913:xiv
^ Wittgenstein 1922 in HarperCollins 2009:60
^ von Neumann 1925 in van Heijenoort 1967:395
^ von Neumann in van Heijenoort 1967:395
^ von Neumann 1925 in van Heijenoort 1967:395
^ von Neumann 1925 in van Heijenoort 1967:401
^ van Heijenoort 1967:394
^ Hilbert 1925 in van Heijenoort 1967:467
^ Hilbert 1925 in van Heijenoort 1967:467
^ Boldface added, Hilbert in van Heijenoort 1967:473
^ The Foundations of Mathematics (1925), pages 1..61 of The Foundations of Mathematics, F. P. Ramsey, Littlefield Adams & Co, Paterson New Jersey, 1960
^ Mathematical Logic, pages 62..61, op. cit.
^ This commentary appears on pages 102–118, and the paper itself on pages 119–141 appears in 1990 Kurt Gödel: Collected Works, Volume II, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, ISBN 978-0-19-514721-6.
^ W. V. O. Quine's commentary before Russell 1908 in van Heijenoort 1967:150–152
^ Quine's commentary before Russell (1908) in van Heijenoort 1967:151
^ Kleene 1952:532 gives this reference: "Ramsey, F. P. 1926, The foundations of mathematics, Proc. London Math. Soc., ser. 2, vol. 25, pp. 338–384. Reprinted as pp. 1–61 in The foundations of mathematics and other logical essays by F. P. Ramsey, ed. by R. B. Braithwaite, London (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner) and new your (Harcourt, brace) 1931. The latter reprinted London (Routledge and Kegan Paul) and New York (Humanities Press) 1950."
^ W. V. O. Quine's commentary before Russell 1908 in van Heijenoort 1967:150–152. Kleene (1952) is less sanguine about the problem of the paradoxes, cf. Kleene 1952:43. Kleene 1952 analyzes the situation this way: that Ramsey 1926 classifies the paradoxes as the "logical" versus the "epistomolical or "semantical" and Ramsey observes that the logical antinomies are (apparently) stopped by the simple hierarchy of types, and the semantical ones are (apparently) prevented ... by the absence ... of the requisite means for referring to expressions in the same language. But Ramsey's arguments to justify impredicative definitions within a type entail a conception of the totality of predicates of the type as existing independently of their constructibility or definability"; thus neither Whitehead and Russell nor Ramsey succeeded (see at Kleene 1952)
^ Kleene 1952:44
^ Kleene 1952:44
^ Slight punctuation changes added for clarity, Kleene 1952:44
^ Kleene 1952:44
^ Kleene 1952:45
^ Kleene 1952:45, quoting from Whitehead and Russell's introduction to their 1927 2nd edition of Principia Mathematica.
^ both quotes from Kleene 1952:45
^ Kleene 1952:45
References
van Heijenoort, Jean (1967, 3rd printing 1976), From Frege to Godel: A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, ISBN 0-674-32449-8 (pbk)
Russell, Bertrand (1903) The Principles of Mathematics: Vol. 1, Cambridge at the University Press, Cambridge, UK, republished as a googlebook.
Whitehead, Alfred North and Russell, Bertrand (1910–1913, 2nd edition 1927, reprinted 1962 edition), Principia Mathematica to *56, Cambridge at the University Press, London UK, no ISBN or US card catalogue number.
Mario Livio (2009), Is God a Mathematician?, Simon and Schuster, New York, NY, ISBN 978-0-7432-9405-8.
External links
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Axiom of reducibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox"},{"link_name":"Gottlob Frege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frege"},{"link_name":"Begriffsschrift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begriffsschrift"},{"link_name":"The Principles of Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Principles_of_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"contradiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Epimenides paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimenides_paradox"},{"link_name":"Burali-Forti paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burali-Forti_paradox"},{"link_name":"Richard's paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%27s_paradox"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Alfred North Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead"},{"link_name":"Principia Mathematica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principia_Mathematica"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"With Russell's discovery (1901, 1902)[2] of a paradox in Gottlob Frege's 1879 Begriffsschrift and Frege's acknowledgment of the same (1902), Russell tentatively introduced his solution as \"Appendix B: Doctrine of Types\" in his 1903 The Principles of Mathematics.[3] This contradiction can be stated as \"the class of all classes that do not contain themselves as elements\".[4] At the end of this appendix Russell asserts that his \"doctrine\" would solve the immediate problem posed by Frege, but \"there is at least one closely analogous contradiction which is probably not soluble by this doctrine. The totality of all logical objects, or of all propositions, involves, it would seem a fundamental logical difficulty. What the complete solution of the difficulty may be, I have not succeeded in discovering; but as it affects the very foundations of reasoning...\"[5]By the time of his 1908 Mathematical logic as based on the theory of types[6] Russell had studied \"the contradictions\" (among them the Epimenides paradox, the Burali-Forti paradox, and Richard's paradox) and concluded that \"In all the contradictions there is a common characteristic, which we may describe as self-reference or reflexiveness\".[7]In 1903, Russell defined predicative functions as those whose order is one more than the highest-order function occurring in the expression of the function. While these were fine for the situation, impredicative functions had to be disallowed:A function whose argument is an individual and whose value is always a first-order proposition will be called a first-order function. A function involving a first-order function or proposition as apparent variable will be called a second-order function, and so on. A function of one variable which is of the order next above that of its argument will be called a predicative function; the same name will be given to a function of several variables [etc].[8]He repeats this definition in a slightly different way later in the paper (together with a subtle prohibition that they would express more clearly in 1913):A predicative function of x is one whose values are propositions of the type next above that of x, if x is an individual or a proposition, or that of values of x if x is a function. It may be described as one in which the apparent variables, if any, are all of the same type as x or of lower type; and a variable is of lower type than x if it can significantly occur as argument to x, or as argument to an argument to x, and so forth. [emphasis added][9]This usage carries over to Alfred North Whitehead and Russell's 1913 Principia Mathematica wherein the authors devote an entire subsection of their Chapter II: \"The Theory of Logical Types\" to subchapter I. The Vicious-Circle Principle: \"We will define a function of one variable as predicative when it is of the next order above that of its argument, i.e. of the lowest order compatible with its having that argument. . . A function of several arguments is predicative if there is one of its arguments such that, when the other arguments have values assigned to them, we obtain a predicative function of the one undetermined argument.\"[10]They again propose the definition of a predicative function as one that does not violate The Theory of Logical Types. Indeed the authors assert such violations are \"incapable [to achieve]\" and \"impossible\":We are thus led to the conclusion, both from the vicious-circle principle and from direct inspection, that the functions to which a given object a can be an argument are incapable of being arguments to each other, and that they have no term in common with the functions to which they can be arguments. We are thus led to construct a hierarchy.[11]The authors stress the word impossible:if we are not mistaken, that not only is it impossible for a function φz^ to have itself or anything derived from it as argument, but that, if ψz^ is another function such there are arguments a with which both \"φa\" and \"ψa\" are significant, then ψz^ and anything derived from it cannot significantly be argument to φz^.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"propositional function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_function"},{"link_name":"Bertrand Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Principia Mathematica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principia_Mathematica"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"ordered pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered_pair"},{"link_name":"intensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intension"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Norbert Wiener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener"}],"text":"The axiom of reducibility states that any truth function (i.e. propositional function) can be expressed by a formally equivalent predicative truth function. It made its first appearance in Bertrand Russell's (1908) Mathematical logic as based on the theory of types, but only after some five years of trial and error.[13] In his words:Thus a predicative function of an individual is a first-order function; and for higher types of arguments, predicative functions take the place that first-order functions take in respect of individuals. We assume then, that every function is equivalent, for all its values, to some predicative function of the same argument. This assumption seems to be the essence of the usual assumption of classes [modern sets] . . . we will call this assumption the axiom of classes, or the axiom of reducibility.[14]For relations (functions of two variables such as \"For all x and for all y, those values for which f(x,y) is true\" i.e. ∀x∀y: f(x,y)), Russell assumed an axiom of relations, or [the same] axiom of reducibility.In 1903, he proposed a possible process of evaluating such a 2-place function by comparing the process to double integration: One after another, plug into x definite values am (i.e. the particular aj is \"a constant\" or a parameter held constant), then evaluate f(am,yn) across all the n instances of possible yn. For all yn evaluate f(a1, yn), then for all yn evaluate f(a2, yn), etc until all the x = am are exhausted). This would create an m by n matrix of values: TRUE or UNKNOWN. (In this exposition, the use of indices is a modern convenience.)In 1908, Russell made no mention of this matrix of x, y values that render a two-place function (e.g. relation) TRUE, but by 1913 he has introduced a matrix-like concept into \"function\". In *12 of Principia Mathematica (1913) he defines \"a matrix\" as \"any function, of however many variables, which does not involve any apparent variables. Then any possible function other than a matrix is derived from a matrix by means of generalisation, i.e. by considering the proposition which asserts that the function in question is true with all possible values or with some values of one of the arguments, the other argument or arguments remaining undetermined\".[15] For example, if one asserts that \"∀y: f(x, y) is true\", then x is the apparent variable because it is unspecified.Russell now defines a matrix of \"individuals\" as a first-order matrix, and he follows a similar process to define a second-order matrix, etc. Finally, he introduces the definition of a predicative function:A function is said to be predicative when it is a matrix. It will be observed that, in a hierarchy in which all the variables are individuals or matrices, a matrix is the same thing as an elementary function [cf. 1913:127, meaning: the function contains no apparent variables]. ¶ \"Matrix\" or \"predicative function\" is a primitive idea.[16]From this reasoning, he then uses the same wording to propose the same axioms of reducibility as he did in his 1908.As an aside, Russell in his 1903 considered, and then rejected, \"a temptation to regard a relation as definable in extension as a class of couples\",[17] i.e. the modern set-theoretic notion of ordered pair. An intuitive version of this notion appeared in Frege's (1879) Begriffsschrift (translated in van Heijenoort 1967:23); Russell's 1903 followed closely the work of Frege (cf. Russell 1903:505ff). Russell worried that \"it is necessary to give sense to the couple, to distinguish the referent from the relatum: thus a couple becomes essentially distinct from a class of two terms, and must itself be introduced as a primitive idea. It would seem, viewing the idea philosophically, that sense can only be derived from some relational proposition . . . it seems therefore more correct to take an intensional view of relations, and to identify them rather with class-concepts than with classes\".[18] As shown below, Norbert Wiener (1914) reduced the notion of relation to class by his definition of an ordered pair.","title":"Russell's axiom of reducibility"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernst Zermelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Zermelo"},{"link_name":"Poincaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Zermelo 1908","text":"The outright prohibition implied by Russell's axiom of reducibility was roundly criticised by Ernst Zermelo in his 1908 Investigations in the foundations of set theory I, stung as he was by a demand similar to that of Russell that came from Poincaré:According to Poincaré (1906, p. 307) a definition is \"predicative\" and logically admissible only if it excludes all objects that are \"dependent\" upon the notion defined, that is, that can in any way be determined by it.[19]Zermelo countered:A definition may very well rely upon notions that are equivalent to the one being defined; indeed in every definition definiens and definiendum are equivalent notions, and the strict observance of Poincaré's demand would make every definition, hence all of science, impossible.[20]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norbert Wiener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Wiener 1914","text":"In his 1914 A simplification of the logic of relations, Norbert Wiener removed the need for the axiom of reducibility as applied to relations between two variables x, and y e.g. φ(x,y). He did this by introducing a way to express a relation as a set of ordered pairs: \"It will be seen that what we have done is practically to revert to Schröder's treatment of a relation as a class [set] of ordered couples\".[21] Van Heijenoort observes that \"[b]y giving a definition of the ordered pair of two-elements in terms of class operations, the note reduced the theory of relations to that of classes.\"[22] But Wiener opined that while he had dispatched Russell and Whitehead's two-variable version of the axiom *12.11, the single-variable version of the axiom of reducibility for (axiom *12.1 in Principia Mathematica) was still necessary.[23]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ludwig Wittgenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein"},{"link_name":"Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"category error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_error"},{"link_name":"Sheffer stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffer_stroke"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Wittgenstein 1918","text":"Ludwig Wittgenstein, while imprisoned in a prison camp, finished his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. His introduction credits \"the great works of Frege and the writings of my friend Bertrand Russell\". Not a self-effacing intellectual, he pronounced that \"the truth of the thoughts communicated here seems to me unassailable and definitive. I am, therefore, of the opinion that the problems have in essentials been finally solved.\"[24] So given such an attitude, it is no surprise that Russell's theory of types comes under criticism:3.33\nIn logical syntax the meaning of a sign ought never to play a role; it must admit of being established without mention being thereby made of the meaning of a sign; it ought to presuppose only the description of the expressions.\n3.331\n\nFrom this observation we get a further view – into Russell's Theory of Types. Russell's error is shown by the fact that in drawing up his symbolic rules he has to speak of the meaning of the signs.\n3.332\n\nNo proposition can say anything about itself, because the proposition sign cannot be contained in itself (that is the \"whole theory of types\").\n3.333\n\nA function cannot be its own argument, because the functional sign already contains the prototype of its own argument and it cannot contain itself. ... Herewith Russell's paradox vanishes.[25]This appears to support the same argument Russell uses to erase his \"paradox\". This \"using the signs\" to \"speak of the signs\" Russell criticises in his introduction that preceded the original English translation:What causes hesitation is the fact that, after all, Mr Wittgenstein manages to say a good deal about what cannot be said, thus suggesting to the sceptical reader that possibly there may be some loophole through a hierarchy of languages, or by some other exit.This problem appears later when Wittgenstein arrives at this gentle disavowal of the axiom of reducibility—one interpretation of the following is that Wittgenstein is saying that Russell has made (what is known today as) a category error; Russell has asserted (inserted into the theory) a \"further law of logic\" when all the laws (e.g. the unbounded Sheffer stroke adopted by Wittgenstein) have already been asserted:6.123\nIt is clear that the laws of logic cannot themselves obey further logical laws. (There is not, as Russell supposed, for every \"type\" a special law of contradiction; but one is sufficient, since it is not applied to itself.)\n6.1231\n\nThe mark of logical propositions is not their general validity. To be general is only to be accidentally valid for all things. An ungeneralised proposition can be tautologous just as well as a generalised one.\n6.1232\n\nLogical general validity, we could call essential as opposed to accidental general validity, e.g., of the proposition \"all men are mortal\". Propositions like Russell's \"axiom of reducibility\" are not logical propositions, and this explains our feeling that, if true, they can only be true by a happy chance.\n6.1233\n\nWe can imagine a world in which the axiom of reducibility is not valid. But it is clear that logic has nothing to do with the question of whether our world is really of this kind or not.[26]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bertrand Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell"},{"link_name":"Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Mathematical_Philosophy"}],"sub_title":"Russell 1919","text":"Bertrand Russell in his 1919 Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, a non-mathematical companion to his first edition of PM, discusses his Axiom of Reducibility in Chapter 17 Classes (pp. 146ff). He concludes that \"we cannot accept \"class\" as a primitive idea; the symbols for classes are \"mere conveniences\" and classes are \"logical fictions, or (as we say) 'incomplete symbols' ... classes cannot be regarded as part of the ultimate furniture of the world\" (p. 146). The reason for this is because of the problem of impredicativity: \"classes cannot be regarded as a species of individuals, on account of the contradiction about classes which are not members of themselves ... and because we can prove that the number of classes is greater than the number of individuals, [etc]\". What he then does is propose 5 obligations that must be satisfied with respect to a theory of classes, and the result is his axiom of reducibility. He states that this axiom is \"a generalised form of Leibniz's identity of indiscernibles\" (p. 155). But he concludes Leibniz's assumption is not necessarily true for all possible predicates in all possible worlds, so he concludes that:I do not see any reason to believe that the axiom of reducibility is logically necessary, which is what would be meant by saying that it is true in all possible worlds. The admission of this axiom into a system of logic is therefore a defect ... a dubious assumption. (p. 155)The goal that he sets for himself then is \"adjustments to his theory\" of avoiding classes:in its reduction of propositions nominally about classes to propositions about their defining functions. The avoidance of classes as entities by this method must, it would be seem, be sound in principle, however the detail may still require adjustment. (p. 155)","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thoralf Skolem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoralf_Skolem"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Skolem 1922","text":"Thoralf Skolem in his 1922 Some remarks on axiomatised set theory took a less than positive attitude toward \"Russell and Whitehead\" (i.e. their work Principia Mathematica):Until now, so far as I know, only one such system of axioms has found rather general acceptance, namely that constructed by Zermelo (1908). Russell and Whitehead, too, constructed a system of logic that provides a foundation for set theory; if I am not mistaken, however, mathematicians have taken but little interest in it.[27]Skolem then observes the problems of what he called \"nonpredicative definition\" in the set theory of Zermelo:[28]the difficulty is that we have to form some sets whose existence depends upon all sets ... Poincaré called this kind of definition and regarded it as the real logical weakness of set theory.[29]While Skolem is mainly addressing a problem with Zermelo's set theory, he does make this observation about the axiom of reducibility:they [Russell and Whitehead], too, simply content themselves with circumventing the difficulty by introducing a stipulation, the axiom of reducibility. Actually, this axiom decrees that the nonpredicative stipulations will be satisfied. There is no proof of that; besides, so far as I can see, such a proof must be impossible from Russell and Whitehead's point of view as well as from Zermelo's. [emphasis added][30]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Principia Mathematica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principia_Mathematica"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Russell 1927","text":"In his 1927 \"Introduction\" to the second edition of Principia Mathematica, Russell criticises his own axiom:One point in regard to which improvement is obviously desirable is the axiom of reducibility (*12.1.11). This axiom has a purely pragmatic justification: it leads to the desired results, and to no others. But clearly it is not the sort of axiom with which we can rest content. On this subject, however, it cannot be said that a satisfactory solution is as yet obtainable. ... There is another course recommended by Wittgenstein† [† Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, *5.54ff] for philosophical reasons. This is to assume that functions of propositions are always truth-functions, and that a function can only occur as in a proposition through its values. There are difficulties ... It involves the consequence that all functions of functions are extensional. ... [But the consequences of his logic are that] the theory of infinite Dedekindian and well-ordering collapses, so that irrationals, and real numbers generally, can no longer be adequately dealt with. Also Cantor's proof that 2n > n breaks down unless n is finite. Perhaps some further axiom, less objectionable than the axiom of reducibility, might give these results, but we have not succeeded in finding such an axiom.[31]Wittgenstein's 5.54ff is more centred on the notion of function:5.54\nIn the general propositional form, propositions occur in a proposition only as bases of the truth-operations.\n5.541\n\nAt first sight it appears as if there were also a different way in which one proposition could occur in another. ¶ Especially in certain propositional forms of psychology, like \"A thinks, that p is the case,\" or \"A thinks p,\" etc. ¶ Here it appears superficially as if the proposition p stood to the object A in a kind of relation. ¶ (And in modern epistemology [Russell, Moore, etc.] those propositions have been conceived in this way.)\n5.542\n\nBut it is clear that \"A believes that p, \"A thinks p\", \"A says p\", are of the form \" ' p ' thinks p \"; and here we have no co-ordination of a fact and an object, but a co-ordination of facts by means of a co-ordination of their objects.\n5.5421 [etc: \"A composite soul would not be a soul any longer.\"]\n5.5422\n\nThe correct explanation of the form of the proposition \"A judges p\" must show that it is impossible to judge a nonsense. (Russell's theory does not satisfy this condition).[32]A possible interpretation of Wittgenstein's stance is that the thinker A i.e. 'p' is identically the thought p, in this way the \"soul\" remains a unit and not a composite. So to utter \"the thought thinks the thought\" is nonsense, because per 5.542 the utterance does not specify anything.","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John von Neumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"David Hilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hilbert"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"von Neumann-Bernays-Gödel set theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann-Bernays-G%C3%B6del_set_theory"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"von Neumann 1925","text":"John von Neumann in his 1925 \"An axiomatisation of set theory\" wrestled with the same issues as did Russell, Zermelo, Skolem, and Fraenkel. He summarily rejected the effort of Russell:Here Russell, J. Konig, Weyl, and Brouwer must be mentioned. They arrived at entirely different results [from the set theorists], but the over-all effect of their activity seems to me outright devastating. In Russell, all of mathematics and set theory seems to rest upon the highly problematic \"axiom of reducibility\", while Weyl and Brouwer systematically reject the larger part of mathematics and set theory as completely meaningless.[33]He then notes the work of the set theorists Zermelo, Fraenkel and Schoenflies, in which \"one understands by \"set\" nothing but an object of which one knows no more and wants to know no more than what follows about it from the postulates. The postulates [of set theory] are to be formulated in such a way that all the desired theorems of Cantor's set theory follow from them, but not the antinomies.[34]While he mentions the efforts of David Hilbert to prove the consistency of his axiomatisation of mathematics[35] von Neumann placed him in the same group as Russell. Rather, von Neumann considered his proposal to be \"in the spirit of the second group ... We must, however, avoid forming sets by collecting or separating elements [durch Zusammenfassung oder Aussonderung von Elementen], and so on, as well as eschew the unclear principle of 'definiteness' that can still be found in Zermelo. [...] We prefer, however, to axiomatise not 'set' but 'function'.\"[36]Van Heijenoort observes that ultimately this axiomatic system of von Neumann's, \"was simplified, revised, and expanded ... and it come to be known as the von Neumann-Bernays-Gödel set theory.\"[37]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Hilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hilbert"},{"link_name":"axiomatic system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_system"},{"link_name":"Peano axioms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peano_axioms"},{"link_name":"mathematical induction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_induction"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"recursion theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion_theory"}],"sub_title":"David Hilbert 1927","text":"David Hilbert's axiomatic system that he presents in his 1925 The Foundations of Mathematics is the mature expression of a task he set about in the early 1900s but let lapse for a while (cf. his 1904 On the foundations of logic and arithmetic). His system is neither set theoretic nor derived directly from Russell and Whitehead. Rather, it invokes 13 axioms of logic—four axioms of Implication, six axioms of logical AND and logical OR, 2 axioms of logical negation, and 1 ε-axiom (\"existence\" axiom)-- plus a version of the Peano axioms in 4 axioms including mathematical induction, some definitions that \"have the character of axioms, and certain recursion axioms that result from a general recursion schema\"[38] plus some formation rules that \"govern the use of the axioms\".[39]Hilbert states that, with regard to this system, i.e. \"Russell and Whitehead's theory of foundations[,] ... the foundation that it provides for mathematics rests, first, upon the axiom of infinity and, then upon what is called the axiom of reducibility, and both of these axioms are genuine contentual assumptions that are not supported by a consistency proof; they are assumptions whose validity in fact remains dubious and that, in any case, my theory does not require ... reducibility is not presupposed in my theory ... the execution of the reduction would be required only in case a proof of a contradiction were given, and then, according to my proof theory, this reduction would always be bound to succeed.\"[40]It is upon this foundation that modern recursion theory rests.","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Plumpton Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Plumpton_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Principia Mathematica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principia_Mathematica"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"real numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_numbers"},{"link_name":"Formalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalism_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Brower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brower"},{"link_name":"Intuitionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitionism"},{"link_name":"Wittgenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittgenstein"},{"link_name":"Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus"}],"sub_title":"Ramsey 1925","text":"In 1925, Frank Plumpton Ramsey argued that it is not needed.[41] However in the second edition of Principia Mathematica (1927, page xiv) and in Ramsey's 1926 paper[42] it is stated that certain theorems about real numbers could not be proved using Ramsey's approach. Most later mathematical formalisms (Hilbert's Formalism or Brower's Intuitionism for example) do not use it.Ramsey showed that it is possible to reformulate the definition of predicative by using the definitions in Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. As a result, all functions of a given order are predicative, irrespective of how they are expressed. He goes on to show that his formulation still avoids the paradoxes. However, the \"Tractatus\" theory did not appear strong enough to prove some mathematical results.","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurt Gödel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"façon de parler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fa%C3%A7on_de_parler"}],"sub_title":"Gödel 1944","text":"Kurt Gödel in his 1944 Russell's mathematical logic offers in the words of his commentator Charles Parsons, \"[what] might be seen as a defense of these [realist] attitudes of Russell against the reductionism prominent in his philosophy and implicit in much of his actual logical work. It was perhaps the most robust defense of realism about mathematics and its objects since the paradoxes and come to the consciousness of the mathematical world after 1900\".[43]In general, Gödel is sympathetic to the notion that a propositional function can be reduced to (identified with) the real objects that satisfy it, but this causes problems with respect to the theory of real numbers, and even integers (p. 134). He observes that the first edition of PM \"abandoned\" the realist (constructivistic) \"attitude\" with his proposal of the axiom of reducibility (p. 133). However, within the introduction to the second edition of PM (1927) Gödel asserts \"the constructivistic attitude is resumed again\" (p. 133) when Russell \"dropped\" of the axiom of reducibility in favour of the matrix (truth-functional) theory; Russell \"stated explicitly that all primitive predicates belong to the lowest type and that the only purpose of variables (and evidently also of constants) is to make it possible to assert more complicated truth-functions of atomic propositions ... [i.e.] the higher types and orders are solely a façon de parler\" (p. 134). But this only works when the number of individuals and primitive predicates is finite, for one can construct finite strings of symbols such as:x\n =\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ∨\n x\n =\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n ∨\n ⋯\n ∨\n x\n =\n \n a\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=a_{1}\\vee x=a_{2}\\vee \\dots \\vee x=a_{k}}\n \n [example on page 134]And from such strings one can form strings of strings to obtain the equivalent of classes of classes, with a mixture of types possible. However, from such finite strings the whole of mathematics cannot be constructed because they cannot be \"analyzed\", i.e. reducible to the law of identity or disprovable by a negations of the law:Even the theory of integers is non-analytic, provided that one requires of the rules of elimination that they allow one actually to carry out the elimination in a finite number of steps in each case.44 (44Because this would imply the existence of a decision procedure for all arithmetical propositions. Cf. Turing 1937.) ... [Thus] the whole of mathematics as applied to sentences of infinite length has to be presupposed to prove [the] analyticity [of the theory of integers], e.g., the axiom of choice can be proved to be analytic only if it is assumed to be true. (p. 139)But he observes that \"this procedure seems to presuppose arithmetic in some form or other\" (p. 134), and he states in the next paragraph that \"the question of whether (or to what extent) the theory of integers can be obtained on the basis of the ramified hierarchy must be considered as unsolved.\" (p. 135)Gödel proposed that one should take a \"more conservative approach\":make the meaning of the terms \"class\" and \"concept\" clearer, and to set up a consistent theory of classes and concepts as objectively existing entities. This is the course which the actual development of mathematical logic has been taking ... Major among the attempts in this direction ... are the simple theory of types ... and axiomatic set theory, both of which have been successful at least to this extent, that they permit the derivation of modern mathematics and at the same time avoid all known paradoxes. Many symptoms show only too clearly, however, that the primitive concepts need further elucidation. (p. 140)","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"W. V. O. Quine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._V._O._Quine"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Stephen Kleene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Kleene"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Quine 1967","text":"In a critique that also discusses the pros and cons of Ramsey (1931)[44] W. V. O. Quine calls Russell's formulation of \"types\" to be \"troublesome ... the confusion persists as he attempts to define 'nth order propositions'... the method is indeed oddly devious ... the axiom of reducibility is self-effacing\", etc.[45]Like Stephen Kleene, Quine observes that Ramsey (1926) [46] divided the various paradoxes into two varieties (i) \"those of pure set theory\" and (ii) those derived from \"semantic concepts such as falsity and specifiability\", and Ramsey believed that the second variety should have been left out of Russell's solution. Quine ends with the opinion that \"because of the confusion of propositions with sentences, and of attributes with their expressions, Russell's purported solution of the semantic paradoxes was enigmatic anyway.\"[47]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen Kleene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Kleene"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"propositional calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_calculus"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Impredicativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impredicativity"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Kleene 1952","text":"In his section \"§12. First inferences from the paradoxes\" (subchapter \"LOGICISM\"), Stephen Kleene (1952) traces the development of Russell's theory of types:To adapt the logicistic [sic] construction of mathematics to the situation arising from the discovery of the paradoxes, Russell excluded impredicative definitions by his ramified theory of types (1908, 1910).[48]Kleene observes that \"to exclude impredicative definitions within a type, the types above type 0 [primary objects or individuals \"not subjected to logical analysis\"] are further separated into orders. Thus for type 1 [properties of individuals, i.e. logical results of the propositional calculus ], properties defined without mentioning any totality belong to order 0, and properties defined using the totality of properties of a given order below to the next higher order)\".[49]Kleene, however, parenthetically observes that \"the logicistic definition of natural number now becomes predicative when the [property] P in it is specified to range only over properties of a given order; in [this] case the property of being a natural number is of the next higher order\".[50] But this separation into orders makes it impossible to construct the familiar analysis, which [see Kleene's example at Impredicativity] contains impredicative definitions. To escape this outcome, Russell postulated his axiom of reducibility.[51] But, Kleene wonders, \"on what grounds should we believe in the axiom of reducibility?\"[52] He observes that, whereas Principia Mathematica is presented as derived from intuitively-derived axioms that \"were intended to be believed about the world, or at least to be accepted as plausible hypotheses concerning the world[,] ... if properties are to be constructed, the matter should be settled on the basis of constructions, not by an axiom.\" Indeed, he quotes Whitehead and Russell (1927) questioning their own axiom: \"clearly it is not the sort of axiom with which we can rest content\".[53]Kleene references the work of Ramsey 1926, but notes that \"neither Whitehead and Russell nor Ramsey succeeded in attaining the logicistic goal constructively\" and \"an interesting proposal ... by Langford 1927 and Carnap 1931-2, is also not free of difficulties.\"[54] Kleene ends this discussion with quotes from Weyl (1946) that \"the system of Principia Mathematica ... [is founded on] a sort of logician's paradise\" and anyone \"who is ready to believe in this 'transcendental world' could also accept the system of axiomatic set theory (Zermelo, Fraenkel, etc), which, for the deduction of mathematics, has the advantage of being simpler in structure.\"[55]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Thierry Coquand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Coquand"},{"link_name":"\"Type Theory\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//plato.stanford.edu/entries/type-theory/"},{"link_name":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"W. V. O. Quine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._V._O._Quine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-514721-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514721-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"}],"text":"^ Thierry Coquand (20 January 2010). \"Type Theory\". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, CSLI, Stanford University. Retrieved 29 March 2012.\n\n^ According to van Heijenoort 1967:124, Russell discovered the paradox in June 1901. van Heijenoort in turn references Bertrand Russell (1944) \"My mental development\" in The philosophy of Bertrand Russell, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp (Tudor, New York), page 13. But Russell did not report it to Frege until his letter to Frege dated 16 June 1902. Livio 2009:186 reports the same date. Livio 2009:191 writes that Zermelo discovered the paradox as early as 1900, but does not give his source for this (Ewald 1996?). Indeed, Zermelo makes this claim in a footnote 9 to his 1908 A new proof of the possibility of a well-ordering in van Heijenoort 1967:191.\n\n^ Cf. Introductory remarks by W. V. O. Quine preceding Bertrand Russell (1908a) reprinted in van Heijenoort 1967:150.\n\n^ Cf. Introductory remarks by W. V. O. Quine preceding Bertrand Russell (1908a) reprinted in van Heijenoort 1967:150.\n\n^ Russell 1903:528\n\n^ reprinted in van Heijenoort 150–182\n\n^ Russell 1908:154. The exact wording appears in Whitehead and Russell 1913 reprinted to *53 1962:60\n\n^ Russell 1908a in van Heijenoort 1967:165.\n\n^ Russell 1908a in van Heijenoort 1967:169.\n\n^ Whitehead and Russell 1913 reprinted to *53 1962:53\n\n^ Whitehead and Russell 1913 reprinted to *53 1962:48\n\n^ In the original z^ is z with a circumflex (hat) over it, etc. Whitehead and Russell 1913 reprinted to *53 1962:47\n\n^ Cf. commentary by W. V. O. Quine in van Heijenoort 1967:150–152\n\n^ boldface added, cf. Russell 1908 reprinted in van Heijenoort 1967:167\n\n^ Whitehead and Russell 1913:162\n\n^ Whitehead and Russell 1913:164\n\n^ Russell 1903:99\n\n^ Russell 1903:99\n\n^ Zermelo (1908) The possibility of a well-ordering reprinted in van Heijenoort 1967:190\n\n^ Zermelo (1908) The possibility of a well-ordering reprinted in van Heijenoort 1967:190\n\n^ Wiener 1914 in van Heijenoort 1967:226\n\n^ Wiener in van Heijenoort 1967:224\n\n^ Wiener 1914 in van Heijenoort 1967:224\n\n^ Wittgenstein 1922 in HarperCollins 2009:4\n\n^ Wittgenstein 1922 in HarperCollins 2009:18\n\n^ Wittgenstein 1922 in HarperCollins 2009:70\n\n^ Skolem 1922 in van Heijenoort 1967:291\n\n^ Zermelo stipulates that there exist \"a domain B of objects, among which are the sets.\" But by a theorem Zermelo proves that this domain B cannot be a set itself \"and this disposes of the Russell antinomy so far as we are concerned.\" (Cf. Zermelo 1908 in van Heijenoort 1967:203.) The ultimate problem (to be answered by Skolem [1922] and Fraenkel [1922]) is a precise definition of Zermelo's notion of definite property which, via Zermelo's Axiom of separation (Axiom der Aussonderung), when applied via a propositional function to a set M, separates from M a subset e.g. M1 (Skolem 1922 in van Heijenoort 1967:292).\n\n^ Skolem 1922 in van Heijenoort 1967:297. In a footnote 7 to the quotation above, he backs this up with a demonstration derived from the axioms of Zermelo: \"A typical nonpredicative stipulation, is for example that the intersection of all sets that have an arbitrary definite property E again be a set. This in fact follows from the axioms [etc].\"\n\n^ Skolem 1922 in van Heijenoort 1967:297\n\n^ Introduction to the 2nd Edition 1927 of Whitehead and Russell 1913:xiv\n\n^ Wittgenstein 1922 in HarperCollins 2009:60\n\n^ von Neumann 1925 in van Heijenoort 1967:395\n\n^ von Neumann in van Heijenoort 1967:395\n\n^ von Neumann 1925 in van Heijenoort 1967:395\n\n^ von Neumann 1925 in van Heijenoort 1967:401\n\n^ van Heijenoort 1967:394\n\n^ Hilbert 1925 in van Heijenoort 1967:467\n\n^ Hilbert 1925 in van Heijenoort 1967:467\n\n^ Boldface added, Hilbert in van Heijenoort 1967:473\n\n^ The Foundations of Mathematics (1925), pages 1..61 of The Foundations of Mathematics, F. P. Ramsey, Littlefield Adams & Co, Paterson New Jersey, 1960\n\n^ Mathematical Logic, pages 62..61, op. cit.\n\n^ This commentary appears on pages 102–118, and the paper itself on pages 119–141 appears in 1990 Kurt Gödel: Collected Works, Volume II, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, ISBN 978-0-19-514721-6.\n\n^ W. V. O. Quine's commentary before Russell 1908 in van Heijenoort 1967:150–152\n\n^ Quine's commentary before Russell (1908) in van Heijenoort 1967:151\n\n^ Kleene 1952:532 gives this reference: \"Ramsey, F. P. 1926, The foundations of mathematics, Proc. London Math. Soc., ser. 2, vol. 25, pp. 338–384. Reprinted as pp. 1–61 in The foundations of mathematics and other logical essays by F. P. Ramsey, ed. by R. B. Braithwaite, London (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner) and new your (Harcourt, brace) 1931. The latter reprinted London (Routledge and Kegan Paul) and New York (Humanities Press) 1950.\"\n\n^ W. V. O. Quine's commentary before Russell 1908 in van Heijenoort 1967:150–152. Kleene (1952) is less sanguine about the problem of the paradoxes, cf. Kleene 1952:43. Kleene 1952 analyzes the situation this way: that Ramsey 1926 classifies the paradoxes as the \"logical\" versus the \"epistomolical or \"semantical\" and Ramsey observes that the logical antinomies are (apparently) stopped by the simple hierarchy of types, and the semantical ones are (apparently) prevented ... by the absence ... of the requisite means for referring to expressions in the same language. But Ramsey's arguments to justify impredicative definitions within a type entail a conception of the totality of predicates of the type as existing independently of their constructibility or definability\"; thus neither Whitehead and Russell nor Ramsey succeeded (see at Kleene 1952)\n\n^ Kleene 1952:44\n\n^ Kleene 1952:44\n\n^ Slight punctuation changes added for clarity, Kleene 1952:44\n\n^ Kleene 1952:44\n\n^ Kleene 1952:45\n\n^ Kleene 1952:45, quoting from Whitehead and Russell's introduction to their 1927 2nd edition of Principia Mathematica.\n\n^ both quotes from Kleene 1952:45\n\n^ Kleene 1952:45","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Thierry Coquand (20 January 2010). \"Type Theory\". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, CSLI, Stanford University. Retrieved 29 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Coquand","url_text":"Thierry Coquand"},{"url":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/type-theory/","url_text":"\"Type Theory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy","url_text":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/type-theory/","external_links_name":"\"Type Theory\""},{"Link":"https://philpapers.org/s/Axiom_of_reducibility","external_links_name":"Axiom of reducibility"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-VGA
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Mini-VGA
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Apple Mini-VGA
The Mini-VGA port on an iBookType
Analogue computer video connectorSuperseded
VGA connectorSuperseded by
Mini-DVIGeneral specificationsExternal
yesPins
14DataData signal
I²C data channel for DDC informationPinout
A female Mini-VGA connectorPin 1
GND
GNDPin 2
VSync
N.C.Pin 3
HSync
N.C.Pin 4
Red Return
GNDPin 5
Red video
S-Video (C)Pin 6
Green return
GNDPin 7
Green video
S-Video (Y)Pin 8
+5 V
+5 VPin 9
Blue video
Composite videoPin 10
DDC data
DDC dataPin 11
DDC clock
DDC clockPin 12
GND
GNDPin 13
Cable detect
Cable detectPin 14
Blue return
GND
Left column indicates VGA mode, right column indicates television output mode.
Samsung Mini-VGA
The Mini-VGA port on a Samsung ChromebookType
Analogue computer video connectorProduction historyManufacturer
SamsungSuperseded
VGA connectorSuperseded by
Mini DisplayPortExternal
yes
Mini-VGA connectors are proprietary and non-standard alternative video connectors that were used on some laptops and other computer systems in place of a standard VGA connector. Apple, HP, and Asus each introduced separate connectors using the same moniker of "mini-VGA", but which are otherwise physically incompatible with each other (though all of them are compatible with standard VGA using the correct adapter).
Apple's mini-VGA ports may be found on some older Apple computers, including iBooks, eMacs, certain PowerBooks (e.g.: 12-inch), and some iMacs (e.g.: the iMac G5). In addition to a more compact form-factor, Apple's mini-VGA ports also have the added ability to output composite as well as S-Video, in addition to VGA signals, through the use of EDID. When used for S-Video, S-Video's chrominance (C) and luminance (Y) signals replace VGA's red (R) and green (G) channels, while for composite video, the signal is output through VGA's blue (B) channel. (The horizontal and vertical sync pins of VGA are left unused.)
HP's version of mini-VGA can be found in HP Minis and HP TouchSmarts. Samsung Chromebooks, as released in June 2011, feature their own implementation of mini-VGA. Various other Samsung laptops, such as the Series 7 and Series 9, also featured this new connector. Mini-VGA ports can also be found on several laptops previously manufactured by Sony.
With the introduction of mini-DVI, as well as Mini DisplayPort, mini-VGA connectors were largely superseded in favor of these newer, more versatile connector types.
References
^ VGA Display Adapter - Apple Store (U.S.)
^ HP Official Store — Buy the HP Mini VGA cable direct from HP
^ ASUS Connectivity Combo
^ "Google Chromebooks - Laptops, detachables and tablets".
^ "Samsung Notebooks | All Samsung Netbooks | Samsung".
External links
iBook Developer Note: External Display Port
vteAudio and video connectorsAnalog audio
Banana plug
Binding post
D-subminiature
Euroblock
DIN
Mini-DIN
Audio jack
RCA
Speaker spring terminal
Speakon
XLR
Digital audio
BNC
D-sub
S/PDIF
TOSLINK
XLR
Video
BNC
Component RGB
Component YPbPr
Composite video
D-Terminal
DB13W3
DFP
DIN
Mini-DIN
DMS-59
LFH
DVI
Mini-DVI
Micro-DVI
RCA
S-Video
UDI
VGA
Mini-VGA
Audio and video
ADC
Belling-Lee
CCJ/EIAJ
EVC
Type F
HDBaseT
HDMI
DisplayPort
mDP
MHL (superMHL)
Minijack
P&D
PDMI
SCART
Visual charts
List of video connectors
General-purpose
Thunderbolt
USB
This computer graphics–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Google Chromebooks - Laptops, detachables and tablets\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/chromebook/#chromebooks-samsung","url_text":"\"Google Chromebooks - Laptops, detachables and tablets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samsung Notebooks | All Samsung Netbooks | Samsung\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.samsung.com/us/computer/notebooks","url_text":"\"Samsung Notebooks | All Samsung Netbooks | Samsung\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://store.apple.com/us/product/M8639G/A","external_links_name":"VGA Display Adapter - Apple Store (U.S.)"},{"Link":"http://www.shopping.hp.com/product/computer/categories/mini/1/accessories/FY828AA","external_links_name":"HP Official Store — Buy the HP Mini VGA cable direct from HP"},{"Link":"http://www.asus.com/Peripherals_Accessories/Cable/Connectivity_Combo/","external_links_name":"ASUS Connectivity Combo"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/chromebook/#chromebooks-samsung","external_links_name":"\"Google Chromebooks - Laptops, detachables and tablets\""},{"Link":"http://www.samsung.com/us/computer/notebooks","external_links_name":"\"Samsung Notebooks | All Samsung Netbooks | Samsung\""},{"Link":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/Hardware/Developer_Notes/Macintosh_CPUs-G3/ibook/3_Input-Output/chapter_4_section_14.html","external_links_name":"iBook Developer Note: External Display Port"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mini-VGA&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_SUV
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SUV
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["1 Definitions","1.1 American English","1.2 British English","1.3 Other countries","1.4 Government regulations","1.4.1 Higher parking fee","2 Characteristics","2.1 Chassis","2.2 Body style","3 Safety","4 Environmental impact","5 Types of SUV","5.1 Crossover SUV","5.2 Mini SUV","5.3 Compact SUV","5.4 Mid-size SUV","5.5 Full-size SUV","5.6 Extended-length SUV","5.7 Coupe SUV","6 History","6.1 1930s to 1948","6.2 1949 to 1970s","6.3 1980s to 1990s","6.4 2000s","6.5 2010s to 2020s","7 Motorsport","8 Nicknames","9 Commercial SUVs","10 See also","11 References","11.1 Notes","11.2 Bibliography"]
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Type of automobile
For others, see SUV (disambiguation).
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article needs more complete citations for verification. Please help add missing citation information so that sources are clearly identifiable. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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1997–2001 Jeep Cherokee compact SUV2009 Kia Borrego mid-size SUV2022 Toyota Land Cruiser large SUV
A sport utility vehicle (SUV) is a car classification that combines elements of road-going passenger cars with features from off-road vehicles, such as raised ground clearance and four-wheel drive.
There is no commonly agreed-upon definition of an SUV and usage of the term varies between countries. Thus, it is "a loose term that traditionally covers a broad range of vehicles with four-wheel drive." Some definitions claim that an SUV must be built on a light truck chassis; however, broader definitions consider any vehicle with off-road design features to be an SUV. A crossover SUV is often defined as an SUV built with a unibody construction (as with passenger cars); however, the designations are increasingly blurred because of the capabilities of the vehicles, the labelling by marketers, and electrification of new models.
The predecessors to SUVs date back to military and low-volume models from the late 1930s, and the four-wheel-drive station wagons and carryalls that began to be introduced in 1949. Some SUVs produced today use unibody construction; however, in the past, more SUVs used body-on-frame construction. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, the popularity of SUVs greatly increased, often at the expense of the popularity of large sedans and station wagons. SUVs accounted for 45.9% of the world's passenger car market in 2021.
SUVs have been criticized for a variety of environmental and safety-related reasons. They generally have poorer fuel efficiency and require more resources to manufacture than smaller vehicles, contributing more to climate change and environmental degradation. Between 2010 and 2018 SUVs were the second-largest contributor to the global increase in carbon emissions worldwide. Their higher center of gravity increases their risk of rollovers. Their higher front-end profile makes them at least twice as likely to kill pedestrians they hit. Additionally, the psychological sense of security they provide influences drivers to drive less cautiously.
Definitions
There is no universally accepted definition of the sport utility vehicle. Dictionaries, automotive experts, and journalists use varying wordings and defining characteristics, in addition to regional variations of usage by both the media and the general public. The auto industry also has not settled on one definition of the SUV.
The actual term "Sport Utility Vehicle" did not come into wide popular usage until the late 1980s. Before then, such vehicles were marketed as four-wheel drives, jeeps, station wagons, or other terms.
American English
Automotive websites' descriptions of SUVs range from specifically "combining car-like appointments and wagon practicality with steadfast off-road capability" with "chair-height seats and picture-window visibility" to the more general "nearly anything with available all-wheel drive and raised ground clearance". It is also suggested that the term "SUV" has replaced "jeep" as a general term for off-road vehicles.
American dictionary definitions for SUVs include:
"rugged automotive vehicle similar to a station wagon but built on a light-truck chassis"
"automobile similar to a station wagon but built on a light truck frame"
"large vehicle that is designed to be used on rough surfaces but that is often used on city roads or highways"
"passenger vehicle similar to a station wagon but with the chassis of a small truck and, usually, four-wheel drive"
British English
In British English, the terms "4x4" (pronounced "four-by-four"), "jeep", four wheel drive, or "off-road vehicle" are generally used instead of "sport utility vehicle". The derogatory term "Chelsea tractor" is also commonly used, due to the perceived popularity of the vehicles with urban residents of Chelsea, London, and their likeness to vehicles used by farmers. However, in the 2020s, the term SUV has entered usage in the United Kingdom
The Collins English Dictionary defines a sport utility vehicle as a "powerful vehicle with four-wheel drive that can be driven over rough ground. The abbreviation SUV is often used."
Other countries
In Europe, the term SUV is generally used for road-oriented vehicles, described as "J-segment" by the European Commission. "Four-by-four" or the brand name of the vehicle is typically used for off-road-oriented vehicles. Similarly, in New Zealand, vehicles designed for off-road use are typically referred to as "four-wheel drives" instead of SUVs.
Government regulations
In the United States, many government regulations simply have categories for "off-highway vehicles" which are loosely defined and often result in SUVs (along with pick-up trucks and minivans) being classified as light trucks. For example, corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) regulations previously included "permit greater cargo-carrying capacity than passenger carrying volume" in the definition for trucks, resulting in cars with removable rear seats, like the PT Cruiser, being classified as light trucks.
This classification as trucks allowed SUVs to be regulated less strictly than passenger cars under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act for fuel economy, and the Clean Air Act for emissions. However, from 2004 onwards, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began to hold sport utility vehicles to the same tailpipe emissions standards as cars for criteria pollutants, though not greenhouse gas emissions standards as they were not set until 2010. In 2011, the CAFE regulations were changed to classify small, two-wheel-drive SUVs as passenger cars.
However, the licensing and traffic enforcement regulations in the United States vary from state to state, and an SUV may be classified as a car in some states but as a truck in others. For industry production statistics, SUVs are counted in the light truck product segment.
In India, all SUVs are classified in the "Utility Vehicle" category per the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) definitions and carry a 27% excise tax. Those that are 4 metres (13 feet) long, have a 1,500 cc (92 cu in) engine or larger, along with 170 mm (6.7 in) of ground clearance, are subject to a 30% excise duty.
In Australia, SUV sales were helped by having lower import duties than passenger cars. Up until January 2010, SUVs were subject to a 5% import tariff, compared with 10% for passenger cars.
Higher parking fee
In February 2024, voters in Paris mandated a triple parking charge rate for SUVs, citing environmental impact and street capacity; this followed similar decisions in Lyon and Tübingen with similar ordinances being considered by London, Brussels and Amsterdam.
Characteristics
Chassis
1955–1958 GAZ M-72 Pobeda1977–1993 Lada Niva
Many years after most passenger cars had transitioned to unibody construction, most SUVs continued to use a separate body-on-frame method, due to being based on the chassis from a light truck, commercial vehicle, pickup truck, or off-road vehicle.
The first mass-produced unibody four-wheel-drive passenger car was the Russian 1955 GAZ-M20 Pobeda M-72, which could be considered the first crossover car. The 1977 Lada Niva was the first off-road vehicle to use both a unibody construction and a coil-sprung independent front suspension. The relatively compact Niva is considered a predecessor to the crossover SUV and combines a hatchback-like passenger car body with full-time four-wheel drive, low-range gearing, and lockable center differential.
Nonetheless, unibody SUVs remained rare until the 1984 Jeep Cherokee (XJ) was introduced and became a sales success. The introduction of the 1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee resulted in all Jeep SUV models using unibody construction, with many other brands following suit since the mid-1990s. Today, most SUVs in production use a unibody construction and relatively few models continue to use body-on-frame construction.
Body style
SUVs are typically of a two-box design similar to a station wagon. The engine compartment is in the front, followed by a combined passenger/cargo area (unlike a sedan, which has a separate trunk/boot compartment).
Up until approximately 2010, many SUV models were available in two-door body styles. Since then, manufacturers began to discontinue the two-door models as the four-door models became more popular.
A few two-door SUVs remain available, such as the body-on-frame Suzuki Jimny, Mahindra Thar, Toyota Land Cruiser Prado, Ford Bronco, and Jeep Wrangler as well as the Range Rover Evoque crossover SUV.
Safety
Further information: Criticism of sport utility vehicles
Side impact damage on a Ford Focus small car when struck by a Ford Explorer SUV
SUVs typically have high ground clearance and a tall body. This results in a high center of mass, which made SUVs more prone to roll-over accidents. In 2003, SUVs were quoted as 2.5 times more likely to roll over in a crash than regular cars and that SUV roofs were more likely to cave in on passengers than in other cars, resulting in increased harm to passengers.
Between 1991 and 2001, the United States saw a 150% increase in sport-utility vehicle rollover deaths. In 2001, though roll-overs constituted just 3% of vehicle crashes overall, they caused over 30% of occupant fatalities in crashes; and in crashes where the vehicle did roll over, SUV occupants in the early 2000s were nearly three times as likely to be killed as other car passengers. Vehicles with a high center of gravity do sometimes fail the moose test of maneuverability conducted by Swedish consumer magazine Teknikens Värld, for example, the 1997 Mercedes-Benz A-Class and 2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee.
The increasing popularity of SUVs in the 1990s and early 2000s was partly due to buyers perceiving that SUVs provide greater safety for occupants, due to their larger size and raised ride height. Regarding the safety of other road users, SUVs are exempted from U.S. regulation stating that a passenger car bumper must protect the area between 16 and 20 inches (41 and 51 cm) above the ground. This often increases the damage to the other car in a collision with an SUV, because the impact occurs at a higher location on the other car. In 2000–2001, 60% of fatal side-impact collisions were where the other vehicle was an SUV, an increase from 30% in 1980–1981.
The introduction of electronic stability control (ESC) and rollover mitigation, as well as increased analysis of the risks of a rollover, led the IIHS to report in 2015 that "the rollover death rate of 5 per million registered vehicle years for 2011 models is less than a quarter of what it was for 2004 models. With ESC dramatically reducing rollover risk, the inherent advantages offered by SUVs' greater size, weight, and height emerge more clearly. Today's SUVs have the lowest driver death rate of any vehicle type."
The high danger for cyclists and pedestrians of being seriously injured or even killed by SUV drivers has caused some public protests against SUVs in urban areas. In 2020, a study by the U.S.-based IIHS found that, of a sample of 79 crashes from three urban areas in Michigan, SUVs caused more serious injuries compared to cars when impacts occurred at greater than 31 km/h (19 mph). The IIHS noted the sample size of the study was small and that more research is needed. The popularity of SUVs contributed to an increase in pedestrian fatalities in the U.S. during the 2010s, alongside other factors such as distracted and drunk driving.
A 2021 study by the University of Illinois Springfield showed that SUVs are 8 times more likely to kill children in a collision than passenger cars, and multiple times more lethal to adult pedestrians and cyclists.
Environmental impact
Further information: Criticism of sport utility vehicles
SUVs generally have poorer fuel efficiency than smaller cars, and thus contribute more to environmental degradation and global warming.
SUVs emit about 700 megatonnes of carbon dioxide per year, a gas that is linked to global warming. According to the International Energy Agency, from 2010 SUVs have been the second-largest contributor to the increase in global CO2 emissions, second only to the power sector.
SUVs were responsible for all of the 3.3 million barrels a day growth in oil demand from passenger cars between 2010 and 2018, whereas efficiency improvements in smaller cars saved over 2 million barrels a day, with electric cars reducing oil demand by under 100,000 barrels a day.
Whereas SUVs can be electrified, or converted to run on a variety of alternative fuels, including hydrogen, their (manufacturing) emissions will always be larger than smaller electric cars. On average, SUVs consume about a quarter more energy than medium-size cars. Furthermore, the vast majority of these vehicles are not converted to use alternative fuels.
Between 2010 and 2018 SUVs were the second largest contributor to the global increase in carbon emissions worldwide.
Types of SUV
Crossover SUV
Main article: Crossover (automobile)
The "crossover SUV" segment (also known as "CUVs" or simply "crossovers") has become increasingly popular since around 2010. Crossovers are often based on a platform shared with a passenger car, as a result, they typically have better comfort and fuel economy, but less off-road capability (many crossovers are sold without all-wheel drive) than pickup truck-based SUVs.
The difference between crossovers and other SUVs is sometimes defined as a crossover being built using a unibody platform (the type used by most passenger cars), while an SUV is built using a body-on-frame platform (the type used by off-road vehicles and light trucks). However, these definitions are often blurred in practice, since unibody vehicles are also often referred to as SUVs. Also, crossover is a relatively recent term and early unibody SUVs (such as the 1984 Jeep Cherokee) are rarely called crossovers. Due to these inconsistencies, the term SUV is often used as a catch-all for both crossovers and SUVs.
Outside of the United States, the term crossover tends to be used for C-segment (compact) or smaller vehicles, with large unibody vehicles—such as the Mercedes-Benz GLS-Class, BMW X7, and Range Rover—usually referred to as SUVs rather than crossovers. In the United Kingdom, a crossover is sometimes defined as a hatchback model with raised ride height and SUV-like styling features.
Examples: Category:Crossover sport utility vehicles ( 405 )
Mini SUV
See also: Subcompact crossover SUV
The smallest size class of SUVs is the "mini SUV". In Japan, SUVs under 3,400 mm (133.9 in)—such as the Mitsubishi Pajero Mini—are included in the kei car category and therefore attract lower taxes.
Many recent vehicles labeled as mini SUVs are technically subcompact crossovers and are built on the platform of a subcompact (also called supermini or B-segment) passenger car.
Examples: Category:Mini sport utility vehicles ( 108 )
Mitsubishi Pajero Pinin, mini SUV
Suzuki Jimny, off-road mini SUV
Compact SUV
Main article: Compact sport utility vehicle
See also: Compact crossover SUV
The "compact SUV" is the next bigger-size class after mini SUVs.
Many recent vehicles labeled as compact SUVs are technically compact crossovers and are built on the platform of a compact (C-segment) passenger car.
Examples: Category:Compact sport utility vehicles ( 235 )
Nissan Xterra, compact truck-based SUV
Land Rover Defender 90
Jeep Cherokee, unibody SUV
Mid-size SUV
See also: Mid-size crossover SUV
The next larger size is called the "mid-size SUV". Some mid-size SUVs are based on platforms shared with passenger cars and therefore, are crossovers. Other mid-size SUVs are based on compact or mid-size pickups.
Examples: Category:Mid-size sport utility vehicles ( 224 )
Toyota Fortuner (also called SW4), mid-size truck-based SUV
Ford Bronco, off-road mid-size SUV with a compact two-door version available
Jeep Grand Cherokee, unibody mid-size SUV
Full-size SUV
Full-size SUVs are the largest size of commonly produced SUVs. Some, such as the Ford Expedition, and Chevrolet Tahoe, are marketed for their off-road capabilities, and others, such as the Lincoln Navigator and Cadillac Escalade, are marketed as luxury vehicles. While a few full-size SUVs are built on dedicated platforms; most share their platforms with full-size pickup trucks.
Examples: Category:Full-size sport utility vehicles ( 74 )
Jeep Wagoneer, full-size SUV on a pickup truck-based platform
Cadillac Escalade, full-size luxury SUV
Mercedes-Benz GLS-class, full-size unibody SUV
Extended-length SUV
Some North American SUVs are available as a long-bodied version of a full-size SUV, which is called an "extended-length SUV" like the Ford Expedition EL and the Chevrolet Suburban. The additional length is used to provide extra space for rear passengers or cargo. As per the full-size SUVs they are based on, most extended-length SUVs are built on dedicated platforms, full-sized pickups, or heavy-duty pickups.
Extended-length SUVs are mostly sold in North America but may also be exported to other markets in small numbers.
GMC Yukon XL, extended-length SUV
Ford Excursion, extended-length SUV based on a heavy-duty truck platform
Range Rover L, extended-length unibody SUV
Examples: Category:Expanded length sport utility vehicles ( 16 )
Coupe SUV
Main article: Coupe SUV
Some SUVs or crossovers with sloping rear rooflines are marketed as "coupe crossover SUVs" or "coupe SUVs", even though they have four side doors for passenger access to the seats and rear hatches for cargo area access.
History
See also: Four-wheel drive § History
1930s to 1948
1935–1940 Chevrolet Suburban1938–1945 GAZ-61
Just before and during World War II, prototypes and low-volume production examples of military cars with sedan or station wagon-type bodies and rugged, off-road capable four-wheel drive chassis began to appear around the world. These early models included the 1936 Kurogane Type 95 from Japan, the 1938 GAZ-61 from Russia as well as the 1941 Volkswagen Kommandeurswagen and 1936 Opel Geländesportwagen from Germany. An early predecessor to the design of modern SUVs was the 1940 Humber Heavy Utility, a four-wheel-drive off-road vehicle built on the chassis of the Humber Super Snipe passenger car.
The most prohibitive initial factors to the potential civilian popularity of an SUV-like car were their cost and the availability of certain critical parts. Before the war, adding four-wheel drive to a car almost doubled its cost. Compared to a common, rear-wheel drive vehicle, any 4WD (four-wheel drive) needed many essential extra components, including a transfer case, a second differential, and constant-velocity joints for the driven front axle—which were expensive due to the precision involved in this required manufacturing gears and other specialized parts. Before World War II, these were produced in the United States by only a few specialized firms with limited production capacity. Due to the increase in demand for parts for the war effort, in the spring of 1942 Ford, Dodge, and Chevrolet joined in fabricating these parts in mass quantities, boosting their production more than 100-fold.
An early usage of the term was the 1947 Crosley CC Four Sport Utility model, which used a convertible wagon body style and is therefore unrelated to the design of later SUVs.
1949 to 1970s
1953 International Harvester Travelall1962 Willys Jeep Station WagonSubaru Leone 4WD station wagonAMC Eagle Sport station wagon
Several models of carryall wagons began to be offered with four-wheel drive, beginning in 1949 when the Willys Jeep Station Wagon introduced the option of four-wheel drive. Four-wheel-drive versions of the Chevrolet Suburban were introduced for 1955, followed by the International Harvester Travelall in 1956 (credited as being the first full-size SUV) and the Power Wagon Town Wagon in 1957.
Developed as a competitor to the Jeep CJ, the compact International Harvester Scout was introduced in 1961, offering either two- or four-wheel drive and a variety of engine options. The Harvester Scout provided many other options designed to appeal to a wide range of customers for numerous uses as well. The 1963 Jeep Wagoneer (SJ) introduced a sophisticated station wagon body design that was more carlike than any other four-wheel-drive vehicle on the market. The 1967 Toyota Land Cruiser FJ55 station wagon was the first comfort-oriented version of the Land Cruiser off-road vehicle. The two-door Chevrolet K5 Blazer (and related GMC K5 Jimmy) were introduced for 1969, and the two-door International Harvester Scout II was introduced in 1971. The first European luxury off-road vehicle was the 1970 Range Rover Classic, which was marketed as a luxury car for both on-road and off-road usage.
In 1972 Subaru Leone 4WD wagon was introduced in Japan, which was not designed as an off-road vehicle, but a version of the front-wheel-drive passenger car. Some argue that this was the first SUV. It was also classified as a commercial vehicle in the home market, just like later SUVs.
The first relevant usage of the term SUV was in advertising brochures for the full-sized 1974 Jeep Cherokee (SJ), which used the wording "sport(s) utility vehicle" as a description for the vehicle. The 1966 Ford Bronco included a "sport utility" model; however, in this case it was used for the two-door pickup truck version.
The VAZ-2121 (now designated Lada Niva Legend) was the first mass-market 4WD unibody car in some markets in 1977. The AMC Eagle introduced in the North American market in 1979, and is often called the first mass-market "crossover", although that term had not been coined at the time. In contrast to truck or utility-vehicle based designs and the Niva that was purpose-built for rural areas, American Motors Corporation (AMC) utilized a long-serving existing car platform and designed a new automatic full-time AWD system. The AMC Eagle was developed as a passenger car offering numerous comfort, luxury, and convenience features in sedan, coupe, and station wagon body styles. It was first with "SUV styling on a raised passenger-car platform combined with AWD." Four Wheeler magazine described the AMC Eagle as "the beginning of a new generation of cars".
1980s to 1990s
1985 Jeep Cherokee (XJ)1994–2001 Ford Explorer
The compact-sized 1984 Jeep Cherokee (XJ) is often credited as the first SUV in the modern understanding of the term. The use of unibody construction was unique at the time for a four-wheel drive and also reduced the weight of the new Cherokee. It also appealed to urban families due to having a more compact size (compared to the full-size Wagoneer and previous generation Cherokee SJ models) as well as a plush interior resembling a station wagon. As the new Cherokee became a major sales success, the term "sport utility vehicle" began to be used in the national press for the first time. "The advent and immediate success of AMC/Jeep's compact four-door Cherokee turned the truck industry upside down."
The U.S. corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standard was introduced in 1975 to reduce fuel usage, but included relaxed regulations for "light trucks" to avoid businesses paying extra taxes for work vehicles. This created a loophole that manufacturers increasingly exploited since the 1980s oil glut (which started an era of cheap gasoline), whereby SUVs were designed to be classified as light trucks despite their primary use as passenger vehicles to receive tax concessions and less stringent fuel economy requirements. This enabled manufacturers to sell more profitable, larger, more polluting vehicles, instead of the smaller, less polluting, less profitable cars, that the CAFE regulations intended.
For example, the United States Environmental Protection Agency agreed to classify the new Jeep Cherokee as a light truck following lobbying from its manufacturer; the Cherokee was then marketed by the company as a passenger vehicle. This increased the SUV boom as other manufacturers introduced their own SUVs in response to the compact Cherokee taking sales from their regular cars.
In 1994 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency began classifying vehicles by "market class". For SUVs in 1994 they included three Jeep models, the Cherokee, Grand Cherokee and Wrangler. Two Ford models were the Bronco and the Explorer. Six General Motors models including the GMC Jimmy, the Yukon, and the Suburban 1500; the Chevrolet Suburban 1500, and the Blazer (1500 and S10); the Geo Tracker (Convertible or Van); and finally the Oldsmobile Bravada. Eleven Japanese models classified as SUVs were the Toyota 4Runner and Land Cruiser; the Honda Passport; the Nissan Pathfinder; the Mazda Navajo; the Mitsubishi Montero; the Isuzu Amigo, Rodeo, and Trooper; and the Suzuki Samurai and Sidekick. From Europe the three Land Rover models, the Range Rover, the Defender and the Discovery were classified as SUVs.
By late 1996 Consumers Digest magazine was calling the trend an "SUV craze", and by 1999 the U.S. sales of SUVs and light trucks for the first time exceeded sales of regular passenger cars.: 2
2000s
By 2003, there were 76 million SUVs and light trucks on U.S. roads, representing approximately 35% of the vehicles on the road.
GMC Envoy
Car manufacturers were keen to promote SUV sales over other types of cars due to higher profits in the segment. An SUV could be sold with a profit margin of US$10,000 or more (US$18,000 per SUV in the case of the Ford Excursion), while compact cars were often sold at a loss of a few hundred dollars per car. As a result, several manufacturing plants were converted from car production to SUV production (such as the General Motors plant in Arlington, Texas in 1996), and many long-running U.S. sedan models were discontinued.
From the mid-2000s until 2010, U.S. sales of SUVs and other light trucks experienced a dip due to increasing fuel prices and then a declining economy. From 2008 until 2010, General Motors closed four assembly plants that were producing SUVs and trucks. Sales of SUVs and light trucks sales began to recover in 2010, as fuel prices decreased and the North American economy improved.
2010s to 2020s
Maserati Levante
Lamborghini Urus
In 2019, the International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that the global number of SUVs and crossovers on the road multiplied by six since 2010—from 35 million to 200 million vehicles, and their market share has grown to 40 percent of worldwide new light-vehicle sales at the end of the decade.
By 2013, small and compact SUVs had increased to become the third-largest market segment. Since the early 2000s, new versions have been introduced to appeal to a wider audience, such as crossovers and other small SUVs. Larger SUVs also remained popular, with sales of General Motors' large SUV models increasing significantly in 2013.
In 2015, global sales of SUVs overtook the "lower medium car" segment, to become the largest market segment, accounting for 22.9% of "light vehicle" sales in 2015. The following year, worldwide SUV sales experienced further growth of 22%. The world's fastest-growing SUV markets in 2014–2015 were: China (+ 47.9%), Italy (+ 48.6%), Spain (+ 42%), Portugal (+ 54.8 %), and Thailand (+ 56.4%). The SUV segment further grew to 26% of the global passenger car market in 2016, then to 36.8% of the market in Q1–Q3 of 2017.
In the U.S. at the end of 2016, sales of SUVs and light-duty trucks had surpassed traditional car sales for the year by over 3 million units. Manufacturers continued to phase out the production of sedan models, replacing them with new models of SUVs.
Luxury brands have increasingly introduced SUV or crossover models in the 2010s. For example: Rolls-Royce Cullinan, Bentley Bentayga, Aston Martin DBX, Maserati Levante, Lamborghini Urus, and Ferrari Purosangue.
In 2019 SUVs made up 47.4% of U.S. sales compared to only 22.1% for sedans.
Motorsport
2007 Bowler Nemesis
See also: Off-road racing
SUVs have competed in various off-road racing competitions, such as the Dakar Rally, Baja 1000, FIA Cross-Country Rally World Cup, King of the Hammers, and Australasian Safari. SUVs have also competed in the Trophee Andros ice-racing series.
Nicknames
Several derogatory or pejorative terms for SUVs are based on the combination of an affluent suburb name and "tractor", particularly for expensive vehicles from luxury brands. Examples include "Toorak Tractor" (Melbourne, Australia), "Chelsea Tractor" (London, England) and "Remuera Tractor" (Auckland, New Zealand). These terms relate to the theory that four-wheel drive capabilities are not required by affluent SUV owners, and that the SUV is purchased as a status symbol rather than for practical reasons.
In Norway, the term Børstraktor ('Stock Exchange Tractor') serves a similar purpose. In the Netherlands, SUVs are sometimes called "P.C. Hooft-tractors" after the exclusive P.C. Hooftstraat Amsterdam shopping street.
Commercial SUVs
Toyota Land Cruiser Prado used as an ambulance
A commercial SUV is an SUV or crossover, that is used for commercial purposes. The category is very similar to panel trucks since the Chevrolet Suburban (an SUV) had panel truck versions, which were used for commercial purposes.
The first SUV-like vehicle that had commercial versions was the Chevrolet Suburban panel truck. Panel trucks by American manufacturers were built until the late 1970s.
While panel trucks manufactured by European manufacturers were rare, commercial versions of off-road vehicles were very common, Land Rover manufactured commercial versions of the Land Rover and the Defender. Commercial SUVs are factory-built and most of them are not independent conversions, which means they can be bought from dealerships and showrooms.
Examples of SUVs used as commercial vehicles in Europe include: Citroen C5 Aircross Commercial SUV, the Land Rover Discovery, the Dacia Duster Flika, and the Mitsubishi Pajero.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to SUVs.
Criticism of sport utility vehicles
Esuvee
Four-wheel drive
Off-road vehicle
List of sport utility vehicles
Recreational vehicle
Crossover city car (A-segment SUV)
References
Notes
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^ Edwards, M.; Leonard, D. (September 2022). "Effects of large vehicles on pedestrian and pedalcyclist injury severity". Journal of Safety Research. 82: 275–282. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2022.06.005. PMID 36031254. S2CID 249860954.
^ "Source The AutoChannel". The Auto Channel. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
^ "Kreisel Electric and Arnold Schwarzenegger present the world's first electrified Hummer H1". Austria: Kreisel. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
^ Lianos, Miguel (23 June 2004). "Hydrogen cars ready to roll - for a price". U.S.: NBC. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
^ Tobert, Andrew (7 September 2019). "Bigger is not better – how SUVs are killing the climate". Greenpeace International. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
^ "Smart Buying Essentials What is a Crossover Vehicle?". Intellichoice. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
^ Isidore, Chris (9 January 2006). "GM and Ford's New Cross to Bear". CNN Money. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
^ "Crossover 101". aol.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016.
^ "Difference between a crossover vehicle and SUV?". hertzcarsales.co.uk. 30 January 2019. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
^ "What is the Difference Between Crossovers and SUVs? « Harbin Automotive". harbinautomotive.com. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
^ "What's the Difference Between an SUV, a Crossover, & a CUV?". thenewswheel.com. 30 March 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
^ "SUV vs. Crossover: What's the Difference?". autotrader.com. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
^ "SUVs vs. Crossovers: What's the Difference?". usnews.com. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
^ "The Difference Between SUVs and Crossover Cars". carwriteups.co.uk. 9 April 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
^ "What's the difference between a crossover, SUV and 4x4?". carbuyer.co.uk. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
^ "SUV vs Crossover: What are the Differences and Similarities?". leasefetcher.co.uk. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
^ Carlsson, Mårten (26 June 2018). "Opel Terrängsportbil" . Klassiker (in Swedish). Sweden. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
^ "10 Strange Military Vehicles of World War II". wonderslist.com. 30 January 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
^ Allen, Jim (10 January 2016). "Origins Of The Jeep: Birthing A 75-Year Legend". Four Wheeler Network. U.S. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
^ Thomson, Harry C.; Mayo, Lida (2003). The Ordnance Department: procurement and supply. United States Army in World War II: The technical services. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Dept. of the Army (published 1960). p. 274 – via United States Army Center of Military History.
^ "History 101: The Crosley Automobile". Daily KOS. U.S. 26 May 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ "Details on Crosley CC Models 1946 - 1948". Crosley Automobile Club. U.S. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ "Crosley 1948". Archived from the original on 23 February 2018 – via Classic Car Catalogue.
^ "1960 Willys Four-Wheel-Drive Station Wagon: Your (Great-) Grandfather's SUV". Autoweek. 15 February 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
^ Greg. "The Very First Sport Utility Vehicle: The Jeep Station Wagon". Autoroundup. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
^ a b Allen, Jim (1 November 2012). "1959 International Harvester B-120 Travelall – Four Wheeler Magazine". Four Wheeler Network. Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
^ "The 1958 Station Wagons". Changing Times: The Kiplinger Magazine. Vol. 12, no. 2. February 1958. p. 22. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
^ "Why We Love Them: International Harvester Scout". Bring a Trailer. 27 May 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
^ Lewin, Tony; Borroff, Ryan (2003). How to Design Cars Like a Pro: A Comprehensive Guide to Car Design from the Top Professionals. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 191. ISBN 9780760316412.
^ "1970 Range Rover advertisement". YouTube. 11 February 2018. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
^ "Old Range Rover ad". YouTube. 13 June 2009. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
^ "Subaru Leone 4WD Wagon was the first SUV". outbacktravelaustralia.com.au. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ 自動車ガイドブック (in Japanese), vol. 22, Japan: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, 31 October 1975, pp. 279–280, 0602-509072-2228
^ "1974 model year Jeep brochure picture – Cherokee page". U.S.: Jeep. 1973. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ "1974 model year Jeep Cherokee brochure – front". U.S.: Jeep. 1973. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ "1966 Ford Bronco U-100 4-Wheel Drive models & features brochure". U.S.: Ford. 1965. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ "The Lada Niva: Russia's Forgotten Off-Road SUV". 25 December 2019.
^ Baxter, Eric (13 July 2011). "Who coined the term 'crossover vehicle?'". howstuffworks. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
^ Gold, Aaron (9 May 2017). "AMC Eagle: No, Seriously, This Was the First Crossover SUV". Autotrader. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
^ Hunting, Benjamin (14 February 2021). "How Bad Was The Lada Niva, The Ultra-Cheap Alternative Russian 4X4?". DrivingLine. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ Appel, Tom (9 May 2019). "Review Flashback! 1980 AMC Eagle". The Daily Drive by Consumer Guide. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
^ Brubaker, Ken (27 December 2018). "Firing Order: That Time I Bought an AMC Eagle". Four Wheeler. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ a b c Bradsher 2002, p. 40. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBradsher2002 (help)
^ Ludel, Moses (1995). Toyota truck & Land Cruiser owner's bible. Robert Bentley. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-8376-0159-5. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
^ "From the Battlefield to the Soccer Field". Traffic Safety Center Online Newsletter. Summer 2005. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
^ Bradsher 2002, p. 41. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBradsher2002 (help)
^ "SUV Craze". Consumers Digest. 1996.
^ Schoenberger, Robert (6 June 2008). "As buyers shun SUVs, expect to pay more for that small car". Cleveland Business News. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
^ "Ford idle, for now". USA Today. 16 October 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
^ White, Jerry (27 May 2000). "GM, Ford idle 1,365 workers-auto industry layoffs signal coming downturn in US economy". Wsws.org. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
^ Maynard, Micheline (28 October 2006). "End of the Line for Ford Taurus". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
^ "Final Ford Taurus interview". ABC News. 26 July 2007. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021.
^ Neff, John (19 October 2006). "So long, friend. Ford producing last Taurus next week". Autoblog. Retrieved 26 July 2007.
^ Van Praet, Nicolas (4 June 2008). "Caw Girds For War". Financial Post. U.S. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
^ Healey, James (30 July 2010). "Surprise: Sales of big SUVs surging faster than small cars". USA Today. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
^ Webster, Ben (14 November 2019). "Soaring demand for SUVs exacerbates climate crisis". The Times. U.K. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ a b c d "SUVs Become the Largest and Fastest-Growing Automotive Segment in 2015". Euromonitor International. 9 August 2016. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ Wayland, Michael (20 January 2019). "2015 GMC Yukon and Chevy Suburban, Tahoe: GM expects new SUVs to continue industry dominance". MLive. Michigan, U.S. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "World Best Selling SUV 2016". Focus2Move. 25 January 2017. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
^ "World Best Selling SUV 2017". Focus2Move. 29 November 2017. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
^ "Auto Sales December 2016 compared to 2015". The Wall Street Journal. 4 January 2017. Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
^ Jeneault, Elizabeth (17 January 2017). "Hyundai Trims Fat, Looks to Add More SUVs to Lineup". suvs.com. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
^ Burn, Jonathan (19 March 2018). "Ferrari SUV confirmed fastest SUV crown targeted". Auto Express. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
^ Voelk, Tom (21 May 2020). "Rise of S.U.V.s: Leaving Cars in Their Dust, With No Signs of Slowing". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
^ "The Australian travel slang dictionary". Australian Traveller. Australia. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
^ "The evolution of the SUV". eMotor. 3 January 2018. Archived from the original on 17 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
^ Campbell, Denis (26 September 2004). "Terminator guns for the Chelsea Tractor". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ Sæter, Embret (26 November 2009). "Bloddopet børstraktor" (in Norwegian). DN.no. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
^ Nizet, Rik (14 January 2014). "Lamborghini lanceert ook PC Hooft-tractor" . De Ondernemer ('The Entrepreneur') (in Dutch). De Persgroep. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
^ Chin, Joshua (27 July 2020). "The Wonderful World Of The Commercial SUV Market". Automacha. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
^ "Citroën C5 Aircross Commercial SUV". Ireland: Citroën. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
^ Mihalascu, Dan (21 May 2018). "Dacia Duster Fiskal light commercial vehicle debuts in Austria". Drivemag. Romania. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
Bibliography
Bradsher, Keith (2002). High and Mighty: SUVs – The World's Most Dangerous Vehicles and How They Got That Way. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-58648-123-1.
Chapman, Giles (2005). SUV: The World's Greatest Sport Utility Vehicles. London: Merrell Publishers. ISBN 1858942748.
Henshaw, Peter (2005). The Ultimate Guide to SUVs and Off-Road Vehicles. Edison, NJ, USA: Chartwell Books. ISBN 0785818200.
Jacobs, David H. (1998). Sport Utility Vehicles: The Off-Road Revolution. New York: Todtri Book Publishers. ISBN 1577170857.
vteCar designClassificationBy size
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Template:EC car classification
Authority control databases: National
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SUV (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUV_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:97-01_Jeep_Cherokee.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jeep Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_Cherokee_(XJ)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2009_Kia_Borrego_LX.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kia Borrego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia_Borrego"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Land_Cruiser_VX_VJA300W.jpg"},{"link_name":"Toyota Land Cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser"},{"link_name":"car classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_classification"},{"link_name":"cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car"},{"link_name":"off-road vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-road_vehicle"},{"link_name":"ground clearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_clearance"},{"link_name":"four-wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"light truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_truck"},{"link_name":"crossover SUV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"unibody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibody"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wardlaw-2"},{"link_name":"station wagons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_wagon"},{"link_name":"carryalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carryall#Automobile"},{"link_name":"body-on-frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body-on-frame"},{"link_name":"sedans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"have been criticized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_SUVs"},{"link_name":"fuel efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiency"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-made_climate_change"},{"link_name":"environmental degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InternationalEnergy-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kommenda-5"},{"link_name":"rollovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_rollover"},{"link_name":"pedestrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestrian"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freep-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Big_and_bad-9"}],"text":"For others, see SUV (disambiguation).1997–2001 Jeep Cherokee compact SUV2009 Kia Borrego mid-size SUV2022 Toyota Land Cruiser large SUVA sport utility vehicle (SUV) is a car classification that combines elements of road-going passenger cars with features from off-road vehicles, such as raised ground clearance and four-wheel drive.There is no commonly agreed-upon definition of an SUV and usage of the term varies between countries. Thus, it is \"a loose term that traditionally covers a broad range of vehicles with four-wheel drive.\"[1] Some definitions claim that an SUV must be built on a light truck chassis; however, broader definitions consider any vehicle with off-road design features to be an SUV. A crossover SUV is often defined as an SUV built with a unibody construction (as with passenger cars); however, the designations are increasingly blurred because of the capabilities of the vehicles, the labelling by marketers, and electrification of new models.[2]The predecessors to SUVs date back to military and low-volume models from the late 1930s, and the four-wheel-drive station wagons and carryalls that began to be introduced in 1949. Some SUVs produced today use unibody construction; however, in the past, more SUVs used body-on-frame construction. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, the popularity of SUVs greatly increased, often at the expense of the popularity of large sedans and station wagons. SUVs accounted for 45.9% of the world's passenger car market in 2021.[3]SUVs have been criticized for a variety of environmental and safety-related reasons. They generally have poorer fuel efficiency and require more resources to manufacture than smaller vehicles, contributing more to climate change and environmental degradation.[4] Between 2010 and 2018 SUVs were the second-largest contributor to the global increase in carbon emissions worldwide.[5] Their higher center of gravity increases their risk of rollovers. Their higher front-end profile makes them at least twice as likely to kill pedestrians they hit.[6][7][8] Additionally, the psychological sense of security they provide influences drivers to drive less cautiously.[9]","title":"SUV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradsher20024-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradsher20024-10"},{"link_name":"marketed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing"},{"link_name":"four-wheel drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"jeeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep"},{"link_name":"station wagons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_wagon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"There is no universally accepted definition of the sport utility vehicle.[10] Dictionaries, automotive experts, and journalists use varying wordings and defining characteristics, in addition to regional variations of usage by both the media and the general public. The auto industry also has not settled on one definition of the SUV.[10]The actual term \"Sport Utility Vehicle\" did not come into wide popular usage until the late 1980s. Before then, such vehicles were marketed as four-wheel drives, jeeps, station wagons, or other terms.[citation needed]","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HemWagoneer-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SUVwhatis-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Language-13"},{"link_name":"light-truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_truck"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MWSUV-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MWfull-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MWSUV-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"American English","text":"Automotive websites' descriptions of SUVs range from specifically \"combining car-like appointments and wagon practicality with steadfast off-road capability\" with \"chair-height seats and picture-window visibility\"[11] to the more general \"nearly anything with available all-wheel drive and raised ground clearance\".[12] It is also suggested that the term \"SUV\" has replaced \"jeep\" as a general term for off-road vehicles.[13]American dictionary definitions for SUVs include:\"rugged automotive vehicle similar to a station wagon but built on a light-truck chassis\"[14]\n\"automobile similar to a station wagon but built on a light truck frame\"[15]\n\"large vehicle that is designed to be used on rough surfaces but that is often used on city roads or highways\"[14]\n\"passenger vehicle similar to a station wagon but with the chassis of a small truck and, usually, four-wheel drive\"[16]","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chelsea, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Collins English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"British English","text":"In British English, the terms \"4x4\" (pronounced \"four-by-four\"), \"jeep\", four wheel drive, or \"off-road vehicle\" are generally used instead of \"sport utility vehicle\". The derogatory term \"Chelsea tractor\" is also commonly used, due to the perceived popularity of the vehicles with urban residents of Chelsea, London, and their likeness to vehicles used by farmers.[17] However, in the 2020s, the term SUV has entered usage in the United Kingdom[18][19][20][21]The Collins English Dictionary defines a sport utility vehicle as a \"powerful vehicle with four-wheel drive that can be driven over rough ground. The abbreviation SUV is often used.\"[22]","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEC_Merger_Procedure-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Other countries","text":"In Europe, the term SUV is generally used for road-oriented vehicles, described as \"J-segment\" by the European Commission.[23][24][25] \"Four-by-four\" or the brand name of the vehicle is typically used for off-road-oriented vehicles. Similarly, in New Zealand, vehicles designed for off-road use are typically referred to as \"four-wheel drives\" instead of SUVs.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minivans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minivans"},{"link_name":"light trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_trucks"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradsher20024-10"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"corporate average fuel economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_average_fuel_economy"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carortruck-27"},{"link_name":"Energy Policy and Conservation Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Policy_and_Conservation_Act"},{"link_name":"Clean Air Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frost&sullivan-33"},{"link_name":"Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Indian_Automobile_Manufacturers"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"import duties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import_duty"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Government regulations","text":"In the United States, many government regulations simply have categories for \"off-highway vehicles\" which are loosely defined and often result in SUVs (along with pick-up trucks and minivans) being classified as light trucks.[10][26] For example, corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) regulations previously included \"permit greater cargo-carrying capacity than passenger carrying volume\" in the definition for trucks, resulting in cars with removable rear seats, like the PT Cruiser, being classified as light trucks.[27]This classification as trucks allowed SUVs to be regulated less strictly than passenger cars under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act for fuel economy, and the Clean Air Act for emissions.[28] However, from 2004 onwards, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began to hold sport utility vehicles to the same tailpipe emissions standards as cars for criteria pollutants, though not greenhouse gas emissions standards as they were not set until 2010.[29][30] In 2011, the CAFE regulations were changed to classify small, two-wheel-drive SUVs as passenger cars.[31]However, the licensing and traffic enforcement regulations in the United States vary from state to state, and an SUV may be classified as a car in some states but as a truck in others.[32] For industry production statistics, SUVs are counted in the light truck product segment.[33]In India, all SUVs are classified in the \"Utility Vehicle\" category per the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) definitions and carry a 27% excise tax.[34] Those that are 4 metres (13 feet) long, have a 1,500 cc (92 cu in) engine or larger, along with 170 mm (6.7 in) of ground clearance, are subject to a 30% excise duty.[35]In Australia, SUV sales were helped by having lower import duties than passenger cars. Up until January 2010, SUVs were subject to a 5% import tariff, compared with 10% for passenger cars.[36][37]","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Government regulations - Higher parking fee","text":"In February 2024, voters in Paris mandated a triple parking charge rate for SUVs, citing environmental impact and street capacity; this followed similar decisions in Lyon and Tübingen with similar ordinances being considered by London, Brussels and Amsterdam.[38]","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%90%D0%97_%D0%9C-72_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.JPG"},{"link_name":"GAZ M-72 Pobeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAZ-M20_Pobeda#Versions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LADA_NIVA_4x4_7832.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lada Niva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lada_Niva"},{"link_name":"unibody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibody"},{"link_name":"body-on-frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body-on-frame"},{"link_name":"light truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_truck"},{"link_name":"commercial vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"pickup truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_truck"},{"link_name":"off-road vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-road_vehicle"},{"link_name":"unibody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibody"},{"link_name":"GAZ-M20 Pobeda M-72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAZ-M20_Pobeda#Versions"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Lada Niva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lada_Niva"},{"link_name":"independent front suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_front_suspension"},{"link_name":"Jeep Grand Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_Grand_Cherokee"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Chassis","text":"1955–1958 GAZ M-72 Pobeda1977–1993 Lada NivaMany years after most passenger cars had transitioned to unibody construction, most SUVs continued to use a separate body-on-frame method, due to being based on the chassis from a light truck, commercial vehicle, pickup truck, or off-road vehicle.The first mass-produced unibody four-wheel-drive passenger car was the Russian 1955 GAZ-M20 Pobeda M-72,[39][40] which could be considered the first crossover car. The 1977 Lada Niva was the first off-road vehicle to use both a unibody construction and a coil-sprung independent front suspension. The relatively compact Niva is considered a predecessor to the crossover SUV and combines a hatchback-like passenger car body with full-time four-wheel drive, low-range gearing, and lockable center differential.Nonetheless, unibody SUVs remained rare until the 1984 Jeep Cherokee (XJ) was introduced and became a sales success. The introduction of the 1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee resulted in all Jeep SUV models using unibody construction,[41] with many other brands following suit since the mid-1990s. Today, most SUVs in production use a unibody construction and relatively few models continue to use body-on-frame construction.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"two-box design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-box_styling#Two-box_design"},{"link_name":"station wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_wagon"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stop2DrSuvs-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2DrFail-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Suzuki Jimny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Jimny"},{"link_name":"Mahindra Thar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahindra_Thar"},{"link_name":"Toyota Land Cruiser Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser_Prado"},{"link_name":"Ford Bronco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Bronco"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Jeep Wrangler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_Wrangler"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Range Rover Evoque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_Rover_Evoque"}],"sub_title":"Body style","text":"SUVs are typically of a two-box design similar to a station wagon. The engine compartment is in the front, followed by a combined passenger/cargo area (unlike a sedan, which has a separate trunk/boot compartment).Up until approximately 2010, many SUV models were available in two-door body styles.[42] Since then, manufacturers began to discontinue the two-door models as the four-door models became more popular.[43][44][45]A few two-door SUVs remain available, such as the body-on-frame Suzuki Jimny, Mahindra Thar, Toyota Land Cruiser Prado, Ford Bronco,[46] and Jeep Wrangler[47][48] as well as the Range Rover Evoque crossover SUV.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Criticism of sport utility vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_sport_utility_vehicles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_Focus_versus_Ford_Explorer_crash_test_IIHS.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ford Focus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Focus"},{"link_name":"Ford Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Explorer"},{"link_name":"center of mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_mass"},{"link_name":"roll-over accidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_rollover"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCSThrg-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCSThrg-49"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCSThrg-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCSThrg-49"},{"link_name":"moose test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose_test"},{"link_name":"Teknikens Värld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknikens_V%C3%A4rld"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz A-Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_A-Class"},{"link_name":"Jeep Grand Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_Grand_Cherokee"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_safety"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCSThrg-49"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradsher2002-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"electronic stability control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_stability_control"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"IIHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHS"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Springfield"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Further information: Criticism of sport utility vehiclesSide impact damage on a Ford Focus small car when struck by a Ford Explorer SUVSUVs typically have high ground clearance and a tall body. This results in a high center of mass, which made SUVs more prone to roll-over accidents.[49][50] In 2003, SUVs were quoted as 2.5 times more likely to roll over in a crash than regular cars and that SUV roofs were more likely to cave in on passengers than in other cars, resulting in increased harm to passengers.[49][51]Between 1991 and 2001, the United States saw a 150% increase in sport-utility vehicle rollover deaths. In 2001, though roll-overs constituted just 3% of vehicle crashes overall, they caused over 30% of occupant fatalities in crashes;[49] and in crashes where the vehicle did roll over, SUV occupants in the early 2000s were nearly three times as likely to be killed as other car passengers.[49] Vehicles with a high center of gravity do sometimes fail the moose test of maneuverability conducted by Swedish consumer magazine Teknikens Värld, for example, the 1997 Mercedes-Benz A-Class and 2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee.[52]The increasing popularity of SUVs in the 1990s and early 2000s was partly due to buyers perceiving that SUVs provide greater safety for occupants, due to their larger size and raised ride height.[49][53][54][55] Regarding the safety of other road users, SUVs are exempted from U.S. regulation stating that a passenger car bumper must protect the area between 16 and 20 inches (41 and 51 cm) above the ground. This often increases the damage to the other car in a collision with an SUV, because the impact occurs at a higher location on the other car.[56][57] In 2000–2001, 60% of fatal side-impact collisions were where the other vehicle was an SUV, an increase from 30% in 1980–1981.[58]The introduction of electronic stability control (ESC) and rollover mitigation, as well as increased analysis of the risks of a rollover, led the IIHS to report in 2015 that \"the rollover death rate of 5 per million registered vehicle years for 2011 models is less than a quarter of what it was for 2004 models. With ESC dramatically reducing rollover risk, the inherent advantages offered by SUVs' greater size, weight, and height emerge more clearly. Today's SUVs have the lowest driver death rate of any vehicle type.\"[59]The high danger for cyclists and pedestrians of being seriously injured or even killed by SUV drivers has caused some public protests against SUVs in urban areas.[60] In 2020, a study by the U.S.-based IIHS found that, of a sample of 79 crashes from three urban areas in Michigan, SUVs caused more serious injuries compared to cars when impacts occurred at greater than 31 km/h (19 mph). The IIHS noted the sample size of the study was small and that more research is needed.[61] The popularity of SUVs contributed to an increase in pedestrian fatalities in the U.S. during the 2010s, alongside other factors such as distracted and drunk driving.[62]A 2021 study by the University of Illinois Springfield showed that SUVs are 8 times more likely to kill children in a collision than passenger cars, and multiple times more lethal to adult pedestrians and cyclists.[63]","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Criticism of sport utility vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_sport_utility_vehicles"},{"link_name":"fuel efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiency"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"megatonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatonne"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InternationalEnergy-4"},{"link_name":"International Energy Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agency"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InternationalEnergy-4"},{"link_name":"barrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InternationalEnergy-4"},{"link_name":"electrified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle_conversion"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"a variety of alternative fuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle"},{"link_name":"including hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_internal_combustion_engine_vehicle#Adaptation_of_existing_engines"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InternationalEnergy-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kommenda-5"}],"text":"Further information: Criticism of sport utility vehiclesSUVs generally have poorer fuel efficiency than smaller cars,[64] and thus contribute more to environmental degradation and global warming.SUVs emit about 700 megatonnes of carbon dioxide per year,[4] a gas that is linked to global warming. According to the International Energy Agency, from 2010 SUVs have been the second-largest contributor to the increase in global CO2 emissions, second only to the power sector.[4]SUVs were responsible for all of the 3.3 million barrels a day growth in oil demand from passenger cars between 2010 and 2018, whereas efficiency improvements in smaller cars saved over 2 million barrels a day, with electric cars reducing oil demand by under 100,000 barrels a day.[4]Whereas SUVs can be electrified,[65] or converted to run on a variety of alternative fuels, including hydrogen,[66] their (manufacturing) emissions will always be larger than smaller electric cars.[67] On average, SUVs consume about a quarter more energy than medium-size cars.[4] Furthermore, the vast majority of these vehicles are not converted to use alternative fuels.Between 2010 and 2018 SUVs were the second largest contributor to the global increase in carbon emissions worldwide.[5]","title":"Environmental impact"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types of SUV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intelli-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn1-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autos.aol.com-70"},{"link_name":"unibody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibody"},{"link_name":"body-on-frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body-on-frame"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"C-segment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-segment"},{"link_name":"compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_car"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz GLS-Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLS-Class"},{"link_name":"BMW X7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_X7"},{"link_name":"Range Rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_Rover"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Category:Crossover sport utility vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Crossover_sport_utility_vehicles"}],"sub_title":"Crossover SUV","text":"The \"crossover SUV\" segment (also known as \"CUVs\" or simply \"crossovers\") has become increasingly popular since around 2010. Crossovers are often based on a platform shared with a passenger car, as a result, they typically have better comfort and fuel economy, but less off-road capability (many crossovers are sold without all-wheel drive) than pickup truck-based SUVs.[68][69][70]The difference between crossovers and other SUVs is sometimes defined as a crossover being built using a unibody platform (the type used by most passenger cars), while an SUV is built using a body-on-frame platform (the type used by off-road vehicles and light trucks).[71][72][73] However, these definitions are often blurred in practice, since unibody vehicles are also often referred to as SUVs.[74][75] Also, crossover is a relatively recent term and early unibody SUVs (such as the 1984 Jeep Cherokee) are rarely called crossovers. Due to these inconsistencies, the term SUV is often used as a catch-all for both crossovers and SUVs.[76]Outside of the United States, the term crossover tends to be used for C-segment (compact) or smaller vehicles, with large unibody vehicles—such as the Mercedes-Benz GLS-Class, BMW X7, and Range Rover—usually referred to as SUVs rather than crossovers. In the United Kingdom, a crossover is sometimes defined as a hatchback model with raised ride height and SUV-like styling features.[77][78]Examples: Category:Crossover sport utility vehicles ( 405 )","title":"Types of SUV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Subcompact crossover SUV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcompact_crossover_SUV"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Pajero Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Pajero_Mini"},{"link_name":"kei car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei_car"},{"link_name":"subcompact crossovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcompact_crossover"},{"link_name":"Category:Mini sport utility vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mini_sport_utility_vehicles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitsubishi_Pajero_Pinin_front_20100525.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Pajero Pinin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Pajero_Pinin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019_Suzuki_Jimny_SZ5_4X4_Automatic_1.5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Suzuki Jimny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Jimny"}],"sub_title":"Mini SUV","text":"See also: Subcompact crossover SUVThe smallest size class of SUVs is the \"mini SUV\". In Japan, SUVs under 3,400 mm (133.9 in)—such as the Mitsubishi Pajero Mini—are included in the kei car category and therefore attract lower taxes.Many recent vehicles labeled as mini SUVs are technically subcompact crossovers and are built on the platform of a subcompact (also called supermini or B-segment) passenger car.Examples: Category:Mini sport utility vehicles ( 108 )Mitsubishi Pajero Pinin, mini SUV\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSuzuki Jimny, off-road mini SUV","title":"Types of SUV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Compact crossover SUV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_crossover_SUV"},{"link_name":"compact crossovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_crossover"},{"link_name":"Category:Compact sport utility vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Compact_sport_utility_vehicles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nissan_Xterra_--_04-22-2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nissan Xterra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Land_Rover_Defender_(L663)_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0688.jpg"},{"link_name":"Land Rover Defender 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover_Defender_(L663)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1994-1997_Jeep_Cherokee_(XJ)_Sport_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jeep Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_Cherokee_(XJ)"}],"sub_title":"Compact SUV","text":"See also: Compact crossover SUVThe \"compact SUV\" is the next bigger-size class after mini SUVs.Many recent vehicles labeled as compact SUVs are technically compact crossovers and are built on the platform of a compact (C-segment) passenger car.Examples: Category:Compact sport utility vehicles ( 235 )Nissan Xterra, compact truck-based SUV\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLand Rover Defender 90\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJeep Cherokee, unibody SUV","title":"Types of SUV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mid-size crossover SUV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)#D"},{"link_name":"Category:Mid-size sport utility vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mid-size_sport_utility_vehicles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2021_Toyota_Fortuner_4.0_SRV_4x4_(Colombia)_front_view.png"},{"link_name":"Toyota Fortuner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Fortuner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_Bronco_4-Door.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ford Bronco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Bronco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Jeep_Grand_Cherokee_Limited_--_07-03-2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jeep Grand Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_Grand_Cherokee"}],"sub_title":"Mid-size SUV","text":"See also: Mid-size crossover SUVThe next larger size is called the \"mid-size SUV\". Some mid-size SUVs are based on platforms shared with passenger cars and therefore, are crossovers. Other mid-size SUVs are based on compact or mid-size pickups.Examples: Category:Mid-size sport utility vehicles ( 224 )Toyota Fortuner (also called SW4), mid-size truck-based SUV\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFord Bronco, off-road mid-size SUV with a compact two-door version available\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJeep Grand Cherokee, unibody mid-size SUV","title":"Types of SUV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ford Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Tahoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Tahoe"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Navigator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Navigator"},{"link_name":"Cadillac Escalade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Escalade"},{"link_name":"full-size pickup trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_truck#Full-size_pickup_truck"},{"link_name":"Category:Full-size sport utility vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Full-size_sport_utility_vehicles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022_Jeep_Wagoneer_Series_III_in_Bright_White,_Front_Left,_12-19-2021.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jeep Wagoneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_Wagoneer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cadillac_Escalade_GMTT1XX.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cadillac Escalade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Escalade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020_Mercedes-Benz_GLS_450,_front_1.20.20.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz GLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLS"}],"sub_title":"Full-size SUV","text":"Full-size SUVs are the largest size of commonly produced SUVs. Some, such as the Ford Expedition, and Chevrolet Tahoe, are marketed for their off-road capabilities, and others, such as the Lincoln Navigator and Cadillac Escalade, are marketed as luxury vehicles. While a few full-size SUVs are built on dedicated platforms; most share their platforms with full-size pickup trucks.Examples: Category:Full-size sport utility vehicles ( 74 )Jeep Wagoneer, full-size SUV on a pickup truck-based platform\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCadillac Escalade, full-size luxury SUV\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMercedes-Benz GLS-class, full-size unibody SUV","title":"Types of SUV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ford Expedition EL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Expedition#Expedition_EL/Max"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Suburban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Suburban"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2015_GMC_Yukon_XL_SLT,_front_2.29.20.jpg"},{"link_name":"GMC Yukon XL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_Yukon_XL"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2000-04_Ford_Excursion.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ford Excursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Excursion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Land_Rover_Range_Rover_L405_L_China_2016-04-17.jpg"},{"link_name":"Range Rover L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_Rover_(L405)"},{"link_name":"Category:Expanded length sport utility vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Expanded_length_sport_utility_vehicles"}],"sub_title":"Extended-length SUV","text":"Some North American SUVs are available as a long-bodied version of a full-size SUV, which is called an \"extended-length SUV\" like the Ford Expedition EL and the Chevrolet Suburban. The additional length is used to provide extra space for rear passengers or cargo. As per the full-size SUVs they are based on, most extended-length SUVs are built on dedicated platforms, full-sized pickups, or heavy-duty pickups.Extended-length SUVs are mostly sold in North America but may also be exported to other markets in small numbers.GMC Yukon XL, extended-length SUV\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFord Excursion, extended-length SUV based on a heavy-duty truck platform\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRange Rover L, extended-length unibody SUVExamples: Category:Expanded length sport utility vehicles ( 16 )","title":"Types of SUV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crossovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)"}],"sub_title":"Coupe SUV","text":"Some SUVs or crossovers with sloping rear rooflines are marketed as \"coupe crossover SUVs\" or \"coupe SUVs\", even though they have four side doors for passenger access to the seats and rear hatches for cargo area access.","title":"Types of SUV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Four-wheel drive § History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-wheel_drive#History"}],"text":"See also: Four-wheel drive § History","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1937_Chevrolet_Carryall_Suburban_(front).jpg"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Suburban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Suburban#First_Generation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7-61.JPG"},{"link_name":"GAZ-61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAZ-61"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Kurogane Type 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurogane_Type_95"},{"link_name":"GAZ-61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAZ-61"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen Kommandeurswagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Kommandeurswagen"},{"link_name":"Opel Geländesportwagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Gel%C3%A4ndesportwagen"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Humber Heavy Utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Heavy_Utility"},{"link_name":"Humber Super Snipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Super_Snipe"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"transfer case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_case"},{"link_name":"constant-velocity joints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant-velocity_joint"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Dodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThomsonMayo-82"},{"link_name":"Crosley CC Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosley#Model_summary"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"1930s to 1948","text":"1935–1940 Chevrolet Suburban1938–1945 GAZ-61Just before and during World War II, prototypes and low-volume production examples of military cars with sedan or station wagon-type bodies and rugged, off-road capable four-wheel drive chassis began to appear around the world. These early models included the 1936 Kurogane Type 95 from Japan, the 1938 GAZ-61 from Russia as well as the 1941 Volkswagen Kommandeurswagen and 1936 Opel Geländesportwagen[79] from Germany. An early predecessor to the design of modern SUVs[citation needed] was the 1940 Humber Heavy Utility, a four-wheel-drive off-road vehicle built on the chassis of the Humber Super Snipe passenger car.[80]The most prohibitive initial factors to the potential civilian popularity of an SUV-like car were their cost and the availability of certain critical parts. Before the war, adding four-wheel drive to a car almost doubled its cost.[81] Compared to a common, rear-wheel drive vehicle, any 4WD (four-wheel drive) needed many essential extra components, including a transfer case, a second differential, and constant-velocity joints for the driven front axle—which were expensive due to the precision involved in this required manufacturing gears and other specialized parts. Before World War II, these were produced in the United States by only a few specialized firms with limited production capacity. Due to the increase in demand for parts for the war effort, in the spring of 1942 Ford, Dodge, and Chevrolet joined in fabricating these parts in mass quantities, boosting their production more than 100-fold.[82]An early usage of the term was the 1947 Crosley CC Four Sport Utility model, which used a convertible wagon body style and is therefore unrelated to the design of later SUVs.[83][84][85]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International_R-110_(1954)_extensively_restored.JPG"},{"link_name":"International Harvester Travelall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Harvester_Travelall#First_generation_(1953%E2%80%931957)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1962_Willys_Jeep_Utility_Wagon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Willys Jeep Station Wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willys_Jeep_Station_Wagon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1979_Subaru_1600_4WD_station_wagon_(21893971703).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1981_AMC_Eagle_Sport_station_wagon_in_blue_metallic_at_2021_PA_meet_02of14.jpg"},{"link_name":"carryall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carryall#Automobile"},{"link_name":"Willys Jeep Station Wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willys_Jeep_Station_Wagon"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Suburban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Suburban#Fourth_generation_(1955)"},{"link_name":"International Harvester Travelall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Harvester_Travelall#First_generation_(1953-1957)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4Wtravelall-88"},{"link_name":"Power Wagon Town Wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_Town_Panel_and_Town_Wagon"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4Wtravelall-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kiplinger58-89"},{"link_name":"Jeep CJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_CJ"},{"link_name":"International Harvester Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Harvester_Scout"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_Wagoneer_(SJ)"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Toyota Land Cruiser FJ55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet K5 Blazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_K5_Blazer"},{"link_name":"International Harvester Scout II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Harvester_Scout#Scout_II"},{"link_name":"Range Rover Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_Rover_Classic"},{"link_name":"luxury car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_car"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Subaru Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_Leone"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catvol22-95"},{"link_name":"Jeep Cherokee (SJ)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_Cherokee_(SJ)"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74Jeeppage-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74Jeepfront-97"},{"link_name":"Ford Bronco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Bronco"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"AMC Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_Eagle"},{"link_name":"crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howstuffworks.com-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"American Motors Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Motors_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wardlaw-2"},{"link_name":"Four Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"sub_title":"1949 to 1970s","text":"1953 International Harvester Travelall1962 Willys Jeep Station WagonSubaru Leone 4WD station wagonAMC Eagle Sport station wagonSeveral models of carryall wagons began to be offered with four-wheel drive, beginning in 1949 when the Willys Jeep Station Wagon introduced the option of four-wheel drive.[86][87] Four-wheel-drive versions of the Chevrolet Suburban were introduced for 1955, followed by the International Harvester Travelall in 1956 (credited as being the first full-size SUV)[88] and the Power Wagon Town Wagon in 1957.[88][89]Developed as a competitor to the Jeep CJ, the compact International Harvester Scout was introduced in 1961, offering either two- or four-wheel drive and a variety of engine options. The Harvester Scout provided many other options designed to appeal to a wide range of customers for numerous uses as well.[90] The 1963 Jeep Wagoneer (SJ) introduced a sophisticated station wagon body design that was more carlike than any other four-wheel-drive vehicle on the market.[91] The 1967 Toyota Land Cruiser FJ55 station wagon was the first comfort-oriented version of the Land Cruiser off-road vehicle. The two-door Chevrolet K5 Blazer (and related GMC K5 Jimmy) were introduced for 1969, and the two-door International Harvester Scout II was introduced in 1971. The first European luxury off-road vehicle was the 1970 Range Rover Classic, which was marketed as a luxury car for both on-road and off-road usage.[92][93]In 1972 Subaru Leone 4WD wagon was introduced in Japan, which was not designed as an off-road vehicle, but a version of the front-wheel-drive passenger car. Some argue that this was the first SUV.[94] It was also classified as a commercial vehicle in the home market, just like later SUVs.[95]The first relevant usage of the term SUV was in advertising brochures for the full-sized 1974 Jeep Cherokee (SJ), which used the wording \"sport(s) utility vehicle\" as a description for the vehicle.[96][97] The 1966 Ford Bronco included a \"sport utility\" model; however, in this case it was used for the two-door pickup truck version.[98]The VAZ-2121 (now designated Lada Niva Legend) was the first mass-market 4WD unibody car in some markets in 1977.[99] The AMC Eagle introduced in the North American market in 1979, and is often called the first mass-market \"crossover\", although that term had not been coined at the time.[100][101] In contrast to truck or utility-vehicle based designs and the Niva that was purpose-built for rural areas, American Motors Corporation (AMC) utilized a long-serving existing car platform and designed a new automatic full-time AWD system.[102][103] The AMC Eagle was developed as a passenger car offering numerous comfort, luxury, and convenience features in sedan, coupe, and station wagon body styles.[citation needed] It was first with \"SUV styling on a raised passenger-car platform combined with AWD.\"[2] Four Wheeler magazine described the AMC Eagle as \"the beginning of a new generation of cars\".[104]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1985_Jeep_Cherokee_(14930366019)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jeep Cherokee (XJ)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_Cherokee_(XJ)#1984%E2%80%931996"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:95-98_Ford_Explorer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ford Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Explorer"},{"link_name":"Jeep Cherokee (XJ)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_Cherokee_(XJ)"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradsher200240-105"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradsher200240-105"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradsher200240-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"corporate average fuel economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_average_fuel_economy"},{"link_name":"1980s oil glut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s_oil_glut"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradsher2002-53"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradsher200241-108"},{"link_name":"Consumers Digest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers_Digest"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCSThrg-49"}],"sub_title":"1980s to 1990s","text":"1985 Jeep Cherokee (XJ)1994–2001 Ford ExplorerThe compact-sized 1984 Jeep Cherokee (XJ) is often credited as the first SUV in the modern understanding of the term.[105] The use of unibody construction was unique at the time for a four-wheel drive and also reduced the weight of the new Cherokee. It also appealed to urban families due to having a more compact size (compared to the full-size Wagoneer and previous generation Cherokee SJ models) as well as a plush interior resembling a station wagon.[105] As the new Cherokee became a major sales success, the term \"sport utility vehicle\" began to be used in the national press for the first time.[105] \"The advent and immediate success of AMC/Jeep's compact four-door Cherokee turned the truck industry upside down.\"[106]The U.S. corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standard was introduced in 1975 to reduce fuel usage, but included relaxed regulations for \"light trucks\" to avoid businesses paying extra taxes for work vehicles. This created a loophole that manufacturers increasingly exploited since the 1980s oil glut (which started an era of cheap gasoline), whereby SUVs were designed to be classified as light trucks despite their primary use as passenger vehicles to receive tax concessions and less stringent fuel economy requirements.[107] This enabled manufacturers to sell more profitable, larger, more polluting vehicles, instead of the smaller, less polluting, less profitable cars, that the CAFE regulations intended.For example, the United States Environmental Protection Agency agreed to classify the new Jeep Cherokee as a light truck following lobbying from its manufacturer; the Cherokee was then marketed by the company as a passenger vehicle.[53] This increased the SUV boom as other manufacturers introduced their own SUVs in response to the compact Cherokee taking sales from their regular cars.[108]In 1994 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency began classifying vehicles by \"market class\". For SUVs in 1994 they included three Jeep models, the Cherokee, Grand Cherokee and Wrangler. Two Ford models were the Bronco and the Explorer. Six General Motors models including the GMC Jimmy, the Yukon, and the Suburban 1500; the Chevrolet Suburban 1500, and the Blazer (1500 and S10); the Geo Tracker (Convertible or Van); and finally the Oldsmobile Bravada. Eleven Japanese models classified as SUVs were the Toyota 4Runner and Land Cruiser; the Honda Passport; the Nissan Pathfinder; the Mazda Navajo; the Mitsubishi Montero; the Isuzu Amigo, Rodeo, and Trooper; and the Suzuki Samurai and Sidekick. From Europe the three Land Rover models, the Range Rover, the Defender and the Discovery were classified as SUVs.By late 1996 Consumers Digest magazine was calling the trend an \"SUV craze\",[109] and by 1999 the U.S. sales of SUVs and light trucks for the first time exceeded sales of regular passenger cars.[49]: 2","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCSThrg-49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GMC--Envoy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ford Excursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Excursion"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Arlington, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"increasing fuel prices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis"},{"link_name":"a declining economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FinancialPost-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"By 2003, there were 76 million SUVs and light trucks on U.S. roads, representing approximately 35% of the vehicles on the road.[49]GMC EnvoyCar manufacturers were keen to promote SUV sales over other types of cars due to higher profits in the segment. An SUV could be sold with a profit margin of US$10,000 or more (US$18,000 per SUV in the case of the Ford Excursion), while compact cars were often sold at a loss of a few hundred dollars per car.[110][111][112] As a result, several manufacturing plants were converted from car production to SUV production (such as the General Motors plant in Arlington, Texas in 1996), and many long-running U.S. sedan models were discontinued.[113][114][115]From the mid-2000s until 2010, U.S. sales of SUVs and other light trucks experienced a dip due to increasing fuel prices and then a declining economy. From 2008 until 2010, General Motors closed four assembly plants that were producing SUVs and trucks.[116] Sales of SUVs and light trucks sales began to recover in 2010, as fuel prices decreased and the North American economy improved.[117]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Maserati_Levante_S_Automatic_3.0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maserati Levante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati_Levante"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lamborghini_Urus_20180306_Genf_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lamborghini Urus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamborghini_Urus"},{"link_name":"International Energy Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agency"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frost&sullivan-33"},{"link_name":"crossovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euromon16-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euromon16-119"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euromon16-119"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F2M20171129-122"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euromon16-119"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Luxury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_car"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce Cullinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Cullinan"},{"link_name":"Bentley Bentayga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_Bentayga"},{"link_name":"Aston Martin DBX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Martin_DBX"},{"link_name":"Maserati Levante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati_Levante"},{"link_name":"Lamborghini Urus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamborghini_Urus"},{"link_name":"Ferrari Purosangue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_Purosangue"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"}],"sub_title":"2010s to 2020s","text":"Maserati LevanteLamborghini UrusIn 2019, the International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that the global number of SUVs and crossovers on the road multiplied by six since 2010—from 35 million to 200 million vehicles, and their market share has grown to 40 percent of worldwide new light-vehicle sales at the end of the decade.[118]By 2013, small and compact SUVs had increased to become the third-largest market segment.[33] Since the early 2000s, new versions have been introduced to appeal to a wider audience, such as crossovers and other small SUVs.[119] Larger SUVs also remained popular, with sales of General Motors' large SUV models increasing significantly in 2013.[120]In 2015, global sales of SUVs overtook the \"lower medium car\" segment, to become the largest market segment, accounting for 22.9% of \"light vehicle\" sales in 2015.[119] The following year, worldwide SUV sales experienced further growth of 22%. The world's fastest-growing SUV markets in 2014–2015 were: China (+ 47.9%), Italy (+ 48.6%), Spain (+ 42%), Portugal (+ 54.8 %), and Thailand (+ 56.4%).[119] The SUV segment further grew to 26% of the global passenger car market in 2016, then to 36.8% of the market in Q1–Q3 of 2017.[121][122][119]In the U.S. at the end of 2016, sales of SUVs and light-duty trucks had surpassed traditional car sales for the year by over 3 million units.[123] Manufacturers continued to phase out the production of sedan models, replacing them with new models of SUVs.[124]\nLuxury brands have increasingly introduced SUV or crossover models in the 2010s. For example: Rolls-Royce Cullinan, Bentley Bentayga, Aston Martin DBX, Maserati Levante, Lamborghini Urus, and Ferrari Purosangue.[125]In 2019 SUVs made up 47.4% of U.S. sales compared to only 22.1% for sedans.[126]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bowler_Wildcat_Range_Rover_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bowler Nemesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowler_Nemesis"},{"link_name":"Off-road racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-road_racing"},{"link_name":"Dakar Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar_Rally"},{"link_name":"Baja 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_1000"},{"link_name":"FIA Cross-Country Rally World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIA_Cross-Country_Rally_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"King of the Hammers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Hammers"},{"link_name":"Australasian Safari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Safari"},{"link_name":"Trophee Andros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophee_Andros"}],"text":"2007 Bowler NemesisSee also: Off-road racingSUVs have competed in various off-road racing competitions, such as the Dakar Rally, Baja 1000, FIA Cross-Country Rally World Cup, King of the Hammers, and Australasian Safari. SUVs have also competed in the Trophee Andros ice-racing series.","title":"Motorsport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toorak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toorak,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Remuera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remuera"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"P.C. Hooftstraat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.C._Hooftstraat"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"}],"text":"Several derogatory or pejorative terms for SUVs are based on the combination of an affluent suburb name and \"tractor\", particularly for expensive vehicles from luxury brands. Examples include \"Toorak Tractor\" (Melbourne, Australia),[127][128] \"Chelsea Tractor\" (London, England)[129] and \"Remuera Tractor\" (Auckland, New Zealand). These terms relate to the theory that four-wheel drive capabilities are not required by affluent SUV owners, and that the SUV is purchased as a status symbol rather than for practical reasons.In Norway, the term Børstraktor ('Stock Exchange Tractor') serves a similar purpose.[130] In the Netherlands, SUVs are sometimes called \"P.C. Hooft-tractors\" after the exclusive P.C. Hooftstraat Amsterdam shopping street.[131]","title":"Nicknames"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ACTAS_OC_vehicle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Toyota Land Cruiser Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser_Prado"},{"link_name":"crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"panel trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_trucks"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Suburban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Suburban"},{"link_name":"panel truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_truck"},{"link_name":"Land Rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover_series"},{"link_name":"Defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover_Defender"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Citroen C5 Aircross Commercial SUV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C5_Aircross"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Land Rover Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover_Discovery"},{"link_name":"Dacia Duster Flika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_Duster"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Pajero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Pajero"}],"text":"Toyota Land Cruiser Prado used as an ambulanceA commercial SUV is an SUV or crossover, that is used for commercial purposes. The category is very similar to panel trucks since the Chevrolet Suburban (an SUV) had panel truck versions, which were used for commercial purposes.The first SUV-like vehicle that had commercial versions was the Chevrolet Suburban panel truck. Panel trucks by American manufacturers were built until the late 1970s.While panel trucks manufactured by European manufacturers were rare, commercial versions of off-road vehicles were very common, Land Rover manufactured commercial versions of the Land Rover and the Defender. Commercial SUVs are factory-built and most of them are not independent conversions, which means they can be bought from dealerships and showrooms.[132]Examples of SUVs used as commercial vehicles in Europe include: Citroen C5 Aircross Commercial SUV,[133] the Land Rover Discovery, the Dacia Duster Flika,[134] and the Mitsubishi Pajero.","title":"Commercial SUVs"}]
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[{"image_text":"Side impact damage on a Ford Focus small car when struck by a Ford Explorer SUV","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ford_Focus_versus_Ford_Explorer_crash_test_IIHS.jpg/220px-Ford_Focus_versus_Ford_Explorer_crash_test_IIHS.jpg"},{"image_text":"GMC Envoy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GMC--Envoy.jpg/220px-GMC--Envoy.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maserati Levante","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/2018_Maserati_Levante_S_Automatic_3.0.jpg/220px-2018_Maserati_Levante_S_Automatic_3.0.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lamborghini Urus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lamborghini_Urus_20180306_Genf_2018.jpg/220px-Lamborghini_Urus_20180306_Genf_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"2007 Bowler Nemesis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bowler_Wildcat_Range_Rover_2007.jpg/220px-Bowler_Wildcat_Range_Rover_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Toyota Land Cruiser Prado used as an ambulance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/ACTAS_OC_vehicle.jpg/220px-ACTAS_OC_vehicle.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"SUVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:SUVs"},{"title":"Criticism of sport utility vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_sport_utility_vehicles"},{"title":"Esuvee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esuvee"},{"title":"Four-wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-wheel_drive"},{"title":"Off-road vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-road_vehicle"},{"title":"List of sport utility vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sport_utility_vehicles"},{"title":"Recreational vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_vehicle"},{"title":"Crossover city car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_city_car"}]
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[{"reference":"\"SUV Meaning: What is an SUV?\". Car and Driver. 13 April 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.caranddriver.com/research/a31787452/suv-meaning-what-is-an-suv/","url_text":"\"SUV Meaning: What is an SUV?\""}]},{"reference":"Wardlaw, Christian (15 September 2021). \"What is a Crossover SUV?\". J.D. Power. Retrieved 30 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jdpower.com/cars/shopping-guides/what-is-a-crossover-suv","url_text":"\"What is a Crossover SUV?\""}]},{"reference":"\"New registrations of SUVs in key car markets, 2010-2021 – Charts – Data & Statistics\". IEA. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_vMac
|
vMac
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["1 Overview","2 See also","3 External links"]
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Open source 68k Macintosh emulator
This article is about the 68k Macintosh emulator. For the cryptographic algorithm, see VMAC.
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "VMac" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
VMacMini vMac running System Software 7 on UbuntuDeveloper(s)Philip CumminsBill HueyWeston Pawlowski (Windows)Yoav Shadmi (DOS)Richard Bannister (Mac OS)Michael Hanni (Linux)David Bacher (OS/2)Paul C. Pratt (Mini vMac)Stable release0.1.9 (vMac), 36.04 (Mini vMac)
/ April 26, 1999 (vMac), October 28, 2018 (Mini vMac)
Operating systemMicrosoft Windows, Linux, Mac OS, NeXTSTEP, OS/2, DOS, iOS, Nintendo DS, AndroidTypeEmulationLicenseGNU General Public LicenseWebsitewww.vmac.org (vMac, outdated) www.gryphel.com/c/minivmac/ (Mini vMac)
vMac 0.1.9 running System 1.1 on System 7.5
vMac is a free and open-source Macintosh Plus emulator which is able to run versions of System 1.1 to 7.5.5. It is available for Windows, DOS, OS/2, Mac OS, NeXTSTEP, Linux, Unix, and other platforms. Although vMac has been abandoned, Mini vMac, an improved spinoff of vMac, is still actively developed.
vMac and Mini vMac support CPU emulation from Motorola 68000 to 68040, display output, sound, floppy disk insert, HFV image files, and more. Some vMac ports include extra features such as CD-ROM support, basic serial port (SCC) support, Gemulator ROM board support, and various performance improvements. Although the website is still in operation, most vMac development slowed to a halt in 1999, and no official releases have been made since. Many of the developer e-mail addresses listed on the website are not currently working.
Overview
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Mini vMac, vMac's spinoff, is still being maintained and developed by Paul C. Pratt. Currently Mini vMac supports Macintosh 128K, 512K, 512Ke, Plus, SE and Classic, with active development for Macintosh II, Macintosh Portable and PowerBook 100 support. Due to complaints about the rarity of the original II, it also accepts Macintosh IIx and Macintosh SE/30 ROM files. The precompiled versions available for download at Mini vMac's SourceForge project emulates a Macintosh Plus with 4 MiB of RAM.
vMac and Mini vMac require a Macintosh Plus ROM file and Macintosh system software to work. Macintosh ROM files are owned by Apple and cannot be legally distributed. However, the Windows and Unix ports of vMac (not Mini vMac) support the Gemulator ROM board from Emulators Inc., which allows users to add genuine MacPlus ROM chips to their x86 machine via an ISA expansion slot. This board can also support ROM chips from other early Macintosh systems, but the publicly released versions of vMac only supported the Macintosh Plus. Macintosh system software is available from Apple's Support Downloads Website (see External links below).
As mentioned, Mini vMac also requires a specific ROM image for the computer emulation desired. A software application for these 68000 Macs may be downloaded from the Mini vMac website for retrieval of a system's ROM image, along with a complete tutorial for locating an old Mac, retrieving the ROM and working with disk images.
See also
Free and open-source software portal
Basilisk II, an emulator of later 68k Macs.
Executor (software), a emulator/compatibility layer for early 68k Macs.
SheepShaver, an emulator of early PowerPC Macs.
PearPC, an emulator of PowerPC Macs which can run Mac OS X and various open Unixes.
External links
Official website vMac
Official website Mini vMac
archive of Apple's Support Downloads Website
Guide to setting up System 6 in Mini vMac for Windows
Creating a Mac-on-Stick using Mini vMac
Emulators, Inc.
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For the cryptographic algorithm, see VMAC.vMac 0.1.9 running System 1.1 on System 7.5vMac is a free and open-source Macintosh Plus emulator which is able to run versions of System 1.1 to 7.5.5. It is available for Windows, DOS, OS/2, Mac OS, NeXTSTEP, Linux, Unix, and other platforms. Although vMac has been abandoned, Mini vMac, an improved spinoff of vMac, is still actively developed.vMac and Mini vMac support CPU emulation from Motorola 68000 to 68040, display output, sound, floppy disk insert, HFV image files, and more. Some vMac ports include extra features such as CD-ROM support, basic serial port (SCC) support, Gemulator ROM board support, and various performance improvements. Although the website is still in operation, most vMac development slowed to a halt in 1999, and no official releases have been made since. Many of the developer e-mail addresses listed on the website are not currently working.","title":"vMac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macintosh 128K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_128K"},{"link_name":"512K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_512K"},{"link_name":"512Ke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_512Ke"},{"link_name":"Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_Plus"},{"link_name":"SE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_SE"},{"link_name":"Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_Classic"},{"link_name":"Macintosh II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_II"},{"link_name":"Macintosh Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_Portable"},{"link_name":"PowerBook 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerBook_100"},{"link_name":"II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_II"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Macintosh IIx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_IIx"},{"link_name":"Macintosh SE/30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_SE/30"},{"link_name":"ROM files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM_file"},{"link_name":"SourceForge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SourceForge"},{"link_name":"Macintosh Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_Plus"},{"link_name":"MiB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebibyte"},{"link_name":"ROM file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM_file"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."}],"text":"Mini vMac, vMac's spinoff, is still being maintained and developed by Paul C. Pratt. Currently Mini vMac supports Macintosh 128K, 512K, 512Ke, Plus, SE and Classic, with active development for Macintosh II, Macintosh Portable and PowerBook 100 support. Due to complaints about the rarity of the original II,[citation needed] it also accepts Macintosh IIx and Macintosh SE/30 ROM files. The precompiled versions available for download at Mini vMac's SourceForge project emulates a Macintosh Plus with 4 MiB of RAM.vMac and Mini vMac require a Macintosh Plus ROM file and Macintosh system software to work. Macintosh ROM files are owned by Apple and cannot be legally distributed. However, the Windows and Unix ports of vMac (not Mini vMac) support the Gemulator ROM board from Emulators Inc., which allows users to add genuine MacPlus ROM chips to their x86 machine via an ISA expansion slot. This board can also support ROM chips from other early Macintosh systems, but the publicly released versions of vMac only supported the Macintosh Plus. Macintosh system software is available from Apple's Support Downloads Website (see External links below).As mentioned, Mini vMac also requires a specific ROM image for the computer emulation desired. A software application for these 68000 Macs may be downloaded from the Mini vMac website for retrieval of a system's ROM image, along with a complete tutorial for locating an old Mac, retrieving the ROM and working with disk images.","title":"Overview"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_UAV
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Miniature UAV
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["1 Man-portable UAVs","1.1 AeroVironment \"Pointer\" and \"Raven\"","1.2 Baykar Bayraktar Mini UAV","1.3 Interspect UAS B 3.1 \"Flying Lab\"","1.4 Aeryon Labs \"Scout\"","1.5 Aeryon Labs \"SkyRanger\"","1.6 Applied Aeronautics \"Albatross UAV\"","1.7 Aurora Flight Sciences Skate SUAS","1.8 China \"CATIC\"","1.9 EADS \"Tracker\"","1.10 Elbit \"Skylark I\" and \"Seagull\"","1.11 EMT \"Aladin\"","1.12 IAI Malat \"BirdEye\"s and \"Mosquito\"","1.13 Lehmann Aviation drones","1.14 Lockheed Martin \"Desert Hawk\"","1.15 Honeywell RQ-16 T-Hawk","1.16 MAVinci \"SIRIUS UAS\"","1.17 NRL \"Dragon Eye\", \"Swallow\" and \"Finder\"","1.18 Rafael \"SkyLite\"","1.19 Russian UAV ZALA 421-08 and ZALA 421-12","1.20 ShadowView \"Shadow Ranger\" and \"Eco Ranger\"","1.21 Turkish \"Malazgirt Mini UAV\"","1.22 UAVER \"Avian UAS\"","1.23 YellowPlane \"Voyager\" and \"Manta\"","1.24 Trigger Composites Pteryx UAV","2 Gun-launched and parasite UAVs","2.1 MIT \"WASP\"","2.2 \"Wing-store UAV\" and Raytheon \"SilentEyes\"","2.3 Italian \"MALP\"","3 Experimental and technology demonstrators","3.1 MAVs and mesicopters","3.2 Phase-two MAVs","3.3 Subsystems design","3.4 Stanford \"Mesicopter\"","3.5 MAVs rethought","3.6 Black Widow \"Wasp\" and \"Hornet\"","3.7 French \"Mirador\"","3.8 Future smaller MAVs","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Miniature UAV" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Unmanned aerial vehicle small enough to be man-portable
Bayraktar Mini UAV of the Turkish Land Forces
Civil Drone OnyxStar FOX-C8-XT Observer with HD optical zoom 30x and Infrared camera in one
An EMT Aladin of the German Army
A miniature UAV, small UAV (SUAV), or drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle small enough to be man-portable. Smallest UAVs are called micro air vehicle.
Miniature UAVs range from micro air vehicles (MAVs) that can be carried by an infantryman, to man-portable UAVs that can be carried and launched like an infantry man-portable air-defense system. The term is usually applied to those used for military purposes. Military miniature UAVs are generally used for intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (ISTAR) at short range compared to the larger unmanned surveillance and reconnaissance aerial vehicle used for medium to long range missions.
SUAVs have been given various definitions among national regulation authorities, often without including size precisions and differing about weight measurement specifications. Those definitions range from less than 2 kg for Canada to less than 25 kg for the United States. EU's SESAR prospective for the 2020 Air Traffic Management rules also proposed less than 25 kg, while UK's CAA stated less than 20 kg.
Man-portable UAVs
This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2012)
There is a great deal of activity in the small UAV field, with a number of systems acquired and used in combat.
AeroVironment "Pointer" and "Raven"
Main article: RQ-11 Raven
A soldier assembles a RQ-11 Raven in preparation for launch
In 1999, the US Army bought four AeroVironment Pointer small UAVs for testing in the service's "Military Operations In Urban Terrain" and was enthusiastic about the usefulness of the Pointer. It is too large to be conveniently carried by soldiers and is normally hauled around in a HMMWV(Humvee) vehicle or the like, and so the Army asked AeroVironment to develop a smaller version. AeroVironment developed a half-sized control system and a cut-down version of the Pointer called the RQ-11 Raven (no relationship to the Flight Refueling Raven).
The Raven has an endurance of 90 minutes on rechargeable batteries. It can be carried by a single soldier along with other standard battle gear. Following the Afghanistan campaign in 2001–2002, the US SOCOM ordered 80 Ravens, which was more than the total number of Pointers that had been sold to that time. The US Army also placed orders for up to 105 Ravens in the late summer of 2003 after the US occupation of Iraq led to persistent insurgent attacks on US forces. Since then, the RQ-11B Raven B has become the official standard SUAS (Small Unmanned Aircraft System) for USSOCOM, US Army, US Marines, and several countries. As of early 2008, over 8000 Raven airframes have been shipped to customers worldwide. Ravens have been operational in combat in Afghanistan, Iraq, and other undisclosed locations.
Encouraged by such successes, AeroVironment is also working on a newer version of the Pointer, named the "Puma", with greater endurance and payload. In addition, they have disclosed that they are in late development of a small lethal UAV.
Baykar Bayraktar Mini UAV
Portable flight terminal of Baykar Bayraktar Mini UAV
Main article: Baykar Bayraktar Mini UAV
Bayraktar Bayraktar Mini UAV is a hand-launched, portable UAV system, designed to operate under harsh geographic and meteorological conditions.
Interspect UAS B 3.1 "Flying Lab"
Interspect UAS B 3.1 Flying Laboratory
The Interspect UAS B 3.1 is a remote sensing platform for 3D photogrammetric purposes.
The Interspect UAS B 1.1 octocopter first flew on 10 April 2011. The prototype had one DSLR camera and limited capability. The third variant able to fly 12 min with 3 kg loading. Interspect UAS B 3.1 have a removable 3D photogrammetry camera with humidity meter and other instruments. The octocopter's diameter is 1165 mm.
Aeryon Labs "Scout"
Aeryon Scout micro VTOL UAV
The Aeryon Scout is a man-packable quadcopter UAV designed for aerial reconnaissance by users with minimal training. Weighing just 1.3 kg, it features onboard intelligence, all-digital communications and a map-based touch-screen control which enables new users to operate the vehicles with only minutes of training. This map-based control allows the system to be easily controlled beyond line-of-sight and at night, a unique feature of this system. Its unique modular design allows for quick-connect payloads of different types and its arms and legs are changeable in the field, with no tools. This allows the user to repair damages easily and return to operation quickly. The Scout is approximately 0.8 m from propeller tip to tip and operates using four brushless DC motors, making it very quiet. It has an endurance of approximately 20 minutes. It is capable of flying in winds up to 50 km/h and designed for all-weather operation, with an industrial temperature range. It has a payload capability of approximately 250 grams. It has been designed for both military and civilian use, with specific focus to remain dual-use compliant.
Aeryon Labs "SkyRanger"
The Aeryon SkyRanger builds on the capabilities of the Aeryon Scout and is a man-packable quadcopter UAV designed for aerial reconnaissance by users with minimal training. About 1 kg heavier than the Aeryon Scout at 2.5 kg, the Aeryon SkyRanger shares the map-based control interface. The SkyRanger is capable of longer duration flight, and can fly up to 50 minutes with a dual EO/IR payload. The SkyRanger has a higher bitrate, IP-based network and is capable of streaming HD video from over 5 km, with multicasting capabilities. The vehicle is all-weather capable, with an industrial temperature range and has a top speed of 65 km/h. It is able to withstand windgusts up to 90 km/h. The Aeryon SkyRanger has a folding design that makes it quickly deployable.
Applied Aeronautics "Albatross UAV"
The Albatross looks a bit like the military RQ-7 Shadow drone but can be purchased for less than US$2,000. Several options are available. In 2018, the Albatross UAV was shown at the signing of a partnership between Boeing's Insitu and the Queensland Government. It has since been used extensively in Australia.
Aurora Flight Sciences Skate SUAS
The Skate SUAS is a man portable unmanned system designed for the tactical user (military, police etc.) but also useful for other applications where portability and operation from constrained environments are critical. It is a 2.2 lb (1 kg) airframe coupled with a custom portable GCS. It has user swappable payloads and can be equipped with a variety of EO, IR and/or thermal imagers. Flight endurance is around 1hr.
The Skate SUAS was put into service with Army and Air Force units in Afghanistan in March 2013.
China "CATIC"
CATIC of China is working on their own hand-launched man-portable UAV, the "ASN-15", with an endurance of an hour and a payload of 6.5 kilograms (14 pounds).
EADS "Tracker"
European EADS organization is developing a small UAV named the Tracker, which features a wide-span wing, twin booms for payload and so on, and a central pod with tractor and puller propellers. It has a weight of 7.5 kilograms (17 pounds), a span of 1.4 meters (4 feet 7 inches), and an endurance of an hour.
Elbit "Skylark I" and "Seagull"
Main article: Elbit Skylark
In the spring of 2003 Elbit of Israel introduced two electrically powered man-portable UAVs, the Skylark and the Seagull. Both of these UAVs have a launch weight of about 5.5 kilograms (12 pounds), a speed of from 35 to 70 km/h (20 to 40 knots), and can carry either a color daylight imager or an infrared imager. The Skylark I is of conventional configuration, resembling nothing so much as a large kid's rubber-band airplane with a pod under the fuselage. It has an endurance of 1.5 hours.
The Seagull is much less conventional, in the form of a boomerang-shaped flying wing with wingtip fins and a pusher propeller. Size, performance, and payload details of the Seagull are similar to those of the Skylark, but the endurance is stretched to six hours.
EMT "Aladin"
Main article: EMT Aladin
EMT Aladin
German manufacturer EMT has produced the Aladin Mini-UAV for German forces. It has a range of more than 15 km and an endurance of 30–60 minutes.
IAI Malat "BirdEye"s and "Mosquito"
IAI Malat has also introduced their own small UAV line, designated BirdEye, which includes the 5 kilograms (11 pounds) BirdEye 500 and the 500 grams (1.1 pounds) BirdEye 100. Sources also mention a Malat micro-UAV, the Mosquito, though this may be the same as the BirdEye 100. Malat has been promoting the BirdEye 500 for both military and civilian uses, with civilian uses including urban security, crime-fighting, and traffic observation.
Lehmann Aviation drones
Lehmann Aviation LM450 UAS
Lehmann Aviation Ltd, the French manufacturer, has developed man-portable (92 cm wingspan) lightweight (1,25 kg) line of UAVs: LP960 (2007), LV580 (2009), LM450 (2010) – with a common Ground Control System. All the UAVs are designed for civil applications (civil reconnaissance, civil security, mapping, survey and monitoring, digital elevation model, photography in general etc.) and can make still aerial images and full HD or real-time videos.
Lehmann Aviation drones are launched by hand and land independently on the ground. The systems use electric engine and a pushing propeller on the back part of the aircraft. The wing is made of expanded polypropylene. The UAS have an advanced navigation system and an autopilot which enable the aircraft to fly with the range of 5 km and a flight endurance from 30 to 45 minutes.
Lehmann Aviation UAVs were designed to fly with up to 45 km/h wind (25 kn), in different climate conditions (humidity, dry air), with the temperature range from −25 °C to +60 °C.
Lehmann Aviation LP960 is a UAV for professional use launched in 2007. LP960 was designed for orthomosaics (Digital Elevation Model) and HD vertical images for the needs of public and private sectors (mostly construction and geodesy companies as well as scientific organisations). Lehmann Aviation LV580 is UAV done for professional use. It was launched in 2009 for live day and night aerial survey. Lehmann Aviation LM450 is a UAV for professional use launched in 2010. It was designed to take oblique still images and HD videos.
In 2012 Lehmann Aviation launched L-A series of fully automatic micro civil UAVs: The LA100, LA200 and LA300. The work with Windows 8 touchscreen tablet which enables user to set up flight parameters and prepare the mission.
All Lehmann Aviation drones are compatible with Lehmann Aviation OperationCenter v2.00 working under Windows 8 operating system.
Lockheed Martin "Desert Hawk"
Main article: Lockheed Martin Desert Hawk
US forces are also using another mini-UAV in Iraq, the Lockheed Martin Desert Hawk. It weighs 3.2 kilograms (7.1 pounds), has a wingspan of 1.32 meters (52 in) and a length of 86.4 centimeters (34.0 in). It is made mostly of plastic foam, suggesting something like a Nerf toy, and uses an electric motor driving a pusher propeller as a powerplant, making it very quiet. It is launched with a bungee cord, carries three small CCD cameras, has an endurance of about an hour. It flies mostly under autonomous control, with the "pilot" keeping track of what's going on with a laptop computer.
The Desert Hawk was designed by Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works for the Air Force FPASS (Force Protection Airborne Surveillance System) Program on a quick-reaction contract issued late in the winter of 2002, with the first system delivered in the early summer. It was designed quickly because it leveraged heavily off of technology and design studies developed for the MicroStar MAVs.
However, in 2007, the US Air Force FPASS office switched all of their UAV systems over to the RQ-11 Raven B. Desert Hawk did make the short-list for the recent Netherlands Army Mini-UAV program, but ultimately lost to the RQ-11B Raven B. The only military forces still using Desert Hawk are the UK Army.
Honeywell RQ-16 T-Hawk
Main article: Honeywell RQ-16 T-Hawk
Honeywell RQ-16A T-Hawk.
The Honeywell RQ-16 T-Hawk (for "Tarantula hawk", a wasp species) is a ducted fan VTOL miniature UAV. Developed by Honeywell, it is suitable for backpack deployment and single-person operation.
MAVinci "SIRIUS UAS"
The SIRIUS UAS is a completely autonomous small airplane with a wingspan of two meters. The UAV combined with the image post processing software enables one to simply obtain aerial images and calculate orthofotos and three dimensional elevation models out of the image data. The flight planning is done automatically after selecting the aerial image area. The flightplan can be altered before and during the flight. No catapult or launching device is necessary because the UAV is hand-launched. During the flight aerial images are recorded automatically. Manual control during the flight in case of emergencies is possible with assisted flight mode supported by the autopilot. In this mode landing is also possible on very small areas. Autonomous landing is also available.
NRL "Dragon Eye", "Swallow" and "Finder"
Main article: Dragon Eye
The US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has developed a man-portable UAV of roughly the same size as the AeroVironment Raven, named the RQ-14 Dragon Eye (no relationship to the BAI Aerosystems Dragon). The Dragon Eye is a tailless design with a rectangular wing and twin props. It is designed to fit into a backpack, with a weight of 2.25 kilograms (5.0 pounds) and a span of 1.14 meters (3 feet 9 inches). It can be launched by hand or bungee slingshot and has a GPS-INS-based waypoint navigation system.
One of the features is that the operator monitors Dragon Eye operation through "video goggles" connected to a laptop computer. The control system weighs about 5.4 kilograms (12 pounds). The Dragon Eye's endurance is an hour. The production contract for Dragon Eye was awarded to AeroVironment in 2003, and over 1000 aircraft were built before the Marines switched over to the RQ-11B Raven B for the remainder of the Dragon Eye production contract.
The NRL has also built at least two other small UAVs. The Swallow is of more conventional configuration than the Dragon Eye, roughly comparable to the AeroVironment Pointer, with long sailplane wings and a tail-mounted propeller. Details are unclear, but it has been used in NRL experiments to develop anti-sniper sensors for base security applications.
The Finder (Flight Inserted Detector Expandable for Reconnaissance), with a weight of 26 kilograms (57 pounds), can carry a small imager, or an atmospheric sampling sensor to check for radiological / chemical / biological contaminants, and other sensor payloads are being considered. Other details of the Finder are unclear.
The Finder has been evaluated as a payload for the Predator UAV, with one Finder carried under each wing, acting as a parasite UAV like the Raytheon SilentEyes. Initial flight tests of the Finder with the Predator were performed in the summer of 2002.
Rafael "SkyLite"
Rafael of Israel has built a man-portable UAV also named the SkyLite, which is fired out of a tube like an antitank missile, and has an endurance of about an hour. It can be launched from a vehicle mount or shoulder-launched by a soldier. Skylite B is the newest version, and is rail-launched. In October 2008, Rafael announced that a SkyLite B had achieved an altitude of 70,000 feet (21,000 m).
The SkyLite has a certain general resemblance to the Raytheon SilentEyes, being a tube a 110 centimeters (3 feet 7 inches) long with a glass sensor nose; a pusher propeller powered by an electric motor; pop-out straight wings with a span of 150 centimeters (4 feet 11 inches); and a cruciform pop-out tail. It has a launch weight of 6 kilograms (13 pounds). It was originally named "Skylark" but Rafael decided to change the name to avoid confusion with the Elbit Skylark.
Russian UAV ZALA 421-08 and ZALA 421-12
ZALA 421-08 developed by A-Level Aerosystems, Izhevsk, Russia is a flying wing UAV featuring a weight of 1.7 kg and a wing span of mere 0.8 m. The payload consists of color forward-looking and side-looking cameras. The plug-in cameras module can be easily replaced with the infrared camera. Its range is 15 km, maximum flight duration is 90 minutes. ZALA 421-08 is powered by an electric motor. The UAV is launched by hand and landed on a 30×100m ground using parachute. Small sizes make it indispensable in urban areas and busy air spaces. Being operated by all power ministries of Russia, ZALA 421-08 has proved itself as an extremely useful surveillance tool when capturing the terrorists and smugglers.
ZALA 421-12 is a flying wing UAV specially designed by A-Level Aerosystems, Izhevsk, Russia for Federal Security Service. It features a weight of approximately 4 kg and a wingspan of 1.6 m. The UAV carries EO equipment weighing up to 1 kg which may include gyro-stabilized down-looking video camera, 10 MPix photo camera or infrared camera. The UAV is powered by electric motor driving a small propeller in the nose, with rechargeable batteries permitting an hour of continuous flight at the range of 40 km. Its takeoff and landing is performed in fully automatic mode. The range of application is rather wide, including monitoring of emergencies and natural disasters, remote monitoring of fuel and energy complex, patrolling of land and sea borders, industrial and environmental monitoring, and protection of security-critical facilities.
ShadowView "Shadow Ranger" and "Eco Ranger"
ShadowView Eco Ranger
ShadowView a United Kingdom UAS services provider founded in 2012, has designed and built an all new range of man-portable UAVs which are called Shadow Ranger and Eco Ranger. These small UAV can hand or rail launch depending upon payload weight. Systems have fully autonomous flight with automatic take off and landing option. Both the Shadow Ranger and slightly larger Eco Ranger have electric motors, gyro stabilized daytime and thermal video cameras (with retractable gimbal option), kevlar and composite structures and 60–120 minutes endurance (longer endurance is available for Eco Ranger with optional gas powered engines). In 2014 The Ranger systems will be deployed in South Africa, Malawi, Namibia, Australia, Thailand, India and Europe on a variety of humanitarian, anti poaching, precision agriculture and security operations.
Turkish "Malazgirt Mini UAV"
Malazgirt UAV
The Malazgirt Mini UAV is a Miniature UAV produced by Turkish company Baykar.
UAVER "Avian UAS"
Avian UAS is a complete unmanned aircraft system customized for various kind of missions depending on the installed payloads, such as real time surveillance, reconnaissance, aerial mapping, aerial photography and et cetera. Avian UAV has a wingspan of 1.6m and MTOW of 3.45 kg. Avian UAS has been very successful in monitoring the disaster in Taiwan and Thailand. Avian UAS is very user friendly and is designed to allow operator to operate with minimal training. It can be operated in complete autonomous mode, or simply using the gamepad to control the heading of the Avian UAV.
YellowPlane "Voyager" and "Manta"
High wing electric powered, 1.4m wingspan the Voyager is a conventional pusher airframe with a maximum AUW of 3.5 kg with a wide CG range useful for different payload configurations. The Manta, 1.2m wingspan flying wing is used for vertical NVIR imaging.
Trigger Composites Pteryx UAV
Pteryx UAV for civilian photomapping
In 2010, the company introduced a novel UAV that can fly diverse pre-programmed missions using only the simplest mission selector and a single takeoff button. The UAV features automatic takeoff and parachute landing, allowing reduction of workload and reducing configuration mistakes, identified as a major hazard in day-to-day civilian photomapping operations. No groundstation nor laptop is required as missions are defined relative to takeoff position. Despite featuring parachute, a sturdy fuselage, under 5 kg TOW and up to 1 kg payload, the UAV can fly one-hour missions (two hours with reduced payload).
Gun-launched and parasite UAVs
MIT "WASP"
Original WASP flyer and projectile
The US Army has been interested in developing MAVs that could be deployed as munitions, fired from artillery or unguided rocket launcher pods. A research team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has developed a prototype artillery-launched UAV. The UAV, named the Wide Area Surveillance Projectile (WASP), no relation to the AeroVironment Wasp, is fired out of a 127 millimeters (5.0 in) naval gun.
CAD representation of the WASP II Flyer
The MIT group modified a standard illumination flare round to serve as the external case. After firing, the shell popped out six fins to keep it from tumbling. Once the shell was 20 kilometers (12 mi) downrange, a parachute popped out of the tail to extract the drone. The parachute slowed the drone, which then unfolded into flight configuration. The WASP had a folding vee tail, a folding two-blade propeller up front, and two straight folding wings. The wings were folded into six sections and unfolded into a total span of 94.5 centimeters (3.10 feet). Once unfolded, the right wing was higher on the fuselage than the left, a result of the packaging scheme.
The WASP drone had a flight endurance of fifteen minutes, including ten minutes of powered flight and five minutes of glide. It had a tiny camera in its lower fuselage, and relayed both imagery and its own current GPS coordinates back to the warship or artillery battery that fired it. At least two WASP prototypes were built and tested. After initial announcements of the effort, the whole thing went quiet, but it remains a possibility.
"Wing-store UAV" and Raytheon "SilentEyes"
The Army had also worked on a UAV that could be launched out of a 70 millimeters (2.8 in) unguided rocket pod mounted on a helicopter and could also be carried by larger UAVs. This wing-store UAV was 1.8 meters (5.9 feet) long, and was fired out of the launch tube with a solid-rocket booster. It then deployed wings, tail, and propeller, and cruised for up to two hours on electric power at a speed of 185 km/h (100 knots). It could carry a small daylight or infrared camera.
Details of the wing-store UAV are unclear, but it may have had some resemblance to the Raytheon SilentEyes UAV. SilentEyes looked like a simple metal cylinder with a rounded cap, straight folding wings mounted in the middle of the UAV and with a noticeable dihedral, and a folding inverted-vee tail. The UAV was 46 centimeters (18 in) long and less than 7 centimeters (2.8 in) in diameter.
Raytheon called SilentEyes a "parasite" UAV, as it would be dispensed from a larger UAV such as a Predator; a gliding submunitions dispenser; or a cruise missile. The baseline version of the SilentEyes would be strictly a glider, but its glide ratio of 11:1 would allow it to stay in the air for a half-hour if released from typical Predator operational altitudes. It would be used for close-up examination of targets spotted by SAR to ensure that they are valid targets, or for post-strike target damage assessment.
The little UAV could carry a gimbaled infrared or color TV camera, with the video compressed for transmission by a UHF communications link over line-of-sight ranges. It could also carry a jammer payload, or a small warhead. Since multiple SilentEyes would be deployed at the same time, each could be assigned a different code or "telephone number" to minimize confusion in communications.
Raytheon was aiming for a target price of about US$5,000 to $10,000. The company was considering a powered version of SilentEyes with a microjet engine, as well as "stretched" versions of the UAV. The SilentEyes has been cancelled.
Italian "MALP"
Galileo Avionica of Italy is currently working on their own "parasite" UAV, called simply the Miniature Air Launched Payload (MALP), to be carried on a Falco or similar UAV. The MALP has large cruciform tailfins, small cruciform nosefins, and "switchblade" wings stowed back along the fuselage that pop out straight when the UAV is released. It is intended to carry imaging or other sensors to probe dangerous targets.
Experimental and technology demonstrators
MAVs and mesicopters
The notion that small, even very small, UAVs might have practical uses arose in the early 1990s. In 1992, DARPA conducted a workshop titled "Future Technology-Driven Revolutions In Military Operations". One of the topics in the workshop was "mobile microrobots". The idea of using very small "microdrones" was discussed, and after initial skepticism the idea started to gain momentum.
The RAND Corporation released a paper on the microdrone concept in 1994 that was widely circulated (Reference 12). DARPA conducted a series of "paper studies" and workshops on the concept in 1995 and 1996, leading to early engineering studies by the Lincoln Laboratories at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and the US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in Washington, D.C.c
The studies demonstrated that the concept was feasible. In 1997, DARPA then began a multi-year, US$35 million development program to develop "micro air vehicles (MAVs)". The MAV project's goals was to develop a microdrone whose largest dimension was no more than 15 centimeters (5.9 in); would carry a day-night imager; have an endurance of about two hours; and be very low cost. It would operate with a high degree of autonomy to be used in the squad-level combat environment. MAVs capable of hovering and vertical flight would be used to scout out buildings for urban combat and counter terrorist operations. A MAV could be included in a pilot's survival kit. A downed pilot could use it to keep track of enemy search parties, or as airborne radio relays to search and rescue units. MAVs are a class of man-portable miniature UAVs whose size enables them to be used in low altitude, close-in support operations.
Phase-two MAVs
This phase-one DARPA study ended in 2001, and was followed by a phase-two study that focused on particular vendors with an intent to develop MAVs closer to operational specification. A number of different MAVs were developed as part of these DARPA efforts:
Lockheed Sanders "Microstar"
The Lockheed Sanders MicroSTAR series of prototypes. The battery-operated MicroSTAR designs resembled kid's toys. An initial design had a fat teardrop body with stubby cropped-delta wings running along most of the body, along with a single vertical tailplane and a pusher propeller. A later version had winglets instead of the single vertical tailplane, and a nose mounted propeller. The MicroSTAR featured a five-gram navigation system that could be given directions by the ground station, but could also automatically keep on a heading or orbit a target.
CIT, AeroVironment and UCLA "MicroBat" ornithopter
The MicroBat ornithopter from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), working with AeroVironment and the University of California, Los Angeles. The ornithopter design concept followed experiments conducted in the mid-1990s by Charles Ellington, a zoologist at the University of Cambridge, and his colleagues, in which mechanical analogues of insect wings were tested in a wind tunnel. The group was only interested in studying the biomechanics of insects and was extremely surprised that somebody seemed interested in them. The Caltech / AeroVironment MicroBat ornithopter was test-flown for short distances under battery power. Researchers performing flight tests with the MicroBat said it tended to attract small birds when it ran low on power and fell to the ground. The birds clustered near the floundering ornithopter in what seemed to be a desire to help.
Other research groups also worked on ornithopters. A Georgia Tech Research Institute group built a rubber-band powered entomopter and also did research on a chemically powered Reciprocating Chemical Muscle propulsion system.
Lutronix Corporation "Kolibri" micro-helicopter
The Kolibri micro-helicopter built by Lutronix Corporation of Del Mar, California. The Kolibri (German for "Hummingbird") was larger than the other DARPA MAV prototypes, with a weight of about 300 grams. The Kolibri was built as a cylinder with rotors at one or both ends, using vanes moved through the rotor airflow by piezoelectric actuators for flight control. It was powered by electric motors or a tiny, highly efficient multi-fuel engine developed by a company named D-STAR.
Micro Craft "SLADF" ducted fan micro-helicopter
The Small Lift Augmented Ducted Fan (SLADF) ducted-fan micro-helicopter, built by Micro Craft of San Diego, California, and Ontario, Canada. The SLADF was a ducted fan helicopter with a diameter of about 15 centimeters (5.9 in) and a weight of 1.8 kilograms (4.0 pounds), with payload. The SLADF did not appear to use a contra-rotating rotor design, using a single rotor with aerodynamic deflection surfaces inside the duct to cancel torque. First flight test of the SLADF was in late 2000. The SLADF could be fitted with an optional wing to provide useful lift to increase loiter time, and also provided additional fuel storage.
AeroVironment "Black Widow" flying-wing
The AeroVironment Black Widow MAV. Developed by a team led by Matt Keenon, the Black Widow was powered by electric motor driving a small propeller in the nose, with a lithium battery permitting about 20 minutes of flight. It carried an off-the-shelf camera chip giving it a color video resolution of 510 by 492 pixels. While the first Black Widow prototype was a flat disk with a single vertical stabilizer and a propeller in the front, it was followed by an improved Black Widow that looked a little like a thin portable CD player with tapered edges and cut-off corners; a propeller in front; and three fins on the back. It did not have autonomous navigation capabilities, and was controlled essentially like a hobbyist's RC airplane.
Subsystems design
Along with the flight prototypes, the DARPA effort considered subsystems design. A useful operational MAV would need a lightweight, highly efficient engine with a power source with high energy density. Electric motors were becoming available that met the requirement, but power sources were more troublesome. Lithium batteries were marginal. New compact fuel cells were in development but weren't expected to be available for several years.
One particularly intriguing option for both propulsion and power was a button-sized silicon microturbine ("jet") engine developed by Al Epstein at MIT during the 1990s. Silicon was actually a good structural material at such scales, though increasing operating temperature would have dictated use of silicon carbide.
A production device was envisioned as a centrifugal-flow engine about two centimeters across burning natural gas, with a single turbine disk for compression and a single disk for exhaust rotation. The design didn't look much like a conventional turbojet, resembling more a tiny flat cylindrical box with an inlet hole on one side and an exhaust hole on the other. It was expected to have a thrust-to-weight ratio of about 100—incredible compared to any "macroscale" engine but a logical consequence of scaling the technology down in size—and run at about 1.2 million RPM, making bearings a tricky issue. Since it could "spool up" in about a millisecond, it was envisioned as operating in a pulsed mode to conserve fuel and also provide a throttling scheme. A functioning gas turbine was never successfully implemented at this scale after years of development.
Other tricky issues were control systems, since an MAV couldn't be flown like a model airplane and would have to be able to tolerate turbulence and wind gusts, and miniaturizing navigation, communications, and sensor systems, as well as ensuring that they didn't interfere with each other. DARPA specified that the payload would be no more than 15 grams.
Stanford "Mesicopter"
As extreme as MAV specifications were, a team under Ilan Kroo at Stanford University worked on an even more extreme design in the form of a centimeter-wide four-rotor mesicopter using microcircuit fabrication techniques. The work was funded by NASA. Design of such a small aircraft was constrained by the fact that at such scales, the air becomes a highly viscous medium, or in aerodynamic terms a mesicopter had a low Reynolds number. Basic aerodynamics of the mesicopter were defined by a cycle of computer simulation, followed by tests of model components. The research led to mesicopter rotor designs where the rotor looked much more like the blades of an ordinary room fan than the rotor of a conventional helicopter. Propeller designs did not achieve desired efficiency and the Mesicopter was never able to lift the weight of its own energy source.
MAVs rethought
The DARPA MAV effort ended in 2000 and the results of the effort were somewhat negative, demonstrating that a 15 centimeter UAV was simply too small to be useful or even workable, at least over the short run. However, though the size was unrealistic, the basic concept seemed valid even if a larger machine were needed.
DARPA did begin a follow-on effort in the spring of 2002, working with the US Army on a larger ducted fan vehicle as a follow-on to SLADF under the "Organic Air Vehicle (OAV)" program. Allied Aerospace, which had bought out Micro Craft, demonstrated a scaled-up SLADF, while Honeywell performed tests with their own ducted-fan vehicle, named iSTAR. However, neither vehicle seemed particularly promising and the program was cut short.
It was revived as OAV-2 in 2004, with DARPA specifying a diesel-powered ducted-fan vertical-takeoff UAV with a weight of 51 kilograms (112 pounds), including a payload of 10 kilograms; a range of 10 kilometers (6.2 mi); a top speed of 92 km/h (50 knots); the ability to hover in a 37 km/h (20 knots) wind; an endurance of two hours; and a ceiling of 3,350 meters (10,990 feet).
The OAV was to be carried, launched, and recovered on a Humvee, using a crew of two soldiers, who would be able to get it flying in five minutes. Its sensor systems will be able to provide targeting data to within 10 meters (33 feet) to support non-line-of-sight weapons. The UAV would have autonomous flight capabilities with the ability to maneuver in cluttered terrain using an all-weather obstacle-avoidance system, and DARPA wanted it to have the ability to land and conduct observations from its landing site. Other possibilities were use of the UAV for communications relay, SIGINT, countermeasures, or even armed attack. The Army was interested in the program, but its current status is uncertain. It may have disappeared again; and if so it may reappear once more.
Black Widow "Wasp" and "Hornet"
AeroVironment has also worked on follow-ons to its Black Widow, named the Wasp and the Hornet. The Wasp is a flying wing, with the wing in the form of a rectangle with a slightly swept leading edge. It is propeller driven, with the propeller in front. The Wasp's main improvement over the Black Widow is that the lithium-ion battery and wing structures are one and the same, allowing maximum battery capacity relative to MAV size. The Wasp has a wingspan of 33 centimeters (13 in) and a weight of 210 grams (7.4 ounces). Like the Black Widow, the Wasp is radio controlled.
In the spring of 2003, AeroVironment performed the first flight of the Hornet, which is similar to the Wasp but has a straight rectangular wing with a slightly greater span of 38 centimeters (15 in) and, more significantly, is powered by fuel cells. The fuel cells are built into the top of the wing, where they combine oxygen in the ambient air with hydrogen produced internally by the MAV through reaction of a hydride material with water.
The fuel cell system is expected to provide three times the endurance of batteries of comparable weight, though early flights were limited by the tendency of the fuel cells to dry out. DARPA is actually more interested in the battery-powered Wasp, but other interested parties in the US defense establishment, particularly the NRL, are very intrigued by fuel cells, and so DARPA is hedging its bets. Ultimately, AeroVironment engineers want to fit their MAVs with an autopilot and a color video camera.
French "Mirador"
The French have done work along similar lines, with the French defence procurement agency (DGA in its French acronym) sponsoring a flight demonstrator, the Mirador. It was a fixed-wing, propeller-driven aircraft 25 centimeters (9.8 in) long and was powered by miniature fuel cells that gave it an endurance of about 20 minutes. It was built by the French defense aerospace research agency ONERA, working with the Royal Military Academy of Brussels, and is primarily intended to be a testbed for miniature sensor technologies.
The DGA envisions an operational MAV as about 40 centimeters (16 in) long, with a weight of less than 1.5 kilograms (3.3 pounds), an endurance of 15 minutes or more, a ceiling of 100 meters (330 feet) and an operating radius of a kilometer (0.6 mile). For the moment, the concept seems strictly experimental.
Future smaller MAVs
The notion of bird-sized or even insect-sized MAVs has not disappeared, but is seen as a project for a future generation. MAVs have attracted a hobbyist and amateur community, similar to the robot combat competitions sometimes shown on television, and yearly competitive events have been conducted. These home-built MAVs necessarily show ingenuity rather than sophistication, but offer hope for an idea that will catch on.
Research in 2005 included a model utilizing ground effect at NPS, DelFly at TUDelft and Wageningen University, etc. Some also consider using a Reciprocating Chemical Muscle for actuating flapping wing MAVs such as the Entomopter pioneered by Robert C. Michelson of Georgia Tech's nonprofit Research Institute.
See also
Bird flight
Insect flight
Micro air vehicle
Quadcopter
RoboBee
Unmanned aerial vehicle
References
^ "SUAV Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration" Archived 25 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Army Soldier Systems Center"Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration(SUAV ACTD)". 25 February 2012. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012.
^ "2015 FAA SUAS Regulation" (PDF).
^ "SESAR-reviewed SUAS definition". Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
^ "CAA's SUAS definition".
^ "В геодезии всегда есть место инновациям". Точка Опоры (154): 68–69. August 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
^ "L'espoir des petits drones français". Air & Cosmos. No. 2232. 17 September 2010. pp. 23–24. Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
^ "News". Archived from the original on 29 October 2007.
^ "Unmanned Aircraft Systems". AeroVironment. Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
^ "Royal Artillery to take UAV to Afghanistan". 9 June 2006. Archived from the original on 6 August 2009.
^ "http://www.mavinci.eu" Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine MAVinci – Unmanned Aerial Systems
^ Aviation Week & Space Technology Vol. 169 No. 16, 27 October 2008, "High Flight", p. 26
^ "National Post". nationalpost.
^ "ShadowView using UAV for wildlife monitoring, conservation and anti poaching operations in the Greater Kruger National Park".
^ "Malazgirt Mini VTOL | BAYKAR". baykarmakina.com. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
^ "UAVER - Manufacturer of UAV/UAS, Flight Simulator, Agential Products". www.uaver.com.
^ Hallam, Cory R. A. (1997). MIT/DRAPER Technology Development Partnership Program : systems, aerodeceleration, and structural design of a high-G, rapid response, deployable autonomous aerial surveillance vehicle (Thesis thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/50470.
^ "Ancile".
^ "Micro Air Vehicle". ScienceDirect. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
^ "A Reciprocating Chemical Muscle (RCM) for Micro Air Vehicle "Entomopter" Flight". Georgia Tech Research Institute. Archived from the original on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2007.
^ Kevin D. Jones Archived 4 April 2001 at the Wayback Machine
External links
RAND Documented Briefing DB-110-ARPA Richard O. Hundley and E. C. Gritton, Future Technology-Driven Revolutions in Military Operations Results of a Workshop, RAND Documented Briefing DB-110-ARPA (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1994)
This article contains material that originally came from the web article Unmanned Aerial Vehicles by Greg Goebel, which exists in the Public Domain.
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Smallest UAVs are called micro air vehicle.Miniature UAVs range from micro air vehicles (MAVs) that can be carried by an infantryman, to man-portable UAVs that can be carried and launched like an infantry man-portable air-defense system. The term is usually applied to those used for military purposes. Military miniature UAVs are generally used for intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (ISTAR) at short range compared to the larger unmanned surveillance and reconnaissance aerial vehicle used for medium to long range missions.SUAVs have been given various definitions among national regulation authorities, often without including size precisions and differing about weight measurement specifications. Those definitions range from less than 2 kg for Canada to less than 25 kg for the United States.[2] EU's SESAR prospective for the 2020 Air Traffic Management rules also proposed less than 25 kg,[3] while UK's CAA stated less than 20 kg.[4]","title":"Miniature UAV"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There is a great deal of activity in the small UAV field, with a number of systems acquired and used in combat.","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raven_UAV.jpg"},{"link_name":"RQ-11 Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-11_Raven"},{"link_name":"HMMWV(Humvee)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humvee"},{"link_name":"RQ-11 Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-11_Raven"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"AeroVironment \"Pointer\" and \"Raven\"","text":"A soldier assembles a RQ-11 Raven in preparation for launchIn 1999, the US Army bought four AeroVironment Pointer small UAVs for testing in the service's \"Military Operations In Urban Terrain\" and was enthusiastic about the usefulness of the Pointer. It is too large to be conveniently carried by soldiers and is normally hauled around in a HMMWV(Humvee) vehicle or the like, and so the Army asked AeroVironment to develop a smaller version. AeroVironment developed a half-sized control system and a cut-down version of the Pointer called the RQ-11 Raven (no relationship to the Flight Refueling Raven).[citation needed]The Raven has an endurance of 90 minutes on rechargeable batteries. It can be carried by a single soldier along with other standard battle gear. Following the Afghanistan campaign in 2001–2002, the US SOCOM ordered 80 Ravens, which was more than the total number of Pointers that had been sold to that time. The US Army also placed orders for up to 105 Ravens in the late summer of 2003 after the US occupation of Iraq led to persistent insurgent attacks on US forces. Since then, the RQ-11B Raven B has become the official standard SUAS (Small Unmanned Aircraft System) for USSOCOM, US Army, US Marines, and several countries. As of early 2008, over 8000 Raven airframes have been shipped to customers worldwide. Ravens have been operational in combat in Afghanistan, Iraq, and other undisclosed locations.[citation needed]Encouraged by such successes, AeroVironment is also working on a newer version of the Pointer, named the \"Puma\", with greater endurance and payload. In addition, they have disclosed that they are in late development of a small lethal UAV.[citation needed]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portatif_YK%C4%B0_Sistemi.png"}],"sub_title":"Baykar Bayraktar Mini UAV","text":"Portable flight terminal of Baykar Bayraktar Mini UAVBayraktar Bayraktar Mini UAV is a hand-launched, portable UAV system, designed to operate under harsh geographic and meteorological conditions.","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interspect_UAS_B_3.1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Interspect UAS B 3.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interspect_UAS_B_3.1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Interspect UAS B 3.1 \"Flying Lab\"","text":"Interspect UAS B 3.1 Flying LaboratoryThe Interspect UAS B 3.1 is a remote sensing platform for 3D photogrammetric purposes. \nThe Interspect UAS B 1.1 octocopter first flew on 10 April 2011. The prototype had one DSLR camera and limited capability. The third variant able to fly 12 min with 3 kg loading. Interspect UAS B 3.1 have a removable 3D photogrammetry camera with humidity meter and other instruments. The octocopter's diameter is 1165 mm.[citation needed]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeryon_Scout_In_Flight.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aeryon Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeryon_Scout"},{"link_name":"quadcopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadcopter"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Aeryon Labs \"Scout\"","text":"Aeryon Scout micro VTOL UAVThe Aeryon Scout is a man-packable quadcopter UAV designed for aerial reconnaissance by users with minimal training. Weighing just 1.3 kg, it features onboard intelligence, all-digital communications and a map-based touch-screen control which enables new users to operate the vehicles with only minutes of training. This map-based control allows the system to be easily controlled beyond line-of-sight and at night, a unique feature of this system. Its unique modular design allows for quick-connect payloads of different types and its arms and legs are changeable in the field, with no tools. This allows the user to repair damages easily and return to operation quickly. The Scout is approximately 0.8 m from propeller tip to tip and operates using four brushless DC motors, making it very quiet. It has an endurance of approximately 20 minutes. It is capable of flying in winds up to 50 km/h and designed for all-weather operation, with an industrial temperature range. It has a payload capability of approximately 250 grams. It has been designed for both military and civilian use, with specific focus to remain dual-use compliant.[citation needed]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aeryon SkyRanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeryon_SkyRanger"},{"link_name":"Aeryon Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeryon_Scout"},{"link_name":"quadcopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadcopter"},{"link_name":"Aeryon Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeryon_Scout"},{"link_name":"Aeryon SkyRanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeryon_SkyRanger"},{"link_name":"Aeryon SkyRanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeryon_SkyRanger"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Aeryon Labs \"SkyRanger\"","text":"The Aeryon SkyRanger builds on the capabilities of the Aeryon Scout and is a man-packable quadcopter UAV designed for aerial reconnaissance by users with minimal training. About 1 kg heavier than the Aeryon Scout at 2.5 kg, the Aeryon SkyRanger shares the map-based control interface. The SkyRanger is capable of longer duration flight, and can fly up to 50 minutes with a dual EO/IR payload. The SkyRanger has a higher bitrate, IP-based network and is capable of streaming HD video from over 5 km, with multicasting capabilities. The vehicle is all-weather capable, with an industrial temperature range and has a top speed of 65 km/h. It is able to withstand windgusts up to 90 km/h. The Aeryon SkyRanger has a folding design that makes it quickly deployable.[citation needed]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albatross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Aeronautics"},{"link_name":"RQ-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAI_RQ-7_Shadow"},{"link_name":"Boeing's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"Insitu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insitu"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Applied Aeronautics \"Albatross UAV\"","text":"The Albatross looks a bit like the military RQ-7 Shadow drone but can be purchased for less than US$2,000. Several options are available. In 2018, the Albatross UAV was shown at the signing of a partnership between Boeing's Insitu and the Queensland Government. It has since been used extensively in Australia.[citation needed]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Aurora Flight Sciences Skate SUAS","text":"The Skate SUAS is a man portable unmanned system designed for the tactical user (military, police etc.) but also useful for other applications where portability and operation from constrained environments are critical. It is a 2.2 lb (1 kg) airframe coupled with a custom portable GCS. It has user swappable payloads and can be equipped with a variety of EO, IR and/or thermal imagers. Flight endurance is around 1hr.[citation needed]The Skate SUAS was put into service with Army and Air Force units in Afghanistan in March 2013.[citation needed]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"China \"CATIC\"","text":"CATIC of China is working on their own hand-launched man-portable UAV, the \"ASN-15\", with an endurance of an hour and a payload of 6.5 kilograms (14 pounds).","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EADS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EADS"},{"link_name":"twin booms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_boom"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"EADS \"Tracker\"","text":"European EADS organization is developing a small UAV named the Tracker, which features a wide-span wing, twin booms for payload and so on, and a central pod with tractor and puller propellers. It has a weight of 7.5 kilograms (17 pounds), a span of 1.4 meters (4 feet 7 inches), and an endurance of an hour.[citation needed]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbit_Systems"},{"link_name":"Skylark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbit_Skylark"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"boomerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Elbit \"Skylark I\" and \"Seagull\"","text":"In the spring of 2003 Elbit of Israel introduced two electrically powered man-portable UAVs, the Skylark and the Seagull. Both of these UAVs have a launch weight of about 5.5 kilograms (12 pounds), a speed of from 35 to 70 km/h (20 to 40 knots), and can carry either a color daylight imager or an infrared imager. The Skylark I is of conventional configuration, resembling nothing so much as a large kid's rubber-band airplane with a pod under the fuselage. It has an endurance of 1.5 hours.[citation needed]The Seagull is much less conventional, in the form of a boomerang-shaped flying wing with wingtip fins and a pusher propeller. Size, performance, and payload details of the Seagull are similar to those of the Skylark, but the endurance is stretched to six hours.[citation needed]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knowing_what%27s_out_there,_German_recon_flies_the_unfriendly_skies_150610-A-FJ979-002.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"EMT \"Aladin\"","text":"EMT AladinGerman manufacturer EMT has produced the Aladin Mini-UAV for German forces. It has a range of more than 15 km and an endurance of 30–60 minutes.[citation needed]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Aircraft_Industries"},{"link_name":"BirdEye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAI_Bird-Eye"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"IAI Malat \"BirdEye\"s and \"Mosquito\"","text":"IAI Malat has also introduced their own small UAV line, designated BirdEye, which includes the 5 kilograms (11 pounds) BirdEye 500 and the 500 grams (1.1 pounds) BirdEye 100. Sources also mention a Malat micro-UAV, the Mosquito, though this may be the same as the BirdEye 100. Malat has been promoting the BirdEye 500 for both military and civilian uses, with civilian uses including urban security, crime-fighting, and traffic observation.[citation needed]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lehmann_Aviation_LM450.png"},{"link_name":"UAVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAV"},{"link_name":"LP960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmann_Aviation_LP960"},{"link_name":"LV580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmann_Aviation_LV580"},{"link_name":"LM450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmann_Aviation_LM450"},{"link_name":"UAVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAV"},{"link_name":"digital elevation model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_elevation_model"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Innovations_in_Geodesy-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lehmann Aviation drones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmann_Aviation_drones"},{"link_name":"expanded polypropylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylene#Applications"},{"link_name":"autopilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopilot"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"UAVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAV"},{"link_name":"kn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lehmann Aviation LP960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmann_Aviation_LP960"},{"link_name":"UAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAV"},{"link_name":"LP960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmann_Aviation_LP960"},{"link_name":"Digital Elevation Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_elevation_model"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector"},{"link_name":"private sectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_sector"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petits_drones_fran%C3%A7ais-6"},{"link_name":"Lehmann Aviation LV580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmann_Aviation_LV580"},{"link_name":"UAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAV"},{"link_name":"Lehmann Aviation LM450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmann_Aviation_LM450"},{"link_name":"UAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAV"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"L-A series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lehmannaviation.com/la/la100.php"},{"link_name":"UAVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAV"},{"link_name":"LA100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmann_Aviation_LA100"},{"link_name":"LA200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmann_Aviation_LA200"},{"link_name":"LA300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LA300&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Windows 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"OperationCenter v2.00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lehmannaviation.com/opscenter.php"},{"link_name":"Windows 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Lehmann Aviation drones","text":"Lehmann Aviation LM450 UASLehmann Aviation Ltd, the French manufacturer, has developed man-portable (92 cm wingspan) lightweight (1,25 kg) line of UAVs: LP960 (2007), LV580 (2009), LM450 (2010) – with a common Ground Control System. All the UAVs are designed for civil applications (civil reconnaissance, civil security, mapping, survey and monitoring, digital elevation model, photography in general etc.)[5] and can make still aerial images and full HD or real-time videos.[citation needed]Lehmann Aviation drones are launched by hand and land independently on the ground. The systems use electric engine and a pushing propeller on the back part of the aircraft. The wing is made of expanded polypropylene. The UAS have an advanced navigation system and an autopilot which enable the aircraft to fly with the range of 5 km and a flight endurance from 30 to 45 minutes.[citation needed]Lehmann Aviation UAVs were designed to fly with up to 45 km/h wind (25 kn), in different climate conditions (humidity, dry air), with the temperature range from −25 °C to +60 °C.[citation needed]Lehmann Aviation LP960 is a UAV for professional use launched in 2007. LP960 was designed for orthomosaics (Digital Elevation Model) and HD vertical images for the needs of public and private sectors (mostly construction and geodesy companies as well as scientific organisations[6]). Lehmann Aviation LV580 is UAV done for professional use. It was launched in 2009 for live day and night aerial survey. Lehmann Aviation LM450 is a UAV for professional use launched in 2010. It was designed to take oblique still images and HD videos.[citation needed]In 2012 Lehmann Aviation launched L-A series of fully automatic micro civil UAVs: The LA100, LA200 and LA300. The work with Windows 8 touchscreen tablet which enables user to set up flight parameters and prepare the mission.[citation needed]All Lehmann Aviation drones are compatible with Lehmann Aviation OperationCenter v2.00 working under Windows 8 operating system.[citation needed]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"Desert Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Desert_Hawk"},{"link_name":"CCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"Skunk Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk_Works"},{"link_name":"Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Force Protection Airborne Surveillance System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_Protection_Airborne_Surveillance_System"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"RQ-11 Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-11_Raven"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Lockheed Martin \"Desert Hawk\"","text":"US forces are also using another mini-UAV in Iraq, the Lockheed Martin Desert Hawk. It weighs 3.2 kilograms (7.1 pounds), has a wingspan of 1.32 meters (52 in) and a length of 86.4 centimeters (34.0 in). It is made mostly of plastic foam, suggesting something like a Nerf toy, and uses an electric motor driving a pusher propeller as a powerplant, making it very quiet. It is launched with a bungee cord, carries three small CCD cameras, has an endurance of about an hour. It flies mostly under autonomous control, with the \"pilot\" keeping track of what's going on with a laptop computer.[citation needed]The Desert Hawk was designed by Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works for the Air Force FPASS (Force Protection Airborne Surveillance System) Program on a quick-reaction contract issued late in the winter of 2002, with the first system delivered in the early summer. It was designed quickly because it leveraged heavily off of technology and design studies developed for the MicroStar MAVs.[citation needed]However, in 2007, the US Air Force FPASS office switched all of their UAV systems over to the RQ-11 Raven B.[7] Desert Hawk did make the short-list for the recent Netherlands Army Mini-UAV program, but ultimately lost to the RQ-11B Raven B.[8] The only military forces still using Desert Hawk are the UK Army.[9]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MicroAirVehicle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Honeywell RQ-16A T-Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell_RQ-16A_T-Hawk"},{"link_name":"Tarantula hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarantula_hawk"},{"link_name":"ducted fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducted_fan"},{"link_name":"VTOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTOL"},{"link_name":"Honeywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell"}],"sub_title":"Honeywell RQ-16 T-Hawk","text":"Honeywell RQ-16A T-Hawk.The Honeywell RQ-16 T-Hawk (for \"Tarantula hawk\", a wasp species) is a ducted fan VTOL miniature UAV. Developed by Honeywell, it is suitable for backpack deployment and single-person operation.","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"MAVinci \"SIRIUS UAS\"","text":"The SIRIUS UAS is a completely autonomous small airplane with a wingspan of two meters.[10] The UAV combined with the image post processing software enables one to simply obtain aerial images and calculate orthofotos and three dimensional elevation models out of the image data. The flight planning is done automatically after selecting the aerial image area. The flightplan can be altered before and during the flight. No catapult or launching device is necessary because the UAV is hand-launched. During the flight aerial images are recorded automatically. Manual control during the flight in case of emergencies is possible with assisted flight mode supported by the autopilot. In this mode landing is also possible on very small areas. Autonomous landing is also available.[citation needed]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Naval Research Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Naval_Research_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"RQ-14 Dragon Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-14_Dragon_Eye"},{"link_name":"INS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_guidance_system"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"contaminants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"NRL \"Dragon Eye\", \"Swallow\" and \"Finder\"","text":"The US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has developed a man-portable UAV of roughly the same size as the AeroVironment Raven, named the RQ-14 Dragon Eye (no relationship to the BAI Aerosystems Dragon). The Dragon Eye is a tailless design with a rectangular wing and twin props. It is designed to fit into a backpack, with a weight of 2.25 kilograms (5.0 pounds) and a span of 1.14 meters (3 feet 9 inches). It can be launched by hand or bungee slingshot and has a GPS-INS-based waypoint navigation system.[citation needed]One of the features is that the operator monitors Dragon Eye operation through \"video goggles\" connected to a laptop computer. The control system weighs about 5.4 kilograms (12 pounds). The Dragon Eye's endurance is an hour. The production contract for Dragon Eye was awarded to AeroVironment in 2003, and over 1000 aircraft were built before the Marines switched over to the RQ-11B Raven B for the remainder of the Dragon Eye production contract.[citation needed]The NRL has also built at least two other small UAVs. The Swallow is of more conventional configuration than the Dragon Eye, roughly comparable to the AeroVironment Pointer, with long sailplane wings and a tail-mounted propeller. Details are unclear, but it has been used in NRL experiments to develop anti-sniper sensors for base security applications.[citation needed]The Finder (Flight Inserted Detector Expandable for Reconnaissance), with a weight of 26 kilograms (57 pounds), can carry a small imager, or an atmospheric sampling sensor to check for radiological / chemical / biological contaminants, and other sensor payloads are being considered. Other details of the Finder are unclear.[citation needed]The Finder has been evaluated as a payload for the Predator UAV, with one Finder carried under each wing, acting as a parasite UAV like the Raytheon SilentEyes. Initial flight tests of the Finder with the Predator were performed in the summer of 2002.[citation needed]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rafael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Advanced_Defense_Systems_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"SkyLite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SkyLite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Rafael \"SkyLite\"","text":"Rafael of Israel has built a man-portable UAV also named the SkyLite, which is fired out of a tube like an antitank missile, and has an endurance of about an hour. It can be launched from a vehicle mount or shoulder-launched by a soldier. Skylite B is the newest version, and is rail-launched. In October 2008, Rafael announced that a SkyLite B had achieved an altitude of 70,000 feet (21,000 m).[11]The SkyLite has a certain general resemblance to the Raytheon SilentEyes, being a tube a 110 centimeters (3 feet 7 inches) long with a glass sensor nose; a pusher propeller powered by an electric motor; pop-out straight wings with a span of 150 centimeters (4 feet 11 inches); and a cruciform pop-out tail. It has a launch weight of 6 kilograms (13 pounds). It was originally named \"Skylark\" but Rafael decided to change the name to avoid confusion with the Elbit Skylark.[citation needed]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ZALA 421-08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZALA_421-08"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ZALA 421-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZALA_421-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Russian UAV ZALA 421-08 and ZALA 421-12","text":"ZALA 421-08 developed by A-Level Aerosystems, Izhevsk, Russia is a flying wing UAV featuring a weight of 1.7 kg and a wing span of mere 0.8 m. The payload consists of color forward-looking and side-looking cameras. The plug-in cameras module can be easily replaced with the infrared camera. Its range is 15 km, maximum flight duration is 90 minutes. ZALA 421-08 is powered by an electric motor. The UAV is launched by hand and landed on a 30×100m ground using parachute. Small sizes make it indispensable in urban areas and busy air spaces. Being operated by all power ministries of Russia, ZALA 421-08 has proved itself as an extremely useful surveillance tool when capturing the terrorists and smugglers.[citation needed]ZALA 421-12 is a flying wing UAV specially designed by A-Level Aerosystems, Izhevsk, Russia for Federal Security Service. It features a weight of approximately 4 kg and a wingspan of 1.6 m. The UAV carries EO equipment weighing up to 1 kg which may include gyro-stabilized down-looking video camera, 10 MPix photo camera or infrared camera. The UAV is powered by electric motor driving a small propeller in the nose, with rechargeable batteries permitting an hour of continuous flight at the range of 40 km. Its takeoff and landing is performed in fully automatic mode. The range of application is rather wide, including monitoring of emergencies and natural disasters, remote monitoring of fuel and energy complex, patrolling of land and sea borders, industrial and environmental monitoring, and protection of security-critical facilities.[citation needed]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ShadowView_Eco_Ranger_UAS.jpeg"},{"link_name":"ShadowView","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShadowView"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"ShadowView \"Shadow Ranger\" and \"Eco Ranger\"","text":"ShadowView Eco RangerShadowView a United Kingdom UAS services provider founded in 2012, has designed and built an all new range of man-portable UAVs which are called Shadow Ranger and Eco Ranger. These small UAV can hand or rail launch depending upon payload weight. Systems have fully autonomous flight with automatic take off and landing option. Both the Shadow Ranger and slightly larger Eco Ranger have electric motors, gyro stabilized daytime and thermal video cameras (with retractable gimbal option), kevlar and composite structures and 60–120 minutes endurance (longer endurance is available for Eco Ranger with optional gas powered engines). In 2014 The Ranger systems will be deployed in South Africa, Malawi, Namibia, Australia, Thailand, India and Europe on a variety of humanitarian,[12] anti poaching,[13] precision agriculture and security operations.","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malazgirt_UAV_Helicopters_Acceptance_Tests.jpg"},{"link_name":"Malazgirt Mini UAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malazgirt_UAV"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Baykar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baykar"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Turkish \"Malazgirt Mini UAV\"","text":"Malazgirt UAVThe Malazgirt Mini UAV is a Miniature UAV produced by Turkish company Baykar.[14]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"UAVER \"Avian UAS\"","text":"Avian UAS is a complete unmanned aircraft system customized for various kind of missions depending on the installed payloads, such as real time surveillance, reconnaissance, aerial mapping, aerial photography and et cetera. Avian UAV has a wingspan of 1.6m and MTOW of 3.45 kg. Avian UAS has been very successful in monitoring the disaster in Taiwan and Thailand. Avian UAS is very user friendly and is designed to allow operator to operate with minimal training. It can be operated in complete autonomous mode, or simply using the gamepad to control the heading of the Avian UAV.[15]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"YellowPlane \"Voyager\" and \"Manta\"","text":"High wing electric powered, 1.4m wingspan the Voyager is a conventional pusher airframe with a maximum AUW of 3.5 kg with a wide CG range useful for different payload configurations. The Manta, 1.2m wingspan flying wing is used for vertical NVIR imaging.[citation needed]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pteryx_UAV_-_wiki.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pteryx UAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteryx_UAV"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Trigger Composites Pteryx UAV","text":"Pteryx UAV for civilian photomappingIn 2010, the company introduced a novel UAV that can fly diverse pre-programmed missions using only the simplest mission selector and a single takeoff button. The UAV features automatic takeoff and parachute landing, allowing reduction of workload and reducing configuration mistakes, identified as a major hazard in day-to-day civilian photomapping operations. No groundstation nor laptop is required as missions are defined relative to takeoff position. Despite featuring parachute, a sturdy fuselage, under 5 kg TOW and up to 1 kg payload, the UAV can fly one-hour missions (two hours with reduced payload).[citation needed]","title":"Man-portable UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gun-launched and parasite UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_1.1_Kessler.jpg"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_1.2_Kessler.jpg"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"MIT \"WASP\"","text":"Original WASP flyer and projectileThe US Army has been interested in developing MAVs that could be deployed as munitions, fired from artillery or unguided rocket launcher pods. A research team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has developed a prototype artillery-launched UAV. The UAV, named the Wide Area Surveillance Projectile (WASP), no relation to the AeroVironment Wasp, is fired out of a 127 millimeters (5.0 in) naval gun.[16]CAD representation of the WASP II FlyerThe MIT group modified a standard illumination flare round to serve as the external case. After firing, the shell popped out six fins to keep it from tumbling. Once the shell was 20 kilometers (12 mi) downrange, a parachute popped out of the tail to extract the drone. The parachute slowed the drone, which then unfolded into flight configuration. The WASP had a folding vee tail, a folding two-blade propeller up front, and two straight folding wings. The wings were folded into six sections and unfolded into a total span of 94.5 centimeters (3.10 feet). Once unfolded, the right wing was higher on the fuselage than the left, a result of the packaging scheme.The WASP drone had a flight endurance of fifteen minutes, including ten minutes of powered flight and five minutes of glide. It had a tiny camera in its lower fuselage, and relayed both imagery and its own current GPS coordinates back to the warship or artillery battery that fired it. At least two WASP prototypes were built and tested. After initial announcements of the effort, the whole thing went quiet, but it remains a possibility.[citation needed]","title":"Gun-launched and parasite UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Raytheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Predator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-1_Predator"},{"link_name":"cruise missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile"},{"link_name":"glider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_aircraft"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"gimbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimbal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"\"Wing-store UAV\" and Raytheon \"SilentEyes\"","text":"The Army had also worked on a UAV that could be launched out of a 70 millimeters (2.8 in) unguided rocket pod mounted on a helicopter and could also be carried by larger UAVs. This wing-store UAV was 1.8 meters (5.9 feet) long, and was fired out of the launch tube with a solid-rocket booster. It then deployed wings, tail, and propeller, and cruised for up to two hours on electric power at a speed of 185 km/h (100 knots). It could carry a small daylight or infrared camera.[citation needed]Details of the wing-store UAV are unclear, but it may have had some resemblance to the Raytheon SilentEyes UAV. SilentEyes looked like a simple metal cylinder with a rounded cap, straight folding wings mounted in the middle of the UAV and with a noticeable dihedral, and a folding inverted-vee tail. The UAV was 46 centimeters (18 in) long and less than 7 centimeters (2.8 in) in diameter.[citation needed]Raytheon called SilentEyes a \"parasite\" UAV, as it would be dispensed from a larger UAV such as a Predator; a gliding submunitions dispenser; or a cruise missile. The baseline version of the SilentEyes would be strictly a glider, but its glide ratio of 11:1 would allow it to stay in the air for a half-hour if released from typical Predator operational altitudes. It would be used for close-up examination of targets spotted by SAR to ensure that they are valid targets, or for post-strike target damage assessment.[citation needed]The little UAV could carry a gimbaled infrared or color TV camera, with the video compressed for transmission by a UHF communications link over line-of-sight ranges. It could also carry a jammer payload, or a small warhead. Since multiple SilentEyes would be deployed at the same time, each could be assigned a different code or \"telephone number\" to minimize confusion in communications.[citation needed]Raytheon was aiming for a target price of about US$5,000 to $10,000. The company was considering a powered version of SilentEyes with a microjet engine, as well as \"stretched\" versions of the UAV. The SilentEyes has been cancelled.[17]","title":"Gun-launched and parasite UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Italian \"MALP\"","text":"Galileo Avionica of Italy is currently working on their own \"parasite\" UAV, called simply the Miniature Air Launched Payload (MALP), to be carried on a Falco or similar UAV. The MALP has large cruciform tailfins, small cruciform nosefins, and \"switchblade\" wings stowed back along the fuselage that pop out straight when the UAV is released. It is intended to carry imaging or other sensors to probe dangerous targets.[citation needed]","title":"Gun-launched and parasite UAVs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Experimental and technology demonstrators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DARPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"RAND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"US Naval Research Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Naval_Research_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"micro air vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_air_vehicle"},{"link_name":"survival kit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_kit"},{"link_name":"airborne radio relays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_radio_relay"},{"link_name":"search and rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescue"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"miniature UAVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"MAVs and mesicopters","text":"The notion that small, even very small, UAVs might have practical uses arose in the early 1990s. In 1992, DARPA conducted a workshop titled \"Future Technology-Driven Revolutions In Military Operations\". One of the topics in the workshop was \"mobile microrobots\". The idea of using very small \"microdrones\" was discussed, and after initial skepticism the idea started to gain momentum.[citation needed]The RAND Corporation released a paper on the microdrone concept in 1994 that was widely circulated (Reference 12). DARPA conducted a series of \"paper studies\" and workshops on the concept in 1995 and 1996, leading to early engineering studies by the Lincoln Laboratories at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and the US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in Washington, D.C.c[citation needed]The studies demonstrated that the concept was feasible. In 1997, DARPA then began a multi-year, US$35 million development program to develop \"micro air vehicles (MAVs)\". The MAV project's goals was to develop a microdrone whose largest dimension was no more than 15 centimeters (5.9 in); would carry a day-night imager; have an endurance of about two hours; and be very low cost. It would operate with a high degree of autonomy to be used in the squad-level combat environment. MAVs capable of hovering and vertical flight would be used to scout out buildings for urban combat and counter terrorist operations. A MAV could be included in a pilot's survival kit. A downed pilot could use it to keep track of enemy search parties, or as airborne radio relays to search and rescue units.[citation needed] MAVs are a class of man-portable miniature UAVs whose size enables them to be used in low altitude, close-in support operations.[18]","title":"Experimental and technology demonstrators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"pusher propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusher_configuration"},{"link_name":"propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ornithopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithopter"},{"link_name":"California Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"AeroVironment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AeroVironment"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Georgia Tech Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"entomopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomopter"},{"link_name":"Reciprocating Chemical Muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_Chemical_Muscle"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ducted fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducted_fan"},{"link_name":"helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"vertical stabilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Phase-two MAVs","text":"This phase-one DARPA study ended in 2001, and was followed by a phase-two study that focused on particular vendors with an intent to develop MAVs closer to operational specification. A number of different MAVs were developed as part of these DARPA efforts:[citation needed]Lockheed Sanders \"Microstar\"\nThe Lockheed Sanders MicroSTAR series of prototypes. The battery-operated MicroSTAR designs resembled kid's toys. An initial design had a fat teardrop body with stubby cropped-delta wings running along most of the body, along with a single vertical tailplane and a pusher propeller. A later version had winglets instead of the single vertical tailplane, and a nose mounted propeller. The MicroSTAR featured a five-gram navigation system that could be given directions by the ground station, but could also automatically keep on a heading or orbit a target.[citation needed]CIT, AeroVironment and UCLA \"MicroBat\" ornithopter\nThe MicroBat ornithopter from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), working with AeroVironment and the University of California, Los Angeles. The ornithopter design concept followed experiments conducted in the mid-1990s by Charles Ellington, a zoologist at the University of Cambridge, and his colleagues, in which mechanical analogues of insect wings were tested in a wind tunnel. The group was only interested in studying the biomechanics of insects and was extremely surprised that somebody seemed interested in them. The Caltech / AeroVironment MicroBat ornithopter was test-flown for short distances under battery power. Researchers performing flight tests with the MicroBat said it tended to attract small birds when it ran low on power and fell to the ground. The birds clustered near the floundering ornithopter in what seemed to be a desire to help.[citation needed]Other research groups also worked on ornithopters. A Georgia Tech Research Institute group built a rubber-band powered entomopter and also did research on a chemically powered Reciprocating Chemical Muscle propulsion system.[19]Lutronix Corporation \"Kolibri\" micro-helicopter\nThe Kolibri micro-helicopter built by Lutronix Corporation of Del Mar, California. The Kolibri (German for \"Hummingbird\") was larger than the other DARPA MAV prototypes, with a weight of about 300 grams. The Kolibri was built as a cylinder with rotors at one or both ends, using vanes moved through the rotor airflow by piezoelectric actuators for flight control. It was powered by electric motors or a tiny, highly efficient multi-fuel engine developed by a company named D-STAR.[citation needed]Micro Craft \"SLADF\" ducted fan micro-helicopter\nThe Small Lift Augmented Ducted Fan (SLADF) ducted-fan micro-helicopter, built by Micro Craft of San Diego, California, and Ontario, Canada. The SLADF was a ducted fan helicopter with a diameter of about 15 centimeters (5.9 in) and a weight of 1.8 kilograms (4.0 pounds), with payload. The SLADF did not appear to use a contra-rotating rotor design, using a single rotor with aerodynamic deflection surfaces inside the duct to cancel torque. First flight test of the SLADF was in late 2000. The SLADF could be fitted with an optional wing to provide useful lift to increase loiter time, and also provided additional fuel storage.[citation needed]AeroVironment \"Black Widow\" flying-wing\nThe AeroVironment Black Widow MAV. Developed by a team led by Matt Keenon, the Black Widow was powered by electric motor driving a small propeller in the nose, with a lithium battery permitting about 20 minutes of flight. It carried an off-the-shelf camera chip giving it a color video resolution of 510 by 492 pixels. While the first Black Widow prototype was a flat disk with a single vertical stabilizer and a propeller in the front, it was followed by an improved Black Widow that looked a little like a thin portable CD player with tapered edges and cut-off corners; a propeller in front; and three fins on the back. It did not have autonomous navigation capabilities, and was controlled essentially like a hobbyist's RC airplane.[citation needed]","title":"Experimental and technology demonstrators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"microturbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine#Microturbines"},{"link_name":"operating temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_temperature"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Subsystems design","text":"Along with the flight prototypes, the DARPA effort considered subsystems design. A useful operational MAV would need a lightweight, highly efficient engine with a power source with high energy density. Electric motors were becoming available that met the requirement, but power sources were more troublesome. Lithium batteries were marginal. New compact fuel cells were in development but weren't expected to be available for several years.[citation needed]One particularly intriguing option for both propulsion and power was a button-sized silicon microturbine (\"jet\") engine developed by Al Epstein at MIT during the 1990s. Silicon was actually a good structural material at such scales, though increasing operating temperature would have dictated use of silicon carbide.[citation needed]A production device was envisioned as a centrifugal-flow engine about two centimeters across burning natural gas, with a single turbine disk for compression and a single disk for exhaust rotation. The design didn't look much like a conventional turbojet, resembling more a tiny flat cylindrical box with an inlet hole on one side and an exhaust hole on the other. It was expected to have a thrust-to-weight ratio of about 100—incredible compared to any \"macroscale\" engine but a logical consequence of scaling the technology down in size—and run at about 1.2 million RPM, making bearings a tricky issue. Since it could \"spool up\" in about a millisecond, it was envisioned as operating in a pulsed mode to conserve fuel and also provide a throttling scheme. A functioning gas turbine was never successfully implemented at this scale after years of development.[citation needed]Other tricky issues were control systems, since an MAV couldn't be flown like a model airplane and would have to be able to tolerate turbulence and wind gusts, and miniaturizing navigation, communications, and sensor systems, as well as ensuring that they didn't interfere with each other. DARPA specified that the payload would be no more than 15 grams.[citation needed]","title":"Experimental and technology demonstrators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Reynolds number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Stanford \"Mesicopter\"","text":"As extreme as MAV specifications were, a team under Ilan Kroo at Stanford University worked on an even more extreme design in the form of a centimeter-wide four-rotor mesicopter using microcircuit fabrication techniques. The work was funded by NASA. Design of such a small aircraft was constrained by the fact that at such scales, the air becomes a highly viscous medium, or in aerodynamic terms a mesicopter had a low Reynolds number. Basic aerodynamics of the mesicopter were defined by a cycle of computer simulation, followed by tests of model components. The research led to mesicopter rotor designs where the rotor looked much more like the blades of an ordinary room fan than the rotor of a conventional helicopter. Propeller designs did not achieve desired efficiency and the Mesicopter was never able to lift the weight of its own energy source.[citation needed]","title":"Experimental and technology demonstrators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"Humvee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humvee"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"MAVs rethought","text":"The DARPA MAV effort ended in 2000 and the results of the effort were somewhat negative, demonstrating that a 15 centimeter UAV was simply too small to be useful or even workable, at least over the short run. However, though the size was unrealistic, the basic concept seemed valid even if a larger machine were needed.DARPA did begin a follow-on effort in the spring of 2002, working with the US Army on a larger ducted fan vehicle as a follow-on to SLADF under the \"Organic Air Vehicle (OAV)\" program. Allied Aerospace, which had bought out Micro Craft, demonstrated a scaled-up SLADF, while Honeywell performed tests with their own ducted-fan vehicle, named iSTAR. However, neither vehicle seemed particularly promising and the program was cut short.[citation needed]It was revived as OAV-2 in 2004, with DARPA specifying a diesel-powered ducted-fan vertical-takeoff UAV with a weight of 51 kilograms (112 pounds), including a payload of 10 kilograms; a range of 10 kilometers (6.2 mi); a top speed of 92 km/h (50 knots); the ability to hover in a 37 km/h (20 knots) wind; an endurance of two hours; and a ceiling of 3,350 meters (10,990 feet).The OAV was to be carried, launched, and recovered on a Humvee, using a crew of two soldiers, who would be able to get it flying in five minutes. Its sensor systems will be able to provide targeting data to within 10 meters (33 feet) to support non-line-of-sight weapons. The UAV would have autonomous flight capabilities with the ability to maneuver in cluttered terrain using an all-weather obstacle-avoidance system, and DARPA wanted it to have the ability to land and conduct observations from its landing site. Other possibilities were use of the UAV for communications relay, SIGINT, countermeasures, or even armed attack. The Army was interested in the program, but its current status is uncertain. It may have disappeared again; and if so it may reappear once more.[citation needed]","title":"Experimental and technology demonstrators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flying wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_wing"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"fuel cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Black Widow \"Wasp\" and \"Hornet\"","text":"AeroVironment has also worked on follow-ons to its Black Widow, named the Wasp and the Hornet. The Wasp is a flying wing, with the wing in the form of a rectangle with a slightly swept leading edge. It is propeller driven, with the propeller in front. The Wasp's main improvement over the Black Widow is that the lithium-ion battery and wing structures are one and the same, allowing maximum battery capacity relative to MAV size. The Wasp has a wingspan of 33 centimeters (13 in) and a weight of 210 grams (7.4 ounces). Like the Black Widow, the Wasp is radio controlled.[citation needed]In the spring of 2003, AeroVironment performed the first flight of the Hornet, which is similar to the Wasp but has a straight rectangular wing with a slightly greater span of 38 centimeters (15 in) and, more significantly, is powered by fuel cells. The fuel cells are built into the top of the wing, where they combine oxygen in the ambient air with hydrogen produced internally by the MAV through reaction of a hydride material with water.[citation needed]The fuel cell system is expected to provide three times the endurance of batteries of comparable weight, though early flights were limited by the tendency of the fuel cells to dry out. DARPA is actually more interested in the battery-powered Wasp, but other interested parties in the US defense establishment, particularly the NRL, are very intrigued by fuel cells, and so DARPA is hedging its bets. Ultimately, AeroVironment engineers want to fit their MAVs with an autopilot and a color video camera.[citation needed]","title":"Experimental and technology demonstrators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9l%C3%A9gation_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_pour_l%27Armement"},{"link_name":"ONERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_National_d%27Etudes_et_de_Recherches_Aerospatiales"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"French \"Mirador\"","text":"The French have done work along similar lines, with the French defence procurement agency (DGA in its French acronym) sponsoring a flight demonstrator, the Mirador. It was a fixed-wing, propeller-driven aircraft 25 centimeters (9.8 in) long and was powered by miniature fuel cells that gave it an endurance of about 20 minutes. It was built by the French defense aerospace research agency ONERA, working with the Royal Military Academy of Brussels, and is primarily intended to be a testbed for miniature sensor technologies.[citation needed]The DGA envisions an operational MAV as about 40 centimeters (16 in) long, with a weight of less than 1.5 kilograms (3.3 pounds), an endurance of 15 minutes or more, a ceiling of 100 meters (330 feet) and an operating radius of a kilometer (0.6 mile). For the moment, the concept seems strictly experimental.","title":"Experimental and technology demonstrators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"robot combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_combat"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ground effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_effect_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"NPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"DelFly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DelFly"},{"link_name":"TUDelft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Wageningen University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wageningen_University"},{"link_name":"Reciprocating Chemical Muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_Chemical_Muscle"},{"link_name":"Entomopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomopter"},{"link_name":"Robert C. Michelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Michelson"},{"link_name":"Georgia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Future smaller MAVs","text":"The notion of bird-sized or even insect-sized MAVs has not disappeared, but is seen as a project for a future generation. MAVs have attracted a hobbyist and amateur community, similar to the robot combat competitions sometimes shown on television, and yearly competitive events have been conducted. These home-built MAVs necessarily show ingenuity rather than sophistication, but offer hope for an idea that will catch on.[citation needed]Research in 2005 included a model utilizing ground effect at NPS,[20] DelFly at TUDelft and Wageningen University, etc. Some also consider using a Reciprocating Chemical Muscle for actuating flapping wing MAVs such as the Entomopter pioneered by Robert C. Michelson of Georgia Tech's nonprofit Research Institute.[citation needed]","title":"Experimental and technology demonstrators"}]
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[{"image_text":"Bayraktar Mini UAV of the Turkish Land Forces","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/ISTANBUL_DHA_GOZCU1.jpg/250px-ISTANBUL_DHA_GOZCU1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Civil Drone OnyxStar FOX-C8-XT Observer with HD optical zoom 30x and Infrared camera in one","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Onyxstar_Fox-C8_XT_xender_360.jpg/220px-Onyxstar_Fox-C8_XT_xender_360.jpg"},{"image_text":"An EMT Aladin of the German Army","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/AladinDrohne.jpg/250px-AladinDrohne.jpg"},{"image_text":"A soldier assembles a RQ-11 Raven in preparation for launch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Raven_UAV.jpg/200px-Raven_UAV.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portable flight terminal of Baykar Bayraktar Mini UAV","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Portatif_YK%C4%B0_Sistemi.png/220px-Portatif_YK%C4%B0_Sistemi.png"},{"image_text":"Interspect UAS B 3.1 Flying Laboratory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Interspect_UAS_B_3.1.jpg/220px-Interspect_UAS_B_3.1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aeryon Scout micro VTOL UAV","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Aeryon_Scout_In_Flight.jpg/220px-Aeryon_Scout_In_Flight.jpg"},{"image_text":"EMT Aladin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Knowing_what%27s_out_there%2C_German_recon_flies_the_unfriendly_skies_150610-A-FJ979-002.jpg/220px-Knowing_what%27s_out_there%2C_German_recon_flies_the_unfriendly_skies_150610-A-FJ979-002.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lehmann Aviation LM450 UAS","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lehmann_Aviation_LM450.png/220px-Lehmann_Aviation_LM450.png"},{"image_text":"Honeywell RQ-16A T-Hawk.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MicroAirVehicle.jpg/220px-MicroAirVehicle.jpg"},{"image_text":"ShadowView Eco Ranger","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/ShadowView_Eco_Ranger_UAS.jpeg/220px-ShadowView_Eco_Ranger_UAS.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Malazgirt UAV","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Malazgirt_UAV_Helicopters_Acceptance_Tests.jpg/220px-Malazgirt_UAV_Helicopters_Acceptance_Tests.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pteryx UAV for civilian photomapping","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pteryx_UAV_-_wiki.jpg/220px-Pteryx_UAV_-_wiki.jpg"},{"image_text":"Original WASP flyer and projectile","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Figure_1.1_Kessler.jpg/220px-Figure_1.1_Kessler.jpg"},{"image_text":"CAD representation of the WASP II Flyer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Figure_1.2_Kessler.jpg/220px-Figure_1.2_Kessler.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Bird flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_flight"},{"title":"Insect flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_flight"},{"title":"Micro air vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_air_vehicle"},{"title":"Quadcopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadcopter"},{"title":"RoboBee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboBee"},{"title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration(SUAV ACTD)\". 25 February 2012. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120225070402/http://www.natick.army.mil/soldier/media/fact/techprog/SUAVs.htm","url_text":"\"Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration(SUAV ACTD)\""},{"url":"http://www.natick.army.mil/soldier/media/fact/techprog/SUAVs.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2015 FAA SUAS Regulation\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/rulemaking/recently_published/media/2120-AJ60_NPRM_2-15-2015_joint_signature.pdf","url_text":"\"2015 FAA SUAS Regulation\""}]},{"reference":"\"SESAR-reviewed SUAS definition\". Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161231043339/http://www.sesarju.eu/newsroom/brochures-publications/small-rpas-operations-near-regional-airports","url_text":"\"SESAR-reviewed SUAS definition\""},{"url":"http://www.sesarju.eu/newsroom/brochures-publications/small-rpas-operations-near-regional-airports","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CAA's SUAS definition\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.caa.co.uk/Commercial-industry/Aircraft/Unmanned-aircraft/Small-unmanned-aircraft/","url_text":"\"CAA's SUAS definition\""}]},{"reference":"\"В геодезии всегда есть место инновациям\". Точка Опоры (154): 68–69. August 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.to-info.ru/home.aspx","url_text":"\"В геодезии всегда есть место инновациям\""}]},{"reference":"\"L'espoir des petits drones français\". Air & Cosmos. No. 2232. 17 September 2010. pp. 23–24. Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120917111536/http://www.air-cosmos.com/home.html","url_text":"\"L'espoir des petits drones français\""},{"url":"http://www.air-cosmos.com/home.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News\". Archived from the original on 29 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071029160853/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123071292","url_text":"\"News\""},{"url":"http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123071292","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Unmanned Aircraft Systems\". AeroVironment. Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085548/http://www.avinc.com/pr_detail.asp?ID=75","url_text":"\"Unmanned Aircraft Systems\""},{"url":"http://www.avinc.com/pr_detail.asp?ID=75","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Artillery to take UAV to Afghanistan\". 9 June 2006. Archived from the original on 6 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090806092349/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/RoyalArtilleryToTakeUavToAfghanistan.htm","url_text":"\"Royal Artillery to take UAV to Afghanistan\""},{"url":"http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/RoyalArtilleryToTakeUavToAfghanistan.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Post\". nationalpost.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/12/13/stunt-headed-nowhere-activists-decry-free-the-slaves-plan-to-use-drones-to-secretly-film-forced-labour-in-india/","url_text":"\"National Post\""}]},{"reference":"\"ShadowView using UAV for wildlife monitoring, conservation and anti poaching operations in the Greater Kruger National Park\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shadowview.org/news.html","url_text":"\"ShadowView using UAV for wildlife monitoring, conservation and anti poaching operations in the Greater Kruger National Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malazgirt Mini VTOL | BAYKAR\". baykarmakina.com. Retrieved 4 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://baykarmakina.com/en/sistemler-2/malazgirt-doner-kanat/#1458632861637-42cb95eb-ff41","url_text":"\"Malazgirt Mini VTOL | BAYKAR\""}]},{"reference":"\"UAVER - Manufacturer of UAV/UAS, Flight Simulator, Agential Products\". www.uaver.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uaver.com/products.html","url_text":"\"UAVER - Manufacturer of UAV/UAS, Flight Simulator, Agential Products\""}]},{"reference":"Hallam, Cory R. A. (1997). MIT/DRAPER Technology Development Partnership Program : systems, aerodeceleration, and structural design of a high-G, rapid response, deployable autonomous aerial surveillance vehicle (Thesis thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/50470.","urls":[{"url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/50470","url_text":"MIT/DRAPER Technology Development Partnership Program : systems, aerodeceleration, and structural design of a high-G, rapid response, deployable autonomous aerial surveillance vehicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F50470","url_text":"1721.1/50470"}]},{"reference":"\"Ancile\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deagel.com/Tactical-Unmanned-Air-Vehicles/SilentEyes_a000177001.aspx","url_text":"\"Ancile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Micro Air Vehicle\". ScienceDirect. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/micro-air-vehicle","url_text":"\"Micro Air Vehicle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceDirect","url_text":"ScienceDirect"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20230806212710/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/micro-air-vehicle","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A Reciprocating Chemical Muscle (RCM) for Micro Air Vehicle \"Entomopter\" Flight\". Georgia Tech Research Institute. Archived from the original on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070704180147/http://avdil.gtri.gatech.edu/RCM/RCM/Entomopter/AUVSI-97_EntomopterPaper.html","url_text":"\"A Reciprocating Chemical Muscle (RCM) for Micro Air Vehicle \"Entomopter\" Flight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Research_Institute","url_text":"Georgia Tech Research Institute"},{"url":"http://avdil.gtri.gatech.edu/RCM/RCM/Entomopter/AUVSI-97_EntomopterPaper.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniclip
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Miniclip
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["1 History","2 Studios","3 Mobile games","4 Other platforms","5 Malicious software issues","6 References","7 External links"]
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Swiss mobile game publisher
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (September 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Miniclip SAType of businessSubsidiaryType of siteOnline gamesAvailable in16 languagesList of languagesEnglish, French, Spanish, German, Portuguese, Italian, Swedish, Russian, Polish, Romanian, Hungarian, Korean, Chinese, Turkish, Hindi, JapaneseFounded30 March 2001HeadquartersNeuchâtel, SwitzerlandFounder(s)Robert SmallCEOSaad Choudri (CEO)Key peopleRobert Small (President)Marius Manolache (COO)James Russell (CPO)Sérgio Varanda (CCO)Claudia Gorman (GC)Stefan Beurier (CFO)ParentTencent (since 2015)URLminiclip.comAdvertisingNoRegistrationOptionalCurrent statusActive
Miniclip SA, simply known as Miniclip, is a Swiss mobile game publisher and former browser game website that was first launched on 30 March 2001. It was started by Robert Small and Tihan Presbie with a budget of £40,000. In 2008, Miniclip was valued at over £275 million. In 2018, the company gained over $400 million in revenue through its mobile gaming hit, 8 Ball Pool.
History
As of July 2009, over 400 applications were hosted on its own website.
In February 2015, Tencent acquired majority stakes of Miniclip. In December 2016, Miniclip surpassed 1 billion downloads across its published mobile games on iOS-based, Android-based, and Windows Phone-based devices. In March 2022, Miniclip announced that it had reached 4 billion downloads worldwide with 8 Ball Pool alone accounting for 1 billion downloaded times.
In April 2021, Miniclip had celebrated its 21st anniversary. In response, the CEO of Miniclip claimed that it would be keeping away from developing browser-based games to prioritize its mobile gaming products, including Agar.io, 8 Ball Pool, Mini Militia, Ludo Party and more.
In April 2022, Miniclip officially announced that it would begin prioritizing its mobile games. As a result, the browser game portal was shut down in July 2022 and the website lost all but its two most popular games of the time, Agar.io and 8 Ball Pool.
In June 2022, Miniclip agreed to acquire SYBO, the co-publisher and co-developer of Subway Surfers, in an undisclosed deal. The deal with SYBO went through in July 2022.
Studios
List of studios acquired by Miniclip (as of 15 June 2024)
Name
Location
Acquired
Ref(s).
Masomo
İzmir, Turkey
2019
Eight Pixels Square
Derby, United Kingdom
2020
Gamebasics
Zoetermeer, Netherlands
2021
Green Horse Games
Bucharest, Romania
2021
Supersonic Software
Leamington Spa, United Kingdom
2021
SYBO
Copenhagen, Denmark
2022
Mobile games
Miniclip has developed and published numerous mobile games for iOS, Android, Symbian, and Windows Phone. This includes 8 Ball Pool, Golf Battle, Gravity Guy, Bloons Tower Defense, Plague Inc. for Android, Berry Rush, Agar.io, Diep.io, Mini Militia, and Ludo Party. Miniclip’s removal of Golf Battle Rush Mode has been met with much criticism.
Other platforms
In September 2012, Microsoft announced on the Windows blog on 31 August 2012 (see also List of Xbox games on Windows) that Miniclip games would be able to distribute their games on the Xbox division of Windows 8. Miniclip games that are supported by Xbox for Windows 8 include Gravity Guy, iStunt 2, and Monster Island. Gravity Guy was released on Windows Store on 29 November 2010.
In April 2013, most Miniclip games for Windows 8 and Windows Phone were distributed for free for one year.
On 14 February 2017, Miniclip released their first mobile racer game which was compatible with Xbox One, PC, and PlayStation 4, titled MX Nitro.
Malicious software issues
On 1 September 2005, the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team issued an advisory concerning Miniclip:
The Retro64 / Miniclip CR64 Loader ActiveX control contains a buffer overflow vulnerability. This may allow a remote, unauthenticated attacker to execute an arbitrary code on a vulnerable system. Although the ActiveX control is no longer in use by either retro64.com or miniclip.com, any system that has used certain pages of these websites in the past (prior to September 2005) may be vulnerable.
In 2006, several security firms reported that some Miniclip users had installed a "miniclipgameloader.dll" which contained the hostile code identified as "Trojan Downloader 3069.” In the same year, another download related to Miniclip installed "High Risk" malware called "Trojan-Downloader.CR64Loader.”
References
^ a b "Tencent takes majority stakes in Miniclip". Games Industry. 19 February 2015. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
^ Weber, Rachel (17 May 2013). "From MiniClip to Mega Brand". Game Industry Biz. Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
^ "Game Plan Keeps It Simple". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009.
^ "Miniclip has been shut down forever". GAMINGbible. 24 October 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
^ Iain, Harris (14 September 2018). "Miniclip pockets over $400 million from 8 Ball Pool on mobile". Pocketgamer.biz. Pocket Gamer. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
^ Oliver, Yeh. "Miniclip Racks Up $400 Million in 8 Ball Pool Revenue". Sensor Tower. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
^ "About Miniclip - Miniclip Corporate Site | Free Online Games". 7 July 2009. Archived from the original on 7 July 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
^ "China's Tencent moves into Europe with investment in mobile and online game publisher Miniclip (exclusive)". VentureBeat. 18 February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
^ Orr, Aaron (28 March 2022). "Miniclip exceeds 4 billion downloads". pocketgamer.biz. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
^ Evgeny, Obedkov (28 March 2022). "8 Ball Pool publisher Miniclip surpassed 4 billion downloads across its portfolio of mobile games". Gameworldobserver. Game World Observer. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
^ Ron, Nash. "Three world-wide miniclip games have been downloaded four billion times". Game News 24. Archived from the original on 8 August 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
^ Aagon, Orr (7 April 2022). "Miniclip commits to mobile games publishing, pivots from web browser games". Pocket Gamer. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
^ "The evolution of Miniclip.com - Player FAQ". support.miniclip.com. 7 July 2022. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
^ Oscar, Rihll (21 October 2022). "Miniclip is officially closing down its online servers". Give Me Sport. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
^ Danielle, Partis (26 October 2022). "Miniclip has not shut down its website". Games Industry. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
^ a b "Miniclip will acquire Subway Surfers maker Sybo". Venture Beat. 24 June 2022. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
^ a b Dave, Bradley (25 June 2022). "Miniclip to acquire Subway Surfers studio Sybo". Pocket Gamer. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
^ Chris, Kerr (27 June 2022). "Miniclip acquires Subway Surfers developer Sybo". Game Developer. Archived from the original on 8 August 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
^ "Miniclip acquires Masomo |". gamesindustry.biz. 15 August 2023. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
^ Craig, Chapple (8 February 2019). "Miniclip acquires Head Ball 2 dev Masomo". Pocket Gamer. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
^ "Miniclip acquires Eight Pixels Square |". gamesindustry.biz. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
^ "Miniclip acquires Gamebasics |". gamesindustry.biz. 19 January 2021. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
^ "Miniclip acquires Green Horse Games |". gamesindustry.biz. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
^ "Miniclip acquires Supersonic Software |". gamesindustry.biz. 25 May 2021. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
^ updated, George Ponder last (9 April 2013). "MiniClip adds Windows Phone versions to free gaming offer". Windows Central. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
^ "MX Nitro - OUT NOW on PS4, Xbox One & PC - The Miniclip Blog". 14 February 2017. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
^ Kevin, Dooley (18 January 2017). "MX Nitro coming to PS4, Xbox One & PC in February". teamvvv.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
^ "Vulnerability Note VU#649289, Retro64 / Miniclip CR64Loader ActiveX control buffer overflow". United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team, Department of Homeland Security. 1 September 2006. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2006.
^ "Trojan.DownLoader.3069 / MINICLIPGAMELOADER.DLL". Prevx. 15 July 2005. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007.
^ "Threat Details - Trojan-Downloader.CR64Loader". Sunbelt Software. 14 September 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2007.
External links
Official website
vteTencentServices
Foxmail
iflix
JOOX
QQ
QQLive
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mobile game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_game"},{"link_name":"browser game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_game"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gameindustry-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft_article-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Miniclip SA, simply known as Miniclip, is a Swiss mobile game publisher and former browser game website that was first launched on 30 March 2001.[2] It was started by Robert Small and Tihan Presbie with a budget of £40,000.[3] In 2008, Miniclip was valued at over £275 million.[4] In 2018, the company gained over $400 million in revenue through its mobile gaming hit, 8 Ball Pool.[5][6]","title":"Miniclip"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tencent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x33-1"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"Windows Phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"browser-based games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_game"},{"link_name":"Agar.io","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar.io"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Agar.io","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar.io"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"SYBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYBO"},{"link_name":"Subway Surfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subway_Surfers"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x21-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"As of July 2009, over 400 applications were hosted on its own website.[7]In February 2015, Tencent acquired majority stakes of Miniclip.[8][1] In December 2016, Miniclip surpassed 1 billion downloads across its published mobile games on iOS-based, Android-based, and Windows Phone-based devices. In March 2022, Miniclip announced that it had reached 4 billion downloads worldwide with 8 Ball Pool alone accounting for 1 billion downloaded times.[9][10][11]In April 2021, Miniclip had celebrated its 21st anniversary. In response, the CEO of Miniclip claimed that it would be keeping away from developing browser-based games to prioritize its mobile gaming products, including Agar.io, 8 Ball Pool, Mini Militia, Ludo Party and more.[12]In April 2022, Miniclip officially announced that it would begin prioritizing its mobile games. As a result, the browser game portal was shut down in July 2022 and the website lost all but its two most popular games of the time, Agar.io and 8 Ball Pool.[13][14][15]In June 2022, Miniclip agreed to acquire SYBO, the co-publisher and co-developer of Subway Surfers, in an undisclosed deal.[16][17] The deal with SYBO went through in July 2022.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Studios"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"Symbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian"},{"link_name":"Windows Phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone"},{"link_name":"Gravity Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Guy"},{"link_name":"Bloons Tower Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloons_Tower_Defense"},{"link_name":"Plague Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_Inc."},{"link_name":"Agar.io","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar.io"},{"link_name":"Diep.io","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diep.io"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"}],"text":"Miniclip has developed and published numerous mobile games for iOS, Android, Symbian, and Windows Phone. This includes 8 Ball Pool, Golf Battle, Gravity Guy, Bloons Tower Defense, Plague Inc. for Android, Berry Rush, Agar.io, Diep.io, Mini Militia, and Ludo Party. Miniclip’s removal of Golf Battle Rush Mode has been met with much criticism.[according to whom?]","title":"Mobile games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"List of Xbox games on Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Xbox_games_on_Windows"},{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox"},{"link_name":"Windows 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8"},{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox"},{"link_name":"Windows 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8"},{"link_name":"Gravity Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Guy"},{"link_name":"Gravity Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Guy"},{"link_name":"Windows Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Store"},{"link_name":"Windows 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8"},{"link_name":"Windows Phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"In September 2012, Microsoft announced on the Windows blog on 31 August 2012 (see also List of Xbox games on Windows) that Miniclip games would be able to distribute their games on the Xbox division of Windows 8. Miniclip games that are supported by Xbox for Windows 8 include Gravity Guy, iStunt 2, and Monster Island. Gravity Guy was released on Windows Store on 29 November 2010.In April 2013, most Miniclip games for Windows 8 and Windows Phone were distributed for free for one year.[25]On 14 February 2017, Miniclip released their first mobile racer game which was compatible with Xbox One, PC, and PlayStation 4, titled MX Nitro.[26][27]","title":"Other platforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Computer_Emergency_Readiness_Team"},{"link_name":"ActiveX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActiveX"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"malware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"On 1 September 2005, the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team issued an advisory concerning Miniclip:The Retro64 / Miniclip CR64 Loader ActiveX control contains a buffer overflow vulnerability. This may allow a remote, unauthenticated attacker to execute an arbitrary code on a vulnerable system. Although the ActiveX control is no longer in use by either retro64.com or miniclip.com, any system that has used certain pages of these websites in the past (prior to September 2005) may be vulnerable.[28]In 2006, several security firms reported that some Miniclip users had installed a \"miniclipgameloader.dll\" which contained the hostile code identified as \"Trojan Downloader 3069.”[29] In the same year, another download related to Miniclip installed \"High Risk\" malware called \"Trojan-Downloader.CR64Loader.”[30]","title":"Malicious software issues"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Tencent takes majority stakes in Miniclip\". Games Industry. 19 February 2015. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/tencent-takes-majority-stake-in-miniclip","url_text":"\"Tencent takes majority stakes in Miniclip\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230811082215/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/tencent-takes-majority-stake-in-miniclip","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Weber, Rachel (17 May 2013). \"From MiniClip to Mega Brand\". Game Industry Biz. Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2013-05-17-miniclip-interview","url_text":"\"From MiniClip to Mega Brand\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130607181314/http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2013-05-17-miniclip-interview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Game Plan Keeps It Simple\". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090603015821/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d074cf50-7375-11dd-8a66-0000779fd18c.html","url_text":"\"Game Plan Keeps It Simple\""},{"url":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d074cf50-7375-11dd-8a66-0000779fd18c.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Miniclip has been shut down forever\". GAMINGbible. 24 October 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamingbible.com/news/miniclip-has-been-shut-down-forever-20221024","url_text":"\"Miniclip has been shut down forever\""}]},{"reference":"Iain, Harris (14 September 2018). \"Miniclip pockets over $400 million from 8 Ball Pool on mobile\". Pocketgamer.biz. Pocket Gamer. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pocketgamer.biz/news/69033/miniclip-pockets-over-400m-through-8-ball-pool-revenue/","url_text":"\"Miniclip pockets over $400 million from 8 Ball Pool on mobile\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230807105632/https://www.pocketgamer.biz/news/69033/miniclip-pockets-over-400m-through-8-ball-pool-revenue/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Oliver, Yeh. \"Miniclip Racks Up $400 Million in 8 Ball Pool Revenue\". Sensor Tower. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sensortower.com/blog/8-ball-pool-revenue","url_text":"\"Miniclip Racks Up $400 Million in 8 Ball Pool Revenue\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230723124905/https://sensortower.com/blog/8-ball-pool-revenue","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About Miniclip - Miniclip Corporate Site | Free Online Games\". 7 July 2009. Archived from the original on 7 July 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090707104815/http://corporate.miniclip.com/about-miniclip.htm","url_text":"\"About Miniclip - Miniclip Corporate Site | Free Online Games\""},{"url":"https://corporate.miniclip.com/about-miniclip.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"China's Tencent moves into Europe with investment in mobile and online game publisher Miniclip (exclusive)\". VentureBeat. 18 February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2015/02/18/chinas-tencent-invests-in-europes-mobile-and-online-game-publisher-miniclip-exclusive/","url_text":"\"China's Tencent moves into Europe with investment in mobile and online game publisher Miniclip (exclusive)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180617015304/https://venturebeat.com/2015/02/18/chinas-tencent-invests-in-europes-mobile-and-online-game-publisher-miniclip-exclusive/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Orr, Aaron (28 March 2022). \"Miniclip exceeds 4 billion downloads\". pocketgamer.biz. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pocketgamer.biz/news/78493/miniclip-exceeds-4-billion-downloads/","url_text":"\"Miniclip exceeds 4 billion downloads\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220329111029/https://www.pocketgamer.biz/news/78493/miniclip-exceeds-4-billion-downloads/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Evgeny, Obedkov (28 March 2022). \"8 Ball Pool publisher Miniclip surpassed 4 billion downloads across its portfolio of mobile games\". Gameworldobserver. Game World Observer. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://gameworldobserver.com/2022/03/28/8-ball-pool-publisher-miniclip-surpassed-4-billion-downloads-across-its-portfolio-of-mobile-games","url_text":"\"8 Ball Pool publisher Miniclip surpassed 4 billion downloads across its portfolio of mobile games\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230807104633/https://gameworldobserver.com/2022/03/28/8-ball-pool-publisher-miniclip-surpassed-4-billion-downloads-across-its-portfolio-of-mobile-games","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ron, Nash. \"Three world-wide miniclip games have been downloaded four billion times\". Game News 24. Archived from the original on 8 August 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.game-news24.com/2022/03/28/three-world-wide-miniclip-games-have-been-downloaded-four-billion-times/","url_text":"\"Three world-wide miniclip games have been downloaded four billion times\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230808010322/https://game-news24.com/2022/03/28/three-world-wide-miniclip-games-have-been-downloaded-four-billion-times/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aagon, Orr (7 April 2022). \"Miniclip commits to mobile games publishing, pivots from web browser games\". Pocket Gamer. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pocketgamer.biz/news/78565/miniclip-to-focus-on-mobile/#:~:text=The%20current%20Miniclip.com%20website,on%20both%20browser%20and%20mobile.","url_text":"\"Miniclip commits to mobile games publishing, pivots from web browser games\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231434/https://www.pocketgamer.biz/news/78565/miniclip-to-focus-on-mobile/#:~:text=The%20current%20Miniclip.com%20website,on%20both%20browser%20and%20mobile.","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The evolution of Miniclip.com - Player FAQ\". support.miniclip.com. 7 July 2022. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://support.miniclip.com/hc/en-us/articles/5091169897617","url_text":"\"The evolution of Miniclip.com - Player FAQ\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220715093620/https://support.miniclip.com/hc/en-us/articles/5091169897617","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Oscar, Rihll (21 October 2022). \"Miniclip is officially closing down its online servers\". Give Me Sport. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.givemesport.com/88073966-miniclip-is-officially-closing-down-its-online-servers/","url_text":"\"Miniclip is officially closing down its online servers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230807110713/https://www.givemesport.com/88073966-miniclip-is-officially-closing-down-its-online-servers/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Danielle, Partis (26 October 2022). \"Miniclip has not shut down its website\". Games Industry. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/miniclip-has-not-shut-down-its-website","url_text":"\"Miniclip has not shut down its website\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230807111937/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/miniclip-has-not-shut-down-its-website","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Miniclip will acquire Subway Surfers maker Sybo\". Venture Beat. 24 June 2022. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/games/miniclip-will-acquire-subway-surfers-maker-sybo/","url_text":"\"Miniclip will acquire Subway Surfers maker Sybo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230816043717/https://venturebeat.com/games/miniclip-will-acquire-subway-surfers-maker-sybo/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dave, Bradley (25 June 2022). \"Miniclip to acquire Subway Surfers studio Sybo\". Pocket Gamer. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pocketgamer.biz/news/79057/miniclip-to-acquire-subway-surfers-studio-sybo/","url_text":"\"Miniclip to acquire Subway Surfers studio Sybo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230418054524/https://www.pocketgamer.biz/news/79057/miniclip-to-acquire-subway-surfers-studio-sybo/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chris, Kerr (27 June 2022). \"Miniclip acquires Subway Surfers developer Sybo\". Game Developer. Archived from the original on 8 August 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/miniclip-acquires-subway-surfers-developer-sybo","url_text":"\"Miniclip acquires Subway Surfers developer Sybo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230808003641/https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/miniclip-acquires-subway-surfers-developer-sybo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Miniclip acquires Masomo |\". gamesindustry.biz. 15 August 2023. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2019-02-08-miniclip-acquires-head-ball-studio-masomo","url_text":"\"Miniclip acquires Masomo |\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220322162835/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2019-02-08-miniclip-acquires-head-ball-studio-masomo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Craig, Chapple (8 February 2019). \"Miniclip acquires Head Ball 2 dev Masomo\". Pocket Gamer. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pocketgamer.biz/news/69981/miniclip-acquires-head-ball-2-dev-masomo/","url_text":"\"Miniclip acquires Head Ball 2 dev Masomo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230811000209/https://www.pocketgamer.biz/news/69981/miniclip-acquires-head-ball-2-dev-masomo/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Miniclip acquires Eight Pixels Square |\". gamesindustry.biz. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-03-17-miniclip-acquires-eight-pixel-studio","url_text":"\"Miniclip acquires Eight Pixels Square |\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200319151309/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-03-17-miniclip-acquires-eight-pixel-studio","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Miniclip acquires Gamebasics |\". gamesindustry.biz. 19 January 2021. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-01-19-miniclip-acquires-online-soccer-manager-studio-gamebasics","url_text":"\"Miniclip acquires Gamebasics |\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119204910/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-01-19-miniclip-acquires-online-soccer-manager-studio-gamebasics","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Miniclip acquires Green Horse Games |\". gamesindustry.biz. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-02-23-miniclip-buys-green-horse-games","url_text":"\"Miniclip acquires Green Horse Games |\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225190144/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-02-23-miniclip-buys-green-horse-games","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Miniclip acquires Supersonic Software |\". gamesindustry.biz. 25 May 2021. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-05-25-miniclip-acquires-supersonic-software","url_text":"\"Miniclip acquires Supersonic Software |\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210525110414/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-05-25-miniclip-acquires-supersonic-software","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"updated, George Ponder last (9 April 2013). \"MiniClip adds Windows Phone versions to free gaming offer\". Windows Central. Retrieved 7 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.windowscentral.com/miniclip-windows-phone-games-free-limited-time","url_text":"\"MiniClip adds Windows Phone versions to free gaming offer\""}]},{"reference":"\"MX Nitro - OUT NOW on PS4, Xbox One & PC - The Miniclip Blog\". 14 February 2017. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170216220532/http://blog.miniclip.com/2017/02/14/mx-nitro-now-ps4-xbox-one-pc/","url_text":"\"MX Nitro - OUT NOW on PS4, Xbox One & PC - The Miniclip Blog\""},{"url":"https://blog.miniclip.com/2017/02/14/mx-nitro-now-ps4-xbox-one-pc/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kevin, Dooley (18 January 2017). \"MX Nitro coming to PS4, Xbox One & PC in February\". teamvvv.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teamvvv.com/news/mx-nitro-coming-to-ps4-xbox-one-pc-in-february/","url_text":"\"MX Nitro coming to PS4, Xbox One & PC in February\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210926120321/https://www.teamvvv.com/news/mx-nitro-coming-to-ps4-xbox-one-pc-in-february/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vulnerability Note VU#649289, Retro64 / Miniclip CR64Loader ActiveX control buffer overflow\". United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team, Department of Homeland Security. 1 September 2006. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/649289","url_text":"\"Vulnerability Note VU#649289, Retro64 / Miniclip CR64Loader ActiveX control buffer overflow\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324090700/https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/649289/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Trojan.DownLoader.3069 / MINICLIPGAMELOADER.DLL\". Prevx. 15 July 2005. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071215231213/http://virusinfo.prevx.com/pxparall.asp?PXC=3176336828","url_text":"\"Trojan.DownLoader.3069 / MINICLIPGAMELOADER.DLL\""},{"url":"http://virusinfo.prevx.com/pxparall.asp?PXC=3176336828","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Threat Details - Trojan-Downloader.CR64Loader\". Sunbelt Software. 14 September 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071216012528/http://research.sunbelt-software.com/threatdisplay.aspx?name=Trojan-Downloader.CR64Loader&threatid=39303","url_text":"\"Threat Details - Trojan-Downloader.CR64Loader\""},{"url":"http://research.sunbelt-software.com/threatdisplay.aspx?name=Trojan-Downloader.CR64Loader&threatid=39303","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyphertext
|
Ciphertext
|
["1 Conceptual underpinnings","2 Types of ciphers","2.1 Historical ciphers","2.2 Modern ciphers","3 Cryptanalysis","3.1 Attack models","4 Famous ciphertexts","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading"]
|
Encrypted information
This article is about encrypted information. For an overview of cryptographic technology in general, see Cryptography.
The Zimmermann Telegram (as it was sent from Washington to Mexico) encrypted as ciphertext.
KGB ciphertext found in a hollow nickel in Brooklyn in 1953
In cryptography, ciphertext or cyphertext is the result of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm, called a cipher. Ciphertext is also known as encrypted or encoded information because it contains a form of the original plaintext that is unreadable by a human or computer without the proper cipher to decrypt it. This process prevents the loss of sensitive information via hacking. Decryption, the inverse of encryption, is the process of turning ciphertext into readable plaintext. Ciphertext is not to be confused with codetext because the latter is a result of a code, not a cipher.
Conceptual underpinnings
Let
m
{\displaystyle m\!}
be the plaintext message that Alice wants to secretly transmit to Bob and let
E
k
{\displaystyle E_{k}\!}
be the encryption cipher, where
k
{\displaystyle _{k}\!}
is a cryptographic key. Alice must first transform the plaintext into ciphertext,
c
{\displaystyle c\!}
, in order to securely send the message to Bob, as follows:
c
=
E
k
(
m
)
.
{\displaystyle c=E_{k}(m).\!}
In a symmetric-key system, Bob knows Alice's encryption key. Once the message is encrypted, Alice can safely transmit it to Bob (assuming no one else knows the key). In order to read Alice's message, Bob must decrypt the ciphertext using
E
k
−
1
{\displaystyle {E_{k}}^{-1}\!}
which is known as the decryption cipher,
D
k
:
{\displaystyle D_{k}:\!}
D
k
(
c
)
=
D
k
(
E
k
(
m
)
)
=
m
.
{\displaystyle D_{k}(c)=D_{k}(E_{k}(m))=m.\!}
Alternatively, in a non-symmetric key system, everyone, not just Alice and Bob, knows the encryption key; but the decryption key cannot be inferred from the encryption key. Only Bob knows the decryption key
D
k
,
{\displaystyle D_{k},}
and decryption proceeds as
D
k
(
c
)
=
m
.
{\displaystyle D_{k}(c)=m.}
Types of ciphers
Main article: Cipher
The history of cryptography began thousands of years ago. Cryptography uses a variety of different types of encryption. Earlier algorithms were performed by hand and are substantially different from modern algorithms, which are generally executed by a machine.
Historical ciphers
Historical pen and paper ciphers used in the past are sometimes known as classical ciphers. They include:
Substitution cipher: the units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext (e.g., Caesar cipher and one-time pad)
Polyalphabetic substitution cipher: a substitution cipher using multiple substitution alphabets (e.g., Vigenère cipher and Enigma machine)
Polygraphic substitution cipher: the unit of substitution is a sequence of two or more letters rather than just one (e.g., Playfair cipher)
Transposition cipher: the ciphertext is a permutation of the plaintext (e.g., rail fence cipher)
Historical ciphers are not generally used as a standalone encryption technique because they are quite easy to crack. Many of the classical ciphers, with the exception of the one-time pad, can be cracked using brute force.
Modern ciphers
Modern ciphers are more secure than classical ciphers and are designed to withstand a wide range of attacks. An attacker should not be able to find the key used in a modern cipher, even if they know any specifics about the plaintext and its corresponding ciphertext. Modern encryption methods can be divided into the following categories:
Private-key cryptography (symmetric key algorithm): one shared key is used for encryption and decryption
Public-key cryptography (asymmetric key algorithm): two different keys are used for encryption and decryption
In a symmetric key algorithm (e.g., DES, AES), the sender and receiver have a shared key established in advance: the sender uses the shared key to perform encryption; the receiver uses the shared key to perform decryption. Symmetric key algorithms can either be block ciphers or stream ciphers. Block ciphers operate on fixed-length groups of bits, called blocks, with an unvarying transformation. Stream ciphers encrypt plaintext digits one at a time on a continuous stream of data, with the transformation of successive digits varying during the encryption process.
In an asymmetric key algorithm (e.g., RSA), there are two different keys: a public key and a private key. The public key is published, thereby allowing any sender to perform encryption. The private key is kept secret by the receiver, thereby allowing only the receiver to correctly perform decryption.
Cryptanalysis
The Zimmermann Telegram decrypted into plaintext (and translated into English).
Main article: Cryptanalysis
Cryptanalysis (also referred to as codebreaking or cracking the code) is the study of applying various methodologies to obtain the meaning of encrypted information, without having access to the cipher required to correctly decrypt the information. This typically involves gaining an understanding of the system design and determining the cipher.
Cryptanalysts can follow one or more attack models to crack a cipher, depending upon what information is available and the type of cipher being analyzed. Ciphertext is generally the most easily obtained part of a cryptosystem and therefore is an important part of cryptanalysis.
Attack models
Ciphertext-only: the cryptanalyst has access only to a collection of ciphertexts or code texts. This is the weakest attack model because the cryptanalyst has limited information. Modern ciphers rarely fail under this attack.
Known-plaintext: the attacker has a set of ciphertexts to which they know the corresponding plaintext
Chosen-plaintext attack: the attacker can obtain the ciphertexts corresponding to an arbitrary set of plaintexts of their own choosing
Batch chosen-plaintext attack: where the cryptanalyst chooses all plaintexts before any of them are encrypted. This is often the meaning of an unqualified use of "chosen-plaintext attack".
Adaptive chosen-plaintext attack: where the cryptanalyst makes a series of interactive queries, choosing subsequent plaintexts based on the information from the previous encryptions.
Chosen-ciphertext attack: the attacker can obtain the plaintexts corresponding to an arbitrary set of ciphertexts of their own choosing
Adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack
Indifferent chosen-ciphertext attack
Related-key attack: similar to a chosen-plaintext attack, except the attacker can obtain ciphertexts encrypted under two different keys. The keys are unknown, but the relationship between them is known (e.g., two keys that differ in the one bit).
Famous ciphertexts
Main article: List of ciphertexts
The Shugborough inscription, England
The Babington Plot ciphers
The Shugborough inscription
The Zimmermann Telegram
The Magic Words are Squeamish Ossifrage
The cryptogram in "The Gold-Bug"
Beale ciphers
Kryptos
Zodiac Killer ciphers
See also
Books on cryptography
Cryptographic hash function
Frequency analysis
RED/BLACK concept
Category:Undeciphered historical codes and ciphers
References
^ Berti, Hansche, Hare (2003). Official (ISC)² Guide to the CISSP Exam. Auerbach Publications. pp. 379. ISBN 0-8493-1707-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b van Tilborg, Henk C.A. (2000). Fundamentals of Cryptology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 0-7923-8675-2.
^ Schneier, Bruce (28 August 2000). Secrets & Lies. Wiley Computer Publishing Inc. pp. 90–91. ISBN 0-471-25311-1.
Further reading
The dictionary definition of ciphertext at Wiktionary
Media related to Ciphertexts at Wikimedia Commons
Helen Fouché Gaines, “Cryptanalysis”, 1939, Dover. ISBN 0-486-20097-3
David Kahn, The Codebreakers - The Story of Secret Writing (ISBN 0-684-83130-9) (1967)
Abraham Sinkov, Elementary Cryptanalysis: A Mathematical Approach, Mathematical Association of America, 1968. ISBN 0-88385-622-0
vteCryptographyGeneral
History of cryptography
Outline of cryptography
Cryptographic protocol
Authentication protocol
Cryptographic primitive
Cryptanalysis
Cryptocurrency
Cryptosystem
Cryptographic nonce
Cryptovirology
Hash function
Cryptographic hash function
Key derivation function
Digital signature
Kleptography
Key (cryptography)
Key exchange
Key generator
Key schedule
Key stretching
Keygen
Cryptojacking malware
Ransomware
Random number generation
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG)
Pseudorandom noise (PRN)
Secure channel
Insecure channel
Subliminal channel
Encryption
Decryption
End-to-end encryption
Harvest now, decrypt later
Information-theoretic security
Plaintext
Codetext
Ciphertext
Shared secret
Trapdoor function
Trusted timestamping
Key-based routing
Onion routing
Garlic routing
Kademlia
Mix network
Mathematics
Cryptographic hash function
Block cipher
Stream cipher
Symmetric-key algorithm
Authenticated encryption
Public-key cryptography
Quantum key distribution
Quantum cryptography
Post-quantum cryptography
Message authentication code
Random numbers
Steganography
Category
|
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Alice must first transform the plaintext into ciphertext, \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c\\!}\n \n, in order to securely send the message to Bob, as follows:c\n =\n \n E\n \n k\n \n \n (\n m\n )\n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c=E_{k}(m).\\!}\n \n[2]In a symmetric-key system, Bob knows Alice's encryption key. Once the message is encrypted, Alice can safely transmit it to Bob (assuming no one else knows the key). In order to read Alice's message, Bob must decrypt the ciphertext using \n \n \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {E_{k}}^{-1}\\!}\n \n which is known as the decryption cipher, \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n k\n \n \n :\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle D_{k}:\\!}D\n \n k\n \n \n (\n c\n )\n =\n \n D\n \n k\n \n \n (\n \n E\n \n k\n \n \n (\n m\n )\n )\n =\n m\n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle D_{k}(c)=D_{k}(E_{k}(m))=m.\\!}\n \n[2]Alternatively, in a non-symmetric key system, everyone, not just Alice and Bob, knows the encryption key; but the decryption key cannot be inferred from the encryption key. Only Bob knows the decryption key \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n k\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D_{k},}\n \n and decryption proceeds asD\n \n k\n \n \n (\n c\n )\n =\n m\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D_{k}(c)=m.}","title":"Conceptual underpinnings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"history of cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cryptography"},{"link_name":"algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm"}],"text":"The history of cryptography began thousands of years ago. Cryptography uses a variety of different types of encryption. Earlier algorithms were performed by hand and are substantially different from modern algorithms, which are generally executed by a machine.","title":"Types of ciphers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"classical ciphers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_cipher"},{"link_name":"Substitution cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_cipher"},{"link_name":"Caesar cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_cipher"},{"link_name":"one-time pad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-time_pad"},{"link_name":"Polyalphabetic substitution cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyalphabetic_substitution"},{"link_name":"Vigenère cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher"},{"link_name":"Enigma machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machine"},{"link_name":"Polygraphic substitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraphic_substitution"},{"link_name":"Playfair cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playfair_cipher"},{"link_name":"Transposition cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_cipher"},{"link_name":"permutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation"},{"link_name":"rail fence cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_fence"},{"link_name":"brute force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brute_force_attack"}],"sub_title":"Historical ciphers","text":"Historical pen and paper ciphers used in the past are sometimes known as classical ciphers. They include:Substitution cipher: the units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext (e.g., Caesar cipher and one-time pad)\nPolyalphabetic substitution cipher: a substitution cipher using multiple substitution alphabets (e.g., Vigenère cipher and Enigma machine)\nPolygraphic substitution cipher: the unit of substitution is a sequence of two or more letters rather than just one (e.g., Playfair cipher)\nTransposition cipher: the ciphertext is a permutation of the plaintext (e.g., rail fence cipher)Historical ciphers are not generally used as a standalone encryption technique because they are quite easy to crack. Many of the classical ciphers, with the exception of the one-time pad, can be cracked using brute force.","title":"Types of ciphers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Private-key cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private-key_cryptography"},{"link_name":"symmetric key algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_key_algorithm"},{"link_name":"Public-key cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography"},{"link_name":"asymmetric key algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_key_algorithm"},{"link_name":"DES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Encryption_Standard"},{"link_name":"AES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard"},{"link_name":"block ciphers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher"},{"link_name":"stream ciphers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_cipher"},{"link_name":"RSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_(algorithm)"}],"sub_title":"Modern ciphers","text":"Modern ciphers are more secure than classical ciphers and are designed to withstand a wide range of attacks. An attacker should not be able to find the key used in a modern cipher, even if they know any specifics about the plaintext and its corresponding ciphertext. Modern encryption methods can be divided into the following categories:Private-key cryptography (symmetric key algorithm): one shared key is used for encryption and decryption\nPublic-key cryptography (asymmetric key algorithm): two different keys are used for encryption and decryptionIn a symmetric key algorithm (e.g., DES, AES), the sender and receiver have a shared key established in advance: the sender uses the shared key to perform encryption; the receiver uses the shared key to perform decryption. Symmetric key algorithms can either be block ciphers or stream ciphers. Block ciphers operate on fixed-length groups of bits, called blocks, with an unvarying transformation. Stream ciphers encrypt plaintext digits one at a time on a continuous stream of data, with the transformation of successive digits varying during the encryption process.In an asymmetric key algorithm (e.g., RSA), there are two different keys: a public key and a private key. The public key is published, thereby allowing any sender to perform encryption. The private key is kept secret by the receiver, thereby allowing only the receiver to correctly perform decryption.","title":"Types of ciphers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zimmermann-telegramm-offen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zimmermann Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram"},{"link_name":"cracking the code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_cracking"},{"link_name":"attack models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_model"},{"link_name":"cryptosystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosystem"}],"text":"The Zimmermann Telegram decrypted into plaintext (and translated into English).Cryptanalysis (also referred to as codebreaking or cracking the code) is the study of applying various methodologies to obtain the meaning of encrypted information, without having access to the cipher required to correctly decrypt the information. This typically involves gaining an understanding of the system design and determining the cipher.Cryptanalysts can follow one or more attack models to crack a cipher, depending upon what information is available and the type of cipher being analyzed. Ciphertext is generally the most easily obtained part of a cryptosystem and therefore is an important part of cryptanalysis.","title":"Cryptanalysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ciphertext-only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciphertext-only_attack"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Known-plaintext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known-plaintext_attack"},{"link_name":"Chosen-plaintext attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosen-plaintext_attack"},{"link_name":"Chosen-ciphertext attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosen-ciphertext_attack"},{"link_name":"Adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_chosen-ciphertext_attack"},{"link_name":"Indifferent chosen-ciphertext attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indifferent_chosen-ciphertext_attack"},{"link_name":"Related-key attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Related-key_attack"}],"sub_title":"Attack models","text":"Ciphertext-only: the cryptanalyst has access only to a collection of ciphertexts or code texts. This is the weakest attack model because the cryptanalyst has limited information. Modern ciphers rarely fail under this attack.[3]\nKnown-plaintext: the attacker has a set of ciphertexts to which they know the corresponding plaintext\nChosen-plaintext attack: the attacker can obtain the ciphertexts corresponding to an arbitrary set of plaintexts of their own choosing\nBatch chosen-plaintext attack: where the cryptanalyst chooses all plaintexts before any of them are encrypted. This is often the meaning of an unqualified use of \"chosen-plaintext attack\".\nAdaptive chosen-plaintext attack: where the cryptanalyst makes a series of interactive queries, choosing subsequent plaintexts based on the information from the previous encryptions.\nChosen-ciphertext attack: the attacker can obtain the plaintexts corresponding to an arbitrary set of ciphertexts of their own choosing\nAdaptive chosen-ciphertext attack\nIndifferent chosen-ciphertext attack\nRelated-key attack: similar to a chosen-plaintext attack, except the attacker can obtain ciphertexts encrypted under two different keys. The keys are unknown, but the relationship between them is known (e.g., two keys that differ in the one bit).","title":"Cryptanalysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shugborough_inscription.jpg"},{"link_name":"Babington Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babington_Plot"},{"link_name":"Shugborough inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shugborough_inscription"},{"link_name":"Zimmermann Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram"},{"link_name":"The Magic Words are Squeamish Ossifrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Words_are_Squeamish_Ossifrage"},{"link_name":"cryptogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptogram"},{"link_name":"The Gold-Bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gold-Bug"},{"link_name":"Beale ciphers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beale_ciphers"},{"link_name":"Kryptos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptos"},{"link_name":"Zodiac Killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac_Killer"}],"text":"The Shugborough inscription, EnglandThe Babington Plot ciphers\nThe Shugborough inscription\nThe Zimmermann Telegram\nThe Magic Words are Squeamish Ossifrage\nThe cryptogram in \"The Gold-Bug\"\nBeale ciphers\nKryptos\nZodiac Killer ciphers","title":"Famous ciphertexts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"},{"link_name":"ciphertext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/ciphertext"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Ciphertexts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ciphertexts"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-486-20097-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20097-3"},{"link_name":"David Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kahn_(writer)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-684-83130-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83130-9"},{"link_name":"Abraham Sinkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Sinkov"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88385-622-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88385-622-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cryptography_navbox"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cryptography_navbox"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cryptography_navbox"},{"link_name":"Cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography"},{"link_name":"History of cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cryptography"},{"link_name":"Outline of cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cryptography"},{"link_name":"Cryptographic protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_protocol"},{"link_name":"Authentication protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication_protocol"},{"link_name":"Cryptographic primitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_primitive"},{"link_name":"Cryptanalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis"},{"link_name":"Cryptocurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency"},{"link_name":"Cryptosystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosystem"},{"link_name":"Cryptographic nonce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_nonce"},{"link_name":"Cryptovirology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptovirology"},{"link_name":"Hash function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function"},{"link_name":"Cryptographic hash function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function"},{"link_name":"Key derivation function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_derivation_function"},{"link_name":"Digital signature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature"},{"link_name":"Kleptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptography"},{"link_name":"Key (cryptography)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(cryptography)"},{"link_name":"Key exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_exchange"},{"link_name":"Key generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_generator"},{"link_name":"Key schedule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_schedule"},{"link_name":"Key stretching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_stretching"},{"link_name":"Keygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keygen"},{"link_name":"Cryptojacking malware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptojacking_malware"},{"link_name":"Ransomware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransomware"},{"link_name":"Random number generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_number_generation"},{"link_name":"Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator"},{"link_name":"Pseudorandom noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_noise"},{"link_name":"Secure channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_channel"},{"link_name":"Insecure channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecure_channel"},{"link_name":"Subliminal channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subliminal_channel"},{"link_name":"Encryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption"},{"link_name":"Decryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decryption"},{"link_name":"End-to-end encryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-to-end_encryption"},{"link_name":"Harvest now, decrypt later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_now,_decrypt_later"},{"link_name":"Information-theoretic security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information-theoretic_security"},{"link_name":"Plaintext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintext"},{"link_name":"Codetext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codetext"},{"link_name":"Ciphertext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Shared secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_secret"},{"link_name":"Trapdoor function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapdoor_function"},{"link_name":"Trusted timestamping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_timestamping"},{"link_name":"Key-based routing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key-based_routing"},{"link_name":"Onion routing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion_routing"},{"link_name":"Garlic routing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic_routing"},{"link_name":"Kademlia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kademlia"},{"link_name":"Mix network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mix_network"},{"link_name":"Cryptographic hash function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function"},{"link_name":"Block cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher"},{"link_name":"Stream cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_cipher"},{"link_name":"Symmetric-key algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric-key_algorithm"},{"link_name":"Authenticated encryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticated_encryption"},{"link_name":"Public-key cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography"},{"link_name":"Quantum key distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_key_distribution"},{"link_name":"Quantum cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cryptography"},{"link_name":"Post-quantum cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography"},{"link_name":"Message authentication code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_authentication_code"},{"link_name":"Random numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator"},{"link_name":"Steganography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cryptography"}],"text":"The dictionary definition of ciphertext at Wiktionary\n Media related to Ciphertexts at Wikimedia Commons\nHelen Fouché Gaines, “Cryptanalysis”, 1939, Dover. ISBN 0-486-20097-3\nDavid Kahn, The Codebreakers - The Story of Secret Writing (ISBN 0-684-83130-9) (1967)\nAbraham Sinkov, Elementary Cryptanalysis: A Mathematical Approach, Mathematical Association of America, 1968. ISBN 0-88385-622-0vteCryptographyGeneral\nHistory of cryptography\nOutline of cryptography\nCryptographic protocol\nAuthentication protocol\nCryptographic primitive\nCryptanalysis\nCryptocurrency\nCryptosystem\nCryptographic nonce\nCryptovirology\nHash function\nCryptographic hash function\nKey derivation function\nDigital signature\nKleptography\nKey (cryptography)\nKey exchange\nKey generator\nKey schedule\nKey stretching\nKeygen\nCryptojacking malware\nRansomware\nRandom number generation\nCryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG)\nPseudorandom noise (PRN)\nSecure channel\nInsecure channel\nSubliminal channel\nEncryption\nDecryption\nEnd-to-end encryption\nHarvest now, decrypt later\nInformation-theoretic security\nPlaintext\nCodetext\nCiphertext\nShared secret\nTrapdoor function\nTrusted timestamping\nKey-based routing\nOnion routing\nGarlic routing\nKademlia\nMix network\nMathematics\nCryptographic hash function\nBlock cipher\nStream cipher\nSymmetric-key algorithm\nAuthenticated encryption\nPublic-key cryptography\nQuantum key distribution\nQuantum cryptography\nPost-quantum cryptography\nMessage authentication code\nRandom numbers\nSteganography\n\n Category","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Zimmermann Telegram (as it was sent from Washington to Mexico) encrypted as ciphertext.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zimmermann_Telegram.jpeg/250px-Zimmermann_Telegram.jpeg"},{"image_text":"KGB ciphertext found in a hollow nickel in Brooklyn in 1953","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hollow_Nickel_Message.jpg/220px-Hollow_Nickel_Message.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Zimmermann Telegram decrypted into plaintext (and translated into English).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Zimmermann-telegramm-offen.jpg/250px-Zimmermann-telegramm-offen.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Shugborough inscription, England","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Shugborough_inscription.jpg/260px-Shugborough_inscription.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Books on cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_on_cryptography"},{"title":"Cryptographic hash function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function"},{"title":"Frequency analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_analysis"},{"title":"RED/BLACK concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RED/BLACK_concept"},{"title":"Category:Undeciphered historical codes and ciphers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Undeciphered_historical_codes_and_ciphers"}]
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[{"reference":"Berti, Hansche, Hare (2003). Official (ISC)² Guide to the CISSP Exam. Auerbach Publications. pp. 379. ISBN 0-8493-1707-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CISSP","url_text":"CISSP"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/officialiscguide0000hans/page/379","url_text":"379"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-1707-X","url_text":"0-8493-1707-X"}]},{"reference":"van Tilborg, Henk C.A. (2000). Fundamentals of Cryptology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 0-7923-8675-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-8675-2","url_text":"0-7923-8675-2"}]},{"reference":"Schneier, Bruce (28 August 2000). Secrets & Lies. Wiley Computer Publishing Inc. pp. 90–91. ISBN 0-471-25311-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/secretsliesdigit00schn/page/90","url_text":"Secrets & Lies"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/secretsliesdigit00schn/page/90","url_text":"90–91"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-25311-1","url_text":"0-471-25311-1"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/officialiscguide0000hans/page/379","external_links_name":"379"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/secretsliesdigit00schn/page/90","external_links_name":"Secrets & Lies"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/secretsliesdigit00schn/page/90","external_links_name":"90–91"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License
|
GNU Lesser General Public License
|
["1 History","2 Differences from the GPL","3 Compatibility","4 FSF recommendations on library licensing","5 Programming language specifications","5.1 Class inheritance","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Free-software license
GNU Lesser General Public LicenseLogoPublished1991; 33 years ago (1991)SPDX identifierLGPL-3.0-or-laterLGPL-3.0-onlyLGPL-2.1-or-laterLGPL-2.1-onlyLGPL-2.0-or-laterLGPL-2.0-onlyDebian FSG compatibleYesFSF approvedYesOSI approvedYesGPL compatibleYesCopyleftYes (library or dynamic linking-based)Linking from code with a different licenceYesWebsitewww.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html
The GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) is a free-software license published by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). The license allows developers and companies to use and integrate a software component released under the LGPL into their own (even proprietary) software without being required by the terms of a strong copyleft license to release the source code of their own components. However, any developer who modifies an LGPL-covered component is required to make their modified version available under the same LGPL license. For proprietary software, code under the LGPL is usually used in the form of a shared library, so that there is a clear separation between the proprietary and LGPL components. The LGPL is primarily used for software libraries, although it is also used by some stand-alone applications.
The LGPL was developed as a compromise between the strong copyleft of the GNU General Public License (GPL) and more permissive licenses such as the BSD licenses and the MIT License. The word "Lesser" in the title shows that the LGPL does not guarantee the end user's complete freedom in the use of software; it only guarantees the freedom of modification for components licensed under the LGPL, but not for any proprietary components.
History
The license was originally called the GNU Library General Public License and was first published in 1991, and adopted the version number 2 for parity with GPL version 2. The LGPL was revised in minor ways in the 2.1 point release, published in 1999, when it was renamed the GNU Lesser General Public License to reflect the FSF's position that not all libraries should use it. Version 3 of the LGPL was published in 2007 as a list of additional permissions applied to GPL version 3.
In addition to the term "work based on the Program" of GPL, LGPL version 2 introduced two additional clarification terms "work based on the library" and "work that uses the library". LGPL version 3 partially dropped these terms.
Differences from the GPL
The main difference between the GPL and the LGPL is that the latter allows the work to be linked with (in the case of a library, "used by") a non-(L)GPLed program, regardless of whether it is licensed under a license of GPL family or other licenses. In LGPL 2.1, the non-(L)GPLed program can then be distributed under any terms if it is not a derivative work. If it is a derivative work, then the program's terms must allow for "modification of the work for the customer's own use and reverse engineering for debugging such modifications". Whether a work that uses an LGPL program is a derivative work or not is a legal issue. A standalone executable that dynamically links to a library through a .so, .dll, or similar medium is generally accepted as not being a derivative work as defined by the LGPL. It would fall under the definition of a "work that uses the Library". Paragraph 5 of the LGPL version 2.1 states:
A program that contains no derivative of any portion of the Library, but is designed to work with the Library by being compiled or linked with it, is called a "work that uses the Library". Such a work, in isolation, is not a derivative work of the Library, and therefore falls outside the scope of this License.
Essentially, if it is a "work that uses the library", then it must be possible for the software to be linked with a newer version of the LGPL-covered program. The most commonly used method for doing so is to use "a suitable shared library mechanism for linking". Alternatively, a statically linked library is allowed if either source code or linkable object files are provided.
Compatibility
One feature of the LGPL is the permission to sublicense under the GPL any piece of software which is received under the LGPL (see section 3 of the LGPL version 2.1, and section 2 option b of the LGPL version 3). This feature allows for direct reuse of LGPLed code in GPLed libraries and applications.
Version 3 of the LGPL is not inherently compatible with version 2 of the GPL. However, works using the latter that have given permission to use a later version of the GPL are compatible: a work released under the GPLv2 "or any later version" may be combined with code from a LGPL version 3 library, with the combined work as a whole falling under the terms of the GPLv3.
FSF recommendations on library licensing
The former name GNU Library General Public License gave some the impression that the FSF recommended that all software libraries should use the LGPL and programs should use the GPL. In 1999 essay Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL for your next library Richard Stallman explained that while the LGPL had not been deprecated, one should not necessarily use the LGPL for all libraries, as using GPL can give advantage to free-software developers.
On the other hand, the FSF sometimes advocate for even less restrictive licenses. For example, Stallman endorsed the use of BSD-style license by the Vorbis project in its libraries in 2001.
Programming language specifications
The license uses terminology which is mainly intended for applications written in the C programming language or its family. Franz Inc., the developers of Allegro Common Lisp, published their own preamble to the license to clarify terminology in the Lisp context. The LGPL with this preamble is sometimes referred to as the LLGPL.
In addition, Ada has a special feature, generics, which may prompt the use of the GNAT Modified General Public License (GMGPL): it allows code to link against or instantiate GMGPL-covered units without the code itself becoming covered by the GPL.
C++ templates and header-only libraries have the same problem as Ada generics. Version 3 of the LGPL addresses such cases in section 3.
Class inheritance
Some concern has risen about the suitability of object-oriented classes in LGPL-licensed code being inherited by non-(L)GPL code. Clarification is given on the official GNU website:
The LGPL does not contain special provisions for inheritance, because none are needed. Inheritance creates derivative works in the same way as traditional linking, and the LGPL permits this type of derivative work in the same way as it permits ordinary function calls.
See also
Free and open-source software portal
GNU Affero General Public License
GNU Free Documentation License
GNAT Modified General Public License
GPL linking exception
Software using the LGPL (category)
References
^ License information Debian
^ a b c "Various Licenses and Comments about Them". Free Software Foundation. 26 June 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
^ Licenses & Standards Open Source Initiative
^ "Chapter 10. The Lesser GPL". Copyleft and the GNU General Public License: A Comprehensive Tutorial and Guide. 2018.
^ a b Stallman, Richard. "Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL for your next library". Free Software Foundation official website.
^ Gnu Lesser General Public License, Section 4, pt. d) 0)
^ "sublicense". Wiktionary. 7 December 2020.
^ GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) version 3. Free Software Foundation official website.
^ Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation. Free Software Foundation official website.
^ Stallman, Richard. Re: Xiph.org announces Vorbis Beta 4 and the Xiph.org
^ Preamble to the Gnu Lesser General Public License
^ LGPLv3 for a C++ Pure Template Library ?
^ Turner, David. The LGPL and Java. GNU official website.
External links
LGPL Official Page
LGPL-3.0 license
LGPL-2.1 license
LGPL-2.0 license
Derivative Works
Lisping Copyleft: A Close Reading of the Lisp LGPL, 5 International Free and Open Source Software Law Review 15 (2013)
vteGNU ProjectHistory
GNU Manifesto
Free Software Foundation
Europe
India
Latin America
History of free software
Licenses
GNU General Public License
linking exception
font exception
GNU Lesser General Public License
GNU Affero General Public License
GNU Free Documentation License
Software
GNU (variants)
Hurd
Linux-libre
glibc
Bash
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The license allows developers and companies to use and integrate a software component released under the LGPL into their own (even proprietary) software without being required by the terms of a strong copyleft license to release the source code of their own components. However, any developer who modifies an LGPL-covered component is required to make their modified version available under the same LGPL license. For proprietary software, code under the LGPL is usually used in the form of a shared library, so that there is a clear separation between the proprietary and LGPL components. The LGPL is primarily used for software libraries, although it is also used by some stand-alone applications.The LGPL was developed as a compromise between the strong copyleft of the GNU General Public License (GPL) and more permissive licenses such as the BSD licenses and the MIT License. The word \"Lesser\" in the title shows that the LGPL does not guarantee the end user's complete freedom in the use of software; it only guarantees the freedom of modification for components licensed under the LGPL, but not for any proprietary components.","title":"GNU Lesser General Public License"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The license was originally called the GNU Library General Public License and was first published in 1991, and adopted the version number 2 for parity with GPL version 2. The LGPL was revised in minor ways in the 2.1 point release, published in 1999, when it was renamed the GNU Lesser General Public License to reflect the FSF's position that not all libraries should use it. Version 3 of the LGPL was published in 2007 as a list of additional permissions applied to GPL version 3.In addition to the term \"work based on the Program\" of GPL, LGPL version 2 introduced two additional clarification terms \"work based on the library\" and \"work that uses the library\".[4] LGPL version 3 partially dropped these terms.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-not_use_LGPL-5"},{"link_name":"derivative work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_work"},{"link_name":"reverse engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering"},{"link_name":"dynamically links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)#Dynamic_linking"},{"link_name":".so","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)#Shared_libraries"},{"link_name":".dll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic-link_library"},{"link_name":"shared library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)#Shared_libraries"},{"link_name":"statically linked library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statically_linked_library"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LGPL_Section_4-6"}],"text":"The main difference between the GPL and the LGPL is that the latter allows the work to be linked with (in the case of a library, \"used by\") a non-(L)GPLed program, regardless of whether it is licensed under a license of GPL family or other licenses.[5] In LGPL 2.1, the non-(L)GPLed program can then be distributed under any terms if it is not a derivative work. 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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Various Licenses and Comments about Them\". Free Software Foundation. 26 June 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.en.html#LGPL","url_text":"\"Various Licenses and Comments about Them\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter 10. The Lesser GPL\". Copyleft and the GNU General Public License: A Comprehensive Tutorial and Guide. 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://copyleft.org/guide/comprehensive-gpl-guidech11.html","url_text":"\"Chapter 10. The Lesser GPL\""}]},{"reference":"\"sublicense\". Wiktionary. 7 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sublicense","url_text":"\"sublicense\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minilab
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Minilab
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["1 Film processor","2 Photo printer","3 History","4 Digital minilab","5 Dry minilab","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Photographic film developing and printing system
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A Noritsu QSS-3301 digital minilab printer. To the left of the monitor is a separate film scanner that is on top of the minilab, but can also be placed anywhere close to it. It sends images from film into the computer through cables. Digital minilab printers have a computer and computer monitor that handle the images before printing, and controls the minilabA minilab is a small photographic developing and printing system or machine, as opposed to large centralized photo developing labs. Many retail stores use film or digital minilabs to provide on-site photo finishing services.
With the increase in popularity of digital photography, the demand for film development has decreased. This means that the larger labs capable of processing 30,000-40,000 films a day are going out of business, and more retailers are installing minilabs.
In Kodak and Agfa minilabs, films are processed using C41b chemistry and the paper is processed using RA-4. With these chemical processes, films can be ready for collection in as little as 20 minutes, depending on the machine capabilities and the operator.
A typical minilab consists of two machines, a film processor and a paper printer/processor. In some installations, these two components are integrated into a single machine. In addition, some digital minilabs are also equipped with photo-ordering kiosks.
Despite their small size, minilab machines may use chemical processing just like larger dedicated photo processing labs, using processes such as CP-49E or RA-4 for photographic paper processing, and C-41 for film processing. All necessary processing chemicals may arrive in a box (replenishment cartridge) containing enough bleach, developer and fixing agents to be mixed automatically for an estimated amount of paper, eliminating the need to manually handle and mix chemicals. Minilab machines were used in stores to perform film processing and printing in a short period of time, usually less than one hour from start of film development to the end of printing, partly because it eliminated the need to send rolls of film and printed photos to and from a large central photo processing lab.
Film processor
35 mm films are pulled, this means all of the film is extracted from its roll. This can be done manually or by using a small machine that essentially uses tape to pull the film leader and all of the film out of the cassette. This small machine may be integrated into the film processor. If so, rolls are inserted inside a chamber, slot side towards the inside of the machine pointing downwards at an angle of 45°, the chamber is closed and the film inside the rolls is pulled into the processing mechanism. In cases when the end of the film cannot be removed or if the film is damaged, the film can be removed using a dark bag or a dark box. Before processing, a twin check number (a pair of stickers with a unique number) is manually put onto the film and the matching number onto the film processing envelope, so that after processing this film can be easily identified to the customers envelope. Films are spliced on the leader cards one or two at a time, to do this the end of the film is cut square, special chemical-resistant tape is used to attach the film to the leader card. The leader cards are then inserted into the film processor mechanism and are fed through the machine using sprockets in the card. The film goes through a developer, bleach, fix and stabilizer, then through a dryer. After the film is processed it is cut from the leader card and reunited with the processing envelope containing the customer details, and then from here the film goes forward for printing. Alternatively the film may be used immediately to expose silver halide photographic paper, shining a bright light through the film and into the paper using lenses for optical enlarging, which is then processed like film in a separate mechanism. Or the film may be digitally scanned using a CCD image sensor, corrected using software, and sent to a digital silver halide printer.
A minilab is typically a Roller Transport processor, where the film follows a serpentine path over many rollers. Each chemical processing step is done using a chemical immersion tank with replenishment to keep the chemicals fresh. Film advances down into the tank and then turns and rises up and out, then advances down into the next tank, and so forth. Chemical exposure timing is a combination of film advance speed and the physical length of the serpentine film path immersed in the fluid. The fluid in the tanks is usually agitated, filtered and warmed to 100 °F (necessary for the C-41 process), and the fluid also needs periodic replacement. The Film processor also has a dryer, just like wet silver halide printers.
A single minilab can be built to allow many different film widths in one device, from APS films to professional wide format films, using a flexible leader to pull the film through the mechanism. The leader is as wide as the widest possible format, and films attached to it are supported by guide rollers only. The leader may be gripped on each side between toothed drive belts following the same path as the film through the mechanism.
An example of a film processor minilab is the Noritsu QSF series of machines.
Photo printer
Fujifilm silver halide photo printer minilab
An analog printer minilab receiving film. No computer is present, and the film "scanner" is mounted on and integrated with the minilab so it can not be moved separately to somewhere else and connected through cables, the "scanner" is actually an optical enlarger, however there are digital minilabs with integrated scanners
Most printer/processes are computer controlled. The front of the film is fed into the printing gate. Sensors see the film and forward the film to the first frame. DX codes on the edge of the film are read by the printer and the film channel is selected accordingly to give the optimum result.
The paper stock is usually a continuous roll which is cut according to the size requirements of the customer. Different image widths are handled using different roll widths, and each width is usually done as a batch process of images all the same size. The light-sensitive photographic paper stock can be contained within light-tight packaging so that the minilab operator only needs to remove the old empty paper container and insert a full one, without needing to darken the room to prevent paper exposure.
Each frame is printed one at a time, the photographic paper is advanced each time and when there is sufficient frames printed the paper automatically advances into the paper processor. The paper passes through a developer, bleach/fix, a wash, and dryer. The prints are then cut up and are collected in a bundle. From here a smaller machine is used to cut the negatives into fours and sleeved to protect them. An intermediate step that conditions the paper using conditioning chemicals may be carried out on the paper before it is dried.
Older minilab printers are analog (optical) and directly expose the paper by shining light through the film and into the paper using an optical enlarger, before developing the paper. Newer minilab printers are digital and first scan the film, whose pictures may then be digitally corrected before being sent off to the printer, which may either expose the paper using lasers and then develop the paper, or be "dry" and essentially be a large inkjet printer. Those that develop the paper are known as Silver halide printers or minilabs. Dry inkjet minilabs are slower than their wet silver halide counterparts but consume less power, in part because dry minilabs do not need power to keep the development chemicals warm. Some minilabs may use light valves instead of lasers.
Printing is carried out using a Photographic printing process that uses modulated red, green and blue laser beams (channels) to directly expose the photographic paper. The laser beams are often controlled (modulated) individually from one another using their own acousto-optical modulator (AOM) crystal, each of which is driven by its own AOM driver. The AOM driver can often fail causing problems in the image produced by the printing process. Many minilabs use DPSS lasers while others use laser diodes to generate the laser beams, or may use both. The printer may also print information onto the back of the paper for identification. Alternatively the laser beams may be modulated directly by varying the power sent to the laser diodes. Often the green and blue lasers are DPSS lasers. Lenses, diaphragms and
mirrors are used to ensure that the laser beams are round and converged to ensure that the exposed image is in focus.
Light bleeding or other problems may occur when using this process; light bleeding results in color fringing. Light bleeding occurs due excessive amounts of laser light during exposure. Due to this Minilabs may use a variant of Grey Component Removal (GCR) to minimize exposure to laser light when printing shadows but not when printing solid colors. This printing process may need regular calibration to achieve the best possible results.
Calibration may be performed using a stored profile that may vary depending on things such as the type of paper on the printer or with a calibrator, and the printer may also apply some form of color management. Printers making use of this process can make prints of images that have been scanned using the printer's built-in CCD scanner, images that are in CDs, 3.25 inch floppy disks, ZIP disks or memory cards. More recent (~2005) minilabs may also function as network printers.
Digital wet laser minilabs work in the following way: The paper is pulled from a light-tight box called a "magazine" containing a roll of paper and cut into sheets, or sheet paper may be used. After cutting an inkjet printer marks each sheet with up to 80 characters of information spread over 2 lines, before exposure using a scanning and modulated set of red, green and blue laser beams. After exposure by lasers, the paper passes through tanks, one containing a developer, the next a bleach/fixing agent (which may also be separate) and the next containing filtered rinsing water followed by tanks with conditioning chemicals, before being dried with hot air, ejected and sorted. The chemicals may be automatically mixed from a cardboard box containing the necessary chemicals in separate bottles. The minilab contains filters and heaters for the chemicals, and it discards used chemicals into a separate, single bottle. Minilabs may contain 2 or 4 magazines, each with a paper roll of different width. The laser beams are scanned across the paper using a rotating mirror octagon driven by a stepper motor. Each full rotation of the octagon exposes 8 lines on the paper. Sensors are used to synchronize the rotation of the octagon with the signals sent by the AOM drivers to modulate the lasers. The lasers and AOMs are inside a dust-tight enclosure. Dust outside the output window of the enclosure can affect image quality. The lasers may be heated and their temperature monitored.
The final job is to put the negatives with the prints into a wallet and into the processing envelope. The order is then priced and placed into a rack or drawer waiting for the customer to collect.
Some minilabs have trays that move down; as the prints are made they are ejected from the machine; then a conveyor belt moves the prints sideways towards the tray, depositing them onto it. As soon as the tray has all the prints it needs it moves down and then an empty one drops on top of it, and the process repeats. This can be used to categorize prints, so that all prints belonging to an order are together. Other minilabs may use other mechanisms to categorize prints. This mechanism is called a sorter. Each tray has all the contents of a single order.
An example of a digital minilab silver halide printer is the Noritsu QSS series of machines.
History
The first minilab, the QSS-1 (Quick Service System 1) was introduced by Noritsu in 1976. In 1979 Noritsu released the QSS-2, which for the first time allowed for photo processing, from film development to color printing in just 45 minutes. In 2002 Noritsu introduced the first dry minilab, using Epson's seven color inkjet piezoelectric printing head. It was significantly cheaper than its "wet" silver halide counterparts. In 1996 Fujifilm released the first digital minilab, the Frontier 1000.
Analog silver halide minilabs were replaced by Digital laser silver halide minilabs, which were replaced by dry inkjet minilabs. Dry minilabs used to be more expensive to run than their wet counterparts, but that situation reversed in 2013.
By the end of 2005, two manufacturers, Agfa and Konica went out of business. Minilab Factory GmbH took over the renowned minilab branch of Agfa in 2006. Gretag Imaging, not to be confused with former Gretag Macbeth, went bankrupt in December, 2002. Subsequently, the minilab related assets were sold to the newly formed San Marco Imaging. The wholesale lab related assets were sold to KIS Photo Me Group. In 2006, Noritsu and Fuji announced a strategic alliance. Noritsu were for a short time manufacturing all of Fuji's minilab equipment until they discontinued production. Fujifilm resumed production of the Frontier LP5700R and this remains available as of Dec 2017. Fujifilm's inkjet minilab or dry lab products are sourced from Noritsu and increasingly from Epson who also supplies the older type print head to Noritsu.
Digital minilab
Dry minilabs
A digital minilab is a computer printer that uses traditional chemical photographic processes to make prints from digital images. Photographs are input to the digital minilab using a built-in film scanner that captures images from negative and positive photographic films (including mounted slides), flatbed scanners, a kiosk that accepts CD-ROMs or memory cards from a digital camera, or a website that accepts uploads. The operator can make many corrections such as brightness or color saturation, contrast, scene lighting color correction, sharpness and cropping. A set of scanning and modulated laser beams, LCD/LED, or Micro Light Valve Array (MLVA) then exposes photographic paper with the image, which is then processed by the minilab just as if it had been exposed from a negative.
The price of a digital minilab can reach up to $250,000 USD. A minilab, such as a Doli DL 1210 has a print resolution of 520dpi, accepts BMP, JPEG, and TIFF formats, and can print up to 8in by 12in. The most popular brands include KIS, Noritsu, Doli and Fuji.
Digital minilabs are generally too expensive for typical home use, but many retailers purchase or lease them to offer photo printing services to their customers. The resulting photographs have the same quality and durability as traditional photographs since the same chemical processes (e.g. RA-4) are used. This is often better than can be achieved by typical home inkjet printers, and for smaller prints generally less expensive.
A new type of minilab is the dry lab, which does not require the use of developer or fixer chemicals, and does not require moistening and then drying of the print. These machines are cheaper, smaller, and use inkjet printing instead of a chemical developing process. This allows them to be installed in smaller retail stores, print shops, and resort/tourist locations that could not justify an expensive, high throughput, wet minilab. Standard questions of inkjet quality and longevity apply.
Dry minilab
A Fujifilm Frontier DL650 Pro dry minilab
"Dry lab" is a term that evolved in the professional and consumer segments of the photo printing industry to distinguish later, chemistry free (or "dry") photo printing systems from traditional, silver halide (or "wet") systems.
There are currently two technologies used by manufacturers as print engines for either professional or commercial "dry labs". Although not strictly "dry", the first technology is a dye based, four colour (Yellow, Cyan, Magenta & Black) inkjet system. Inkjet based dry labs output prints with a relatively wide colour gamut although colours may take a few hours to stabilise after printing while the ink fully dries. The second technology that can be used is "dye diffusion thermal transfer" or D2T2 technology. D2T2 is a three colour (Yellow, Cyan & Magenta) thermal process whereby the colour dyes are transferred from an ink ribbon onto, or rather into, the surface of a special paper substrate. "Dry labs" are becoming increasingly popular with users as they are cheaper and easier to maintain than wet labs.
See also
Photographic printing
Photographic paper
Photography
Image editing
References
^ a b c https://www.fujifilm.com/products/photofinishing/brochures/pdf/digital_minilabs/frontier_lp5700_lp5500.pdf
^ McCormick-Goodhart, Mark (September 16, 2008). "A Look at Two Photofinishing Technologies and One Desktop Photo Printing Alternative". Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ http://www.footprintsequipment.com/images/brochures/noritsu/filmprocessors/v30-v50-v100.pdf
^ a b http://www.footprintsequipment.com/images/brochures/Noritsu/PrinterProcessors/2611.pdf
^ http://usedminilab.kr.ec21.com/GC00023701/CA00023708/%EB%AF%B8%EB%8B%88%EB%9E%A9_(Noritsu_QSS-1912).html http://usedminilab.kr.ec21.com/GC00023701/CA00023705/미니랩_(Noritsu_QSS-1501).html
^ "Dry Minilabs Replacing Silver Halide". September 23, 2017. Archived from the original on September 23, 2017.
^ Shipton, Keith (March 16, 2018). "Photo printing's slow transition". Archived from the original on March 6, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ "Laserepair.info". Retrieved 2020-08-13.
^ "Laserepair.info - laserepair Resources and Information". Archived from the original on 2020-01-18. Retrieved 2020-08-13.
^ "Photolab Silver Halide Color Management – Onsight". Archived from the original on 2020-08-11. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
^ "Noritsu QSS-3102-2 Digital . High capacity digital Noritsu minilab". minilab.com.ua. Archived from the original on 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
^ "Noritsu QSS-34 Digital. Digital Noritsu minilab". minilab.com.ua. Archived from the original on 2020-01-18. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
^ "Noritsu laser unit cleaning. Noritsu minilab laser exposure unit repaire and maintenance. Spare parts for Noritsu minilab". minilab.com.ua. Archived from the original on 2020-08-13. Retrieved 2020-08-13.
^ "Minilab Evolution: Smaller, Faster and Better". April 30, 2020.
^ "Inkjet prints now 'less than silver'". Inside Imaging. July 4, 2013. Archived from the original on August 13, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ "Fujifilm and Noritsu Koki to Form Global Alliance in Photofinishing Field Aiming to Enhance "Retail Printing" Services – Fujifilm Global". fujifilm.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-08. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
^ "Do Fuji and Noritsu Look Alike? Reason: They Really Are (Well, Almost)". imaginginfo.com. Archived from the original on 2008-04-07. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
^ "Frontier LP5700R | Fujifilm ". www.fujifilm.com.
^ "Noritsu QSS-2901. Digital Noritsu minilab". minilab.com.ua. Archived from the original on 2020-01-18. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
^ http://www.doli.com.cn/download/online/en/1210%20Service%20Manual.pdf | Doli DL1210 Operation Manual, page 15
^ "NewPhotoDigest | Dry minilabs are in demand". Archived from the original on 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
^ "Printing Press: Minilabs Adapt to Printing Needs". September 6, 2019.
External links
Minilabworld.net – Minilabs, Parts, Accessories
Photolab Forum – Industry Site, Forum and User Group
Noritsu America Corporation – Industry Site
FujiFilm Minilabs
Minilabhelp – User Group
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noritsu_Koki_QSS-3301Digital.jpg"},{"link_name":"Noritsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noritsu"},{"link_name":"photographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic"},{"link_name":"developing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_developing"},{"link_name":"digital photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photography"},{"link_name":"Kodak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak"},{"link_name":"Agfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agfa"},{"link_name":"C41b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-41_process"},{"link_name":"RA-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RA-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A Noritsu QSS-3301 digital minilab printer. To the left of the monitor is a separate film scanner that is on top of the minilab, but can also be placed anywhere close to it. It sends images from film into the computer through cables. Digital minilab printers have a computer and computer monitor that handle the images before printing, and controls the minilabA minilab is a small photographic developing and printing system or machine, as opposed to large centralized photo developing labs. Many retail stores use film or digital minilabs to provide on-site photo finishing services.With the increase in popularity of digital photography, the demand for film development has decreased. This means that the larger labs capable of processing 30,000-40,000 films a day are going out of business, and more retailers are installing minilabs.In Kodak and Agfa minilabs, films are processed using C41b chemistry and the paper is processed using RA-4. With these chemical processes, films can be ready for collection in as little as 20 minutes, depending on the machine capabilities and the operator.A typical minilab consists of two machines, a film processor and a paper printer/processor. In some installations, these two components are integrated into a single machine. In addition, some digital minilabs are also equipped with photo-ordering kiosks.Despite their small size, minilab machines may use chemical processing just like larger dedicated photo processing labs, using processes such as CP-49E or RA-4 for photographic paper processing, and C-41 for film processing. All necessary processing chemicals may arrive in a box (replenishment cartridge) containing enough bleach, developer and fixing agents to be mixed automatically for an estimated amount of paper, eliminating the need to manually handle and mix chemicals.[1][2] Minilab machines were used in stores to perform film processing and printing in a short period of time, usually less than one hour from start of film development to the end of printing, partly because it eliminated the need to send rolls of film and printed photos to and from a large central photo processing lab.","title":"Minilab"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"35 mm films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/135_film"},{"link_name":"dark bag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark_bag&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"35 mm films are pulled, this means all of the film is extracted from its roll. This can be done manually or by using a small machine that essentially uses tape to pull the film leader and all of the film out of the cassette. This small machine may be integrated into the film processor. If so, rolls are inserted inside a chamber, slot side towards the inside of the machine pointing downwards at an angle of 45°, the chamber is closed and the film inside the rolls is pulled into the processing mechanism. In cases when the end of the film cannot be removed or if the film is damaged, the film can be removed using a dark bag or a dark box. Before processing, a twin check number (a pair of stickers with a unique number) is manually put onto the film and the matching number onto the film processing envelope, so that after processing this film can be easily identified to the customers envelope. Films are spliced on the leader cards one or two at a time, to do this the end of the film is cut square, special chemical-resistant tape is used to attach the film to the leader card. The leader cards are then inserted into the film processor mechanism and are fed through the machine using sprockets in the card. The film goes through a developer, bleach, fix and stabilizer, then through a dryer. After the film is processed it is cut from the leader card and reunited with the processing envelope containing the customer details, and then from here the film goes forward for printing. Alternatively the film may be used immediately to expose silver halide photographic paper, shining a bright light through the film and into the paper using lenses for optical enlarging, which is then processed like film in a separate mechanism. Or the film may be digitally scanned using a CCD image sensor, corrected using software, and sent to a digital silver halide printer.A minilab is typically a Roller Transport processor, where the film follows a serpentine path over many rollers. Each chemical processing step is done using a chemical immersion tank with replenishment to keep the chemicals fresh. Film advances down into the tank and then turns and rises up and out, then advances down into the next tank, and so forth. Chemical exposure timing is a combination of film advance speed and the physical length of the serpentine film path immersed in the fluid. The fluid in the tanks is usually agitated, filtered and warmed to 100 °F (necessary for the C-41 process), and the fluid also needs periodic replacement. The Film processor also has a dryer, just like wet silver halide printers.[3]A single minilab can be built to allow many different film widths in one device, from APS films to professional wide format films, using a flexible leader to pull the film through the mechanism. The leader is as wide as the widest possible format, and films attached to it are supported by guide rollers only. The leader may be gripped on each side between toothed drive belts following the same path as the film through the mechanism.An example of a film processor minilab is the Noritsu QSF series of machines.","title":"Film processor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Developing_Fujifilm_LP1500SC_Minilab.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ac-dyma-a-m-1997-minilab.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qss26-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"DX codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DX_encoding"},{"link_name":"photographic paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_paper"},{"link_name":"developer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_developer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Photographic printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_printing"},{"link_name":"DPSS lasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSS_laser"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qss26-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"}],"text":"Fujifilm silver halide photo printer minilabAn analog printer minilab receiving film. No computer is present, and the film \"scanner\" is mounted on and integrated with the minilab so it can not be moved separately to somewhere else and connected through cables, the \"scanner\" is actually an optical enlarger, however there are digital minilabs with integrated scanners[4][5]Most printer/processes are computer controlled. The front of the film is fed into the printing gate. Sensors see the film and forward the film to the first frame. DX codes on the edge of the film are read by the printer and the film channel is selected accordingly to give the optimum result.The paper stock is usually a continuous roll which is cut according to the size requirements of the customer. Different image widths are handled using different roll widths, and each width is usually done as a batch process of images all the same size. The light-sensitive photographic paper stock can be contained within light-tight packaging so that the minilab operator only needs to remove the old empty paper container and insert a full one, without needing to darken the room to prevent paper exposure.Each frame is printed one at a time, the photographic paper is advanced each time and when there is sufficient frames printed the paper automatically advances into the paper processor. The paper passes through a developer, bleach/fix, a wash, and dryer. The prints are then cut up and are collected in a bundle. From here a smaller machine is used to cut the negatives into fours and sleeved to protect them. An intermediate step that conditions the paper using conditioning chemicals may be carried out on the paper before it is dried.Older minilab printers are analog (optical) and directly expose the paper by shining light through the film and into the paper using an optical enlarger, before developing the paper. Newer minilab printers are digital and first scan the film, whose pictures may then be digitally corrected before being sent off to the printer, which may either expose the paper using lasers and then develop the paper, or be \"dry\" and essentially be a large inkjet printer. Those that develop the paper are known as Silver halide printers or minilabs. Dry inkjet minilabs are slower than their wet silver halide counterparts[6] but consume less power, in part because dry minilabs do not need power to keep the development chemicals warm.[7] Some minilabs may use light valves instead of lasers.Printing is carried out using a Photographic printing process that uses modulated red, green and blue laser beams (channels) to directly expose the photographic paper. The laser beams are often controlled (modulated) individually from one another using their own acousto-optical modulator (AOM) crystal, each of which is driven by its own AOM driver. The AOM driver can often fail causing problems in the image produced by the printing process. Many minilabs use DPSS lasers while others use laser diodes to generate the laser beams, or may use both. The printer may also print information onto the back of the paper for identification. Alternatively the laser beams may be modulated directly by varying the power sent to the laser diodes. Often the green and blue lasers are DPSS lasers. Lenses, diaphragms and \nmirrors are used to ensure that the laser beams are round and converged to ensure that the exposed image is in focus.[8][9]Light bleeding or other problems may occur when using this process; light bleeding results in color fringing. Light bleeding occurs due excessive amounts of laser light during exposure. Due to this Minilabs may use a variant of Grey Component Removal (GCR) to minimize exposure to laser light when printing shadows but not when printing solid colors. This printing process may need regular calibration to achieve the best possible results.Calibration may be performed using a stored profile that may vary depending on things such as the type of paper on the printer or with a calibrator, and the printer may also apply some form of color management. Printers making use of this process can make prints of images that have been scanned using the printer's built-in CCD scanner, images that are in CDs, 3.25 inch floppy disks, ZIP disks or memory cards.[1][10] More recent (~2005) minilabs may also function as network printers.[11][12]Digital wet laser minilabs work in the following way: The paper is pulled from a light-tight box called a \"magazine\" containing a roll of paper and cut into sheets, or sheet paper may be used.[4] After cutting an inkjet printer marks each sheet with up to 80 characters of information spread over 2 lines, before exposure using a scanning and modulated set of red, green and blue laser beams. After exposure by lasers, the paper passes through tanks, one containing a developer, the next a bleach/fixing agent (which may also be separate) and the next containing filtered rinsing water followed by tanks with conditioning chemicals, before being dried with hot air, ejected and sorted. The chemicals may be automatically mixed from a cardboard box containing the necessary chemicals in separate bottles. The minilab contains filters and heaters for the chemicals, and it discards used chemicals into a separate, single bottle. Minilabs may contain 2 or 4 magazines, each with a paper roll of different width.[13] The laser beams are scanned across the paper using a rotating mirror octagon driven by a stepper motor. Each full rotation of the octagon exposes 8 lines on the paper. Sensors are used to synchronize the rotation of the octagon with the signals sent by the AOM drivers to modulate the lasers. The lasers and AOMs are inside a dust-tight enclosure. Dust outside the output window of the enclosure can affect image quality. The lasers may be heated and their temperature monitored.The final job is to put the negatives with the prints into a wallet and into the processing envelope. The order is then priced and placed into a rack or drawer waiting for the customer to collect.Some minilabs have trays that move down; as the prints are made they are ejected from the machine; then a conveyor belt moves the prints sideways towards the tray, depositing them onto it. As soon as the tray has all the prints it needs it moves down and then an empty one drops on top of it, and the process repeats. This can be used to categorize prints, so that all prints belonging to an order are together. Other minilabs may use other mechanisms to categorize prints. This mechanism is called a sorter. Each tray has all the contents of a single order.[1]An example of a digital minilab silver halide printer is the Noritsu QSS series of machines.","title":"Photo printer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Agfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgfaPhoto"},{"link_name":"Konica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konica"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Minilab#Konica_Minolta_article_suggests_that_they_discontinued_photo_operations_in_2007,_and_this_wasn't_%22going_out_of_business%22_per_se"},{"link_name":"Minilab Factory GmbH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minilab_Factory_GmbH&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gretag Imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gretag_Imaging&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The first minilab, the QSS-1 (Quick Service System 1) was introduced by Noritsu in 1976. In 1979 Noritsu released the QSS-2, which for the first time allowed for photo processing, from film development to color printing in just 45 minutes. In 2002 Noritsu introduced the first dry minilab, using Epson's seven color inkjet piezoelectric printing head. It was significantly cheaper than its \"wet\" silver halide counterparts. In 1996 Fujifilm released the first digital minilab, the Frontier 1000.[14]Analog silver halide minilabs were replaced by Digital laser silver halide minilabs, which were replaced by dry inkjet minilabs. Dry minilabs used to be more expensive to run than their wet counterparts, but that situation reversed in 2013.[15]By the end of 2005, two manufacturers, Agfa and Konica[dubious – discuss] went out of business. Minilab Factory GmbH took over the renowned minilab branch of Agfa in 2006. Gretag Imaging, not to be confused with former Gretag Macbeth, went bankrupt in December, 2002. Subsequently, the minilab related assets were sold to the newly formed San Marco Imaging. The wholesale lab related assets were sold to KIS Photo Me Group. In 2006, Noritsu and Fuji announced a strategic alliance.[16] Noritsu were for a short time manufacturing all of Fuji's minilab equipment until they discontinued production.[17] Fujifilm resumed production of the Frontier LP5700R and this remains available as of Dec 2017.[18] Fujifilm's inkjet minilab or dry lab products are sourced from Noritsu and increasingly from Epson who also supplies the older type print head to Noritsu.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dry_minilabs_in_a_shop_centre.jpg"},{"link_name":"computer printer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_printer"},{"link_name":"chemical photographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography#Chemical_Photography"},{"link_name":"digital images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_image"},{"link_name":"scanners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scanner"},{"link_name":"kiosk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiosk"},{"link_name":"CD-ROMs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM"},{"link_name":"memory cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_card"},{"link_name":"digital camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website"},{"link_name":"uploads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upload"},{"link_name":"brightness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightness"},{"link_name":"color saturation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_(color_theory)"},{"link_name":"laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"Light Valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_valve"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"photographic paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_paper"},{"link_name":"negative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_(photography)"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Dollar"},{"link_name":"BMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP_file_format"},{"link_name":"JPEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG"},{"link_name":"TIFF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIFF"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"KIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photo-Me_International_plc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Noritsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noritsu"},{"link_name":"Doli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_Doli_Photographic_Equipment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujifilm"},{"link_name":"RA-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RA-4"},{"link_name":"inkjet printers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkjet_printer"},{"link_name":"inkjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkjet"}],"text":"Dry minilabsA digital minilab is a computer printer that uses traditional chemical photographic processes to make prints from digital images. Photographs are input to the digital minilab using a built-in film scanner that captures images from negative and positive photographic films (including mounted slides), flatbed scanners, a kiosk that accepts CD-ROMs or memory cards from a digital camera, or a website that accepts uploads. The operator can make many corrections such as brightness or color saturation, contrast, scene lighting color correction, sharpness and cropping. A set of scanning and modulated laser beams, LCD/LED, or Micro Light Valve Array (MLVA)[19] then exposes photographic paper with the image, which is then processed by the minilab just as if it had been exposed from a negative.The price of a digital minilab can reach up to $250,000 USD. A minilab, such as a Doli DL 1210 has a print resolution of 520dpi, accepts BMP, JPEG, and TIFF formats, and can print up to 8in by 12in.[20] The most popular brands include KIS, Noritsu, Doli and Fuji.Digital minilabs are generally too expensive for typical home use, but many retailers purchase or lease them to offer photo printing services to their customers. The resulting photographs have the same quality and durability as traditional photographs since the same chemical processes (e.g. RA-4) are used. This is often better than can be achieved by typical home inkjet printers, and for smaller prints generally less expensive.A new type of minilab is the dry lab, which does not require the use of developer or fixer chemicals, and does not require moistening and then drying of the print. These machines are cheaper, smaller, and use inkjet printing instead of a chemical developing process. This allows them to be installed in smaller retail stores, print shops, and resort/tourist locations that could not justify an expensive, high throughput, wet minilab. Standard questions of inkjet quality and longevity apply.","title":"Digital minilab"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fujifilm_Frontier_DL650_Pro_dry_minilab_at_a_Walmart_in_Gillette,_Wyoming.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fujifilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujifilm"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"A Fujifilm Frontier DL650 Pro dry minilab\"Dry lab\" is a term that evolved in the professional and consumer segments of the photo printing industry to distinguish later, chemistry free (or \"dry\") photo printing systems from traditional, silver halide (or \"wet\") systems.There are currently two technologies used by manufacturers as print engines for either professional or commercial \"dry labs\". Although not strictly \"dry\", the first technology is a dye based, four colour (Yellow, Cyan, Magenta & Black) inkjet system. Inkjet based dry labs output prints with a relatively wide colour gamut although colours may take a few hours to stabilise after printing while the ink fully dries. The second technology that can be used is \"dye diffusion thermal transfer\" or D2T2 technology. D2T2 is a three colour (Yellow, Cyan & Magenta) thermal process whereby the colour dyes are transferred from an ink ribbon onto, or rather into, the surface of a special paper substrate. \"Dry labs\" are becoming increasingly popular with users as they are cheaper and easier to maintain than wet labs.[21][22]","title":"Dry minilab"}]
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[{"image_text":"A Noritsu QSS-3301 digital minilab printer. To the left of the monitor is a separate film scanner that is on top of the minilab, but can also be placed anywhere close to it. It sends images from film into the computer through cables. Digital minilab printers have a computer and computer monitor that handle the images before printing, and controls the minilab","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Noritsu_Koki_QSS-3301Digital.jpg/300px-Noritsu_Koki_QSS-3301Digital.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fujifilm silver halide photo printer minilab","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Developing_Fujifilm_LP1500SC_Minilab.jpg/220px-Developing_Fujifilm_LP1500SC_Minilab.jpg"},{"image_text":"An analog printer minilab receiving film. No computer is present, and the film \"scanner\" is mounted on and integrated with the minilab so it can not be moved separately to somewhere else and connected through cables, the \"scanner\" is actually an optical enlarger, however there are digital minilabs with integrated scanners[4][5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ac-dyma-a-m-1997-minilab.jpg/220px-Ac-dyma-a-m-1997-minilab.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dry minilabs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dry_minilabs_in_a_shop_centre.jpg/220px-Dry_minilabs_in_a_shop_centre.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Fujifilm Frontier DL650 Pro dry minilab","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Fujifilm_Frontier_DL650_Pro_dry_minilab_at_a_Walmart_in_Gillette%2C_Wyoming.jpg/170px-Fujifilm_Frontier_DL650_Pro_dry_minilab_at_a_Walmart_in_Gillette%2C_Wyoming.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Photographic printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_printing"},{"title":"Photographic paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_paper"},{"title":"Photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"title":"Image editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_editing"}]
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[{"reference":"McCormick-Goodhart, Mark (September 16, 2008). \"A Look at Two Photofinishing Technologies and One Desktop Photo Printing Alternative\". Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aardenburg-imaging.com/a-look-at-two-photofinishing-technologies-and-one-desktop-photo-printing-alternative/","url_text":"\"A Look at Two Photofinishing Technologies and One Desktop Photo Printing Alternative\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181116234842/http://www.aardenburg-imaging.com/a-look-at-two-photofinishing-technologies-and-one-desktop-photo-printing-alternative/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dry Minilabs Replacing Silver Halide\". September 23, 2017. 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Digital Noritsu minilab\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200118152925/http://minilab.com.ua/en/description/noritsu/qss29/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NewPhotoDigest | Dry minilabs are in demand\". Archived from the original on 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2011-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110823044700/http://newphotodigest.co.uk/2009/05/dry-minilabs-are-in-demand/","url_text":"\"NewPhotoDigest | Dry minilabs are in demand\""},{"url":"http://newphotodigest.co.uk/2009/05/dry-minilabs-are-in-demand/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Printing Press: Minilabs Adapt to Printing Needs\". September 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://direporter.com/printing-press-creative-printing/printing-press-minilabs-adapt-printing-needs","url_text":"\"Printing Press: Minilabs Adapt to Printing Needs\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltage
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High voltage
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["1 Definition","2 Production","3 Sparks in air","4 Uses","4.1 Distribution","4.2 Industrial","4.3 Scientific","5 Safety","5.1 Distribution","5.2 Electrostatic generators","5.3 Tesla coils","5.4 Arc flash hazard","5.5 Explosion hazard","5.6 Toxic gases","5.7 Lightning","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Electrical potential which is large enough to cause damage or injury
For other uses, see High Voltage (disambiguation). "High tension" redirects here. For other uses, see High Tension (disambiguation).
High voltages may lead to electrical breakdown, resulting in an electrical discharge as illustrated by the plasma filaments streaming from a Tesla coil.
High voltage electricity refers to electrical potential large enough to cause injury or damage. In certain industries, high voltage refers to voltage above a certain threshold. Equipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant special safety requirements and procedures.
High voltage is used in electrical power distribution, in cathode-ray tubes, to generate X-rays and particle beams, to produce electrical arcs, for ignition, in photomultiplier tubes, and in high-power amplifier vacuum tubes, as well as other industrial, military and scientific applications.
Definition
IEC voltage range
AC RMSvoltage (V)
DC voltage (V)
Defining risk
High voltage
> 1,000
> 1,500
Electrical arcing
Low voltage
50 to 1,000
120 to 1,500
Electrical shock
Extra-low voltage
< 50
< 120
Low risk
The numerical definition of high voltage depends on context. Two factors considered in classifying a voltage as high voltage are the possibility of causing a spark in air, and the danger of electric shock by contact or proximity.
The International Electrotechnical Commission and its national counterparts (IET, IEEE, VDE, etc.) define high voltage as above 1000 V for alternating current, and at least 1500 V for direct current.
In the United States, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) establishes nominal voltage ratings for 60 Hz electric power systems over 100 V. Specifically, ANSI C84.1-2020 defines high voltage as 115 kV to 230 kV, extra-high voltage as 345 kV to 765 kV, and ultra-high voltage as 1,100 kV. British Standard BS 7671:2008 defines high voltage as any voltage difference between conductors that is higher than 1000 VAC or 1500 V ripple-free DC, or any voltage difference between a conductor and Earth that is higher than 600 VAC or 900 V ripple-free DC.
Electricians may only be licensed for particular voltage classes in some jurisdictions. For example, an electrical license for a specialized sub-trade such as installation of HVAC systems, fire alarm systems, closed circuit television systems may be authorized to install systems energized up to only 30 volts between conductors, and may not be permitted to work on mains-voltage circuits. The general public may consider household mains circuits (100 to 250 VAC), which carry the highest voltages they normally encounter, to be high voltage.
Voltages over approximately 50 volts can usually cause dangerous amounts of current to flow through a human being who touches two points of a circuit, so safety standards are more restrictive around such circuits.
In automotive engineering, high voltage is defined as voltage in range 30 to 1000 VAC or 60 to 1500 VDC.
The definition of extra-high voltage (EHV) again depends on context. In electric power transmission engineering, EHV is classified as voltages in the range of 345,000– 765,000 V. In electronics systems, a power supply that provides greater than 275,000 volts is called an EHV Power Supply, and is often used in experiments in physics. The accelerating voltage for a television cathode ray tube may be described as extra-high voltage or extra-high tension (EHT), compared to other voltage supplies within the equipment. This type of supply ranges from 5 kV to about 30 kV.
The Unicode text character representing "high voltage" is the symbol "⚡︎".
Production
The common static electric sparks seen under low-humidity conditions always involve voltage well above 700 V. For example, sparks to car doors in winter can involve voltages as high as 20,000 V.
Electrostatic generators such as Van de Graaff generators and Wimshurst machines can produce voltages approaching one million volts at several amps, but typically don't last long enough to cause damage. Induction coils operate on the flyback effect resulting in voltages greater than the turns ratio multiplied by the input voltage. They typically produce higher currents than electrostatic machines, but each doubling of desired output voltage roughly doubles the weight due to the amount of wire required in the secondary winding. Thus scaling them to higher voltages by adding more turns of wire can become impractical. The Cockcroft-Walton multiplier can be used to multiply the voltage produced by an induction coil. It generates DC using diode switches to charge a ladder of capacitors. Tesla coils utilize resonance, are lightweight, and do not require semiconductors.
The largest scale sparks are those produced naturally by lightning. An average bolt of negative lightning carries a current of 30 to 50 kiloamperes, transfers a charge of 5 coulombs, and dissipates 500 megajoules of energy (120 kg TNT equivalent, or enough to light a 100-watt light bulb for approximately 2 months). However, an average bolt of positive lightning (from the top of a thunderstorm) may carry a current of 300 to 500 kiloamperes, transfer a charge of up to 300 coulombs, have a potential difference up to 1 gigavolt (a billion volts), and may dissipate 300 GJ of energy (72 tons TNT, or enough energy to light a 100-watt light bulb for up to 95 years). A negative lightning strike typically lasts for only tens of microseconds, but multiple strikes are common. A positive lightning stroke is typically a single event, but the larger peak current may flow for hundreds of milliseconds, making it considerably more energetic than negative lightning.
Sparks in air
Long exposure photograph of a Tesla coil showing the repeated electric discharges
The dielectric breakdown strength of dry air, at Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP), between spherical electrodes is approximately 33 kV/cm. This is only a rough guide, since the actual breakdown voltage is highly dependent upon the electrode shape and size. Strong electric fields (from high voltages applied to small or pointed conductors) often produce violet-colored corona discharges in air, as well as visible sparks. Voltages below about 500–700 volts cannot produce easily visible sparks or glows in air at atmospheric pressure, so by this rule these voltages are "low". However, under conditions of low atmospheric pressure (such as in high-altitude aircraft), or in an environment of noble gas such as argon or neon, sparks appear at much lower voltages. 500 to 700 volts is not a fixed minimum for producing spark breakdown, but it is a rule-of-thumb. For air at STP, the minimum sparkover voltage is around 327 volts, as noted by Friedrich Paschen.
While lower voltages do not, in general, jump a gap that is present before the voltage is applied, interrupting an existing current flow with a gap often produces a low-voltage spark or arc. As the contacts are separated, a few small points of contact become the last to separate. The current becomes constricted to these small hot spots, causing them to become incandescent, so that they emit electrons (through thermionic emission). Even a small 9 V battery can spark noticeably by this mechanism in a darkened room. The ionized air and metal vapour (from the contacts) form plasma, which temporarily bridges the widening gap. If the power supply and load allow sufficient current to flow, a self-sustaining arc may form. Once formed, an arc may be extended to a significant length before breaking the circuit. Attempting to open an inductive circuit often forms an arc, since the inductance provides a high-voltage pulse whenever the current is interrupted. AC systems make sustained arcing somewhat less likely, since the current returns to zero twice per cycle. The arc is extinguished every time the current goes through a zero crossing, and must reignite during the next half-cycle to maintain the arc.
Unlike an ohmic conductor, the resistance of an arc decreases as the current increases. This makes unintentional arcs in an electrical apparatus dangerous since even a small arc can grow large enough to damage equipment and start fires if sufficient current is available. Intentionally produced arcs, such as used in lighting or welding, require some element in the circuit to stabilize the arc's current/voltage characteristics.
Uses
Distribution
Main article: Electric power transmission
See also: High-voltage cable
Power lines with high voltage warning sign.
Electrical transmission and distribution lines for electric power typically use voltages between tens and hundreds of kilovolts. The lines may be overhead or underground. High voltage is used in power distribution to reduce ohmic losses when transporting electricity long distance.
Industrial
It is used in the production of semiconductors to sputter thin layers of metal films on the surface of the wafer. It is also used for electrostatic flocking to coat objects with small fibers that stand on edge.
Scientific
Spark gaps were used historically as an early form of radio transmission. Similarly, lightning discharges in the atmosphere of Jupiter are thought to be the source of the planet's powerful radio frequency emissions.
High voltages have been used in landmark chemistry and particle physics experiments and discoveries. Electric arcs were used in the isolation and discovery of the element argon from atmospheric air. Induction coils powered early X-ray tubes. Moseley used an X-ray tube to determine the atomic number of a selection of metallic elements by the spectrum emitted when used as anodes. High voltage is used for generating electron beams for microscopy. Cockcroft and Walton invented the voltage multiplier to transmutate lithium atoms in lithium oxide into helium by accelerating hydrogen atoms.
Safety
Electric shock hazard symbol (ISO 7010 W012), also known as high voltage symbol
See also: Electrical injury
Voltages greater than 50 V applied across dry unbroken human skin can cause heart fibrillation if they produce electric currents in body tissues that happen to pass through the chest area. The voltage at which there is the danger of electrocution depends on the electrical conductivity of dry human skin. Living human tissue can be protected from damage by the insulating characteristics of dry skin up to around 50 volts. If the same skin becomes wet, if there are wounds, or if the voltage is applied to electrodes that penetrate the skin, then even voltage sources below 40 V can be lethal.
Accidental contact with any high voltage supplying sufficient energy may result in severe injury or death. This can occur as a person's body provides a path for current flow, causing tissue damage and heart failure. Other injuries can include burns from the arc generated by the accidental contact. These burns can be especially dangerous if the victim's airway is affected. Injuries may also be suffered as a result of the physical forces experienced by people who fall from a great height or are thrown a considerable distance.
Low-energy exposure to high voltage may be harmless, such as the spark produced in a dry climate when touching a doorknob after walking across a carpeted floor. The voltage can be in the thousand-volt range, but the average current is low.
The standard precautions to avoid injury include working under conditions that would avoid having electrical energy flow through the body, particularly through the heart region, such as between the arms, or between an arm and a leg. Electricity can flow between two conductors in high voltage equipment and the body can complete the circuit. To avoid that from happening, the worker should wear insulating clothing such as rubber gloves, use insulated tools, and avoid touching the equipment with more than one hand at a time. An electrical current can also flow between the equipment and the earth ground. To prevent that, the worker should stand on an insulated surface such as on rubber mats. Safety equipment is tested regularly to ensure it is still protecting the user. Test regulations vary according to country. Testing companies can test at up 300,000 volts and offer services from glove testing to Elevated Working Platform (or EWP) testing.
Distribution
High-voltage substation in Kaanaa, Pori, Finland
Contact with or close approach to line conductors presents a danger of electrocution. Contact with overhead wires can result in injury or death. Metal ladders, farm equipment, boat masts, construction machinery, aerial antennas, and similar objects are frequently involved in fatal contact with overhead wires. Unauthorized persons climbing on power pylons or electrical apparatus are also frequently the victims of electrocution. At very high transmission voltages even a close approach can be hazardous, since the high voltage may arc across a significant air gap.
Digging into a buried cable can also be dangerous to workers at an excavation site. Digging equipment (either hand tools or machine driven) that contacts a buried cable may energize piping or the ground in the area, resulting in electrocution of nearby workers. A fault in a high-voltage transmission line or substation may result in high currents flowing along the surface of the earth, producing an earth potential rise that also presents a danger of electric shock.
For high voltage and extra-high voltage transmission lines, specially trained personnel use "live line" techniques to allow hands-on contact with energized equipment. In this case the worker is electrically connected to the high-voltage line but thoroughly insulated from the earth so that he is at the same electrical potential as that of the line. Since training for such operations is lengthy, and still presents a danger to personnel, only very important transmission lines are subject to maintenance while live. Outside these properly engineered situations, insulation from earth does not guarantee that no current flows to earth—as grounding or arcing to ground can occur in unexpected ways, and high-frequency currents can burn even an ungrounded person. Touching a transmitting antenna is dangerous for this reason, and a high-frequency Tesla coil can sustain a spark with only one endpoint.
Protective equipment on high-voltage transmission lines normally prevents formation of an unwanted arc, or ensures that it is quenched within tens of milliseconds. Electrical apparatus that interrupts high-voltage circuits is designed to safely direct the resulting arc so that it dissipates without damage. High voltage circuit breakers often use a blast of high pressure air, a special dielectric gas (such as SF6 under pressure), or immersion in mineral oil to quench the arc when the high voltage circuit is broken.
Wiring in equipment such as X-ray machines and lasers requires care. The high voltage section is kept physically distant from the low voltage side to reduce the possibility of an arc forming between the two. To avoid coronal losses, conductors are kept as short as possible and free of sharp points. If insulated, the plastic coating should be free of air bubbles which result in coronal discharges within the bubbles.
Electrostatic generators
Main article: Electrostatic generator
A high voltage is not necessarily dangerous if it cannot deliver substantial current. Despite electrostatic machines such as Van de Graaff generators and Wimshurst machines producing voltages approaching one million volts, they deliver a brief sting. That is because the current is low, i.e. only a relatively few electrons move. These devices have a limited amount of stored energy, so the average current produced is low and usually for a short time, with impulses peaking in the 1 A range for a nanosecond.
The discharge may involve extremely high voltage over very short periods, but to produce heart fibrillation, an electric power supply must produce a significant current in the heart muscle continuing for many milliseconds, and must deposit a total energy in the range of at least millijoules or higher. Relatively high current at anything more than about fifty volts can therefore be medically significant and potentially fatal.
During the discharge, these machines apply high voltage to the body for only a millionth of a second or less. So a low current is applied for a very short time, and the number of electrons involved is very small.
Tesla coils
Main article: Tesla coil § Health hazards
Despite Tesla coils superficially appearing similar to Van de Graaff generators, they are not electrostatic machines and can produce significant radio frequency currents continuously. The current supplied to a human body will be relatively constant as long as contact is maintained, unlike with electrostatic machines which generally take longer to build up charges, and the voltage will be much higher than the break-down voltage of human skin. As a consequence, the output of a Tesla coil can be dangerous or even fatal.
Arc flash hazard
Main article: Arc flash
High voltage testing arrangement with large capacitor and test transformer
Depending on the prospective short-circuit current available at a switchgear line-up, a hazard is presented to maintenance and operating personnel due to the possibility of a high-intensity electric arc. Maximum temperature of an arc can exceed 10,000 kelvins, and the radiant heat, expanding hot air, and explosive vaporization of metal and insulation material can cause severe injury to unprotected workers. Such switchgear line-ups and high-energy arc sources are commonly present in electric power utility substations and generating stations, industrial plants and large commercial buildings. In the United States, the National Fire Protection Association, has published a guideline standard NFPA 70E for evaluating and calculating arc flash hazard, and provides standards for the protective clothing required for electrical workers exposed to such hazards in the workplace.
Explosion hazard
Main article: Electrical equipment in hazardous areas
Even voltages insufficient to break down air can supply enough energy to ignite atmospheres containing flammable gases or vapours, or suspended dust. For example, hydrogen gas, natural gas, or petrol/gasoline vapor mixed with air can be ignited by sparks produced by electrical apparatus. Examples of industrial facilities with hazardous areas are petrochemical refineries, chemical plants, grain elevators, and coal mines.
Measures taken to prevent such explosions include:
Intrinsic safety by the use of apparatus designed not to accumulate enough stored electrical energy to trigger an explosion
Increased safety, which applies to devices using measures such as oil-filled enclosures to prevent sparks
Explosion-proof (flame-proof) enclosures, which are designed so that an explosion within the enclosure cannot escape and ignite a surrounding explosive atmosphere (this designation does not imply that the apparatus can survive an internal or external explosion)
In recent years, standards for explosion hazard protection have become more uniform between European and North American practice. The "zone" system of classification is now used in modified form in U.S. National Electrical Code and in the Canadian Electrical Code. Intrinsic safety apparatus is now approved for use in North American applications.
Toxic gases
Electrical discharges, including partial discharge and corona, can produce small quantities of toxic gases, which in a confined space can be a health hazard. These gases include oxidizers such as ozone and various oxides of nitrogen. They are readily identified by their characteristic odor or color, and thus contact time can be minimized. Nitric oxide is invisible but has a sweet odor. It oxidizes to nitrogen dioxide within a few minutes, which has a yellow or reddish-brown color depending on concentration and smells of chlorine gas like a swimming pool. Ozone is invisible but has a pungent smell like that of the air after a lightning storm. It is a short-lived species and half of it breaks down into O2 within a day at normal temperatures and atmospheric pressure.
Lightning
Hazards due to lightning obviously include a direct strike on persons or property. However, lightning can also create dangerous voltage gradients in the earth, as well as an electromagnetic pulse, and can charge extended metal objects such as telephone cables, fences, and pipelines to dangerous voltages that can be carried many miles from the site of the strike. Although many of these objects are not normally conductive, very high voltage can cause the electrical breakdown of such insulators, causing them to act as conductors. These transferred potentials are dangerous to people, livestock, and electronic apparatus. Lightning strikes also start fires and explosions, which result in fatalities, injuries, and property damage. For example, each year in North America, thousands of forest fires are started by lightning strikes.
Measures to control lightning can mitigate the hazard; these include lightning rods, shielding wires, and bonding of electrical and structural parts of buildings to form a continuous enclosure.
See also
Energy portal
Voltage transformer
Charging station
Electrical engineering
Electric power transmission (includes a 'Health concerns' section)
High-voltage direct current
Low voltage
Orders of magnitude (voltage)
Tesla coil
Spark gap
References
^ "Electrical installation rules, standards". 22 August 2010. Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
^ "ANSI C84.1 - Electric Power Systems and Equipment - Voltage Ratings (60 Hertz) | Engineering360". standards.globalspec.com. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
^ "Electrical safety".
^ One such jurisdiction is Manitoba, where the Electrician's Licence Act, CCSM E50 establishes classes of electrician's licences by voltage.
^ UNECE regulation No 100 (revision 2, 12 August 2013), paragraph 2.17 http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/2013/R100r2e.pdf
^
Gönen, T. (2014). Electrical Power Transmission System Engineering: Analysis and Design (3 ed.). CRC Press. p. 3,36. ISBN 9781482232233.
^ "John Chubb, "Control of body voltage getting out of a car," IOP Annual Congress, Brighton, 1998". Archived from the original on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2007.
^ A. H. Howatson, "An Introduction to Gas Discharges", Pergamom Press, Oxford, 1965, page 67
^ Friedrich Paschen (1889). "Ueber die zum Funkenübergang in Luft, Wasserstoff und Kohlensäure bei verschiedenen Drucken erforderliche Potentialdifferenz". Annalen der Physik. 273 (5): 69–75. Bibcode:1889AnP...273...69P. doi:10.1002/andp.18892730505. hdl:2027/uc1.$b624756.
^ K. Rinnert et al., Measurements of radio frequency signals from lightning in Jupiter's atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 103(E10)
^ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation:
Cases of high-voltage related casualties Archived 28 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 24 November 2008.
^ EDN - Understanding and comparing the differences in ESD testing
^ Beaty, William J. (1998). "Van de Graaff Generators Frequently Asked Questions". amasci.com. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
External links
NFPA 70E: Electrical Safety in the Workplace, USA
USA Department of Energy electrical safety handbook
Electrical Safety chapter from Lessons In Electric Circuits Vol 1 DC book and series.
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Voltage (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Voltage_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"High Tension (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Tension_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasma-filaments.jpg"},{"link_name":"electrical breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_breakdown"},{"link_name":"electrical discharge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_discharge"},{"link_name":"plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)"},{"link_name":"Tesla coil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_coil"},{"link_name":"electricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity"},{"link_name":"electrical potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_potential"},{"link_name":"voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage"},{"link_name":"conductors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductor"},{"link_name":"safety requirements and procedures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_safety_standards"},{"link_name":"electrical power distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_power_distribution"},{"link_name":"cathode-ray tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube"},{"link_name":"X-rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"},{"link_name":"particle beams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_beam"},{"link_name":"arcs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcing"},{"link_name":"photomultiplier tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomultiplier"},{"link_name":"amplifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier"},{"link_name":"vacuum tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube"}],"text":"For other uses, see High Voltage (disambiguation). \"High tension\" redirects here. For other uses, see High Tension (disambiguation).High voltages may lead to electrical breakdown, resulting in an electrical discharge as illustrated by the plasma filaments streaming from a Tesla coil.High voltage electricity refers to electrical potential large enough to cause injury or damage. In certain industries, high voltage refers to voltage above a certain threshold. Equipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant special safety requirements and procedures.High voltage is used in electrical power distribution, in cathode-ray tubes, to generate X-rays and particle beams, to produce electrical arcs, for ignition, in photomultiplier tubes, and in high-power amplifier vacuum tubes, as well as other industrial, military and scientific applications.","title":"High voltage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Electrotechnical Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission"},{"link_name":"IET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_Engineering_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"IEEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE"},{"link_name":"VDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDE_e.V."},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt"},{"link_name":"alternating current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current"},{"link_name":"direct current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"American National Standards Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute"},{"link_name":"60 Hz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_frequency"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"BS 7671","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BS_7671"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Electricians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrician"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"HVAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC"},{"link_name":"fire alarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_alarm"},{"link_name":"closed circuit television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_circuit_television"},{"link_name":"mains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity"},{"link_name":"automotive engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_engineering"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TGonen-6"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"}],"text":"The numerical definition of high voltage depends on context. Two factors considered in classifying a voltage as high voltage are the possibility of causing a spark in air, and the danger of electric shock by contact or proximity.The International Electrotechnical Commission and its national counterparts (IET, IEEE, VDE, etc.) define high voltage as above 1000 V for alternating current, and at least 1500 V for direct current.[1]In the United States, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) establishes nominal voltage ratings for 60 Hz electric power systems over 100 V. Specifically, ANSI C84.1-2020 defines high voltage as 115 kV to 230 kV, extra-high voltage as 345 kV to 765 kV, and ultra-high voltage as 1,100 kV.[2] British Standard BS 7671:2008 defines high voltage as any voltage difference between conductors that is higher than 1000 VAC or 1500 V ripple-free DC, or any voltage difference between a conductor and Earth that is higher than 600 VAC or 900 V ripple-free DC.[3]Electricians may only be licensed for particular voltage classes in some jurisdictions.[4] For example, an electrical license for a specialized sub-trade such as installation of HVAC systems, fire alarm systems, closed circuit television systems may be authorized to install systems energized up to only 30 volts between conductors, and may not be permitted to work on mains-voltage circuits. The general public may consider household mains circuits (100 to 250 VAC), which carry the highest voltages they normally encounter, to be high voltage.Voltages over approximately 50 volts can usually cause dangerous amounts of current to flow through a human being who touches two points of a circuit, so safety standards are more restrictive around such circuits.In automotive engineering, high voltage is defined as voltage in range 30 to 1000 VAC or 60 to 1500 VDC.[5]The definition of extra-high voltage (EHV) again depends on context. In electric power transmission engineering, EHV is classified as voltages in the range of 345,000– 765,000 V.[6] In electronics systems, a power supply that provides greater than 275,000 volts is called an EHV Power Supply, and is often used in experiments in physics. The accelerating voltage for a television cathode ray tube may be described as extra-high voltage or extra-high tension (EHT), compared to other voltage supplies within the equipment. This type of supply ranges from 5 kV to about 30 kV.The Unicode text character representing \"high voltage\" is the symbol \"⚡︎\".","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"static electric sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Electrostatic generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_generator"},{"link_name":"Van de Graaff generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Graaff_generator"},{"link_name":"Wimshurst machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimshurst_machine"},{"link_name":"Induction coils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_coil"},{"link_name":"Cockcroft-Walton multiplier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockcroft-Walton_generator"},{"link_name":"Tesla coils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_coil"},{"link_name":"lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning"},{"link_name":"coulombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb"},{"link_name":"megajoules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule#History"},{"link_name":"TNT equivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_equivalent"}],"text":"The common static electric sparks seen under low-humidity conditions always involve voltage well above 700 V. For example, sparks to car doors in winter can involve voltages as high as 20,000 V.[7]Electrostatic generators such as Van de Graaff generators and Wimshurst machines can produce voltages approaching one million volts at several amps, but typically don't last long enough to cause damage. Induction coils operate on the flyback effect resulting in voltages greater than the turns ratio multiplied by the input voltage. They typically produce higher currents than electrostatic machines, but each doubling of desired output voltage roughly doubles the weight due to the amount of wire required in the secondary winding. Thus scaling them to higher voltages by adding more turns of wire can become impractical. The Cockcroft-Walton multiplier can be used to multiply the voltage produced by an induction coil. It generates DC using diode switches to charge a ladder of capacitors. Tesla coils utilize resonance, are lightweight, and do not require semiconductors.The largest scale sparks are those produced naturally by lightning. An average bolt of negative lightning carries a current of 30 to 50 kiloamperes, transfers a charge of 5 coulombs, and dissipates 500 megajoules of energy (120 kg TNT equivalent, or enough to light a 100-watt light bulb for approximately 2 months). However, an average bolt of positive lightning (from the top of a thunderstorm) may carry a current of 300 to 500 kiloamperes, transfer a charge of up to 300 coulombs, have a potential difference up to 1 gigavolt (a billion volts), and may dissipate 300 GJ of energy (72 tons TNT, or enough energy to light a 100-watt light bulb for up to 95 years). A negative lightning strike typically lasts for only tens of microseconds, but multiple strikes are common. A positive lightning stroke is typically a single event, but the larger peak current may flow for hundreds of milliseconds, making it considerably more energetic than negative lightning.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electrostatic-discharge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tesla coil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_coil"},{"link_name":"electric discharges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_discharge"},{"link_name":"dielectric breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_breakdown"},{"link_name":"Standard Temperature and Pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Temperature_and_Pressure"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"electric fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field"},{"link_name":"corona discharges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge"},{"link_name":"sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_spark"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"noble gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas"},{"link_name":"argon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon"},{"link_name":"neon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Paschen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Paschen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc"},{"link_name":"thermionic emission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermionic_emission"},{"link_name":"9 V battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_V_battery"},{"link_name":"plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)"},{"link_name":"arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc"},{"link_name":"inductance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductance"},{"link_name":"AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current"},{"link_name":"zero crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_crossing"},{"link_name":"welding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding"}],"text":"Long exposure photograph of a Tesla coil showing the repeated electric dischargesThe dielectric breakdown strength of dry air, at Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP), between spherical electrodes is approximately 33 kV/cm.[8] This is only a rough guide, since the actual breakdown voltage is highly dependent upon the electrode shape and size. Strong electric fields (from high voltages applied to small or pointed conductors) often produce violet-colored corona discharges in air, as well as visible sparks. Voltages below about 500–700 volts cannot produce easily visible sparks or glows in air at atmospheric pressure, so by this rule these voltages are \"low\". However, under conditions of low atmospheric pressure (such as in high-altitude aircraft), or in an environment of noble gas such as argon or neon, sparks appear at much lower voltages. 500 to 700 volts is not a fixed minimum for producing spark breakdown, but it is a rule-of-thumb. For air at STP, the minimum sparkover voltage is around 327 volts, as noted by Friedrich Paschen.[9]While lower voltages do not, in general, jump a gap that is present before the voltage is applied, interrupting an existing current flow with a gap often produces a low-voltage spark or arc. As the contacts are separated, a few small points of contact become the last to separate. The current becomes constricted to these small hot spots, causing them to become incandescent, so that they emit electrons (through thermionic emission). Even a small 9 V battery can spark noticeably by this mechanism in a darkened room. The ionized air and metal vapour (from the contacts) form plasma, which temporarily bridges the widening gap. If the power supply and load allow sufficient current to flow, a self-sustaining arc may form. Once formed, an arc may be extended to a significant length before breaking the circuit. Attempting to open an inductive circuit often forms an arc, since the inductance provides a high-voltage pulse whenever the current is interrupted. AC systems make sustained arcing somewhat less likely, since the current returns to zero twice per cycle. The arc is extinguished every time the current goes through a zero crossing, and must reignite during the next half-cycle to maintain the arc.Unlike an ohmic conductor, the resistance of an arc decreases as the current increases. This makes unintentional arcs in an electrical apparatus dangerous since even a small arc can grow large enough to damage equipment and start fires if sufficient current is available. Intentionally produced arcs, such as used in lighting or welding, require some element in the circuit to stabilize the arc's current/voltage characteristics.","title":"Sparks in air"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High-voltage cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_cable"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HydroOnePowerTower2.jpg"},{"link_name":"electric power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power"}],"sub_title":"Distribution","text":"See also: High-voltage cablePower lines with high voltage warning sign.Electrical transmission and distribution lines for electric power typically use voltages between tens and hundreds of kilovolts. The lines may be overhead or underground. High voltage is used in power distribution to reduce ohmic losses when transporting electricity long distance.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sputter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputtering"},{"link_name":"wafer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)"}],"sub_title":"Industrial","text":"It is used in the production of semiconductors to sputter thin layers of metal films on the surface of the wafer. It is also used for electrostatic flocking to coat objects with small fibers that stand on edge.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"argon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon"},{"link_name":"Induction coils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_coil"},{"link_name":"atomic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseley%27s_law"},{"link_name":"microscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope"},{"link_name":"voltage multiplier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockcroft%E2%80%93Walton_generator"},{"link_name":"transmutate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation"}],"sub_title":"Scientific","text":"Spark gaps were used historically as an early form of radio transmission. Similarly, lightning discharges in the atmosphere of Jupiter are thought to be the source of the planet's powerful radio frequency emissions.[10]High voltages have been used in landmark chemistry and particle physics experiments and discoveries. Electric arcs were used in the isolation and discovery of the element argon from atmospheric air. Induction coils powered early X-ray tubes. Moseley used an X-ray tube to determine the atomic number of a selection of metallic elements by the spectrum emitted when used as anodes. High voltage is used for generating electron beams for microscopy. Cockcroft and Walton invented the voltage multiplier to transmutate lithium atoms in lithium oxide into helium by accelerating hydrogen atoms.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISO_7010_W012.svg"},{"link_name":"hazard symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_symbol"},{"link_name":"ISO 7010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_7010"},{"link_name":"Electrical injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_injury"},{"link_name":"fibrillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrillation"},{"link_name":"electric currents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current"},{"link_name":"chest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest"},{"link_name":"electrocution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shock"},{"link_name":"electrical conductivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductivity"},{"link_name":"electrodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrode"},{"link_name":"voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt"},{"link_name":"current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current"},{"link_name":"Elevated Working Platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_work_platform"}],"text":"Electric shock hazard symbol (ISO 7010 W012), also known as high voltage symbolSee also: Electrical injuryVoltages greater than 50 V applied across dry unbroken human skin can cause heart fibrillation if they produce electric currents in body tissues that happen to pass through the chest area. The voltage at which there is the danger of electrocution depends on the electrical conductivity of dry human skin. Living human tissue can be protected from damage by the insulating characteristics of dry skin up to around 50 volts. If the same skin becomes wet, if there are wounds, or if the voltage is applied to electrodes that penetrate the skin, then even voltage sources below 40 V can be lethal.Accidental contact with any high voltage supplying sufficient energy may result in severe injury or death. This can occur as a person's body provides a path for current flow, causing tissue damage and heart failure. Other injuries can include burns from the arc generated by the accidental contact. These burns can be especially dangerous if the victim's airway is affected. Injuries may also be suffered as a result of the physical forces experienced by people who fall from a great height or are thrown a considerable distance.Low-energy exposure to high voltage may be harmless, such as the spark produced in a dry climate when touching a doorknob after walking across a carpeted floor. The voltage can be in the thousand-volt range, but the average current is low.The standard precautions to avoid injury include working under conditions that would avoid having electrical energy flow through the body, particularly through the heart region, such as between the arms, or between an arm and a leg. Electricity can flow between two conductors in high voltage equipment and the body can complete the circuit. To avoid that from happening, the worker should wear insulating clothing such as rubber gloves, use insulated tools, and avoid touching the equipment with more than one hand at a time. An electrical current can also flow between the equipment and the earth ground. To prevent that, the worker should stand on an insulated surface such as on rubber mats. Safety equipment is tested regularly to ensure it is still protecting the user. Test regulations vary according to country. Testing companies can test at up 300,000 volts and offer services from glove testing to Elevated Working Platform (or EWP) testing.","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaanaan_polttolaitos_ja_Kemiran_putkia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kaanaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaanaa"},{"link_name":"Pori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pori"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"electrocution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shock"},{"link_name":"overhead wires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_power_line"},{"link_name":"antennas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIOSH-11"},{"link_name":"fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(power_engineering)"},{"link_name":"earth potential rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_potential_rise"},{"link_name":"live line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-line_working"},{"link_name":"high-voltage line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_line"},{"link_name":"antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)"},{"link_name":"Tesla coil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_coil"},{"link_name":"circuit breakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breakers"},{"link_name":"dielectric gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_gas"},{"link_name":"SF6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SF6"},{"link_name":"mineral oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_oil"}],"sub_title":"Distribution","text":"High-voltage substation in Kaanaa, Pori, FinlandContact with or close approach to line conductors presents a danger of electrocution. Contact with overhead wires can result in injury or death. Metal ladders, farm equipment, boat masts, construction machinery, aerial antennas, and similar objects are frequently involved in fatal contact with overhead wires. Unauthorized persons climbing on power pylons or electrical apparatus are also frequently the victims of electrocution.[11] At very high transmission voltages even a close approach can be hazardous, since the high voltage may arc across a significant air gap.Digging into a buried cable can also be dangerous to workers at an excavation site. Digging equipment (either hand tools or machine driven) that contacts a buried cable may energize piping or the ground in the area, resulting in electrocution of nearby workers. A fault in a high-voltage transmission line or substation may result in high currents flowing along the surface of the earth, producing an earth potential rise that also presents a danger of electric shock.For high voltage and extra-high voltage transmission lines, specially trained personnel use \"live line\" techniques to allow hands-on contact with energized equipment. In this case the worker is electrically connected to the high-voltage line but thoroughly insulated from the earth so that he is at the same electrical potential as that of the line. Since training for such operations is lengthy, and still presents a danger to personnel, only very important transmission lines are subject to maintenance while live. Outside these properly engineered situations, insulation from earth does not guarantee that no current flows to earth—as grounding or arcing to ground can occur in unexpected ways, and high-frequency currents can burn even an ungrounded person. Touching a transmitting antenna is dangerous for this reason, and a high-frequency Tesla coil can sustain a spark with only one endpoint.Protective equipment on high-voltage transmission lines normally prevents formation of an unwanted arc, or ensures that it is quenched within tens of milliseconds. Electrical apparatus that interrupts high-voltage circuits is designed to safely direct the resulting arc so that it dissipates without damage. High voltage circuit breakers often use a blast of high pressure air, a special dielectric gas (such as SF6 under pressure), or immersion in mineral oil to quench the arc when the high voltage circuit is broken.Wiring in equipment such as X-ray machines and lasers requires care. The high voltage section is kept physically distant from the low voltage side to reduce the possibility of an arc forming between the two. To avoid coronal losses, conductors are kept as short as possible and free of sharp points. If insulated, the plastic coating should be free of air bubbles which result in coronal discharges within the bubbles.","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_current"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"power supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply"},{"link_name":"milliseconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millisecond"}],"sub_title":"Electrostatic generators","text":"A high voltage is not necessarily dangerous if it cannot deliver substantial current. Despite electrostatic machines such as Van de Graaff generators and Wimshurst machines producing voltages approaching one million volts, they deliver a brief sting. That is because the current is low, i.e. only a relatively few electrons move. These devices have a limited amount of stored energy, so the average current produced is low and usually for a short time, with impulses peaking in the 1 A range for a nanosecond.[12][13]The discharge may involve extremely high voltage over very short periods, but to produce heart fibrillation, an electric power supply must produce a significant current in the heart muscle continuing for many milliseconds, and must deposit a total energy in the range of at least millijoules or higher. Relatively high current at anything more than about fifty volts can therefore be medically significant and potentially fatal.During the discharge, these machines apply high voltage to the body for only a millionth of a second or less. So a low current is applied for a very short time, and the number of electrons involved is very small.","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tesla coils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_coil"},{"link_name":"radio frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency"}],"sub_title":"Tesla coils","text":"Despite Tesla coils superficially appearing similar to Van de Graaff generators, they are not electrostatic machines and can produce significant radio frequency currents continuously. The current supplied to a human body will be relatively constant as long as contact is maintained, unlike with electrostatic machines which generally take longer to build up charges, and the voltage will be much higher than the break-down voltage of human skin. As a consequence, the output of a Tesla coil can be dangerous or even fatal.","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:High_voltage_testing_arrangement_with_large_capacitors_and_test_transformer.jpg"},{"link_name":"prospective short-circuit current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospective_short-circuit_current"},{"link_name":"switchgear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchgear"},{"link_name":"electric arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc"},{"link_name":"kelvins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin"},{"link_name":"National Fire Protection Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association"},{"link_name":"NFPA 70E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_70E"}],"sub_title":"Arc flash hazard","text":"High voltage testing arrangement with large capacitor and test transformerDepending on the prospective short-circuit current available at a switchgear line-up, a hazard is presented to maintenance and operating personnel due to the possibility of a high-intensity electric arc. Maximum temperature of an arc can exceed 10,000 kelvins, and the radiant heat, expanding hot air, and explosive vaporization of metal and insulation material can cause severe injury to unprotected workers. Such switchgear line-ups and high-energy arc sources are commonly present in electric power utility substations and generating stations, industrial plants and large commercial buildings. In the United States, the National Fire Protection Association, has published a guideline standard NFPA 70E for evaluating and calculating arc flash hazard, and provides standards for the protective clothing required for electrical workers exposed to such hazards in the workplace.","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"gasoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline"},{"link_name":"petrochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemical"},{"link_name":"chemical plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_plant"},{"link_name":"grain elevators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_elevator"},{"link_name":"coal mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mine"},{"link_name":"Intrinsic safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_safety"},{"link_name":"National Electrical Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Electrical_Code_(US)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Electrical Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Electrical_Code"}],"sub_title":"Explosion hazard","text":"Even voltages insufficient to break down air can supply enough energy to ignite atmospheres containing flammable gases or vapours, or suspended dust. For example, hydrogen gas, natural gas, or petrol/gasoline vapor mixed with air can be ignited by sparks produced by electrical apparatus. Examples of industrial facilities with hazardous areas are petrochemical refineries, chemical plants, grain elevators, and coal mines.Measures taken to prevent such explosions include:Intrinsic safety by the use of apparatus designed not to accumulate enough stored electrical energy to trigger an explosion\nIncreased safety, which applies to devices using measures such as oil-filled enclosures to prevent sparks\nExplosion-proof (flame-proof) enclosures, which are designed so that an explosion within the enclosure cannot escape and ignite a surrounding explosive atmosphere (this designation does not imply that the apparatus can survive an internal or external explosion)In recent years, standards for explosion hazard protection have become more uniform between European and North American practice. The \"zone\" system of classification is now used in modified form in U.S. National Electrical Code and in the Canadian Electrical Code. Intrinsic safety apparatus is now approved for use in North American applications.","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge"},{"link_name":"ozone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone"},{"link_name":"oxides of nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide"},{"link_name":"Nitric oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide"},{"link_name":"nitrogen dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide"}],"sub_title":"Toxic gases","text":"Electrical discharges, including partial discharge and corona, can produce small quantities of toxic gases, which in a confined space can be a health hazard. These gases include oxidizers such as ozone and various oxides of nitrogen. They are readily identified by their characteristic odor or color, and thus contact time can be minimized. Nitric oxide is invisible but has a sweet odor. It oxidizes to nitrogen dioxide within a few minutes, which has a yellow or reddish-brown color depending on concentration and smells of chlorine gas like a swimming pool. Ozone is invisible but has a pungent smell like that of the air after a lightning storm. It is a short-lived species and half of it breaks down into O2 within a day at normal temperatures and atmospheric pressure.","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electromagnetic pulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse"},{"link_name":"telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone"},{"link_name":"electrical breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_breakdown"},{"link_name":"forest fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_fire"},{"link_name":"lightning rods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_rod"}],"sub_title":"Lightning","text":"Hazards due to lightning obviously include a direct strike on persons or property. However, lightning can also create dangerous voltage gradients in the earth, as well as an electromagnetic pulse, and can charge extended metal objects such as telephone cables, fences, and pipelines to dangerous voltages that can be carried many miles from the site of the strike. Although many of these objects are not normally conductive, very high voltage can cause the electrical breakdown of such insulators, causing them to act as conductors. These transferred potentials are dangerous to people, livestock, and electronic apparatus. Lightning strikes also start fires and explosions, which result in fatalities, injuries, and property damage. For example, each year in North America, thousands of forest fires are started by lightning strikes.Measures to control lightning can mitigate the hazard; these include lightning rods, shielding wires, and bonding of electrical and structural parts of buildings to form a continuous enclosure.","title":"Safety"}]
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[{"image_text":"High voltages may lead to electrical breakdown, resulting in an electrical discharge as illustrated by the plasma filaments streaming from a Tesla coil.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Plasma-filaments.jpg/300px-Plasma-filaments.jpg"},{"image_text":"Long exposure photograph of a Tesla coil showing the repeated electric discharges","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Electrostatic-discharge.jpg/200px-Electrostatic-discharge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Power lines with high voltage warning sign.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HydroOnePowerTower2.jpg/220px-HydroOnePowerTower2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Electric shock hazard symbol (ISO 7010 W012), also known as high voltage symbol","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ISO_7010_W012.svg/220px-ISO_7010_W012.svg.png"},{"image_text":"High-voltage substation in Kaanaa, Pori, Finland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kaanaan_polttolaitos_ja_Kemiran_putkia.jpg/220px-Kaanaan_polttolaitos_ja_Kemiran_putkia.jpg"},{"image_text":"High voltage testing arrangement with large capacitor and test transformer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/High_voltage_testing_arrangement_with_large_capacitors_and_test_transformer.jpg/220px-High_voltage_testing_arrangement_with_large_capacitors_and_test_transformer.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg"},{"title":"Energy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energy"},{"title":"Voltage transformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_transformer"},{"title":"Charging station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charging_station"},{"title":"Electrical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"title":"Electric power transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission"},{"title":"High-voltage direct current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current"},{"title":"Low voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_voltage"},{"title":"Orders of magnitude (voltage)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(voltage)"},{"title":"Tesla coil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_coil"},{"title":"Spark gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_gap"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Electrical installation rules, standards\". 22 August 2010. Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100822180609/http://www.electrical-installation.org/wiki/Electrical_installation_rules,_standards","url_text":"\"Electrical installation rules, standards\""},{"url":"http://www.electrical-installation.org/wiki/Electrical_installation_rules,_standards","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ANSI C84.1 - Electric Power Systems and Equipment - Voltage Ratings (60 Hertz) | Engineering360\". standards.globalspec.com. Retrieved 18 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://standards.globalspec.com/std/154965/ANSI%20C84.1","url_text":"\"ANSI C84.1 - Electric Power Systems and Equipment - Voltage Ratings (60 Hertz) | Engineering360\""}]},{"reference":"\"Electrical safety\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.gov.scot/resource/buildingstandards/2013NonDomestic/chunks/ch05s06.html","url_text":"\"Electrical safety\""}]},{"reference":"Gönen, T. (2014). Electrical Power Transmission System Engineering: Analysis and Design (3 ed.). CRC Press. p. 3,36. ISBN 9781482232233.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6KbNBQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Electrical Power Transmission System Engineering: Analysis and Design"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781482232233","url_text":"9781482232233"}]},{"reference":"\"John Chubb, \"Control of body voltage getting out of a car,\" IOP Annual Congress, Brighton, 1998\". Archived from the original on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070208202200/http://www.jci.co.uk/Carseats2.html","url_text":"\"John Chubb, \"Control of body voltage getting out of a car,\" IOP Annual Congress, Brighton, 1998\""},{"url":"http://www.jci.co.uk/Carseats2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Friedrich Paschen (1889). \"Ueber die zum Funkenübergang in Luft, Wasserstoff und Kohlensäure bei verschiedenen Drucken erforderliche Potentialdifferenz\". Annalen der Physik. 273 (5): 69–75. Bibcode:1889AnP...273...69P. doi:10.1002/andp.18892730505. hdl:2027/uc1.$b624756.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1889AnP...273...69P","url_text":"1889AnP...273...69P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18892730505","url_text":"10.1002/andp.18892730505"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.%24b624756","url_text":"2027/uc1.$b624756"}]},{"reference":"Beaty, William J. (1998). \"Van de Graaff Generators Frequently Asked Questions\". amasci.com. Retrieved 29 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amasci.com/emotor/vdgdesc.html","url_text":"\"Van de Graaff Generators Frequently Asked Questions\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_axioms_for_Boolean_algebra
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Minimal axioms for Boolean algebra
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["1 References"]
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In mathematical logic, minimal axioms for Boolean algebra are assumptions which are equivalent to the axioms of Boolean algebra (or propositional calculus), chosen to be as short as possible. For example, an axiom with six NAND operations and three variables is equivalent to Boolean algebra:
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{\displaystyle ((a\mid b)\mid c)\mid (a\mid ((a\mid c)\mid a))=c}
where the vertical bar represents the NAND logical operation (also known as the Sheffer stroke).
It is one of 25 candidate axioms for this property identified by Stephen Wolfram, by enumerating the Sheffer identities of length less or equal to 15 elements (excluding mirror images) that have no noncommutative models with four or fewer variables, and was first proven equivalent by William McCune, Branden Fitelson, and Larry Wos. MathWorld, a site associated with Wolfram, has named the axiom the "Wolfram axiom". McCune et al. also found a longer single axiom for Boolean algebra based on disjunction and negation.
In 1933, Edward Vermilye Huntington identified the axiom
¬
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{\displaystyle {\neg ({\neg x}\lor {y})}\lor {\neg ({\neg x}\lor {\neg y})}=x}
as being equivalent to Boolean algebra, when combined with the commutativity of the OR operation,
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{\displaystyle x\lor y=y\lor x}
, and the assumption of associativity,
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{\displaystyle (x\lor y)\lor z=x\lor (y\lor z)}
. Herbert Robbins conjectured that Huntington's axiom could be replaced by
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{\displaystyle \neg (\neg (x\lor y)\lor \neg (x\lor {\neg y}))=x,}
which requires one fewer use of the logical negation operator
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{\displaystyle \neg }
. Neither Robbins nor Huntington could prove this conjecture; nor could Alfred Tarski, who took considerable interest in it later. The conjecture was eventually proved in 1996 with the aid of theorem-proving software. This proof established that the Robbins axiom, together with associativity and commutativity, form a 3-basis for Boolean algebra. The existence of a 2-basis was established in 1967 by Carew Arthur Meredith:
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{\displaystyle \neg ({\neg x}\lor y)\lor x=x,}
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{\displaystyle \neg ({\neg x}\lor y)\lor (z\lor y)=y\lor (z\lor x).}
The following year, Meredith found a 2-basis in terms of the Sheffer stroke:
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{\displaystyle (x\mid x)\mid (y\mid x)=x,}
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{\displaystyle x|(y\mid (x\mid z))=((z\mid y)\mid y)\mid x.}
In 1973, Padmanabhan and Quackenbush demonstrated a method that, in principle, would yield a 1-basis for Boolean algebra. Applying this method in a straightforward manner yielded "axioms of enormous length", thereby prompting the question of how shorter axioms might be found. This search yielded the 1-basis in terms of the Sheffer stroke given above, as well as the 1-basis
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{\displaystyle \neg (\neg (\neg (x\lor y)\lor z)\lor \neg (x\lor \neg (\neg z\lor \neg (z\lor u))))=z,}
which is written in terms of OR and NOT.
References
^ Wolfram, Stephen. "Logic, Explainability and the Future of Understanding". Stephen Worfram Writings.
^ Wolfram, Stephen (2002). A New Kind of Science. Wolfram Media. ISBN 978-1579550080.
^ a b c d McCune, William; Veroff, Robert; Fitelson, Branden; Harris, Kenneth; Feist, Andrew; Wos, Larry (2002), "Short single axioms for Boolean algebra", Journal of Automated Reasoning, 29 (1): 1–16, doi:10.1023/A:1020542009983, MR 1940227, S2CID 207582048
^ Rowland, Todd; Weisstein, Eric W. "Wolfram Axiom". MathWorld.
^ Huntington, E. V. (1933). "New Sets of Independent Postulates for the Algebra of Logic, with Special Reference to Whitehead and Russell's Principia Mathematica". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 25: 247–304.
^ Henkin, Leon; Monk, J. Donald; Tarski, Alfred (1971). Cylindric Algebras, Part I. North-Holland. ISBN 978-0-7204-2043-2. OCLC 1024041028.
^ McCune, William (1997). "Solution of the Robbins Problem". Journal of Automated Reasoning. 19 (3): 263–276. doi:10.1023/A:1005843212881. S2CID 30847540.
^ Kolata, Gina (1996-12-10). "Computer Math Proof Shows Reasoning Power". The New York Times. For errata, see McCune, William (1997-01-23). "Comments on Robbins Story". Argonne National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 1997-06-05.
^ Meredith, C. A.; Prior, A. N. (1968). "Equational logic". Notre Dame J. Formal Logic. 9 (3): 212–226. doi:10.1305/ndjfl/1093893457. MR 0246753.
^ Meredith, C. A. (1969). "Equational postulates for the Sheffer stroke". Notre Dame J. Formal Logic. 10 (3): 266–270. doi:10.1305/ndjfl/1093893713. MR 0245423.
^ Padmanabhan, R.; Quackenbush, R. W. (1973). "Equational theories of algebras with distributive congruences". Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 41 (2): 373–377. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-1973-0325498-2.
vteCommon logical connectives
Tautology/True
⊤
{\displaystyle \top }
Alternative denial (NAND gate)
↑
{\displaystyle \uparrow }
Converse implication
←
{\displaystyle \leftarrow }
Implication (IMPLY gate)
→
{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
Disjunction (OR gate)
∨
{\displaystyle \lor }
Negation (NOT gate)
¬
{\displaystyle \neg }
Exclusive or (XOR gate)
↮
{\displaystyle \not \leftrightarrow }
Biconditional (XNOR gate)
↔
{\displaystyle \leftrightarrow }
Statement (Digital buffer)
Joint denial (NOR gate)
↓
{\displaystyle \downarrow }
Nonimplication (NIMPLY gate)
↛
{\displaystyle \nrightarrow }
Converse nonimplication
↚
{\displaystyle \nleftarrow }
Conjunction (AND gate)
∧
{\displaystyle \land }
Contradiction/False
⊥
{\displaystyle \bot }
Philosophy portal
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheffer stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffer_stroke"},{"link_name":"Stephen Wolfram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wolfram"},{"link_name":"William McCune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McCune"},{"link_name":"Branden Fitelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branden_Fitelson"},{"link_name":"Larry Wos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Wos"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccune-3"},{"link_name":"MathWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccune-3"},{"link_name":"Edward Vermilye Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Vermilye_Huntington"},{"link_name":"OR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_OR"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Herbert Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Robbins"},{"link_name":"Alfred Tarski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tarski"},{"link_name":"theorem-proving software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Carew Arthur Meredith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carew_Arthur_Meredith"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccune-3"},{"link_name":"OR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_OR"},{"link_name":"NOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_NOT"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccune-3"}],"text":"(\n (\n a\n ∣\n b\n )\n ∣\n c\n )\n ∣\n (\n a\n ∣\n (\n (\n a\n ∣\n c\n )\n ∣\n a\n )\n )\n =\n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ((a\\mid b)\\mid c)\\mid (a\\mid ((a\\mid c)\\mid a))=c}where the vertical bar represents the NAND logical operation (also known as the Sheffer stroke).It is one of 25 candidate axioms for this property identified by Stephen Wolfram, by enumerating the Sheffer identities of length less or equal to 15 elements (excluding mirror images) that have no noncommutative models with four or fewer variables, and was first proven equivalent by William McCune, Branden Fitelson, and Larry Wos.[2][3] MathWorld, a site associated with Wolfram, has named the axiom the \"Wolfram axiom\".[4] McCune et al. also found a longer single axiom for Boolean algebra based on disjunction and negation.[3]In 1933, Edward Vermilye Huntington identified the axiom¬\n (\n \n ¬\n x\n \n ∨\n \n y\n \n )\n \n ∨\n \n ¬\n (\n \n ¬\n x\n \n ∨\n \n ¬\n y\n \n )\n \n =\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\neg ({\\neg x}\\lor {y})}\\lor {\\neg ({\\neg x}\\lor {\\neg y})}=x}as being equivalent to Boolean algebra, when combined with the commutativity of the OR operation, \n \n \n \n x\n ∨\n y\n =\n y\n ∨\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\lor y=y\\lor x}\n \n, and the assumption of associativity, \n \n \n \n (\n x\n ∨\n y\n )\n ∨\n z\n =\n x\n ∨\n (\n y\n ∨\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x\\lor y)\\lor z=x\\lor (y\\lor z)}\n \n.[5] Herbert Robbins conjectured that Huntington's axiom could be replaced by¬\n (\n ¬\n (\n x\n ∨\n y\n )\n ∨\n ¬\n (\n x\n ∨\n \n ¬\n y\n \n )\n )\n =\n x\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\neg (\\neg (x\\lor y)\\lor \\neg (x\\lor {\\neg y}))=x,}which requires one fewer use of the logical negation operator \n \n \n \n ¬\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\neg }\n \n. Neither Robbins nor Huntington could prove this conjecture; nor could Alfred Tarski, who took considerable interest in it later. The conjecture was eventually proved in 1996 with the aid of theorem-proving software.[6][7][8] This proof established that the Robbins axiom, together with associativity and commutativity, form a 3-basis for Boolean algebra. The existence of a 2-basis was established in 1967 by Carew Arthur Meredith:[9]¬\n (\n \n ¬\n x\n \n ∨\n y\n )\n ∨\n x\n =\n x\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\neg ({\\neg x}\\lor y)\\lor x=x,}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ¬\n (\n \n ¬\n x\n \n ∨\n y\n )\n ∨\n (\n z\n ∨\n y\n )\n =\n y\n ∨\n (\n z\n ∨\n x\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\neg ({\\neg x}\\lor y)\\lor (z\\lor y)=y\\lor (z\\lor x).}The following year, Meredith found a 2-basis in terms of the Sheffer stroke:[10](\n x\n ∣\n x\n )\n ∣\n (\n y\n ∣\n x\n )\n =\n x\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x\\mid x)\\mid (y\\mid x)=x,}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n x\n \n |\n \n (\n y\n ∣\n (\n x\n ∣\n z\n )\n )\n =\n (\n (\n z\n ∣\n y\n )\n ∣\n y\n )\n ∣\n x\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x|(y\\mid (x\\mid z))=((z\\mid y)\\mid y)\\mid x.}In 1973, Padmanabhan and Quackenbush demonstrated a method that, in principle, would yield a 1-basis for Boolean algebra.[11] Applying this method in a straightforward manner yielded \"axioms of enormous length\",[3] thereby prompting the question of how shorter axioms might be found. This search yielded the 1-basis in terms of the Sheffer stroke given above, as well as the 1-basis¬\n (\n ¬\n (\n ¬\n (\n x\n ∨\n y\n )\n ∨\n z\n )\n ∨\n ¬\n (\n x\n ∨\n ¬\n (\n ¬\n z\n ∨\n ¬\n (\n z\n ∨\n u\n )\n )\n )\n )\n =\n z\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\neg (\\neg (\\neg (x\\lor y)\\lor z)\\lor \\neg (x\\lor \\neg (\\neg z\\lor \\neg (z\\lor u))))=z,}which is written in terms of OR and NOT.[3]","title":"Minimal axioms for Boolean algebra"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Wolfram, Stephen. \"Logic, Explainability and the Future of Understanding\". Stephen Worfram Writings.","urls":[{"url":"https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2018/11/logic-explainability-and-the-future-of-understanding/","url_text":"\"Logic, Explainability and the Future of Understanding\""}]},{"reference":"Wolfram, Stephen (2002). A New Kind of Science. Wolfram Media. ISBN 978-1579550080.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wolfram","url_text":"Wolfram, Stephen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science","url_text":"A New Kind of Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1579550080","url_text":"978-1579550080"}]},{"reference":"McCune, William; Veroff, Robert; Fitelson, Branden; Harris, Kenneth; Feist, Andrew; Wos, Larry (2002), \"Short single axioms for Boolean algebra\", Journal of Automated Reasoning, 29 (1): 1–16, doi:10.1023/A:1020542009983, MR 1940227, S2CID 207582048","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McCune","url_text":"McCune, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branden_Fitelson","url_text":"Fitelson, Branden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Wos","url_text":"Wos, Larry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Automated_Reasoning","url_text":"Journal of Automated Reasoning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1020542009983","url_text":"10.1023/A:1020542009983"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1940227","url_text":"1940227"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207582048","url_text":"207582048"}]},{"reference":"Rowland, Todd; Weisstein, Eric W. \"Wolfram Axiom\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/WolframAxiom.html","url_text":"\"Wolfram Axiom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]},{"reference":"Huntington, E. V. (1933). \"New Sets of Independent Postulates for the Algebra of Logic, with Special Reference to Whitehead and Russell's Principia Mathematica\". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 25: 247–304.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans._Amer._Math._Soc.","url_text":"Trans. Amer. Math. Soc."}]},{"reference":"Henkin, Leon; Monk, J. Donald; Tarski, Alfred (1971). Cylindric Algebras, Part I. North-Holland. ISBN 978-0-7204-2043-2. OCLC 1024041028.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Henkin","url_text":"Henkin, Leon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tarski","url_text":"Tarski, Alfred"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cylindricalgebra0000henk","url_text":"Cylindric Algebras, Part I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-Holland_Publishing_Company","url_text":"North-Holland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7204-2043-2","url_text":"978-0-7204-2043-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1024041028","url_text":"1024041028"}]},{"reference":"McCune, William (1997). \"Solution of the Robbins Problem\". Journal of Automated Reasoning. 19 (3): 263–276. doi:10.1023/A:1005843212881. S2CID 30847540.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Automated_Reasoning","url_text":"Journal of Automated Reasoning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1005843212881","url_text":"10.1023/A:1005843212881"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30847540","url_text":"30847540"}]},{"reference":"Kolata, Gina (1996-12-10). \"Computer Math Proof Shows Reasoning Power\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Kolata","url_text":"Kolata, Gina"},{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/1210math.html","url_text":"\"Computer Math Proof Shows Reasoning Power\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"McCune, William (1997-01-23). \"Comments on Robbins Story\". Argonne National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 1997-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19970605011316/http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/mccune/nyt-corrections.html","url_text":"\"Comments on Robbins Story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory","url_text":"Argonne National Laboratory"},{"url":"http://www.mcs.anl.gov/home/mccune/nyt-corrections.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Meredith, C. A.; Prior, A. N. (1968). \"Equational logic\". Notre Dame J. Formal Logic. 9 (3): 212–226. doi:10.1305/ndjfl/1093893457. MR 0246753.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carew_Arthur_Meredith","url_text":"Meredith, C. A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Prior","url_text":"Prior, A. N."},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1305%2Fndjfl%2F1093893457","url_text":"\"Equational logic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_J._Formal_Logic","url_text":"Notre Dame J. 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Formal Logic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1305%2Fndjfl%2F1093893713","url_text":"10.1305/ndjfl/1093893713"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0245423","url_text":"0245423"}]},{"reference":"Padmanabhan, R.; Quackenbush, R. W. (1973). \"Equational theories of algebras with distributive congruences\". Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 41 (2): 373–377. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-1973-0325498-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9939-1973-0325498-2","url_text":"\"Equational theories of algebras with distributive congruences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proc._Amer._Math._Soc.","url_text":"Proc. Amer. Math. Soc."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9939-1973-0325498-2","url_text":"10.1090/S0002-9939-1973-0325498-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-M0%2B
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ARM Cortex-M
|
["1 Overview","1.1 License","1.2 Silicon customization","1.3 Instruction sets","1.4 Deprecations","2 Cortex-M0","2.1 Chips","3 Cortex-M0+","3.1 Chips","4 Cortex-M1","4.1 Chips","5 Cortex-M3","5.1 Chips","6 Cortex-M4","6.1 Chips","7 Cortex-M7","7.1 Chips","8 Cortex-M23","8.1 Chips","9 Cortex-M33","9.1 Chips","10 Cortex-M35P","10.1 Chips","11 Cortex-M52","11.1 Chips","12 Cortex-M55","12.1 Chips","13 Cortex-M85","13.1 Chips","14 Development tools","15 Documentation","16 See also","17 References","18 Further reading","19 External links"]
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Group of 32-bit RISC processor cores
"Bit-banding" redirects here. For the direct port bit software access method, see Bit-banging. For the construction of processors from n-bit-wide modules, see Bit-slicing.
ARM Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M3 microcontroller ICs from NXP and Silicon Labs (Energy Micro)
Die from a STM32F100C4T6B IC.24 MHz ARM Cortex-M3 microcontroller with 16 KB flash memory, 4 KB RAM. Manufactured by STMicroelectronics.
The ARM Cortex-M is a group of 32-bit RISC ARM processor cores licensed by ARM Limited. These cores are optimized for low-cost and energy-efficient integrated circuits, which have been embedded in tens of billions of consumer devices. Though they are most often the main component of microcontroller chips, sometimes they are embedded inside other types of chips too. The Cortex-M family consists of Cortex-M0, Cortex-M0+, Cortex-M1, Cortex-M3, Cortex-M4, Cortex-M7, Cortex-M23, Cortex-M33, Cortex-M35P, Cortex-M52, Cortex-M55, Cortex-M85. A floating-point unit (FPU) option is available for Cortex-M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P / M52 / M55 / M85 cores, and when included in the silicon these cores are sometimes known as "Cortex-MxF", where 'x' is the core variant.
Overview
32-bit
Year
Core
2004
Cortex-M3
2007
Cortex-M1
2009
Cortex-M0
2010
Cortex-M4
2012
Cortex-M0+
2014
Cortex-M7
2016
Cortex-M23
2016
Cortex-M33
2018
Cortex-M35P
2020
Cortex-M55
2022
Cortex-M85
2023
Cortex-M52
See also: ARM architecture and List of ARM cores
The ARM Cortex-M family are ARM microprocessor cores that are designed for use in microcontrollers, ASICs, ASSPs, FPGAs, and SoCs. Cortex-M cores are commonly used as dedicated microcontroller chips, but also are "hidden" inside of SoC chips as power management controllers, I/O controllers, system controllers, touch screen controllers, smart battery controllers, and sensor controllers.
The main difference from Cortex-A cores is that Cortex-M cores have no memory management unit (MMU) for virtual memory, considered essential for "full-fledged" operating systems. Cortex-M programs instead run bare metal or on one of the many real-time operating systems which support a Cortex-M.
Though 8-bit microcontrollers were very popular in the past, Cortex-M has slowly been chipping away at the 8-bit market as the prices of low-end Cortex-M chips have moved downward. Cortex-M have become a popular replacements for 8-bit chips in applications that benefit from 32-bit math operations, and replacing older legacy ARM cores such as ARM7 and ARM9.
License
ARM Limited neither manufactures nor sells CPU devices based on its own designs, but rather licenses the processor architecture to interested parties. Arm offers a variety of licensing terms, varying in cost and deliverables. To all licensees, Arm provides an integratable hardware description of the ARM core, as well as complete software development toolset and the right to sell manufactured silicon containing the ARM CPU.
Silicon customization
Integrated Device Manufacturers (IDM) receive the ARM Processor IP as synthesizable RTL (written in Verilog). In this form, they have the ability to perform architectural level optimizations and extensions. This allows the manufacturer to achieve custom design goals, such as higher clock speed, very low power consumption, instruction set extensions (including floating point), optimizations for size, debug support, etc. To determine which components have been included in a particular ARM CPU chip, consult the manufacturer datasheet and related documentation.
Some of the silicon options for the Cortex-M cores are:
SysTick timer: A 24-bit system timer that extends the functionality of both the processor and the Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller (NVIC). When present, it also provides an additional configurable priority SysTick interrupt. Though the SysTick timer is optional for the M0/M0+/M1/M23, it is extremely rare to find a Cortex-M microcontroller without it. If a Cortex-M33/M35P/M52/M55/M85 microcontroller has the Security Extension option, then it optionally can have two SysTicks (one Secure, one Non-secure).
Bit-Band: Maps a complete word of memory onto a single bit in the bit-band region. For example, writing to an alias word will set or clear the corresponding bit in the bit-band region. This allows every individual bit in the bit-band region to be directly accessible from a word-aligned address. In particular, individual bits can be set, cleared, or toggled from C/C++ without performing a read-modify-write sequence of instructions. Though the bit-band is optional, it is less common to find a Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 microcontroller without it. Some Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M0+ microcontrollers have bit-band.
Memory Protection Unit (MPU): Provides support for protecting regions of memory through enforcing privilege and access rules. It supports up to sixteen different regions, each of which can be split further into equal-size sub-regions.
Tightly-Coupled Memory (TCM): Low-latency (zero wait state) SRAM that can be used to hold the call stack, RTOS control structures, interrupt data structures, interrupt handler code, and speed critical code. Other than CPU cache, TCM is the fastest memory in an ARM Cortex-M microcontroller. Since TCM isn't cached and accessible at the same speed as the processor and cache, it could be conceptually described as "addressable cache". There is an ITCM (Instruction TCM) and a DTCM (Data TCM) to allow a Harvard architecture processor to read from both simultaneously. The DTCM can't contain any instructions, but the ITCM can contain data. Since TCM is tightly connected to the processor core, DMA engines might not be able to access TCM on some implementations.
ARM Cortex-M optional components
ARM Core
CortexM0
CortexM0+
CortexM1
CortexM3
CortexM4
CortexM7
CortexM23
CortexM33
CortexM35P
CortexM52
CortexM55
CortexM85
SysTick 24-bit Timer
Optional(0,1)
Optional(0, 1)
Optional(0,1)
Yes(1)
Yes(1)
Yes(1)
Optional(0, 1, 2)
Yes(1, 2)
Yes(1, 2)
Yes(1, 2)
Yes(1, 2)
Yes(1, 2)
Single-cycle I/O port
No
Optional
No
No
No
No
Optional
No
No
No
No
No
Bit-Band memory
No
No
No*
Optional
Optional
Optional
No
No
No
No
No
No
Memory ProtectionUnit (MPU)
No
Optional(0, 8)
No
Optional(0,8)
Optional(0, 8)
Optional(0, 8, 16)
Optional(0, 4, 8, 12, 16)
Optional(0, 4, 8, 12, 16)
Optional(up to 16)*
Optional(0, 4, 8, 12, 16)
Optional(0, 4, 8, 12, 16)
Optional(0, 4, 8, 12, 16)
Security AttributionUnit (SAU) andStack Limits
No
No
No
No
No
No
Optional(0, 4, 8)
Optional(0, 4, 8)
Optional(up to 8)*
Optional(0, 4, 8)
Optional(0, 4, 8)
Optional(0, 4, 8)
Instruction Cache
No
No
No
No
No
Optional(up to 64 KB)
No
No
Optional(up to 16 KB)
Optional(up to 64 KB)
Optional(up to 64 KB)
Optional(up to 64 KB)
Data Cache
No
No
No
No
No
Optional(up to 64 KB)
No
No
No
Optional(up to 64 KB)
Optional(up to 64 KB)
Optional(up to 64 KB)
Instruction TCM(ITCM) Memory
No
No
Optional(up to 1 MB)
No
No
Optional(up to 16 MB)
No
No
No
Optional(up to 16 MB)
Optional(up to 16 MB)
Optional(up to 16 MB)
Data TCM(DTCM) Memory
No
No
Optional(up to 1 MB)
No
No
Optional(up to 16 MB)
No
No
No
Optional(up to 16 MB)
Optional(up to 16 MB)
Optional(up to 16 MB)
ECC for TCMand Cache
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Vector Table OffsetRegister (VTOR)
No
Optional(0,1)
Optional(0,1)
Optional(0,1)
Optional(0,1)
Optional(0,1)
Optional(0,1,2)
Yes(1,2)
Yes(1,2)
Yes(1,2)
Yes(1,2)
Yes(1,2)
Note: Most Cortex-M3 and M4 chips have bit-band and MPU. The bit-band option can be added to the M0/M0+ using the Cortex-M System Design Kit.
Note: Software should validate the existence of each feature before attempting to use it.
Note: Limited public information is available for the Cortex-M35P until its Technical Reference Manual is released.
Additional silicon options:
Data endianness: Little-endian or big-endian. Unlike legacy ARM cores, the Cortex-M is permanently fixed in silicon as one of these choices.
Interrupts: 1 to 32 (M0/M0+/M1), 1 to 240 (M3/M4/M7/M23), 1 to 480 (M33/M35P/M52/M55/M85).
Wake-up interrupt controller: Optional.
Vector Table Offset Register: Optional. (not available for M0).
Instruction fetch width: 16-bit only, or mostly 32-bit.
User/privilege support: Optional.
Reset all registers: Optional.
Single-cycle I/O port: Optional. (M0+/M23).
Debug Access Port (DAP): None, SWD, JTAG and SWD. (optional for all Cortex-M cores)
Halting debug support: Optional.
Number of watchpoint comparators: 0 to 2 (M0/M0+/M1), 0 to 4 (M3/M4/M7/M23/M33/M35P/M52/M55/M85).
Number of breakpoint comparators: 0 to 4 (M0/M0+/M1/M23), 0 to 8 (M3/M4/M7/M33/M35P/M52/M55/M85).
Instruction sets
See also: ARM architecture § Instruction set
The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 implement the ARMv6-M architecture, the Cortex-M3 implements the ARMv7-M architecture, the Cortex-M4 / Cortex-M7 implements the ARMv7E-M architecture, the Cortex-M23 / M33 / M35P implement the ARMv8-M architecture, and the Cortex-M52 / M55 / M85 implements the ARMv8.1-M architecture. The architectures are binary instruction upward compatible from ARMv6-M to ARMv7-M to ARMv7E-M. Binary instructions available for the Cortex-M0 / Cortex-M0+ / Cortex-M1 can execute without modification on the Cortex-M3 / Cortex-M4 / Cortex-M7. Binary instructions available for the Cortex-M3 can execute without modification on the Cortex-M4 / Cortex-M7 / Cortex-M33 / Cortex-M35P. Only Thumb-1 and Thumb-2 instruction sets are supported in Cortex-M architectures; the legacy 32-bit ARM instruction set isn't supported.
All Cortex-M cores implement a common subset of instructions that consists of most Thumb-1, some Thumb-2, including a 32-bit result multiply. The Cortex-M0 / Cortex-M0+ / Cortex-M1 / Cortex-M23 were designed to create the smallest silicon die, thus having the fewest instructions of the Cortex-M family.
The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 include Thumb-1 instructions, except new instructions (CBZ, CBNZ, IT) which were added in ARMv7-M architecture. The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 include a minor subset of Thumb-2 instructions (BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR). The Cortex-M3 / M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P have all base Thumb-1 and Thumb-2 instructions. The Cortex-M3 adds three Thumb-1 instructions, all Thumb-2 instructions, hardware integer divide, and saturation arithmetic instructions. The Cortex-M4 adds DSP instructions and an optional single-precision floating-point unit (VFPv4-SP). The Cortex-M7 adds an optional double-precision FPU (VFPv5). The Cortex-M23 / M33 / M35P / M52 / M55 / M85 add TrustZone instructions.
ARM Cortex-M instruction variations
Arm Core
CortexM0
CortexM0+
CortexM1
CortexM3
CortexM4
CortexM7
CortexM23
CortexM33
CortexM35P
CortexM52
CortexM55
CortexM85
ARM architecture
ARMv6-M
ARMv6-M
ARMv6-M
ARMv7-M
ARMv7E-M
ARMv7E-M
ARMv8-MBaseline
ARMv8-MMainline
ARMv8-MMainline
Armv8.1-MMainline
Armv8.1-MMainline
Armv8.1-MMainline
Computer architecture
VonNeumann
VonNeumann
VonNeumann
Harvard
Harvard
Harvard
VonNeumann
Harvard
Harvard
Harvard
Harvard
Harvard
Instruction pipeline
3 stages
2 stages
3 stages
3 stages
3 stages
6 stages
2 stages
3 stages
3 stages
4 stages
4-5 stages
7 stages
Interrupt latency(zero wait state memory)
16 cycles
15 cycles
23 for NMI,26 for IRQ
12 cycles
12 cycles
12 cycles,14 worstcase
15 cycles,24 secureto NS IRQ
12 cycles,21 secureto NS IRQ
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
Thumb-1 instructions
Most
Most
Most
Entire
Entire
Entire
Most
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Thumb-2 instructions
Some
Some
Some
Entire
Entire
Entire
Some
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Multiply instructions32×32 = 32-bit result
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Multiply instructions32×32 = 64-bit result
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Divide instructions32/32 = 32-bit quotient
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Saturated math instructions
No
No
No
Some
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
DSP instructions
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Optional
Optional
Yes
Yes
Yes
Half-Precision (HP)floating-point instructions
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Single-Precision (SP)floating-point instructions
No
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Double-Precision (DP)floating-point instructions
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Helium vector instructions
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
TrustZone security instructions
No
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Yes
Co-processor instructions
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
ARM Custom Instructions (ACI)
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Pointer Authentication and Branch TargetIdentification (PACBTI) instructions
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
No
Optional
Note: Interrupt latency cycle count assumes: 1) stack located in zero-wait state RAM, 2) another interrupt function not currently executing, 3) Security Extension option doesn't exist, because it adds additional cycles. The Cortex-M cores with a Harvard computer architecture have a shorter interrupt latency than Cortex-M cores with a Von Neumann computer architecture.
Note: The Cortex-M series includes three new 16-bit Thumb-1 instructions for sleep mode: SEV, WFE, WFI.
Note: The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 doesn't include these 16-bit Thumb-1 instructions: CBZ, CBNZ, IT.
Note: The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 only include these 32-bit Thumb-2 instructions: BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR.
Note: The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 / M23 only has 32-bit multiply instructions with a lower-32-bit result (32 bit × 32 bit = lower 32 bit), where as the Cortex-M3 / M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P includes additional 32-bit multiply instructions with 64-bit results (32 bit × 32 bit = 64 bit). The Cortex-M4 / M7 (optionally M33 / M35P) include DSP instructions for (16 bit × 16 bit = 32 bit), (32 bit × 16 bit = upper 32 bit), (32 bit × 32 bit = upper 32 bit) multiplications.
Note: The number of cycles to complete multiply and divide instructions vary across ARM Cortex-M core designs. Some cores have a silicon option for the choice of fast speed or small size (slow speed), so cores have the option of using less silicon with the downside of higher cycle count. An interrupt occurring during the execution of a divide instruction or slow-iterative multiply instruction will cause the processor to abandon the instruction, then restart it after the interrupt returns.
Multiply instructions "32-bit result" – Cortex-M0/M0+/M23 is 1 or 32 cycle silicon option, Cortex-M1 is 3 or 33 cycle silicon option, Cortex-M3/M4/M7/M33/M35P is 1 cycle.
Multiply instructions "64-bit result" – Cortex-M3 is 3–5 cycles (depending on values), Cortex-M4/M7/M33/M35P is 1 cycle.
Divide instructions – Cortex-M3/M4 is 2–12 cycles (depending on values), Cortex-M7 is 3–20 cycles (depending on values), Cortex-M23 is 17 or 34 cycle option, Cortex-M33 is 2–11 cycles (depending on values), Cortex-M35P is TBD.
Note: Some Cortex-M cores have silicon options for various types of floating point units (FPU). The Cortex-M55 / M85 has an option for half-precision (HP), the Cortex-M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P / M52 / M55 / M85 has an option for single-precision (SP), the Cortex-M7 / M52 / M55 / M85 has an option for double-precision (DP). When an FPU is included, the core is sometimes referred as "Cortex-MxF", where 'x' is the core variant, such as Cortex-M4F.
ARM Cortex-M instruction groups
Group
Instrbits
Instructions
CortexM0, M0+, M1
CortexM3
CortexM4
CortexM7
CortexM23
CortexM33
CortexM35P
CortexM52
CortexM55
CortexM85
Thumb-1
16
ADC, ADD, ADR, AND, ASR, B, BIC, BKPT, BLX, BX, CMN, CMP, CPS, EOR, LDM, LDR, LDRB, LDRH, LDRSB, LDRSH, LSL, LSR, MOV, MUL, MVN, NOP, ORR, POP, PUSH, REV, REV16, REVSH, ROR, RSB, SBC, SEV, STM, STR, STRB, STRH, SUB, SVC, SXTB, SXTH, TST, UXTB, UXTH, WFE, WFI, YIELD
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Thumb-1
16
CBNZ, CBZ
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Thumb-1
16
IT
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Thumb-2
32
BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Thumb-2
32
SDIV, UDIV, MOVT, MOVW, B.W, LDREX, LDREXB, LDREXH, STREX, STREXB, STREXH
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Thumb-2
32
ADC, ADD, ADR, AND, ASR, B, BFC, BFI, BIC, CDP, CLREX, CLZ, CMN, CMP, DBG, EOR, LDC, LDM, LDR, LDRB, LDRBT, LDRD, LDRH, LDRHT, LDRSB, LDRSBT, LDRSH, LDRSHT, LDRT, LSL, LSR, MCR, MCRR, MLA, MLS, MRC, MRRC, MUL, MVN, NOP, ORN, ORR, PLD, PLDW, PLI, POP, PUSH, RBIT, REV, REV16, REVSH, ROR, RRX, RSB, SBC, SBFX, SEV, SMLAL, SMULL, SSAT, STC, STM, STR, STRB, STRBT, STRD, STRH, STRHT, STRT, SUB, SXTB, SXTH, TBB, TBH, TEQ, TST, UBFX, UMLAL, UMULL, USAT, UXTB, UXTH, WFE, WFI, YIELD
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
DSP
32
PKH, QADD, QADD16, QADD8, QASX, QDADD, QDSUB, QSAX, QSUB, QSUB16, QSUB8, SADD16, SADD8, SASX, SEL, SHADD16, SHADD8, SHASX, SHSAX, SHSUB16, SHSUB8, SMLABB, SMLABT, SMLATB, SMLATT, SMLAD, SMLALBB, SMLALBT, SMLALTB, SMLALTT, SMLALD, SMLAWB, SMLAWT, SMLSD, SMLSLD, SMMLA, SMMLS, SMMUL, SMUAD, SMULBB, SMULBT, SMULTT, SMULTB, SMULWT, SMULWB, SMUSD, SSAT16, SSAX, SSUB16, SSUB8, SXTAB, SXTAB16, SXTAH, SXTB16, UADD16, UADD8, UASX, UHADD16, UHADD8, UHASX, UHSAX, UHSUB16, UHSUB8, UMAAL, UQADD16, UQADD8, UQASX, UQSAX, UQSUB16, UQSUB8, USAD8, USADA8, USAT16, USAX, USUB16, USUB8, UXTAB, UXTAB16, UXTAH, UXTB16
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Optional
Optional
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP Float
32
VABS, VADD, VCMP, VCMPE, VCVT, VCVTR, VDIV, VLDM, VLDR, VMLA, VMLS, VMOV, VMRS, VMSR, VMUL, VNEG, VNMLA, VNMLS, VNMUL, VPOP, VPUSH, VSQRT, VSTM, VSTR, VSUB
No
No
Optional
Optional
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
DP Float
32
VCVTA, VCVTM, VCVTN, VCVTP, VMAXNM, VMINNM, VRINTA, VRINTM, VRINTN, VRINTP, VRINTR, VRINTX, VRINTZ, VSEL
No
No
No
Optional
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Acquire/Release
32
LDA, LDAB, LDAH, LDAEX, LDAEXB, LDAEXH, STL, STLB, STLH, STLEX, STLEXB, STLEXH
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
TrustZone
16
BLXNS, BXNS
No
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Yes
32
SG, TT, TTT, TTA, TTAT
Co-processor
16
CDP, CDP2, MCR, MCR2, MCRR, MCRR2, MRC, MRC2, MRRC, MRRC2
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
ACI
32
CX1, CX1A, CX2, CX2A, CX3, CX3A, CX1D, CX1DA, CX2D, CX2DA, CX3D, CX3DA, VCX1, VCX1A, VCX2, VCX2A, VCX3, VCX3A
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
PACBTI
32
AUT, AUTG, BTI, BXAUT, PAC, PACBTI, PACG
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
No
Optional
Note: MOVW is an alias that means 32-bit "wide" MOV instruction.
Note: B.W is a long-distance unconditional branch (similar in encoding, operation, and range to BL, minus setting of the LR register).
Note: For Cortex-M1, WFE / WFI / SEV instructions exist, but execute as a NOP instruction.
Note: The half-precision (HP) FPU instructions are valid in the Cortex-M52 / M55 / M85 only when the HP FPU option exists in the silicon.
Note: The single-precision (SP) FPU instructions are valid in the Cortex-M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P / M52 / M55 / M85 only when the SP FPU option exists in the silicon.
Note: The double-precision (DP) FPU instructions are valid in the Cortex-M7 / M52 / M55 / M85 only when the DP FPU option exists in the silicon.
Deprecations
The ARM architecture for ARM Cortex-M series removed some features from older legacy cores:
The 32-bit ARM instruction set is not included in Cortex-M cores.
Endianness is chosen at silicon implementation in Cortex-M cores. Legacy cores allowed "on-the-fly" changing of the data endian mode.
Co-processors were not supported on Cortex-M cores, until the silicon option was reintroduced in "ARMv8-M Mainline" for ARM Cortex-M33/M35P cores.
The capabilities of the 32-bit ARM instruction set is duplicated in many ways by the Thumb-1 and Thumb-2 instruction sets, but some ARM features don't have a similar feature:
The SWP and SWPB (swap) ARM instructions don't have a similar feature in Cortex-M.
The 16-bit Thumb-1 instruction set has evolved over time since it was first released in the legacy ARM7T cores with the ARMv4T architecture. New Thumb-1 instructions were added as each legacy ARMv5 / ARMv6 / ARMv6T2 architectures were released. Some 16-bit Thumb-1 instructions were removed from the Cortex-M cores:
The "BLX <immediate>" instruction doesn't exist because it was used to switch from Thumb-1 to ARM instruction set. The "BLX <register>" instruction is still available in the Cortex-M.
SETEND doesn't exist because on-the-fly switching of data endian mode is no longer supported.
Co-processor instructions were not supported on Cortex-M cores, until the silicon option was reintroduced in "ARMv8-M Mainline" for ARM Cortex-M33/M35P cores.
The SWI instruction was renamed to SVC, though the instruction binary coding is the same. However, the SVC handler code is different from the SWI handler code, because of changes to the exception models.
Cortex-M0
Cortex-M0Architecture and classificationInstruction setARMv6-M (Thumb-1 (most),Thumb-2 (some))
The Cortex-M0 core is optimized for small silicon die size and use in the lowest price chips.
Key features of the Cortex-M0 core are:
ARMv6-M architecture
3-stage pipeline
Instruction sets:
Thumb-1 (most), missing CBZ, CBNZ, IT
Thumb-2 (some), only BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR
32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit result
1 to 32 interrupts, plus NMI
Silicon options:
Hardware integer multiply speed: 1 or 32 cycles.
Chips
nRF51822
The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M0 core:
ABOV AC30M1x64
Cypress PSoC 4000, 4100, 4100M, 4200, 4200DS, 4200L, 4200M
Infineon XMC1100, XMC1200, XMC1300, XMC1400, TLE984x
Dialog DA1458x, DA1468x
Nordic nRF51
NXP LPC1100, LPC1200
Nuvoton NuMicro
Sonix SN32F700
ST STM32 F0
Toshiba TX00
Vorago VA10800 (extreme temperature), VA10820 (radiation hardened)
The following chips have a Cortex-M0 as a secondary core:
NXP LPC4300 (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0)
Texas Instruments SimpleLink Wireless MCUs CC1310 and CC2650 (one programmable Cortex-M3 + one Cortex-M0 network processor + one proprietary Sensor Controller Engine)
Cortex-M0+
Cortex-M0+Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv6-MInstruction setThumb-1 (most),Thumb-2 (some)
NXP (Freescale) FRDM-KL25Z Board with KL25Z128VLK (Kinetis L)
The Cortex-M0+ is an optimized superset of the Cortex-M0. The Cortex-M0+ has complete instruction set compatibility with the Cortex-M0 thus allowing the use of the same compiler and debug tools. The Cortex-M0+ pipeline was reduced from 3 to 2 stages, which lowers the power usage and increases performance (higher average IPC due to branches taking one fewer cycle). In addition to debug features in the existing Cortex-M0, a silicon option can be added to the Cortex-M0+ called the Micro Trace Buffer (MTB) which provides a simple instruction trace buffer. The Cortex-M0+ also received Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 features, which can be added as silicon options, such as the memory protection unit (MPU) and the vector table relocation.
Key features of the Cortex-M0+ core are:
ARMv6-M architecture
2-stage pipeline (one fewer than Cortex-M0)
Instruction sets: (same as Cortex-M0)
Thumb-1 (most), missing CBZ, CBNZ, IT
Thumb-2 (some), only BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR
32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit result
1 to 32 interrupts, plus NMI
Silicon options:
Hardware integer multiply speed: 1 or 32 cycles
8-region memory protection unit (MPU) (same as M3 and M4)
Vector table relocation (same as M3, M4)
Single-cycle I/O port (available in M0+/M23)
Micro Trace Buffer (MTB) (available in M0+/M23/M33/M35P)
Chips
The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M0+ core:
ABOV Semiconductor A31G11x, A31G12x, A31G314
Cypress PSoC 4000S, 4100S, 4100S+, 4100PS, 4700S, FM0+
Epson S1C31W74, S1C31D01, S1C31D50
Holtek HT32F52000
Microchip SAM C2, D0, D1, D2, DA, L2, R2, R3; and PIC32CM JH and MC
NXP LPC800, LPC11E60, LPC11U60
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis E, EA, L, M, V1, W0, S32K11x
Raspberry Pi RP2040 (two M0+ cores)
Renesas S124, S128, RE, RE01
Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Zero, Happy
ST STM32 L0, G0, C0, WL (one Cortex-M4 + one Cortex-M0+)
The following chips have a Cortex-M0+ as a secondary core:
Cypress PSoC 6200 (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0+)
ST WB (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0+)
The smallest ARM microcontrollers are of the Cortex-M0+ type (as of 2014, smallest at 1.6 mm by 2 mm in a chip-scale package is Kinetis KL03).
On 21 June 2018, the "world's smallest computer'", or computer device was announced – based on the ARM Cortex-M0+ (and including RAM and wireless transmitters and receivers based on photovoltaics) – by University of Michigan researchers at the 2018 Symposia on VLSI Technology and Circuits with the paper "A 0.04mm3 16nW Wireless and Batteryless Sensor System with Integrated Cortex-M0+ Processor and Optical Communication for Cellular Temperature Measurement." The device is one-tenth the size of IBM's previously claimed world-record-sized computer from months back in March 2018, which is smaller than a grain of salt.
Cortex-M1
Cortex-M1Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv6-MInstruction setThumb-1 (most),Thumb-2 (some)
The Cortex-M1 is an optimized core especially designed to be loaded into FPGA chips.
Key features of the Cortex-M1 core are:
ARMv6-M architecture
3-stage pipeline.
Instruction sets:
Thumb-1 (most), missing CBZ, CBNZ, IT.
Thumb-2 (some), only BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR.
32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit result.
1 to 32 interrupts, plus NMI.
Silicon options:
Hardware integer multiply speed: 3 or 33 cycles.
Optional Tightly-Coupled Memory (TCM): 0 to 1 MB instruction-TCM, 0 to 1 MB data-TCM, each with optional ECC.
External interrupts: 0, 1, 8, 16, 32.
Debug: none, reduced, full.
Data endianness: little-endian or BE-8 big-endian.
OS extension: present or absent.
Chips
The following vendors support the Cortex-M1 as soft-cores on their FPGA chips:
Altera Cyclone-II, Cyclone-III, Stratix-II, Stratix-III
GOWIN M1
Actel/Microsemi/Microchip Fusion, IGLOO/e, ProASIC3L, ProASIC3/E
Xilinx Spartan-3, Virtex-2, Virtex-3, Virtex-4, Artix-7
Cortex-M3
Cortex-M3Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv7-MInstruction setThumb-1, Thumb-2, Saturated (some), Divide
Arduino Due board with Atmel ATSAM3X8E (ARM Cortex-M3 core) microcontroller
NXP LPCXpresso Development Board with LPC1343
Key features of the Cortex-M3 core are:
ARMv7-M architecture
3-stage pipeline with branch speculation.
Instruction sets:
Thumb-1 (entire).
Thumb-2 (entire).
32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit or 64-bit result, signed or unsigned, add or subtract after the multiply. 32-bit multiply is 1 cycle, but 64-bit multiply and MAC instructions require extra cycles.
32-bit hardware integer divide (2–12 cycles).
saturation arithmetic support.
1 to 240 interrupts, plus NMI.
12 cycle interrupt latency.
Integrated sleep modes.
Silicon options:
Optional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 0 or 8 regions.
Chips
The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M3 core:
ABOV AC33Mx128, AC33Mx064
Actel/Microsemi/Microchip SmartFusion, SmartFusion 2 (FPGA)
Analog Devices ADUCM360, ADUCM361, ADUCM3029
Broadcom Wi-Fi Chip BCM4319XKUBG
Cypress PSoC 5000, 5000LP, FM3
Holtek HT32F
Infineon TLE9860, TLE987x
Microchip (Atmel) SAM 3A, 3N, 3S, 3U, 3X
NXP LPC1300, LPC1700, LPC1800
ON Q32M210
Realtek RTL8710
Silicon Labs Precision32
Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Tiny, Gecko, Leopard, Giant
ST STM32 F1, F2, L1, W
TDK-Micronas HVC4223F
Texas Instruments F28, LM3, TMS470, OMAP 4, SimpleLink Wireless MCUs (CC1310 Sub-GHz and CC2650 BLE+Zigbee+6LoWPAN)
Toshiba TX03
The following chips have a Cortex-M3 as a secondary core:
Apple A9 (Cortex-M3 as integrated M9 motion co-processor)
CSR Quatro 5300 (Cortex-M3 as co-processor)
Samsung Exynos 7420 (Cortex-M3 as a DVS microcontroller)
Texas Instruments F28, LM3, TMS470, OMAP 4470 (one Cortex-A9 + two Cortex-M3)
XMOS XS1-XA (seven xCORE + one Cortex-M3)
The following FPGAs include a Cortex-M3 core:
Microsemi SmartFusion2 SoC
The following vendors support the Cortex-M3 as soft-cores on their FPGA chips:
Altera Cyclone-II, Cyclone-III, Stratix-II, Stratix-III
Xilinx Spartan-3, Virtex-2, Virtex-3, Virtex-4, Artix-7
Cortex-M4
Cortex-M4Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv7E-MInstruction setThumb-1, Thumb-2,Saturated, DSP,Divide, FPU (SP)
Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) Wonder Gecko STK Board with EFM32WG990
TI Stellaris Launchpad Board with LM4F120
Conceptually the Cortex-M4 is a Cortex-M3 plus DSP instructions, and optional floating-point unit (FPU). A core with an FPU is known as Cortex-M4F.
Key features of the Cortex-M4 core are:
ARMv7E-M architecture
3-stage pipeline with branch speculation.
Instruction sets:
Thumb-1 (entire).
Thumb-2 (entire).
32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit or 64-bit result, signed or unsigned, add or subtract after the multiply. 32-bit Multiply and MAC are 1 cycle.
32-bit hardware integer divide (2–12 cycles).
Saturation arithmetic support.
DSP extension: Single cycle 16/32-bit MAC, single cycle dual 16-bit MAC, 8/16-bit SIMD arithmetic.
1 to 240 interrupts, plus NMI.
12 cycle interrupt latency.
Integrated sleep modes.
Silicon options:
Optional floating-point unit (FPU): single-precision only IEEE-754 compliant. It is called the FPv4-SP extension.
Optional memory protection unit (MPU): 0 or 8 regions.
Chips
nRF52833 on a micro bit v2
STM32F407IGH6
The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M4 core:
Analog Devices ADSP-CM40x
Microchip (Atmel) SAM 4L, 4N, 4S
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis K, W2
ST (STM32) WL (one Cortex-M4 + one Cortex-M0+)
Texas Instruments SimpleLink Wi-Fi CC32xx, CC32xxMOD
The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M4F (M4 + FPU) core:
Analog Devices ADUCM4050
Cypress 6200 (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0+), FM4
Infineon XMC4000
Maxim Darwin
Microchip (Atmel) SAM4C (Dual core: one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M4), SAM4E, SAM4L, SAM4N, SAM4S, SAMG5, SAMD5/E5x
Nordic nRF52
Nuvoton NuMicro M480
NXP LPC4000, LPC4300 (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0), LPC54000
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis K, V3, V4, S32K14x
Renesas S3, S5, S7, RA4, RA6
Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Wonder
ST STM32 F3, F4, L4, L4+, G4, WB (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0+)
Texas Instruments LM4F, TM4C, MSP432, CC13x2R, CC1352P, CC26x2R
Toshiba TX04
The following chips have either a Cortex-M4 or M4F as a secondary core:
NXP (Freescale) Vybrid VF6 (one Cortex-A5 + one Cortex-M4F)
NXP (Freescale) i.MX 6 SoloX (one Cortex-A9 + one Cortex-M4F)
NXP (Freescale) i.MX 7 Solo/Dual (one or two Cortex-A7 + one Cortex-M4F)
NXP (Freescale) i.MX 8 (two Cortex-A72 + four Cortex-A53 + two Cortex-M4F)
NXP (Freescale) i.MX 8M and 8M Mini (four Cortex-A53 + one Cortex-M4F)
NXP (Freescale) i.MX 8X (four Cortex-A35 + one Cortex-M4F)
ST STM32MP1 (one or two Cortex-A7 + one Cortex-M4)
Texas Instruments OMAP 5 (two Cortex-A15s + two Cortex-M4)
Texas Instruments Sitara AM5700 (one or two Cortex-A15s + two Cortex-M4s as image processing units + two Cortex-M4s as general purpose units)
Cortex-M7
Cortex-M7Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv7E-MInstruction setThumb-1, Thumb-2,Saturated, DSP,Divide, FPU (SP & DP)
Arduino GIGA R1 WiFi board with (dual core ARM Cortex-M7 + ARM Cortex-M4) STM32H747XIH6 microcontroller
The Cortex-M7 is a high-performance core with almost double the power efficiency of the older Cortex-M4. It features a 6-stage superscalar pipeline with branch prediction and an optional floating-point unit capable of single-precision and optionally double-precision operations. The instruction and data buses have been enlarged to 64-bit wide over the previous 32-bit buses. If a core contains an FPU, it is known as a Cortex-M7F, otherwise it is a Cortex-M7.
Key features of the Cortex-M7 core are:
ARMv7E-M architecture.
6-stage pipeline with branch speculation. Second-longest of all ARM Cortex-M cores, with the first being Cortex-M85.
Instruction sets:
Thumb-1 (entire).
Thumb-2 (entire).
32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit or 64-bit result, signed or unsigned, add or subtract after the multiply. 32-bit Multiply and MAC are 1 cycle.
32-bit hardware integer divide (2–12 cycles).
Saturation arithmetic support.
DSP extension: Single cycle 16/32-bit MAC, single cycle dual 16-bit MAC, 8/16-bit SIMD arithmetic.
1 to 240 interrupts, plus NMI.
12 cycle interrupt latency.
Integrated sleep modes.
Silicon options:
Optional floating-point unit (FPU): (single precision) or (single and double-precision), both IEEE-754-2008 compliant. It is called the FPv5 extension.
Optional CPU cache: 0 to 64 KB instruction-cache, 0 to 64 KB data-cache, each with optional ECC.
Optional Tightly-Coupled Memory (TCM): 0 to 16 MB instruction-TCM, 0 to 16 MB data-TCM, each with optional ECC.
Optional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 8 or 16 regions.
Optional Embedded Trace Macrocell (ETM): instruction-only, or instruction and data.
Optional Retention Mode (with Arm Power Management Kit) for Sleep Modes.
Optional dual-redundant lock-step operation.
Chips
The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M7 core:
Microchip (Atmel) SAM E7, S7, V7
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis KV5x, i.MX RT, S32K3xx
ST STM32 F7, H7
Cortex-M23
Cortex-M23Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv8-M BaselineInstruction setThumb-1 (most),Thumb-2 (some),Divide, TrustZone
The Cortex-M23 core was announced in October 2016 and based on the ARMv8-M architecture that was previously announced in November 2015. Conceptually the Cortex-M23 is similar to a Cortex-M0+ plus integer divide instructions and TrustZone security features, and also has a 2-stage instruction pipeline.
Key features of the Cortex-M23 core are:
ARMv8-M Baseline architecture.
2-stage pipeline. (similar to Cortex-M0+)
TrustZone security instructions.
32-bit hardware integer divide (17 or 34 cycles).(slower than divide in all other cores)
Stack limit boundaries. (available only with SAU option)
Silicon options:
Hardware integer multiply speed: 1 or 32 cycles.
Hardware integer divide speed: 17 or 34 cycles maximum. Depending on divisor, instruction may complete in fewer cycles.
Optional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 regions.
Optional Security Attribution Unit (SAU): 0, 4, 8 regions.
Single-cycle I/O port (available in M0+/M23).
Micro Trace Buffer (MTB)
Chips
The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M23 core:
GigaDevice GD32E2xx
Microchip SAM L10, L11, and PIC 32CM-LE 32CM-LS
Nuvoton M23xx family, M2xx family, NUC1262, M2L31
Renesas S1JA, RA2A1, RA2L1, RA2E1, RA2E2
Cortex-M33
Cortex-M33Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv8-M MainlineInstruction setThumb-1, Thumb-2,Saturated, DSP,Divide, FPU (SP),TrustZone, Co-processor
The Cortex-M33 core was announced in October 2016 and based on the ARMv8-M architecture that was previously announced in November 2015. Conceptually the Cortex-M33 is similar to a cross of Cortex-M4 and Cortex-M23, and also has a 3-stage instruction pipeline.
Key features of the Cortex-M33 core are:
ARMv8-M Mainline architecture.
3-stage pipeline.
TrustZone security instructions.
32-bit hardware integer divide (11 cycles maximum).
Stack limit boundaries. (available only with SAU option)
Silicon options:
Optional Floating-Point Unit (FPU): single-precision only IEEE-754 compliant. It is called the FPv5 extension.
Optional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 regions.
Optional Security Attribution Unit (SAU): 0, 4, 8 regions.
Micro Trace Buffer (MTB)
Chips
The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M33 core:
Analog Devices ADUCM4
Dialog DA1469x
GigaDevice GD32E5, GD32W5
Nordic nRF91, nRF5340, nRF54
NXP LPC5500, i.MX RT600, MCX N94x/54x (dual core)
ON RSL15
Renesas RA4, RA6
ST STM32 H5, L5, U5, WBA
Silicon Labs Wireless Gecko Series 2
The following chips have a Cortex-M33 or M33F as a secondary core:
Infineon PSoC Edge
Cortex-M35P
Cortex-M35PArchitecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv8-M MainlineInstruction setThumb-1, Thumb-2,Saturated, DSP,Divide, FPU (SP),TrustZone, Co-processor
The Cortex-M35P core was announced in May 2018 and based on the Armv8-M architecture. It is conceptually a Cortex-M33 core with a new instruction cache, plus new tamper-resistant hardware concepts borrowed from the ARM SecurCore family, and configurable parity and ECC features.
Currently, information about the Cortex-M35P is limited, because its Technical Reference Manual and Generic User Guide haven't been released yet.
Chips
The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M35P core:
STMicroelectronics ST33K
Cortex-M52
Cortex-M52Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv8.1-M Mainline HeliumInstruction setThumb-1, Thumb-2,Saturated, DSP,Divide, FPU (VFPv5),TrustZone, Coprocessor, MVE
The Cortex-M52 core was announced in November 2023 and based on the Armv8.1-M architecture. It has a 4 stage instruction pipeline.
Key features of the Cortex-M52 core include:
ARMv8.1-M Mainline/Helium architecture.
4-stage pipeline.
Stack limit boundaries (available only with SAU option).
Silicon options:
Helium (M-Profile Vector Extension, MVE)
Single-Precision and Double-Precision floating-point
Digital Signal Processing (DSP) extension support
TrustZone security extension support
Safety and reliability (RAS) support
Coprocessor support
Secure and Non-secure MPU with 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16 regions
SAU with 0, 4, or 8 regions
Instruction cache with size of up to 64 KB
Data cache with size of up to 64 KB
ECC on caches and TCMs
1–480 interrupts
3–8 exception priority bits
Internal and external WIC options, optional CTI, ITM, and DWT
ARM Custom Instructions
Chips
As of December 2023, no chips have been announced.
Cortex-M55
Cortex-M55Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv8.1-M Mainline HeliumInstruction setThumb-1, Thumb-2,Saturated, DSP,Divide, FPU (VFPv5),TrustZone, Coprocessor, MVE
The Cortex-M55 core was announced in February 2020 and based on the Armv8.1-M architecture. It has a 4 or 5 stage instruction pipeline.
Key features of the Cortex-M55 core include:
ARMv8.1-M Mainline/Helium architecture.
4-stage pipeline.
Stack limit boundaries (available only with SAU option).
Silicon options:
Helium (M-Profile Vector Extension, MVE)
Single-Precision and Double-Precision floating-point
Digital Signal Processing (DSP) extension support
TrustZone security extension support
Safety and reliability (RAS) support
Coprocessor support
Secure and Non-secure MPU with 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16 regions
SAU with 0, 4, or 8 regions
Instruction cache with size of 4 KB, 8 KB, 16 KB, 32 KB, 64 KB
Data cache with size of 4 KB, 8 KB, 16 KB, 32 KB, 64 KB
ECC on caches and TCMs
1–480 interrupts
3–8 exception priority bits
Internal and external WIC options, optional CTI, ITM, and DWT
ARM Custom Instructions
Chips
Alif Semiconductor Ensemble MCU families offer single or dual Cortex-M55 cores, each paired with Ethos-U55 NPUs
Infineon PSoC Edge
Cortex-M85
Cortex-M85Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv8.1-M Mainline HeliumInstruction setThumb-1, Thumb-2,Saturated, DSP,Divide, FPU (VFPv5),TrustZone, Coprocessor, MVE
The Cortex-M85 core was announced in April 2022 and based on the Armv8.1-M architecture. It has a 7-stage instruction pipeline.
Silicon options:
Optional CPU cache: 0 to 64 KB instruction-cache, 0 to 64 KB data-cache, each with optional ECC.
Optional Tightly-Coupled Memory (TCM): 0 to 16 MB instruction-TCM, 0 to 16 MB data-TCM, each with optional ECC.
Optional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 16 regions. Can have separate ones for secure and non-secure mode if TrustZone is implemented.
Up to 480 interrupts and NMI
3–8 exception priority bits
Optional dual-redundant lock-step operation.
Chips
Renesas RA8
Development tools
Main article: List of ARM Cortex-M development tools
Documentation
The documentation for ARM chips is extensive. In the past, 8-bit microcontroller documentation would typically fit in a single document, but as microcontrollers have evolved, so has everything required to support them. A documentation package for ARM chips typically consists of a collection of documents from the IC manufacturer as well as the CPU core vendor (ARM Limited).
A typical top-down documentation tree is:
Documentation tree (top to bottom)
IC manufacturer website.
IC manufacturer marketing slides.
IC manufacturer datasheet for the exact physical chip.
IC manufacturer reference manual that describes common peripherals and aspects of a physical chip family.
ARM core website.
ARM core generic user guide.
ARM core technical reference manual.
ARM architecture reference manual.
IC manufacturers have additional documents, such as: evaluation board user manuals, application notes, getting started guides, software library documents, errata, and more. See External links section for links to official Arm documents.
See also
Electronics portal
ARM architecture
List of ARM architectures and cores
Interrupt, Interrupt handler
Real-time operating system, Comparison of real-time operating systems
References
^ ARM Cortex-M website; ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M0 Home". ARM Limited.
^ "Cortex-M0+ Home". ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M1 Home". ARM Limited.
^ "Cortex-M3 Home". ARM Limited.
^ "Cortex-M4 Home". ARM Limited.
^ a b c "Cortex-M7 Home". ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M23 Home". ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M33 Home". ARM Limited.
^ a b c "Cortex-M35P Home". ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M52 Home". ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M55 Home". ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M85 Home". ARM Limited.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "ARMv6-M Architecture Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "ARMv7-M Architecture Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c d Cortex-M3 Embedded Software Development; App Note 179; ARM Limited.
^ a b c "Cortex-M0 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c d "Cortex-M0+ Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c "Cortex-M1 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c "Cortex-M3 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c "Cortex-M4 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c d "Cortex-M7 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c "Cortex-M23 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c "Cortex-M33 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M52 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M55 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M85 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c Cortex-M System Design Kit; ARM Limited.
^ a b c d e f g h i j ARM Cortex-M Programming Guide to Memory Barrier Instructions; Section 3.6 System implementation requirements; AppNote 321; ARM Limited.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "ARMv8-M Architecture Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ 32-bit PIC and SAM Microcontrollers; Microchip.
^ Fingas, Jon (25 February 2014). "Freescale makes the world's smallest ARM controller chip even tinier". Retrieved 2 October 2014.
^ GOWIN Semiconductor joins ARM DesignStart offering free ARM Cortex-M1 Processors for its FPGA product families
^ Cortex-M1 DesignStart FPGA XilinxEdition; ARM Limited.
^ Sadasivan, Shyam. "An Introduction to the ARM Cortex-M3 Processor" (PDF). ARM Limited. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2014.
^ "Samsung Exynos 7420 Deep Dive - Inside a Modern 14nm SoC". AnandTech. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
^ Cortex-M3 DesignStart FPGA XilinxEdition
^ "ARM Supercharges MCU Market with High Performance Cortex-M7 Processor". ARM Limited (Press release). September 24, 2014.
^ a b c d New ARM Cortex-M processors offer the next industry standard for secure IoT; ARM Limited; October 25, 2016.
^ a b ARMv8-M Architecture Simplifies Security for Smart Embedded Devices; ARM Limited; November 10, 2015.
Further reading
Designer's Guide to the Cortex-M Processor Family; 3rd Ed; Trevor Martin; 648 pages; 2022; ISBN 978-0323854948.
Definitive Guide to the ARM Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M0+ Processors; 2nd Ed; Joseph Yiu; 784 pages; 2015; ISBN 978-0128032770.
Definitive Guide to the ARM Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 Processors; 3rd Ed; Joseph Yiu; 864 pages; 2013; ISBN 978-0124080829.
Definitive Guide to the ARM Cortex-M23 and Cortex-M33 Processors; 1st Ed; Joseph Yiu; 928 pages; 2020; ISBN 978-0128207352.
Microcontrollers with C: Cortex-M and Beyond; 1st Ed; Klaus Elk; 227 pages; 2023; ISBN 979-8862003437.
Embedded Systems with ARM Cortex-M Microcontrollers in Assembly Language and C; 4th Ed; Yifeng Zhu; 730 pages; 2023; ISBN 978-0982692677.
ARM Assembly for Embedded Applications; 5th Ed; Daniel Lewis; 379 pages; 2019; ISBN 978-1092542234.
Assembly Language Programming: ARM Cortex-M3; 1st Ed; Vincent Mahout; 256 pages; 2012; ISBN 978-1848213296.
Digital Signal Processing and Applications Using the ARM Cortex-M4; 1st Ed; Donald Reay; 320 pages; 2015; ISBN 978-1118859049.
Hands-On RTOS with Microcontrollers; 1st Ed; Brian Amos; 496 pages; 2020; ISBN 978-1838826734.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ARM Cortex-M.
ARM Cortex-M official documents
ARM Cortex-M official website
Cortex-M for Beginners arm.com
ARMv8-M Security Extensions arm.com
Cortex Microcontroller Software Interface Standard (CMSIS) arm.com
ARMcore
Bitwidth
ARMwebsite
ARM genericuser guide
ARM technicalreference manual
ARM architecturereference manual
Cortex-M0
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Link
ARMv6-M
Cortex-M0+
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ARMv6-M
Cortex-M1
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ARMv6-M
Cortex-M3
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ARMv7-M
Cortex-M4
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ARMv7E-M
Cortex-M7
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ARMv7E-M
Cortex-M23
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ARMv8-M
Cortex-M33
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ARMv8-M
Cortex-M35P
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ARMv8-M
Cortex-M52
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ARMv8.1-M
Cortex-M55
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Cortex-M85
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ARMv8.1-M
Quick reference cards
Instructions: Thumb-1 (1), ARM and Thumb-2 (2), Vector Floating-Point (3) arm.com
Opcodes: Thumb-1 (1, 2), ARM (3, 4), GNU Assembler Directives (5).
Migrating
Migrating from 8051 to Cortex-M3 – arm.com
Migrating from PIC to Cortex-M3 – arm.com
Migrating from ARM7TDMI to Cortex-M3 – arm.com
Migrating from Cortex-M4 to Cortex-M7 – keil.com
Other
Bit Banding on STM32 Cortex-M microcontrollers
vteEmbedded ARM-based chips
ARM Holdings
ARM architecture family
List of ARM cores
ARM Cortex-A
ARM Cortex-R
ARM Cortex-M
List of ARM Cortex-M development tools
EmbeddedmicrocontrollersCortex-M0
Cypress PSoC 4000, 4100, 4100M, 4200, 4200DS, 4200L, 4200M
Infineon XMC1000
Nordic nRF51
NXP LPC1100, LPC1200
nuvoTon NuMicro
Sonix SN32F700
STMicroelectronics STM32 F0
Toshiba TX00
Vorago VA108x0
Cortex-M0+
Cypress PSoC 4000S, 4100S, 4100S+, 4100PS, 4700S, FM0+
Holtek HT32F52000
Microchip (Atmel) SAM C2, D0, D1, D2, DA, L2, R2, R3
NXP LPC800, LPC11E60, LPC11U60
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis E, EA, L, M, V1, W0
Raspberry Pi RP2040
Renesas Synergy S1
Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Zero, Happy
STMicroelectronics STM32 L0
Cortex-M1
Altera FPGAs Cyclone-II, Cyclone-III, Stratix-II, Stratix-III
Microsemi (Actel) FPGAs Fusion, IGLOO/e, ProASIC3L, ProASIC3/E
Xilinx FPGAs Spartan-3, Virtex-2-3-4
Cortex-M3
Actel SmartFusion, SmartFusion 2
Analog Devices ADuCM300
Cypress PSoC 5000, 5000LP, FM3
Fujitsu FM3
Holtek HT32F
Microchip (Atmel) SAM 3A, 3N, 3S, 3U, 3X
NXP LPC1300, LPC1700, LPC1800
ON Semiconductor Q32M210
Silicon Labs Precision32
Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Tiny, Gecko, Leopard, Giant
STMicroelectronics STM32 F1, F2, L1
Texas Instruments F28, LM3, TMS470, OMAP 4
Toshiba TX03
Cortex-M4
Microchip (Atmel) SAM 4L, 4N, 4S
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis K, W2
Renesas RA4W1, RA6M1, RA6M2, RA6M3, RA6T1
Cortex-M4F
Cypress 6200, FM4
Infineon XMC4000
Microchip (Atmel) SAM 4C, 4E, D5, E5, G5
Microchip CEC1302
Nordic nRF52
NXP LPC4000, LPC4300
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis K, V3, V4
Renesas Synergy S3, S5, S7
Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Wonder
STMicroelectronics STM32 F3, F4, L4, L4+, WB
Texas Instruments LM4F/TM4C, MSP432
Toshiba TX04
Cortex-M7F
Microchip (Atmel) SAM E7, S7, V7
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis KV5x, i.MX RT 10xx, i.MX RT 11xx, S32K3xx
STMicroelectronics STM32 F7, H7
Cortex-M23
GigaDevice CD32E2xx
Microchip (Atmel) SAM L10, L11, and PIC 32CM-LE 32CM-LS
Nuvoton M23xx family, M2xx family, NUC1262, M2L31
Renesas S1JA, RA2A1, RA2L1, RA2E1, RA2E2
Cortex-M33F
Analog Devices ADUCM4
Dialog DA1469x
GigaDevice GD32E5, GD32W5
Nordic nRF91, nRF5340, nRF54
NXP LPC5500, i.MX RT600
ON RSL15
Renesas RA4, RA6
ST STM32 H5, L5, U5, WBA
Silicon Labs Wireless Gecko Series 2
Cortex-M35P
STMicroelectronics ST33K
Cortex-M55F
Alif Semiconductor Ensemble
Infineon PSoC Edge
Cortex-M85F
Renesas RA8
Real-timemicroprocessorsCortex-R4F
Texas Instruments RM4, TMS570
Renesas RZ/T1
Cortex-R5F
Scaleo OLEA
Texas Instruments RM57, AM2
Xilinx Versal, ZynqMP, ZynqRF
Cortex-R7F
Renesas RZ/G2E, RZ/G2H, RZ/G2M, RZ/G2N
Cortex-R52F
NXP S32Z, S32E
Renesas RZ/N2L, RZ/T2L, RZ/T2M
Cortex-R52+F
STMicroelectronics Stellar G, Stellar P
vteClassic ARM-based chips
ARM Holdings
ARM architecture family
List of ARM cores
ARM Cortex-A
ARM Cortex-R
ARM Cortex-M
List of ARM Cortex-M development tools
ClassicprocessorsARM7
Atmel SAM7L, SAM7S, SAM7SE, SAM7X, SAM7XC, AT91CAP7, AT91M, AT91R
Cirrus Logic PS7xxx, EP7xxx
Mediatek MT62xx
NXP LPC2100, LPC2200, LPC2300, LPC2400, LH7
STMicroelectronics STR7
ARM9
Aspeed AST2400
Atmel SAM9G, SAM9M, SAM9N, SAM9R, SAM9X, SAM9XE, SAM926x, AT91CAP9
Cirrus Logic EP9xxx
Freescale i.MX1x, i.MX2x
Nuvoton NUC900
NXP LPC2900, LPC3000, LH7A
Philips Nexperia PNX4008
Rockchip RK27xx, RK28xx
Samsung S3C24xx
STMicroelectronics Nomadik STn881x
STMicroelectronics STR9
Texas Instruments OMAP 1, AM1x, DaVinci
VIA WonderMedia WM8505/8650
ZiiLABS ZMS-05
ARM11
Broadcom BCM2835
Cavium CNS3xxx
Freescale i.MX3x
Infotmic IMAPX210/220
Mindspeed Comcerto 1000
Nvidia Tegra APX, 6xx
Qualcomm MSM7000, Snapdragon S1
Samsung S3C64xx, S5P64xx
ST-NXP Wireless Nomadik STn882x
Telechips TCC8902
Texas Instruments OMAP 2
VIA WonderMedia WM87x0
ARMv2acompatible
Amber (open FPGA core)
ARMv4compatible
Faraday FA526, FA626
DEC/Intel StrongARM
ARMv5TEcompatible
Intel/Marvell XScale
Marvell Sheeva, Feroceon, Jolteon, Mohawk
Faraday FA606TE, FA616TE, FA626TE, FA726TE
vteMicrocontrollersMain
Single-board microcontroller
Special function register
Architectures
68000
8051
ARC
ARM
AVR
MIPS
MPS430
PIC
RISC-V
x86
Word length4-bit
Am2900
COP400
MARC4
PPS-4
S1C6x
TLCS-47
TMS1000
μCOM-4
8-bit
6800
68HC05
68HC08
68HC11
S08
RS08
6502
65C134
65C265
MELPS 740
78K
8048
8051
XC800
AVR
COP8
H8
PIC10/12/16/17/18
ST6/ST7
STM8
Z8
Z80
eZ80
Rabbit 2000
TLCS-870
16-bit
65C816
68HC12/16
80186
C166
CR16/C
H8S
MSP430
PIC24/dsPIC
R8C
RL78
TLCS-900
Z8000
32-bit
Am29000
ARC
ARM Cortex-M
EFM32
LPC
SAM
STM32
XMC
ARM Cortex-R
AVR32
CRX
FR
FR-V
H8SX
M32R
MN103
68000
ColdFire
PIC32
PowerPC
MPC5xx
Propeller
SuperH
TLCS-900
TriCore
V850
RX
Xtensa
Z80000
64-bit
ARC
ARM Cortex-R
PowerPC64
InterfacesProgramming
In-circuit serial programming (ICSP)
In-system programming (ISP)
Program and Debug Interface (PDI)
High-voltage serial programming (HVSP)
High voltage parallel programming (HVPP)
Bootloader
ROM
aWire
Debugging
Nexus (standard)
Joint Test Action Group (JTAG)
debugWIRE (Atmel)
In-circuit debugging (ICD)
In-circuit emulator (ICE)
In-target probe (ITP)
Lists
List of common microcontrollers
By manufacturer
Intel
NXP/Freescale
Infineon
Renesas Electronics
List of Wi-Fi microcontrollers
See also
Embedded system
Programmable logic controller
List of microprocessors
vteProgrammable logicConcepts
ASIC
SoC
FPGA
Logic block
CPLD
EPLD
PLA
PAL
GAL
PSoC
Reconfigurable computing
Xputer
Soft microprocessor
Circuit underutilization
High-level synthesis
Hardware acceleration
Languages
Verilog
A
AMS
VHDL
AMS
VITAL
SystemVerilog
DPI
SystemC
AHDL
Handel-C
Lola
PSL
UPF
PALASM
ABEL
CUPL
OpenVera
C to HDL
Flow to HDL
MyHDL
ELLA
Chisel
Companies
Accellera
Achronix
AMD
Aldec
Arm
Cadence
Infineon
Intel
Lattice
Microchip Technology
NXP
Siemens
Synopsys
Texas Instruments
ProductsHardware
iCE
Stratix
Virtex
Software
Intel Quartus Prime
Xilinx ISE
Vivado
ModelSim
VTR
Simulators
IntellectualpropertyProprietary
ARC
ARM Cortex-M
LEON
LatticeMico8
MicroBlaze
PicoBlaze
Nios
Nios II
Open-source
JOP
LatticeMico32
OpenCores
OpenRISC
1200
Power ISA
Libre-SOC
Microwatt
RISC-V
Zet
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bit-banging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-banging"},{"link_name":"Bit-slicing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-slicing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ARM_Cortex-M0_and_M3_ICs_in_SMD_Packages.jpg"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Energy Micro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Micro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STM32F100C4T6B-HD.jpg"},{"link_name":"Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"microcontroller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller"},{"link_name":"KB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte"},{"link_name":"flash memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory"},{"link_name":"STMicroelectronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"32-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bit"},{"link_name":"RISC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer"},{"link_name":"ARM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"ARM Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_(company)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"microcontroller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M0-Home-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M0+-Home-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M1-Home-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M3-Home-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M4-Home-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M7-Home-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M23-Home-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M33-Home-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M35P-Home-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M52-Home-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M55-Home-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M85-Home-13"},{"link_name":"floating-point unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_unit"}],"text":"\"Bit-banding\" redirects here. For the direct port bit software access method, see Bit-banging. For the construction of processors from n-bit-wide modules, see Bit-slicing.ARM Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M3 microcontroller ICs from NXP and Silicon Labs (Energy Micro)Die from a STM32F100C4T6B IC.24 MHz ARM Cortex-M3 microcontroller with 16 KB flash memory, 4 KB RAM. Manufactured by STMicroelectronics.The ARM Cortex-M is a group of 32-bit RISC ARM processor cores licensed by ARM Limited. These cores are optimized for low-cost and energy-efficient integrated circuits, which have been embedded in tens of billions of consumer devices.[1] Though they are most often the main component of microcontroller chips, sometimes they are embedded inside other types of chips too. The Cortex-M family consists of Cortex-M0,[2] Cortex-M0+,[3] Cortex-M1,[4] Cortex-M3,[5] Cortex-M4,[6] Cortex-M7,[7] Cortex-M23,[8] Cortex-M33,[9] Cortex-M35P,[10] Cortex-M52,[11] Cortex-M55,[12] Cortex-M85.[13] A floating-point unit (FPU) option is available for Cortex-M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P / M52 / M55 / M85 cores, and when included in the silicon these cores are sometimes known as \"Cortex-MxF\", where 'x' is the core variant.","title":"ARM Cortex-M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARM architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"List of ARM cores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ARM_cores"},{"link_name":"microcontrollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller"},{"link_name":"ASICs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIC"},{"link_name":"ASSPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_standard_product"},{"link_name":"FPGAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA"},{"link_name":"SoCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chip"},{"link_name":"Cortex-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A"},{"link_name":"memory management unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_unit"},{"link_name":"virtual memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systems"},{"link_name":"bare metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare_metal"},{"link_name":"real-time operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_operating_system"},{"link_name":"support a Cortex-M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_real-time_operating_systems"},{"link_name":"ARM7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM7"},{"link_name":"ARM9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM9"}],"text":"See also: ARM architecture and List of ARM coresThe ARM Cortex-M family are ARM microprocessor cores that are designed for use in microcontrollers, ASICs, ASSPs, FPGAs, and SoCs. Cortex-M cores are commonly used as dedicated microcontroller chips, but also are \"hidden\" inside of SoC chips as power management controllers, I/O controllers, system controllers, touch screen controllers, smart battery controllers, and sensor controllers.The main difference from Cortex-A cores is that Cortex-M cores have no memory management unit (MMU) for virtual memory, considered essential for \"full-fledged\" operating systems. Cortex-M programs instead run bare metal or on one of the many real-time operating systems which support a Cortex-M.Though 8-bit microcontrollers were very popular in the past, Cortex-M has slowly been chipping away at the 8-bit market as the prices of low-end Cortex-M chips have moved downward. Cortex-M have become a popular replacements for 8-bit chips in applications that benefit from 32-bit math operations, and replacing older legacy ARM cores such as ARM7 and ARM9.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARM Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_(company)"},{"link_name":"silicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon"}],"sub_title":"License","text":"ARM Limited neither manufactures nor sells CPU devices based on its own designs, but rather licenses the processor architecture to interested parties. Arm offers a variety of licensing terms, varying in cost and deliverables. To all licensees, Arm provides an integratable hardware description of the ARM core, as well as complete software development toolset and the right to sell manufactured silicon containing the ARM CPU.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"synthesizable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_synthesis"},{"link_name":"RTL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_transfer_level"},{"link_name":"Verilog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verilog"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AppNote179-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AppNote179-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AppNote179-16"},{"link_name":"wait state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wait_state"},{"link_name":"SRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"call stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_stack"},{"link_name":"interrupt handler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_handler"},{"link_name":"CPU cache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache"},{"link_name":"Harvard architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_architecture"},{"link_name":"DMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_memory_access"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cortex-M-SDK-28"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AppNote179-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"SWD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Wire_Debug"},{"link_name":"JTAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTAG"}],"sub_title":"Silicon customization","text":"Integrated Device Manufacturers (IDM) receive the ARM Processor IP as synthesizable RTL (written in Verilog). In this form, they have the ability to perform architectural level optimizations and extensions. This allows the manufacturer to achieve custom design goals, such as higher clock speed, very low power consumption, instruction set extensions (including floating point), optimizations for size, debug support, etc. To determine which components have been included in a particular ARM CPU chip, consult the manufacturer datasheet and related documentation.Some of the silicon options for the Cortex-M cores are:SysTick timer: A 24-bit system timer that extends the functionality of both the processor and the Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller (NVIC). When present, it also provides an additional configurable priority SysTick interrupt.[14][15][16] Though the SysTick timer is optional for the M0/M0+/M1/M23, it is extremely rare to find a Cortex-M microcontroller without it. If a Cortex-M33/M35P/M52/M55/M85 microcontroller has the Security Extension option, then it optionally can have two SysTicks (one Secure, one Non-secure).\nBit-Band: Maps a complete word of memory onto a single bit in the bit-band region. For example, writing to an alias word will set or clear the corresponding bit in the bit-band region. This allows every individual bit in the bit-band region to be directly accessible from a word-aligned address. In particular, individual bits can be set, cleared, or toggled from C/C++ without performing a read-modify-write sequence of instructions.[14][15][16] Though the bit-band is optional, it is less common to find a Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 microcontroller without it. Some Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M0+ microcontrollers have bit-band.\nMemory Protection Unit (MPU): Provides support for protecting regions of memory through enforcing privilege and access rules. It supports up to sixteen different regions, each of which can be split further into equal-size sub-regions.[14][15][16]\nTightly-Coupled Memory (TCM): Low-latency (zero wait state) SRAM that can be used to hold the call stack, RTOS control structures, interrupt data structures, interrupt handler code, and speed critical code. Other than CPU cache, TCM is the fastest memory in an ARM Cortex-M microcontroller. Since TCM isn't cached and accessible at the same speed as the processor and cache, it could be conceptually described as \"addressable cache\". There is an ITCM (Instruction TCM) and a DTCM (Data TCM) to allow a Harvard architecture processor to read from both simultaneously. The DTCM can't contain any instructions, but the ITCM can contain data. Since TCM is tightly connected to the processor core, DMA engines might not be able to access TCM on some implementations.Note: Most Cortex-M3 and M4 chips have bit-band and MPU. The bit-band option can be added to the M0/M0+ using the Cortex-M System Design Kit.[28]\nNote: Software should validate the existence of each feature before attempting to use it.[16]\nNote: Limited public information is available for the Cortex-M35P until its Technical Reference Manual is released.Additional silicon options:[14][15]Data endianness: Little-endian or big-endian. Unlike legacy ARM cores, the Cortex-M is permanently fixed in silicon as one of these choices.\nInterrupts: 1 to 32 (M0/M0+/M1), 1 to 240 (M3/M4/M7/M23), 1 to 480 (M33/M35P/M52/M55/M85).\nWake-up interrupt controller: Optional.\nVector Table Offset Register: Optional. (not available for M0).\nInstruction fetch width: 16-bit only, or mostly 32-bit.\nUser/privilege support: Optional.\nReset all registers: Optional.\nSingle-cycle I/O port: Optional. (M0+/M23).\nDebug Access Port (DAP): None, SWD, JTAG and SWD. (optional for all Cortex-M cores)\nHalting debug support: Optional.\nNumber of watchpoint comparators: 0 to 2 (M0/M0+/M1), 0 to 4 (M3/M4/M7/M23/M33/M35P/M52/M55/M85).\nNumber of breakpoint comparators: 0 to 4 (M0/M0+/M1/M23), 0 to 8 (M3/M4/M7/M33/M35P/M52/M55/M85).","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARM architecture § Instruction set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture#Instruction_set"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv8-M-Manual-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv8-M-Manual-30"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"saturation arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"DSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor"},{"link_name":"floating-point unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_unit"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M7-TRM-22"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"TrustZone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrustZone"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"half-precision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-precision_floating-point_format"},{"link_name":"single-precision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format"},{"link_name":"double-precision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"}],"sub_title":"Instruction sets","text":"See also: ARM architecture § Instruction setThe Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 implement the ARMv6-M architecture,[14] the Cortex-M3 implements the ARMv7-M architecture,[15] the Cortex-M4 / Cortex-M7 implements the ARMv7E-M architecture,[15] the Cortex-M23 / M33 / M35P implement the ARMv8-M architecture,[30] and the Cortex-M52 / M55 / M85 implements the ARMv8.1-M architecture.[30] The architectures are binary instruction upward compatible from ARMv6-M to ARMv7-M to ARMv7E-M. Binary instructions available for the Cortex-M0 / Cortex-M0+ / Cortex-M1 can execute without modification on the Cortex-M3 / Cortex-M4 / Cortex-M7. Binary instructions available for the Cortex-M3 can execute without modification on the Cortex-M4 / Cortex-M7 / Cortex-M33 / Cortex-M35P.[14][15] Only Thumb-1 and Thumb-2 instruction sets are supported in Cortex-M architectures; the legacy 32-bit ARM instruction set isn't supported.All Cortex-M cores implement a common subset of instructions that consists of most Thumb-1, some Thumb-2, including a 32-bit result multiply. The Cortex-M0 / Cortex-M0+ / Cortex-M1 / Cortex-M23 were designed to create the smallest silicon die, thus having the fewest instructions of the Cortex-M family.The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 include Thumb-1 instructions, except new instructions (CBZ, CBNZ, IT) which were added in ARMv7-M architecture. The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 include a minor subset of Thumb-2 instructions (BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR).[14] The Cortex-M3 / M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P have all base Thumb-1 and Thumb-2 instructions. The Cortex-M3 adds three Thumb-1 instructions, all Thumb-2 instructions, hardware integer divide, and saturation arithmetic instructions. The Cortex-M4 adds DSP instructions and an optional single-precision floating-point unit (VFPv4-SP). The Cortex-M7 adds an optional double-precision FPU (VFPv5).[22][15] The Cortex-M23 / M33 / M35P / M52 / M55 / M85 add TrustZone instructions.Note: Interrupt latency cycle count assumes: 1) stack located in zero-wait state RAM, 2) another interrupt function not currently executing, 3) Security Extension option doesn't exist, because it adds additional cycles. The Cortex-M cores with a Harvard computer architecture have a shorter interrupt latency than Cortex-M cores with a Von Neumann computer architecture.\nNote: The Cortex-M series includes three new 16-bit Thumb-1 instructions for sleep mode: SEV, WFE, WFI.\nNote: The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 doesn't include these 16-bit Thumb-1 instructions: CBZ, CBNZ, IT.[14][15]\nNote: The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 only include these 32-bit Thumb-2 instructions: BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR.[14][15]\nNote: The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 / M23 only has 32-bit multiply instructions with a lower-32-bit result (32 bit × 32 bit = lower 32 bit), where as the Cortex-M3 / M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P includes additional 32-bit multiply instructions with 64-bit results (32 bit × 32 bit = 64 bit). The Cortex-M4 / M7 (optionally M33 / M35P) include DSP instructions for (16 bit × 16 bit = 32 bit), (32 bit × 16 bit = upper 32 bit), (32 bit × 32 bit = upper 32 bit) multiplications.[14][15]\nNote: The number of cycles to complete multiply and divide instructions vary across ARM Cortex-M core designs. Some cores have a silicon option for the choice of fast speed or small size (slow speed), so cores have the option of using less silicon with the downside of higher cycle count. An interrupt occurring during the execution of a divide instruction or slow-iterative multiply instruction will cause the processor to abandon the instruction, then restart it after the interrupt returns.\nMultiply instructions \"32-bit result\" – Cortex-M0/M0+/M23 is 1 or 32 cycle silicon option, Cortex-M1 is 3 or 33 cycle silicon option, Cortex-M3/M4/M7/M33/M35P is 1 cycle.\nMultiply instructions \"64-bit result\" – Cortex-M3 is 3–5 cycles (depending on values), Cortex-M4/M7/M33/M35P is 1 cycle.\nDivide instructions – Cortex-M3/M4 is 2–12 cycles (depending on values), Cortex-M7 is 3–20 cycles (depending on values), Cortex-M23 is 17 or 34 cycle option, Cortex-M33 is 2–11 cycles (depending on values), Cortex-M35P is TBD.\nNote: Some Cortex-M cores have silicon options for various types of floating point units (FPU). The Cortex-M55 / M85 has an option for half-precision (HP), the Cortex-M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P / M52 / M55 / M85 has an option for single-precision (SP), the Cortex-M7 / M52 / M55 / M85 has an option for double-precision (DP). When an FPU is included, the core is sometimes referred as \"Cortex-MxF\", where 'x' is the core variant, such as Cortex-M4F.[14][15]Note: MOVW is an alias that means 32-bit \"wide\" MOV instruction.\nNote: B.W is a long-distance unconditional branch (similar in encoding, operation, and range to BL, minus setting of the LR register).\nNote: For Cortex-M1, WFE / WFI / SEV instructions exist, but execute as a NOP instruction.\nNote: The half-precision (HP) FPU instructions are valid in the Cortex-M52 / M55 / M85 only when the HP FPU option exists in the silicon.\nNote: The single-precision (SP) FPU instructions are valid in the Cortex-M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P / M52 / M55 / M85 only when the SP FPU option exists in the silicon.\nNote: The double-precision (DP) FPU instructions are valid in the Cortex-M7 / M52 / M55 / M85 only when the DP FPU option exists in the silicon.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"endian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness"},{"link_name":"Co-processors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprocessor"},{"link_name":"ARM7T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM7"}],"sub_title":"Deprecations","text":"The ARM architecture for ARM Cortex-M series removed some features from older legacy cores:[14][15]The 32-bit ARM instruction set is not included in Cortex-M cores.\nEndianness is chosen at silicon implementation in Cortex-M cores. Legacy cores allowed \"on-the-fly\" changing of the data endian mode.\nCo-processors were not supported on Cortex-M cores, until the silicon option was reintroduced in \"ARMv8-M Mainline\" for ARM Cortex-M33/M35P cores.The capabilities of the 32-bit ARM instruction set is duplicated in many ways by the Thumb-1 and Thumb-2 instruction sets, but some ARM features don't have a similar feature:The SWP and SWPB (swap) ARM instructions don't have a similar feature in Cortex-M.The 16-bit Thumb-1 instruction set has evolved over time since it was first released in the legacy ARM7T cores with the ARMv4T architecture. New Thumb-1 instructions were added as each legacy ARMv5 / ARMv6 / ARMv6T2 architectures were released. Some 16-bit Thumb-1 instructions were removed from the Cortex-M cores:The \"BLX <immediate>\" instruction doesn't exist because it was used to switch from Thumb-1 to ARM instruction set. The \"BLX <register>\" instruction is still available in the Cortex-M.\nSETEND doesn't exist because on-the-fly switching of data endian mode is no longer supported.\nCo-processor instructions were not supported on Cortex-M cores, until the silicon option was reintroduced in \"ARMv8-M Mainline\" for ARM Cortex-M33/M35P cores.\nThe SWI instruction was renamed to SVC, though the instruction binary coding is the same. However, the SVC handler code is different from the SWI handler code, because of changes to the exception models.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M0-Home-2"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M0-TRM-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)"},{"link_name":"interrupts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt"},{"link_name":"NMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt"}],"text":"The Cortex-M0 core is optimized for small silicon die size and use in the lowest price chips.[2]Key features of the Cortex-M0 core are:[17]ARMv6-M architecture[14]\n3-stage pipeline\nInstruction sets:\nThumb-1 (most), missing CBZ, CBNZ, IT\nThumb-2 (some), only BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR\n32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit result\n1 to 32 interrupts, plus NMISilicon options:Hardware integer multiply speed: 1 or 32 cycles.","title":"Cortex-M0"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M2_Health_Bracelet_-_controller_board_-_Nordic_N51822-0627.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"Infineon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infineon_Technologies"},{"link_name":"XMC1100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infineon_XMC"},{"link_name":"Dialog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialog_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"Nordic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"nRF51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRF51"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"LPC1100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPC1100"},{"link_name":"LPC1200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPC1200"},{"link_name":"Nuvoton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuvoton"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"STM32 F0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32#STM32_F0"},{"link_name":"Toshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"LPC4300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPC4300"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"nRF51822The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M0 core:ABOV AC30M1x64\nCypress PSoC 4000, 4100, 4100M, 4200, 4200DS, 4200L, 4200M\nInfineon XMC1100, XMC1200, XMC1300, XMC1400, TLE984x\nDialog DA1458x, DA1468x\nNordic nRF51\nNXP LPC1100, LPC1200\nNuvoton NuMicro\nSonix SN32F700\nST STM32 F0\nToshiba TX00\nVorago VA10800 (extreme temperature), VA10820 (radiation hardened)The following chips have a Cortex-M0 as a secondary core:NXP LPC4300 (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0)\nTexas Instruments SimpleLink Wireless MCUs CC1310 and CC2650 (one programmable Cortex-M3 + one Cortex-M0 network processor + one proprietary Sensor Controller Engine)","title":"Cortex-M0"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freescale_FRDM-KL25Z_board_with_KL25Z128VLK_(ARM_Cortex-M0%2B_MCU).JPG"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"memory protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_protection"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M0+-TRM-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M0+-TRM-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)"},{"link_name":"interrupts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt"},{"link_name":"NMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt"}],"text":"NXP (Freescale) FRDM-KL25Z Board with KL25Z128VLK (Kinetis L)The Cortex-M0+ is an optimized superset of the Cortex-M0. The Cortex-M0+ has complete instruction set compatibility with the Cortex-M0 thus allowing the use of the same compiler and debug tools. The Cortex-M0+ pipeline was reduced from 3 to 2 stages, which lowers the power usage and increases performance (higher average IPC due to branches taking one fewer cycle). In addition to debug features in the existing Cortex-M0, a silicon option can be added to the Cortex-M0+ called the Micro Trace Buffer (MTB) which provides a simple instruction trace buffer. The Cortex-M0+ also received Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 features, which can be added as silicon options, such as the memory protection unit (MPU) and the vector table relocation.[18]Key features of the Cortex-M0+ core are:[18]ARMv6-M architecture[14]\n2-stage pipeline (one fewer than Cortex-M0)\nInstruction sets: (same as Cortex-M0)\nThumb-1 (most), missing CBZ, CBNZ, IT\nThumb-2 (some), only BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR\n32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit result\n1 to 32 interrupts, plus NMISilicon options:Hardware integer multiply speed: 1 or 32 cycles\n8-region memory protection unit (MPU) (same as M3 and M4)\nVector table relocation (same as M3, M4)\nSingle-cycle I/O port (available in M0+/M23)\nMicro Trace Buffer (MTB) (available in M0+/M23/M33/M35P)","title":"Cortex-M0+"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"Epson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson"},{"link_name":"Holtek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtek"},{"link_name":"Microchip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_Technology"},{"link_name":"SAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_ARM-based_processors"},{"link_name":"PIC32CM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontrollers"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"LPC800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPC800"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"Raspberry Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_Foundation"},{"link_name":"RP2040","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040"},{"link_name":"Renesas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesas_Electronics"},{"link_name":"Silicon Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Labs"},{"link_name":"Energy Micro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Micro"},{"link_name":"EFM32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFM32"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"STM32 L0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32#STM32_L0"},{"link_name":"G0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32#STM32_G0"},{"link_name":"C0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32#STM32_C0"},{"link_name":"WL (one Cortex-M4 + one Cortex-M0+)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32#STM32_WL"},{"link_name":"Cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"chip-scale package","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip-scale_package"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"world's smallest computer'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller#Smallest_computer"},{"link_name":"wireless transmitters and receivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networking"},{"link_name":"photovoltaics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M0+ core:ABOV Semiconductor A31G11x, A31G12x, A31G314\nCypress PSoC 4000S, 4100S, 4100S+, 4100PS, 4700S, FM0+\nEpson S1C31W74, S1C31D01, S1C31D50\nHoltek HT32F52000\nMicrochip SAM C2, D0, D1, D2, DA, L2, R2, R3; and PIC32CM JH and MC[31]\nNXP LPC800, LPC11E60, LPC11U60\nNXP (Freescale) Kinetis E, EA, L, M, V1, W0, S32K11x\nRaspberry Pi RP2040 (two M0+ cores)\nRenesas S124, S128, RE, RE01\nSilicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Zero, Happy\nST STM32 L0, G0, C0, WL (one Cortex-M4 + one Cortex-M0+)The following chips have a Cortex-M0+ as a secondary core:Cypress PSoC 6200 (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0+)\nST WB (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0+)The smallest ARM microcontrollers are of the Cortex-M0+ type (as of 2014, smallest at 1.6 mm by 2 mm in a chip-scale package is Kinetis KL03).[32]On 21 June 2018, the \"world's smallest computer'\", or computer device was announced – based on the ARM Cortex-M0+ (and including RAM and wireless transmitters and receivers based on photovoltaics) – by University of Michigan researchers at the 2018 Symposia on VLSI Technology and Circuits with the paper \"A 0.04mm3 16nW Wireless and Batteryless Sensor System with Integrated Cortex-M0+ Processor and Optical Communication for Cellular Temperature Measurement.\" The device is one-tenth the size of IBM's previously claimed world-record-sized computer from months back in March 2018, which is smaller than a grain of salt.","title":"Cortex-M0+"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FPGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M1-Home-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M1-TRM-19"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)"},{"link_name":"interrupts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt"},{"link_name":"NMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt"}],"text":"The Cortex-M1 is an optimized core especially designed to be loaded into FPGA chips.[4]Key features of the Cortex-M1 core are:[19]ARMv6-M architecture[14]\n3-stage pipeline.\nInstruction sets:\nThumb-1 (most), missing CBZ, CBNZ, IT.\nThumb-2 (some), only BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR.\n32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit result.\n1 to 32 interrupts, plus NMI.Silicon options:Hardware integer multiply speed: 3 or 33 cycles.\nOptional Tightly-Coupled Memory (TCM): 0 to 1 MB instruction-TCM, 0 to 1 MB data-TCM, each with optional ECC.\nExternal interrupts: 0, 1, 8, 16, 32.\nDebug: none, reduced, full.\nData endianness: little-endian or BE-8 big-endian.\nOS extension: present or absent.","title":"Cortex-M1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Altera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altera"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Actel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actel"},{"link_name":"Microsemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsemi"},{"link_name":"Microchip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_Technology"},{"link_name":"Xilinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xilinx"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"The following vendors support the Cortex-M1 as soft-cores on their FPGA chips:Altera Cyclone-II, Cyclone-III, Stratix-II, Stratix-III\nGOWIN M1 [33]\nActel/Microsemi/Microchip Fusion, IGLOO/e, ProASIC3L, ProASIC3/E\nXilinx Spartan-3, Virtex-2, Virtex-3, Virtex-4, Artix-7[34]","title":"Cortex-M1"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ArduinoDue_Front.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arduino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino"},{"link_name":"ARM Cortex-M3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-M3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LPCXpresso_DevelopmentBoard_with_NXP_LPC1343_(ARM_Cortex-M3)_MCU.jpg"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M3-TRM-20"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)"},{"link_name":"branch speculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_predictor"},{"link_name":"saturation arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"interrupts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt"},{"link_name":"NMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt"}],"text":"Arduino Due board with Atmel ATSAM3X8E (ARM Cortex-M3 core) microcontrollerNXP LPCXpresso Development Board with LPC1343Key features of the Cortex-M3 core are:[20][35]ARMv7-M architecture[15]\n3-stage pipeline with branch speculation.\nInstruction sets:\nThumb-1 (entire).\nThumb-2 (entire).\n32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit or 64-bit result, signed or unsigned, add or subtract after the multiply. 32-bit multiply is 1 cycle, but 64-bit multiply and MAC instructions require extra cycles.\n32-bit hardware integer divide (2–12 cycles).\nsaturation arithmetic support.\n1 to 240 interrupts, plus NMI.\n12 cycle interrupt latency.\nIntegrated sleep modes.Silicon options:Optional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 0 or 8 regions.","title":"Cortex-M3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Actel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actel"},{"link_name":"Microsemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsemi"},{"link_name":"Microchip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_Technology"},{"link_name":"SmartFusion, SmartFusion 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actel_SmartFusion"},{"link_name":"Analog Devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Devices"},{"link_name":"Broadcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcom_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"PSoC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSoC"},{"link_name":"Holtek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtek"},{"link_name":"Infineon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infineon_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Microchip (Atmel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel"},{"link_name":"SAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_ARM-based_processors"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"LPC1300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPC1300"},{"link_name":"LPC1700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPC1700"},{"link_name":"LPC1800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPC1800"},{"link_name":"ON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ON_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"Realtek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realtek"},{"link_name":"Silicon Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Labs"},{"link_name":"Silicon Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Labs"},{"link_name":"Energy Micro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Micro"},{"link_name":"EFM32 Tiny, Gecko, Leopard, Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFM32"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"STM32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32"},{"link_name":"OMAP 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMAP#OMAP_4"},{"link_name":"BLE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth_Smart"},{"link_name":"Zigbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigbee"},{"link_name":"6LoWPAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6LoWPAN"},{"link_name":"Toshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba"},{"link_name":"Apple A9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_A9"},{"link_name":"M9 motion co-processor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_motion_coprocessors"},{"link_name":"CSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSR_plc"},{"link_name":"Samsung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung"},{"link_name":"Exynos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exynos"},{"link_name":"DVS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_voltage_scaling"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"OMAP 4470","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMAP#OMAP_4"},{"link_name":"Cortex-A9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A9_MPCore"},{"link_name":"XMOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMOS"},{"link_name":"Microsemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsemi"},{"link_name":"Altera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altera"},{"link_name":"Xilinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xilinx"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M3 core:ABOV AC33Mx128, AC33Mx064\nActel/Microsemi/Microchip SmartFusion, SmartFusion 2 (FPGA)\nAnalog Devices ADUCM360, ADUCM361, ADUCM3029\nBroadcom Wi-Fi Chip BCM4319XKUBG\nCypress PSoC 5000, 5000LP, FM3\nHoltek HT32F\nInfineon TLE9860, TLE987x\nMicrochip (Atmel) SAM 3A, 3N, 3S, 3U, 3X\nNXP LPC1300, LPC1700, LPC1800\nON Q32M210\nRealtek RTL8710\nSilicon Labs Precision32\nSilicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Tiny, Gecko, Leopard, Giant\nST STM32 F1, F2, L1, W\nTDK-Micronas HVC4223F\nTexas Instruments F28, LM3, TMS470, OMAP 4, SimpleLink Wireless MCUs (CC1310 Sub-GHz and CC2650 BLE+Zigbee+6LoWPAN)\nToshiba TX03The following chips have a Cortex-M3 as a secondary core:Apple A9 (Cortex-M3 as integrated M9 motion co-processor)\nCSR Quatro 5300 (Cortex-M3 as co-processor)\nSamsung Exynos 7420 (Cortex-M3 as a DVS microcontroller)[36]\nTexas Instruments F28, LM3, TMS470, OMAP 4470 (one Cortex-A9 + two Cortex-M3)\nXMOS XS1-XA (seven xCORE + one Cortex-M3)The following FPGAs include a Cortex-M3 core:Microsemi SmartFusion2 SoCThe following vendors support the Cortex-M3 as soft-cores on their FPGA chips:Altera Cyclone-II, Cyclone-III, Stratix-II, Stratix-III\nXilinx Spartan-3, Virtex-2, Virtex-3, Virtex-4, Artix-7[37]","title":"Cortex-M3"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Energy_Micro_Woder_Gecko_STK_showing_EFM32WG990F256_(ARM_Cortex-M4F)_MCU.JPG"},{"link_name":"Energy Micro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Micro"},{"link_name":"EFM32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFM32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TI_Stellaris_Launchpad_showing_LM4F120H_(ARM_Cortex-M4F)_MCU.JPG"},{"link_name":"TI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"DSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M4-TRM-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)"},{"link_name":"branch speculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_predictor"},{"link_name":"Saturation arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"MAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiply%E2%80%93accumulate_operation"},{"link_name":"SIMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMD"},{"link_name":"interrupts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt"},{"link_name":"NMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt"},{"link_name":"IEEE-754","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE-754"}],"text":"Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) Wonder Gecko STK Board with EFM32WG990TI Stellaris Launchpad Board with LM4F120Conceptually the Cortex-M4 is a Cortex-M3 plus DSP instructions, and optional floating-point unit (FPU). A core with an FPU is known as Cortex-M4F.Key features of the Cortex-M4 core are:[21]ARMv7E-M architecture[15]\n3-stage pipeline with branch speculation.\nInstruction sets:\nThumb-1 (entire).\nThumb-2 (entire).\n32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit or 64-bit result, signed or unsigned, add or subtract after the multiply. 32-bit Multiply and MAC are 1 cycle.\n32-bit hardware integer divide (2–12 cycles).\nSaturation arithmetic support.\nDSP extension: Single cycle 16/32-bit MAC, single cycle dual 16-bit MAC, 8/16-bit SIMD arithmetic.\n1 to 240 interrupts, plus NMI.\n12 cycle interrupt latency.\nIntegrated sleep modes.Silicon options:Optional floating-point unit (FPU): single-precision only IEEE-754 compliant. It is called the FPv4-SP extension.\nOptional memory protection unit (MPU): 0 or 8 regions.","title":"Cortex-M4"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Micro-bit_v2_(cropped)_nRF52833.JPG"},{"link_name":"micro bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro:bit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embedded_World_2016,_M32F407_(cropped)_STM_M32F407IG.jpg"},{"link_name":"Analog Devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Devices"},{"link_name":"Microchip (Atmel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel"},{"link_name":"SAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_ARM-based_processors"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"STM32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"},{"link_name":"FPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_unit"},{"link_name":"Analog Devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Devices"},{"link_name":"Cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"Infineon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infineon"},{"link_name":"XMC4000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infineon_XMC4000"},{"link_name":"Maxim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Integrated"},{"link_name":"Microchip (Atmel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel"},{"link_name":"Nordic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"Nuvoton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuvoton"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"LPC4000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPC4000"},{"link_name":"LPC4300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPC4300"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"Renesas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesas_Electronics"},{"link_name":"Silicon Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Labs"},{"link_name":"Energy Micro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Micro"},{"link_name":"EFM32 Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFM32"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"STM32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"MSP432","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_MSP432"},{"link_name":"Toshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"Vybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vybrid_Series"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"i.MX 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.MX"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"i.MX 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.MX"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"i.MX 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.MX#i.MX_8_series"},{"link_name":"Cortex-A72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex-A72"},{"link_name":"Cortex-A53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex-A53"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"i.MX 8M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.MX#i.MX_8_series"},{"link_name":"Cortex-A53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex-A53"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"i.MX 8X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.MX#i.MX_8_series"},{"link_name":"Cortex-A35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex-A35"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"Cortex-A7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex-A7"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"OMAP 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMAP#OMAP_5"},{"link_name":"Cortex-A15s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A15"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"Sitara AM5700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitara_ARM_Processor"},{"link_name":"Cortex-A15s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A15"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"nRF52833 on a micro bit v2STM32F407IGH6The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M4 core:Analog Devices ADSP-CM40x\nMicrochip (Atmel) SAM 4L, 4N, 4S\nNXP (Freescale) Kinetis K, W2\nST (STM32) WL (one Cortex-M4 + one Cortex-M0+)\nTexas Instruments SimpleLink Wi-Fi CC32xx, CC32xxMODThe following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M4F (M4 + FPU) core:Analog Devices ADUCM4050\nCypress 6200 (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0+), FM4\nInfineon XMC4000\nMaxim Darwin\nMicrochip (Atmel) SAM4C (Dual core: one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M4), SAM4E, SAM4L, SAM4N, SAM4S, SAMG5, SAMD5/E5x\nNordic nRF52\nNuvoton NuMicro M480\nNXP LPC4000, LPC4300 (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0), LPC54000\nNXP (Freescale) Kinetis K, V3, V4, S32K14x\nRenesas S3, S5, S7, RA4, RA6\nSilicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Wonder\nST STM32 F3, F4, L4, L4+, G4, WB (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0+)\nTexas Instruments LM4F, TM4C, MSP432, CC13x2R, CC1352P, CC26x2R\nToshiba TX04The following chips have either a Cortex-M4 or M4F as a secondary core:NXP (Freescale) Vybrid VF6 (one Cortex-A5 + one Cortex-M4F)\nNXP (Freescale) i.MX 6 SoloX (one Cortex-A9 + one Cortex-M4F)\nNXP (Freescale) i.MX 7 Solo/Dual (one or two Cortex-A7 + one Cortex-M4F)\nNXP (Freescale) i.MX 8 (two Cortex-A72 + four Cortex-A53 + two Cortex-M4F)\nNXP (Freescale) i.MX 8M and 8M Mini (four Cortex-A53 + one Cortex-M4F)\nNXP (Freescale) i.MX 8X (four Cortex-A35 + one Cortex-M4F)\nST STM32MP1 (one or two Cortex-A7 + one Cortex-M4)\nTexas Instruments OMAP 5 (two Cortex-A15s + two Cortex-M4)\nTexas Instruments Sitara AM5700 (one or two Cortex-A15s + two Cortex-M4s as image processing units + two Cortex-M4s as general purpose units)","title":"Cortex-M4"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arduino_Giga_R1_WiFi.png"},{"link_name":"STM32H747XIH6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.st.com/en/microcontrollers-microprocessors/stm32h747xi.html"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M7-Home-7"},{"link_name":"superscalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalar"},{"link_name":"branch prediction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_predictor"},{"link_name":"double-precision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M7-Home-7"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M7-PressRelease-38"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M7-TRM-22"},{"link_name":"pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)"},{"link_name":"branch speculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_predictor"},{"link_name":"Saturation arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"MAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiply%E2%80%93accumulate_operation"},{"link_name":"SIMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMD"},{"link_name":"interrupts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt"},{"link_name":"NMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt"},{"link_name":"CPU cache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache"},{"link_name":"ECC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECC_memory"},{"link_name":"dual-redundant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_modular_redundancy"},{"link_name":"lock-step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockstep_(computing)"}],"text":"Arduino GIGA R1 WiFi board with (dual core ARM Cortex-M7 + ARM Cortex-M4) STM32H747XIH6 microcontrollerThe Cortex-M7 is a high-performance core with almost double the power efficiency of the older Cortex-M4.[7] It features a 6-stage superscalar pipeline with branch prediction and an optional floating-point unit capable of single-precision and optionally double-precision operations.[7][38] The instruction and data buses have been enlarged to 64-bit wide over the previous 32-bit buses. If a core contains an FPU, it is known as a Cortex-M7F, otherwise it is a Cortex-M7.Key features of the Cortex-M7 core are:[22]ARMv7E-M architecture.\n6-stage pipeline with branch speculation. Second-longest of all ARM Cortex-M cores, with the first being Cortex-M85.\nInstruction sets:\nThumb-1 (entire).\nThumb-2 (entire).\n32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit or 64-bit result, signed or unsigned, add or subtract after the multiply. 32-bit Multiply and MAC are 1 cycle.\n32-bit hardware integer divide (2–12 cycles).\nSaturation arithmetic support.\nDSP extension: Single cycle 16/32-bit MAC, single cycle dual 16-bit MAC, 8/16-bit SIMD arithmetic.\n1 to 240 interrupts, plus NMI.\n12 cycle interrupt latency.\nIntegrated sleep modes.Silicon options:Optional floating-point unit (FPU): (single precision) or (single and double-precision), both IEEE-754-2008 compliant. It is called the FPv5 extension.\nOptional CPU cache: 0 to 64 KB instruction-cache, 0 to 64 KB data-cache, each with optional ECC.\nOptional Tightly-Coupled Memory (TCM): 0 to 16 MB instruction-TCM, 0 to 16 MB data-TCM, each with optional ECC.\nOptional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 8 or 16 regions.\nOptional Embedded Trace Macrocell (ETM): instruction-only, or instruction and data.\nOptional Retention Mode (with Arm Power Management Kit) for Sleep Modes.\nOptional dual-redundant lock-step operation.","title":"Cortex-M7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_ARM-based_processors"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"STM32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M7 core:Microchip (Atmel) SAM E7, S7, V7\nNXP (Freescale) Kinetis KV5x, i.MX RT, S32K3xx\nST STM32 F7, H7","title":"Cortex-M7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cortex-M23-M33-PR-39"},{"link_name":"ARMv8-M architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture#Armv8-R_and_Armv8-M"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv8-M-PR-40"},{"link_name":"instruction pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_pipeline"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M23-Home-8"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M23-TRM-23"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cortex-M23-M33-PR-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv8-M-Manual-30"},{"link_name":"TrustZone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrustZone"}],"text":"The Cortex-M23 core was announced in October 2016[39] and based on the ARMv8-M architecture that was previously announced in November 2015.[40] Conceptually the Cortex-M23 is similar to a Cortex-M0+ plus integer divide instructions and TrustZone security features, and also has a 2-stage instruction pipeline.[8]Key features of the Cortex-M23 core are:[23][39]ARMv8-M Baseline architecture.[30]\n2-stage pipeline. (similar to Cortex-M0+)\nTrustZone security instructions.\n32-bit hardware integer divide (17 or 34 cycles).(slower than divide in all other cores)\nStack limit boundaries. (available only with SAU option)Silicon options:Hardware integer multiply speed: 1 or 32 cycles.\nHardware integer divide speed: 17 or 34 cycles maximum. Depending on divisor, instruction may complete in fewer cycles.\nOptional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 regions.\nOptional Security Attribution Unit (SAU): 0, 4, 8 regions.\nSingle-cycle I/O port (available in M0+/M23).\nMicro Trace Buffer (MTB)","title":"Cortex-M23"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GigaDevice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaDevice"},{"link_name":"Microchip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_Technology"},{"link_name":"Nuvoton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuvoton"},{"link_name":"Renesas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesas_Electronics"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M23 core:GigaDevice GD32E2xx\nMicrochip SAM L10, L11, and PIC 32CM-LE 32CM-LS\nNuvoton M23xx family, M2xx family, NUC1262, M2L31\nRenesas S1JA, RA2A1, RA2L1, RA2E1, RA2E2","title":"Cortex-M23"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cortex-M23-M33-PR-39"},{"link_name":"ARMv8-M architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv8-M-PR-40"},{"link_name":"instruction pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_pipeline"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M33-Home-9"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M33-TRM-24"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cortex-M23-M33-PR-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv8-M-Manual-30"},{"link_name":"TrustZone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrustZone"},{"link_name":"IEEE-754","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE-754"}],"text":"The Cortex-M33 core was announced in October 2016[39] and based on the ARMv8-M architecture that was previously announced in November 2015.[40] Conceptually the Cortex-M33 is similar to a cross of Cortex-M4 and Cortex-M23, and also has a 3-stage instruction pipeline.[9]Key features of the Cortex-M33 core are:[24][39]ARMv8-M Mainline architecture.[30]\n3-stage pipeline.\nTrustZone security instructions.\n32-bit hardware integer divide (11 cycles maximum).\nStack limit boundaries. (available only with SAU option)Silicon options:Optional Floating-Point Unit (FPU): single-precision only IEEE-754 compliant. It is called the FPv5 extension.\nOptional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 regions.\nOptional Security Attribution Unit (SAU): 0, 4, 8 regions.\nMicro Trace Buffer (MTB)","title":"Cortex-M33"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Analog Devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Devices"},{"link_name":"Dialog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialog_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"GigaDevice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaDevice"},{"link_name":"Nordic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"ON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ON_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"Renesas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesas_Electronics"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"STM32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32"},{"link_name":"Silicon Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Labs"},{"link_name":"Infineon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infineon_Technologies"},{"link_name":"PSoC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSoC"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M33 core:Analog Devices ADUCM4\nDialog DA1469x\nGigaDevice GD32E5, GD32W5\nNordic nRF91, nRF5340, nRF54\nNXP LPC5500, i.MX RT600, MCX N94x/54x (dual core)\nON RSL15\nRenesas RA4, RA6\nST STM32 H5, L5, U5, WBA\nSilicon Labs Wireless Gecko Series 2The following chips have a Cortex-M33 or M33F as a secondary core:Infineon PSoC Edge","title":"Cortex-M33"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armv8-M architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M35P-Home-10"}],"text":"The Cortex-M35P core was announced in May 2018 and based on the Armv8-M architecture. It is conceptually a Cortex-M33 core with a new instruction cache, plus new tamper-resistant hardware concepts borrowed from the ARM SecurCore family, and configurable parity and ECC features.[10]Currently, information about the Cortex-M35P is limited, because its Technical Reference Manual and Generic User Guide haven't been released yet.","title":"Cortex-M35P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"STMicroelectronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M35P core:STMicroelectronics ST33K","title":"Cortex-M35P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armv8.1-M architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M52-Home-11"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv8-M-Manual-30"},{"link_name":"TrustZone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrustZone"}],"text":"The Cortex-M52 core was announced in November 2023 and based on the Armv8.1-M architecture. It has a 4 stage instruction pipeline.[11]Key features of the Cortex-M52 core include:ARMv8.1-M Mainline/Helium architecture.[30]\n4-stage pipeline.\nStack limit boundaries (available only with SAU option).Silicon options:Helium (M-Profile Vector Extension, MVE)\nSingle-Precision and Double-Precision floating-point\nDigital Signal Processing (DSP) extension support\nTrustZone security extension support\nSafety and reliability (RAS) support\nCoprocessor support\nSecure and Non-secure MPU with 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16 regions\nSAU with 0, 4, or 8 regions\nInstruction cache with size of up to 64 KB\nData cache with size of up to 64 KB\nECC on caches and TCMs\n1–480 interrupts\n3–8 exception priority bits\nInternal and external WIC options, optional CTI, ITM, and DWT\nARM Custom Instructions","title":"Cortex-M52"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"As of December 2023, no chips have been announced.","title":"Cortex-M52"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armv8.1-M architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M55-Home-12"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv8-M-Manual-30"},{"link_name":"TrustZone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrustZone"}],"text":"The Cortex-M55 core was announced in February 2020 and based on the Armv8.1-M architecture. It has a 4 or 5 stage instruction pipeline.[12]Key features of the Cortex-M55 core include:ARMv8.1-M Mainline/Helium architecture.[30]\n4-stage pipeline.\nStack limit boundaries (available only with SAU option).Silicon options:Helium (M-Profile Vector Extension, MVE)\nSingle-Precision and Double-Precision floating-point\nDigital Signal Processing (DSP) extension support\nTrustZone security extension support\nSafety and reliability (RAS) support\nCoprocessor support\nSecure and Non-secure MPU with 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16 regions\nSAU with 0, 4, or 8 regions\nInstruction cache with size of 4 KB, 8 KB, 16 KB, 32 KB, 64 KB\nData cache with size of 4 KB, 8 KB, 16 KB, 32 KB, 64 KB\nECC on caches and TCMs\n1–480 interrupts\n3–8 exception priority bits\nInternal and external WIC options, optional CTI, ITM, and DWT\nARM Custom Instructions","title":"Cortex-M55"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alif Semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//alifsemi.com/products/"},{"link_name":"Infineon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infineon_Technologies"},{"link_name":"PSoC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSoC"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"Alif Semiconductor Ensemble MCU families offer single or dual Cortex-M55 cores, each paired with Ethos-U55 NPUs\nInfineon PSoC Edge","title":"Cortex-M55"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armv8.1-M architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M85-Home-13"},{"link_name":"CPU cache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache"},{"link_name":"ECC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECC_memory"},{"link_name":"TrustZone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrustZone"},{"link_name":"dual-redundant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_modular_redundancy"},{"link_name":"lock-step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockstep_(computing)"}],"text":"The Cortex-M85 core was announced in April 2022 and based on the Armv8.1-M architecture. It has a 7-stage instruction pipeline.[13]Silicon options:Optional CPU cache: 0 to 64 KB instruction-cache, 0 to 64 KB data-cache, each with optional ECC.\nOptional Tightly-Coupled Memory (TCM): 0 to 16 MB instruction-TCM, 0 to 16 MB data-TCM, each with optional ECC.\nOptional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 16 regions. Can have separate ones for secure and non-secure mode if TrustZone is implemented.\nUp to 480 interrupts and NMI\n3–8 exception priority bits\nOptional dual-redundant lock-step operation.","title":"Cortex-M85"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renesas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesas_Electronics"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"Renesas RA8","title":"Cortex-M85"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARM Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_(company)"},{"link_name":"External links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#External_links"}],"text":"The documentation for ARM chips is extensive. In the past, 8-bit microcontroller documentation would typically fit in a single document, but as microcontrollers have evolved, so has everything required to support them. A documentation package for ARM chips typically consists of a collection of documents from the IC manufacturer as well as the CPU core vendor (ARM Limited).A typical top-down documentation tree is:Documentation tree (top to bottom)IC manufacturer website.\nIC manufacturer marketing slides.\nIC manufacturer datasheet for the exact physical chip.\nIC manufacturer reference manual that describes common peripherals and aspects of a physical chip family.\nARM core website.\nARM core generic user guide.\nARM core technical reference manual.\nARM architecture reference manual.IC manufacturers have additional documents, such as: evaluation board user manuals, application notes, getting started guides, software library documents, errata, and more. See External links section for links to official Arm documents.","title":"Documentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0323854948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0323854948"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0128032770","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0128032770"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0124080829","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0124080829"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0128207352","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0128207352"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"979-8862003437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8862003437"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0982692677","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0982692677"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1092542234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1092542234"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1848213296","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848213296"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1118859049","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118859049"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1838826734","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1838826734"}],"text":"Designer's Guide to the Cortex-M Processor Family; 3rd Ed; Trevor Martin; 648 pages; 2022; ISBN 978-0323854948.\nDefinitive Guide to the ARM Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M0+ Processors; 2nd Ed; Joseph Yiu; 784 pages; 2015; ISBN 978-0128032770.\nDefinitive Guide to the ARM Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 Processors; 3rd Ed; Joseph Yiu; 864 pages; 2013; ISBN 978-0124080829.\nDefinitive Guide to the ARM Cortex-M23 and Cortex-M33 Processors; 1st Ed; Joseph Yiu; 928 pages; 2020; ISBN 978-0128207352.\nMicrocontrollers with C: Cortex-M and Beyond; 1st Ed; Klaus Elk; 227 pages; 2023; ISBN 979-8862003437.\nEmbedded Systems with ARM Cortex-M Microcontrollers in Assembly Language and C; 4th Ed; Yifeng Zhu; 730 pages; 2023; ISBN 978-0982692677.\nARM Assembly for Embedded Applications; 5th Ed; Daniel Lewis; 379 pages; 2019; ISBN 978-1092542234.\nAssembly Language Programming: ARM Cortex-M3; 1st Ed; Vincent Mahout; 256 pages; 2012; ISBN 978-1848213296.\nDigital Signal Processing and Applications Using the ARM Cortex-M4; 1st Ed; Donald Reay; 320 pages; 2015; ISBN 978-1118859049.\nHands-On RTOS with Microcontrollers; 1st Ed; Brian Amos; 496 pages; 2020; ISBN 978-1838826734.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"ARM Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M3 microcontroller ICs from NXP and Silicon Labs (Energy Micro)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/ARM_Cortex-M0_and_M3_ICs_in_SMD_Packages.jpg/360px-ARM_Cortex-M0_and_M3_ICs_in_SMD_Packages.jpg"},{"image_text":"Die from a STM32F100C4T6B IC.24 MHz ARM Cortex-M3 microcontroller with 16 KB flash memory, 4 KB RAM. Manufactured by STMicroelectronics.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/STM32F100C4T6B-HD.jpg/220px-STM32F100C4T6B-HD.jpg"},{"image_text":"nRF51822","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/M2_Health_Bracelet_-_controller_board_-_Nordic_N51822-0627.jpg/220px-M2_Health_Bracelet_-_controller_board_-_Nordic_N51822-0627.jpg"},{"image_text":"NXP (Freescale) FRDM-KL25Z Board with KL25Z128VLK (Kinetis L)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Freescale_FRDM-KL25Z_board_with_KL25Z128VLK_%28ARM_Cortex-M0%2B_MCU%29.JPG/220px-Freescale_FRDM-KL25Z_board_with_KL25Z128VLK_%28ARM_Cortex-M0%2B_MCU%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Arduino Due board with Atmel ATSAM3X8E (ARM Cortex-M3 core) microcontroller","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/ArduinoDue_Front.jpg/300px-ArduinoDue_Front.jpg"},{"image_text":"NXP LPCXpresso Development Board with LPC1343","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/LPCXpresso_DevelopmentBoard_with_NXP_LPC1343_%28ARM_Cortex-M3%29_MCU.jpg/300px-LPCXpresso_DevelopmentBoard_with_NXP_LPC1343_%28ARM_Cortex-M3%29_MCU.jpg"},{"image_text":"Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) Wonder Gecko STK Board with EFM32WG990","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Energy_Micro_Woder_Gecko_STK_showing_EFM32WG990F256_%28ARM_Cortex-M4F%29_MCU.JPG/220px-Energy_Micro_Woder_Gecko_STK_showing_EFM32WG990F256_%28ARM_Cortex-M4F%29_MCU.JPG"},{"image_text":"TI Stellaris Launchpad Board with LM4F120","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TI_Stellaris_Launchpad_showing_LM4F120H_%28ARM_Cortex-M4F%29_MCU.JPG/220px-TI_Stellaris_Launchpad_showing_LM4F120H_%28ARM_Cortex-M4F%29_MCU.JPG"},{"image_text":"nRF52833 on a micro bit v2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Micro-bit_v2_%28cropped%29_nRF52833.JPG/170px-Micro-bit_v2_%28cropped%29_nRF52833.JPG"},{"image_text":"STM32F407IGH6","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Embedded_World_2016%2C_M32F407_%28cropped%29_STM_M32F407IG.jpg/170px-Embedded_World_2016%2C_M32F407_%28cropped%29_STM_M32F407IG.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arduino GIGA R1 WiFi board with (dual core ARM Cortex-M7 + ARM Cortex-M4) STM32H747XIH6 microcontroller","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Arduino_Giga_R1_WiFi.png/302px-Arduino_Giga_R1_WiFi.png"}]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png"},{"title":"Electronics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Electronics"},{"title":"ARM architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"title":"List of ARM architectures and cores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ARM_microarchitectures"},{"title":"Interrupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt"},{"title":"Interrupt handler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_handler"},{"title":"Real-time operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_operating_system"},{"title":"Comparison of real-time operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_real-time_operating_systems"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Cortex-M0 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M0","url_text":"\"Cortex-M0 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M0+ Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M0+","url_text":"\"Cortex-M0+ Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M1 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M1","url_text":"\"Cortex-M1 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M3 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M3","url_text":"\"Cortex-M3 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M4 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M4","url_text":"\"Cortex-M4 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M7 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M7","url_text":"\"Cortex-M7 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M23 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M23","url_text":"\"Cortex-M23 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M33 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M33","url_text":"\"Cortex-M33 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M35P Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M35P","url_text":"\"Cortex-M35P Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M52 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M52","url_text":"\"Cortex-M52 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M55 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M55","url_text":"\"Cortex-M55 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M85 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M85","url_text":"\"Cortex-M85 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARMv6-M Architecture Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0419/latest/","url_text":"\"ARMv6-M Architecture Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARMv7-M Architecture Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0403/latest/","url_text":"\"ARMv7-M Architecture Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M0 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0432/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M0 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M0+ Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0484/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M0+ Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M1 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0413/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M1 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M3 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/100165/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M3 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M4 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/100166/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M4 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M7 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0489/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M7 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M23 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0550/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M23 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M33 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/100230/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M33 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M52 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102776/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M52 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M55 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/101051/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M55 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M85 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/101924/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M85 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARMv8-M Architecture Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0553/latest/","url_text":"\"ARMv8-M Architecture Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"Fingas, Jon (25 February 2014). \"Freescale makes the world's smallest ARM controller chip even tinier\". Retrieved 2 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2014/02/25/freescale-kinetis-kl03/","url_text":"\"Freescale makes the world's smallest ARM controller chip even tinier\""}]},{"reference":"Sadasivan, Shyam. \"An Introduction to the ARM Cortex-M3 Processor\" (PDF). ARM Limited. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140726212528/http://www.arm.com/files/pdf/IntroToCortex-M3.pdf","url_text":"\"An Introduction to the ARM Cortex-M3 Processor\""},{"url":"http://www.arm.com/files/pdf/IntroToCortex-M3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Samsung Exynos 7420 Deep Dive - Inside a Modern 14nm SoC\". AnandTech. Retrieved 2015-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anandtech.com/show/9330/exynos-7420-deep-dive/","url_text":"\"Samsung Exynos 7420 Deep Dive - Inside a Modern 14nm SoC\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARM Supercharges MCU Market with High Performance Cortex-M7 Processor\". ARM Limited (Press release). September 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://arm.com/about/newsroom/arm-supercharges-mcu-market-with-high-performance-cortex-m7-processor.php","url_text":"\"ARM Supercharges MCU Market with High Performance Cortex-M7 Processor\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.st.com/en/microcontrollers-microprocessors/stm32h747xi.html","external_links_name":"STM32H747XIH6"},{"Link":"https://alifsemi.com/products/","external_links_name":"Alif Semiconductor"},{"Link":"http://www.arm.com/products/processors/cortex-m","external_links_name":"ARM Cortex-M website; ARM Limited."},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M0","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M0 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M0+","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M0+ Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M1","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M1 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M3","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M3 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M4","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M4 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M7","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M7 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M23","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M23 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M33","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M33 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M35P","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M35P Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M52","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M52 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M55","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M55 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M85","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M85 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0419/latest/","external_links_name":"\"ARMv6-M Architecture Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0403/latest/","external_links_name":"\"ARMv7-M Architecture Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.dai0179b/AppsNote179.pdf","external_links_name":"Cortex-M3 Embedded Software Development; App Note 179; ARM Limited."},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0432/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M0 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0484/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M0+ Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0413/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M1 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/100165/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M3 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/100166/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M4 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0489/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M7 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0550/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M23 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/100230/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M33 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102776/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M52 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/101051/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M55 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/101924/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M85 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"http://www.arm.com/products/processors/cortex-m/cortex-m-system-design-kit.php","external_links_name":"Cortex-M System Design Kit; ARM Limited."},{"Link":"http://infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc.dai0321a/BIHEADII.html","external_links_name":"ARM Cortex-M Programming Guide to Memory Barrier Instructions; Section 3.6 System implementation requirements; AppNote 321; ARM Limited."},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0553/latest/","external_links_name":"\"ARMv8-M Architecture Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://www.microchip.com/en-us/products/microcontrollers-and-microprocessors/32-bit-mcus","external_links_name":"32-bit PIC and SAM Microcontrollers; Microchip."},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2014/02/25/freescale-kinetis-kl03/","external_links_name":"\"Freescale makes the world's smallest ARM controller chip even tinier\""},{"Link":"https://www.gowinsemi.com/en/about/detail/latest_news/37/","external_links_name":"GOWIN Semiconductor joins ARM DesignStart offering free ARM Cortex-M1 Processors for its FPGA product families"},{"Link":"https://silver.arm.com/browse/AT472","external_links_name":"Cortex-M1 DesignStart FPGA XilinxEdition; ARM Limited."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140726212528/http://www.arm.com/files/pdf/IntroToCortex-M3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"An Introduction to the ARM Cortex-M3 Processor\""},{"Link":"http://www.arm.com/files/pdf/IntroToCortex-M3.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.anandtech.com/show/9330/exynos-7420-deep-dive/","external_links_name":"\"Samsung Exynos 7420 Deep Dive - Inside a Modern 14nm SoC\""},{"Link":"https://silver.arm.com/browse/AT426","external_links_name":"Cortex-M3 DesignStart FPGA XilinxEdition"},{"Link":"https://arm.com/about/newsroom/arm-supercharges-mcu-market-with-high-performance-cortex-m7-processor.php","external_links_name":"\"ARM Supercharges MCU Market with High Performance Cortex-M7 Processor\""},{"Link":"https://www.arm.com/files/pdf/cortex_m23_and_cortex_m33.pdf","external_links_name":"New ARM Cortex-M processors offer the next industry standard for secure IoT; ARM Limited; October 25, 2016."},{"Link":"https://www.arm.com/about/newsroom/armv8-m-architecture-simplifies-security-for-smart-embedded-devices.php","external_links_name":"ARMv8-M Architecture Simplifies Security for Smart Embedded Devices; ARM Limited; November 10, 2015."},{"Link":"https://www.arm.com/products/silicon-ip-cpu?families=cortex-m&showall=true","external_links_name":"ARM Cortex-M official website"},{"Link":"https://community.arm.com/cfs-file/__key/telligent-evolution-components-attachments/01-2142-00-00-00-00-52-96/White-Paper-_2D00_-Cortex_2D00_M-for-Beginners-_2D00_-2016-_2800_final-v3_2900_.pdf","external_links_name":"Cortex-M for Beginners"},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ecm0359818/latest/","external_links_name":"ARMv8-M Security Extensions"},{"Link":"https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/Core/html/index.html","external_links_name":"Cortex Microcontroller Software Interface Standard 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%E2%80%93Schmidt_operator
|
Hilbert–Schmidt operator
|
["1 ||·||HS is well defined","2 Examples","3 Space of Hilbert–Schmidt operators","4 Properties","5 See also","6 References"]
|
Topic in mathematics
In mathematics, a Hilbert–Schmidt operator, named after David Hilbert and Erhard Schmidt, is a bounded operator
A
:
H
→
H
{\displaystyle A\colon H\to H}
that acts on a Hilbert space
H
{\displaystyle H}
and has finite Hilbert–Schmidt norm
‖
A
‖
HS
2
=
def
∑
i
∈
I
‖
A
e
i
‖
H
2
,
{\displaystyle \|A\|_{\operatorname {HS} }^{2}\ {\stackrel {\text{def}}{=}}\ \sum _{i\in I}\|Ae_{i}\|_{H}^{2},}
where
{
e
i
:
i
∈
I
}
{\displaystyle \{e_{i}:i\in I\}}
is an orthonormal basis. The index set
I
{\displaystyle I}
need not be countable. However, the sum on the right must contain at most countably many non-zero terms, to have meaning. This definition is independent of the choice of the orthonormal basis.
In finite-dimensional Euclidean space, the Hilbert–Schmidt norm
‖
⋅
‖
HS
{\displaystyle \|\cdot \|_{\text{HS}}}
is identical to the Frobenius norm.
||·||HS is well defined
The Hilbert–Schmidt norm does not depend on the choice of orthonormal basis. Indeed, if
{
e
i
}
i
∈
I
{\displaystyle \{e_{i}\}_{i\in I}}
and
{
f
j
}
j
∈
I
{\displaystyle \{f_{j}\}_{j\in I}}
are such bases, then
∑
i
‖
A
e
i
‖
2
=
∑
i
,
j
|
⟨
A
e
i
,
f
j
⟩
|
2
=
∑
i
,
j
|
⟨
e
i
,
A
∗
f
j
⟩
|
2
=
∑
j
‖
A
∗
f
j
‖
2
.
{\displaystyle \sum _{i}\|Ae_{i}\|^{2}=\sum _{i,j}\left|\langle Ae_{i},f_{j}\rangle \right|^{2}=\sum _{i,j}\left|\langle e_{i},A^{*}f_{j}\rangle \right|^{2}=\sum _{j}\|A^{*}f_{j}\|^{2}.}
If
e
i
=
f
i
,
{\displaystyle e_{i}=f_{i},}
then
∑
i
‖
A
e
i
‖
2
=
∑
i
‖
A
∗
e
i
‖
2
.
{\textstyle \sum _{i}\|Ae_{i}\|^{2}=\sum _{i}\|A^{*}e_{i}\|^{2}.}
As for any bounded operator,
A
=
A
∗
∗
.
{\displaystyle A=A^{**}.}
Replacing
A
{\displaystyle A}
with
A
∗
{\displaystyle A^{*}}
in the first formula, obtain
∑
i
‖
A
∗
e
i
‖
2
=
∑
j
‖
A
f
j
‖
2
.
{\textstyle \sum _{i}\|A^{*}e_{i}\|^{2}=\sum _{j}\|Af_{j}\|^{2}.}
The independence follows.
Examples
An important class of examples is provided by Hilbert–Schmidt integral operators.
Every bounded operator with a finite-dimensional range (these are called operators of finite rank) is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator.
The identity operator on a Hilbert space is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator if and only if the Hilbert space is finite-dimensional.
Given any
x
{\displaystyle x}
and
y
{\displaystyle y}
in
H
{\displaystyle H}
, define
x
⊗
y
:
H
→
H
{\displaystyle x\otimes y:H\to H}
by
(
x
⊗
y
)
(
z
)
=
⟨
z
,
y
⟩
x
{\displaystyle (x\otimes y)(z)=\langle z,y\rangle x}
, which is a continuous linear operator of rank 1 and thus a Hilbert–Schmidt operator;
moreover, for any bounded linear operator
A
{\displaystyle A}
on
H
{\displaystyle H}
(and into
H
{\displaystyle H}
),
Tr
(
A
(
x
⊗
y
)
)
=
⟨
A
x
,
y
⟩
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Tr} \left(A\left(x\otimes y\right)\right)=\left\langle Ax,y\right\rangle }
.
If
T
:
H
→
H
{\displaystyle T:H\to H}
is a bounded compact operator with eigenvalues
ℓ
1
,
ℓ
2
,
…
{\displaystyle \ell _{1},\ell _{2},\dots }
of
|
T
|
=
T
∗
T
{\displaystyle |T|={\sqrt {T^{*}T}}}
, where each eigenvalue is repeated as often as its multiplicity, then
T
{\displaystyle T}
is Hilbert–Schmidt if and only if
∑
i
=
1
∞
ℓ
i
2
<
∞
{\textstyle \sum _{i=1}^{\infty }\ell _{i}^{2}<\infty }
, in which case the Hilbert–Schmidt norm of
T
{\displaystyle T}
is
‖
T
‖
HS
=
∑
i
=
1
∞
ℓ
i
2
{\textstyle \left\|T\right\|_{\operatorname {HS} }={\sqrt {\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }\ell _{i}^{2}}}}
.
If
k
∈
L
2
(
μ
×
μ
)
{\displaystyle k\in L^{2}\left(\mu \times \mu \right)}
, where
(
X
,
Ω
,
μ
)
{\displaystyle \left(X,\Omega ,\mu \right)}
is a measure space, then the integral operator
K
:
L
2
(
μ
)
→
L
2
(
μ
)
{\displaystyle K:L^{2}\left(\mu \right)\to L^{2}\left(\mu \right)}
with kernel
k
{\displaystyle k}
is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator and
‖
K
‖
HS
=
‖
k
‖
2
{\displaystyle \left\|K\right\|_{\operatorname {HS} }=\left\|k\right\|_{2}}
.
Space of Hilbert–Schmidt operators
The product of two Hilbert–Schmidt operators has finite trace-class norm; therefore, if A and B are two Hilbert–Schmidt operators, the Hilbert–Schmidt inner product can be defined as
⟨
A
,
B
⟩
HS
=
Tr
(
A
∗
B
)
=
∑
i
⟨
A
e
i
,
B
e
i
⟩
.
{\displaystyle \langle A,B\rangle _{\text{HS}}=\operatorname {Tr} (A^{*}B)=\sum _{i}\langle Ae_{i},Be_{i}\rangle .}
The Hilbert–Schmidt operators form a two-sided *-ideal in the Banach algebra of bounded operators on H.
They also form a Hilbert space, denoted by BHS(H) or B2(H), which can be shown to be naturally isometrically isomorphic to the tensor product of Hilbert spaces
H
∗
⊗
H
,
{\displaystyle H^{*}\otimes H,}
where H∗ is the dual space of H.
The norm induced by this inner product is the Hilbert–Schmidt norm under which the space of Hilbert–Schmidt operators is complete (thus making it into a Hilbert space).
The space of all bounded linear operators of finite rank (i.e. that have a finite-dimensional range) is a dense subset of the space of Hilbert–Schmidt operators (with the Hilbert–Schmidt norm).
The set of Hilbert–Schmidt operators is closed in the norm topology if, and only if, H is finite-dimensional.
Properties
Every Hilbert–Schmidt operator T : H → H is a compact operator.
A bounded linear operator T : H → H is Hilbert–Schmidt if and only if the same is true of the operator
|
T
|
:=
T
∗
T
{\textstyle \left|T\right|:={\sqrt {T^{*}T}}}
, in which case the Hilbert–Schmidt norms of T and |T| are equal.
Hilbert–Schmidt operators are nuclear operators of order 2, and are therefore compact operators.
If
S
:
H
1
→
H
2
{\displaystyle S:H_{1}\to H_{2}}
and
T
:
H
2
→
H
3
{\displaystyle T:H_{2}\to H_{3}}
are Hilbert–Schmidt operators between Hilbert spaces then the composition
T
∘
S
:
H
1
→
H
3
{\displaystyle T\circ S:H_{1}\to H_{3}}
is a nuclear operator.
If T : H → H is a bounded linear operator then we have
‖
T
‖
≤
‖
T
‖
HS
{\displaystyle \left\|T\right\|\leq \left\|T\right\|_{\operatorname {HS} }}
.
T is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator if and only if the trace
Tr
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Tr} }
of the nonnegative self-adjoint operator
T
∗
T
{\displaystyle T^{*}T}
is finite, in which case
‖
T
‖
HS
2
=
Tr
(
T
∗
T
)
{\displaystyle \|T\|_{\text{HS}}^{2}=\operatorname {Tr} (T^{*}T)}
.
If T : H → H is a bounded linear operator on H and S : H → H is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator on H then
‖
S
∗
‖
HS
=
‖
S
‖
HS
{\displaystyle \left\|S^{*}\right\|_{\operatorname {HS} }=\left\|S\right\|_{\operatorname {HS} }}
,
‖
T
S
‖
HS
≤
‖
T
‖
‖
S
‖
HS
{\displaystyle \left\|TS\right\|_{\operatorname {HS} }\leq \left\|T\right\|\left\|S\right\|_{\operatorname {HS} }}
, and
‖
S
T
‖
HS
≤
‖
S
‖
HS
‖
T
‖
{\displaystyle \left\|ST\right\|_{\operatorname {HS} }\leq \left\|S\right\|_{\operatorname {HS} }\left\|T\right\|}
. In particular, the composition of two Hilbert–Schmidt operators is again Hilbert–Schmidt (and even a trace class operator).
The space of Hilbert–Schmidt operators on H is an ideal of the space of bounded operators
B
(
H
)
{\displaystyle B\left(H\right)}
that contains the operators of finite-rank.
If A is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator on H then
‖
A
‖
HS
2
=
∑
i
,
j
|
⟨
e
i
,
A
e
j
⟩
|
2
=
‖
A
‖
2
2
{\displaystyle \|A\|_{\text{HS}}^{2}=\sum _{i,j}|\langle e_{i},Ae_{j}\rangle |^{2}=\|A\|_{2}^{2}}
where
{
e
i
:
i
∈
I
}
{\displaystyle \{e_{i}:i\in I\}}
is an orthonormal basis of H, and
‖
A
‖
2
{\displaystyle \|A\|_{2}}
is the Schatten norm of
A
{\displaystyle A}
for p = 2. In Euclidean space,
‖
⋅
‖
HS
{\displaystyle \|\cdot \|_{\text{HS}}}
is also called the Frobenius norm.
See also
Frobenius inner product – Binary operation, takes two matrices and returns a scalar
Sazonov's theorem
Trace class – Compact operator for which a finite trace can be defined
References
^ a b Moslehian, M. S. "Hilbert–Schmidt Operator (From MathWorld)".
^ a b Voitsekhovskii, M. I. (2001) , "Hilbert-Schmidt operator", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press
^ a b Schaefer 1999, p. 177.
^ a b c Conway 1990, p. 268.
^ a b c d e f g h i Conway 1990, p. 267.
Conway, John B. (1990). A course in functional analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-97245-9. OCLC 21195908.
Schaefer, Helmut H. (1999). Topological Vector Spaces. GTM. Vol. 3. New York, NY: Springer New York Imprint Springer. ISBN 978-1-4612-7155-0. OCLC 840278135.
vteHilbert spacesBasic concepts
Adjoint
Inner product and L-semi-inner product
Hilbert space and Prehilbert space
Orthogonal complement
Orthonormal basis
Main results
Bessel's inequality
Cauchy–Schwarz inequality
Riesz representation
Other results
Hilbert projection theorem
Parseval's identity
Polarization identity (Parallelogram law)
Maps
Compact operator on Hilbert space
Densely defined
Hermitian form
Hilbert–Schmidt
Normal
Self-adjoint
Sesquilinear form
Trace class
Unitary
Examples
Cn(K) with K compact & n<∞
Segal–Bargmann F
vteTopological tensor products and nuclear spacesBasic concepts
Auxiliary normed spaces
Nuclear space
Tensor product
Topological tensor product
of Hilbert spaces
Topologies
Inductive tensor product
Injective tensor product
Projective tensor product
Operators/Maps
Fredholm determinant
Fredholm kernel
Hilbert–Schmidt operator
Hypocontinuity
Integral
Nuclear
between Banach spaces
Trace class
Theorems
Grothendieck trace theorem
Schwartz kernel theorem
vteFunctional analysis (topics – glossary)Spaces
Banach
Besov
Fréchet
Hilbert
Hölder
Nuclear
Orlicz
Schwartz
Sobolev
Topological vector
Properties
Barrelled
Complete
Dual (Algebraic/Topological)
Locally convex
Reflexive
Separable
Theorems
Hahn–Banach
Riesz representation
Closed graph
Uniform boundedness principle
Kakutani fixed-point
Krein–Milman
Min–max
Gelfand–Naimark
Banach–Alaoglu
Operators
Adjoint
Bounded
Compact
Hilbert–Schmidt
Normal
Nuclear
Trace class
Transpose
Unbounded
Unitary
Algebras
Banach algebra
C*-algebra
Spectrum of a C*-algebra
Operator algebra
Group algebra of a locally compact group
Von Neumann algebra
Open problems
Invariant subspace problem
Mahler's conjecture
Applications
Hardy space
Spectral theory of ordinary differential equations
Heat kernel
Index theorem
Calculus of variations
Functional calculus
Integral operator
Jones polynomial
Topological quantum field theory
Noncommutative geometry
Riemann hypothesis
Distribution (or Generalized functions)
Advanced topics
Approximation property
Balanced set
Choquet theory
Weak topology
Banach–Mazur distance
Tomita–Takesaki theory
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"David Hilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hilbert"},{"link_name":"Erhard Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"bounded operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_operator"},{"link_name":"Hilbert space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_space"},{"link_name":"orthonormal basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonormal_basis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MathWorld-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EOM-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaefer1999177-3"},{"link_name":"Euclidean space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_space"},{"link_name":"Frobenius norm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_norm#Frobenius_norm"}],"text":"In mathematics, a Hilbert–Schmidt operator, named after David Hilbert and Erhard Schmidt, is a bounded operator \n \n \n \n A\n :\n H\n →\n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\colon H\\to H}\n \n that acts on a Hilbert space \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n and has finite Hilbert–Schmidt norm‖\n A\n \n ‖\n \n HS\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n def\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n ∈\n I\n \n \n ‖\n A\n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n H\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|A\\|_{\\operatorname {HS} }^{2}\\ {\\stackrel {\\text{def}}{=}}\\ \\sum _{i\\in I}\\|Ae_{i}\\|_{H}^{2},}where \n \n \n \n {\n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n :\n i\n ∈\n I\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{e_{i}:i\\in I\\}}\n \n is an orthonormal basis.[1][2] The index set \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I}\n \n need not be countable. However, the sum on the right must contain at most countably many non-zero terms, to have meaning.[3] This definition is independent of the choice of the orthonormal basis. \nIn finite-dimensional Euclidean space, the Hilbert–Schmidt norm \n \n \n \n ‖\n ⋅\n \n ‖\n \n HS\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|\\cdot \\|_{\\text{HS}}}\n \n is identical to the Frobenius norm.","title":"Hilbert–Schmidt operator"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Hilbert–Schmidt norm does not depend on the choice of orthonormal basis. Indeed, if \n \n \n \n {\n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n \n }\n \n i\n ∈\n I\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{e_{i}\\}_{i\\in I}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n {\n \n f\n \n j\n \n \n \n }\n \n j\n ∈\n I\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{f_{j}\\}_{j\\in I}}\n \n are such bases, then∑\n \n i\n \n \n ‖\n A\n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n ,\n j\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ⟨\n A\n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n j\n \n \n ⟩\n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n ,\n j\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ⟨\n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n A\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n f\n \n j\n \n \n ⟩\n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n j\n \n \n ‖\n \n A\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n f\n \n j\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{i}\\|Ae_{i}\\|^{2}=\\sum _{i,j}\\left|\\langle Ae_{i},f_{j}\\rangle \\right|^{2}=\\sum _{i,j}\\left|\\langle e_{i},A^{*}f_{j}\\rangle \\right|^{2}=\\sum _{j}\\|A^{*}f_{j}\\|^{2}.}e\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n f\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e_{i}=f_{i},}∑\n \n i\n \n \n ‖\n A\n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n ‖\n \n A\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\textstyle \\sum _{i}\\|Ae_{i}\\|^{2}=\\sum _{i}\\|A^{*}e_{i}\\|^{2}.}A\n =\n \n A\n \n ∗\n ∗\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A=A^{**}.}A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}A\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A^{*}}∑\n \n i\n \n \n ‖\n \n A\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n j\n \n \n ‖\n A\n \n f\n \n j\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\textstyle \\sum _{i}\\|A^{*}e_{i}\\|^{2}=\\sum _{j}\\|Af_{j}\\|^{2}.}","title":"||·||HS is well defined"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hilbert–Schmidt integral operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%E2%80%93Schmidt_integral_operator"},{"link_name":"identity operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_map"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1990268-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1990267-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1990267-5"}],"text":"An important class of examples is provided by Hilbert–Schmidt integral operators. \nEvery bounded operator with a finite-dimensional range (these are called operators of finite rank) is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator. \nThe identity operator on a Hilbert space is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator if and only if the Hilbert space is finite-dimensional. \nGiven any \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n and \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n in \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n, define \n \n \n \n x\n ⊗\n y\n :\n H\n →\n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\otimes y:H\\to H}\n \n by \n \n \n \n (\n x\n ⊗\n y\n )\n (\n z\n )\n =\n ⟨\n z\n ,\n y\n ⟩\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x\\otimes y)(z)=\\langle z,y\\rangle x}\n \n, which is a continuous linear operator of rank 1 and thus a Hilbert–Schmidt operator; \nmoreover, for any bounded linear operator \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n on \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n (and into \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n), \n \n \n \n Tr\n \n \n (\n \n A\n \n (\n \n x\n ⊗\n y\n \n )\n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n ⟨\n \n A\n x\n ,\n y\n \n ⟩\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Tr} \\left(A\\left(x\\otimes y\\right)\\right)=\\left\\langle Ax,y\\right\\rangle }\n \n.[4]If \n \n \n \n T\n :\n H\n →\n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T:H\\to H}\n \n is a bounded compact operator with eigenvalues \n \n \n \n \n ℓ\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n ℓ\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ell _{1},\\ell _{2},\\dots }\n \n of \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n T\n \n |\n \n =\n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |T|={\\sqrt {T^{*}T}}}\n \n, where each eigenvalue is repeated as often as its multiplicity, then \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n is Hilbert–Schmidt if and only if \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n ℓ\n \n i\n \n \n 2\n \n \n <\n ∞\n \n \n {\\textstyle \\sum _{i=1}^{\\infty }\\ell _{i}^{2}<\\infty }\n \n, in which case the Hilbert–Schmidt norm of \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n is \n \n \n \n \n \n ‖\n T\n ‖\n \n \n HS\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n ℓ\n \n i\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\left\\|T\\right\\|_{\\operatorname {HS} }={\\sqrt {\\sum _{i=1}^{\\infty }\\ell _{i}^{2}}}}\n \n.[5]If \n \n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n L\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n μ\n ×\n μ\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\in L^{2}\\left(\\mu \\times \\mu \\right)}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n X\n ,\n Ω\n ,\n μ\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(X,\\Omega ,\\mu \\right)}\n \n is a measure space, then the integral operator \n \n \n \n K\n :\n \n L\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n μ\n )\n \n →\n \n L\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n μ\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle K:L^{2}\\left(\\mu \\right)\\to L^{2}\\left(\\mu \\right)}\n \n with kernel \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator and \n \n \n \n \n \n ‖\n K\n ‖\n \n \n HS\n \n \n =\n \n \n ‖\n k\n ‖\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\|K\\right\\|_{\\operatorname {HS} }=\\left\\|k\\right\\|_{2}}\n \n.[5]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trace-class norm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_class"},{"link_name":"*-ideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_(ring_theory)"},{"link_name":"Banach algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach_algebra"},{"link_name":"naturally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_transformation"},{"link_name":"tensor product of Hilbert spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_product_of_Hilbert_spaces"},{"link_name":"dual space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_space"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1990268-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1990268-4"},{"link_name":"norm topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_topology"}],"text":"The product of two Hilbert–Schmidt operators has finite trace-class norm; therefore, if A and B are two Hilbert–Schmidt operators, the Hilbert–Schmidt inner product can be defined as⟨\n A\n ,\n B\n \n ⟩\n \n HS\n \n \n =\n Tr\n \n (\n \n A\n \n ∗\n \n \n B\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n ⟨\n A\n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n B\n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n ⟩\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle A,B\\rangle _{\\text{HS}}=\\operatorname {Tr} (A^{*}B)=\\sum _{i}\\langle Ae_{i},Be_{i}\\rangle .}The Hilbert–Schmidt operators form a two-sided *-ideal in the Banach algebra of bounded operators on H. \nThey also form a Hilbert space, denoted by BHS(H) or B2(H), which can be shown to be naturally isometrically isomorphic to the tensor product of Hilbert spacesH\n \n ∗\n \n \n ⊗\n H\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H^{*}\\otimes H,}where H∗ is the dual space of H. \nThe norm induced by this inner product is the Hilbert–Schmidt norm under which the space of Hilbert–Schmidt operators is complete (thus making it into a Hilbert space).[4] \nThe space of all bounded linear operators of finite rank (i.e. that have a finite-dimensional range) is a dense subset of the space of Hilbert–Schmidt operators (with the Hilbert–Schmidt norm).[4]The set of Hilbert–Schmidt operators is closed in the norm topology if, and only if, H is finite-dimensional.","title":"Space of Hilbert–Schmidt operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compact operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_operator"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1990267-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1990267-5"},{"link_name":"nuclear operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_operator"},{"link_name":"compact operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_operator"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1990267-5"},{"link_name":"nuclear operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_operator"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaefer1999177-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1990267-5"},{"link_name":"trace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_class"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MathWorld-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EOM-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1990267-5"},{"link_name":"trace class operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_class_operator"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1990267-5"},{"link_name":"ideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_(ring_theory)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1990267-5"},{"link_name":"orthonormal basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonormal_basis"},{"link_name":"Schatten norm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schatten_norm"},{"link_name":"Euclidean space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_space"},{"link_name":"Frobenius norm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_norm#Frobenius_norm"}],"text":"Every Hilbert–Schmidt operator T : H → H is a compact operator.[5]\nA bounded linear operator T : H → H is Hilbert–Schmidt if and only if the same is true of the operator \n \n \n \n \n |\n T\n |\n \n :=\n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\left|T\\right|:={\\sqrt {T^{*}T}}}\n \n, in which case the Hilbert–Schmidt norms of T and |T| are equal.[5]\nHilbert–Schmidt operators are nuclear operators of order 2, and are therefore compact operators.[5]\nIf \n \n \n \n S\n :\n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n →\n \n H\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S:H_{1}\\to H_{2}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n T\n :\n \n H\n \n 2\n \n \n →\n \n H\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T:H_{2}\\to H_{3}}\n \n are Hilbert–Schmidt operators between Hilbert spaces then the composition \n \n \n \n T\n ∘\n S\n :\n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n →\n \n H\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T\\circ S:H_{1}\\to H_{3}}\n \n is a nuclear operator.[3]\nIf T : H → H is a bounded linear operator then we have \n \n \n \n \n ‖\n T\n ‖\n \n ≤\n \n \n ‖\n T\n ‖\n \n \n HS\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\|T\\right\\|\\leq \\left\\|T\\right\\|_{\\operatorname {HS} }}\n \n.[5]\nT is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator if and only if the trace \n \n \n \n Tr\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Tr} }\n \n of the nonnegative self-adjoint operator \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}T}\n \n is finite, in which case \n \n \n \n ‖\n T\n \n ‖\n \n HS\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n Tr\n \n (\n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n T\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|T\\|_{\\text{HS}}^{2}=\\operatorname {Tr} (T^{*}T)}\n \n.[1][2]\nIf T : H → H is a bounded linear operator on H and S : H → H is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator on H then \n \n \n \n \n \n ‖\n \n S\n \n ∗\n \n \n ‖\n \n \n HS\n \n \n =\n \n \n ‖\n S\n ‖\n \n \n HS\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\|S^{*}\\right\\|_{\\operatorname {HS} }=\\left\\|S\\right\\|_{\\operatorname {HS} }}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n ‖\n \n T\n S\n \n ‖\n \n \n HS\n \n \n ≤\n \n ‖\n T\n ‖\n \n \n \n ‖\n S\n ‖\n \n \n HS\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\|TS\\right\\|_{\\operatorname {HS} }\\leq \\left\\|T\\right\\|\\left\\|S\\right\\|_{\\operatorname {HS} }}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n \n \n ‖\n \n S\n T\n \n ‖\n \n \n HS\n \n \n ≤\n \n \n ‖\n S\n ‖\n \n \n HS\n \n \n \n ‖\n T\n ‖\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\|ST\\right\\|_{\\operatorname {HS} }\\leq \\left\\|S\\right\\|_{\\operatorname {HS} }\\left\\|T\\right\\|}\n \n.[5] In particular, the composition of two Hilbert–Schmidt operators is again Hilbert–Schmidt (and even a trace class operator).[5]\nThe space of Hilbert–Schmidt operators on H is an ideal of the space of bounded operators \n \n \n \n B\n \n (\n H\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B\\left(H\\right)}\n \n that contains the operators of finite-rank.[5]\nIf A is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator on H then \n \n \n \n ‖\n A\n \n ‖\n \n HS\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n ,\n j\n \n \n \n |\n \n ⟨\n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n A\n \n e\n \n j\n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n ‖\n A\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|A\\|_{\\text{HS}}^{2}=\\sum _{i,j}|\\langle e_{i},Ae_{j}\\rangle |^{2}=\\|A\\|_{2}^{2}}\n \n where \n \n \n \n {\n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n :\n i\n ∈\n I\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{e_{i}:i\\in I\\}}\n \n is an orthonormal basis of H, and \n \n \n \n ‖\n A\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|A\\|_{2}}\n \n is the Schatten norm of \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n for p = 2. In Euclidean space, \n \n \n \n ‖\n ⋅\n \n ‖\n \n HS\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|\\cdot \\|_{\\text{HS}}}\n \n is also called the Frobenius norm.","title":"Properties"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Frobenius inner product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius_inner_product"},{"title":"Sazonov's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sazonov%27s_theorem"},{"title":"Trace class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_class"}]
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[{"reference":"Moslehian, M. S. \"Hilbert–Schmidt Operator (From MathWorld)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Hilbert-SchmidtOperator.html","url_text":"\"Hilbert–Schmidt Operator (From MathWorld)\""}]},{"reference":"Voitsekhovskii, M. I. (2001) [1994], \"Hilbert-Schmidt operator\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Hilbert-Schmidt_operator","url_text":"\"Hilbert-Schmidt operator\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"EMS Press"}]},{"reference":"Conway, John B. (1990). A course in functional analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-97245-9. OCLC 21195908.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Conway","url_text":"Conway, John B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-97245-9","url_text":"978-0-387-97245-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21195908","url_text":"21195908"}]},{"reference":"Schaefer, Helmut H. (1999). Topological Vector Spaces. GTM. Vol. 3. New York, NY: Springer New York Imprint Springer. ISBN 978-1-4612-7155-0. OCLC 840278135.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_H._Schaefer","url_text":"Schaefer, Helmut H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Texts_in_Mathematics","url_text":"GTM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-7155-0","url_text":"978-1-4612-7155-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/840278135","url_text":"840278135"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-M3
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ARM Cortex-M
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["1 Overview","1.1 License","1.2 Silicon customization","1.3 Instruction sets","1.4 Deprecations","2 Cortex-M0","2.1 Chips","3 Cortex-M0+","3.1 Chips","4 Cortex-M1","4.1 Chips","5 Cortex-M3","5.1 Chips","6 Cortex-M4","6.1 Chips","7 Cortex-M7","7.1 Chips","8 Cortex-M23","8.1 Chips","9 Cortex-M33","9.1 Chips","10 Cortex-M35P","10.1 Chips","11 Cortex-M52","11.1 Chips","12 Cortex-M55","12.1 Chips","13 Cortex-M85","13.1 Chips","14 Development tools","15 Documentation","16 See also","17 References","18 Further reading","19 External links"]
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Group of 32-bit RISC processor cores
"Bit-banding" redirects here. For the direct port bit software access method, see Bit-banging. For the construction of processors from n-bit-wide modules, see Bit-slicing.
ARM Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M3 microcontroller ICs from NXP and Silicon Labs (Energy Micro)
Die from a STM32F100C4T6B IC.24 MHz ARM Cortex-M3 microcontroller with 16 KB flash memory, 4 KB RAM. Manufactured by STMicroelectronics.
The ARM Cortex-M is a group of 32-bit RISC ARM processor cores licensed by ARM Limited. These cores are optimized for low-cost and energy-efficient integrated circuits, which have been embedded in tens of billions of consumer devices. Though they are most often the main component of microcontroller chips, sometimes they are embedded inside other types of chips too. The Cortex-M family consists of Cortex-M0, Cortex-M0+, Cortex-M1, Cortex-M3, Cortex-M4, Cortex-M7, Cortex-M23, Cortex-M33, Cortex-M35P, Cortex-M52, Cortex-M55, Cortex-M85. A floating-point unit (FPU) option is available for Cortex-M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P / M52 / M55 / M85 cores, and when included in the silicon these cores are sometimes known as "Cortex-MxF", where 'x' is the core variant.
Overview
32-bit
Year
Core
2004
Cortex-M3
2007
Cortex-M1
2009
Cortex-M0
2010
Cortex-M4
2012
Cortex-M0+
2014
Cortex-M7
2016
Cortex-M23
2016
Cortex-M33
2018
Cortex-M35P
2020
Cortex-M55
2022
Cortex-M85
2023
Cortex-M52
See also: ARM architecture and List of ARM cores
The ARM Cortex-M family are ARM microprocessor cores that are designed for use in microcontrollers, ASICs, ASSPs, FPGAs, and SoCs. Cortex-M cores are commonly used as dedicated microcontroller chips, but also are "hidden" inside of SoC chips as power management controllers, I/O controllers, system controllers, touch screen controllers, smart battery controllers, and sensor controllers.
The main difference from Cortex-A cores is that Cortex-M cores have no memory management unit (MMU) for virtual memory, considered essential for "full-fledged" operating systems. Cortex-M programs instead run bare metal or on one of the many real-time operating systems which support a Cortex-M.
Though 8-bit microcontrollers were very popular in the past, Cortex-M has slowly been chipping away at the 8-bit market as the prices of low-end Cortex-M chips have moved downward. Cortex-M have become a popular replacements for 8-bit chips in applications that benefit from 32-bit math operations, and replacing older legacy ARM cores such as ARM7 and ARM9.
License
ARM Limited neither manufactures nor sells CPU devices based on its own designs, but rather licenses the processor architecture to interested parties. Arm offers a variety of licensing terms, varying in cost and deliverables. To all licensees, Arm provides an integratable hardware description of the ARM core, as well as complete software development toolset and the right to sell manufactured silicon containing the ARM CPU.
Silicon customization
Integrated Device Manufacturers (IDM) receive the ARM Processor IP as synthesizable RTL (written in Verilog). In this form, they have the ability to perform architectural level optimizations and extensions. This allows the manufacturer to achieve custom design goals, such as higher clock speed, very low power consumption, instruction set extensions (including floating point), optimizations for size, debug support, etc. To determine which components have been included in a particular ARM CPU chip, consult the manufacturer datasheet and related documentation.
Some of the silicon options for the Cortex-M cores are:
SysTick timer: A 24-bit system timer that extends the functionality of both the processor and the Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller (NVIC). When present, it also provides an additional configurable priority SysTick interrupt. Though the SysTick timer is optional for the M0/M0+/M1/M23, it is extremely rare to find a Cortex-M microcontroller without it. If a Cortex-M33/M35P/M52/M55/M85 microcontroller has the Security Extension option, then it optionally can have two SysTicks (one Secure, one Non-secure).
Bit-Band: Maps a complete word of memory onto a single bit in the bit-band region. For example, writing to an alias word will set or clear the corresponding bit in the bit-band region. This allows every individual bit in the bit-band region to be directly accessible from a word-aligned address. In particular, individual bits can be set, cleared, or toggled from C/C++ without performing a read-modify-write sequence of instructions. Though the bit-band is optional, it is less common to find a Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 microcontroller without it. Some Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M0+ microcontrollers have bit-band.
Memory Protection Unit (MPU): Provides support for protecting regions of memory through enforcing privilege and access rules. It supports up to sixteen different regions, each of which can be split further into equal-size sub-regions.
Tightly-Coupled Memory (TCM): Low-latency (zero wait state) SRAM that can be used to hold the call stack, RTOS control structures, interrupt data structures, interrupt handler code, and speed critical code. Other than CPU cache, TCM is the fastest memory in an ARM Cortex-M microcontroller. Since TCM isn't cached and accessible at the same speed as the processor and cache, it could be conceptually described as "addressable cache". There is an ITCM (Instruction TCM) and a DTCM (Data TCM) to allow a Harvard architecture processor to read from both simultaneously. The DTCM can't contain any instructions, but the ITCM can contain data. Since TCM is tightly connected to the processor core, DMA engines might not be able to access TCM on some implementations.
ARM Cortex-M optional components
ARM Core
CortexM0
CortexM0+
CortexM1
CortexM3
CortexM4
CortexM7
CortexM23
CortexM33
CortexM35P
CortexM52
CortexM55
CortexM85
SysTick 24-bit Timer
Optional(0,1)
Optional(0, 1)
Optional(0,1)
Yes(1)
Yes(1)
Yes(1)
Optional(0, 1, 2)
Yes(1, 2)
Yes(1, 2)
Yes(1, 2)
Yes(1, 2)
Yes(1, 2)
Single-cycle I/O port
No
Optional
No
No
No
No
Optional
No
No
No
No
No
Bit-Band memory
No
No
No*
Optional
Optional
Optional
No
No
No
No
No
No
Memory ProtectionUnit (MPU)
No
Optional(0, 8)
No
Optional(0,8)
Optional(0, 8)
Optional(0, 8, 16)
Optional(0, 4, 8, 12, 16)
Optional(0, 4, 8, 12, 16)
Optional(up to 16)*
Optional(0, 4, 8, 12, 16)
Optional(0, 4, 8, 12, 16)
Optional(0, 4, 8, 12, 16)
Security AttributionUnit (SAU) andStack Limits
No
No
No
No
No
No
Optional(0, 4, 8)
Optional(0, 4, 8)
Optional(up to 8)*
Optional(0, 4, 8)
Optional(0, 4, 8)
Optional(0, 4, 8)
Instruction Cache
No
No
No
No
No
Optional(up to 64 KB)
No
No
Optional(up to 16 KB)
Optional(up to 64 KB)
Optional(up to 64 KB)
Optional(up to 64 KB)
Data Cache
No
No
No
No
No
Optional(up to 64 KB)
No
No
No
Optional(up to 64 KB)
Optional(up to 64 KB)
Optional(up to 64 KB)
Instruction TCM(ITCM) Memory
No
No
Optional(up to 1 MB)
No
No
Optional(up to 16 MB)
No
No
No
Optional(up to 16 MB)
Optional(up to 16 MB)
Optional(up to 16 MB)
Data TCM(DTCM) Memory
No
No
Optional(up to 1 MB)
No
No
Optional(up to 16 MB)
No
No
No
Optional(up to 16 MB)
Optional(up to 16 MB)
Optional(up to 16 MB)
ECC for TCMand Cache
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Vector Table OffsetRegister (VTOR)
No
Optional(0,1)
Optional(0,1)
Optional(0,1)
Optional(0,1)
Optional(0,1)
Optional(0,1,2)
Yes(1,2)
Yes(1,2)
Yes(1,2)
Yes(1,2)
Yes(1,2)
Note: Most Cortex-M3 and M4 chips have bit-band and MPU. The bit-band option can be added to the M0/M0+ using the Cortex-M System Design Kit.
Note: Software should validate the existence of each feature before attempting to use it.
Note: Limited public information is available for the Cortex-M35P until its Technical Reference Manual is released.
Additional silicon options:
Data endianness: Little-endian or big-endian. Unlike legacy ARM cores, the Cortex-M is permanently fixed in silicon as one of these choices.
Interrupts: 1 to 32 (M0/M0+/M1), 1 to 240 (M3/M4/M7/M23), 1 to 480 (M33/M35P/M52/M55/M85).
Wake-up interrupt controller: Optional.
Vector Table Offset Register: Optional. (not available for M0).
Instruction fetch width: 16-bit only, or mostly 32-bit.
User/privilege support: Optional.
Reset all registers: Optional.
Single-cycle I/O port: Optional. (M0+/M23).
Debug Access Port (DAP): None, SWD, JTAG and SWD. (optional for all Cortex-M cores)
Halting debug support: Optional.
Number of watchpoint comparators: 0 to 2 (M0/M0+/M1), 0 to 4 (M3/M4/M7/M23/M33/M35P/M52/M55/M85).
Number of breakpoint comparators: 0 to 4 (M0/M0+/M1/M23), 0 to 8 (M3/M4/M7/M33/M35P/M52/M55/M85).
Instruction sets
See also: ARM architecture § Instruction set
The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 implement the ARMv6-M architecture, the Cortex-M3 implements the ARMv7-M architecture, the Cortex-M4 / Cortex-M7 implements the ARMv7E-M architecture, the Cortex-M23 / M33 / M35P implement the ARMv8-M architecture, and the Cortex-M52 / M55 / M85 implements the ARMv8.1-M architecture. The architectures are binary instruction upward compatible from ARMv6-M to ARMv7-M to ARMv7E-M. Binary instructions available for the Cortex-M0 / Cortex-M0+ / Cortex-M1 can execute without modification on the Cortex-M3 / Cortex-M4 / Cortex-M7. Binary instructions available for the Cortex-M3 can execute without modification on the Cortex-M4 / Cortex-M7 / Cortex-M33 / Cortex-M35P. Only Thumb-1 and Thumb-2 instruction sets are supported in Cortex-M architectures; the legacy 32-bit ARM instruction set isn't supported.
All Cortex-M cores implement a common subset of instructions that consists of most Thumb-1, some Thumb-2, including a 32-bit result multiply. The Cortex-M0 / Cortex-M0+ / Cortex-M1 / Cortex-M23 were designed to create the smallest silicon die, thus having the fewest instructions of the Cortex-M family.
The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 include Thumb-1 instructions, except new instructions (CBZ, CBNZ, IT) which were added in ARMv7-M architecture. The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 include a minor subset of Thumb-2 instructions (BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR). The Cortex-M3 / M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P have all base Thumb-1 and Thumb-2 instructions. The Cortex-M3 adds three Thumb-1 instructions, all Thumb-2 instructions, hardware integer divide, and saturation arithmetic instructions. The Cortex-M4 adds DSP instructions and an optional single-precision floating-point unit (VFPv4-SP). The Cortex-M7 adds an optional double-precision FPU (VFPv5). The Cortex-M23 / M33 / M35P / M52 / M55 / M85 add TrustZone instructions.
ARM Cortex-M instruction variations
Arm Core
CortexM0
CortexM0+
CortexM1
CortexM3
CortexM4
CortexM7
CortexM23
CortexM33
CortexM35P
CortexM52
CortexM55
CortexM85
ARM architecture
ARMv6-M
ARMv6-M
ARMv6-M
ARMv7-M
ARMv7E-M
ARMv7E-M
ARMv8-MBaseline
ARMv8-MMainline
ARMv8-MMainline
Armv8.1-MMainline
Armv8.1-MMainline
Armv8.1-MMainline
Computer architecture
VonNeumann
VonNeumann
VonNeumann
Harvard
Harvard
Harvard
VonNeumann
Harvard
Harvard
Harvard
Harvard
Harvard
Instruction pipeline
3 stages
2 stages
3 stages
3 stages
3 stages
6 stages
2 stages
3 stages
3 stages
4 stages
4-5 stages
7 stages
Interrupt latency(zero wait state memory)
16 cycles
15 cycles
23 for NMI,26 for IRQ
12 cycles
12 cycles
12 cycles,14 worstcase
15 cycles,24 secureto NS IRQ
12 cycles,21 secureto NS IRQ
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
Thumb-1 instructions
Most
Most
Most
Entire
Entire
Entire
Most
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Thumb-2 instructions
Some
Some
Some
Entire
Entire
Entire
Some
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Multiply instructions32×32 = 32-bit result
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Multiply instructions32×32 = 64-bit result
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Divide instructions32/32 = 32-bit quotient
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Saturated math instructions
No
No
No
Some
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
DSP instructions
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Optional
Optional
Yes
Yes
Yes
Half-Precision (HP)floating-point instructions
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Single-Precision (SP)floating-point instructions
No
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Double-Precision (DP)floating-point instructions
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Helium vector instructions
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
TrustZone security instructions
No
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Yes
Co-processor instructions
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
ARM Custom Instructions (ACI)
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Pointer Authentication and Branch TargetIdentification (PACBTI) instructions
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
No
Optional
Note: Interrupt latency cycle count assumes: 1) stack located in zero-wait state RAM, 2) another interrupt function not currently executing, 3) Security Extension option doesn't exist, because it adds additional cycles. The Cortex-M cores with a Harvard computer architecture have a shorter interrupt latency than Cortex-M cores with a Von Neumann computer architecture.
Note: The Cortex-M series includes three new 16-bit Thumb-1 instructions for sleep mode: SEV, WFE, WFI.
Note: The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 doesn't include these 16-bit Thumb-1 instructions: CBZ, CBNZ, IT.
Note: The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 only include these 32-bit Thumb-2 instructions: BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR.
Note: The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 / M23 only has 32-bit multiply instructions with a lower-32-bit result (32 bit × 32 bit = lower 32 bit), where as the Cortex-M3 / M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P includes additional 32-bit multiply instructions with 64-bit results (32 bit × 32 bit = 64 bit). The Cortex-M4 / M7 (optionally M33 / M35P) include DSP instructions for (16 bit × 16 bit = 32 bit), (32 bit × 16 bit = upper 32 bit), (32 bit × 32 bit = upper 32 bit) multiplications.
Note: The number of cycles to complete multiply and divide instructions vary across ARM Cortex-M core designs. Some cores have a silicon option for the choice of fast speed or small size (slow speed), so cores have the option of using less silicon with the downside of higher cycle count. An interrupt occurring during the execution of a divide instruction or slow-iterative multiply instruction will cause the processor to abandon the instruction, then restart it after the interrupt returns.
Multiply instructions "32-bit result" – Cortex-M0/M0+/M23 is 1 or 32 cycle silicon option, Cortex-M1 is 3 or 33 cycle silicon option, Cortex-M3/M4/M7/M33/M35P is 1 cycle.
Multiply instructions "64-bit result" – Cortex-M3 is 3–5 cycles (depending on values), Cortex-M4/M7/M33/M35P is 1 cycle.
Divide instructions – Cortex-M3/M4 is 2–12 cycles (depending on values), Cortex-M7 is 3–20 cycles (depending on values), Cortex-M23 is 17 or 34 cycle option, Cortex-M33 is 2–11 cycles (depending on values), Cortex-M35P is TBD.
Note: Some Cortex-M cores have silicon options for various types of floating point units (FPU). The Cortex-M55 / M85 has an option for half-precision (HP), the Cortex-M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P / M52 / M55 / M85 has an option for single-precision (SP), the Cortex-M7 / M52 / M55 / M85 has an option for double-precision (DP). When an FPU is included, the core is sometimes referred as "Cortex-MxF", where 'x' is the core variant, such as Cortex-M4F.
ARM Cortex-M instruction groups
Group
Instrbits
Instructions
CortexM0, M0+, M1
CortexM3
CortexM4
CortexM7
CortexM23
CortexM33
CortexM35P
CortexM52
CortexM55
CortexM85
Thumb-1
16
ADC, ADD, ADR, AND, ASR, B, BIC, BKPT, BLX, BX, CMN, CMP, CPS, EOR, LDM, LDR, LDRB, LDRH, LDRSB, LDRSH, LSL, LSR, MOV, MUL, MVN, NOP, ORR, POP, PUSH, REV, REV16, REVSH, ROR, RSB, SBC, SEV, STM, STR, STRB, STRH, SUB, SVC, SXTB, SXTH, TST, UXTB, UXTH, WFE, WFI, YIELD
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Thumb-1
16
CBNZ, CBZ
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Thumb-1
16
IT
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Thumb-2
32
BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Thumb-2
32
SDIV, UDIV, MOVT, MOVW, B.W, LDREX, LDREXB, LDREXH, STREX, STREXB, STREXH
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Thumb-2
32
ADC, ADD, ADR, AND, ASR, B, BFC, BFI, BIC, CDP, CLREX, CLZ, CMN, CMP, DBG, EOR, LDC, LDM, LDR, LDRB, LDRBT, LDRD, LDRH, LDRHT, LDRSB, LDRSBT, LDRSH, LDRSHT, LDRT, LSL, LSR, MCR, MCRR, MLA, MLS, MRC, MRRC, MUL, MVN, NOP, ORN, ORR, PLD, PLDW, PLI, POP, PUSH, RBIT, REV, REV16, REVSH, ROR, RRX, RSB, SBC, SBFX, SEV, SMLAL, SMULL, SSAT, STC, STM, STR, STRB, STRBT, STRD, STRH, STRHT, STRT, SUB, SXTB, SXTH, TBB, TBH, TEQ, TST, UBFX, UMLAL, UMULL, USAT, UXTB, UXTH, WFE, WFI, YIELD
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
DSP
32
PKH, QADD, QADD16, QADD8, QASX, QDADD, QDSUB, QSAX, QSUB, QSUB16, QSUB8, SADD16, SADD8, SASX, SEL, SHADD16, SHADD8, SHASX, SHSAX, SHSUB16, SHSUB8, SMLABB, SMLABT, SMLATB, SMLATT, SMLAD, SMLALBB, SMLALBT, SMLALTB, SMLALTT, SMLALD, SMLAWB, SMLAWT, SMLSD, SMLSLD, SMMLA, SMMLS, SMMUL, SMUAD, SMULBB, SMULBT, SMULTT, SMULTB, SMULWT, SMULWB, SMUSD, SSAT16, SSAX, SSUB16, SSUB8, SXTAB, SXTAB16, SXTAH, SXTB16, UADD16, UADD8, UASX, UHADD16, UHADD8, UHASX, UHSAX, UHSUB16, UHSUB8, UMAAL, UQADD16, UQADD8, UQASX, UQSAX, UQSUB16, UQSUB8, USAD8, USADA8, USAT16, USAX, USUB16, USUB8, UXTAB, UXTAB16, UXTAH, UXTB16
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Optional
Optional
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP Float
32
VABS, VADD, VCMP, VCMPE, VCVT, VCVTR, VDIV, VLDM, VLDR, VMLA, VMLS, VMOV, VMRS, VMSR, VMUL, VNEG, VNMLA, VNMLS, VNMUL, VPOP, VPUSH, VSQRT, VSTM, VSTR, VSUB
No
No
Optional
Optional
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
DP Float
32
VCVTA, VCVTM, VCVTN, VCVTP, VMAXNM, VMINNM, VRINTA, VRINTM, VRINTN, VRINTP, VRINTR, VRINTX, VRINTZ, VSEL
No
No
No
Optional
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Acquire/Release
32
LDA, LDAB, LDAH, LDAEX, LDAEXB, LDAEXH, STL, STLB, STLH, STLEX, STLEXB, STLEXH
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
TrustZone
16
BLXNS, BXNS
No
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Yes
32
SG, TT, TTT, TTA, TTAT
Co-processor
16
CDP, CDP2, MCR, MCR2, MCRR, MCRR2, MRC, MRC2, MRRC, MRRC2
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
ACI
32
CX1, CX1A, CX2, CX2A, CX3, CX3A, CX1D, CX1DA, CX2D, CX2DA, CX3D, CX3DA, VCX1, VCX1A, VCX2, VCX2A, VCX3, VCX3A
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
No
Optional
Optional
Optional
PACBTI
32
AUT, AUTG, BTI, BXAUT, PAC, PACBTI, PACG
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Optional
No
Optional
Note: MOVW is an alias that means 32-bit "wide" MOV instruction.
Note: B.W is a long-distance unconditional branch (similar in encoding, operation, and range to BL, minus setting of the LR register).
Note: For Cortex-M1, WFE / WFI / SEV instructions exist, but execute as a NOP instruction.
Note: The half-precision (HP) FPU instructions are valid in the Cortex-M52 / M55 / M85 only when the HP FPU option exists in the silicon.
Note: The single-precision (SP) FPU instructions are valid in the Cortex-M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P / M52 / M55 / M85 only when the SP FPU option exists in the silicon.
Note: The double-precision (DP) FPU instructions are valid in the Cortex-M7 / M52 / M55 / M85 only when the DP FPU option exists in the silicon.
Deprecations
The ARM architecture for ARM Cortex-M series removed some features from older legacy cores:
The 32-bit ARM instruction set is not included in Cortex-M cores.
Endianness is chosen at silicon implementation in Cortex-M cores. Legacy cores allowed "on-the-fly" changing of the data endian mode.
Co-processors were not supported on Cortex-M cores, until the silicon option was reintroduced in "ARMv8-M Mainline" for ARM Cortex-M33/M35P cores.
The capabilities of the 32-bit ARM instruction set is duplicated in many ways by the Thumb-1 and Thumb-2 instruction sets, but some ARM features don't have a similar feature:
The SWP and SWPB (swap) ARM instructions don't have a similar feature in Cortex-M.
The 16-bit Thumb-1 instruction set has evolved over time since it was first released in the legacy ARM7T cores with the ARMv4T architecture. New Thumb-1 instructions were added as each legacy ARMv5 / ARMv6 / ARMv6T2 architectures were released. Some 16-bit Thumb-1 instructions were removed from the Cortex-M cores:
The "BLX <immediate>" instruction doesn't exist because it was used to switch from Thumb-1 to ARM instruction set. The "BLX <register>" instruction is still available in the Cortex-M.
SETEND doesn't exist because on-the-fly switching of data endian mode is no longer supported.
Co-processor instructions were not supported on Cortex-M cores, until the silicon option was reintroduced in "ARMv8-M Mainline" for ARM Cortex-M33/M35P cores.
The SWI instruction was renamed to SVC, though the instruction binary coding is the same. However, the SVC handler code is different from the SWI handler code, because of changes to the exception models.
Cortex-M0
Cortex-M0Architecture and classificationInstruction setARMv6-M (Thumb-1 (most),Thumb-2 (some))
The Cortex-M0 core is optimized for small silicon die size and use in the lowest price chips.
Key features of the Cortex-M0 core are:
ARMv6-M architecture
3-stage pipeline
Instruction sets:
Thumb-1 (most), missing CBZ, CBNZ, IT
Thumb-2 (some), only BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR
32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit result
1 to 32 interrupts, plus NMI
Silicon options:
Hardware integer multiply speed: 1 or 32 cycles.
Chips
nRF51822
The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M0 core:
ABOV AC30M1x64
Cypress PSoC 4000, 4100, 4100M, 4200, 4200DS, 4200L, 4200M
Infineon XMC1100, XMC1200, XMC1300, XMC1400, TLE984x
Dialog DA1458x, DA1468x
Nordic nRF51
NXP LPC1100, LPC1200
Nuvoton NuMicro
Sonix SN32F700
ST STM32 F0
Toshiba TX00
Vorago VA10800 (extreme temperature), VA10820 (radiation hardened)
The following chips have a Cortex-M0 as a secondary core:
NXP LPC4300 (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0)
Texas Instruments SimpleLink Wireless MCUs CC1310 and CC2650 (one programmable Cortex-M3 + one Cortex-M0 network processor + one proprietary Sensor Controller Engine)
Cortex-M0+
Cortex-M0+Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv6-MInstruction setThumb-1 (most),Thumb-2 (some)
NXP (Freescale) FRDM-KL25Z Board with KL25Z128VLK (Kinetis L)
The Cortex-M0+ is an optimized superset of the Cortex-M0. The Cortex-M0+ has complete instruction set compatibility with the Cortex-M0 thus allowing the use of the same compiler and debug tools. The Cortex-M0+ pipeline was reduced from 3 to 2 stages, which lowers the power usage and increases performance (higher average IPC due to branches taking one fewer cycle). In addition to debug features in the existing Cortex-M0, a silicon option can be added to the Cortex-M0+ called the Micro Trace Buffer (MTB) which provides a simple instruction trace buffer. The Cortex-M0+ also received Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 features, which can be added as silicon options, such as the memory protection unit (MPU) and the vector table relocation.
Key features of the Cortex-M0+ core are:
ARMv6-M architecture
2-stage pipeline (one fewer than Cortex-M0)
Instruction sets: (same as Cortex-M0)
Thumb-1 (most), missing CBZ, CBNZ, IT
Thumb-2 (some), only BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR
32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit result
1 to 32 interrupts, plus NMI
Silicon options:
Hardware integer multiply speed: 1 or 32 cycles
8-region memory protection unit (MPU) (same as M3 and M4)
Vector table relocation (same as M3, M4)
Single-cycle I/O port (available in M0+/M23)
Micro Trace Buffer (MTB) (available in M0+/M23/M33/M35P)
Chips
The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M0+ core:
ABOV Semiconductor A31G11x, A31G12x, A31G314
Cypress PSoC 4000S, 4100S, 4100S+, 4100PS, 4700S, FM0+
Epson S1C31W74, S1C31D01, S1C31D50
Holtek HT32F52000
Microchip SAM C2, D0, D1, D2, DA, L2, R2, R3; and PIC32CM JH and MC
NXP LPC800, LPC11E60, LPC11U60
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis E, EA, L, M, V1, W0, S32K11x
Raspberry Pi RP2040 (two M0+ cores)
Renesas S124, S128, RE, RE01
Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Zero, Happy
ST STM32 L0, G0, C0, WL (one Cortex-M4 + one Cortex-M0+)
The following chips have a Cortex-M0+ as a secondary core:
Cypress PSoC 6200 (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0+)
ST WB (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0+)
The smallest ARM microcontrollers are of the Cortex-M0+ type (as of 2014, smallest at 1.6 mm by 2 mm in a chip-scale package is Kinetis KL03).
On 21 June 2018, the "world's smallest computer'", or computer device was announced – based on the ARM Cortex-M0+ (and including RAM and wireless transmitters and receivers based on photovoltaics) – by University of Michigan researchers at the 2018 Symposia on VLSI Technology and Circuits with the paper "A 0.04mm3 16nW Wireless and Batteryless Sensor System with Integrated Cortex-M0+ Processor and Optical Communication for Cellular Temperature Measurement." The device is one-tenth the size of IBM's previously claimed world-record-sized computer from months back in March 2018, which is smaller than a grain of salt.
Cortex-M1
Cortex-M1Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv6-MInstruction setThumb-1 (most),Thumb-2 (some)
The Cortex-M1 is an optimized core especially designed to be loaded into FPGA chips.
Key features of the Cortex-M1 core are:
ARMv6-M architecture
3-stage pipeline.
Instruction sets:
Thumb-1 (most), missing CBZ, CBNZ, IT.
Thumb-2 (some), only BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR.
32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit result.
1 to 32 interrupts, plus NMI.
Silicon options:
Hardware integer multiply speed: 3 or 33 cycles.
Optional Tightly-Coupled Memory (TCM): 0 to 1 MB instruction-TCM, 0 to 1 MB data-TCM, each with optional ECC.
External interrupts: 0, 1, 8, 16, 32.
Debug: none, reduced, full.
Data endianness: little-endian or BE-8 big-endian.
OS extension: present or absent.
Chips
The following vendors support the Cortex-M1 as soft-cores on their FPGA chips:
Altera Cyclone-II, Cyclone-III, Stratix-II, Stratix-III
GOWIN M1
Actel/Microsemi/Microchip Fusion, IGLOO/e, ProASIC3L, ProASIC3/E
Xilinx Spartan-3, Virtex-2, Virtex-3, Virtex-4, Artix-7
Cortex-M3
Cortex-M3Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv7-MInstruction setThumb-1, Thumb-2, Saturated (some), Divide
Arduino Due board with Atmel ATSAM3X8E (ARM Cortex-M3 core) microcontroller
NXP LPCXpresso Development Board with LPC1343
Key features of the Cortex-M3 core are:
ARMv7-M architecture
3-stage pipeline with branch speculation.
Instruction sets:
Thumb-1 (entire).
Thumb-2 (entire).
32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit or 64-bit result, signed or unsigned, add or subtract after the multiply. 32-bit multiply is 1 cycle, but 64-bit multiply and MAC instructions require extra cycles.
32-bit hardware integer divide (2–12 cycles).
saturation arithmetic support.
1 to 240 interrupts, plus NMI.
12 cycle interrupt latency.
Integrated sleep modes.
Silicon options:
Optional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 0 or 8 regions.
Chips
The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M3 core:
ABOV AC33Mx128, AC33Mx064
Actel/Microsemi/Microchip SmartFusion, SmartFusion 2 (FPGA)
Analog Devices ADUCM360, ADUCM361, ADUCM3029
Broadcom Wi-Fi Chip BCM4319XKUBG
Cypress PSoC 5000, 5000LP, FM3
Holtek HT32F
Infineon TLE9860, TLE987x
Microchip (Atmel) SAM 3A, 3N, 3S, 3U, 3X
NXP LPC1300, LPC1700, LPC1800
ON Q32M210
Realtek RTL8710
Silicon Labs Precision32
Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Tiny, Gecko, Leopard, Giant
ST STM32 F1, F2, L1, W
TDK-Micronas HVC4223F
Texas Instruments F28, LM3, TMS470, OMAP 4, SimpleLink Wireless MCUs (CC1310 Sub-GHz and CC2650 BLE+Zigbee+6LoWPAN)
Toshiba TX03
The following chips have a Cortex-M3 as a secondary core:
Apple A9 (Cortex-M3 as integrated M9 motion co-processor)
CSR Quatro 5300 (Cortex-M3 as co-processor)
Samsung Exynos 7420 (Cortex-M3 as a DVS microcontroller)
Texas Instruments F28, LM3, TMS470, OMAP 4470 (one Cortex-A9 + two Cortex-M3)
XMOS XS1-XA (seven xCORE + one Cortex-M3)
The following FPGAs include a Cortex-M3 core:
Microsemi SmartFusion2 SoC
The following vendors support the Cortex-M3 as soft-cores on their FPGA chips:
Altera Cyclone-II, Cyclone-III, Stratix-II, Stratix-III
Xilinx Spartan-3, Virtex-2, Virtex-3, Virtex-4, Artix-7
Cortex-M4
Cortex-M4Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv7E-MInstruction setThumb-1, Thumb-2,Saturated, DSP,Divide, FPU (SP)
Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) Wonder Gecko STK Board with EFM32WG990
TI Stellaris Launchpad Board with LM4F120
Conceptually the Cortex-M4 is a Cortex-M3 plus DSP instructions, and optional floating-point unit (FPU). A core with an FPU is known as Cortex-M4F.
Key features of the Cortex-M4 core are:
ARMv7E-M architecture
3-stage pipeline with branch speculation.
Instruction sets:
Thumb-1 (entire).
Thumb-2 (entire).
32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit or 64-bit result, signed or unsigned, add or subtract after the multiply. 32-bit Multiply and MAC are 1 cycle.
32-bit hardware integer divide (2–12 cycles).
Saturation arithmetic support.
DSP extension: Single cycle 16/32-bit MAC, single cycle dual 16-bit MAC, 8/16-bit SIMD arithmetic.
1 to 240 interrupts, plus NMI.
12 cycle interrupt latency.
Integrated sleep modes.
Silicon options:
Optional floating-point unit (FPU): single-precision only IEEE-754 compliant. It is called the FPv4-SP extension.
Optional memory protection unit (MPU): 0 or 8 regions.
Chips
nRF52833 on a micro bit v2
STM32F407IGH6
The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M4 core:
Analog Devices ADSP-CM40x
Microchip (Atmel) SAM 4L, 4N, 4S
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis K, W2
ST (STM32) WL (one Cortex-M4 + one Cortex-M0+)
Texas Instruments SimpleLink Wi-Fi CC32xx, CC32xxMOD
The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M4F (M4 + FPU) core:
Analog Devices ADUCM4050
Cypress 6200 (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0+), FM4
Infineon XMC4000
Maxim Darwin
Microchip (Atmel) SAM4C (Dual core: one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M4), SAM4E, SAM4L, SAM4N, SAM4S, SAMG5, SAMD5/E5x
Nordic nRF52
Nuvoton NuMicro M480
NXP LPC4000, LPC4300 (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0), LPC54000
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis K, V3, V4, S32K14x
Renesas S3, S5, S7, RA4, RA6
Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Wonder
ST STM32 F3, F4, L4, L4+, G4, WB (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0+)
Texas Instruments LM4F, TM4C, MSP432, CC13x2R, CC1352P, CC26x2R
Toshiba TX04
The following chips have either a Cortex-M4 or M4F as a secondary core:
NXP (Freescale) Vybrid VF6 (one Cortex-A5 + one Cortex-M4F)
NXP (Freescale) i.MX 6 SoloX (one Cortex-A9 + one Cortex-M4F)
NXP (Freescale) i.MX 7 Solo/Dual (one or two Cortex-A7 + one Cortex-M4F)
NXP (Freescale) i.MX 8 (two Cortex-A72 + four Cortex-A53 + two Cortex-M4F)
NXP (Freescale) i.MX 8M and 8M Mini (four Cortex-A53 + one Cortex-M4F)
NXP (Freescale) i.MX 8X (four Cortex-A35 + one Cortex-M4F)
ST STM32MP1 (one or two Cortex-A7 + one Cortex-M4)
Texas Instruments OMAP 5 (two Cortex-A15s + two Cortex-M4)
Texas Instruments Sitara AM5700 (one or two Cortex-A15s + two Cortex-M4s as image processing units + two Cortex-M4s as general purpose units)
Cortex-M7
Cortex-M7Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv7E-MInstruction setThumb-1, Thumb-2,Saturated, DSP,Divide, FPU (SP & DP)
Arduino GIGA R1 WiFi board with (dual core ARM Cortex-M7 + ARM Cortex-M4) STM32H747XIH6 microcontroller
The Cortex-M7 is a high-performance core with almost double the power efficiency of the older Cortex-M4. It features a 6-stage superscalar pipeline with branch prediction and an optional floating-point unit capable of single-precision and optionally double-precision operations. The instruction and data buses have been enlarged to 64-bit wide over the previous 32-bit buses. If a core contains an FPU, it is known as a Cortex-M7F, otherwise it is a Cortex-M7.
Key features of the Cortex-M7 core are:
ARMv7E-M architecture.
6-stage pipeline with branch speculation. Second-longest of all ARM Cortex-M cores, with the first being Cortex-M85.
Instruction sets:
Thumb-1 (entire).
Thumb-2 (entire).
32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit or 64-bit result, signed or unsigned, add or subtract after the multiply. 32-bit Multiply and MAC are 1 cycle.
32-bit hardware integer divide (2–12 cycles).
Saturation arithmetic support.
DSP extension: Single cycle 16/32-bit MAC, single cycle dual 16-bit MAC, 8/16-bit SIMD arithmetic.
1 to 240 interrupts, plus NMI.
12 cycle interrupt latency.
Integrated sleep modes.
Silicon options:
Optional floating-point unit (FPU): (single precision) or (single and double-precision), both IEEE-754-2008 compliant. It is called the FPv5 extension.
Optional CPU cache: 0 to 64 KB instruction-cache, 0 to 64 KB data-cache, each with optional ECC.
Optional Tightly-Coupled Memory (TCM): 0 to 16 MB instruction-TCM, 0 to 16 MB data-TCM, each with optional ECC.
Optional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 8 or 16 regions.
Optional Embedded Trace Macrocell (ETM): instruction-only, or instruction and data.
Optional Retention Mode (with Arm Power Management Kit) for Sleep Modes.
Optional dual-redundant lock-step operation.
Chips
The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M7 core:
Microchip (Atmel) SAM E7, S7, V7
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis KV5x, i.MX RT, S32K3xx
ST STM32 F7, H7
Cortex-M23
Cortex-M23Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv8-M BaselineInstruction setThumb-1 (most),Thumb-2 (some),Divide, TrustZone
The Cortex-M23 core was announced in October 2016 and based on the ARMv8-M architecture that was previously announced in November 2015. Conceptually the Cortex-M23 is similar to a Cortex-M0+ plus integer divide instructions and TrustZone security features, and also has a 2-stage instruction pipeline.
Key features of the Cortex-M23 core are:
ARMv8-M Baseline architecture.
2-stage pipeline. (similar to Cortex-M0+)
TrustZone security instructions.
32-bit hardware integer divide (17 or 34 cycles).(slower than divide in all other cores)
Stack limit boundaries. (available only with SAU option)
Silicon options:
Hardware integer multiply speed: 1 or 32 cycles.
Hardware integer divide speed: 17 or 34 cycles maximum. Depending on divisor, instruction may complete in fewer cycles.
Optional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 regions.
Optional Security Attribution Unit (SAU): 0, 4, 8 regions.
Single-cycle I/O port (available in M0+/M23).
Micro Trace Buffer (MTB)
Chips
The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M23 core:
GigaDevice GD32E2xx
Microchip SAM L10, L11, and PIC 32CM-LE 32CM-LS
Nuvoton M23xx family, M2xx family, NUC1262, M2L31
Renesas S1JA, RA2A1, RA2L1, RA2E1, RA2E2
Cortex-M33
Cortex-M33Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv8-M MainlineInstruction setThumb-1, Thumb-2,Saturated, DSP,Divide, FPU (SP),TrustZone, Co-processor
The Cortex-M33 core was announced in October 2016 and based on the ARMv8-M architecture that was previously announced in November 2015. Conceptually the Cortex-M33 is similar to a cross of Cortex-M4 and Cortex-M23, and also has a 3-stage instruction pipeline.
Key features of the Cortex-M33 core are:
ARMv8-M Mainline architecture.
3-stage pipeline.
TrustZone security instructions.
32-bit hardware integer divide (11 cycles maximum).
Stack limit boundaries. (available only with SAU option)
Silicon options:
Optional Floating-Point Unit (FPU): single-precision only IEEE-754 compliant. It is called the FPv5 extension.
Optional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 regions.
Optional Security Attribution Unit (SAU): 0, 4, 8 regions.
Micro Trace Buffer (MTB)
Chips
The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M33 core:
Analog Devices ADUCM4
Dialog DA1469x
GigaDevice GD32E5, GD32W5
Nordic nRF91, nRF5340, nRF54
NXP LPC5500, i.MX RT600, MCX N94x/54x (dual core)
ON RSL15
Renesas RA4, RA6
ST STM32 H5, L5, U5, WBA
Silicon Labs Wireless Gecko Series 2
The following chips have a Cortex-M33 or M33F as a secondary core:
Infineon PSoC Edge
Cortex-M35P
Cortex-M35PArchitecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv8-M MainlineInstruction setThumb-1, Thumb-2,Saturated, DSP,Divide, FPU (SP),TrustZone, Co-processor
The Cortex-M35P core was announced in May 2018 and based on the Armv8-M architecture. It is conceptually a Cortex-M33 core with a new instruction cache, plus new tamper-resistant hardware concepts borrowed from the ARM SecurCore family, and configurable parity and ECC features.
Currently, information about the Cortex-M35P is limited, because its Technical Reference Manual and Generic User Guide haven't been released yet.
Chips
The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M35P core:
STMicroelectronics ST33K
Cortex-M52
Cortex-M52Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv8.1-M Mainline HeliumInstruction setThumb-1, Thumb-2,Saturated, DSP,Divide, FPU (VFPv5),TrustZone, Coprocessor, MVE
The Cortex-M52 core was announced in November 2023 and based on the Armv8.1-M architecture. It has a 4 stage instruction pipeline.
Key features of the Cortex-M52 core include:
ARMv8.1-M Mainline/Helium architecture.
4-stage pipeline.
Stack limit boundaries (available only with SAU option).
Silicon options:
Helium (M-Profile Vector Extension, MVE)
Single-Precision and Double-Precision floating-point
Digital Signal Processing (DSP) extension support
TrustZone security extension support
Safety and reliability (RAS) support
Coprocessor support
Secure and Non-secure MPU with 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16 regions
SAU with 0, 4, or 8 regions
Instruction cache with size of up to 64 KB
Data cache with size of up to 64 KB
ECC on caches and TCMs
1–480 interrupts
3–8 exception priority bits
Internal and external WIC options, optional CTI, ITM, and DWT
ARM Custom Instructions
Chips
As of December 2023, no chips have been announced.
Cortex-M55
Cortex-M55Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv8.1-M Mainline HeliumInstruction setThumb-1, Thumb-2,Saturated, DSP,Divide, FPU (VFPv5),TrustZone, Coprocessor, MVE
The Cortex-M55 core was announced in February 2020 and based on the Armv8.1-M architecture. It has a 4 or 5 stage instruction pipeline.
Key features of the Cortex-M55 core include:
ARMv8.1-M Mainline/Helium architecture.
4-stage pipeline.
Stack limit boundaries (available only with SAU option).
Silicon options:
Helium (M-Profile Vector Extension, MVE)
Single-Precision and Double-Precision floating-point
Digital Signal Processing (DSP) extension support
TrustZone security extension support
Safety and reliability (RAS) support
Coprocessor support
Secure and Non-secure MPU with 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16 regions
SAU with 0, 4, or 8 regions
Instruction cache with size of 4 KB, 8 KB, 16 KB, 32 KB, 64 KB
Data cache with size of 4 KB, 8 KB, 16 KB, 32 KB, 64 KB
ECC on caches and TCMs
1–480 interrupts
3–8 exception priority bits
Internal and external WIC options, optional CTI, ITM, and DWT
ARM Custom Instructions
Chips
Alif Semiconductor Ensemble MCU families offer single or dual Cortex-M55 cores, each paired with Ethos-U55 NPUs
Infineon PSoC Edge
Cortex-M85
Cortex-M85Architecture and classificationMicroarchitectureARMv8.1-M Mainline HeliumInstruction setThumb-1, Thumb-2,Saturated, DSP,Divide, FPU (VFPv5),TrustZone, Coprocessor, MVE
The Cortex-M85 core was announced in April 2022 and based on the Armv8.1-M architecture. It has a 7-stage instruction pipeline.
Silicon options:
Optional CPU cache: 0 to 64 KB instruction-cache, 0 to 64 KB data-cache, each with optional ECC.
Optional Tightly-Coupled Memory (TCM): 0 to 16 MB instruction-TCM, 0 to 16 MB data-TCM, each with optional ECC.
Optional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 16 regions. Can have separate ones for secure and non-secure mode if TrustZone is implemented.
Up to 480 interrupts and NMI
3–8 exception priority bits
Optional dual-redundant lock-step operation.
Chips
Renesas RA8
Development tools
Main article: List of ARM Cortex-M development tools
Documentation
The documentation for ARM chips is extensive. In the past, 8-bit microcontroller documentation would typically fit in a single document, but as microcontrollers have evolved, so has everything required to support them. A documentation package for ARM chips typically consists of a collection of documents from the IC manufacturer as well as the CPU core vendor (ARM Limited).
A typical top-down documentation tree is:
Documentation tree (top to bottom)
IC manufacturer website.
IC manufacturer marketing slides.
IC manufacturer datasheet for the exact physical chip.
IC manufacturer reference manual that describes common peripherals and aspects of a physical chip family.
ARM core website.
ARM core generic user guide.
ARM core technical reference manual.
ARM architecture reference manual.
IC manufacturers have additional documents, such as: evaluation board user manuals, application notes, getting started guides, software library documents, errata, and more. See External links section for links to official Arm documents.
See also
Electronics portal
ARM architecture
List of ARM architectures and cores
Interrupt, Interrupt handler
Real-time operating system, Comparison of real-time operating systems
References
^ ARM Cortex-M website; ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M0 Home". ARM Limited.
^ "Cortex-M0+ Home". ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M1 Home". ARM Limited.
^ "Cortex-M3 Home". ARM Limited.
^ "Cortex-M4 Home". ARM Limited.
^ a b c "Cortex-M7 Home". ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M23 Home". ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M33 Home". ARM Limited.
^ a b c "Cortex-M35P Home". ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M52 Home". ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M55 Home". ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M85 Home". ARM Limited.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "ARMv6-M Architecture Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "ARMv7-M Architecture Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c d Cortex-M3 Embedded Software Development; App Note 179; ARM Limited.
^ a b c "Cortex-M0 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c d "Cortex-M0+ Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c "Cortex-M1 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c "Cortex-M3 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c "Cortex-M4 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c d "Cortex-M7 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c "Cortex-M23 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c "Cortex-M33 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M52 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M55 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b "Cortex-M85 Technical Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ a b c Cortex-M System Design Kit; ARM Limited.
^ a b c d e f g h i j ARM Cortex-M Programming Guide to Memory Barrier Instructions; Section 3.6 System implementation requirements; AppNote 321; ARM Limited.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "ARMv8-M Architecture Reference Manual". ARM Limited.
^ 32-bit PIC and SAM Microcontrollers; Microchip.
^ Fingas, Jon (25 February 2014). "Freescale makes the world's smallest ARM controller chip even tinier". Retrieved 2 October 2014.
^ GOWIN Semiconductor joins ARM DesignStart offering free ARM Cortex-M1 Processors for its FPGA product families
^ Cortex-M1 DesignStart FPGA XilinxEdition; ARM Limited.
^ Sadasivan, Shyam. "An Introduction to the ARM Cortex-M3 Processor" (PDF). ARM Limited. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2014.
^ "Samsung Exynos 7420 Deep Dive - Inside a Modern 14nm SoC". AnandTech. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
^ Cortex-M3 DesignStart FPGA XilinxEdition
^ "ARM Supercharges MCU Market with High Performance Cortex-M7 Processor". ARM Limited (Press release). September 24, 2014.
^ a b c d New ARM Cortex-M processors offer the next industry standard for secure IoT; ARM Limited; October 25, 2016.
^ a b ARMv8-M Architecture Simplifies Security for Smart Embedded Devices; ARM Limited; November 10, 2015.
Further reading
Designer's Guide to the Cortex-M Processor Family; 3rd Ed; Trevor Martin; 648 pages; 2022; ISBN 978-0323854948.
Definitive Guide to the ARM Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M0+ Processors; 2nd Ed; Joseph Yiu; 784 pages; 2015; ISBN 978-0128032770.
Definitive Guide to the ARM Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 Processors; 3rd Ed; Joseph Yiu; 864 pages; 2013; ISBN 978-0124080829.
Definitive Guide to the ARM Cortex-M23 and Cortex-M33 Processors; 1st Ed; Joseph Yiu; 928 pages; 2020; ISBN 978-0128207352.
Microcontrollers with C: Cortex-M and Beyond; 1st Ed; Klaus Elk; 227 pages; 2023; ISBN 979-8862003437.
Embedded Systems with ARM Cortex-M Microcontrollers in Assembly Language and C; 4th Ed; Yifeng Zhu; 730 pages; 2023; ISBN 978-0982692677.
ARM Assembly for Embedded Applications; 5th Ed; Daniel Lewis; 379 pages; 2019; ISBN 978-1092542234.
Assembly Language Programming: ARM Cortex-M3; 1st Ed; Vincent Mahout; 256 pages; 2012; ISBN 978-1848213296.
Digital Signal Processing and Applications Using the ARM Cortex-M4; 1st Ed; Donald Reay; 320 pages; 2015; ISBN 978-1118859049.
Hands-On RTOS with Microcontrollers; 1st Ed; Brian Amos; 496 pages; 2020; ISBN 978-1838826734.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ARM Cortex-M.
ARM Cortex-M official documents
ARM Cortex-M official website
Cortex-M for Beginners arm.com
ARMv8-M Security Extensions arm.com
Cortex Microcontroller Software Interface Standard (CMSIS) arm.com
ARMcore
Bitwidth
ARMwebsite
ARM genericuser guide
ARM technicalreference manual
ARM architecturereference manual
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Quick reference cards
Instructions: Thumb-1 (1), ARM and Thumb-2 (2), Vector Floating-Point (3) arm.com
Opcodes: Thumb-1 (1, 2), ARM (3, 4), GNU Assembler Directives (5).
Migrating
Migrating from 8051 to Cortex-M3 – arm.com
Migrating from PIC to Cortex-M3 – arm.com
Migrating from ARM7TDMI to Cortex-M3 – arm.com
Migrating from Cortex-M4 to Cortex-M7 – keil.com
Other
Bit Banding on STM32 Cortex-M microcontrollers
vteEmbedded ARM-based chips
ARM Holdings
ARM architecture family
List of ARM cores
ARM Cortex-A
ARM Cortex-R
ARM Cortex-M
List of ARM Cortex-M development tools
EmbeddedmicrocontrollersCortex-M0
Cypress PSoC 4000, 4100, 4100M, 4200, 4200DS, 4200L, 4200M
Infineon XMC1000
Nordic nRF51
NXP LPC1100, LPC1200
nuvoTon NuMicro
Sonix SN32F700
STMicroelectronics STM32 F0
Toshiba TX00
Vorago VA108x0
Cortex-M0+
Cypress PSoC 4000S, 4100S, 4100S+, 4100PS, 4700S, FM0+
Holtek HT32F52000
Microchip (Atmel) SAM C2, D0, D1, D2, DA, L2, R2, R3
NXP LPC800, LPC11E60, LPC11U60
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis E, EA, L, M, V1, W0
Raspberry Pi RP2040
Renesas Synergy S1
Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Zero, Happy
STMicroelectronics STM32 L0
Cortex-M1
Altera FPGAs Cyclone-II, Cyclone-III, Stratix-II, Stratix-III
Microsemi (Actel) FPGAs Fusion, IGLOO/e, ProASIC3L, ProASIC3/E
Xilinx FPGAs Spartan-3, Virtex-2-3-4
Cortex-M3
Actel SmartFusion, SmartFusion 2
Analog Devices ADuCM300
Cypress PSoC 5000, 5000LP, FM3
Fujitsu FM3
Holtek HT32F
Microchip (Atmel) SAM 3A, 3N, 3S, 3U, 3X
NXP LPC1300, LPC1700, LPC1800
ON Semiconductor Q32M210
Silicon Labs Precision32
Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Tiny, Gecko, Leopard, Giant
STMicroelectronics STM32 F1, F2, L1
Texas Instruments F28, LM3, TMS470, OMAP 4
Toshiba TX03
Cortex-M4
Microchip (Atmel) SAM 4L, 4N, 4S
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis K, W2
Renesas RA4W1, RA6M1, RA6M2, RA6M3, RA6T1
Cortex-M4F
Cypress 6200, FM4
Infineon XMC4000
Microchip (Atmel) SAM 4C, 4E, D5, E5, G5
Microchip CEC1302
Nordic nRF52
NXP LPC4000, LPC4300
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis K, V3, V4
Renesas Synergy S3, S5, S7
Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Wonder
STMicroelectronics STM32 F3, F4, L4, L4+, WB
Texas Instruments LM4F/TM4C, MSP432
Toshiba TX04
Cortex-M7F
Microchip (Atmel) SAM E7, S7, V7
NXP (Freescale) Kinetis KV5x, i.MX RT 10xx, i.MX RT 11xx, S32K3xx
STMicroelectronics STM32 F7, H7
Cortex-M23
GigaDevice CD32E2xx
Microchip (Atmel) SAM L10, L11, and PIC 32CM-LE 32CM-LS
Nuvoton M23xx family, M2xx family, NUC1262, M2L31
Renesas S1JA, RA2A1, RA2L1, RA2E1, RA2E2
Cortex-M33F
Analog Devices ADUCM4
Dialog DA1469x
GigaDevice GD32E5, GD32W5
Nordic nRF91, nRF5340, nRF54
NXP LPC5500, i.MX RT600
ON RSL15
Renesas RA4, RA6
ST STM32 H5, L5, U5, WBA
Silicon Labs Wireless Gecko Series 2
Cortex-M35P
STMicroelectronics ST33K
Cortex-M55F
Alif Semiconductor Ensemble
Infineon PSoC Edge
Cortex-M85F
Renesas RA8
Real-timemicroprocessorsCortex-R4F
Texas Instruments RM4, TMS570
Renesas RZ/T1
Cortex-R5F
Scaleo OLEA
Texas Instruments RM57, AM2
Xilinx Versal, ZynqMP, ZynqRF
Cortex-R7F
Renesas RZ/G2E, RZ/G2H, RZ/G2M, RZ/G2N
Cortex-R52F
NXP S32Z, S32E
Renesas RZ/N2L, RZ/T2L, RZ/T2M
Cortex-R52+F
STMicroelectronics Stellar G, Stellar P
vteClassic ARM-based chips
ARM Holdings
ARM architecture family
List of ARM cores
ARM Cortex-A
ARM Cortex-R
ARM Cortex-M
List of ARM Cortex-M development tools
ClassicprocessorsARM7
Atmel SAM7L, SAM7S, SAM7SE, SAM7X, SAM7XC, AT91CAP7, AT91M, AT91R
Cirrus Logic PS7xxx, EP7xxx
Mediatek MT62xx
NXP LPC2100, LPC2200, LPC2300, LPC2400, LH7
STMicroelectronics STR7
ARM9
Aspeed AST2400
Atmel SAM9G, SAM9M, SAM9N, SAM9R, SAM9X, SAM9XE, SAM926x, AT91CAP9
Cirrus Logic EP9xxx
Freescale i.MX1x, i.MX2x
Nuvoton NUC900
NXP LPC2900, LPC3000, LH7A
Philips Nexperia PNX4008
Rockchip RK27xx, RK28xx
Samsung S3C24xx
STMicroelectronics Nomadik STn881x
STMicroelectronics STR9
Texas Instruments OMAP 1, AM1x, DaVinci
VIA WonderMedia WM8505/8650
ZiiLABS ZMS-05
ARM11
Broadcom BCM2835
Cavium CNS3xxx
Freescale i.MX3x
Infotmic IMAPX210/220
Mindspeed Comcerto 1000
Nvidia Tegra APX, 6xx
Qualcomm MSM7000, Snapdragon S1
Samsung S3C64xx, S5P64xx
ST-NXP Wireless Nomadik STn882x
Telechips TCC8902
Texas Instruments OMAP 2
VIA WonderMedia WM87x0
ARMv2acompatible
Amber (open FPGA core)
ARMv4compatible
Faraday FA526, FA626
DEC/Intel StrongARM
ARMv5TEcompatible
Intel/Marvell XScale
Marvell Sheeva, Feroceon, Jolteon, Mohawk
Faraday FA606TE, FA616TE, FA626TE, FA726TE
vteMicrocontrollersMain
Single-board microcontroller
Special function register
Architectures
68000
8051
ARC
ARM
AVR
MIPS
MPS430
PIC
RISC-V
x86
Word length4-bit
Am2900
COP400
MARC4
PPS-4
S1C6x
TLCS-47
TMS1000
μCOM-4
8-bit
6800
68HC05
68HC08
68HC11
S08
RS08
6502
65C134
65C265
MELPS 740
78K
8048
8051
XC800
AVR
COP8
H8
PIC10/12/16/17/18
ST6/ST7
STM8
Z8
Z80
eZ80
Rabbit 2000
TLCS-870
16-bit
65C816
68HC12/16
80186
C166
CR16/C
H8S
MSP430
PIC24/dsPIC
R8C
RL78
TLCS-900
Z8000
32-bit
Am29000
ARC
ARM Cortex-M
EFM32
LPC
SAM
STM32
XMC
ARM Cortex-R
AVR32
CRX
FR
FR-V
H8SX
M32R
MN103
68000
ColdFire
PIC32
PowerPC
MPC5xx
Propeller
SuperH
TLCS-900
TriCore
V850
RX
Xtensa
Z80000
64-bit
ARC
ARM Cortex-R
PowerPC64
InterfacesProgramming
In-circuit serial programming (ICSP)
In-system programming (ISP)
Program and Debug Interface (PDI)
High-voltage serial programming (HVSP)
High voltage parallel programming (HVPP)
Bootloader
ROM
aWire
Debugging
Nexus (standard)
Joint Test Action Group (JTAG)
debugWIRE (Atmel)
In-circuit debugging (ICD)
In-circuit emulator (ICE)
In-target probe (ITP)
Lists
List of common microcontrollers
By manufacturer
Intel
NXP/Freescale
Infineon
Renesas Electronics
List of Wi-Fi microcontrollers
See also
Embedded system
Programmable logic controller
List of microprocessors
vteProgrammable logicConcepts
ASIC
SoC
FPGA
Logic block
CPLD
EPLD
PLA
PAL
GAL
PSoC
Reconfigurable computing
Xputer
Soft microprocessor
Circuit underutilization
High-level synthesis
Hardware acceleration
Languages
Verilog
A
AMS
VHDL
AMS
VITAL
SystemVerilog
DPI
SystemC
AHDL
Handel-C
Lola
PSL
UPF
PALASM
ABEL
CUPL
OpenVera
C to HDL
Flow to HDL
MyHDL
ELLA
Chisel
Companies
Accellera
Achronix
AMD
Aldec
Arm
Cadence
Infineon
Intel
Lattice
Microchip Technology
NXP
Siemens
Synopsys
Texas Instruments
ProductsHardware
iCE
Stratix
Virtex
Software
Intel Quartus Prime
Xilinx ISE
Vivado
ModelSim
VTR
Simulators
IntellectualpropertyProprietary
ARC
ARM Cortex-M
LEON
LatticeMico8
MicroBlaze
PicoBlaze
Nios
Nios II
Open-source
JOP
LatticeMico32
OpenCores
OpenRISC
1200
Power ISA
Libre-SOC
Microwatt
RISC-V
Zet
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bit-banging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-banging"},{"link_name":"Bit-slicing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-slicing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ARM_Cortex-M0_and_M3_ICs_in_SMD_Packages.jpg"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Energy Micro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Micro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STM32F100C4T6B-HD.jpg"},{"link_name":"Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"microcontroller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller"},{"link_name":"KB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte"},{"link_name":"flash memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory"},{"link_name":"STMicroelectronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"32-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bit"},{"link_name":"RISC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer"},{"link_name":"ARM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"ARM Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_(company)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"microcontroller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M0-Home-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M0+-Home-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M1-Home-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M3-Home-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M4-Home-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M7-Home-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M23-Home-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M33-Home-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M35P-Home-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M52-Home-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M55-Home-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M85-Home-13"},{"link_name":"floating-point unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_unit"}],"text":"\"Bit-banding\" redirects here. For the direct port bit software access method, see Bit-banging. For the construction of processors from n-bit-wide modules, see Bit-slicing.ARM Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M3 microcontroller ICs from NXP and Silicon Labs (Energy Micro)Die from a STM32F100C4T6B IC.24 MHz ARM Cortex-M3 microcontroller with 16 KB flash memory, 4 KB RAM. Manufactured by STMicroelectronics.The ARM Cortex-M is a group of 32-bit RISC ARM processor cores licensed by ARM Limited. These cores are optimized for low-cost and energy-efficient integrated circuits, which have been embedded in tens of billions of consumer devices.[1] Though they are most often the main component of microcontroller chips, sometimes they are embedded inside other types of chips too. The Cortex-M family consists of Cortex-M0,[2] Cortex-M0+,[3] Cortex-M1,[4] Cortex-M3,[5] Cortex-M4,[6] Cortex-M7,[7] Cortex-M23,[8] Cortex-M33,[9] Cortex-M35P,[10] Cortex-M52,[11] Cortex-M55,[12] Cortex-M85.[13] A floating-point unit (FPU) option is available for Cortex-M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P / M52 / M55 / M85 cores, and when included in the silicon these cores are sometimes known as \"Cortex-MxF\", where 'x' is the core variant.","title":"ARM Cortex-M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARM architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"List of ARM cores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ARM_cores"},{"link_name":"microcontrollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller"},{"link_name":"ASICs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIC"},{"link_name":"ASSPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_standard_product"},{"link_name":"FPGAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA"},{"link_name":"SoCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chip"},{"link_name":"Cortex-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A"},{"link_name":"memory management unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_unit"},{"link_name":"virtual memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systems"},{"link_name":"bare metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare_metal"},{"link_name":"real-time operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_operating_system"},{"link_name":"support a Cortex-M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_real-time_operating_systems"},{"link_name":"ARM7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM7"},{"link_name":"ARM9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM9"}],"text":"See also: ARM architecture and List of ARM coresThe ARM Cortex-M family are ARM microprocessor cores that are designed for use in microcontrollers, ASICs, ASSPs, FPGAs, and SoCs. Cortex-M cores are commonly used as dedicated microcontroller chips, but also are \"hidden\" inside of SoC chips as power management controllers, I/O controllers, system controllers, touch screen controllers, smart battery controllers, and sensor controllers.The main difference from Cortex-A cores is that Cortex-M cores have no memory management unit (MMU) for virtual memory, considered essential for \"full-fledged\" operating systems. Cortex-M programs instead run bare metal or on one of the many real-time operating systems which support a Cortex-M.Though 8-bit microcontrollers were very popular in the past, Cortex-M has slowly been chipping away at the 8-bit market as the prices of low-end Cortex-M chips have moved downward. Cortex-M have become a popular replacements for 8-bit chips in applications that benefit from 32-bit math operations, and replacing older legacy ARM cores such as ARM7 and ARM9.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARM Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_(company)"},{"link_name":"silicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon"}],"sub_title":"License","text":"ARM Limited neither manufactures nor sells CPU devices based on its own designs, but rather licenses the processor architecture to interested parties. Arm offers a variety of licensing terms, varying in cost and deliverables. To all licensees, Arm provides an integratable hardware description of the ARM core, as well as complete software development toolset and the right to sell manufactured silicon containing the ARM CPU.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"synthesizable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_synthesis"},{"link_name":"RTL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_transfer_level"},{"link_name":"Verilog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verilog"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AppNote179-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AppNote179-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AppNote179-16"},{"link_name":"wait state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wait_state"},{"link_name":"SRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"call stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_stack"},{"link_name":"interrupt handler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_handler"},{"link_name":"CPU cache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache"},{"link_name":"Harvard architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_architecture"},{"link_name":"DMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_memory_access"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cortex-M-SDK-28"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AppNote179-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"SWD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Wire_Debug"},{"link_name":"JTAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTAG"}],"sub_title":"Silicon customization","text":"Integrated Device Manufacturers (IDM) receive the ARM Processor IP as synthesizable RTL (written in Verilog). In this form, they have the ability to perform architectural level optimizations and extensions. This allows the manufacturer to achieve custom design goals, such as higher clock speed, very low power consumption, instruction set extensions (including floating point), optimizations for size, debug support, etc. To determine which components have been included in a particular ARM CPU chip, consult the manufacturer datasheet and related documentation.Some of the silicon options for the Cortex-M cores are:SysTick timer: A 24-bit system timer that extends the functionality of both the processor and the Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller (NVIC). When present, it also provides an additional configurable priority SysTick interrupt.[14][15][16] Though the SysTick timer is optional for the M0/M0+/M1/M23, it is extremely rare to find a Cortex-M microcontroller without it. If a Cortex-M33/M35P/M52/M55/M85 microcontroller has the Security Extension option, then it optionally can have two SysTicks (one Secure, one Non-secure).\nBit-Band: Maps a complete word of memory onto a single bit in the bit-band region. For example, writing to an alias word will set or clear the corresponding bit in the bit-band region. This allows every individual bit in the bit-band region to be directly accessible from a word-aligned address. In particular, individual bits can be set, cleared, or toggled from C/C++ without performing a read-modify-write sequence of instructions.[14][15][16] Though the bit-band is optional, it is less common to find a Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 microcontroller without it. Some Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M0+ microcontrollers have bit-band.\nMemory Protection Unit (MPU): Provides support for protecting regions of memory through enforcing privilege and access rules. It supports up to sixteen different regions, each of which can be split further into equal-size sub-regions.[14][15][16]\nTightly-Coupled Memory (TCM): Low-latency (zero wait state) SRAM that can be used to hold the call stack, RTOS control structures, interrupt data structures, interrupt handler code, and speed critical code. Other than CPU cache, TCM is the fastest memory in an ARM Cortex-M microcontroller. Since TCM isn't cached and accessible at the same speed as the processor and cache, it could be conceptually described as \"addressable cache\". There is an ITCM (Instruction TCM) and a DTCM (Data TCM) to allow a Harvard architecture processor to read from both simultaneously. The DTCM can't contain any instructions, but the ITCM can contain data. Since TCM is tightly connected to the processor core, DMA engines might not be able to access TCM on some implementations.Note: Most Cortex-M3 and M4 chips have bit-band and MPU. The bit-band option can be added to the M0/M0+ using the Cortex-M System Design Kit.[28]\nNote: Software should validate the existence of each feature before attempting to use it.[16]\nNote: Limited public information is available for the Cortex-M35P until its Technical Reference Manual is released.Additional silicon options:[14][15]Data endianness: Little-endian or big-endian. Unlike legacy ARM cores, the Cortex-M is permanently fixed in silicon as one of these choices.\nInterrupts: 1 to 32 (M0/M0+/M1), 1 to 240 (M3/M4/M7/M23), 1 to 480 (M33/M35P/M52/M55/M85).\nWake-up interrupt controller: Optional.\nVector Table Offset Register: Optional. (not available for M0).\nInstruction fetch width: 16-bit only, or mostly 32-bit.\nUser/privilege support: Optional.\nReset all registers: Optional.\nSingle-cycle I/O port: Optional. (M0+/M23).\nDebug Access Port (DAP): None, SWD, JTAG and SWD. (optional for all Cortex-M cores)\nHalting debug support: Optional.\nNumber of watchpoint comparators: 0 to 2 (M0/M0+/M1), 0 to 4 (M3/M4/M7/M23/M33/M35P/M52/M55/M85).\nNumber of breakpoint comparators: 0 to 4 (M0/M0+/M1/M23), 0 to 8 (M3/M4/M7/M33/M35P/M52/M55/M85).","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARM architecture § Instruction set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture#Instruction_set"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv8-M-Manual-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv8-M-Manual-30"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"saturation arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"DSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor"},{"link_name":"floating-point unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_unit"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M7-TRM-22"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"TrustZone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrustZone"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"half-precision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-precision_floating-point_format"},{"link_name":"single-precision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format"},{"link_name":"double-precision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"}],"sub_title":"Instruction sets","text":"See also: ARM architecture § Instruction setThe Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 implement the ARMv6-M architecture,[14] the Cortex-M3 implements the ARMv7-M architecture,[15] the Cortex-M4 / Cortex-M7 implements the ARMv7E-M architecture,[15] the Cortex-M23 / M33 / M35P implement the ARMv8-M architecture,[30] and the Cortex-M52 / M55 / M85 implements the ARMv8.1-M architecture.[30] The architectures are binary instruction upward compatible from ARMv6-M to ARMv7-M to ARMv7E-M. Binary instructions available for the Cortex-M0 / Cortex-M0+ / Cortex-M1 can execute without modification on the Cortex-M3 / Cortex-M4 / Cortex-M7. Binary instructions available for the Cortex-M3 can execute without modification on the Cortex-M4 / Cortex-M7 / Cortex-M33 / Cortex-M35P.[14][15] Only Thumb-1 and Thumb-2 instruction sets are supported in Cortex-M architectures; the legacy 32-bit ARM instruction set isn't supported.All Cortex-M cores implement a common subset of instructions that consists of most Thumb-1, some Thumb-2, including a 32-bit result multiply. The Cortex-M0 / Cortex-M0+ / Cortex-M1 / Cortex-M23 were designed to create the smallest silicon die, thus having the fewest instructions of the Cortex-M family.The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 include Thumb-1 instructions, except new instructions (CBZ, CBNZ, IT) which were added in ARMv7-M architecture. The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 include a minor subset of Thumb-2 instructions (BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR).[14] The Cortex-M3 / M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P have all base Thumb-1 and Thumb-2 instructions. The Cortex-M3 adds three Thumb-1 instructions, all Thumb-2 instructions, hardware integer divide, and saturation arithmetic instructions. The Cortex-M4 adds DSP instructions and an optional single-precision floating-point unit (VFPv4-SP). The Cortex-M7 adds an optional double-precision FPU (VFPv5).[22][15] The Cortex-M23 / M33 / M35P / M52 / M55 / M85 add TrustZone instructions.Note: Interrupt latency cycle count assumes: 1) stack located in zero-wait state RAM, 2) another interrupt function not currently executing, 3) Security Extension option doesn't exist, because it adds additional cycles. The Cortex-M cores with a Harvard computer architecture have a shorter interrupt latency than Cortex-M cores with a Von Neumann computer architecture.\nNote: The Cortex-M series includes three new 16-bit Thumb-1 instructions for sleep mode: SEV, WFE, WFI.\nNote: The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 doesn't include these 16-bit Thumb-1 instructions: CBZ, CBNZ, IT.[14][15]\nNote: The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 only include these 32-bit Thumb-2 instructions: BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR.[14][15]\nNote: The Cortex-M0 / M0+ / M1 / M23 only has 32-bit multiply instructions with a lower-32-bit result (32 bit × 32 bit = lower 32 bit), where as the Cortex-M3 / M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P includes additional 32-bit multiply instructions with 64-bit results (32 bit × 32 bit = 64 bit). The Cortex-M4 / M7 (optionally M33 / M35P) include DSP instructions for (16 bit × 16 bit = 32 bit), (32 bit × 16 bit = upper 32 bit), (32 bit × 32 bit = upper 32 bit) multiplications.[14][15]\nNote: The number of cycles to complete multiply and divide instructions vary across ARM Cortex-M core designs. Some cores have a silicon option for the choice of fast speed or small size (slow speed), so cores have the option of using less silicon with the downside of higher cycle count. An interrupt occurring during the execution of a divide instruction or slow-iterative multiply instruction will cause the processor to abandon the instruction, then restart it after the interrupt returns.\nMultiply instructions \"32-bit result\" – Cortex-M0/M0+/M23 is 1 or 32 cycle silicon option, Cortex-M1 is 3 or 33 cycle silicon option, Cortex-M3/M4/M7/M33/M35P is 1 cycle.\nMultiply instructions \"64-bit result\" – Cortex-M3 is 3–5 cycles (depending on values), Cortex-M4/M7/M33/M35P is 1 cycle.\nDivide instructions – Cortex-M3/M4 is 2–12 cycles (depending on values), Cortex-M7 is 3–20 cycles (depending on values), Cortex-M23 is 17 or 34 cycle option, Cortex-M33 is 2–11 cycles (depending on values), Cortex-M35P is TBD.\nNote: Some Cortex-M cores have silicon options for various types of floating point units (FPU). The Cortex-M55 / M85 has an option for half-precision (HP), the Cortex-M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P / M52 / M55 / M85 has an option for single-precision (SP), the Cortex-M7 / M52 / M55 / M85 has an option for double-precision (DP). When an FPU is included, the core is sometimes referred as \"Cortex-MxF\", where 'x' is the core variant, such as Cortex-M4F.[14][15]Note: MOVW is an alias that means 32-bit \"wide\" MOV instruction.\nNote: B.W is a long-distance unconditional branch (similar in encoding, operation, and range to BL, minus setting of the LR register).\nNote: For Cortex-M1, WFE / WFI / SEV instructions exist, but execute as a NOP instruction.\nNote: The half-precision (HP) FPU instructions are valid in the Cortex-M52 / M55 / M85 only when the HP FPU option exists in the silicon.\nNote: The single-precision (SP) FPU instructions are valid in the Cortex-M4 / M7 / M33 / M35P / M52 / M55 / M85 only when the SP FPU option exists in the silicon.\nNote: The double-precision (DP) FPU instructions are valid in the Cortex-M7 / M52 / M55 / M85 only when the DP FPU option exists in the silicon.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"endian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness"},{"link_name":"Co-processors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprocessor"},{"link_name":"ARM7T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM7"}],"sub_title":"Deprecations","text":"The ARM architecture for ARM Cortex-M series removed some features from older legacy cores:[14][15]The 32-bit ARM instruction set is not included in Cortex-M cores.\nEndianness is chosen at silicon implementation in Cortex-M cores. Legacy cores allowed \"on-the-fly\" changing of the data endian mode.\nCo-processors were not supported on Cortex-M cores, until the silicon option was reintroduced in \"ARMv8-M Mainline\" for ARM Cortex-M33/M35P cores.The capabilities of the 32-bit ARM instruction set is duplicated in many ways by the Thumb-1 and Thumb-2 instruction sets, but some ARM features don't have a similar feature:The SWP and SWPB (swap) ARM instructions don't have a similar feature in Cortex-M.The 16-bit Thumb-1 instruction set has evolved over time since it was first released in the legacy ARM7T cores with the ARMv4T architecture. New Thumb-1 instructions were added as each legacy ARMv5 / ARMv6 / ARMv6T2 architectures were released. Some 16-bit Thumb-1 instructions were removed from the Cortex-M cores:The \"BLX <immediate>\" instruction doesn't exist because it was used to switch from Thumb-1 to ARM instruction set. The \"BLX <register>\" instruction is still available in the Cortex-M.\nSETEND doesn't exist because on-the-fly switching of data endian mode is no longer supported.\nCo-processor instructions were not supported on Cortex-M cores, until the silicon option was reintroduced in \"ARMv8-M Mainline\" for ARM Cortex-M33/M35P cores.\nThe SWI instruction was renamed to SVC, though the instruction binary coding is the same. However, the SVC handler code is different from the SWI handler code, because of changes to the exception models.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M0-Home-2"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M0-TRM-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)"},{"link_name":"interrupts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt"},{"link_name":"NMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt"}],"text":"The Cortex-M0 core is optimized for small silicon die size and use in the lowest price chips.[2]Key features of the Cortex-M0 core are:[17]ARMv6-M architecture[14]\n3-stage pipeline\nInstruction sets:\nThumb-1 (most), missing CBZ, CBNZ, IT\nThumb-2 (some), only BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR\n32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit result\n1 to 32 interrupts, plus NMISilicon options:Hardware integer multiply speed: 1 or 32 cycles.","title":"Cortex-M0"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M2_Health_Bracelet_-_controller_board_-_Nordic_N51822-0627.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"Infineon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infineon_Technologies"},{"link_name":"XMC1100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infineon_XMC"},{"link_name":"Dialog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialog_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"Nordic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"nRF51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRF51"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"LPC1100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPC1100"},{"link_name":"LPC1200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPC1200"},{"link_name":"Nuvoton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuvoton"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"STM32 F0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32#STM32_F0"},{"link_name":"Toshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"LPC4300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPC4300"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"nRF51822The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M0 core:ABOV AC30M1x64\nCypress PSoC 4000, 4100, 4100M, 4200, 4200DS, 4200L, 4200M\nInfineon XMC1100, XMC1200, XMC1300, XMC1400, TLE984x\nDialog DA1458x, DA1468x\nNordic nRF51\nNXP LPC1100, LPC1200\nNuvoton NuMicro\nSonix SN32F700\nST STM32 F0\nToshiba TX00\nVorago VA10800 (extreme temperature), VA10820 (radiation hardened)The following chips have a Cortex-M0 as a secondary core:NXP LPC4300 (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0)\nTexas Instruments SimpleLink Wireless MCUs CC1310 and CC2650 (one programmable Cortex-M3 + one Cortex-M0 network processor + one proprietary Sensor Controller Engine)","title":"Cortex-M0"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freescale_FRDM-KL25Z_board_with_KL25Z128VLK_(ARM_Cortex-M0%2B_MCU).JPG"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"memory protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_protection"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M0+-TRM-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M0+-TRM-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)"},{"link_name":"interrupts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt"},{"link_name":"NMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt"}],"text":"NXP (Freescale) FRDM-KL25Z Board with KL25Z128VLK (Kinetis L)The Cortex-M0+ is an optimized superset of the Cortex-M0. The Cortex-M0+ has complete instruction set compatibility with the Cortex-M0 thus allowing the use of the same compiler and debug tools. The Cortex-M0+ pipeline was reduced from 3 to 2 stages, which lowers the power usage and increases performance (higher average IPC due to branches taking one fewer cycle). In addition to debug features in the existing Cortex-M0, a silicon option can be added to the Cortex-M0+ called the Micro Trace Buffer (MTB) which provides a simple instruction trace buffer. The Cortex-M0+ also received Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 features, which can be added as silicon options, such as the memory protection unit (MPU) and the vector table relocation.[18]Key features of the Cortex-M0+ core are:[18]ARMv6-M architecture[14]\n2-stage pipeline (one fewer than Cortex-M0)\nInstruction sets: (same as Cortex-M0)\nThumb-1 (most), missing CBZ, CBNZ, IT\nThumb-2 (some), only BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR\n32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit result\n1 to 32 interrupts, plus NMISilicon options:Hardware integer multiply speed: 1 or 32 cycles\n8-region memory protection unit (MPU) (same as M3 and M4)\nVector table relocation (same as M3, M4)\nSingle-cycle I/O port (available in M0+/M23)\nMicro Trace Buffer (MTB) (available in M0+/M23/M33/M35P)","title":"Cortex-M0+"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"Epson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson"},{"link_name":"Holtek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtek"},{"link_name":"Microchip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_Technology"},{"link_name":"SAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_ARM-based_processors"},{"link_name":"PIC32CM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontrollers"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"LPC800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPC800"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"Raspberry Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_Foundation"},{"link_name":"RP2040","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040"},{"link_name":"Renesas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesas_Electronics"},{"link_name":"Silicon Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Labs"},{"link_name":"Energy Micro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Micro"},{"link_name":"EFM32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFM32"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"STM32 L0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32#STM32_L0"},{"link_name":"G0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32#STM32_G0"},{"link_name":"C0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32#STM32_C0"},{"link_name":"WL (one Cortex-M4 + one Cortex-M0+)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32#STM32_WL"},{"link_name":"Cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"chip-scale package","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip-scale_package"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"world's smallest computer'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller#Smallest_computer"},{"link_name":"wireless transmitters and receivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networking"},{"link_name":"photovoltaics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M0+ core:ABOV Semiconductor A31G11x, A31G12x, A31G314\nCypress PSoC 4000S, 4100S, 4100S+, 4100PS, 4700S, FM0+\nEpson S1C31W74, S1C31D01, S1C31D50\nHoltek HT32F52000\nMicrochip SAM C2, D0, D1, D2, DA, L2, R2, R3; and PIC32CM JH and MC[31]\nNXP LPC800, LPC11E60, LPC11U60\nNXP (Freescale) Kinetis E, EA, L, M, V1, W0, S32K11x\nRaspberry Pi RP2040 (two M0+ cores)\nRenesas S124, S128, RE, RE01\nSilicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Zero, Happy\nST STM32 L0, G0, C0, WL (one Cortex-M4 + one Cortex-M0+)The following chips have a Cortex-M0+ as a secondary core:Cypress PSoC 6200 (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0+)\nST WB (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0+)The smallest ARM microcontrollers are of the Cortex-M0+ type (as of 2014, smallest at 1.6 mm by 2 mm in a chip-scale package is Kinetis KL03).[32]On 21 June 2018, the \"world's smallest computer'\", or computer device was announced – based on the ARM Cortex-M0+ (and including RAM and wireless transmitters and receivers based on photovoltaics) – by University of Michigan researchers at the 2018 Symposia on VLSI Technology and Circuits with the paper \"A 0.04mm3 16nW Wireless and Batteryless Sensor System with Integrated Cortex-M0+ Processor and Optical Communication for Cellular Temperature Measurement.\" The device is one-tenth the size of IBM's previously claimed world-record-sized computer from months back in March 2018, which is smaller than a grain of salt.","title":"Cortex-M0+"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FPGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M1-Home-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M1-TRM-19"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv6-M-Manual-14"},{"link_name":"pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)"},{"link_name":"interrupts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt"},{"link_name":"NMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt"}],"text":"The Cortex-M1 is an optimized core especially designed to be loaded into FPGA chips.[4]Key features of the Cortex-M1 core are:[19]ARMv6-M architecture[14]\n3-stage pipeline.\nInstruction sets:\nThumb-1 (most), missing CBZ, CBNZ, IT.\nThumb-2 (some), only BL, DMB, DSB, ISB, MRS, MSR.\n32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit result.\n1 to 32 interrupts, plus NMI.Silicon options:Hardware integer multiply speed: 3 or 33 cycles.\nOptional Tightly-Coupled Memory (TCM): 0 to 1 MB instruction-TCM, 0 to 1 MB data-TCM, each with optional ECC.\nExternal interrupts: 0, 1, 8, 16, 32.\nDebug: none, reduced, full.\nData endianness: little-endian or BE-8 big-endian.\nOS extension: present or absent.","title":"Cortex-M1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Altera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altera"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Actel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actel"},{"link_name":"Microsemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsemi"},{"link_name":"Microchip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_Technology"},{"link_name":"Xilinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xilinx"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"The following vendors support the Cortex-M1 as soft-cores on their FPGA chips:Altera Cyclone-II, Cyclone-III, Stratix-II, Stratix-III\nGOWIN M1 [33]\nActel/Microsemi/Microchip Fusion, IGLOO/e, ProASIC3L, ProASIC3/E\nXilinx Spartan-3, Virtex-2, Virtex-3, Virtex-4, Artix-7[34]","title":"Cortex-M1"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ArduinoDue_Front.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arduino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino"},{"link_name":"ARM Cortex-M3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-M3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LPCXpresso_DevelopmentBoard_with_NXP_LPC1343_(ARM_Cortex-M3)_MCU.jpg"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M3-TRM-20"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)"},{"link_name":"branch speculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_predictor"},{"link_name":"saturation arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"interrupts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt"},{"link_name":"NMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt"}],"text":"Arduino Due board with Atmel ATSAM3X8E (ARM Cortex-M3 core) microcontrollerNXP LPCXpresso Development Board with LPC1343Key features of the Cortex-M3 core are:[20][35]ARMv7-M architecture[15]\n3-stage pipeline with branch speculation.\nInstruction sets:\nThumb-1 (entire).\nThumb-2 (entire).\n32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit or 64-bit result, signed or unsigned, add or subtract after the multiply. 32-bit multiply is 1 cycle, but 64-bit multiply and MAC instructions require extra cycles.\n32-bit hardware integer divide (2–12 cycles).\nsaturation arithmetic support.\n1 to 240 interrupts, plus NMI.\n12 cycle interrupt latency.\nIntegrated sleep modes.Silicon options:Optional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 0 or 8 regions.","title":"Cortex-M3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Actel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actel"},{"link_name":"Microsemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsemi"},{"link_name":"Microchip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_Technology"},{"link_name":"SmartFusion, SmartFusion 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actel_SmartFusion"},{"link_name":"Analog Devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Devices"},{"link_name":"Broadcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcom_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"PSoC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSoC"},{"link_name":"Holtek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtek"},{"link_name":"Infineon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infineon_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Microchip (Atmel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel"},{"link_name":"SAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_ARM-based_processors"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"LPC1300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPC1300"},{"link_name":"LPC1700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPC1700"},{"link_name":"LPC1800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPC1800"},{"link_name":"ON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ON_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"Realtek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realtek"},{"link_name":"Silicon Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Labs"},{"link_name":"Silicon Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Labs"},{"link_name":"Energy Micro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Micro"},{"link_name":"EFM32 Tiny, Gecko, Leopard, Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFM32"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"STM32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32"},{"link_name":"OMAP 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMAP#OMAP_4"},{"link_name":"BLE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth_Smart"},{"link_name":"Zigbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigbee"},{"link_name":"6LoWPAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6LoWPAN"},{"link_name":"Toshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba"},{"link_name":"Apple A9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_A9"},{"link_name":"M9 motion co-processor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_motion_coprocessors"},{"link_name":"CSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSR_plc"},{"link_name":"Samsung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung"},{"link_name":"Exynos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exynos"},{"link_name":"DVS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_voltage_scaling"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"OMAP 4470","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMAP#OMAP_4"},{"link_name":"Cortex-A9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A9_MPCore"},{"link_name":"XMOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMOS"},{"link_name":"Microsemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsemi"},{"link_name":"Altera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altera"},{"link_name":"Xilinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xilinx"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M3 core:ABOV AC33Mx128, AC33Mx064\nActel/Microsemi/Microchip SmartFusion, SmartFusion 2 (FPGA)\nAnalog Devices ADUCM360, ADUCM361, ADUCM3029\nBroadcom Wi-Fi Chip BCM4319XKUBG\nCypress PSoC 5000, 5000LP, FM3\nHoltek HT32F\nInfineon TLE9860, TLE987x\nMicrochip (Atmel) SAM 3A, 3N, 3S, 3U, 3X\nNXP LPC1300, LPC1700, LPC1800\nON Q32M210\nRealtek RTL8710\nSilicon Labs Precision32\nSilicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Tiny, Gecko, Leopard, Giant\nST STM32 F1, F2, L1, W\nTDK-Micronas HVC4223F\nTexas Instruments F28, LM3, TMS470, OMAP 4, SimpleLink Wireless MCUs (CC1310 Sub-GHz and CC2650 BLE+Zigbee+6LoWPAN)\nToshiba TX03The following chips have a Cortex-M3 as a secondary core:Apple A9 (Cortex-M3 as integrated M9 motion co-processor)\nCSR Quatro 5300 (Cortex-M3 as co-processor)\nSamsung Exynos 7420 (Cortex-M3 as a DVS microcontroller)[36]\nTexas Instruments F28, LM3, TMS470, OMAP 4470 (one Cortex-A9 + two Cortex-M3)\nXMOS XS1-XA (seven xCORE + one Cortex-M3)The following FPGAs include a Cortex-M3 core:Microsemi SmartFusion2 SoCThe following vendors support the Cortex-M3 as soft-cores on their FPGA chips:Altera Cyclone-II, Cyclone-III, Stratix-II, Stratix-III\nXilinx Spartan-3, Virtex-2, Virtex-3, Virtex-4, Artix-7[37]","title":"Cortex-M3"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Energy_Micro_Woder_Gecko_STK_showing_EFM32WG990F256_(ARM_Cortex-M4F)_MCU.JPG"},{"link_name":"Energy Micro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Micro"},{"link_name":"EFM32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFM32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TI_Stellaris_Launchpad_showing_LM4F120H_(ARM_Cortex-M4F)_MCU.JPG"},{"link_name":"TI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"DSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M4-TRM-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv7-M-Manual-15"},{"link_name":"pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)"},{"link_name":"branch speculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_predictor"},{"link_name":"Saturation arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"MAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiply%E2%80%93accumulate_operation"},{"link_name":"SIMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMD"},{"link_name":"interrupts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt"},{"link_name":"NMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt"},{"link_name":"IEEE-754","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE-754"}],"text":"Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) Wonder Gecko STK Board with EFM32WG990TI Stellaris Launchpad Board with LM4F120Conceptually the Cortex-M4 is a Cortex-M3 plus DSP instructions, and optional floating-point unit (FPU). A core with an FPU is known as Cortex-M4F.Key features of the Cortex-M4 core are:[21]ARMv7E-M architecture[15]\n3-stage pipeline with branch speculation.\nInstruction sets:\nThumb-1 (entire).\nThumb-2 (entire).\n32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit or 64-bit result, signed or unsigned, add or subtract after the multiply. 32-bit Multiply and MAC are 1 cycle.\n32-bit hardware integer divide (2–12 cycles).\nSaturation arithmetic support.\nDSP extension: Single cycle 16/32-bit MAC, single cycle dual 16-bit MAC, 8/16-bit SIMD arithmetic.\n1 to 240 interrupts, plus NMI.\n12 cycle interrupt latency.\nIntegrated sleep modes.Silicon options:Optional floating-point unit (FPU): single-precision only IEEE-754 compliant. It is called the FPv4-SP extension.\nOptional memory protection unit (MPU): 0 or 8 regions.","title":"Cortex-M4"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Micro-bit_v2_(cropped)_nRF52833.JPG"},{"link_name":"micro bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro:bit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embedded_World_2016,_M32F407_(cropped)_STM_M32F407IG.jpg"},{"link_name":"Analog Devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Devices"},{"link_name":"Microchip (Atmel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel"},{"link_name":"SAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_ARM-based_processors"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"STM32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"},{"link_name":"FPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_unit"},{"link_name":"Analog Devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Devices"},{"link_name":"Cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"Infineon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infineon"},{"link_name":"XMC4000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infineon_XMC4000"},{"link_name":"Maxim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Integrated"},{"link_name":"Microchip (Atmel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel"},{"link_name":"Nordic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"Nuvoton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuvoton"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"LPC4000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPC4000"},{"link_name":"LPC4300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPC4300"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"Renesas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesas_Electronics"},{"link_name":"Silicon Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Labs"},{"link_name":"Energy Micro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Micro"},{"link_name":"EFM32 Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFM32"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"STM32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"MSP432","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_MSP432"},{"link_name":"Toshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"Vybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vybrid_Series"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"i.MX 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.MX"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"i.MX 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.MX"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"i.MX 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.MX#i.MX_8_series"},{"link_name":"Cortex-A72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex-A72"},{"link_name":"Cortex-A53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex-A53"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"i.MX 8M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.MX#i.MX_8_series"},{"link_name":"Cortex-A53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex-A53"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale"},{"link_name":"i.MX 8X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.MX#i.MX_8_series"},{"link_name":"Cortex-A35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex-A35"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"Cortex-A7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex-A7"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"OMAP 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMAP#OMAP_5"},{"link_name":"Cortex-A15s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A15"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"Sitara AM5700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitara_ARM_Processor"},{"link_name":"Cortex-A15s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A15"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"nRF52833 on a micro bit v2STM32F407IGH6The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M4 core:Analog Devices ADSP-CM40x\nMicrochip (Atmel) SAM 4L, 4N, 4S\nNXP (Freescale) Kinetis K, W2\nST (STM32) WL (one Cortex-M4 + one Cortex-M0+)\nTexas Instruments SimpleLink Wi-Fi CC32xx, CC32xxMODThe following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M4F (M4 + FPU) core:Analog Devices ADUCM4050\nCypress 6200 (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0+), FM4\nInfineon XMC4000\nMaxim Darwin\nMicrochip (Atmel) SAM4C (Dual core: one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M4), SAM4E, SAM4L, SAM4N, SAM4S, SAMG5, SAMD5/E5x\nNordic nRF52\nNuvoton NuMicro M480\nNXP LPC4000, LPC4300 (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0), LPC54000\nNXP (Freescale) Kinetis K, V3, V4, S32K14x\nRenesas S3, S5, S7, RA4, RA6\nSilicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Wonder\nST STM32 F3, F4, L4, L4+, G4, WB (one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0+)\nTexas Instruments LM4F, TM4C, MSP432, CC13x2R, CC1352P, CC26x2R\nToshiba TX04The following chips have either a Cortex-M4 or M4F as a secondary core:NXP (Freescale) Vybrid VF6 (one Cortex-A5 + one Cortex-M4F)\nNXP (Freescale) i.MX 6 SoloX (one Cortex-A9 + one Cortex-M4F)\nNXP (Freescale) i.MX 7 Solo/Dual (one or two Cortex-A7 + one Cortex-M4F)\nNXP (Freescale) i.MX 8 (two Cortex-A72 + four Cortex-A53 + two Cortex-M4F)\nNXP (Freescale) i.MX 8M and 8M Mini (four Cortex-A53 + one Cortex-M4F)\nNXP (Freescale) i.MX 8X (four Cortex-A35 + one Cortex-M4F)\nST STM32MP1 (one or two Cortex-A7 + one Cortex-M4)\nTexas Instruments OMAP 5 (two Cortex-A15s + two Cortex-M4)\nTexas Instruments Sitara AM5700 (one or two Cortex-A15s + two Cortex-M4s as image processing units + two Cortex-M4s as general purpose units)","title":"Cortex-M4"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arduino_Giga_R1_WiFi.png"},{"link_name":"STM32H747XIH6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.st.com/en/microcontrollers-microprocessors/stm32h747xi.html"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M7-Home-7"},{"link_name":"superscalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalar"},{"link_name":"branch prediction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_predictor"},{"link_name":"double-precision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M7-Home-7"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M7-PressRelease-38"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M7-TRM-22"},{"link_name":"pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)"},{"link_name":"branch speculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_predictor"},{"link_name":"Saturation arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"MAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiply%E2%80%93accumulate_operation"},{"link_name":"SIMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMD"},{"link_name":"interrupts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt"},{"link_name":"NMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt"},{"link_name":"CPU cache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache"},{"link_name":"ECC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECC_memory"},{"link_name":"dual-redundant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_modular_redundancy"},{"link_name":"lock-step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockstep_(computing)"}],"text":"Arduino GIGA R1 WiFi board with (dual core ARM Cortex-M7 + ARM Cortex-M4) STM32H747XIH6 microcontrollerThe Cortex-M7 is a high-performance core with almost double the power efficiency of the older Cortex-M4.[7] It features a 6-stage superscalar pipeline with branch prediction and an optional floating-point unit capable of single-precision and optionally double-precision operations.[7][38] The instruction and data buses have been enlarged to 64-bit wide over the previous 32-bit buses. If a core contains an FPU, it is known as a Cortex-M7F, otherwise it is a Cortex-M7.Key features of the Cortex-M7 core are:[22]ARMv7E-M architecture.\n6-stage pipeline with branch speculation. Second-longest of all ARM Cortex-M cores, with the first being Cortex-M85.\nInstruction sets:\nThumb-1 (entire).\nThumb-2 (entire).\n32-bit hardware integer multiply with 32-bit or 64-bit result, signed or unsigned, add or subtract after the multiply. 32-bit Multiply and MAC are 1 cycle.\n32-bit hardware integer divide (2–12 cycles).\nSaturation arithmetic support.\nDSP extension: Single cycle 16/32-bit MAC, single cycle dual 16-bit MAC, 8/16-bit SIMD arithmetic.\n1 to 240 interrupts, plus NMI.\n12 cycle interrupt latency.\nIntegrated sleep modes.Silicon options:Optional floating-point unit (FPU): (single precision) or (single and double-precision), both IEEE-754-2008 compliant. It is called the FPv5 extension.\nOptional CPU cache: 0 to 64 KB instruction-cache, 0 to 64 KB data-cache, each with optional ECC.\nOptional Tightly-Coupled Memory (TCM): 0 to 16 MB instruction-TCM, 0 to 16 MB data-TCM, each with optional ECC.\nOptional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 8 or 16 regions.\nOptional Embedded Trace Macrocell (ETM): instruction-only, or instruction and data.\nOptional Retention Mode (with Arm Power Management Kit) for Sleep Modes.\nOptional dual-redundant lock-step operation.","title":"Cortex-M7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_ARM-based_processors"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Freescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"STM32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M7 core:Microchip (Atmel) SAM E7, S7, V7\nNXP (Freescale) Kinetis KV5x, i.MX RT, S32K3xx\nST STM32 F7, H7","title":"Cortex-M7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cortex-M23-M33-PR-39"},{"link_name":"ARMv8-M architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture#Armv8-R_and_Armv8-M"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv8-M-PR-40"},{"link_name":"instruction pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_pipeline"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M23-Home-8"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M23-TRM-23"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cortex-M23-M33-PR-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv8-M-Manual-30"},{"link_name":"TrustZone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrustZone"}],"text":"The Cortex-M23 core was announced in October 2016[39] and based on the ARMv8-M architecture that was previously announced in November 2015.[40] Conceptually the Cortex-M23 is similar to a Cortex-M0+ plus integer divide instructions and TrustZone security features, and also has a 2-stage instruction pipeline.[8]Key features of the Cortex-M23 core are:[23][39]ARMv8-M Baseline architecture.[30]\n2-stage pipeline. (similar to Cortex-M0+)\nTrustZone security instructions.\n32-bit hardware integer divide (17 or 34 cycles).(slower than divide in all other cores)\nStack limit boundaries. (available only with SAU option)Silicon options:Hardware integer multiply speed: 1 or 32 cycles.\nHardware integer divide speed: 17 or 34 cycles maximum. Depending on divisor, instruction may complete in fewer cycles.\nOptional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 regions.\nOptional Security Attribution Unit (SAU): 0, 4, 8 regions.\nSingle-cycle I/O port (available in M0+/M23).\nMicro Trace Buffer (MTB)","title":"Cortex-M23"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GigaDevice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaDevice"},{"link_name":"Microchip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_Technology"},{"link_name":"Nuvoton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuvoton"},{"link_name":"Renesas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesas_Electronics"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M23 core:GigaDevice GD32E2xx\nMicrochip SAM L10, L11, and PIC 32CM-LE 32CM-LS\nNuvoton M23xx family, M2xx family, NUC1262, M2L31\nRenesas S1JA, RA2A1, RA2L1, RA2E1, RA2E2","title":"Cortex-M23"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cortex-M23-M33-PR-39"},{"link_name":"ARMv8-M architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv8-M-PR-40"},{"link_name":"instruction pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_pipeline"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M33-Home-9"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M33-TRM-24"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cortex-M23-M33-PR-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv8-M-Manual-30"},{"link_name":"TrustZone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrustZone"},{"link_name":"IEEE-754","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE-754"}],"text":"The Cortex-M33 core was announced in October 2016[39] and based on the ARMv8-M architecture that was previously announced in November 2015.[40] Conceptually the Cortex-M33 is similar to a cross of Cortex-M4 and Cortex-M23, and also has a 3-stage instruction pipeline.[9]Key features of the Cortex-M33 core are:[24][39]ARMv8-M Mainline architecture.[30]\n3-stage pipeline.\nTrustZone security instructions.\n32-bit hardware integer divide (11 cycles maximum).\nStack limit boundaries. (available only with SAU option)Silicon options:Optional Floating-Point Unit (FPU): single-precision only IEEE-754 compliant. It is called the FPv5 extension.\nOptional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 regions.\nOptional Security Attribution Unit (SAU): 0, 4, 8 regions.\nMicro Trace Buffer (MTB)","title":"Cortex-M33"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Analog Devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Devices"},{"link_name":"Dialog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialog_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"GigaDevice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaDevice"},{"link_name":"Nordic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"NXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"ON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ON_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"Renesas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesas_Electronics"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"},{"link_name":"STM32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STM32"},{"link_name":"Silicon Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Labs"},{"link_name":"Infineon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infineon_Technologies"},{"link_name":"PSoC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSoC"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M33 core:Analog Devices ADUCM4\nDialog DA1469x\nGigaDevice GD32E5, GD32W5\nNordic nRF91, nRF5340, nRF54\nNXP LPC5500, i.MX RT600, MCX N94x/54x (dual core)\nON RSL15\nRenesas RA4, RA6\nST STM32 H5, L5, U5, WBA\nSilicon Labs Wireless Gecko Series 2The following chips have a Cortex-M33 or M33F as a secondary core:Infineon PSoC Edge","title":"Cortex-M33"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armv8-M architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M35P-Home-10"}],"text":"The Cortex-M35P core was announced in May 2018 and based on the Armv8-M architecture. It is conceptually a Cortex-M33 core with a new instruction cache, plus new tamper-resistant hardware concepts borrowed from the ARM SecurCore family, and configurable parity and ECC features.[10]Currently, information about the Cortex-M35P is limited, because its Technical Reference Manual and Generic User Guide haven't been released yet.","title":"Cortex-M35P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"STMicroelectronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M35P core:STMicroelectronics ST33K","title":"Cortex-M35P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armv8.1-M architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M52-Home-11"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv8-M-Manual-30"},{"link_name":"TrustZone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrustZone"}],"text":"The Cortex-M52 core was announced in November 2023 and based on the Armv8.1-M architecture. It has a 4 stage instruction pipeline.[11]Key features of the Cortex-M52 core include:ARMv8.1-M Mainline/Helium architecture.[30]\n4-stage pipeline.\nStack limit boundaries (available only with SAU option).Silicon options:Helium (M-Profile Vector Extension, MVE)\nSingle-Precision and Double-Precision floating-point\nDigital Signal Processing (DSP) extension support\nTrustZone security extension support\nSafety and reliability (RAS) support\nCoprocessor support\nSecure and Non-secure MPU with 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16 regions\nSAU with 0, 4, or 8 regions\nInstruction cache with size of up to 64 KB\nData cache with size of up to 64 KB\nECC on caches and TCMs\n1–480 interrupts\n3–8 exception priority bits\nInternal and external WIC options, optional CTI, ITM, and DWT\nARM Custom Instructions","title":"Cortex-M52"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"As of December 2023, no chips have been announced.","title":"Cortex-M52"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armv8.1-M architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M55-Home-12"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARMv8-M-Manual-30"},{"link_name":"TrustZone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrustZone"}],"text":"The Cortex-M55 core was announced in February 2020 and based on the Armv8.1-M architecture. It has a 4 or 5 stage instruction pipeline.[12]Key features of the Cortex-M55 core include:ARMv8.1-M Mainline/Helium architecture.[30]\n4-stage pipeline.\nStack limit boundaries (available only with SAU option).Silicon options:Helium (M-Profile Vector Extension, MVE)\nSingle-Precision and Double-Precision floating-point\nDigital Signal Processing (DSP) extension support\nTrustZone security extension support\nSafety and reliability (RAS) support\nCoprocessor support\nSecure and Non-secure MPU with 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16 regions\nSAU with 0, 4, or 8 regions\nInstruction cache with size of 4 KB, 8 KB, 16 KB, 32 KB, 64 KB\nData cache with size of 4 KB, 8 KB, 16 KB, 32 KB, 64 KB\nECC on caches and TCMs\n1–480 interrupts\n3–8 exception priority bits\nInternal and external WIC options, optional CTI, ITM, and DWT\nARM Custom Instructions","title":"Cortex-M55"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alif Semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//alifsemi.com/products/"},{"link_name":"Infineon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infineon_Technologies"},{"link_name":"PSoC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSoC"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"Alif Semiconductor Ensemble MCU families offer single or dual Cortex-M55 cores, each paired with Ethos-U55 NPUs\nInfineon PSoC Edge","title":"Cortex-M55"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armv8.1-M architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M85-Home-13"},{"link_name":"CPU cache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache"},{"link_name":"ECC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECC_memory"},{"link_name":"TrustZone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrustZone"},{"link_name":"dual-redundant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_modular_redundancy"},{"link_name":"lock-step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockstep_(computing)"}],"text":"The Cortex-M85 core was announced in April 2022 and based on the Armv8.1-M architecture. It has a 7-stage instruction pipeline.[13]Silicon options:Optional CPU cache: 0 to 64 KB instruction-cache, 0 to 64 KB data-cache, each with optional ECC.\nOptional Tightly-Coupled Memory (TCM): 0 to 16 MB instruction-TCM, 0 to 16 MB data-TCM, each with optional ECC.\nOptional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 16 regions. Can have separate ones for secure and non-secure mode if TrustZone is implemented.\nUp to 480 interrupts and NMI\n3–8 exception priority bits\nOptional dual-redundant lock-step operation.","title":"Cortex-M85"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renesas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesas_Electronics"}],"sub_title":"Chips","text":"Renesas RA8","title":"Cortex-M85"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARM Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_(company)"},{"link_name":"External links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#External_links"}],"text":"The documentation for ARM chips is extensive. In the past, 8-bit microcontroller documentation would typically fit in a single document, but as microcontrollers have evolved, so has everything required to support them. A documentation package for ARM chips typically consists of a collection of documents from the IC manufacturer as well as the CPU core vendor (ARM Limited).A typical top-down documentation tree is:Documentation tree (top to bottom)IC manufacturer website.\nIC manufacturer marketing slides.\nIC manufacturer datasheet for the exact physical chip.\nIC manufacturer reference manual that describes common peripherals and aspects of a physical chip family.\nARM core website.\nARM core generic user guide.\nARM core technical reference manual.\nARM architecture reference manual.IC manufacturers have additional documents, such as: evaluation board user manuals, application notes, getting started guides, software library documents, errata, and more. See External links section for links to official Arm documents.","title":"Documentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0323854948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0323854948"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0128032770","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0128032770"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0124080829","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0124080829"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0128207352","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0128207352"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"979-8862003437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8862003437"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0982692677","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0982692677"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1092542234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1092542234"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1848213296","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848213296"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1118859049","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118859049"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1838826734","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1838826734"}],"text":"Designer's Guide to the Cortex-M Processor Family; 3rd Ed; Trevor Martin; 648 pages; 2022; ISBN 978-0323854948.\nDefinitive Guide to the ARM Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M0+ Processors; 2nd Ed; Joseph Yiu; 784 pages; 2015; ISBN 978-0128032770.\nDefinitive Guide to the ARM Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 Processors; 3rd Ed; Joseph Yiu; 864 pages; 2013; ISBN 978-0124080829.\nDefinitive Guide to the ARM Cortex-M23 and Cortex-M33 Processors; 1st Ed; Joseph Yiu; 928 pages; 2020; ISBN 978-0128207352.\nMicrocontrollers with C: Cortex-M and Beyond; 1st Ed; Klaus Elk; 227 pages; 2023; ISBN 979-8862003437.\nEmbedded Systems with ARM Cortex-M Microcontrollers in Assembly Language and C; 4th Ed; Yifeng Zhu; 730 pages; 2023; ISBN 978-0982692677.\nARM Assembly for Embedded Applications; 5th Ed; Daniel Lewis; 379 pages; 2019; ISBN 978-1092542234.\nAssembly Language Programming: ARM Cortex-M3; 1st Ed; Vincent Mahout; 256 pages; 2012; ISBN 978-1848213296.\nDigital Signal Processing and Applications Using the ARM Cortex-M4; 1st Ed; Donald Reay; 320 pages; 2015; ISBN 978-1118859049.\nHands-On RTOS with Microcontrollers; 1st Ed; Brian Amos; 496 pages; 2020; ISBN 978-1838826734.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"ARM Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M3 microcontroller ICs from NXP and Silicon Labs (Energy Micro)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/ARM_Cortex-M0_and_M3_ICs_in_SMD_Packages.jpg/360px-ARM_Cortex-M0_and_M3_ICs_in_SMD_Packages.jpg"},{"image_text":"Die from a STM32F100C4T6B IC.24 MHz ARM Cortex-M3 microcontroller with 16 KB flash memory, 4 KB RAM. Manufactured by STMicroelectronics.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/STM32F100C4T6B-HD.jpg/220px-STM32F100C4T6B-HD.jpg"},{"image_text":"nRF51822","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/M2_Health_Bracelet_-_controller_board_-_Nordic_N51822-0627.jpg/220px-M2_Health_Bracelet_-_controller_board_-_Nordic_N51822-0627.jpg"},{"image_text":"NXP (Freescale) FRDM-KL25Z Board with KL25Z128VLK (Kinetis L)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Freescale_FRDM-KL25Z_board_with_KL25Z128VLK_%28ARM_Cortex-M0%2B_MCU%29.JPG/220px-Freescale_FRDM-KL25Z_board_with_KL25Z128VLK_%28ARM_Cortex-M0%2B_MCU%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Arduino Due board with Atmel ATSAM3X8E (ARM Cortex-M3 core) microcontroller","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/ArduinoDue_Front.jpg/300px-ArduinoDue_Front.jpg"},{"image_text":"NXP LPCXpresso Development Board with LPC1343","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/LPCXpresso_DevelopmentBoard_with_NXP_LPC1343_%28ARM_Cortex-M3%29_MCU.jpg/300px-LPCXpresso_DevelopmentBoard_with_NXP_LPC1343_%28ARM_Cortex-M3%29_MCU.jpg"},{"image_text":"Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) Wonder Gecko STK Board with EFM32WG990","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Energy_Micro_Woder_Gecko_STK_showing_EFM32WG990F256_%28ARM_Cortex-M4F%29_MCU.JPG/220px-Energy_Micro_Woder_Gecko_STK_showing_EFM32WG990F256_%28ARM_Cortex-M4F%29_MCU.JPG"},{"image_text":"TI Stellaris Launchpad Board with LM4F120","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TI_Stellaris_Launchpad_showing_LM4F120H_%28ARM_Cortex-M4F%29_MCU.JPG/220px-TI_Stellaris_Launchpad_showing_LM4F120H_%28ARM_Cortex-M4F%29_MCU.JPG"},{"image_text":"nRF52833 on a micro bit v2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Micro-bit_v2_%28cropped%29_nRF52833.JPG/170px-Micro-bit_v2_%28cropped%29_nRF52833.JPG"},{"image_text":"STM32F407IGH6","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Embedded_World_2016%2C_M32F407_%28cropped%29_STM_M32F407IG.jpg/170px-Embedded_World_2016%2C_M32F407_%28cropped%29_STM_M32F407IG.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arduino GIGA R1 WiFi board with (dual core ARM Cortex-M7 + ARM Cortex-M4) STM32H747XIH6 microcontroller","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Arduino_Giga_R1_WiFi.png/302px-Arduino_Giga_R1_WiFi.png"}]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png"},{"title":"Electronics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Electronics"},{"title":"ARM architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"title":"List of ARM architectures and cores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ARM_microarchitectures"},{"title":"Interrupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt"},{"title":"Interrupt handler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_handler"},{"title":"Real-time operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_operating_system"},{"title":"Comparison of real-time operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_real-time_operating_systems"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Cortex-M0 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M0","url_text":"\"Cortex-M0 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M0+ Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M0+","url_text":"\"Cortex-M0+ Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M1 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M1","url_text":"\"Cortex-M1 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M3 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M3","url_text":"\"Cortex-M3 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M4 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M4","url_text":"\"Cortex-M4 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M7 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M7","url_text":"\"Cortex-M7 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M23 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M23","url_text":"\"Cortex-M23 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M33 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M33","url_text":"\"Cortex-M33 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M35P Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M35P","url_text":"\"Cortex-M35P Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M52 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M52","url_text":"\"Cortex-M52 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M55 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M55","url_text":"\"Cortex-M55 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M85 Home\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M85","url_text":"\"Cortex-M85 Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARMv6-M Architecture Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0419/latest/","url_text":"\"ARMv6-M Architecture Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARMv7-M Architecture Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0403/latest/","url_text":"\"ARMv7-M Architecture Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M0 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0432/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M0 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M0+ Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0484/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M0+ Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M1 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0413/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M1 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M3 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/100165/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M3 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M4 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/100166/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M4 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M7 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0489/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M7 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M23 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0550/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M23 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M33 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/100230/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M33 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M52 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102776/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M52 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M55 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/101051/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M55 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cortex-M85 Technical Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/101924/latest/","url_text":"\"Cortex-M85 Technical Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARMv8-M Architecture Reference Manual\". ARM Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0553/latest/","url_text":"\"ARMv8-M Architecture Reference Manual\""}]},{"reference":"Fingas, Jon (25 February 2014). \"Freescale makes the world's smallest ARM controller chip even tinier\". Retrieved 2 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2014/02/25/freescale-kinetis-kl03/","url_text":"\"Freescale makes the world's smallest ARM controller chip even tinier\""}]},{"reference":"Sadasivan, Shyam. \"An Introduction to the ARM Cortex-M3 Processor\" (PDF). ARM Limited. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140726212528/http://www.arm.com/files/pdf/IntroToCortex-M3.pdf","url_text":"\"An Introduction to the ARM Cortex-M3 Processor\""},{"url":"http://www.arm.com/files/pdf/IntroToCortex-M3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Samsung Exynos 7420 Deep Dive - Inside a Modern 14nm SoC\". AnandTech. Retrieved 2015-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anandtech.com/show/9330/exynos-7420-deep-dive/","url_text":"\"Samsung Exynos 7420 Deep Dive - Inside a Modern 14nm SoC\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARM Supercharges MCU Market with High Performance Cortex-M7 Processor\". ARM Limited (Press release). September 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://arm.com/about/newsroom/arm-supercharges-mcu-market-with-high-performance-cortex-m7-processor.php","url_text":"\"ARM Supercharges MCU Market with High Performance Cortex-M7 Processor\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.st.com/en/microcontrollers-microprocessors/stm32h747xi.html","external_links_name":"STM32H747XIH6"},{"Link":"https://alifsemi.com/products/","external_links_name":"Alif Semiconductor"},{"Link":"http://www.arm.com/products/processors/cortex-m","external_links_name":"ARM Cortex-M website; ARM Limited."},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M0","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M0 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M0+","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M0+ Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M1","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M1 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M3","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M3 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M4","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M4 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M7","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M7 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M23","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M23 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M33","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M33 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M35P","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M35P Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M52","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M52 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M55","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M55 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M85","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M85 Home\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0419/latest/","external_links_name":"\"ARMv6-M Architecture Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0403/latest/","external_links_name":"\"ARMv7-M Architecture Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.dai0179b/AppsNote179.pdf","external_links_name":"Cortex-M3 Embedded Software Development; App Note 179; ARM Limited."},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0432/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M0 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0484/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M0+ Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0413/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M1 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/100165/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M3 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/100166/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M4 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0489/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M7 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0550/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M23 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/100230/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M33 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102776/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M52 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/101051/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M55 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/101924/latest/","external_links_name":"\"Cortex-M85 Technical Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"http://www.arm.com/products/processors/cortex-m/cortex-m-system-design-kit.php","external_links_name":"Cortex-M System Design Kit; ARM Limited."},{"Link":"http://infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc.dai0321a/BIHEADII.html","external_links_name":"ARM Cortex-M Programming Guide to Memory Barrier Instructions; Section 3.6 System implementation requirements; AppNote 321; ARM Limited."},{"Link":"https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0553/latest/","external_links_name":"\"ARMv8-M Architecture Reference Manual\""},{"Link":"https://www.microchip.com/en-us/products/microcontrollers-and-microprocessors/32-bit-mcus","external_links_name":"32-bit PIC and SAM Microcontrollers; Microchip."},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2014/02/25/freescale-kinetis-kl03/","external_links_name":"\"Freescale makes the world's smallest ARM controller chip even tinier\""},{"Link":"https://www.gowinsemi.com/en/about/detail/latest_news/37/","external_links_name":"GOWIN Semiconductor joins ARM DesignStart offering free ARM Cortex-M1 Processors for its FPGA product families"},{"Link":"https://silver.arm.com/browse/AT472","external_links_name":"Cortex-M1 DesignStart FPGA XilinxEdition; ARM Limited."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140726212528/http://www.arm.com/files/pdf/IntroToCortex-M3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"An Introduction to the ARM Cortex-M3 Processor\""},{"Link":"http://www.arm.com/files/pdf/IntroToCortex-M3.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.anandtech.com/show/9330/exynos-7420-deep-dive/","external_links_name":"\"Samsung Exynos 7420 Deep Dive - Inside a Modern 14nm SoC\""},{"Link":"https://silver.arm.com/browse/AT426","external_links_name":"Cortex-M3 DesignStart FPGA XilinxEdition"},{"Link":"https://arm.com/about/newsroom/arm-supercharges-mcu-market-with-high-performance-cortex-m7-processor.php","external_links_name":"\"ARM Supercharges MCU Market with High Performance Cortex-M7 Processor\""},{"Link":"https://www.arm.com/files/pdf/cortex_m23_and_cortex_m33.pdf","external_links_name":"New ARM Cortex-M processors offer the next industry standard for secure IoT; ARM Limited; October 25, 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic
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Cyrillic script
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["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Letters","3.1 Majuscule and minuscule","3.2 Numbers","3.3 Computer support","3.4 Currency signs","4 Letterforms and type design","4.1 Lowercase forms","4.2 Italic and cursive forms","4.3 Accessing variant forms","5 Cyrillic alphabets","6 Usage of Cyrillic versus other scripts","6.1 Latin script","6.2 Romanization","6.3 Cyrillization","7 Summary table","8 Computer encoding","8.1 Unicode","8.2 Other","8.3 Keyboard layouts","9 See also","9.1 Internet top-level domains in Cyrillic","10 Notes","11 Footnotes","12 References","13 Further reading","14 External links"]
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Writing system used for various Eurasian languages
"Cyrillic" and "Cyrillic alphabet" redirect here. For the national variants of the Cyrillic script, see Cyrillic alphabets. For other uses, see Cyrillic (disambiguation).
See also: List of Cyrillic letters and Early Cyrillic alphabet
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Cyrillic script1850s Romanian text (Lord's Prayer), written with the Cyrillic scriptScript type Alphabet
Time periodEarliest variants exist c. 893 – c. 940DirectionLeft-to-right Official script
7 sovereign states
Belarus
Bulgaria
Kyrgyzstan
North Macedonia
Russia
Ukraine
Tajikistan
5 intergovernmental organizations
Commonwealth of Independent States
Eurasian Economic Union
European Union
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
United Nations
Co-official script in:
6 sovereign states and 2* disputed territories
Abkhazia *
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kosovo *
Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan
Mongolia
Montenegro
Serbia
LanguagesSee Languages using CyrillicRelated scriptsParent systemsEgyptian hieroglyphsProto-SinaiticPhoenicianGreek script augmented by GlagoliticEarly Cyrillic scriptCyrillic scriptChild systemsOld Permic scriptSister systems
Armenian
Coptic
Latin
ISO 15924ISO 15924Cyrl (220), Cyrillic Cyrs (Old Church Slavonic variant)UnicodeUnicode aliasCyrillicUnicode rangeU+0400–U+04FF CyrillicU+0500–U+052F Cyrillic SupplementU+2DE0–U+2DFF Cyrillic Extended-AU+A640–U+A69F Cyrillic Extended-BU+1C80–U+1C8F Cyrillic Extended-CU+1E030–U+1E08F Cyrillic Extended-DNames: Belarusian: кірыліца, Bulgarian: кирилица , Macedonian: кирилица Macedonian pronunciation: ], Russian: кириллица , Serbian: ћирилица Serbian pronunciation: ], Ukrainian: кирилиця This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Example of the Cyrillic script. Excerpt from the manuscript "Bdinski Zbornik". Written in 1360.
The Cyrillic script (/sɪˈrɪlɪk/ sih-RIL-ik), Slavonic script or simply Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic, Uralic, Caucasian and Iranic-speaking countries in Southeastern Europe, Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, North Asia, and East Asia, and used by many other minority languages.
As of 2019, around 250 million people in Eurasia use Cyrillic as the official script for their national languages, with Russia accounting for about half of them. With the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union on 1 January 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of the European Union, following the Latin and Greek alphabets.
The Early Cyrillic alphabet was developed during the 9th century AD at the Preslav Literary School in the First Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Tsar Simeon I the Great, probably by the disciples of the two Byzantine brothers Cyril and Methodius, who had previously created the Glagolitic script. Among them were Clement of Ohrid, Naum of Preslav, Constantine of Preslav, Joan Ekzarh, Chernorizets Hrabar, Angelar, Sava and other scholars. The script is named in honor of Saint Cyril.
Cyrillic letter
The Cyrillic scriptSlavic lettersАА̀А̂А̄ӒБВГҐДЂЃЕЀЕ̄Е̂ЁЄЖЗЗ́ЅИІЇꙆЍИ̂ӢЙЈКЛЉМНЊОО̀О̂ŌӦПРСС́ТЋЌУУ̀У̂ӮЎӰФХЦЧЏШЩꙎЪЪ̀ЫЬѢЭЮЮ̀ЯЯ̀Non-Slavic lettersӐА̊А̃Ӓ̄ӔӘӘ́Ә̃ӚВ̌ԜГ̑Г̇Г̣Г̌Г̂Г̆Г̈г̊ҔҒӺҒ̌ғ̊ӶД́Д̌Д̈Д̣Д̆ӖЕ̃Ё̄Є̈ԐԐ̈ҖӜӁЖ̣ҘӞЗ̌З̣З̆ӠИ̃ӤҊҚӃҠҞҜК̣к̊қ̊ԚᴫЛ́ӅԮԒЛ̈ӍᵸН́ӉҢԨӇҤО̆О̃Ӧ̄ӨӨ̄Ө́Ө̆ӪԤП̈ҎР̌С̌ҪС̣С̱Т́Т̈Т̌Т̇Т̣ҬУ̃ӲУ̊Ӱ̄ҰҮҮ́Х̣Х̱Х̮Х̑Х̌ҲӼх̊Ӿӿ̊ҺҺ̈ԦЦ̌Ц̈ҴҶҶ̣ӴӋҸЧ̇Ч̣ҼҾШ̣ꚜЫ̆Ы̄ӸꚝҌҨЭ̆Э̄Э̇ӬӬ́Ӭ̄Ю̆Ю̈Ю̄Я̆Я̄Я̈ӀʼˮArchaic or unused lettersА̨Б̀Б̣Б̱В̀Г̀Г̧Г̄Г̓Г̆Ҕ̀Ҕ̆ԀД̓Д̀Д̨ԂꚀꙢЕ̇Е̨Ж̀Ж̑ꙂꙄЏ̆ꚄꚄ̆ꙀЗ̀З̑ԄԆꚈԪꚂꚔІ̂І̣І̨Ј̵Ј̃ꙈК̓К̀К̆Ӄ̆К̑К̇К̈К̄ԞК̂Л̀ԠꙤԈЛ̑Л̇ԔМ̀М̃ꙦН̀Н̄Н̧Н̃ԊԢН̡ѺꙨꙪꙬꙮꚘꚚП̓П̀П́ҦП̧П̑ҀԚ̆Р́Р̀Р̃ԖС̀С̈ԌҪ̓Т̓Т̀ԎТ̑ꚊТ̧ꚌꚌ̆ОУꙊУ̇У̨ꙋ́Ф̑Ф̓Х́Х̀Х̆Х̇Х̧Х̾Х̓һ̱ѠꙌѼѾꙠЦ̀Ц́Ц̓ꚎꚎ̆ꚐЧ́Ч̀Ч̆Ч̑Ч̓ԬꚒꚆꚆ̆Ҽ̆Ш̀Ш̆Ш̑Щ̆ꚖꚖ̆Ъ̄Ъ̈Ъ̈̄ꙐЫ̂Ы̃Ѣ́Ѣ̈Ѣ̆ꙒЭ̨Э̂ꙔЮ̂ꙖЯ̈Я̂Я̨ԘѤѦꙘѪꙚѨꙜѬѮѰѲѴѶꙞ
List of Cyrillic letters
List of Cyrillic multigraphs
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Etymology
Since the script was conceived and popularised by the followers of Cyril and Methodius in Bulgaria, rather than by Cyril and Methodius themselves, its name denotes homage rather than authorship.
History
Main article: Early Cyrillic alphabet
View of the cave monastery near the village of Krepcha, Opaka Municipality in Bulgaria. Here is found the oldest Cyrillic inscription, dated 921.
A page from Буквар (ABC (Reader)), the first Old Slavonic textbook, printed by Ivan Fyodorov in 1574 in Lviv. This page features the Cyrillic alphabet.The Cyrillic script was created during the First Bulgarian Empire. Modern scholars believe that the Early Cyrillic alphabet was created at the Preslav Literary School, the most important early literary and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire and of all Slavs:
Unlike the Churchmen in Ohrid, Preslav scholars were much more dependent upon Greek models and quickly abandoned the Glagolitic scripts in favor of an adaptation of the Greek uncial to the needs of Slavic, which is now known as the Cyrillic alphabet.
A number of prominent Bulgarian writers and scholars worked at the school, including Naum of Preslav until 893; Constantine of Preslav; Joan Ekzarh (also transcr. John the Exarch); and Chernorizets Hrabar, among others. The school was also a center of translation, mostly of Byzantine authors. The Cyrillic script is derived from the Greek uncial script letters, augmented by ligatures and consonants from the older Glagolitic alphabet for sounds not found in Greek. Glagolitic and Cyrillic were formalized by the Byzantine Saints Cyril and Methodius and their Bulgarian disciples, such as Saints Naum, Clement, Angelar, and Sava. They spread and taught Christianity in the whole of Bulgaria. Paul Cubberley posits that although Cyril may have codified and expanded Glagolitic, it was his students in the First Bulgarian Empire under Tsar Simeon the Great that developed Cyrillic from the Greek letters in the 890s as a more suitable script for church books.
History of the alphabet
Egyptian hieroglyphs 32nd c. BCE
Hieratic 32nd c. BCE
Demotic 7th c. BCE
Meroitic 3rd c. BCE
Proto-Sinaitic 19th c. BCE
Ugaritic 15th c. BCE
Ancient South Arabian 9th c. BCE
Geʽez c. 5th c. BCE
Phoenician 12th c. BCE
(see below)
Hangul 1443
Thaana c. 1601
Adlam 1989
Phoenician 12th c. BCE
Paleo-Hebrew 10th c. BCE
Samaritan 6th c. BCE
Aramaic 8th c. BCE
Kharosthi 3rd c. BCE
Brahmi 3rd c. BCE
(Brahmic)
Pallava 4th century
Cham 4th century
Dhives Akuru 6th century
Khmer 611
Tibetan 7th century
ʼPhags-pa 1269
Devanagari 10th century
Canadian Aboriginal 1840
Hebrew 3rd c. BCE
Square Aramaic 2007
Pahlavi 3rd c. BCE
Avestan 4th century
Palmyrene 2nd c. BCE
Nabataean 2nd c. BCE
Arabic 4th century
N'Ko 1949
Syriac 2nd c. BCE
Sogdian 2nd c. BCE
Old Turkic 6th century
Old Hungarian c. 650
Old Uyghur
Mongolian 1204
Mandaic 2nd century
Greek 8th c. BCE
Etruscan 8th c. BCE
Latin 7th c. BCE
Deseret 1854
Great Lakes Algonquian 19th century
Blackfoot 1888
Fraser 1915
Saanich 1978
Osage 2006
Runic 2nd century
Ogham 4th century
Lycian 5th c. BCE
Coptic 3rd century
Gothic 3rd century
Armenian 405
Caucasian Albanian c. 420
Georgian c. 430
Glagolitic 862
Cyrillic c. 940
Old Permic 1372
Libyco-Berber 10th c. BCE
Tifinagh 4th century
Neo-Tifinagh 1970
Paleohispanic 7th c. BCE
Cyrillic spread among other Slavic peoples, as well as among non-Slavic Romanians. The earliest datable Cyrillic inscriptions have been found in the area of Preslav, in the medieval city itself and at nearby Patleina Monastery, both in present-day Shumen Province, as well as in the Ravna Monastery and in the Varna Monastery. The new script became the basis of alphabets used in various languages in Orthodox Church-dominated Eastern Europe, both Slavic and non-Slavic languages (such as Romanian, until the 1860s). For centuries, Cyrillic was also used by Catholic and Muslim Slavs (see Bosnian Cyrillic).
Cyrillic and Glagolitic were used for the Church Slavonic language, especially the Old Church Slavonic variant. Hence expressions such as "И is the tenth Cyrillic letter" typically refer to the order of the Church Slavonic alphabet; not every Cyrillic alphabet uses every letter available in the script. The Cyrillic script came to dominate Glagolitic in the 12th century.
The literature produced in Old Church Slavonic soon spread north from Bulgaria and became the lingua franca of the Balkans and Eastern Europe.
Bosnian Cyrillic, widely known as Bosančica is an extinct variant of the Cyrillic alphabet that originated in medieval Bosnia.
Paleographers consider the earliest features of Bosnian Cyrillic script had likely begun to appear between the 10th or 11th century, with the Humac tablet (a tablet written in Bosnian Cyrillic) to be the first such document using this type of script and is believed to date from this period. Bosnian Cyrillic was used continuously until the 18th century, with sporadic usage even taking place in the 20th century.
With the orthographic reform of Saint Evtimiy of Tarnovo and other prominent representatives of the Tarnovo Literary School of the 14th and 15th centuries, such as Gregory Tsamblak and Constantine of Kostenets, the school influenced Russian, Serbian, Wallachian and Moldavian medieval culture. This is known in Russia as the second South-Slavic influence.
In 1708–10, the Cyrillic script used in Russia was heavily reformed by Peter the Great, who had recently returned from his Grand Embassy in Western Europe. The new letterforms, called the Civil script, became closer to those of the Latin alphabet; several archaic letters were abolished and several new letters were introduced designed by Peter himself. Letters became distinguished between upper and lower case. West European typography culture was also adopted. The pre-reform letterforms, called 'Полуустав', were notably retained in Church Slavonic and are sometimes used in Russian even today, especially if one wants to give a text a 'Slavic' or 'archaic' feel.
The alphabet used for the modern Church Slavonic language in Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic rites still resembles early Cyrillic. However, over the course of the following millennium, Cyrillic adapted to changes in spoken language, developed regional variations to suit the features of national languages, and was subjected to academic reform and political decrees. A notable example of such linguistic reform can be attributed to Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, who updated the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by removing certain graphemes no longer represented in the vernacular and introducing graphemes specific to Serbian (i.e. Љ Њ Ђ Ћ Џ Ј), distancing it from the Church Slavonic alphabet in use prior to the reform. Today, many languages in the Balkans, Eastern Europe, and northern Eurasia are written in Cyrillic alphabets.
Letters
Cyrillic script spread throughout the East Slavic and some South Slavic territories, being adopted for writing local languages, such as Old East Slavic. Its adaptation to local languages produced a number of Cyrillic alphabets, discussed below.
The early Cyrillic alphabet
А
Б
В
Г
Д
Є
Ж
Ꙃ
Ꙁ
И
І
К
Л
М
Н
О
П
Р
С
Т
Ꙋ
ОУ
Ф
Х
Ѡ
Ц
Ч
Ш
Щ
Ъ
ЪІ
Ь
Ѣ Ҍ
Ꙗ
Ѥ
Ю
Ѫ
Ѭ
Ѧ
Ѩ
Ѯ
Ѱ
Ѳ
Ѵ
Ҁ
Majuscule and minuscule
Capital and lowercase letters were not distinguished in old manuscripts.
A page from the Church Slavonic Grammar of Meletius Smotrytsky (1619)
Yeri (Ы) was originally a ligature of Yer and I (Ъ + І = Ы). Iotation was indicated by ligatures formed with the letter І: Ꙗ (not an ancestor of modern Ya, Я, which is derived from Ѧ), Ѥ, Ю (ligature of І and ОУ), Ѩ, Ѭ. Sometimes different letters were used interchangeably, for example И = І = Ї, as were typographical variants like О = Ѻ. There were also commonly used ligatures like ѠТ = Ѿ.
Numbers
The letters also had numeric values, based not on Cyrillic alphabetical order, but inherited from the letters' Greek ancestors.
Cyrillic numerals
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
А
В
Г
Д
Є (Е)
Ѕ (Ꙃ, Ꙅ)
З (Ꙁ)
И
Ѳ
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
І (Ї)
К
Л
М
Н
Ѯ (Ч)
Ѻ (О)
П
Ч (Ҁ)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Р
С
Т
Ѵ (Ѵ, Оу, Ꙋ)
Ф
Х
Ѱ
Ѡ (Ѿ, Ꙍ)
Ц (Ѧ)
Computer support
Computer fonts for early Cyrillic alphabet are not routinely provided. Many of the letterforms differ from those of modern Cyrillic, varied a great deal between manuscripts, and changed over time. In accordance with Unicode policy, the standard does not include letterform variations or ligatures found in manuscript sources unless they can be shown to conform to the Unicode definition of a character: this aspect is the responsibility of the typeface designer.
The Unicode 5.1 standard, released on 4 April 2008, greatly improved computer support for the early Cyrillic and the modern Church Slavonic language. In Microsoft Windows, the Segoe UI user interface font is notable for having complete support for the archaic Cyrillic letters since Windows 8.
Slavic Cyrillic letters
АA
А̀A with grave
А̂A with circumflex
А̄A with macron
БBe
ВVe
ГGe (Ghe)
ҐGhe upturn
ДDe
ЂDje
ЃGje
ЕYe
ЀYe with grave
Е̂Ye with circumflex
Е̄Ye with macron
ЁYo
ЄUkrainian Ye
ЖZhe
ЗZe
З́Zje
ЅDze
ИI
ІDotted I
ЇYi
ЍI with grave
И̂I with circumflex
ӢI with macron
ЙShort I
ЈJe
КKa
ЛEl
ЉLje
МEm
НEn
ЊNje
ОO
О̀O with grave
О̂O with circumflex
О̄O with macron
ПPe
РEr
СEs
С́Sje
ТTe
ЋTje
ЌKje
УU
У̀U with grave
У̂U with circumflex
ӮU with macron
ЎShort U
ФEf
ХKha
ЦTse
ЧChe
ЏDzhe
ШSha
ЩShcha
ЪHard sign (Yer)
Ъ̀Hard sign with grave
ЫYery
ЬSoft sign (Yeri)
ЭE
ЮYu
Ю̀Yu with grave
ЯYa
Я́Ya with acute
Я̀Ya with grave
Я̈Ya with diaeresis
Я̇Ya with dot below
Examples of non-Slavic Cyrillic letters (see List of Cyrillic letters for more)
ӒA with diaeresis
ӐA withbreve
ӘSchwa
ӚSchwa withdiaeresis
ӔAe
ҒGhayn
ҔGe withmiddle hook
ӺGhayn withhook
ӶGe withdescender
ӁZhe withbreve
ӜZhe withdiaeresis
ҘDhe
ӠAbkhazianDze
ҠBashkir Qa
ҞKa withstroke
ӉEn withtail
ҢEn withdescender
ӇEn withhook
ҤEn-ge
ӦO with diaeresis
О̆O with breve
ӨOe
ҨO-hook
ҎEr withtick
ҪThe
ҬTe withdescender
ӰU withdiaeresis
ӲU withdouble acute
ҮUe
ҰKazakh Short U
ҲKha withdescender
ӼKha withhook
ӾKha withstroke
ҺShha (He)
ҴTe Tse
ҶChe withdescender
ӋKhakassianChe
ҸChe withvertical stroke
ҼAbkhazianChe
ҌSemisoftsign
ӀPalochka
Cyrillic letters used in the past
ꙖIotated A
ѤIotated E
ѦSmall yus
ѪBig yus
ѨIotated small yus
ѬIotated big yus
ѮKsi
ѰPsi
ꙞYn
ѲFita
ѴIzhitsa
ѶIzhitsa okovy
ҀKoppa
ОУUk
ѠOmega
ѾOt
ѢYat
Currency signs
Some currency signs have derived from Cyrillic letters:
The Ukrainian hryvnia sign (₴) is from the cursive minuscule Ukrainian Cyrillic letter He (г).
The Russian ruble sign (₽) from the majuscule Р.
The Kyrgyzstani som sign (⃀) from the majuscule С (es)
The Kazakhstani tenge sign (₸) from Т
The Mongolian tögrög sign (₮) from Т
Letterforms and type design
The development of Cyrillic letter forms passed directly from the medieval stage to the late Baroque, without a Renaissance phase as in Western Europe. Late Medieval Cyrillic letters (categorized as vyaz' and still found on many icon inscriptions today) show a marked tendency to be very tall and narrow, with strokes often shared between adjacent letters.
Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, mandated the use of westernized letter forms (ru) in the early 18th century. Over time, these were largely adopted in the other languages that use the script. Thus, unlike the majority of modern Greek typefaces that retained their own set of design principles for lower-case letters (such as the placement of serifs, the shapes of stroke ends, and stroke-thickness rules, although Greek capital letters do use Latin design principles), modern Cyrillic types are much the same as modern Latin types of the same typeface family. The development of some Cyrillic computer fonts from Latin ones has also contributed to a visual Latinization of Cyrillic type.
Lowercase forms
Letters Ge, De, I, Short I, Em, Te, Tse, Be and Ve in upright (printed) and cursive (handwritten) variants. (Top is set in Georgia type, bottom in Odesa Script.)
Cyrillic uppercase and lowercase letter forms are not as differentiated as in Latin typography. Upright Cyrillic lowercase letters are essentially small capitals (with exceptions: Cyrillic ⟨а⟩, ⟨е⟩, ⟨і⟩, ⟨ј⟩, ⟨р⟩, and ⟨у⟩ adopted Western lowercase shapes, lowercase ⟨ф⟩ is typically designed under the influence of Latin ⟨p⟩, lowercase ⟨б⟩, ⟨ђ⟩ and ⟨ћ⟩ are traditional handwritten forms), although a good-quality Cyrillic typeface will still include separate small-caps glyphs.
Cyrillic typefaces, as well as Latin ones, have roman and italic forms (practically all popular modern computer fonts include parallel sets of Latin and Cyrillic letters, where many glyphs, uppercase as well as lowercase, are shared by both). However, the native typeface terminology in most Slavic languages (for example, in Russian) does not use the words "roman" and "italic" in this sense. Instead, the nomenclature follows German naming patterns:
Alternate variants of lowercase (cursive) Cyrillic letters: Б/б, Д/д, Г/г, И/и, П/п, Т/т, Ш/ш. Default Russian (Eastern) forms on the left. Alternate Bulgarian (Western) upright forms in the middle. Alternate Serbian/Macedonian (Southern) italic forms on the right. See also:
Roman type is called pryamoy shrift ("upright type") – compare with Normalschrift ("regular type") in German
Italic type is called kursiv ("cursive") or kursivniy shrift ("cursive type") – from the German word Kursive, meaning italic typefaces and not cursive writing
Cursive handwriting is rukopisniy shrift ("handwritten type") – in German: Kurrentschrift or Laufschrift, both meaning literally 'running type'
A (mechanically) sloped oblique type of sans-serif faces is naklonniy shrift ("sloped" or "slanted type").
A boldfaced type is called poluzhirniy shrift ("semi-bold type"), because there existed fully boldfaced shapes that have been out of use since the beginning of the 20th century.
Italic and cursive forms
Similarly to Latin typefaces, italic and cursive forms of many Cyrillic letters (typically lowercase; uppercase only for handwritten or stylish types) are very different from their upright roman types. In certain cases, the correspondence between uppercase and lowercase glyphs does not coincide in Latin and Cyrillic types: for example, italic Cyrillic ⟨т⟩ is the lowercase counterpart of ⟨Т⟩ not of ⟨М⟩.
Differences between upright and italic Cyrillic letters of the Russian alphabet; italic forms significantly different from their upright analogues, or especially confusing to users of a Latin alphabet, are highlighted; also available as a graphical image.
upright
а
б
в
г
д
е
ё
ж
з
и
й
к
л
м
н
о
п
р
с
т
у
ф
х
ц
ч
ш
щ
ъ
ы
ь
э
ю
я
italic
а
б
в
г
д
е
ё
ж
з
и
й
к
л
м
н
о
п
р
с
т
у
ф
х
ц
ч
ш
щ
ъ
ы
ь
э
ю
я
Note: in some typefaces or styles, ⟨д⟩, i.e. the lowercase italic Cyrillic ⟨д⟩, may look like Latin ⟨g⟩, and ⟨т⟩, i.e. lowercase italic Cyrillic ⟨т⟩, may look like small-capital italic ⟨T⟩.
In Standard Serbian, as well as in Macedonian, some italic and cursive letters are allowed to be different, to more closely resemble the handwritten letters. The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized in small caps form.
Mandatory (blue) and optional (green) italic lowercase variants, alongside unique letters (red), in South-European orthography
Russian
а
б
в
г
д
—
е
ж
з
и
й
—
к
л
—
м
н
—
о
п
р
с
т
—
у
ф
х
ц
ч
—
ш
щ
ъ
ы
ь
э
ю
я
Serbian
а
б
в
г
д
ђ
е
ж
з
и
—
ј
к
л
љ
м
н
њ
о
п
р
с
т
ћ
у
ф
х
ц
ч
џ
ш
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Simulation
а
δ
в
ī
ɡ
ђ
е
ж
з
и
—
ј
к
л
љ
м
н
њ
о
ū
р
с
ш̄
ћ
у
ф
х
ц
ч
џ
ш̱
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Notes: Depending on fonts available, the Serbian row may appear identical to the Russian row. Unicode approximations are used in the faux row to ensure it can be rendered properly across all systems.
In the Bulgarian alphabet, many lowercase letterforms may more closely resemble the cursive forms on the one hand and Latin glyphs on the other hand, e.g. by having an ascender or descender or by using rounded arcs instead of sharp corners. Sometimes, uppercase letters may have a different shape as well, e.g. more triangular, Д and Л, like Greek delta Δ and lambda Λ.
Differences between Russian and Bulgarian glyphs of upright Cyrillic lowercase letters; Bulgarian glyphs significantly different from their Russian analogues or different from their italic form are highlighted
default
а
б
в
г
д
е
ж
з
и
й
к
л
м
н
о
п
р
с
т
у
ф
х
ц
ч
ш
щ
ъ
ь
ю
я
Bulgarian
а
б
в
г
д
е
ж
з
и
й
к
л
м
н
о
п
р
с
т
у
ф
х
ц
ч
ш
щ
ъ
ь
ю
я
Simulation
а
б
ϐ
ƨ
ɡ
е
жl
ȝ
u
ŭ
k
ʌ
м
н
o
n
р
с
m
у
ɸ
х
u̡
ч
ɯ
ɯ̡
ъ
ƅ
lo
я
Notes: Depending on fonts available, the Bulgarian row may appear identical to the Russian row. Unicode approximations are used in the faux row to ensure it can be rendered properly across all systems; in some cases, such as ж with k-like ascender, no such approximation exists.
Accessing variant forms
Computer fonts typically default to the Central/Eastern, Russian letterforms, and require the use of OpenType Layout (OTL) features to display the Western, Bulgarian or Southern, Serbian/Macedonian forms. Depending on the choices made by the (computer) font designer, they may either be automatically activated by the local variant locl feature for text tagged with an appropriate language code, or the author needs to opt-in by activating a stylistic set ss## or character variant cv## feature. These solutions only enjoy partial support and may render with default glyphs in certain software configurations, and the reader may not see the same result as the author intended.
Cyrillic alphabets
Main article: Cyrillic alphabets
Among others, Cyrillic is the standard script for writing the following languages:
Slavic languages:
Belarusian
Bulgarian
Macedonian
Russian
Rusyn
Serbo-Croatian (Standard Serbian and Montenegrin)
Ukrainian
Non-Slavic languages of Russia:
Abaza
Adyghe
Avar
Azerbaijani (in Dagestan)
Bashkir
Buryat
Chechen
Chuvash
Erzya
Ingush
Kabardian
Kalmyk
Karachay-Balkar
Kildin Sami
Komi
Mari
Moksha
Nogai
Ossetian (in North Ossetia–Alania)
Romani
Sakha/Yakut
Tatar
Tuvan
Udmurt
Yuit (Yupik)
Non-Slavic languages in other countries:
Abkhaz
Aleut (now mostly in church texts)
Dungan
Kazakh (to be replaced by Latin script by 2025),
Kyrgyz
Mongolian (to also be written with traditional Mongolian script by 2025)
Tajik
Tlingit (now only in church texts)
Turkmen (officially replaced by Latin script)
Uzbek (also officially replaced by Latin script, but still in wide use)
Yupik (in Alaska)
The Cyrillic script has also been used for languages of Alaska, Slavic Europe (except for Western Slavic and some Southern Slavic), the Caucasus, the languages of Idel-Ural, Siberia, and the Russian Far East.
The first alphabet derived from Cyrillic was Abur, used for the Komi language. Other Cyrillic alphabets include the Molodtsov alphabet for the Komi language and various alphabets for Caucasian languages.
Usage of Cyrillic versus other scripts
Cyrillic Script Monument in Antarctica near the Bulgarian base St. Kliment Ohridski
Latin script
A number of languages written in a Cyrillic alphabet have also been written in a Latin alphabet, such as Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Serbian, and Romanian (in the Republic of Moldova until 1989 and in the Danubian Principalities throughout the 19th century). After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, some of the former republics officially shifted from Cyrillic to Latin. The transition is complete in most of Moldova (except the breakaway region of Transnistria, where Moldovan Cyrillic is official), Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan. Uzbekistan still uses both systems, and Kazakhstan has officially begun a transition from Cyrillic to Latin (scheduled to be complete by 2025). The Russian government has mandated that Cyrillic must be used for all public communications in all federal subjects of Russia, to promote closer ties across the federation. This act was controversial for speakers of many Slavic languages; for others, such as Chechen and Ingush speakers, the law had political ramifications. For example, the separatist Chechen government mandated a Latin script which is still used by many Chechens.
Countries with widespread use of the Cyrillic script:
Sole official script
Co-official with another script (either because the official language is biscriptal, or the state is bilingual)
Being replaced with Latin, but is still in official use
Legacy script for the official language, or large minority use
Cyrillic is not widely used
Cyrillic Script in Europe
Standard Serbian uses both the Cyrillic and Latin scripts. Cyrillic is nominally the official script of Serbia's administration according to the Serbian constitution; however, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language, or standard language itself by any means. In practice the scripts are equal, with Latin being used more often in a less official capacity.
The Zhuang alphabet, used between the 1950s and 1980s in portions of the People's Republic of China, used a mixture of Latin, phonetic, numeral-based, and Cyrillic letters. The non-Latin letters, including Cyrillic, were removed from the alphabet in 1982 and replaced with Latin letters that closely resembled the letters they replaced.
Romanization
Main article: Romanization of Cyrillic
There are various systems for romanization of Cyrillic text, including transliteration to convey Cyrillic spelling in Latin letters, and transcription to convey pronunciation.
Standard Cyrillic-to-Latin transliteration systems include:
Scientific transliteration, used in linguistics, is based on the Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet.
The Working Group on Romanization Systems of the United Nations recommends different systems for specific languages. These are the most commonly used around the world.
ISO 9:1995, from the International Organization for Standardization.
American Library Association and Library of Congress Romanization tables for Slavic alphabets (ALA-LC Romanization), used in North American libraries.
BGN/PCGN Romanization (1947), United States Board on Geographic Names & Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use).
GOST 16876, a now defunct Soviet transliteration standard. Replaced by GOST 7.79-2000, which is based on ISO 9.
Various informal romanizations of Cyrillic, which adapt the Cyrillic script to Latin and sometimes Greek glyphs for compatibility with small character sets.
See also Romanization of Belarusian, Bulgarian, Kyrgyz, Russian, Macedonian and Ukrainian.
Cyrillization
Representing other writing systems with Cyrillic letters is called Cyrillization.
Summary table
Cyrillic letter
The Cyrillic scriptSlavic lettersАА̀А̂А̄ӒБВГҐДЂЃЕЀЕ̄Е̂ЁЄЖЗЗ́ЅИІЇꙆЍИ̂ӢЙЈКЛЉМНЊОО̀О̂ŌӦПРСС́ТЋЌУУ̀У̂ӮЎӰФХЦЧЏШЩꙎЪЪ̀ЫЬѢЭЮЮ̀ЯЯ̀Non-Slavic lettersӐА̊А̃Ӓ̄ӔӘӘ́Ә̃ӚВ̌ԜГ̑Г̇Г̣Г̌Г̂Г̆Г̈г̊ҔҒӺҒ̌ғ̊ӶД́Д̌Д̈Д̣Д̆ӖЕ̃Ё̄Є̈ԐԐ̈ҖӜӁЖ̣ҘӞЗ̌З̣З̆ӠИ̃ӤҊҚӃҠҞҜК̣к̊қ̊ԚᴫЛ́ӅԮԒЛ̈ӍᵸН́ӉҢԨӇҤО̆О̃Ӧ̄ӨӨ̄Ө́Ө̆ӪԤП̈ҎР̌С̌ҪС̣С̱Т́Т̈Т̌Т̇Т̣ҬУ̃ӲУ̊Ӱ̄ҰҮҮ́Х̣Х̱Х̮Х̑Х̌ҲӼх̊Ӿӿ̊ҺҺ̈ԦЦ̌Ц̈ҴҶҶ̣ӴӋҸЧ̇Ч̣ҼҾШ̣ꚜЫ̆Ы̄ӸꚝҌҨЭ̆Э̄Э̇ӬӬ́Ӭ̄Ю̆Ю̈Ю̄Я̆Я̄Я̈ӀʼˮArchaic or unused lettersА̨Б̀Б̣Б̱В̀Г̀Г̧Г̄Г̓Г̆Ҕ̀Ҕ̆ԀД̓Д̀Д̨ԂꚀꙢЕ̇Е̨Ж̀Ж̑ꙂꙄЏ̆ꚄꚄ̆ꙀЗ̀З̑ԄԆꚈԪꚂꚔІ̂І̣І̨Ј̵Ј̃ꙈК̓К̀К̆Ӄ̆К̑К̇К̈К̄ԞК̂Л̀ԠꙤԈЛ̑Л̇ԔМ̀М̃ꙦН̀Н̄Н̧Н̃ԊԢН̡ѺꙨꙪꙬꙮꚘꚚП̓П̀П́ҦП̧П̑ҀԚ̆Р́Р̀Р̃ԖС̀С̈ԌҪ̓Т̓Т̀ԎТ̑ꚊТ̧ꚌꚌ̆ОУꙊУ̇У̨ꙋ́Ф̑Ф̓Х́Х̀Х̆Х̇Х̧Х̾Х̓һ̱ѠꙌѼѾꙠЦ̀Ц́Ц̓ꚎꚎ̆ꚐЧ́Ч̀Ч̆Ч̑Ч̓ԬꚒꚆꚆ̆Ҽ̆Ш̀Ш̆Ш̑Щ̆ꚖꚖ̆Ъ̄Ъ̈Ъ̈̄ꙐЫ̂Ы̃Ѣ́Ѣ̈Ѣ̆ꙒЭ̨Э̂ꙔЮ̂ꙖЯ̈Я̂Я̨ԘѤѦꙘѪꙚѨꙜѬѮѰѲѴѶꙞ
List of Cyrillic letters
List of Cyrillic multigraphs
vte
Cyrillic alphabets comparison table
Early scripts
Church Slavonic
А
Б
В
Г
Д
(Ѕ)
Е
Ж
Ѕ/З
И
І
К
Л
М
Н
О
П
Р
С
Т
Оу
(Ѡ)
Ф
Х
Ц
Ч
Ш
Щ
Ъ
Ы
Ѣ
Ь
Ю
Ꙗ
Ѥ
Ѧ
Ѩ
Ѫ
Ѭ
Ѯ
Ѱ
Ѳ
Ѵ
Ҁ
Most common shared letters
Common
А
Б
В
Г
Д
Е
Ж
З
И
Й
К
Л
М
Н
О
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ф
Х
Ц
Ч
Ш
Щ
Ь
Ю
Я
South Slavic languages
Bulgarian
А
Б
В
Г
Д
Дз
Е
Ж
З
И
Й
К
Л
М
Н
О
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ф
Х
Ц
Ч
Дж
Ш
Щ
Ъ
Ь
Ю
Я
Macedonian
А
Б
В
Г
Д
Ѓ
Ѕ
Е
Ж
З
И
Ј
К
Л
Љ
М
Н
Њ
О
П
Р
С
Т
Ќ
У
Ф
Х
Ц
Ч
Џ
Ш
Serbian
А
Б
В
Г
Д
Ђ
Е
Ж
З
И
Ј
К
Л
Љ
М
Н
Њ
О
П
Р
С
Т
Ћ
У
Ф
Х
Ц
Ч
Џ
Ш
Montenegrin
А
Б
В
Г
Д
Ђ
Е
Ж
З
З́
И
Ј
К
Л
Љ
М
Н
Њ
О
П
Р
С
С́
Т
Ћ
У
Ф
Х
Ц
Ч
Џ
Ш
East Slavic languages
Russian
А
Б
В
Г
Д
Е
Ё
Ж
З
И
Й
К
Л
М
Н
О
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ф
Х
Ц
Ч
Ш
Щ
Ъ
Ы
Ь
Э
Ю
Я
Belarusian
А
Б
В
Г
Ґ
Д
Дж
Дз
Е
Ё
Ж
З
І
Й
К
Л
М
Н
О
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ў
Ф
Х
Ц
Ч
Ш
’
Ы
Ь
Э
Ю
Я
Ukrainian
А
Б
В
Г
Ґ
Д
Е
Є
Йо
Ж
З
И
І
Ї
Й
К
Л
М
Н
О
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ф
Х
Ц
Ч
Ш
Щ
’
Ь
Ю
Я
Rusyn
А
Б
В
Г
Ґ
Д
Е
Є
Ё
Ж
З
И
І
Ї
Й
К
Л
М
Н
О
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ф
Х
Ц
Ч
Ш
Щ
Ъ
Ы
Ѣ
Ь
Ю
Я
Iranian languages
Kurdish
А
Б
В
Г
Г'
Д
Е
Ә
Ә'
Ж
З
И
Й
К
К'
Л
М
Н
О
Ö
П
П'
Р
Р'
С
Т
Т'
У
Ф
Х
Һ
Һ'
Ч
Ч'
Ш
Щ
Ь
Э
Ԛ
Ԝ
Ossetian
А
Ӕ
Б
В
Г
Гъ
Д
Дж
Дз
Е
Ё
Ж
З
И
Й
К
Къ
Л
М
Н
О
П
Пъ
Р
С
Т
Тъ
У
Ф
Х
Хъ
Ц
Цъ
Ч
Чъ
Ш
Щ
Ъ
Ы
Ь
Э
Ю
Я
Tajik
А
Б
В
Г
Ғ
Д
Е
Ё
Ж
З
И
Ӣ
Й
К
Қ
Л
М
Н
О
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ӯ
Ф
Х
Ҳ
Ч
Ҷ
Ш
Ъ
Э
Ю
Я
Romance languages
Moldovan(Romanian)
А
Б
В
Г
Д
Е
Ж
Ӂ
З
И
Й
К
Л
М
Н
О
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ф
Х
Ц
Ч
Ш
Ы
Ь
Э
Ю
Я
Uralic languages
Komi-Permyak
А
Б
В
Г
Д
Е
Ё
Ж
З
И
І
Й
К
Л
М
Н
О
Ӧ
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ф
Х
Ц
Ч
Ш
Щ
Ъ
Ы
Ь
Э
Ю
Я
Meadow Mari
А
Б
В
Г
Д
Е
Ё
Ж
З
И
Й
К
Л
М
Н
Ҥ
О
Ӧ
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ӱ
Ф
Х
Ц
Ч
Ш
Щ
Ъ
Ы
Ь
Э
Ю
Я
Hill Mari
А
Ӓ
Б
В
Г
Д
Е
Ё
Ж
З
И
Й
К
Л
М
Н
О
Ӧ
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ӱ
Ф
Х
Ц
Ч
Ш
Щ
Ъ
Ы
Ӹ
Ь
Э
Ю
Я
Kildin Sami
А
Ӓ
Б
В
Г
Д
Е
Ё
Ж
З
И
Й
Ҋ
Ј
К
Л
Ӆ
М
Ӎ
Н
Ӊ
Ӈ
О
П
Р
Ҏ
С
Т
У
Ф
Х
Һ
Ц
Ч
Ш
Щ
Ъ
Ы
Ь
Ҍ
Э
Ӭ
Ю
Я
Udmurt
А
Б
В
Г
Д
Е
Ё
Ж
Ӝ
З
Ӟ
И
Ӥ
Й
К
(К̈)
Л
М
Н
О
Ӧ
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ф
Х
Ц
Ч
Ӵ
Ш
Щ
Ъ
Ы
Ь
Э
Ю
Я
Turkic languages
Azerbaijani
А
Б
В
Г
Ғ
Д
Е
Ә
Ё
Ж
З
Ы
И
Ј
Й
К
Ҝ
Л
М
Н
О
Ө
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ү
Ф
Х
Һ
Ц
Ч
Ҹ
Ш
Щ
Ъ
Ы
Ь
Э
Ю
Я
Bashkir
А
Ә
Б
В
Г
Ғ
Д
Ҙ
Е
Ё
Ж
З
И
Й
К
Ҡ
Л
М
Н
Ң
О
Ө
П
Р
С
Ҫ
Т
У
Ү
Ф
Х
Һ
Ц
Ч
Ш
Щ
Ъ
Ы
Ь
Э
Ә
Ю
Я
Chuvash
А
Ӑ
Б
В
Г
Д
Е
Ё
Ӗ
Ж
З
И
Й
К
Л
М
Н
О
П
Р
С
Ҫ
Т
У
Ӳ
Ф
Х
Ц
Ч
Ш
Щ
Ъ
Ы
Ь
Э
Ю
Я
Kazakh
А
Ә
Б
В
Г
Ғ
Д
Е
Ё
Ж
З
И
І
Й
К
Қ
Л
М
Н
Ң
О
Ө
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ұ
Ү
Ф
Х
Һ
Ц
Ч
Ш
Щ
Ъ
Ы
Ь
Э
Ю
Я
Kyrgyz
А
Б
Г
Д
Е
Ё
Ж
З
И
Й
К
Л
М
Н
Ң
О
Ө
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ү
Х
Ч
Ш
Ы
Э
Ю
Я
Tatar
А
Ә
Б
В
Г
Д
Е
Ё
Ж
Җ
З
И
Й
К
Л
М
Н
Ң
О
Ө
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ү
Ф
Х
Һ
Ц
Ч
Ш
Щ
Ъ
Ы
Ь
Э
Ю
Я
Uzbek
А
Б
В
Г
Ғ
Д
Е
Ё
Ж
З
И
Й
К
Қ
Л
М
Н
О
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ў
Ф
Х
Ҳ
Ч
Ш
Ъ
Э
Ю
Я
Mongolian languages
Buryat
А
Б
В
Г
Д
Е
Ё
Ж
З
И
Й
Л
М
Н
О
Ө
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ү
Х
Һ
Ц
Ч
Ш
Ы
Ь
Э
Ю
Я
Khalkha
А
Б
В
Г
Д
Е
Ё
Ж
З
И
Й
К
Л
М
Н
О
Ө
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ү
Ф
Х
Ц
Ч
Ш
Щ
Ъ
Ы
Ь
Э
Ю
Я
Kalmyk
А
Ә
Б
В
Г
Һ
Д
Е
Ж
Җ
З
И
Й
К
Л
М
Н
Ң
О
Ө
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ү
Х
Ц
Ч
Ш
Ь
Э
Ю
Я
Caucasian languages
Abkhaz
А
Б
В
Г
Ҕ
Д
Дә
Џ
Е
Ҽ
Ҿ
Ж
Жә
З
Ӡ Ӡә
И
Й
К
Қ
Ҟ
Л
М
Н
О
Ҩ
П
Ҧ
Р
С
Т Тә
Ҭ Ҭә
У
Ф
Х
Ҳ Ҳә
Ц Цә
Ҵ Ҵә
Ч
Ҷ
Ш Шә
Щ
Ы
Sino-Tibetan languages
Dungan
А
Б
В
Г
Д
Е
Ё
Ж
Җ
З
И
Й
К
Л
М
Н
Ң
Ә
О
П
Р
С
Т
У
Ў
Ү
Ф
Х
Ц
Ч
Ш
Щ
Ъ
Ы
Ь
Э
Ю
Я
Ё in Russian is usually spelled as Е; Ё is typically printed in texts for learners and in dictionaries, and in word pairs which are differentiated only by that letter (все – всё).
Computer encoding
Unicode
Main article: Cyrillic script in Unicode
As of Unicode version 15.1, Cyrillic letters, including national and historical alphabets, are encoded across several blocks:
Cyrillic: U+0400–U+04FF
Cyrillic Supplement: U+0500–U+052F
Cyrillic Extended-A: U+2DE0–U+2DFF
Cyrillic Extended-B: U+A640–U+A69F
Cyrillic Extended-C: U+1C80–U+1C8F
Cyrillic Extended-D: U+1E030–U+1E08F
Phonetic Extensions: U+1D2B, U+1D78
Combining Half Marks: U+FE2E–U+FE2F
The characters in the range U+0400 to U+045F are essentially the characters from ISO 8859-5 moved upward by 864 positions. The characters in the range U+0460 to U+0489 are historic letters, not used now. The characters in the range U+048A to U+052F are additional letters for various languages that are written with Cyrillic script.
Unicode as a general rule does not include accented Cyrillic letters. A few exceptions include:
combinations that are considered as separate letters of respective alphabets, like Й, Ў, Ё, Ї, Ѓ, Ќ (as well as many letters of non-Slavic alphabets);
two most frequent combinations orthographically required to distinguish homonyms in Bulgarian and Macedonian: Ѐ, Ѝ;
a few Old and New Church Slavonic combinations: Ѷ, Ѿ, Ѽ.
To indicate stressed or long vowels, combining diacritical marks can be used after the respective letter (for example, U+0301 ◌́ COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT: е́ у́ э́ etc.).
Some languages, including Church Slavonic, are still not fully supported.
Unicode 5.1, released on 4 April 2008, introduces major changes to the Cyrillic blocks. Revisions to the existing Cyrillic blocks, and the addition of Cyrillic Extended A (2DE0 ... 2DFF) and Cyrillic Extended B (A640 ... A69F), significantly improve support for the early Cyrillic alphabet, Abkhaz, Aleut, Chuvash, Kurdish, and Moksha.
Other
Other character encoding systems for Cyrillic:
CP866 – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by Microsoft for use in MS-DOS also known as GOST-alternative. Cyrillic characters go in their native order, with a "window" for pseudographic characters.
ISO/IEC 8859-5 – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by International Organization for Standardization
KOI8-R – 8-bit native Russian character encoding. Invented in the USSR for use on Soviet clones of American IBM and DEC computers. The Cyrillic characters go in the order of their Latin counterparts, which allowed the text to remain readable after transmission via a 7-bit line that removed the most significant bit from each byte – the result became a very rough, but readable, Latin transliteration of Cyrillic. Standard encoding of early 1990s for Unix systems and the first Russian Internet encoding.
KOI8-U – KOI8-R with addition of Ukrainian letters.
MIK – 8-bit native Bulgarian character encoding for use in Microsoft DOS.
Windows-1251 – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by Microsoft for use in Microsoft Windows. The simplest 8-bit Cyrillic encoding – 32 capital chars in native order at 0xc0–0xdf, 32 usual chars at 0xe0–0xff, with rarely used "YO" characters somewhere else. No pseudographics. Former standard encoding in some Linux distributions for Belarusian and Bulgarian, but currently displaced by UTF-8.
GOST-main.
GB 2312 – Principally simplified Chinese encodings, but there are also the basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case).
JIS and Shift JIS – Principally Japanese encodings, but there are also the basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case).
Keyboard layouts
See also: Keyboard layouts for non-Latin alphabetic scripts
Each language has its own standard keyboard layout, adopted from traditional national typewriters. With the flexibility of computer input methods, there are also transliterating or phonetic/homophonic keyboard layouts made for typists who are more familiar with other layouts, like the common English QWERTY keyboard. When practical Cyrillic keyboard layouts are unavailable, computer users sometimes use transliteration (translit) or look-alike (volapuk encoding) to type in languages that are normally written with the Cyrillic alphabet. Potentially, these proxy versions could be transformed programmatically into Cyrillic at a later date.
See also
Writing portalLanguages portal
Cyrillic Alphabet Day
Cyrillic digraphs
Cyrillic script in Unicode
Faux Cyrillic, real or fake Cyrillic letters used to give Latin-alphabet text a Soviet or Russian feel
List of Cyrillic digraphs and trigraphs
Russian Braille
Russian cursive
Russian manual alphabet
Bulgarian Braille
Vladislav the Grammarian
Yugoslav Braille
Yugoslav manual alphabet
Internet top-level domains in Cyrillic
gTLDs
.мон
.бг
.қаз
.рф
.срб
.укр
.мкд
.бел
Notes
^ North Macedonia has two official languages, Macedonian, which is written in Cyrillic, and Albanian, written in Latin.
^ Bosnia and Herzegovina has three official languages, Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian, which are used with both Latin and Cyrillic, except for Bosnian and Croatian which are exclusively in Latin.
^ Albanian is written in Latin script in Kosovo, but Serbian in Cyrillic.
^ Kazakh language will be transitioned to a Latin script from 2023 to 2031. Russian, the co-official language in Kazakhstan, will continue to be written in Cyrillic.
^ Cyrillic is the de facto script used alongside Latin. It is used in business, government, and other official documents. It is also widely spread throughout Uzbekistan.
^ Cyrillic is used co-officially alongside the Mongolian script.
^ The Montenegrin language, the official language of Montenegro, is written in Latin and Cyrillic.
^ Serbian language is in Serbia and Montenegro.
^ Turkmenistan has one official language, Turkmen, which is written in Latin. The daily official newspaper is published in both Turkmen (Türkmenistan) and Russian (Нейтральный Туркменистан).
^ The Russian name ital'yanskiy shrift (Italian type) refers to a particular typeface family, whereas rimskiy shrift (roman type) is just a synonym for Latin type, Latin alphabet.
Footnotes
^ Auty, R. Handbook of Old Church Slavonic, Part II: Texts and Glossary. 1977.
^ "Gazetler | TDNG". metbugat.gov.tm. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
^ "Gazetler | TDNG". metbugat.gov.tm. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
^ Oldest alphabet found in Egypt. BBC. 1999-11-15. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
^ "Bdinski Zbornik". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
^ List of countries by population
^ Orban, Leonard (24 May 2007). "Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European" (PDF). European Union. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
^ Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98; V. Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.
^ Dvornik, Francis (1956). The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization. Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. p. 179. The Psalter and the Book of Prophets were adapted or "modernized" with special regard to their use in Bulgarian churches and it was in this school that the Glagolitic script was replaced by the so-called Cyrillic writing, which was more akin to the Greek uncial, simplified matters considerably and is still used by the Orthodox Slavs.
^ a b Curta (2006), pp. 221–222.
^ Hussey, J. M.; Louth, Andrew (2010). "The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire". Oxford History of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-19-161488-0.
^ Bidwell, Charles Everett (1967). Alphabets of the Modern Slavic Languages. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh. p. 4. Cyrillic was apparently adopted by the followers of Cyril and Methodius in Bulgaria (where they had retired at the invitation of the Czar of the Bulgars as a more favorable field for their activities, after encountering opposition from western oriented missionaries in Moravia).
^ MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2020). A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years. London: The Folio Society. Cyrillic ... in reference to the monastic name he adopted right at the end of his life, Cyril. That was an adroit piece of homage ...
^ "Провежда се международна конференция в гр. Опака за св. Антоний от Крепчанския манастир" . 15 October 2021. Another inscription found by Popkonstantinov during the survey of the monastery speaks of the time of its creation. It consists of nine lines and has come down to us much damaged. 59 letters are saved. The first three lines are readable. What is preserved of him reads: "In the year 921, in the month of October, the servant of God Anton died..."
^ a b Paul Cubberley (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets". In Daniels and Bright, eds. The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
^ Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June, 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98; V. Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.
^ The Columbia Encyclopaedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, O.Ed. Saints Cyril and Methodius "Cyril and Methodius, Saints) 869 and 884, respectively, "Greek missionaries, brothers, called Apostles to the Slavs and fathers of Slavonic literature."
^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Major alphabets of the world, Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets, 2008, O.Ed. "The two early Slavic alphabets, the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic, were invented by St. Cyril, or Constantine (c. 827–869), and St. Methodii (c. 825–884). These men from Thessaloniki who became apostles to the southern Slavs, whom they converted to Christianity."
^ Hollingsworth, P. A. (1991). "Constantine the Philosopher". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 507. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. Constantine (Cyril) and his brother Methodius were the sons of the droungarios Leo and Maria, who may have been a Slav.
^ Lunt, Horace G. (January 1987). "On the relationship of old Church Slavonic to the written language of early Rus". Russian Linguistics. 11 (2): 133–162. doi:10.1007/BF00242073. S2CID 166319427.
^ Schenker, Alexander (1995). The Dawn of Slavic. Yale University Press. pp. 185–186, 189–190.
^ Lunt, Horace (2001). Old Church Slavonic Grammar. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9783110162844.
^ Wien, Lysaght (1983). Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian)-Middle Greek-Modern English dictionary. Verlag Bruder Hollinek.
^ Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, p. 374.
^ Balić, Smail (1978). Die Kultur der Bosniaken, Supplement I: Inventar des bosnischen literarischen Erbes in orientalischen Sprachen. Vienna: Adolf Holzhausens, Vienna. pp. 49–50, 111.
^ Algar, Hamid (1995). The Literature of the Bosnian Muslims: a Quadrilingual Heritage. Kuala Lumpur: Nadwah Ketakwaan Melalui Kreativiti. pp. 254–268.
^ "Srećko M. Džaja vs. Ivan Lovrenović – polemika o kulturnom identitetu BiH Ivan Lovrenović". ivanlovrenovic.com (in Croatian). Polemics appeared between Srećko M. Džaja & Ivan Lovrenović in Zagreb's biweekly "Vijenac", later in whole published in Journal of Franciscan theology in Sarajevo, "Bosna franciscana" No.42. 2014. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
^ Iliev, Ivan G. "Short history of the Cyrillic alphabet – Ivan G. Iliev". International Journal of Russian Studies. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
^ Yefimov, Vladimir (2002). "Civil Type and Kis Cyrillic". In Berry, John D. (ed.). Language Culture Type: International Type Design in the Age of Unicode. New York City: Graphis Press. ISBN 978-1932026016. Archived from the original on 8 December 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
^ А. Н. Стеценко. Хрестоматия по Старославянскому Языку, 1984.
^ Cubberley, Paul. The Slavic Alphabets, 1996.
^ Variant form: S.
^ Variant form: Ꙋ.
^ Variant form: ЪИ.
^ Lunt, Horace G. Old Church Slavonic Grammar, Seventh Edition, 2001.
^ Bringhurst (2002) writes: "in Cyrillic, the difference between normal lower case and small caps is more subtle than it is in the Latin or Greek alphabets" (p. 32) and "in most Cyrillic faces, the lower case is close in color and shape to Latin small caps" (p. 107).
^ Pravopis na makedonskiot jazik (PDF). Skopje: Institut za makedonski jazik Krste Misirkov. 2017. p. 3. ISBN 978-608-220-042-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
^ Peshikan, Mitar; Jerković, Jovan; Pižurica, Mato (1994). Pravopis srpskoga jezika. Beograd: Matica Srpska. p. 42. ISBN 978-86-363-0296-5.
^ "Cyrillicsly: Two Cyrillics: a critical history I".
^ "Cyrillic script variations and the importance of localisation - Fontshare.com". 24 September 2020.
^ "Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters". The Guardian. Reuters. 26 October 2017. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
^ The Times (20 March 2020). "Mongolia to restore traditional alphabet by 2025". News.MN. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
^ "Alaskan Orthodox texts". All Saints of North America Orthodox Church. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
^ Iliev, Ivan G. "SHORT History of the Cyrillic ALPHABET". International Journal of Russian Studies. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
^ "Komi language and alphabet". omniglot.com. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
^ "Serbian constitution".
^ "Serbian signs of the times are not in Cyrillic". Christian Science Monitor. 29 May 2008.
^ Grey, Alexandra (14 December 2021), "8 How Standard Zhuang has Met with Market Forces", Language Standardisation and Language Variation in Multilingual Contexts, Multilingual Matters, pp. 163–182, doi:10.21832/9781800411562-011, hdl:10453/150285, ISBN 978-1-80041-156-2, S2CID 245301540.
^ "UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems".
^ Лопатин, В. В., ed. (2009). "Употребление буквы ё в текстах разного назначения" . Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации онлайн (in Russian). Retrieved 4 September 2023.
^ "IOS Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
References
Bringhurst, Robert (2002). The Elements of Typographic Style. 2.5. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. pp. 262–264. ISBN 0-88179-133-4.
Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0.
Further reading
Isailović, Neven G.; Krstić, Aleksandar R. (2015). "Serbian Language and Cyrillic Script as a Means of Diplomatic Literacy in South Eastern Europe in 15th and 16th Centuries". Literacy Experiences concerning Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania. Cluj-Napoca: George Bariţiu Institute of History. pp. 185–195.
Nezirović, M. (1992). Jevrejsko-španjolska književnost . Sarajevo: Svjetlost.
Prostov, Eugene Victor (1931). "Origins of Russian Printing". Library Quarterly. 1 (1 (January)): 255–77. doi:10.1086/612949. S2CID 144864717.
Šmid, Katja (2002). "Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardí" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2008. in Verba Hispanica. Vol. X. Liubliana: Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Liubliana. ISSN 0353-9660..
'The Lives of St. Tsurho and St. Strahota', Bohemia, 1495, Vatican Library
Ammon, Philipp (2016). "Tractatus slavonicus (in: Sjani (Thoughts) )" (PDF). Georgian Scientific Journal of Literary Theory and Comparative Literature (17): 248–256.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyrillic alphabet.
Look up Appendix:Cyrillic script in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The Cyrillic Charset Soup overview and history of Cyrillic charsets.
Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts, a collection of writing systems and transliteration tables
History and development of the Cyrillic alphabet
Cyrillic Alphabets of Slavic Languages review of Cyrillic charsets in Slavic Languages.
data entry in Old Cyrillic / Стара Кирилица (archived 22 February 2014)
Cyrillic and its Long Journey East – NamepediA Blog, article about the Cyrillic script
Vladimir M. Alpatov (24 January 2013). "Latin Alphabet for the Russian Language". Soundcloud (Podcast). The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
Unicode collation charts—including Cyrillic letters, sorted by shape
vteTypes of writing systemsOverview
History of writing
Grapheme
Lists
Writing systems
undeciphered
inventors
constructed
Languages by writing system / by first written accounts
TypesAbjads
Numerals
Aramaic
Hatran
Arabic
Elifba
Egyptian hieroglyphs
Elymaic
Hebrew
Ashuri
Cursive
Rashi
Solitreo
Tifinagh
Mandaic
Manichaean
Nabataean
Ancient North Arabian
Pahlavi
Book
Inscriptional
Inscriptional Parthian
Psalter
Pegon
Phoenician
Paleo-Hebrew
Pitman shorthand
Proto-Sinaitic
Punic
Samaritan
South Arabian
Zabur
Musnad
Sogdian
Syriac
ʾEsṭrangēlā
Serṭā
Maḏnḥāyā
Teeline Shorthand
Ugaritic
AbugidasBrahmicNorthern
Bengali–Assamese
Bhaiksuki
Brahmi script
Devanagari
Dogri
Gujarati
Gupta
Gurmukhi
Kaithi
Kalinga
Khema
Khojki
Khudabadi
Laṇḍā
Lepcha
Mahajani
Marchen
Meitei
Modi
Multani
Nagari
Nandinagari
Nepalese scripts
Bhujimol
Golmol
Himmol
Kummol
Kvemmol
Pachumol
Pracalit
Ranjana
Tamyig
Tirhuta
Limbu
Litumol
Odia
Karani
ʼPhags-pa
Sharada
Siddhaṃ
Soyombo
Sylheti Nagri
Takri
Tibetan
Uchen
Umê
Tocharian
Zanabazar square
Southern
Ahom
Balinese
Batak
Baybayin
Bhattiprolu
Buda
Buhid
Chakma
Cham
Fakkham
Grantha
Goykanadi
Hanunoo
Javanese
Kadamba
Kannada
Karen
Kawi
Khmer
Khom Thai
Kulitan
Lanna
Langdi
Lao
Leke
Lontara
Bilang-bilang
Makasar
Malayalam
Old Maldivian
Dhives Akuru
Eveyla Akuru
Mon–Burmese
Pallava
Pyu
Saurashtra
Shan
Sinhala
Sukhothai
Sundanese
Old Sundanese
Tagbanwa
Tai Le
New Tai Lue
Tai Noi
Tai Tham
Tai Viet
Lai Tay
Tamil
Tamil-Brahmi
Tanchangya
Telugu
Thai
Tigalari
Ulu scripts
Incung
Lampung
Lembak
Ogan
Pasemah
Rejang
Serawai
Vatteluttu
Kolezhuthu
Malayanma
Others
Bharati
Boyd's syllabic shorthand
Canadian syllabics
Blackfoot
Déné syllabics
Dham
Fox I
Geʽez
Gunjala Gondi
Japanese Braille
Sarati
Jenticha
Kharosthi
Mandombe
Masaram Gondi
Meroitic
Miao
Mwangwego
Pahawh Hmong
Sorang Sompeng
Tengwar
Thaana
Thomas Natural Shorthand
Warang Citi
Mwangwego
Rma
AlphabetsLinear
Adlam
Ariyaka
Armenian
Avestan
Pazend
Avoiuli
Bassa Vah
Carian
Caucasian Albanian
Cirth
Coelbren
Coorgi–Cox alphabet
Coptic
Cyrillic
Bosnian
Early
Deseret
Duployan shorthand
Chinook
Eclectic shorthand
Elbasan
Enochian
Etruscan
Evenki
Formosan
Fox II
Fraser
Gabelsberger shorthand
Gadabuursi
Garay alphabet
Georgian
Asomtavruli
Nuskhuri
Mkhedruli
Veso Bey
Glagolitic
Gothic
Gregg shorthand
Greek (Archaic)
Greco-Iberian alphabet
Hangul
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Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyrillic alphabets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"List of Cyrillic letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cyrillic_letters"},{"link_name":"Early Cyrillic alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archive-ugent-be-973E9242-B062-11E1-9EF1-99BDAAF23FF7_DS-375_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"/sɪˈrɪlɪk/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"sih-RIL-ik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"writing system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages"},{"link_name":"Mongolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolic_languages"},{"link_name":"Uralic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languages"},{"link_name":"Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_languages"},{"link_name":"Iranic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"North Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Asia"},{"link_name":"East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_script&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"accession of Bulgaria to the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_Bulgaria_to_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union#Writing_systems"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Early Cyrillic alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Preslav Literary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preslav_Literary_School"},{"link_name":"First Bulgarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar"},{"link_name":"Simeon I the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Cyril and Methodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius"},{"link_name":"Glagolitic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glagolitic_script"},{"link_name":"Clement of Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_of_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"Naum of Preslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naum_of_Preslav"},{"link_name":"Constantine of Preslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_of_Preslav"},{"link_name":"Joan Ekzarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Exarch"},{"link_name":"Chernorizets Hrabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernorizets_Hrabar"},{"link_name":"Angelar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Angelar"},{"link_name":"Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sava_(disciple_of_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006221%E2%80%93222-19"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Saint Cyril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_the_Philosopher"}],"text":"\"Cyrillic\" and \"Cyrillic alphabet\" redirect here. For the national variants of the Cyrillic script, see Cyrillic alphabets. For other uses, see Cyrillic (disambiguation).See also: List of Cyrillic letters and Early Cyrillic alphabetExample of the Cyrillic script. Excerpt from the manuscript \"Bdinski Zbornik\". Written in 1360.[5]The Cyrillic script (/sɪˈrɪlɪk/ sih-RIL-ik), Slavonic script or simply Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic, Uralic, Caucasian and Iranic-speaking countries in Southeastern Europe, Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, North Asia, and East Asia, and used by many other minority languages.As of 2019[update], around 250 million people in Eurasia use Cyrillic as the official script for their national languages, with Russia accounting for about half of them.[6] With the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union on 1 January 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of the European Union, following the Latin and Greek alphabets.[7]The Early Cyrillic alphabet was developed during the 9th century AD at the Preslav Literary School in the First Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Tsar Simeon I the Great, probably by the disciples of the two Byzantine brothers Cyril and Methodius, who had previously created the Glagolitic script. Among them were Clement of Ohrid, Naum of Preslav, Constantine of Preslav, Joan Ekzarh, Chernorizets Hrabar, Angelar, Sava and other scholars.[8][9][10][11] The script is named in honor of Saint Cyril.Cyrillic letter","title":"Cyrillic script"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyril and Methodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Since the script was conceived and popularised by the followers of Cyril and Methodius in Bulgaria, rather than by Cyril and Methodius themselves,[12] its name denotes homage rather than authorship.[13]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krepchanski_manastir.jpg"},{"link_name":"Krepcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krepcha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Opaka Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opaka_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Azbuka_1574_by_Ivan_Fyodorov_v3.png"},{"link_name":"Ivan Fyodorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Fedorov_(printer)"},{"link_name":"First Bulgarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cubberley1996-24"},{"link_name":"Early Cyrillic alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Preslav Literary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preslav_Literary_School"},{"link_name":"Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs"},{"link_name":"Glagolitic scripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glagolitic_script"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006221%E2%80%93222-19"},{"link_name":"Naum of Preslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naum_of_Preslav"},{"link_name":"Constantine of Preslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_of_Preslav"},{"link_name":"Joan Ekzarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Exarch"},{"link_name":"Chernorizets Hrabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernorizets_Hrabar"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Greek uncial script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet"},{"link_name":"ligatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographic_ligature"},{"link_name":"Saints Cyril and Methodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius"},{"link_name":"Naum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Naum"},{"link_name":"Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_of_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"Angelar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Angelar"},{"link_name":"Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sava_(disciple_of_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Columbia_Encyclopedia_1972,_p._846-25"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-26"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BritGlago-27"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Simeon the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cubberley1996-24"},{"link_name":"Romanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians"},{"link_name":"Preslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preslav"},{"link_name":"Patleina Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patleina_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Shumen Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shumen_Province"},{"link_name":"Ravna Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ravna_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Varna Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna_Monastery"},{"link_name":"alphabets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic"},{"link_name":"Church Slavonic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language"},{"link_name":"Old Church Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic"},{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-29"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortson-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balic-34"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets"},{"link_name":"medieval Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Humac tablet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humac_tablet"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dzaja-lovrenovic-polemic-vjenac-36"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ILIEV-2013-SHORT-HISTORY-37"},{"link_name":"Evtimiy of Tarnovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_Evtimiy_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Tarnovo Literary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnovo_Literary_School"},{"link_name":"Gregory Tsamblak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Tsamblak"},{"link_name":"Constantine of Kostenets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_of_Kostenets"},{"link_name":"South-Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Peter the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Grand Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Embassy_of_Peter_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"Civil script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_script"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Civil_Type-38"},{"link_name":"Eastern Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Vuk Stefanović Karadžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuk_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"many languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_using_Cyrillic"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_Balkans"},{"link_name":"northern Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages"}],"text":"View of the cave monastery near the village of Krepcha, Opaka Municipality in Bulgaria. Here is found the oldest Cyrillic inscription, dated 921.[14]A page from Буквар (ABC (Reader)), the first Old Slavonic textbook, printed by Ivan Fyodorov in 1574 in Lviv. This page features the Cyrillic alphabet.The Cyrillic script was created during the First Bulgarian Empire.[15] Modern scholars believe that the Early Cyrillic alphabet was created at the Preslav Literary School, the most important early literary and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire and of all Slavs:Unlike the Churchmen in Ohrid, Preslav scholars were much more dependent upon Greek models and quickly abandoned the Glagolitic scripts in favor of an adaptation of the Greek uncial to the needs of Slavic, which is now known as the Cyrillic alphabet.[10]A number of prominent Bulgarian writers and scholars worked at the school, including Naum of Preslav until 893; Constantine of Preslav; Joan Ekzarh (also transcr. John the Exarch); and Chernorizets Hrabar, among others. The school was also a center of translation, mostly of Byzantine authors. The Cyrillic script is derived from the Greek uncial script letters, augmented by ligatures and consonants from the older Glagolitic alphabet for sounds not found in Greek. Glagolitic and Cyrillic were formalized by the Byzantine Saints Cyril and Methodius and their Bulgarian disciples, such as Saints Naum, Clement, Angelar, and Sava. They spread and taught Christianity in the whole of Bulgaria.[16][17][18][19] Paul Cubberley posits that although Cyril may have codified and expanded Glagolitic, it was his students in the First Bulgarian Empire under Tsar Simeon the Great that developed Cyrillic from the Greek letters in the 890s as a more suitable script for church books.[15]Cyrillic spread among other Slavic peoples, as well as among non-Slavic Romanians. The earliest datable Cyrillic inscriptions have been found in the area of Preslav, in the medieval city itself and at nearby Patleina Monastery, both in present-day Shumen Province, as well as in the Ravna Monastery and in the Varna Monastery. The new script became the basis of alphabets used in various languages in Orthodox Church-dominated Eastern Europe, both Slavic and non-Slavic languages (such as Romanian, until the 1860s). For centuries, Cyrillic was also used by Catholic and Muslim Slavs (see Bosnian Cyrillic).Cyrillic and Glagolitic were used for the Church Slavonic language, especially the Old Church Slavonic variant. Hence expressions such as \"И is the tenth Cyrillic letter\" typically refer to the order of the Church Slavonic alphabet; not every Cyrillic alphabet uses every letter available in the script. The Cyrillic script came to dominate Glagolitic in the 12th century.The literature produced in Old Church Slavonic soon spread north from Bulgaria and became the lingua franca of the Balkans and Eastern Europe.[20][21][22][23][24]Bosnian Cyrillic, widely known as Bosančica[25][26] is an extinct variant of the Cyrillic alphabet that originated in medieval Bosnia.\nPaleographers consider the earliest features of Bosnian Cyrillic script had likely begun to appear between the 10th or 11th century, with the Humac tablet (a tablet written in Bosnian Cyrillic) to be the first such document using this type of script and is believed to date from this period.[27] Bosnian Cyrillic was used continuously until the 18th century, with sporadic usage even taking place in the 20th century.[28]With the orthographic reform of Saint Evtimiy of Tarnovo and other prominent representatives of the Tarnovo Literary School of the 14th and 15th centuries, such as Gregory Tsamblak and Constantine of Kostenets, the school influenced Russian, Serbian, Wallachian and Moldavian medieval culture. This is known in Russia as the second South-Slavic influence.In 1708–10, the Cyrillic script used in Russia was heavily reformed by Peter the Great, who had recently returned from his Grand Embassy in Western Europe. The new letterforms, called the Civil script, became closer to those of the Latin alphabet; several archaic letters were abolished and several new letters were introduced designed by Peter himself. Letters became distinguished between upper and lower case. West European typography culture was also adopted.[29] The pre-reform letterforms, called 'Полуустав', were notably retained in Church Slavonic and are sometimes used in Russian even today, especially if one wants to give a text a 'Slavic' or 'archaic' feel.The alphabet used for the modern Church Slavonic language in Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic rites still resembles early Cyrillic. However, over the course of the following millennium, Cyrillic adapted to changes in spoken language, developed regional variations to suit the features of national languages, and was subjected to academic reform and political decrees. A notable example of such linguistic reform can be attributed to Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, who updated the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by removing certain graphemes no longer represented in the vernacular and introducing graphemes specific to Serbian (i.e. Љ Њ Ђ Ћ Џ Ј), distancing it from the Church Slavonic alphabet in use prior to the reform. Today, many languages in the Balkans, Eastern Europe, and northern Eurasia are written in Cyrillic alphabets.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old East Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_East_Slavic"}],"text":"Cyrillic script spread throughout the East Slavic and some South Slavic territories, being adopted for writing local languages, such as Old East Slavic. Its adaptation to local languages produced a number of Cyrillic alphabets, discussed below.","title":"Letters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meletius_Smotrisky_Cyrillic_Alphabet.PNG"},{"link_name":"Meletius Smotrytsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meletius_Smotrytsky"},{"link_name":"ligature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligature_(typography)"},{"link_name":"Iotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iotation"},{"link_name":"Ꙗ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iotated_A_(Cyrillic)"}],"sub_title":"Majuscule and minuscule","text":"Capital and lowercase letters were not distinguished in old manuscripts.A page from the Church Slavonic Grammar of Meletius Smotrytsky (1619)Yeri (Ы) was originally a ligature of Yer and I (Ъ + І = Ы). Iotation was indicated by ligatures formed with the letter І: Ꙗ (not an ancestor of modern Ya, Я, which is derived from Ѧ), Ѥ, Ю (ligature of І and ОУ), Ѩ, Ѭ. Sometimes different letters were used interchangeably, for example И = І = Ї, as were typographical variants like О = Ѻ. There were also commonly used ligatures like ѠТ = Ѿ.","title":"Letters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek ancestors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_numerals"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Numbers","text":"The letters also had numeric values, based not on Cyrillic alphabetical order, but inherited from the letters' Greek ancestors.[citation needed]","title":"Letters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Computer fonts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_font"},{"link_name":"manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"ligatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligature_(typography)"},{"link_name":"Church Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Slavonic"},{"link_name":"Segoe UI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segoe_UI"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Computer support","text":"Computer fonts for early Cyrillic alphabet are not routinely provided. Many of the letterforms differ from those of modern Cyrillic, varied a great deal between manuscripts, and changed over time. In accordance with Unicode policy, the standard does not include letterform variations or ligatures found in manuscript sources unless they can be shown to conform to the Unicode definition of a character: this aspect is the responsibility of the typeface designer.The Unicode 5.1 standard, released on 4 April 2008, greatly improved computer support for the early Cyrillic and the modern Church Slavonic language. In Microsoft Windows, the Segoe UI user interface font is notable for having complete support for the archaic Cyrillic letters since Windows 8.[citation needed]","title":"Letters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"currency signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_sign"},{"link_name":"hryvnia sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hryvnia_sign"},{"link_name":"cursive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursive"},{"link_name":"minuscule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuscule"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Cyrillic letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet"},{"link_name":"He","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge_(Cyrillic)"},{"link_name":"ruble sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruble_sign"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstani som","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstani_som"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstani tenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge"},{"link_name":"Mongolian tögrög","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g"}],"sub_title":"Currency signs","text":"Some currency signs have derived from Cyrillic letters:The Ukrainian hryvnia sign (₴) is from the cursive minuscule Ukrainian Cyrillic letter He (г).\nThe Russian ruble sign (₽) from the majuscule Р.\nThe Kyrgyzstani som sign (⃀) from the majuscule С (es)\nThe Kazakhstani tenge sign (₸) from Т\nThe Mongolian tögrög sign (₮) from Т","title":"Letters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"letter forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_form"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"vyaz'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyaz_(Cyrillic_calligraphy)"},{"link_name":"icon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon"},{"link_name":"Peter the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great"},{"link_name":"westernized letter forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_script"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%88%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"serifs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif"},{"link_name":"types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface"},{"link_name":"computer fonts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_font"}],"text":"The development of Cyrillic letter forms passed directly from the medieval stage to the late Baroque, without a Renaissance phase as in Western Europe. Late Medieval Cyrillic letters (categorized as vyaz' and still found on many icon inscriptions today) show a marked tendency to be very tall and narrow, with strokes often shared between adjacent letters.Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, mandated the use of westernized letter forms (ru) in the early 18th century.[citation needed] Over time, these were largely adopted in the other languages that use the script. Thus, unlike the majority of modern Greek typefaces that retained their own set of design principles for lower-case letters (such as the placement of serifs, the shapes of stroke ends, and stroke-thickness rules, although Greek capital letters do use Latin design principles), modern Cyrillic types are much the same as modern Latin types of the same typeface family. The development of some Cyrillic computer fonts from Latin ones has also contributed to a visual Latinization of Cyrillic type.","title":"Letterforms and type design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyrillic_upright-cursive-n.svg"},{"link_name":"Ge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge_(Cyrillic)"},{"link_name":"De","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_(Cyrillic)"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_(Cyrillic)"},{"link_name":"Short I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_I"},{"link_name":"Em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Em_(Cyrillic)"},{"link_name":"Te","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_(Cyrillic)"},{"link_name":"Tse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tse_(Cyrillic)"},{"link_name":"Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_(Cyrillic)"},{"link_name":"Ve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve_(Cyrillic)"},{"link_name":"uppercase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_letters"},{"link_name":"lowercase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_case"},{"link_name":"small capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_caps"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_type"},{"link_name":"italic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_type"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyrillic_alternates.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyrillic_cursive.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Special_Cyrillics_BGDPT.svg"},{"link_name":"Cursive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursive"},{"link_name":"Kurrentschrift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurrentschrift"},{"link_name":"sans-serif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-serif"}],"sub_title":"Lowercase forms","text":"Letters Ge, De, I, Short I, Em, Te, Tse, Be and Ve in upright (printed) and cursive (handwritten) variants. (Top is set in Georgia type, bottom in Odesa Script.)Cyrillic uppercase and lowercase letter forms are not as differentiated as in Latin typography. Upright Cyrillic lowercase letters are essentially small capitals (with exceptions: Cyrillic ⟨а⟩, ⟨е⟩, ⟨і⟩, ⟨ј⟩, ⟨р⟩, and ⟨у⟩ adopted Western lowercase shapes, lowercase ⟨ф⟩ is typically designed under the influence of Latin ⟨p⟩, lowercase ⟨б⟩, ⟨ђ⟩ and ⟨ћ⟩ are traditional handwritten forms), although a good-quality Cyrillic typeface will still include separate small-caps glyphs.[36]Cyrillic typefaces, as well as Latin ones, have roman and italic forms (practically all popular modern computer fonts include parallel sets of Latin and Cyrillic letters, where many glyphs, uppercase as well as lowercase, are shared by both). However, the native typeface terminology in most Slavic languages (for example, in Russian) does not use the words \"roman\" and \"italic\" in this sense.[j] Instead, the nomenclature follows German naming patterns:[citation needed]Alternate variants of lowercase (cursive) Cyrillic letters: Б/б, Д/д, Г/г, И/и, П/п, Т/т, Ш/ш. Default Russian (Eastern) forms on the left. Alternate Bulgarian (Western) upright forms in the middle. Alternate Serbian/Macedonian (Southern) italic forms on the right. See also:Roman type is called pryamoy shrift (\"upright type\") – compare with Normalschrift (\"regular type\") in German\nItalic type is called kursiv (\"cursive\") or kursivniy shrift (\"cursive type\") – from the German word Kursive, meaning italic typefaces and not cursive writing\nCursive handwriting is rukopisniy shrift (\"handwritten type\") – in German: Kurrentschrift or Laufschrift, both meaning literally 'running type'\nA (mechanically) sloped oblique type of sans-serif faces is naklonniy shrift (\"sloped\" or \"slanted type\").\nA boldfaced type is called poluzhirniy shrift (\"semi-bold type\"), because there existed fully boldfaced shapes that have been out of use since the beginning of the 20th century.","title":"Letterforms and type design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"small caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_caps"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"faux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faux_Cyrillic"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"faux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faux_Cyrillic"}],"sub_title":"Italic and cursive forms","text":"Similarly to Latin typefaces, italic and cursive forms of many Cyrillic letters (typically lowercase; uppercase only for handwritten or stylish types) are very different from their upright roman types. In certain cases, the correspondence between uppercase and lowercase glyphs does not coincide in Latin and Cyrillic types: for example, italic Cyrillic ⟨т⟩ is the lowercase counterpart of ⟨Т⟩ not of ⟨М⟩.Note: in some typefaces or styles, ⟨д⟩, i.e. the lowercase italic Cyrillic ⟨д⟩, may look like Latin ⟨g⟩, and ⟨т⟩, i.e. lowercase italic Cyrillic ⟨т⟩, may look like small-capital italic ⟨T⟩.In Standard Serbian, as well as in Macedonian,[37] some italic and cursive letters are allowed to be different, to more closely resemble the handwritten letters. The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized in small caps form.[38]Notes: Depending on fonts available, the Serbian row may appear identical to the Russian row. Unicode approximations are used in the faux row to ensure it can be rendered properly across all systems.In the Bulgarian alphabet, many lowercase letterforms may more closely resemble the cursive forms on the one hand and Latin glyphs on the other hand, e.g. by having an ascender or descender or by using rounded arcs instead of sharp corners.[39] Sometimes, uppercase letters may have a different shape as well, e.g. more triangular, Д and Л, like Greek delta Δ and lambda Λ.Notes: Depending on fonts available, the Bulgarian row may appear identical to the Russian row. Unicode approximations are used in the faux row to ensure it can be rendered properly across all systems; in some cases, such as ж with k-like ascender, no such approximation exists.","title":"Letterforms and type design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OpenType","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenType"},{"link_name":"Layout (OTL) features","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_typographic_features"},{"link_name":"language code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-1"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Accessing variant forms","text":"Computer fonts typically default to the Central/Eastern, Russian letterforms, and require the use of OpenType Layout (OTL) features to display the Western, Bulgarian or Southern, Serbian/Macedonian forms. Depending on the choices made by the (computer) font designer, they may either be automatically activated by the local variant locl feature for text tagged with an appropriate language code, or the author needs to opt-in by activating a stylistic set ss## or character variant cv## feature. These solutions only enjoy partial support and may render with default glyphs in certain software configurations, and the reader may not see the same result as the author intended.[40]","title":"Letterforms and type design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Rusyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyn_language"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Standard Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"Montenegrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_language"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Abaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaza_language"},{"link_name":"Adyghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adyghe_language"},{"link_name":"Avar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar_language"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan"},{"link_name":"Bashkir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkir_language"},{"link_name":"Buryat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryat_language"},{"link_name":"Chechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_language"},{"link_name":"Chuvash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_language"},{"link_name":"Erzya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzya_language"},{"link_name":"Ingush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_language"},{"link_name":"Kabardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardian_language"},{"link_name":"Kalmyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat"},{"link_name":"Karachay-Balkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language"},{"link_name":"Kildin Sami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildin_Sami_language"},{"link_name":"Komi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_language"},{"link_name":"Mari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_language"},{"link_name":"Moksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha_language"},{"link_name":"Nogai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogai_language"},{"link_name":"Ossetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetian_language"},{"link_name":"North Ossetia–Alania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_orthography#Cyrillic_script"},{"link_name":"Sakha/Yakut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakha_language"},{"link_name":"Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_language"},{"link_name":"Tuvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_language"},{"link_name":"Udmurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_language"},{"link_name":"Yuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Yupik_language"},{"link_name":"Abkhaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz_language"},{"link_name":"Aleut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleut_language"},{"link_name":"Dungan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungan_language"},{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MongolSwitch-51"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_language"},{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"Mongolian script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_script"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KazSwitch-52"},{"link_name":"Tajik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_language"},{"link_name":"Tlingit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingit_alphabet#Cyrillic_alphabets"},{"link_name":"Turkmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_language"},{"link_name":"Uzbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_language"},{"link_name":"Yupik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupik_languages#Writing_systems"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Slavic Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_Europe"},{"link_name":"Western Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Southern Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Idel-Ural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idel-Ural"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Russian Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Far_East"},{"link_name":"Abur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abur"},{"link_name":"Komi language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_language"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Molodtsov alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Caucasian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_languages"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Among others, Cyrillic is the standard script for writing the following languages:Slavic languages:Belarusian\nBulgarian\nMacedonian\nRussian\n\n\nRusyn\nSerbo-Croatian (Standard Serbian and Montenegrin)\nUkrainianNon-Slavic languages of Russia:Abaza\nAdyghe\nAvar\nAzerbaijani (in Dagestan)\nBashkir\nBuryat\nChechen\nChuvash\nErzya\nIngush\nKabardian\nKalmyk\nKarachay-Balkar\n\n\nKildin Sami\nKomi\nMari\nMoksha\nNogai\nOssetian (in North Ossetia–Alania)\nRomani\nSakha/Yakut\nTatar\nTuvan\nUdmurt\nYuit (Yupik)Non-Slavic languages in other countries:Abkhaz\nAleut (now mostly in church texts)\nDungan\nKazakh (to be replaced by Latin script by 2025[41]),\nKyrgyz\n\n\nMongolian (to also be written with traditional Mongolian script by 2025[42])\nTajik\nTlingit (now only in church texts)\nTurkmen (officially replaced by Latin script)\nUzbek (also officially replaced by Latin script, but still in wide use)\nYupik (in Alaska)[citation needed]The Cyrillic script has also been used for languages of Alaska,[43] Slavic Europe (except for Western Slavic and some Southern Slavic), the Caucasus, the languages of Idel-Ural, Siberia, and the Russian Far East.The first alphabet derived from Cyrillic was Abur, used for the Komi language.[44] Other Cyrillic alphabets include the Molodtsov alphabet for the Komi language and various alphabets for Caucasian languages.[45]","title":"Cyrillic alphabets"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyrillic_monument.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"St. Kliment Ohridski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Kliment_Ohridski_Base"}],"text":"Cyrillic Script Monument in Antarctica near the Bulgarian base St. Kliment Ohridski","title":"Usage of Cyrillic versus other scripts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"Uzbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_language"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Republic of Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Moldova"},{"link_name":"Danubian Principalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubian_Principalities"},{"link_name":"Transnistria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria"},{"link_name":"Moldovan Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovan_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"federal subjects of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Chechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_language"},{"link_name":"Ingush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyrillic_Europe.PNG"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"both the Cyrillic and Latin scripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language#Writing_system"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Zhuang alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuang_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Latin script","text":"A number of languages written in a Cyrillic alphabet have also been written in a Latin alphabet, such as Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Serbian, and Romanian (in the Republic of Moldova until 1989 and in the Danubian Principalities throughout the 19th century). After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, some of the former republics officially shifted from Cyrillic to Latin. The transition is complete in most of Moldova (except the breakaway region of Transnistria, where Moldovan Cyrillic is official), Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan. Uzbekistan still uses both systems, and Kazakhstan has officially begun a transition from Cyrillic to Latin (scheduled to be complete by 2025). The Russian government has mandated that Cyrillic must be used for all public communications in all federal subjects of Russia, to promote closer ties across the federation. This act was controversial for speakers of many Slavic languages; for others, such as Chechen and Ingush speakers, the law had political ramifications. For example, the separatist Chechen government mandated a Latin script which is still used by many Chechens.[citation needed]Countries with widespread use of the Cyrillic script:\n Sole official script\n Co-official with another script (either because the official language is biscriptal, or the state is bilingual)\n Being replaced with Latin, but is still in official use\n Legacy script for the official language, or large minority use\n Cyrillic is not widely usedCyrillic Script in EuropeStandard Serbian uses both the Cyrillic and Latin scripts. Cyrillic is nominally the official script of Serbia's administration according to the Serbian constitution;[46] however, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language, or standard language itself by any means. In practice the scripts are equal, with Latin being used more often in a less official capacity.[47]The Zhuang alphabet, used between the 1950s and 1980s in portions of the People's Republic of China, used a mixture of Latin, phonetic, numeral-based, and Cyrillic letters. The non-Latin letters, including Cyrillic, were removed from the alphabet in 1982 and replaced with Latin letters that closely resembled the letters they replaced.[48]","title":"Usage of Cyrillic versus other scripts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization"},{"link_name":"transliteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"pronunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation"},{"link_name":"Scientific transliteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_transliteration_of_Cyrillic"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"ISO 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9"},{"link_name":"ALA-LC Romanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALA-LC_Romanization"},{"link_name":"BGN/PCGN Romanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGN/PCGN_Romanization"},{"link_name":"GOST 16876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOST_16876-71"},{"link_name":"GOST 7.79-2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOST_7.79-2000"},{"link_name":"Romanization of Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Kyrgyz"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"}],"sub_title":"Romanization","text":"There are various systems for romanization of Cyrillic text, including transliteration to convey Cyrillic spelling in Latin letters, and transcription to convey pronunciation.Standard Cyrillic-to-Latin transliteration systems include:Scientific transliteration, used in linguistics, is based on the Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet.\nThe Working Group on Romanization Systems[49] of the United Nations recommends different systems for specific languages. These are the most commonly used around the world.\nISO 9:1995, from the International Organization for Standardization.\nAmerican Library Association and Library of Congress Romanization tables for Slavic alphabets (ALA-LC Romanization), used in North American libraries.\nBGN/PCGN Romanization (1947), United States Board on Geographic Names & Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use).\nGOST 16876, a now defunct Soviet transliteration standard. Replaced by GOST 7.79-2000, which is based on ISO 9.\nVarious informal romanizations of Cyrillic, which adapt the Cyrillic script to Latin and sometimes Greek glyphs for compatibility with small character sets.See also Romanization of Belarusian, Bulgarian, Kyrgyz, Russian, Macedonian and Ukrainian.","title":"Usage of Cyrillic versus other scripts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyrillization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillization"}],"sub_title":"Cyrillization","text":"Representing other writing systems with Cyrillic letters is called Cyrillization.","title":"Usage of Cyrillic versus other scripts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"Cyrillic letterCyrillic alphabets comparison table\n\n\nEarly scripts\n\n\nChurch Slavonic\n\nА\n\n\n\nБ\n\nВ\n\nГ\n\n\n\nД\n\n\n\n(Ѕ)\n\nЕ\n\n\n\n\n\nЖ\n\n\n\nЅ/З\n\n\n\nИ\n\nІ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nК\n\n\n\nЛ\n\n\n\nМ\n\n\n\nН\n\n\n\n\n\nО\n\n\n\nП\n\n\n\nР\n\n\n\nС\n\n\n\nТ\n\n\n\nОу\n\n\n\n(Ѡ)\n\nФ\n\nХ\n\n\n\nЦ\n\n\n\nЧ\n\n\n\nШ\n\nЩ\n\nЪ\n\nЫ\n\nѢ\n\nЬ\n\n\n\n\n\nЮ\n\nꙖ\n\n\n\n\n\nѤ\n\nѦ\n\nѨ\n\nѪ\n\nѬ\n\nѮ\n\nѰ\n\nѲ\n\nѴ\n\nҀ\n\n\nMost common shared letters\n\n\nCommon\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\n \nД\n \n \nЕ\n \n \nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \n \n \nЙ\n\nК\n \nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\n \n \nО\n \nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\n \n \nФ\nХ\n \n\nЦ\n \nЧ\n \nШ\nЩ\n \n \n \nЬ\n \n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nSouth Slavic languages\n\n\nBulgarian\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\n \nД\n \nДз\nЕ\n \n \nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \n \n \nЙ\n\nК\n \nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\n \n \nО\n \nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\n \n \nФ\nХ\n \n\nЦ\n \nЧ\nДж\nШ\nЩ\nЪ\n \n \nЬ\n \n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nMacedonian\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\n \nД\nЃ\nЅ\nЕ\n \n \nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \nЈ\n \n \n\nК\n \nЛ\nЉ\nМ\n \nН\nЊ\n \nО\n \nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\nЌ\nУ\n \n \nФ\nХ\n \n\nЦ\n \nЧ\nЏ\nШ\n\n\nSerbian\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\n \nД\nЂ\n \nЕ\n \n \nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \nЈ\n \n \n\nК\n \nЛ\nЉ\nМ\n \nН\nЊ\n \nО\n \nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\nЋ\nУ\n \n \nФ\nХ\n \n\nЦ\n \nЧ\nЏ\nШ\n\n\nMontenegrin\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\n \nД\nЂ\n \nЕ\n \n \nЖ\n \nЗ\n\nЗ́\nИ\n \nЈ\n \n \n\nК\n \nЛ\nЉ\nМ\n \nН\nЊ\n \nО\n \nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\nС́\nТ\nЋ\nУ\n \n \nФ\nХ\n \n\nЦ\n \nЧ\nЏ\nШ\n\n\nEast Slavic languages\n\n\nRussian\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\n \nД\n \n \nЕ\n \nЁ\nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\n\n \n \nЙ\n\nК\n \nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\n \n \nО\n \nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\n \n \nФ\nХ\n \n\nЦ\n \nЧ\n \nШ\nЩ\nЪ\nЫ\n\nЬ\nЭ\n \nЮ\nЯ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\nBelarusian\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\nҐ\nД\nДж\nДз\nЕ\n \nЁ\nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \n \nІ\n \n \nЙ\n\nК\n \nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\n \n \nО\n \nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\nЎ\n \nФ\nХ\n \n\nЦ\n \nЧ\n \nШ\n \n’\nЫ\n \nЬ\nЭ\n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nUkrainian\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\nҐ\nД\n \n \nЕ\nЄ\nЙо\nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\nІ\n \nЇ\nЙ\n\nК\n \nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\n \n \nО\n \nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\n \n \nФ\nХ\n \n\nЦ\n \nЧ\n \nШ\nЩ\n’\n \n \nЬ\n \n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nRusyn\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\nҐ\nД\n \n \nЕ\nЄ\nЁ\nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\nІ\n \nЇ\nЙ\n\nК\n \nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\n \n \nО\n \nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\n \n \nФ\nХ\n \n\nЦ\n \nЧ\n \nШ\nЩ\nЪ\nЫ\nѢ\nЬ\n \n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nIranian languages\n\n\nKurdish\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\nГ'\nД\n \n \nЕ\nӘ\nӘ'\nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \n \n \nЙ\n\nК\nК'\nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\n \n \nО\nÖ\nП\nП'\n\nР\nР'\nС\n \nТ\nТ'\nУ\n \n \nФ\nХ\nҺ\n\nҺ'\n \nЧ\nЧ'\nШ\nЩ\n \n \n \nЬ\nЭ\n \n \n \nԚ\nԜ\n\n\n\n\nOssetian\n\nА\nӔ\nБ\nВ\nГ\nГъ\nД\nДж\nДз\nЕ\n \nЁ\nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \n \n \nЙ\n\nК\nКъ\nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\n \n \nО\n \nП\nПъ\n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\nТъ\nУ\n \n \nФ\nХ\nХъ\n\nЦ\nЦъ\nЧ\nЧъ\nШ\nЩ\nЪ\nЫ\n \nЬ\nЭ\n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nTajik\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\nҒ\nД\n \n \nЕ\n \nЁ\nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \nӢ\n \nЙ\n\nК\nҚ\nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\n \n \nО\n \nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\nӮ\n \nФ\nХ\nҲ\n\n \n \nЧ\nҶ\nШ\n \nЪ\n \n \n \nЭ\n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nRomance languages\n\n\nMoldovan(Romanian)\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\n \nД\n \n \nЕ\n \n \nЖ\nӁ\nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \n \n \nЙ\n\nК\n \nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\n \n \nО\n \nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\n \n \nФ\nХ\n \n\nЦ\n \nЧ\n \nШ\n \n \nЫ\n \nЬ\nЭ\n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nUralic languages\n\n\nKomi-Permyak\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\n \nД\n \n \nЕ\n \nЁ\nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\nІ\n \n \nЙ\n\nК\n \nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\n \n \nО\nӦ\nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\n \n \nФ\nХ\n \n\nЦ\n \nЧ\n \nШ\nЩ\nЪ\nЫ\n \nЬ\nЭ\n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nMeadow Mari\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\n \nД\n \n \nЕ\n \nЁ\nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \n \n \nЙ\n\nК\n \nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\nҤ\n \nО\nӦ\nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\nӰ\n \nФ\nХ\n \n\nЦ\n \nЧ\n \nШ\nЩ\nЪ\nЫ\n \nЬ\nЭ\n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nHill Mari\n\nА\nӒ\nБ\nВ\nГ\n \nД\n \n \nЕ\n \nЁ\nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \n \n \nЙ\n\nК\n \nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\n \n \nО\nӦ\nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\nӰ\n \nФ\nХ\n \n\nЦ\n \nЧ\n \nШ\nЩ\nЪ\nЫ\nӸ\nЬ\nЭ\n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nKildin Sami\n\nА\nӒ\nБ\nВ\nГ\n \nД\n \n \nЕ\n \nЁ\nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \nЙ\nҊ\nЈ\n\nК\n \nЛ\nӅ\nМ\nӍ\nН\nӉ\nӇ\nО\n \nП\n \n\nР\nҎ\nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\n \n \nФ\nХ\nҺ\n\nЦ\n \nЧ\n \nШ\nЩ\nЪ\nЫ\nЬ\nҌ\nЭ\nӬ\nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nUdmurt\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\n \nД\n \n \nЕ\n \nЁ\nЖ\nӜ\nЗ\nӞ\nИ\nӤ\nЙ\n \n \nК\n(К̈)\nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\n \n \nО\nӦ\nП\n \nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\n \n \nФ\nХ\n \nЦ\n \nЧ\nӴ\nШ\nЩ\nЪ\nЫ\n \nЬ\nЭ\n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nTurkic languages\n\n\nAzerbaijani\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\nҒ\nД\n \n \nЕ\nӘ\nЁ\nЖ\n \nЗ\nЫ\nИ\nЈ\n \n \nЙ\nК\nҜ\nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\n \n \nО\nӨ\nП\n \nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\n \nҮ\nФ\nХ\nҺ\nЦ\n \nЧ\nҸ\nШ\nЩ\nЪ\nЫ\n \nЬ\nЭ\n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nBashkir\n\nА\nӘ\nБ\nВ\nГ\nҒ\nД\n \nҘ\nЕ\n \nЁ\nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \n \n \nЙ\n\nК\nҠ\nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\nҢ\n \nО\nӨ\nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\nҪ\nТ\n \nУ\n \nҮ\nФ\nХ\nҺ\n\nЦ\n \nЧ\n \nШ\nЩ\nЪ\nЫ\n \nЬ\nЭ\nӘ\nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nChuvash\n\nА\nӐ\nБ\nВ\nГ\n \nД\n \n \nЕ\nЁ\nӖ\nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \n \n \nЙ\n\nК\n \nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\n \n \nО\n \nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\nҪ\nТ\n \nУ\nӲ\n \nФ\nХ\n \n\nЦ\n \nЧ\n \nШ\nЩ\nЪ\nЫ\n \nЬ\nЭ\n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nKazakh\n\nА\nӘ\nБ\nВ\nГ\nҒ\nД\n \n \nЕ\n \nЁ\nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\nІ\n \n \nЙ\n\nК\nҚ\nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\nҢ\n \nО\nӨ\nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\nҰ\nҮ\nФ\nХ\nҺ\n\nЦ\n \nЧ\n \nШ\nЩ\nЪ\nЫ\n \nЬ\nЭ\n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nKyrgyz\n\nА\n \nБ\n \nГ\n \nД\n \n \nЕ\n \nЁ\nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \n \n \nЙ\n\nК\n \nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\nҢ\n \nО\nӨ\nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\n \nҮ\n \nХ\n \n\n \n \nЧ\n \nШ\n \n \nЫ\n \n \nЭ\n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nTatar\n\nА\nӘ\nБ\nВ\nГ\n \nД\n \n \nЕ\n \nЁ\nЖ\nҖ\nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \n \n \nЙ\n\nК\n \nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\nҢ\n \nО\nӨ\nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\n \nҮ\nФ\nХ\nҺ\n\nЦ\n \nЧ\n \nШ\nЩ\nЪ\nЫ\n \nЬ\nЭ\n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nUzbek\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\nҒ\nД\n \n \nЕ\n \nЁ\nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \n \n \nЙ\n\nК\nҚ\nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\n \n \nО\n \nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\nЎ\n \nФ\nХ\nҲ\n\n \n \nЧ\n \nШ\n \nЪ\n \n \n \nЭ\n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nMongolian languages\n\n\nBuryat\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\n \nД\n \n \nЕ\n \nЁ\nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \n \n \nЙ\n\n \n \nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\n \n \nО\nӨ\nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\n \nҮ\n \nХ\nҺ\n\nЦ\n \nЧ\n \nШ\n \n \nЫ\n \nЬ\nЭ\n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nKhalkha\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\n \nД\n \n \nЕ\n \nЁ\nЖ\n \nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \n \n \nЙ\n\nК\n \nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\n \n \nО\nӨ\nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\n \nҮ\nФ\nХ\n \n\nЦ\n \nЧ\n \nШ\nЩ\nЪ\nЫ\n \nЬ\nЭ\n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nKalmyk\n\nА\nӘ\nБ\nВ\nГ\nҺ\nД\n \n \nЕ\n \n \nЖ\nҖ\nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \n \n \nЙ\n\nК\n \nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\nҢ\n \nО\nӨ\nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\n \nҮ\n \nХ\n \n\nЦ\n \nЧ\n \nШ\n \n \n \n \nЬ\nЭ\n \nЮ\nЯ\n\n\nCaucasian languages\n\n\nAbkhaz\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\nҔ\nД\nДә\nЏ\nЕ\nҼ\nҾ\nЖ\nЖә\nЗ\n\nӠ Ӡә\nИ\n \n \nЙ\nК\nҚ\nҞ\n\nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\n \n \nО\nҨ\nП\nҦ\n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ Тә\nҬ Ҭә\nУ\n \n \nФ\nХ\nҲ Ҳә\n\nЦ Цә\nҴ Ҵә\nЧ\nҶ\nШ Шә\nЩ\n \nЫ\n\n\nSino-Tibetan languages\n\n\nDungan\n\nА\n \nБ\nВ\nГ\n \nД\n \n \nЕ\n \nЁ\nЖ\nҖ\nЗ\n\n \nИ\n \n \n \nЙ\n\nК\n \nЛ\n \nМ\n \nН\nҢ\nӘ\nО\n \nП\n \n\nР\n \nС\n \nТ\n \nУ\nЎ\nҮ\nФ\nХ\n \n\nЦ\n \nЧ\n \nШ\nЩ\nЪ\nЫ\n \nЬ\nЭ\n \nЮ\nЯЁ in Russian is usually spelled as Е; Ё is typically printed in texts for learners and in dictionaries, and in word pairs which are differentiated only by that letter (все – всё).[50]","title":"Summary table"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Computer encoding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_block"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_(Unicode_block)"},{"link_name":"U+0400–U+04FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic Supplement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_Supplement"},{"link_name":"U+0500–U+052F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0500.pdf"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic Extended-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_Extended-A"},{"link_name":"U+2DE0–U+2DFF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2DE0.pdf"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic Extended-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_Extended-B"},{"link_name":"U+A640–U+A69F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA640.pdf"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic Extended-C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_Extended-C"},{"link_name":"U+1C80–U+1C8F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1C80.pdf"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic Extended-D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_Extended-D"},{"link_name":"U+1E030–U+1E08F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E030.pdf"},{"link_name":"Phonetic Extensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic_Extensions"},{"link_name":"U+1D2B, U+1D78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1D00.pdf"},{"link_name":"Combining Half Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_Half_Marks"},{"link_name":"U+FE2E–U+FE2F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE20.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISO 8859-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8859-5"},{"link_name":"Й","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99"},{"link_name":"Ў","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8E"},{"link_name":"Ё","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81"},{"link_name":"Ї","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%87"},{"link_name":"Ѓ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%83"},{"link_name":"Ќ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8C"},{"link_name":"homonyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonym"},{"link_name":"Ѐ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%80"},{"link_name":"Ѝ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8D"},{"link_name":"Ѷ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%B6"},{"link_name":"Ѿ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%BE"},{"link_name":"Ѽ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%BC"},{"link_name":"combining diacritical marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_diacritical_mark"},{"link_name":"Church Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"early Cyrillic alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Abkhaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz_language"},{"link_name":"Aleut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleut_language"},{"link_name":"Chuvash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_language"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language"},{"link_name":"Moksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha_language"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Unicode","text":"As of Unicode version 15.1, Cyrillic letters, including national and historical alphabets, are encoded across several blocks:Cyrillic: U+0400–U+04FF\nCyrillic Supplement: U+0500–U+052F\nCyrillic Extended-A: U+2DE0–U+2DFF\nCyrillic Extended-B: U+A640–U+A69F\nCyrillic Extended-C: U+1C80–U+1C8F\nCyrillic Extended-D: U+1E030–U+1E08F\nPhonetic Extensions: U+1D2B, U+1D78\nCombining Half Marks: U+FE2E–U+FE2FThe characters in the range U+0400 to U+045F are essentially the characters from ISO 8859-5 moved upward by 864 positions. The characters in the range U+0460 to U+0489 are historic letters, not used now. The characters in the range U+048A to U+052F are additional letters for various languages that are written with Cyrillic script.Unicode as a general rule does not include accented Cyrillic letters. A few exceptions include:combinations that are considered as separate letters of respective alphabets, like Й, Ў, Ё, Ї, Ѓ, Ќ (as well as many letters of non-Slavic alphabets);\ntwo most frequent combinations orthographically required to distinguish homonyms in Bulgarian and Macedonian: Ѐ, Ѝ;\na few Old and New Church Slavonic combinations: Ѷ, Ѿ, Ѽ.To indicate stressed or long vowels, combining diacritical marks can be used after the respective letter (for example, U+0301 ◌́ COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT: е́ у́ э́ etc.).Some languages, including Church Slavonic, are still not fully supported.[citation needed]Unicode 5.1, released on 4 April 2008, introduces major changes to the Cyrillic blocks. Revisions to the existing Cyrillic blocks, and the addition of Cyrillic Extended A (2DE0 ... 2DFF) and Cyrillic Extended B (A640 ... A69F), significantly improve support for the early Cyrillic alphabet, Abkhaz, Aleut, Chuvash, Kurdish, and Moksha.[51]","title":"Computer encoding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"character encoding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding"},{"link_name":"CP866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP866"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC 8859-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5"},{"link_name":"International Organization for Standardization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"KOI8-R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOI8-R"},{"link_name":"most significant bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_significant_bit"},{"link_name":"Unix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"},{"link_name":"KOI8-U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOI8-U"},{"link_name":"MIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIK_Code_page"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS"},{"link_name":"Windows-1251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1251"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"UTF-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8"},{"link_name":"GB 2312","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB_2312"},{"link_name":"JIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIS_encoding"},{"link_name":"Shift JIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Other character encoding systems for Cyrillic:CP866 – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by Microsoft for use in MS-DOS also known as GOST-alternative. Cyrillic characters go in their native order, with a \"window\" for pseudographic characters.\nISO/IEC 8859-5 – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by International Organization for Standardization\nKOI8-R – 8-bit native Russian character encoding. Invented in the USSR for use on Soviet clones of American IBM and DEC computers. The Cyrillic characters go in the order of their Latin counterparts, which allowed the text to remain readable after transmission via a 7-bit line that removed the most significant bit from each byte – the result became a very rough, but readable, Latin transliteration of Cyrillic. Standard encoding of early 1990s for Unix systems and the first Russian Internet encoding.\nKOI8-U – KOI8-R with addition of Ukrainian letters.\nMIK – 8-bit native Bulgarian character encoding for use in Microsoft DOS.\nWindows-1251 – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by Microsoft for use in Microsoft Windows. The simplest 8-bit Cyrillic encoding – 32 capital chars in native order at 0xc0–0xdf, 32 usual chars at 0xe0–0xff, with rarely used \"YO\" characters somewhere else. No pseudographics. Former standard encoding in some Linux distributions for Belarusian and Bulgarian, but currently displaced by UTF-8.\nGOST-main.\nGB 2312 – Principally simplified Chinese encodings, but there are also the basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case).\nJIS and Shift JIS – Principally Japanese encodings, but there are also the basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case).","title":"Computer encoding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keyboard layouts for non-Latin alphabetic scripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_layout#Keyboard_layouts_for_non-Latin_alphabetic_scripts"},{"link_name":"keyboard layout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_layout"},{"link_name":"typewriters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typewriter"},{"link_name":"QWERTY keyboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY_keyboard"}],"sub_title":"Keyboard layouts","text":"See also: Keyboard layouts for non-Latin alphabetic scriptsEach language has its own standard keyboard layout, adopted from traditional national typewriters. With the flexibility of computer input methods, there are also transliterating or phonetic/homophonic keyboard layouts made for typists who are more familiar with other layouts, like the common English QWERTY keyboard. When practical Cyrillic keyboard layouts are unavailable, computer users sometimes use transliteration (translit) or look-alike (volapuk encoding) to type in languages that are normally written with the Cyrillic alphabet. Potentially, these proxy versions could be transformed programmatically into Cyrillic at a later date.","title":"Computer encoding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Mongolian script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_script"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"(Нейтральный Туркменистан)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neytralny_Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"}],"text":"^ North Macedonia has two official languages, Macedonian, which is written in Cyrillic, and Albanian, written in Latin.\n\n^ Bosnia and Herzegovina has three official languages, Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian, which are used with both Latin and Cyrillic, except for Bosnian and Croatian which are exclusively in Latin.\n\n^ Albanian is written in Latin script in Kosovo, but Serbian in Cyrillic.\n\n^ Kazakh language will be transitioned to a Latin script from 2023 to 2031. Russian, the co-official language in Kazakhstan, will continue to be written in Cyrillic.\n\n^ Cyrillic is the de facto script used alongside Latin. It is used in business, government, and other official documents. It is also widely spread throughout Uzbekistan.\n\n^ Cyrillic is used co-officially alongside the Mongolian script.\n\n^ The Montenegrin language, the official language of Montenegro, is written in Latin and Cyrillic.\n\n^ Serbian language is in Serbia and Montenegro.\n\n^ Turkmenistan has one official language, Turkmen, which is written in Latin. The daily official newspaper is published in both Turkmen (Türkmenistan)[2] and Russian (Нейтральный Туркменистан).[3]\n\n^ The Russian name ital'yanskiy shrift (Italian type) refers to a particular typeface family, whereas rimskiy shrift (roman type) is just a synonym for Latin type, Latin alphabet.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Auty_1-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Gazetler | TDNG\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//metbugat.gov.tm/newspapers?id=10"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210415035750/https://metbugat.gov.tm/newspapers?id=10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Gazetler | TDNG\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//metbugat.gov.tm/newspapers?id=11"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210415033446/https://metbugat.gov.tm/newspapers?id=11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Oldest alphabet found in Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/521235.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Bdinski Zbornik[manuscript]\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:973E9242-B062-11E1-9EF1-99BDAAF23FF7#?c=&m=&s=&cv=30&xywh=-810,-1,7145,4335"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"List of countries by population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-07-330_en.pdf"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-07-330_en.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/slavstheirearlyh00dvor"},{"link_name":"179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/slavstheirearlyh00dvor/page/n184"},{"link_name":"Glagolitic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glagolitic_script"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2006221%E2%80%93222_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2006221%E2%80%93222_19-1"},{"link_name":"Curta (2006)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCurta2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=J-H9BTVHKRMC&pg=PR98"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-161488-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161488-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Alphabets of the Modern Slavic Languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ERIC_ED016193/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Провежда се международна конференция в гр. Опака за св. Антоний от Крепчанския манастир\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dobrotoliubie.com/2021/10/15/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cubberley1996_24-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cubberley1996_24-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-507993-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507993-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Columbia_Encyclopedia_1972,_p._846_25-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceB_26-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BritGlago_27-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Kazhdan, Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-504652-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/BF00242073","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00242073"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"166319427","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166319427"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Old Church Slavonic Grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/oldchurchslavoni00lunt"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/oldchurchslavoni00lunt/page/n19"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783110162844","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110162844"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fortson_33-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Balic_34-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dzaja-lovrenovic-polemic-vjenac_36-0"},{"link_name":"\"Srećko M. Džaja vs. Ivan Lovrenović – polemika o kulturnom identitetu BiH Ivan Lovrenović\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180411013513/http://ivanlovrenovic.com/2015/06/srecko-m-dzaja-vs-ivan-lovrenovic-polemika-o-kulturnom-identitetu-bih/"},{"link_name":"Srećko M. Džaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_M._D%C5%BEaja"},{"link_name":"Ivan Lovrenović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Lovrenovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ivanlovrenovic.com/2015/06/srecko-m-dzaja-vs-ivan-lovrenovic-polemika-o-kulturnom-identitetu-bih/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ILIEV-2013-SHORT-HISTORY_37-0"},{"link_name":"\"Short history of the Cyrillic alphabet – Ivan G. Iliev\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ijors.net/issue2_2_2013/articles/iliev.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Civil_Type_38-0"},{"link_name":"\"Civil Type and Kis Cyrillic\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//typejournal.ru/en/articles/Civil-Type"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1932026016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1932026016"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161208094455/http://typejournal.ru/en/articles/Civil-Type"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lunt_44-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"Bringhurst (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBringhurst2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"Pravopis na makedonskiot jazik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pravopis.mk/sites/default/files/Pravopis-2017.PDF"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-608-220-042-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-608-220-042-2"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.pravopis.mk/sites/default/files/Pravopis-2017.PDF"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-86-363-0296-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-363-0296-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"\"Cyrillicsly: Two Cyrillics: a critical history I\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cargocollective.com/cyrillicslyblog/Two-Cyrillics-a-critical-history-I"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"\"Cyrillic script variations and the importance of localisation - Fontshare.com\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fontsmith.com/blog/2016/10/12/cyrillic-script-variations-and-the-importance-of-localisation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MongolSwitch_51-0"},{"link_name":"\"Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/kazakhstan-switch-official-alphabet-cyrillic-latin"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0261-3077","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KazSwitch_52-0"},{"link_name":"\"Mongolia to restore traditional alphabet by 2025\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.mn/en/791396"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"\"Alaskan Orthodox texts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110706164728/http://www.asna.ca/alaska/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.asna.ca/alaska/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"\"SHORT History of the Cyrillic ALPHABET\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ijors.net/issue2_2_2013/articles/iliev.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"\"Komi language and alphabet\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//omniglot.com/writing/komi.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"\"Serbian constitution\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ustavni.sud.rs/page/view/en-GB/235-100028/constitution"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"\"Serbian signs of the times are not in Cyrillic\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2008/0529/p20s01-woeu.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.21832/9781800411562-011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.21832%2F9781800411562-011"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10453/150285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10453%2F150285"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-80041-156-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80041-156-2"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"245301540","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245301540"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"\"UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eki.ee/wgrs/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"\"Употребление буквы ё в текстах разного назначения\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//orthographia.ru/orf.php?paragraph=pp5.php&num=5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"\"IOS Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3194.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3194.pdf"}],"text":"^ Auty, R. Handbook of Old Church Slavonic, Part II: Texts and Glossary. 1977.\n\n^ \"Gazetler | TDNG\". metbugat.gov.tm. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.\n\n^ \"Gazetler | TDNG\". metbugat.gov.tm. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.\n\n^ Oldest alphabet found in Egypt. BBC. 1999-11-15. Retrieved 2015-01-14.\n\n^ \"Bdinski Zbornik[manuscript]\". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 26 August 2020.\n\n^ List of countries by population\n\n^ Orban, Leonard (24 May 2007). \"Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European\" (PDF). European Union. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2014.\n\n^ Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. \"Cyril and Methodius, Saints\"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., \"Cyril and Methodius, Saints\" and \"Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern\"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., \"Social Science\"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98; V. Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.\n\n^ Dvornik, Francis (1956). The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization. Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. p. 179. The Psalter and the Book of Prophets were adapted or \"modernized\" with special regard to their use in Bulgarian churches and it was in this school that the Glagolitic script was replaced by the so-called Cyrillic writing, which was more akin to the Greek uncial, simplified matters considerably and is still used by the Orthodox Slavs.\n\n^ a b Curta (2006), pp. 221–222.\n\n^ Hussey, J. M.; Louth, Andrew (2010). \"The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire\". Oxford History of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-19-161488-0.\n\n^ Bidwell, Charles Everett (1967). Alphabets of the Modern Slavic Languages. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh. p. 4. Cyrillic was apparently adopted by the followers of Cyril and Methodius in Bulgaria (where they had retired at the invitation of the Czar of the Bulgars as a more favorable field for their activities, after encountering opposition from western oriented missionaries in Moravia).\n\n^ MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2020). A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years. London: The Folio Society. Cyrillic ... in reference to the monastic name he adopted right at the end of his life, Cyril. That was an adroit piece of homage ...\n\n^ \"Провежда се международна конференция в гр. Опака за св. Антоний от Крепчанския манастир\" [An international conference is being held in the town of Opaka for St. Anthony of the Krepchan Monastery]. 15 October 2021. Another inscription found by Popkonstantinov during the survey of the monastery speaks of the time of its creation. It consists of nine lines and has come down to us much damaged. 59 letters are saved. The first three lines are readable. What is preserved of him reads: \"In the year 921, in the month of October, the servant of God Anton died...\"\n\n^ a b Paul Cubberley (1996) \"The Slavic Alphabets\". In Daniels and Bright, eds. The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.\n\n^ Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. \"Cyril and Methodius, Saints\"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., \"Cyril and Methodius, Saints\" and \"Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern\"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., \"Social Science\"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June, 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98; V. Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.\n\n^ The Columbia Encyclopaedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, O.Ed. Saints Cyril and Methodius \"Cyril and Methodius, Saints) 869 and 884, respectively, \"Greek missionaries, brothers, called Apostles to the Slavs and fathers of Slavonic literature.\"\n\n^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Major alphabets of the world, Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets, 2008, O.Ed. \"The two early Slavic alphabets, the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic, were invented by St. Cyril, or Constantine (c. 827–869), and St. Methodii (c. 825–884). These men from Thessaloniki who became apostles to the southern Slavs, whom they converted to Christianity.\"\n\n^ Hollingsworth, P. A. (1991). \"Constantine the Philosopher\". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 507. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. Constantine (Cyril) and his brother Methodius were the sons of the droungarios Leo and Maria, who may have been a Slav.\n\n^ Lunt, Horace G. (January 1987). \"On the relationship of old Church Slavonic to the written language of early Rus\". Russian Linguistics. 11 (2): 133–162. doi:10.1007/BF00242073. S2CID 166319427.\n\n^ Schenker, Alexander (1995). The Dawn of Slavic. Yale University Press. pp. 185–186, 189–190.\n\n^ Lunt, Horace (2001). Old Church Slavonic Grammar. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9783110162844.\n\n^ Wien, Lysaght (1983). Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian)-Middle Greek-Modern English dictionary. Verlag Bruder Hollinek.\n\n^ Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, p. 374.\n\n^ Balić, Smail (1978). Die Kultur der Bosniaken, Supplement I: Inventar des bosnischen literarischen Erbes in orientalischen Sprachen. Vienna: Adolf Holzhausens, Vienna. pp. 49–50, 111.\n\n^ Algar, Hamid (1995). The Literature of the Bosnian Muslims: a Quadrilingual Heritage. Kuala Lumpur: Nadwah Ketakwaan Melalui Kreativiti. pp. 254–268.\n\n^ \"Srećko M. Džaja vs. Ivan Lovrenović – polemika o kulturnom identitetu BiH Ivan Lovrenović\". ivanlovrenovic.com (in Croatian). Polemics appeared between Srećko M. Džaja & Ivan Lovrenović in Zagreb's biweekly \"Vijenac\", later in whole published in Journal of Franciscan theology in Sarajevo, \"Bosna franciscana\" No.42. 2014. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.\n\n^ Iliev, Ivan G. \"Short history of the Cyrillic alphabet – Ivan G. Iliev\". International Journal of Russian Studies. Retrieved 4 July 2016.\n\n^ Yefimov, Vladimir (2002). \"Civil Type and Kis Cyrillic\". In Berry, John D. (ed.). Language Culture Type: International Type Design in the Age of Unicode. New York City: Graphis Press. ISBN 978-1932026016. Archived from the original on 8 December 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.\n\n^ А. Н. Стеценко. Хрестоматия по Старославянскому Языку, 1984.\n\n^ Cubberley, Paul. The Slavic Alphabets, 1996.\n\n^ Variant form: S.\n\n^ Variant form: Ꙋ.\n\n^ Variant form: ЪИ.\n\n^ Lunt, Horace G. Old Church Slavonic Grammar, Seventh Edition, 2001.\n\n^ Bringhurst (2002) writes: \"in Cyrillic, the difference between normal lower case and small caps is more subtle than it is in the Latin or Greek alphabets\" (p. 32) and \"in most Cyrillic faces, the lower case is close in color and shape to Latin small caps\" (p. 107).\n\n^ Pravopis na makedonskiot jazik (PDF). Skopje: Institut za makedonski jazik Krste Misirkov. 2017. p. 3. ISBN 978-608-220-042-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.\n\n^ Peshikan, Mitar; Jerković, Jovan; Pižurica, Mato (1994). Pravopis srpskoga jezika. Beograd: Matica Srpska. p. 42. ISBN 978-86-363-0296-5.\n\n^ \"Cyrillicsly: Two Cyrillics: a critical history I\".\n\n^ \"Cyrillic script variations and the importance of localisation - Fontshare.com\". 24 September 2020.\n\n^ \"Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters\". The Guardian. Reuters. 26 October 2017. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 October 2017.\n\n^ The Times (20 March 2020). \"Mongolia to restore traditional alphabet by 2025\". News.MN. Retrieved 8 June 2020.\n\n^ \"Alaskan Orthodox texts\". All Saints of North America Orthodox Church. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011.\n\n^ Iliev, Ivan G. \"SHORT History of the Cyrillic ALPHABET\". International Journal of Russian Studies. Retrieved 4 February 2023.\n\n^ \"Komi language and alphabet\". omniglot.com. Retrieved 6 October 2023.\n\n^ \"Serbian constitution\".\n\n^ \"Serbian signs of the times are not in Cyrillic\". Christian Science Monitor. 29 May 2008.\n\n^ Grey, Alexandra (14 December 2021), \"8 How Standard Zhuang has Met with Market Forces\", Language Standardisation and Language Variation in Multilingual Contexts, Multilingual Matters, pp. 163–182, doi:10.21832/9781800411562-011, hdl:10453/150285, ISBN 978-1-80041-156-2, S2CID 245301540.\n\n^ \"UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems\".\n\n^ Лопатин, В. В., ed. (2009). \"Употребление буквы ё в текстах разного назначения\" [Rules of Russian orthography and punctuation online. Usage of the letter ё in texts of varied purposes]. Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации онлайн (in Russian). Retrieved 4 September 2023.\n\n^ \"IOS Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Literacy Experiences concerning Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/25272837"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/612949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F612949"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144864717","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144864717"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"\"Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardí\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080407074136/http://hispanismo.cervantes.es/documentos/smidX.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hispanismo.cervantes.es/documentos/smidX.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0353-9660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0353-9660"},{"link_name":"\"Tractatus slavonicus (in: Sjani (Thoughts) )\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sjani.ge/sjani-17/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9E%20%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98.pdf"}],"text":"Isailović, Neven G.; Krstić, Aleksandar R. (2015). \"Serbian Language and Cyrillic Script as a Means of Diplomatic Literacy in South Eastern Europe in 15th and 16th Centuries\". Literacy Experiences concerning Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania. Cluj-Napoca: George Bariţiu Institute of History. pp. 185–195.\nNezirović, M. (1992). Jevrejsko-španjolska književnost [Jewish-Spanish literature]. Sarajevo: Svjetlost. [cited in Šmid, 2002]\nProstov, Eugene Victor (1931). \"Origins of Russian Printing\". Library Quarterly. 1 (1 (January)): 255–77. doi:10.1086/612949. S2CID 144864717.[when?]\nŠmid, Katja (2002). \"Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardí\" [The problems of studying the Sephardic language] (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2008. in Verba Hispanica. Vol. X. Liubliana: Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Liubliana. ISSN 0353-9660..\n'The Lives of St. Tsurho and St. Strahota', Bohemia, 1495, Vatican Library\nAmmon, Philipp (2016). \"Tractatus slavonicus (in: Sjani (Thoughts) )\" (PDF). Georgian Scientific Journal of Literary Theory and Comparative Literature (17): 248–256.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Example of the Cyrillic script. Excerpt from the manuscript \"Bdinski Zbornik\". Written in 1360.[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Archive-ugent-be-973E9242-B062-11E1-9EF1-99BDAAF23FF7_DS-375_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Archive-ugent-be-973E9242-B062-11E1-9EF1-99BDAAF23FF7_DS-375_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the cave monastery near the village of Krepcha, Opaka Municipality in Bulgaria. Here is found the oldest Cyrillic inscription, dated 921.[14]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Krepchanski_manastir.jpg/220px-Krepchanski_manastir.jpg"},{"image_text":"A page from Буквар (ABC (Reader)), the first Old Slavonic textbook, printed by Ivan Fyodorov in 1574 in Lviv. This page features the Cyrillic alphabet.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Azbuka_1574_by_Ivan_Fyodorov_v3.png/220px-Azbuka_1574_by_Ivan_Fyodorov_v3.png"},{"image_text":"A page from the Church Slavonic Grammar of Meletius Smotrytsky (1619)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Meletius_Smotrisky_Cyrillic_Alphabet.PNG/220px-Meletius_Smotrisky_Cyrillic_Alphabet.PNG"},{"image_text":"Letters Ge, De, I, Short I, Em, Te, Tse, Be and Ve in upright (printed) and cursive (handwritten) variants. (Top is set in Georgia type, bottom in Odesa Script.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cyrillic_upright-cursive-n.svg/320px-Cyrillic_upright-cursive-n.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Alternate variants of lowercase (cursive) Cyrillic letters: Б/б, Д/д, Г/г, И/и, П/п, Т/т, Ш/ш. Default Russian (Eastern) forms on the left. Alternate Bulgarian (Western) upright forms in the middle. Alternate Serbian/Macedonian (Southern) italic forms on the right. See also: ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cyrillic_alternates.svg/200px-Cyrillic_alternates.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cyrillic_cursive.svg/75px-Cyrillic_cursive.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Special_Cyrillics_BGDPT.svg/75px-Special_Cyrillics_BGDPT.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Cyrillic Script Monument in Antarctica near the Bulgarian base St. Kliment Ohridski","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cyrillic_monument.jpg/165px-Cyrillic_monument.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cyrillic Script in Europe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cyrillic_Europe.PNG/220px-Cyrillic_Europe.PNG"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png"},{"title":"Writing portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Writing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg"},{"title":"Languages portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Languages"},{"title":"Cyrillic Alphabet Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_Alphabet_Day"},{"title":"Cyrillic digraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_digraphs"},{"title":"Cyrillic script in Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_script_in_Unicode"},{"title":"Faux Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faux_Cyrillic"},{"title":"List of Cyrillic digraphs and trigraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cyrillic_digraphs_and_trigraphs"},{"title":"Russian Braille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Braille"},{"title":"Russian cursive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cursive"},{"title":"Russian manual alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_manual_alphabet"},{"title":"Bulgarian Braille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille"},{"title":"Vladislav the Grammarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_the_Grammarian"},{"title":"Yugoslav Braille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille"},{"title":"Yugoslav manual alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_manual_alphabet"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Gazetler | TDNG\". metbugat.gov.tm. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://metbugat.gov.tm/newspapers?id=10","url_text":"\"Gazetler | TDNG\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210415035750/https://metbugat.gov.tm/newspapers?id=10","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gazetler | TDNG\". metbugat.gov.tm. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://metbugat.gov.tm/newspapers?id=11","url_text":"\"Gazetler | TDNG\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210415033446/https://metbugat.gov.tm/newspapers?id=11","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bdinski Zbornik[manuscript]\". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:973E9242-B062-11E1-9EF1-99BDAAF23FF7#?c=&m=&s=&cv=30&xywh=-810,-1,7145,4335","url_text":"\"Bdinski Zbornik[manuscript]\""}]},{"reference":"Orban, Leonard (24 May 2007). \"Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European\" (PDF). European Union. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-07-330_en.pdf","url_text":"\"Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union","url_text":"European Union"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-07-330_en.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dvornik, Francis (1956). The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization. Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. p. 179. The Psalter and the Book of Prophets were adapted or \"modernized\" with special regard to their use in Bulgarian churches and it was in this school that the Glagolitic script was replaced by the so-called Cyrillic writing, which was more akin to the Greek uncial, simplified matters considerably and is still used by the Orthodox Slavs.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/slavstheirearlyh00dvor","url_text":"The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/slavstheirearlyh00dvor/page/n184","url_text":"179"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glagolitic_script","url_text":"Glagolitic script"}]},{"reference":"Hussey, J. M.; Louth, Andrew (2010). \"The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire\". Oxford History of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-19-161488-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J-H9BTVHKRMC&pg=PR98","url_text":"\"The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161488-0","url_text":"978-0-19-161488-0"}]},{"reference":"Bidwell, Charles Everett (1967). Alphabets of the Modern Slavic Languages. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh. p. 4. Cyrillic was apparently adopted by the followers of Cyril and Methodius in Bulgaria (where they had retired at the invitation of the Czar of the Bulgars as a more favorable field for their activities, after encountering opposition from western oriented missionaries in Moravia).","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED016193/mode/2up","url_text":"Alphabets of the Modern Slavic Languages"}]},{"reference":"MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2020). A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years. London: The Folio Society. Cyrillic ... in reference to the monastic name he adopted right at the end of his life, Cyril. That was an adroit piece of homage ...","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Провежда се международна конференция в гр. Опака за св. Антоний от Крепчанския манастир\" [An international conference is being held in the town of Opaka for St. Anthony of the Krepchan Monastery]. 15 October 2021. Another inscription found by Popkonstantinov during the survey of the monastery speaks of the time of its creation. It consists of nine lines and has come down to us much damaged. 59 letters are saved. The first three lines are readable. What is preserved of him reads: \"In the year 921, in the month of October, the servant of God Anton died...\"","urls":[{"url":"https://dobrotoliubie.com/2021/10/15/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8/","url_text":"\"Провежда се международна конференция в гр. Опака за св. Антоний от Крепчанския манастир\""}]},{"reference":"Hollingsworth, P. A. (1991). \"Constantine the Philosopher\". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 507. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. Constantine (Cyril) and his brother Methodius were the sons of the droungarios Leo and Maria, who may have been a Slav.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan","url_text":"Kazhdan, Alexander"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium","url_text":"The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8","url_text":"0-19-504652-8"}]},{"reference":"Lunt, Horace G. (January 1987). \"On the relationship of old Church Slavonic to the written language of early Rus\". Russian Linguistics. 11 (2): 133–162. doi:10.1007/BF00242073. S2CID 166319427.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00242073","url_text":"10.1007/BF00242073"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166319427","url_text":"166319427"}]},{"reference":"Schenker, Alexander (1995). The Dawn of Slavic. Yale University Press. pp. 185–186, 189–190.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lunt, Horace (2001). Old Church Slavonic Grammar. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9783110162844.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oldchurchslavoni00lunt","url_text":"Old Church Slavonic Grammar"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oldchurchslavoni00lunt/page/n19","url_text":"3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110162844","url_text":"9783110162844"}]},{"reference":"Wien, Lysaght (1983). Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian)-Middle Greek-Modern English dictionary. Verlag Bruder Hollinek.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Balić, Smail (1978). Die Kultur der Bosniaken, Supplement I: Inventar des bosnischen literarischen Erbes in orientalischen Sprachen. Vienna: Adolf Holzhausens, Vienna. pp. 49–50, 111.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Algar, Hamid (1995). The Literature of the Bosnian Muslims: a Quadrilingual Heritage. Kuala Lumpur: Nadwah Ketakwaan Melalui Kreativiti. pp. 254–268.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Srećko M. Džaja vs. Ivan Lovrenović – polemika o kulturnom identitetu BiH Ivan Lovrenović\". ivanlovrenovic.com (in Croatian). Polemics appeared between Srećko M. Džaja & Ivan Lovrenović in Zagreb's biweekly \"Vijenac\", later in whole published in Journal of Franciscan theology in Sarajevo, \"Bosna franciscana\" No.42. 2014. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180411013513/http://ivanlovrenovic.com/2015/06/srecko-m-dzaja-vs-ivan-lovrenovic-polemika-o-kulturnom-identitetu-bih/","url_text":"\"Srećko M. Džaja vs. Ivan Lovrenović – polemika o kulturnom identitetu BiH Ivan Lovrenović\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_M._D%C5%BEaja","url_text":"Srećko M. Džaja"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Lovrenovi%C4%87","url_text":"Ivan Lovrenović"},{"url":"http://ivanlovrenovic.com/2015/06/srecko-m-dzaja-vs-ivan-lovrenovic-polemika-o-kulturnom-identitetu-bih/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Iliev, Ivan G. \"Short history of the Cyrillic alphabet – Ivan G. Iliev\". International Journal of Russian Studies. Retrieved 4 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ijors.net/issue2_2_2013/articles/iliev.html","url_text":"\"Short history of the Cyrillic alphabet – Ivan G. Iliev\""}]},{"reference":"Yefimov, Vladimir (2002). \"Civil Type and Kis Cyrillic\". In Berry, John D. (ed.). Language Culture Type: International Type Design in the Age of Unicode. New York City: Graphis Press. ISBN 978-1932026016. Archived from the original on 8 December 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://typejournal.ru/en/articles/Civil-Type","url_text":"\"Civil Type and Kis Cyrillic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1932026016","url_text":"978-1932026016"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161208094455/http://typejournal.ru/en/articles/Civil-Type","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pravopis na makedonskiot jazik (PDF). Skopje: Institut za makedonski jazik Krste Misirkov. 2017. p. 3. ISBN 978-608-220-042-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pravopis.mk/sites/default/files/Pravopis-2017.PDF","url_text":"Pravopis na makedonskiot jazik"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-608-220-042-2","url_text":"978-608-220-042-2"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.pravopis.mk/sites/default/files/Pravopis-2017.PDF","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peshikan, Mitar; Jerković, Jovan; Pižurica, Mato (1994). Pravopis srpskoga jezika. Beograd: Matica Srpska. p. 42. ISBN 978-86-363-0296-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-363-0296-5","url_text":"978-86-363-0296-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Cyrillicsly: Two Cyrillics: a critical history I\".","urls":[{"url":"https://cargocollective.com/cyrillicslyblog/Two-Cyrillics-a-critical-history-I","url_text":"\"Cyrillicsly: Two Cyrillics: a critical history I\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cyrillic script variations and the importance of localisation - Fontshare.com\". 24 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fontsmith.com/blog/2016/10/12/cyrillic-script-variations-and-the-importance-of-localisation","url_text":"\"Cyrillic script variations and the importance of localisation - Fontshare.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters\". The Guardian. Reuters. 26 October 2017. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/kazakhstan-switch-official-alphabet-cyrillic-latin","url_text":"\"Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"The Times (20 March 2020). \"Mongolia to restore traditional alphabet by 2025\". News.MN. Retrieved 8 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.mn/en/791396","url_text":"\"Mongolia to restore traditional alphabet by 2025\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alaskan Orthodox texts\". All Saints of North America Orthodox Church. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706164728/http://www.asna.ca/alaska/","url_text":"\"Alaskan Orthodox texts\""},{"url":"http://www.asna.ca/alaska/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Iliev, Ivan G. \"SHORT History of the Cyrillic ALPHABET\". International Journal of Russian Studies. Retrieved 4 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ijors.net/issue2_2_2013/articles/iliev.html","url_text":"\"SHORT History of the Cyrillic ALPHABET\""}]},{"reference":"\"Komi language and alphabet\". omniglot.com. Retrieved 6 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://omniglot.com/writing/komi.htm","url_text":"\"Komi language and alphabet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Serbian constitution\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ustavni.sud.rs/page/view/en-GB/235-100028/constitution","url_text":"\"Serbian constitution\""}]},{"reference":"\"Serbian signs of the times are not in Cyrillic\". Christian Science Monitor. 29 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2008/0529/p20s01-woeu.html","url_text":"\"Serbian signs of the times are not in Cyrillic\""}]},{"reference":"Grey, Alexandra (14 December 2021), \"8 How Standard Zhuang has Met with Market Forces\", Language Standardisation and Language Variation in Multilingual Contexts, Multilingual Matters, pp. 163–182, doi:10.21832/9781800411562-011, hdl:10453/150285, ISBN 978-1-80041-156-2, S2CID 245301540.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21832%2F9781800411562-011","url_text":"10.21832/9781800411562-011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10453%2F150285","url_text":"10453/150285"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80041-156-2","url_text":"978-1-80041-156-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245301540","url_text":"245301540"}]},{"reference":"\"UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/","url_text":"\"UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems\""}]},{"reference":"Лопатин, В. В., ed. (2009). \"Употребление буквы ё в текстах разного назначения\" [Rules of Russian orthography and punctuation online. Usage of the letter ё in texts of varied purposes]. Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации онлайн (in Russian). Retrieved 4 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://orthographia.ru/orf.php?paragraph=pp5.php&num=5","url_text":"\"Употребление буквы ё в текстах разного назначения\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOS Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3194.pdf","url_text":"\"IOS Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3194.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bringhurst, Robert (2002). The Elements of Typographic Style. 2.5. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. pp. 262–264. ISBN 0-88179-133-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bringhurst","url_text":"Bringhurst, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elements_of_Typographic_Style","url_text":"The Elements of Typographic Style"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88179-133-4","url_text":"0-88179-133-4"}]},{"reference":"Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta","url_text":"Curta, Florin"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt","url_text":"Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0","url_text":"978-0-521-81539-0"}]},{"reference":"Isailović, Neven G.; Krstić, Aleksandar R. (2015). \"Serbian Language and Cyrillic Script as a Means of Diplomatic Literacy in South Eastern Europe in 15th and 16th Centuries\". Literacy Experiences concerning Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania. Cluj-Napoca: George Bariţiu Institute of History. pp. 185–195.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/25272837","url_text":"Literacy Experiences concerning Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania"}]},{"reference":"Nezirović, M. (1992). Jevrejsko-španjolska književnost [Jewish-Spanish literature]. Sarajevo: Svjetlost.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Prostov, Eugene Victor (1931). \"Origins of Russian Printing\". Library Quarterly. 1 (1 (January)): 255–77. doi:10.1086/612949. S2CID 144864717.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F612949","url_text":"10.1086/612949"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144864717","url_text":"144864717"}]},{"reference":"Šmid, Katja (2002). \"Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardí\" [The problems of studying the Sephardic language] (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080407074136/http://hispanismo.cervantes.es/documentos/smidX.pdf","url_text":"\"Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardí\""},{"url":"http://hispanismo.cervantes.es/documentos/smidX.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Verba Hispanica. Vol. X. Liubliana: Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Liubliana. ISSN 0353-9660.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0353-9660","url_text":"0353-9660"}]},{"reference":"Ammon, Philipp (2016). \"Tractatus slavonicus (in: Sjani (Thoughts) )\" (PDF). Georgian Scientific Journal of Literary Theory and Comparative Literature (17): 248–256.","urls":[{"url":"http://sjani.ge/sjani-17/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9E%20%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98.pdf","url_text":"\"Tractatus slavonicus (in: Sjani (Thoughts) )\""}]},{"reference":"Vladimir M. Alpatov (24 January 2013). \"Latin Alphabet for the Russian Language\". Soundcloud (Podcast). The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 28 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Mikhaylovich_Alpatov","url_text":"Vladimir M. Alpatov"},{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/chssedinburgh/vladimir-alpatov-latin-alphabet-for-the-russian-language","url_text":"\"Latin Alphabet for the Russian Language\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion
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Axion
|
["1 History","1.1 Strong CP problem","1.2 Prediction","2 Axion dark matter","2.1 Pre-inflationary scenario","2.2 Post-inflationary scenario","3 Phenomenology of the axion field","3.1 Searches","3.2 Maxwell's equations with axion modifications","3.3 Analogous effect for topological insulators","4 Experiments","4.1 Direct conversion in a magnetic field","4.2 Polarized light in a magnetic field","4.3 Light shining through walls","4.4 Astrophysical axion searches","4.5 Searches for resonance effects","4.6 Dark matter recoil searches","4.7 Nuclear spin precession","4.8 Searches at particle colliders","5 Disputed detections","6 Properties","6.1 Predictions","6.2 Cosmological implications","6.3 Supersymmetry","7 See also","8 Footnotes","9 References","10 Sources","11 External links"]
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Hypothetical elementary particle
Not to be confused with axiom or axon. For other uses, see Axion (disambiguation).
AxionInteractionsGravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, weak nuclearStatusHypotheticalSymbolA0, a, θTheorized1977, Peccei and QuinnMass 10−5 to 1 eV/c2 Electric charge0Spin0
An axion (/ˈæksiɒn/) is a hypothetical elementary particle originally proposed by the Peccei–Quinn theory in 1977 to resolve the strong CP problem in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). If axions exist and have low mass within a specific range, they are of interest as a possible component of cold dark matter.
History
Strong CP problem
As shown by Gerard 't Hooft, strong interactions of the standard model, QCD, possess a non-trivial vacuum structure that in principle permits violation of the combined symmetries of charge conjugation and parity, collectively known as CP. Together with effects generated by weak interactions, the effective periodic strong CP-violating term, Θ, appears as a Standard Model input – its value is not predicted by the theory, but must be measured. However, large CP-violating interactions originating from QCD would induce a large electric dipole moment (EDM) for the neutron. Experimental constraints on the unobserved EDM implies CP violation from QCD must be extremely tiny and thus Θ must itself be extremely small. Since Θ could have any value between 0 and 2π, this presents a "naturalness" problem for the standard model. Why should this parameter find itself so close to zero? (Or, why should QCD find itself CP-preserving?) This question constitutes what is known as the strong CP problem.
Prediction
In 1977, Roberto Peccei and Helen Quinn postulated a more elegant solution to the strong CP problem, the Peccei–Quinn mechanism. The idea is to effectively promote Θ to a field. This is accomplished by adding a new global symmetry (called a Peccei–Quinn (PQ) symmetry) that becomes spontaneously broken. This results in a new particle, as shown independently by Frank Wilczek and Steven Weinberg, that fills the role of Θ, naturally relaxing the CP-violation parameter to zero. Wilczek named this new hypothesized particle the "axion" after a brand of laundry detergent because it "cleaned up" a problem, while Weinberg called it "the higglet". Weinberg later agreed to adopt Wilczek's name for the particle. Because it has a non-zero mass, the axion is a pseudo-Nambu–Goldstone boson.
Axion dark matter
QCD effects produce an effective periodic potential in which the axion field moves. The oscillations of the axion field about the minimum of the effective potential, the so-called misalignment mechanism, generate a cosmological population of cold axions with an abundance depending on the mass of the axion. With a mass above 5 μeV/c2 (10−11 times the electron mass) axions could account for dark matter, and thus be both a dark-matter candidate and a solution to the strong CP problem. If inflation occurs at a low scale and lasts sufficiently long, the axion mass can be as low as 1 peV/c2.
There are two distinct scenarios in which the axion field begins its evolution, depending on the following two conditions:
(a)
The PQ symmetry is spontaneously broken during inflation. This condition is realized whenever the axion energy scale is larger than the Hubble rate at the end of inflation
(b)
The PQ symmetry is never restored after its spontaneous breaking occurs. This condition is realized whenever the axion energy scale is larger than the maximum temperature reached in the post-inflationary Universe.
Broadly speaking, one of the two possible scenarios outlined in the two following subsections occurs:
Pre-inflationary scenario
If both (a) and (b) are satisfied, cosmic inflation selects one patch of the Universe within which the spontaneous breaking of the PQ symmetry leads to a homogeneous value of the initial value of the axion field. In this "pre-inflationary" scenario, topological defects are inflated away and do not contribute to the axion energy density. However, other bounds that come from isocurvature modes severely constrain this scenario, which require a relatively low-energy scale of inflation to be viable.
Post-inflationary scenario
If at least one of the conditions (a) or (b) is violated, the axion field takes different values within patches that are initially out of causal contact, but that today populate the volume enclosed by our Hubble horizon. In this scenario, isocurvature fluctuations in the PQ field randomise the axion field, with no preferred value in the power spectrum.
The proper treatment in this scenario is to solve numerically the equation of motion of the PQ field in an expanding Universe, in order to capture all features coming from the misalignment mechanism, including the contribution from topological defects like "axionic" strings and domain walls. An axion mass estimate between 0.05 and 1.50 meV was reported by Borsanyi et al. (2016). The result was calculated by simulating the formation of axions during the post-inflation period on a supercomputer.
Progress in the late 2010s in determining the present abundance of a KSVZ-type axion using numerical simulations lead to values between 0.02 and 0.1 meV, although these results have been challenged by the details on the power spectrum of emitted axions from strings.
Phenomenology of the axion field
Searches
Axion models carefully choose coupling strengths that are too weak to have been detected in prior experiments. It had been thought that these "invisible axions" solved the strong CP problem while still being too small to have been observed before. The literature discusses "invisible axion" mechanisms in two forms, called KSVZ (Kim–Shifman–Vainshtein–Zakharov) and DFSZ (Dine–Fischler–Srednicki–Zhitnitsky).
The very weakly coupled axion is also very light, because axion couplings and mass are proportional. Satisfaction with "invisible axions" changed when it was shown that any very light axion would have been overproduced in the early universe and therefore must be excluded.
Maxwell's equations with axion modifications
Pierre Sikivie computed how Maxwell's equations are modified in the presence of an axion in 1983. He showed that these axions could be detected on Earth by converting them to photons, using a strong magnetic field, motivating a number of experiments. For example, the Axion Dark Matter Experiment converts axion dark matter to microwave photons, the CERN Axion Solar Telescope converts axions produced in the Sun's core to X-rays, and other experiments search for axions produced in laser light. As of the early 2020s, there are dozens of proposed or ongoing experiments searching for axion dark matter.
The equations of axion electrodynamics are typically written in "natural units", where the reduced Planck constant
ℏ
{\displaystyle \hbar }
, speed of light
c
{\displaystyle c}
, and permittivity of free space
ε
0
{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}
all reduce to 1 when expressed in these "natural units". In this unit system, the electrodynamic equations are:
Name
Equations
Gauss's law
∇
⋅
E
=
ρ
−
g
a
γ
γ
B
⋅
∇
a
{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} =\rho \ -\ g_{a\gamma \gamma }\ \mathbf {B} \cdot \nabla a}
Gauss's law for magnetism
∇
⋅
B
=
0
{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}
Faraday's law
∇
×
E
=
−
B
˙
{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\dot {\mathbf {B} }}}
Ampère–Maxwell law
∇
×
B
=
E
˙
+
J
+
g
a
γ
γ
(
a
˙
B
−
E
×
∇
a
)
{\displaystyle \quad \nabla \times \mathbf {B} ={\dot {\mathbf {E} }}\ +\ \mathbf {J} \ +\ g_{a\gamma \gamma }\ \left(\ {\dot {a}}\ \mathbf {B} -\mathbf {E} \times \nabla a\ \right)\quad }
Axion field's equation of motion
a
¨
2
−
∇
2
a
+
m
a
2
a
=
−
g
a
γ
γ
E
⋅
B
{\displaystyle {\ddot {a}}^{2}\ -\ \nabla ^{2}a\ +\ m_{a}^{2}\ a=-g_{a\gamma \gamma }\ \mathbf {E} \cdot \mathbf {B} }
Above, a dot above a variable denotes its time derivative; the dot spaced between variables is the vector dot product; the factor
g
a
γ
γ
{\displaystyle \ g_{a\gamma \gamma }\ }
is the axion-to-photon coupling constant rendered in "natural units".
Alternative forms of these equations have been proposed, which imply completely different physical signatures. For example, Visinelli wrote a set of equations that imposed duality symmetry, assuming the existence of magnetic monopoles. However, these alternative formulations are less theoretically motivated, and in many cases cannot even be derived from an action.
Analogous effect for topological insulators
A term analogous to the one that would be added to Maxwell's equations to account for axions also appears in recent (2008) theoretical models for topological insulators giving an effective axion description of the electrodynamics of these materials.
This term leads to several interesting predicted properties including a quantized magnetoelectric effect. Evidence for this effect has been given in THz spectroscopy experiments performed at the Johns Hopkins University on quantum regime thin film topological insulators developed at Rutgers University.
In 2019, a team at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids published their detection of axion insulators within a Weyl semimetal. An axion insulator is a quasiparticle – an excitation of electrons that behave together as an axion – and its discovery is consistent with the existence of the axion as an elementary particle.
Experiments
Despite not yet having been found, axion models have been well studied for over 40 years, giving time for physicists to develop insight into axion effects that might be detected. Several experimental searches for axions are presently underway; most exploit axions' expected slight interaction with photons in strong magnetic fields. Axions are also one of the few remaining plausible candidates for dark matter particles, and might be discovered in some dark matter experiments.
Constraints on the axion's coupling to the photon
Constraints on the axion's dimensionless coupling to electrons
Direct conversion in a magnetic field
Several experiments search for astrophysical axions by the Primakoff effect, which converts axions to photons and vice versa in electromagnetic fields.
The Axion Dark Matter Experiment (ADMX) at the University of Washington uses a strong magnetic field to detect the possible weak conversion of axions to microwaves. ADMX searches the galactic dark matter halo for axions resonant with a cold microwave cavity. ADMX has excluded optimistic axion models in the 1.9–3.53 μeV range. From 2013 to 2018 a series of upgrades were done and it is taking new data, including at 4.9–6.2 μeV. In December 2021 it excluded the 3.3–4.2 μeV range for the KSVZ model.
Other experiments of this type include DMRadio, HAYSTAC, CULTASK, and ORGAN. HAYSTAC completed the first scanning run of a haloscope above 20 μeV in the late 2010s.
Polarized light in a magnetic field
The Italian PVLAS experiment searches for polarization changes of light propagating in a magnetic field. The concept was first put forward in 1986 by Luciano Maiani, Roberto Petronzio and Emilio Zavattini. A rotation claim in 2006 was excluded by an upgraded setup. An optimized search began in 2014.
Light shining through walls
Another technique is so called "light shining through walls", where light passes through an intense magnetic field to convert photons into axions, which then pass through metal and are reconstituted as photons by another magnetic field on the other side of the barrier. Experiments by BFRS and a team led by Rizzo ruled out an axion cause. GammeV saw no events, reported in a 2008 Physics Review Letter. ALPS I conducted similar runs, setting new constraints in 2010; ALPS II is being built in 2022. OSQAR found no signal, limiting coupling and will continue.
Astrophysical axion searches
Axion-like bosons could have a signature in astrophysical settings. In particular, several works have proposed axion-like particles as a solution to the apparent transparency of the Universe to TeV photons. It has also been demonstrated that, in the large magnetic fields threading the atmospheres of compact astrophysical objects (e.g., magnetars), photons will convert much more efficiently. This would in turn give rise to distinct absorption-like features in the spectra detectable by early 21st century telescopes. A new (2009) promising means is looking for quasi-particle refraction in systems with strong magnetic gradients. In particular, the refraction will lead to beam splitting in the radio light curves of highly magnetized pulsars and allow much greater sensitivities than currently achievable. The International Axion Observatory (IAXO) is a proposed fourth generation helioscope.
Axions can resonantly convert into photons in the magnetospheres of neutron stars. The emerging photons lie in the GHz frequency range and can be potentially picked up in radio detectors, leading to a sensitive probe of the axion parameter space. This strategy has been used to constrain the axion–photon coupling in the 5–11 μeV mass range, by re-analyzing existing data from the Green Bank Telescope and the Effelsberg 100 m Telescope. A novel, alternative strategy consists in detecting the transient signal from the encounter between a neutron star and an axion minicluster in the Milky Way.
Axions can be produced in the Sun's core when X-rays scatter in strong electric fields. The CAST solar telescope is underway, and has set limits on coupling to photons and electrons.
Axions may be produced within neutron stars, by nucleon–nucleon bremsstrahlung. The subsequent decay of axions to gamma rays allows constraints on the axion mass to be placed from observations of neutron stars in gamma-rays using the Fermi LAT. From an analysis of four neutron stars, Berenji et al. (2016) obtained a 95% confidence interval upper limit on the axion mass of 0.079 eV. In 2021 it has been also suggested that a reported excess of hard X-ray emission from a system of neutron stars known as the magnificent seven could be explained as axion emission.
In 2016, a theoretical team from Massachusetts Institute of Technology devised a possible way of detecting axions using a strong magnetic field that need be no stronger than that produced in an MRI scanning machine. It would show variation, a slight wavering, that is linked to the mass of the axion. As of 2019, the experiment is being implemented by experimentalists at the university.
In 2022 the polarized light measurements of Messier 87* by the EHT were used to constrain the mass of the axion assuming that hypothetical clouds of axions could form around a black hole, rejecting the approximate 10−21 eV/c2 – 10−20 eV/c2 range of mass values.
Searches for resonance effects
Resonance effects may be evident in Josephson junctions from a supposed high flux of axions from the galactic halo with mass of 110 μeV and density 0.05 GeV/cm3 compared to the implied dark matter density 0.3±0.1 GeV/cm3, indicating said axions would not have enough mass to be the sole component of dark matter. The ORGAN experiment plans to conduct a direct test of this result via the haloscope method.
Dark matter recoil searches
Dark matter cryogenic detectors have searched for electron recoils that would indicate axions. CDMS published in 2009 and EDELWEISS set coupling and mass limits in 2013. UORE and XMASS also set limits on solar axions in 2013. XENON100 used a 225-day run to set the best coupling limits to date and exclude some parameters.
Nuclear spin precession
While Schiff's theorem states that a static nuclear electric dipole moment (EDM) does not produce atomic and molecular EDMs, the axion induces an oscillating nuclear EDM that oscillates at the Larmor frequency. If this nuclear EDM oscillation frequency is in resonance with an external electric field, a precession in the nuclear spin rotation occurs. This precession can be measured using precession magnetometry and if detected, would be evidence for Axions.
An experiment using this technique is the Cosmic Axion Spin Precession Experiment (CASPEr).
Searches at particle colliders
Axions may also be produced at colliders, in particular in electron positron collisions as well as in ultra-peripheral heavy ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, reinterpreting the light-by-light scattering process. Those searches are sensitive for rather large axion masses between 100 MeV/c2 and hundreds of GeV/c2. Assuming a coupling of axions to the Higgs Boson, searches for anomalous Higgs boson decays into two axions can theoretically provide even stronger limits.
Disputed detections
It was reported in 2014 that evidence for axions may have been detected as a seasonal variation in observed X-ray emission that would be expected from conversion in the Earth's magnetic field of axions streaming from the Sun. Studying 15 years of data by the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton observatory, a research group at Leicester University noticed a seasonal variation for which no conventional explanation could be found. One potential explanation for the variation, described as "plausible" by the senior author of the paper, is the known seasonal variation in visibility to XMM-Newton of the sunward magnetosphere in which X-rays may be produced by axions from the Sun's core.
This interpretation of the seasonal variation is disputed by two Italian researchers, who identify flaws in the arguments of the Leicester group that are said to rule out an interpretation in terms of axions. Most importantly, the scattering in angle assumed by the Leicester group to be caused by magnetic field gradients during the photon production, necessary to allow the X-rays to enter the detector that cannot point directly at the sun, would dissipate the flux so much that the probability of detection would be negligible.
In 2013, Christian Beck suggested that axions might be detectable in Josephson junctions; and in 2014, he argued that a signature, consistent with a mass ≈110 μeV, had in fact been observed in several preexisting experiments.
In 2020, the XENON1T experiment at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy reported a result suggesting the discovery of solar axions. The results are not yet significant at the 5-sigma level required for confirmation, and other explanations of the data are possible though less likely. New observations made in July 2022, after the observatory upgrade to XENONnT, discarded the excess thus ending the possibility of new particle discovery.
Properties
Predictions
One theory of axions relevant to cosmology had predicted that they would have no electric charge, a very small mass in the range from 1 μeV/c2 to 1 eV/c2, and very low interaction cross-sections for strong and weak forces. Because of their properties, axions would interact only minimally with ordinary matter. Axions would also change to and from photons in magnetic fields.
Cosmological implications
Inflation suggests that if they exist, axions would be created abundantly during the Big Bang. Because of a unique coupling to the instanton field of the primordial universe (the "misalignment mechanism"), an effective dynamical friction is created during the acquisition of mass, following cosmic inflation. This robs all such primordial axions of their kinetic energy.
Ultralight axion (ULA) with m ~ 10−22 eV/c2 is a kind of scalar field dark matter that seems to solve the small scale problems of CDM. A single ULA with a GUT scale decay constant provides the correct relic density without fine-tuning.
Axions would also have stopped interaction with normal matter at a different moment after the Big Bang than other more massive dark particles. The lingering effects of this difference could perhaps be calculated and observed astronomically.
If axions have low mass, thus preventing other decay modes (since there are no lighter particles to decay into), theories predict that the universe would be filled with a very cold Bose–Einstein condensate of primordial axions. Hence, axions could plausibly explain the dark matter problem of physical cosmology. Observational studies are underway, but they are not yet sufficiently sensitive to probe the mass regions if they are the solution to the dark matter problem with the fuzzy dark matter region starting to be probed via superradiance. High mass axions of the kind searched for by Jain and Singh (2007) would not persist in the modern universe. Moreover, if axions exist, scatterings with other particles in the thermal bath of the early universe unavoidably produce a population of hot axions.
Low mass axions could have additional structure at the galactic scale. If they continuously fall into galaxies from the intergalactic medium, they would be denser in "caustic" rings, just as the stream of water in a continuously flowing fountain is thicker at its peak. The gravitational effects of these rings on galactic structure and rotation might then be observable. Other cold dark matter theoretical candidates, such as WIMPs and MACHOs, could also form such rings, but because such candidates are fermionic and thus experience friction or scattering among themselves, the rings would be less sharply defined.
João G. Rosa and Thomas W. Kephart suggested that axion clouds formed around unstable primordial black holes might initiate a chain of reactions that radiate electromagnetic waves, allowing their detection. When adjusting the mass of the axions to explain dark matter, the pair discovered that the value would also explain the luminosity and wavelength of fast radio bursts, being a possible origin for both phenomena. In 2022 a similar hypothesis was used to constrain the mass of the axion from data of M87*.
In 2020, it was proposed that the axion field might actually have influenced the evolution of early Universe by creating more imbalance between the amounts of matter and antimatter – which possibly resolves the baryon asymmetry problem.
Supersymmetry
In supersymmetric theories the axion has both a scalar and a fermionic superpartner. The fermionic superpartner of the axion is called the axino, the scalar superpartner is called the saxion or dilaton. They are all bundled in a chiral superfield.
The axino has been predicted to be the lightest supersymmetric particle in such a model. In part due to this property, it is considered a candidate for dark matter.
See also
Physics portal
Dark photon
List of hypothetical particles
Weakly interacting slender particle
Footnotes
^ This non-trivial vacuum structure solves a problem associated to the U(1) axial symmetry of QCD
^ One simple solution to the strong CP problem exists: If at least one of the quarks of the standard model is massless, CP-violation becomes unobservable. However, empirical evidence strongly suggests that none of the quarks are massless. Consequently, particle theorists sought other resolutions to the problem of inexplicably conserved CP.
^ At present, physics literature discusses "invisible axion" mechanisms in two forms, one of them is called KSVZ for Kim–Shifman–Vainshtein–Zakharov. See discussion in the "Searches" section, below.
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Beck, Christian (2 December 2013). "Possible Resonance Effect of Axionic Dark Matter in Josephson Junctions". Physical Review Letters. 111 (23): 1801. arXiv:1309.3790. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111w1801B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.231801. PMID 24476255. S2CID 23845250.
^
Moskvitch, Katia. "Hints of cold dark matter pop up in 10 year-old circuit". New Scientist Magazine. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
^
Aprile, E.; et al. (9 September 2014). "First axion results from the XENON100 experiment". Physical Review D. 90 (6): 062009. arXiv:1404.1455. Bibcode:2014PhRvD..90f2009A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.90.062009. S2CID 55875111.
^ Commins, Eugene D.; Jackson, J. D.; DeMille, David P. (June 2007). "The electric dipole moment of the electron: An intuitive explanation for the evasion of Schiff's theorem". American Journal of Physics. 75 (6): 532–536. Bibcode:2007AmJPh..75..532C. doi:10.1119/1.2710486.
^ Flambaum, V. V.; Tan, H. B. Tran (27 December 2019). "Oscillating nuclear electric dipole moment induced by axion dark matter produces atomic and molecular electric dipole moments and nuclear spin rotation". Physical Review D. 100 (11): 111301. arXiv:1904.07609. Bibcode:2019PhRvD.100k1301F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.100.111301. S2CID 119303702.
^ Budker, Dmitry; Graham, Peter W.; Ledbetter, Micah; Rajendran, Surjeet; Sushkov, Alexander O. (19 May 2014). "Proposal for a Cosmic Axion Spin Precession Experiment (CASPEr)". Physical Review X. 4 (2): 021030. arXiv:1306.6089. Bibcode:2014PhRvX...4b1030B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.4.021030. S2CID 118351193.
^ Garcon, Antoine; Aybas, Deniz; Blanchard, John W; Centers, Gary; Figueroa, Nataniel L; Graham, Peter W; et al. (January 2018). "The cosmic axion spin precession experiment (CASPEr): a dark-matter search with nuclear magnetic resonance". Quantum Science and Technology. 3 (1): 014008. arXiv:1707.05312. Bibcode:2018QS&T....3a4008G. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/aa9861. S2CID 51686418.
^ Aybas, Deniz; Adam, Janos; Blumenthal, Emmy; Gramolin, Alexander V.; Johnson, Dorian; Kleyheeg, Annalies; et al. (9 April 2021). "Search for Axionlike Dark Matter Using Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance". Physical Review Letters. 126 (14): 141802. arXiv:2101.01241. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.126n1802A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.141802. PMID 33891466. S2CID 230524028.
^ Bauer, Martin; Neubert, Matthias; Thamm, Andrea (December 2017). "Collider Probes of Axion-Like Particles". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2017 (12): 44. arXiv:1708.00443. Bibcode:2017JHEP...12..044B. doi:10.1007/JHEP12(2017)044. S2CID 119422560.
^ Sample, Ian (16 October 2014). "Dark matter may have been detected – streaming from sun's core". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
^ Fraser, G. W.; Read, A. M.; Sembay, S.; Carter, J. A.; Schyns, E. (2014). "Potential solar axion signatures in X-ray observations with the XMM-Newton observatory". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 445 (2): 2146–2168. arXiv:1403.2436. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.445.2146F. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1865. S2CID 56328280.
^ Roncadelli, M.; Tavecchio, F. (2015). "No axions from the Sun". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 450 (1): L26–L28. arXiv:1411.3297. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.450L..26R. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slv040. S2CID 119275136.
^ Beck, Christian (2015). "Axion mass estimates from resonant Josephson junctions". Physics of the Dark Universe. 7–8: 6–11. arXiv:1403.5676. Bibcode:2015PDU.....7....6B. doi:10.1016/j.dark.2015.03.002. S2CID 119239296.
^ Aprile, E.; et al. (2020-06-17). "Observation of excess electronic recoil events in XENON1T". Physical Review D. 102: 072004. arXiv:2006.09721. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.102.072004. S2CID 222338600.
^ Vagnozzi, Sunny; Visinelli, Luca; Brax, Philippe; Davis, Anne-Christine; Sakstein, Jeremy (15 September 2021). "Direct detection of dark energy: The XENON1T excess and future prospects". Physical Review D. 104 (6): 063023. arXiv:2103.15834. Bibcode:2021PhRvD.104f3023V. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.063023. S2CID 232417159.
^ Conover, Emily (22 July 2022). "A new dark matter experiment quashed earlier hints of new particles". Science News.
^ Aprile, E.; Abe, K.; Agostini, F.; Maouloud, S. Ahmed; Althueser, L.; Andrieu, B.; Angelino, E.; Angevaare, J. R.; Antochi, V. C.; Martin, D. Antón; Arneodo, F. (2022-07-22). "Search for New Physics in Electronic Recoil Data from XENONnT". Physical Review Letters. 129 (16): 161805. arXiv:2207.11330. Bibcode:2022PhRvL.129p1805A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.161805. PMID 36306777. S2CID 251040527.
^ Redondo, J.; Raffelt, G.; Viaux Maira, N. (2012). "Journey at the axion meV mass frontier". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 375 (2): 022004. Bibcode:2012JPhCS.375b2004R. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/375/1/022004.
^ Marsh, David J.E. (2016). "Axion cosmology". Physics Reports. 643: 1–79. arXiv:1510.07633. Bibcode:2016PhR...643....1M. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2016.06.005. S2CID 119264863.
^ Sikivie, P. (2009). "Dark matter axions". International Journal of Modern Physics A. 25 (203): 554–563. arXiv:0909.0949. Bibcode:2010IJMPA..25..554S. doi:10.1142/S0217751X10048846. S2CID 1058708.
^ Davoudiasl, Hooman; Denton, Peter (2019). "Ultralight Boson Dark Matter and Event Horizon Telescope Observations of M87". Physical Review Letters. 123 (2): 021102. arXiv:1904.09242. Bibcode:2019PhRvL.123b1102D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.021102. PMID 31386502. S2CID 126147949.
^ Jain, P. L.; Singh, G. (2007). "Search for new particles decaying into electron pairs of mass below 100 MeV/c2". Journal of Physics G. 34 (1): 129–138. Bibcode:2007JPhG...34..129J. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/34/1/009. possible early evidence of 7±1 and 19±1 MeV axions of less than 10−13 s lifetime
^ Salvio, Alberto; Strumia, Alessandro; Xue, Wei (2014). "Thermal axion production". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2014 (1): 11. arXiv:1310.6982. Bibcode:2014JCAP...01..011S. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2014/01/011. S2CID 67775116.
^ Sikivie, P. (1997). Dark matter axions and caustic rings (Technical report). doi:10.2172/484584. OSTI 484584. S2CID 13840214.
^ Sikivie, P. "Pictures of alleged triangular structure in Milky Way".
^ Duffy, Leanne D.; Tanner, David B.; Van Bibber, Karl A. (2010). The Milky Way's Dark Matter Distribution and Consequences for Axion Detection. Axions 2010. AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 1274. pp. 85–90. Bibcode:2010AIPC.1274...85D. doi:10.1063/1.3489563.
^ Rosa, João G.; Kephart, Thomas W. (2018). "Stimulated axion decay in superradiant clouds around primordial black holes". Physical Review Letters. 120 (23): 231102. arXiv:1709.06581. Bibcode:2018PhRvL.120w1102R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.231102. PMID 29932720. S2CID 49382336.
^ Anonymous (2020-03-19). "Axions Could Explain Baryon Asymmetry". Physics. 13 (11): s38. arXiv:1910.02080. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.111602. PMID 32242736.
^
Nobutaka, Abe; Moroi, Takeo & Yamaguchi, Masahiro (2002). "Anomaly-Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking with Axion". Journal of High Energy Physics. 1 (1): 10. arXiv:hep-ph/0111155. Bibcode:2002JHEP...01..010A. doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2002/01/010. S2CID 15280422.
^
Hooper, Dan; Wang, Lian-Tao (2004). "Possible evidence for axino dark matter in the galactic bulge". Physical Review D. 70 (6): 063506. arXiv:hep-ph/0402220. Bibcode:2004PhRvD..70f3506H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.70.063506. S2CID 118153564.
Sources
Peccei, R. D.; Quinn, H. R. (1977). "CP conservation in the presence of pseudoparticles". Physical Review Letters. 38 (25): 1440–1443. Bibcode:1977PhRvL..38.1440P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.38.1440. S2CID 9518918.
Peccei, R. D.; Quinn, H. R. (1977). "Constraints imposed by CP conservation in the presence of pseudoparticles". Physical Review D. 16 (6): 1791–1797. Bibcode:1977PhRvD..16.1791P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.16.1791.
Weinberg, Steven (1978). "A new light boson?". Physical Review Letters. 40 (4): 223–226. Bibcode:1978PhRvL..40..223W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.223. S2CID 610538.
Wilczek, Frank (1978). "Problem of strong P and T invariance in the presence of instantons". Physical Review Letters. 40 (5): 279–282. Bibcode:1978PhRvL..40..279W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.279.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Axions.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Axion.
Franz, Marcel (24 November 2008). "article". APS Physics. 1.
"news article". New Scientist. 28 January 2007.
"news article". physorg.com. 6 December 2006. Archived from the original on 7 December 2006.
Collins, Graham P. (17 July 2006). "A Hint of Axions". Scientific American.
"news article". PhysicsWeb.org. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2006.
"news article". PhysicsWeb.org. 24 November 2004. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2004.
"CAST Experiment". Switzerland: CERN. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
"CAST". Spain: UNIZAR. Archived from the original on 2016-04-15. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
"CAST". Darmstadt, Germany: University of Technology. Archived from the original on 2009-03-18.
"ADMX". Seattle, Washington: University of Washington. Archived from the original on 2015-02-14. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
"Axion in nLab".
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"axiom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom"},{"link_name":"axon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon"},{"link_name":"Axion (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈæksiɒn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"elementary particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle"},{"link_name":"Peccei–Quinn theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccei%E2%80%93Quinn_theory"},{"link_name":"strong CP problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_CP_problem"},{"link_name":"quantum chromodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics"},{"link_name":"cold dark matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_dark_matter"}],"text":"Not to be confused with axiom or axon. For other uses, see Axion (disambiguation).An axion (/ˈæksiɒn/) is a hypothetical elementary particle originally proposed by the Peccei–Quinn theory in 1977 to resolve the strong CP problem in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). If axions exist and have low mass within a specific range, they are of interest as a possible component of cold dark matter.","title":"Axion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerard 't Hooft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"strong interactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"charge conjugation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-symmetry"},{"link_name":"parity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(physics)"},{"link_name":"weak interactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction"},{"link_name":"Standard Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model"},{"link_name":"electric dipole moment (EDM) for the neutron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_electric_dipole_moment"},{"link_name":"naturalness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalness_(physics)"},{"link_name":"strong CP problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_CP_problem"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Strong CP problem","text":"As shown by Gerard 't Hooft,[2] strong interactions of the standard model, QCD, possess a non-trivial vacuum structure[a] that in principle permits violation of the combined symmetries of charge conjugation and parity, collectively known as CP. Together with effects generated by weak interactions, the effective periodic strong CP-violating term, Θ, appears as a Standard Model input – its value is not predicted by the theory, but must be measured. However, large CP-violating interactions originating from QCD would induce a large electric dipole moment (EDM) for the neutron. Experimental constraints on the unobserved EDM implies CP violation from QCD must be extremely tiny and thus Θ must itself be extremely small. Since Θ could have any value between 0 and 2π, this presents a \"naturalness\" problem for the standard model. Why should this parameter find itself so close to zero? (Or, why should QCD find itself CP-preserving?) This question constitutes what is known as the strong CP problem.[b]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roberto Peccei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Peccei"},{"link_name":"Helen Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Quinn"},{"link_name":"Peccei–Quinn mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccei%E2%80%93Quinn_theory"},{"link_name":"Peccei–Quinn (PQ) symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccei%E2%80%93Quinn_symmetry"},{"link_name":"Frank Wilczek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Steven Weinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"brand of laundry detergent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion_(brand)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WilczekQuanta2016-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WilczekQuanta2016-10"},{"link_name":"pseudo-Nambu–Goldstone boson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Nambu%E2%80%93Goldstone_boson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Prediction","text":"In 1977, Roberto Peccei and Helen Quinn postulated a more elegant solution to the strong CP problem, the Peccei–Quinn mechanism. The idea is to effectively promote Θ to a field. This is accomplished by adding a new global symmetry (called a Peccei–Quinn (PQ) symmetry) that becomes spontaneously broken. This results in a new particle, as shown independently by Frank Wilczek[5] and Steven Weinberg,[6] that fills the role of Θ, naturally relaxing the CP-violation parameter to zero. Wilczek named this new hypothesized particle the \"axion\" after a brand of laundry detergent because it \"cleaned up\" a problem,[7][8] while Weinberg called it \"the higglet\". Weinberg later agreed to adopt Wilczek's name for the particle.[8] Because it has a non-zero mass, the axion is a pseudo-Nambu–Goldstone boson.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_cosmological_bound_on_the_invisib-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_not-so-harmless_axion-14"},{"link_name":"μeV/c2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-volt"},{"link_name":"electron mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_mass"},{"link_name":"dark matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"QCD effects produce an effective periodic potential in which the axion field moves. The oscillations of the axion field about the minimum of the effective potential, the so-called misalignment mechanism, generate a cosmological population of cold axions with an abundance depending on the mass of the axion.[10][11][12] With a mass above 5 μeV/c2 (10−11 times the electron mass) axions could account for dark matter, and thus be both a dark-matter candidate and a solution to the strong CP problem. If inflation occurs at a low scale and lasts sufficiently long, the axion mass can be as low as 1 peV/c2.[13][14][15]There are two distinct scenarios in which the axion field begins its evolution, depending on the following two conditions:Broadly speaking, one of the two possible scenarios outlined in the two following subsections occurs:","title":"Axion dark matter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cosmic inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)"},{"link_name":"topological defects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_defect"},{"link_name":"isocurvature modes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isocurvature_mode&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Pre-inflationary scenario","text":"If both (a) and (b) are satisfied, cosmic inflation selects one patch of the Universe within which the spontaneous breaking of the PQ symmetry leads to a homogeneous value of the initial value of the axion field. In this \"pre-inflationary\" scenario, topological defects are inflated away and do not contribute to the axion energy density. However, other bounds that come from isocurvature modes severely constrain this scenario, which require a relatively low-energy scale of inflation to be viable.[16][17][18]","title":"Axion dark matter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"causal contact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_contact"},{"link_name":"Hubble horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_horizon#Hubble_horizon"},{"link_name":"strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_string"},{"link_name":"domain walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_wall"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"post-inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)"},{"link_name":"supercomputer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Post-inflationary scenario","text":"If at least one of the conditions (a) or (b) is violated, the axion field takes different values within patches that are initially out of causal contact, but that today populate the volume enclosed by our Hubble horizon. In this scenario, isocurvature fluctuations in the PQ field randomise the axion field, with no preferred value in the power spectrum.The proper treatment in this scenario is to solve numerically the equation of motion of the PQ field in an expanding Universe, in order to capture all features coming from the misalignment mechanism, including the contribution from topological defects like \"axionic\" strings and domain walls. An axion mass estimate between 0.05 and 1.50 meV was reported by Borsanyi et al. (2016).[19] The result was calculated by simulating the formation of axions during the post-inflation period on a supercomputer.[20]Progress in the late 2010s in determining the present abundance of a KSVZ-type axion[c] using numerical simulations lead to values between 0.02 and 0.1 meV,[23][24] although these results have been challenged by the details on the power spectrum of emitted axions from strings.[25]","title":"Axion dark matter"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Phenomenology of the axion field"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"invisible axions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccei-Quinn_theory#Invisible_axion_models"},{"link_name":"Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jihn-eui"},{"link_name":"Shifman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Shifman"},{"link_name":"Vainshtein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkady_Vainshtein"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim-1979-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shifman-etal-1980-24"},{"link_name":"Dine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dine"},{"link_name":"Fischler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Fischler"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_cosmological_bound_on_the_invisib-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_not-so-harmless_axion-14"}],"sub_title":"Searches","text":"Axion models carefully choose coupling strengths that are too weak to have been detected in prior experiments. It had been thought that these \"invisible axions\" solved the strong CP problem while still being too small to have been observed before. The literature discusses \"invisible axion\" mechanisms in two forms, called KSVZ (Kim–Shifman–Vainshtein–Zakharov)[21][22] and DFSZ (Dine–Fischler–Srednicki–Zhitnitsky).[26][27]The very weakly coupled axion is also very light, because axion couplings and mass are proportional. Satisfaction with \"invisible axions\" changed when it was shown that any very light axion would have been overproduced in the early universe and therefore must be excluded.[10][11][12]","title":"Phenomenology of the axion field"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierre Sikivie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Sikivie"},{"link_name":"Maxwell's equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Axion Dark Matter Experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion_Dark_Matter_Experiment"},{"link_name":"CERN Axion Solar Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN_Axion_Solar_Telescope"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"vector dot product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_dot_product"},{"link_name":"magnetic monopoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_monopole"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_(physics)"}],"sub_title":"Maxwell's equations with axion modifications","text":"Pierre Sikivie computed how Maxwell's equations are modified in the presence of an axion in 1983.[28] He showed that these axions could be detected on Earth by converting them to photons, using a strong magnetic field, motivating a number of experiments. For example, the Axion Dark Matter Experiment converts axion dark matter to microwave photons, the CERN Axion Solar Telescope converts axions produced in the Sun's core to X-rays, and other experiments search for axions produced in laser light.[29] As of the early 2020s, there are dozens of proposed or ongoing experiments searching for axion dark matter.[30]The equations of axion electrodynamics are typically written in \"natural units\", where the reduced Planck constant \n \n \n \n ℏ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\hbar }\n \n, speed of light \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c}\n \n, and permittivity of free space \n \n \n \n \n ε\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{0}}\n \n all reduce to 1 when expressed in these \"natural units\". In this unit system, the electrodynamic equations are:Name\n\nEquations\n\n\nGauss's law\n\n\n \n \n \n ∇\n ⋅\n \n E\n \n =\n ρ\n \n −\n \n \n g\n \n a\n γ\n γ\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n ⋅\n ∇\n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nabla \\cdot \\mathbf {E} =\\rho \\ -\\ g_{a\\gamma \\gamma }\\ \\mathbf {B} \\cdot \\nabla a}\n \n\n\n\nGauss's law for magnetism\n\n\n \n \n \n ∇\n ⋅\n \n B\n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nabla \\cdot \\mathbf {B} =0}\n \n\n\n\nFaraday's law\n\n\n \n \n \n ∇\n ×\n \n E\n \n =\n −\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n ˙\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nabla \\times \\mathbf {E} =-{\\dot {\\mathbf {B} }}}\n \n\n\n\nAmpère–Maxwell law\n\n\n \n \n \n \n ∇\n ×\n \n B\n \n =\n \n \n \n \n E\n \n ˙\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n J\n \n \n +\n \n \n g\n \n a\n γ\n γ\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n ˙\n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n −\n \n E\n \n ×\n ∇\n a\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\quad \\nabla \\times \\mathbf {B} ={\\dot {\\mathbf {E} }}\\ +\\ \\mathbf {J} \\ +\\ g_{a\\gamma \\gamma }\\ \\left(\\ {\\dot {a}}\\ \\mathbf {B} -\\mathbf {E} \\times \\nabla a\\ \\right)\\quad }\n \n\n\n\nAxion field's equation of motion\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n ¨\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n ∇\n \n 2\n \n \n a\n \n +\n \n \n m\n \n a\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n a\n =\n −\n \n g\n \n a\n γ\n γ\n \n \n \n \n E\n \n ⋅\n \n B\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ddot {a}}^{2}\\ -\\ \\nabla ^{2}a\\ +\\ m_{a}^{2}\\ a=-g_{a\\gamma \\gamma }\\ \\mathbf {E} \\cdot \\mathbf {B} }Above, a dot above a variable denotes its time derivative; the dot spaced between variables is the vector dot product; the factor \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n a\n γ\n γ\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ g_{a\\gamma \\gamma }\\ }\n \n is the axion-to-photon coupling constant rendered in \"natural units\".Alternative forms of these equations have been proposed, which imply completely different physical signatures. For example, Visinelli wrote a set of equations that imposed duality symmetry, assuming the existence of magnetic monopoles.[31] However, these alternative formulations are less theoretically motivated, and in many cases cannot even be derived from an action.","title":"Phenomenology of the axion field"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maxwell's equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"topological insulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_insulators"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"magnetoelectric effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetoelectric_effect"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franz_36-37"},{"link_name":"THz spectroscopy experiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Peter_Armitage"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"Rutgers University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Chemical_Physics_of_Solids"},{"link_name":"axion insulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_topological_insulator#Axion_coupling"},{"link_name":"Weyl semimetal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_semimetal"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"quasiparticle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiparticle"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Analogous effect for topological insulators","text":"A term analogous to the one that would be added to Maxwell's equations to account for axions[32] also appears in recent (2008) theoretical models for topological insulators giving an effective axion description of the electrodynamics of these materials.[33]This term leads to several interesting predicted properties including a quantized magnetoelectric effect.[34] Evidence for this effect has been given in THz spectroscopy experiments performed at the Johns Hopkins University on quantum regime thin film topological insulators developed at Rutgers University.[35]In 2019, a team at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids published their detection of axion insulators within a Weyl semimetal.[36] An axion insulator is a quasiparticle – an excitation of electrons that behave together as an axion – and its discovery is consistent with the existence of the axion as an elementary particle.[37]","title":"Phenomenology of the axion field"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AxionPhoton.pdf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AxionElectron.pdf"}],"text":"Despite not yet having been found, axion models have been well studied for over 40 years, giving time for physicists to develop insight into axion effects that might be detected. Several experimental searches for axions are presently underway; most exploit axions' expected slight interaction with photons in strong magnetic fields. Axions are also one of the few remaining plausible candidates for dark matter particles, and might be discovered in some dark matter experiments.Constraints on the axion's coupling to the photonConstraints on the axion's dimensionless coupling to electrons","title":"Experiments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Primakoff effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakoff_effect"},{"link_name":"Axion Dark Matter Experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion_Dark_Matter_Experiment"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"microwaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"dark matter halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter_halo"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HAYSTAC-50"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CULTASK-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ORGAN-52"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HAYSTAC-50"}],"sub_title":"Direct conversion in a magnetic field","text":"Several experiments search for astrophysical axions by the Primakoff effect, which converts axions to photons and vice versa in electromagnetic fields.The Axion Dark Matter Experiment (ADMX) at the University of Washington uses a strong magnetic field to detect the possible weak conversion of axions to microwaves.[38] ADMX searches the galactic dark matter halo[39] for axions resonant with a cold microwave cavity. ADMX has excluded optimistic axion models in the 1.9–3.53 μeV range.[40][41][42] From 2013 to 2018 a series of upgrades[43] were done and it is taking new data, including at 4.9–6.2 μeV. In December 2021 it excluded the 3.3–4.2 μeV range for the KSVZ model.[44][45]Other experiments of this type include DMRadio,[46] HAYSTAC,[47] CULTASK,[48] and ORGAN.[49] HAYSTAC completed the first scanning run of a haloscope above 20 μeV in the late 2010s.[47]","title":"Experiments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PVLAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVLAS"},{"link_name":"light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarized_light"},{"link_name":"Luciano Maiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Maiani"},{"link_name":"Emilio Zavattini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Zavattini"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zavattini_1-55"}],"sub_title":"Polarized light in a magnetic field","text":"The Italian PVLAS experiment searches for polarization changes of light propagating in a magnetic field. The concept was first put forward in 1986 by Luciano Maiani, Roberto Petronzio and Emilio Zavattini.[50] A rotation claim[51] in 2006 was excluded by an upgraded setup.[52] An optimized search began in 2014.","title":"Experiments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rizzo_1-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Light shining through walls","text":"Another technique is so called \"light shining through walls\",[53] where light passes through an intense magnetic field to convert photons into axions, which then pass through metal and are reconstituted as photons by another magnetic field on the other side of the barrier. Experiments by BFRS and a team led by Rizzo ruled out an axion cause.[54] GammeV saw no events, reported in a 2008 Physics Review Letter. ALPS I conducted similar runs,[55] setting new constraints in 2010; ALPS II is being built in 2022.[56] OSQAR found no signal, limiting coupling[57] and will continue.","title":"Experiments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"magnetars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetar"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"International Axion Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Axion_Observatory"},{"link_name":"helioscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helioscope"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"magnetospheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosphere"},{"link_name":"neutron stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_star"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Green Bank Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bank_Telescope"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"CAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN_Axion_Solar_Telescope"},{"link_name":"bremsstrahlung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsstrahlung"},{"link_name":"confidence interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_interval"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"magnificent seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven_(neutron_stars)"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"MRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"measurements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_Horizon_Telescope#Messier_87*"},{"link_name":"Messier 87*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_87"},{"link_name":"EHT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_Horizon_Telescope"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"sub_title":"Astrophysical axion searches","text":"Axion-like bosons could have a signature in astrophysical settings. In particular, several works have proposed axion-like particles as a solution to the apparent transparency of the Universe to TeV photons.[58][59] It has also been demonstrated that, in the large magnetic fields threading the atmospheres of compact astrophysical objects (e.g., magnetars), photons will convert much more efficiently. This would in turn give rise to distinct absorption-like features in the spectra detectable by early 21st century telescopes.[60] A new (2009) promising means is looking for quasi-particle refraction in systems with strong magnetic gradients. In particular, the refraction will lead to beam splitting in the radio light curves of highly magnetized pulsars and allow much greater sensitivities than currently achievable.[61] The International Axion Observatory (IAXO) is a proposed fourth generation helioscope.[62]Axions can resonantly convert into photons in the magnetospheres of neutron stars.[63] The emerging photons lie in the GHz frequency range and can be potentially picked up in radio detectors, leading to a sensitive probe of the axion parameter space. This strategy has been used to constrain the axion–photon coupling in the 5–11 μeV mass range, by re-analyzing existing data from the Green Bank Telescope and the Effelsberg 100 m Telescope.[64] A novel, alternative strategy consists in detecting the transient signal from the encounter between a neutron star and an axion minicluster in the Milky Way.[65]Axions can be produced in the Sun's core when X-rays scatter in strong electric fields. The CAST solar telescope is underway, and has set limits on coupling to photons and electrons. \nAxions may be produced within neutron stars, by nucleon–nucleon bremsstrahlung. The subsequent decay of axions to gamma rays allows constraints on the axion mass to be placed from observations of neutron stars in gamma-rays using the Fermi LAT. From an analysis of four neutron stars, Berenji et al. (2016) obtained a 95% confidence interval upper limit on the axion mass of 0.079 eV.[66] In 2021 it has been also suggested[67][68] that a reported[69] excess of hard X-ray emission from a system of neutron stars known as the magnificent seven could be explained as axion emission.In 2016, a theoretical team from Massachusetts Institute of Technology devised a possible way of detecting axions using a strong magnetic field that need be no stronger than that produced in an MRI scanning machine. It would show variation, a slight wavering, that is linked to the mass of the axion. As of 2019, the experiment is being implemented by experimentalists at the university.[70]In 2022 the polarized light measurements of Messier 87* by the EHT were used to constrain the mass of the axion assuming that hypothetical clouds of axions could form around a black hole, rejecting the approximate 10−21 eV/c2 – 10−20 eV/c2 range of mass values.[71][72]","title":"Experiments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josephson junctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephson_junction"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ORGAN-52"}],"sub_title":"Searches for resonance effects","text":"Resonance effects may be evident in Josephson junctions[73] from a supposed high flux of axions from the galactic halo with mass of 110 μeV and density 0.05 GeV/cm3[74] compared to the implied dark matter density 0.3±0.1 GeV/cm3, indicating said axions would not have enough mass to be the sole component of dark matter. The ORGAN experiment plans to conduct a direct test of this result via the haloscope method.[49]","title":"Experiments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CDMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_Dark_Matter_Search"},{"link_name":"EDELWEISS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDELWEISS"},{"link_name":"UORE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UORE&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"XMASS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMASS"},{"link_name":"XENON100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XENON100"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Dark matter recoil searches","text":"Dark matter cryogenic detectors have searched for electron recoils that would indicate axions. CDMS published in 2009 and EDELWEISS set coupling and mass limits in 2013. UORE and XMASS also set limits on solar axions in 2013. XENON100 used a 225-day run to set the best coupling limits to date and exclude some parameters.[75]","title":"Experiments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Larmor frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larmor_precession"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"sub_title":"Nuclear spin precession","text":"While Schiff's theorem states that a static nuclear electric dipole moment (EDM) does not produce atomic and molecular EDMs,[76] the axion induces an oscillating nuclear EDM that oscillates at the Larmor frequency. If this nuclear EDM oscillation frequency is in resonance with an external electric field, a precession in the nuclear spin rotation occurs. This precession can be measured using precession magnetometry and if detected, would be evidence for Axions.[77]An experiment using this technique is the Cosmic Axion Spin Precession Experiment (CASPEr).[78][79][80]","title":"Experiments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"light-by-light scattering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-photon_physics"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"Searches at particle colliders","text":"Axions may also be produced at colliders, in particular in electron positron collisions as well as in ultra-peripheral heavy ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, reinterpreting the light-by-light scattering process. Those searches are sensitive for rather large axion masses between 100 MeV/c2 and hundreds of GeV/c2. Assuming a coupling of axions to the Higgs Boson, searches for anomalous Higgs boson decays into two axions can theoretically provide even stronger limits.[81]","title":"Experiments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"XMM-Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMM-Newton"},{"link_name":"Leicester University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_University"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-85"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FraserRead2014-86"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RoncadelliTavecchio2015-87"},{"link_name":"Josephson junctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephson_junctions"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"XENON1T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XENON#XENON1T"},{"link_name":"Gran Sasso National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratori_Nazionali_del_Gran_Sasso"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"5-sigma level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation#Experiment,_industrial_and_hypothesis_testing"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"XENONnT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XENON#XENONnT"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"text":"It was reported in 2014 that evidence for axions may have been detected as a seasonal variation in observed X-ray emission that would be expected from conversion in the Earth's magnetic field of axions streaming from the Sun. Studying 15 years of data by the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton observatory, a research group at Leicester University noticed a seasonal variation for which no conventional explanation could be found. One potential explanation for the variation, described as \"plausible\" by the senior author of the paper, is the known seasonal variation in visibility to XMM-Newton of the sunward magnetosphere in which X-rays may be produced by axions from the Sun's core.[82][83]This interpretation of the seasonal variation is disputed by two Italian researchers, who identify flaws in the arguments of the Leicester group that are said to rule out an interpretation in terms of axions. Most importantly, the scattering in angle assumed by the Leicester group to be caused by magnetic field gradients during the photon production, necessary to allow the X-rays to enter the detector that cannot point directly at the sun, would dissipate the flux so much that the probability of detection would be negligible.[84]In 2013, Christian Beck suggested that axions might be detectable in Josephson junctions; and in 2014, he argued that a signature, consistent with a mass ≈110 μeV, had in fact been observed in several preexisting experiments.[85]In 2020, the XENON1T experiment at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy reported a result suggesting the discovery of solar axions.[86] The results are not yet significant at the 5-sigma level required for confirmation, and other explanations of the data are possible though less likely.[87] New observations made in July 2022, after the observatory upgrade to XENONnT, discarded the excess thus ending the possibility of new particle discovery.[88][89]","title":"Disputed detections"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology"},{"link_name":"electric charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass"},{"link_name":"cross-sections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)"},{"link_name":"strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction"},{"link_name":"weak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction"},{"link_name":"photons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon"}],"sub_title":"Predictions","text":"One theory of axions relevant to cosmology had predicted that they would have no electric charge, a very small mass in the range from 1 μeV/c2 to 1 eV/c2, and very low interaction cross-sections for strong and weak forces. Because of their properties, axions would interact only minimally with ordinary matter. Axions would also change to and from photons in magnetic fields.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"instanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instanton"},{"link_name":"universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe"},{"link_name":"misalignment mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misalignment_mechanism"},{"link_name":"dynamical friction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_friction"},{"link_name":"cosmic inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_inflation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"scalar field dark matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_field_dark_matter"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang"},{"link_name":"why?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"Bose–Einstein condensate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate"},{"link_name":"dark matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter"},{"link_name":"physical cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_cosmology"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"superradiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superradiance"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"caustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caustic_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duffy2010-101"},{"link_name":"WIMPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particles"},{"link_name":"MACHOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MACHO"},{"link_name":"fermionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"primordial black holes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_black_hole"},{"link_name":"fast radio bursts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_radio_burst"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"constrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Astrophysical_axion_searches"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"early Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe"},{"link_name":"baryon asymmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon_asymmetry"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"sub_title":"Cosmological implications","text":"Inflation suggests that if they exist, axions would be created abundantly during the Big Bang.[90] Because of a unique coupling to the instanton field of the primordial universe (the \"misalignment mechanism\"), an effective dynamical friction is created during the acquisition of mass, following cosmic inflation. This robs all such primordial axions of their kinetic energy.[citation needed]Ultralight axion (ULA) with m ~ 10−22 eV/c2 is a kind of scalar field dark matter that seems to solve the small scale problems of CDM. A single ULA with a GUT scale decay constant provides the correct relic density without fine-tuning.[91]Axions would also have stopped interaction with normal matter at a different moment after the Big Bang than other more massive dark particles.[why?] The lingering effects of this difference could perhaps be calculated and observed astronomically.[citation needed]If axions have low mass, thus preventing other decay modes (since there are no lighter particles to decay into), theories[which?] predict that the universe would be filled with a very cold Bose–Einstein condensate of primordial axions. Hence, axions could plausibly explain the dark matter problem of physical cosmology.[92] Observational studies are underway, but they are not yet sufficiently sensitive to probe the mass regions if they are the solution to the dark matter problem with the fuzzy dark matter region starting to be probed via superradiance.[93] High mass axions of the kind searched for by Jain and Singh (2007)[94] would not persist in the modern universe. Moreover, if axions exist, scatterings with other particles in the thermal bath of the early universe unavoidably produce a population of hot axions.[95]Low mass axions could have additional structure at the galactic scale. If they continuously fall into galaxies from the intergalactic medium, they would be denser in \"caustic\" rings, just as the stream of water in a continuously flowing fountain is thicker at its peak.[96] The gravitational effects of these rings on galactic structure and rotation might then be observable.[97][98] Other cold dark matter theoretical candidates, such as WIMPs and MACHOs, could also form such rings, but because such candidates are fermionic and thus experience friction or scattering among themselves, the rings would be less sharply defined.[citation needed]João G. Rosa and Thomas W. Kephart suggested that axion clouds formed around unstable primordial black holes might initiate a chain of reactions that radiate electromagnetic waves, allowing their detection. When adjusting the mass of the axions to explain dark matter, the pair discovered that the value would also explain the luminosity and wavelength of fast radio bursts, being a possible origin for both phenomena.[99] In 2022 a similar hypothesis was used to constrain the mass of the axion from data of M87*.[citation needed]In 2020, it was proposed that the axion field might actually have influenced the evolution of early Universe by creating more imbalance between the amounts of matter and antimatter – which possibly resolves the baryon asymmetry problem.[100]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supersymmetric theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry"},{"link_name":"superpartner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpartner"},{"link_name":"fermionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion"},{"link_name":"axino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axino"},{"link_name":"saxion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxion"},{"link_name":"dilaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilaton"},{"link_name":"chiral superfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_superfield"},{"link_name":"axino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axino"},{"link_name":"lightest supersymmetric particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightest_supersymmetric_particle"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"Supersymmetry","text":"In supersymmetric theories the axion has both a scalar and a fermionic superpartner. The fermionic superpartner of the axion is called the axino, the scalar superpartner is called the saxion or dilaton. They are all bundled in a chiral superfield.The axino has been predicted to be the lightest supersymmetric particle in such a model.[101] In part due to this property, it is considered a candidate for dark matter.[102]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"strong CP problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_CP_problem"},{"link_name":"quarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarks"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jihn-eui"},{"link_name":"Shifman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Shifman"},{"link_name":"Vainshtein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkady_Vainshtein"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim-1979-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shifman-etal-1980-24"},{"link_name":"below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K-S-V-Z-vs-D-F-S-Z-anchor"}],"text":"^ This non-trivial vacuum structure solves a problem associated to the U(1) axial symmetry of QCD[3][4]\n\n^ One simple solution to the strong CP problem exists: If at least one of the quarks of the standard model is massless, CP-violation becomes unobservable. However, empirical evidence strongly suggests that none of the quarks are massless. Consequently, particle theorists sought other resolutions to the problem of inexplicably conserved CP.\n\n^ At present, physics literature discusses \"invisible axion\" mechanisms in two forms, one of them is called KSVZ for Kim–Shifman–Vainshtein–Zakharov.[21][22] See discussion in the \"Searches\" section, below.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peccei, R. D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Peccei"},{"link_name":"Quinn, H. R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Quinn"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1977PhRvL..38.1440P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977PhRvL..38.1440P"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.38.1440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.38.1440"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9518918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9518918"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1977PhRvD..16.1791P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977PhRvD..16.1791P"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1103/PhysRevD.16.1791","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.16.1791"},{"link_name":"Weinberg, Steven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1978PhRvL..40..223W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978PhRvL..40..223W"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.223","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.40.223"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"610538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:610538"},{"link_name":"Wilczek, Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1978PhRvL..40..279W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978PhRvL..40..279W"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.279","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.40.279"}],"text":"Peccei, R. D.; Quinn, H. R. (1977). \"CP conservation in the presence of pseudoparticles\". Physical Review Letters. 38 (25): 1440–1443. Bibcode:1977PhRvL..38.1440P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.38.1440. S2CID 9518918.\nPeccei, R. D.; Quinn, H. R. (1977). \"Constraints imposed by CP conservation in the presence of pseudoparticles\". Physical Review D. 16 (6): 1791–1797. Bibcode:1977PhRvD..16.1791P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.16.1791.\nWeinberg, Steven (1978). \"A new light boson?\". Physical Review Letters. 40 (4): 223–226. Bibcode:1978PhRvL..40..223W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.223. S2CID 610538.\nWilczek, Frank (1978). \"Problem of strong P and T invariance in the presence of instantons\". Physical Review Letters. 40 (5): 279–282. Bibcode:1978PhRvL..40..279W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.279.","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Constraints on the axion's coupling to the photon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/AxionPhoton.pdf/page1-350px-AxionPhoton.pdf.jpg"},{"image_text":"Constraints on the axion's dimensionless coupling to electrons","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/AxionElectron.pdf/page1-350px-AxionElectron.pdf.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg"},{"title":"Physics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics"},{"title":"Dark photon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_photon"},{"title":"List of hypothetical particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Hypothetical_particles"},{"title":"Weakly interacting slender particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WISP_(particle_physics)"}]
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[{"reference":"Peccei, R. D. (2008). \"The Strong CP Problem and Axions\". In Kuster, Markus; Raffelt, Georg; Beltrán, Berta (eds.). Axions: Theory, Cosmology, and Experimental Searches. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 741. pp. 3–17. arXiv:hep-ph/0607268. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73518-2_1. ISBN 978-3-540-73517-5. S2CID 119482294.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0607268","url_text":"hep-ph/0607268"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-73518-2_1","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-540-73518-2_1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-73517-5","url_text":"978-3-540-73517-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119482294","url_text":"119482294"}]},{"reference":"'t Hooft, Gerard (1976). \"Symmetry breaking through Bell-Jackiw anomalies\". Physical Review Letters. 37 (1).","urls":[]},{"reference":"'t Hooft, Gerard (1976). \"Computation of the quantum effects due to a four-dimensional pseudo-particle\". Physical Review D. 14 (12). APS: 3432–3450. Bibcode:1976PhRvD..14.3432T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.14.3432.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976PhRvD..14.3432T","url_text":"1976PhRvD..14.3432T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.14.3432","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevD.14.3432"}]},{"reference":"Katz, Emanuel; Schwartz, Matthew D (28 August 2007). \"An eta primer: solving the U(1) problem with AdS/QCD\". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2007 (8): 077. arXiv:0705.0534. Bibcode:2007JHEP...08..077K. doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2007/08/077. 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Retrieved 2023-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.classe.cornell.edu/~pt267/files/documents/A_instanton.pdf","url_text":"\"'t Hooft and η'ail Instantons and their applications\""}]},{"reference":"Wilczek, Frank (1978). \"Problem of Strong P and T Invariance in the Presence of Instantons\". Physical Review Letters. 40 (5): 279–282. Bibcode:1978PhRvL..40..279W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.279.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978PhRvL..40..279W","url_text":"1978PhRvL..40..279W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.40.279","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.279"}]},{"reference":"Weinberg, Steven (1978). \"A New Light Boson?\". Physical Review Letters. 40 (4): 223–226. Bibcode:1978PhRvL..40..223W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.223.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978PhRvL..40..223W","url_text":"1978PhRvL..40..223W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.40.223","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.223"}]},{"reference":"Overbye, Dennis (17 June 2020). \"Seeking dark matter, they detected another mystery\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/17/science/xenon-axions-neutrinos-tritium.html","url_text":"\"Seeking dark matter, they detected another mystery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Wilczek, Frank (7 January 2016). \"Time's (almost) reversible arrow\". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved 17 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek","url_text":"Wilczek, Frank"},{"url":"https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-axions-may-explain-times-arrow-20160107/","url_text":"\"Time's (almost) reversible arrow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanta_Magazine","url_text":"Quanta Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Miller, D. J.; Nevzorov, R. (2003). \"The Peccei-Quinn Axion in the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model\". arXiv:hep-ph/0309143v1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0309143v1","url_text":"hep-ph/0309143v1"}]},{"reference":"Preskill, J.; Wise, M.; Wilczek, F. (6 January 1983). \"Cosmology of the invisible axion\" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 120 (1–3): 127–132. Bibcode:1983PhLB..120..127P. 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Asymmetry\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.02080","external_links_name":"1910.02080"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.124.111602","external_links_name":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.111602"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32242736","external_links_name":"32242736"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0111155","external_links_name":"hep-ph/0111155"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JHEP...01..010A","external_links_name":"2002JHEP...01..010A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1126-6708%2F2002%2F01%2F010","external_links_name":"10.1088/1126-6708/2002/01/010"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15280422","external_links_name":"15280422"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0402220","external_links_name":"hep-ph/0402220"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhRvD..70f3506H","external_links_name":"2004PhRvD..70f3506H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.70.063506","external_links_name":"10.1103/PhysRevD.70.063506"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118153564","external_links_name":"118153564"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977PhRvL..38.1440P","external_links_name":"1977PhRvL..38.1440P"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.38.1440","external_links_name":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.38.1440"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9518918","external_links_name":"9518918"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977PhRvD..16.1791P","external_links_name":"1977PhRvD..16.1791P"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.16.1791","external_links_name":"10.1103/PhysRevD.16.1791"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978PhRvL..40..223W","external_links_name":"1978PhRvL..40..223W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.40.223","external_links_name":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.223"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:610538","external_links_name":"610538"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978PhRvL..40..279W","external_links_name":"1978PhRvL..40..279W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.40.279","external_links_name":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.279"},{"Link":"https://physics.aps.org/articles/v1/36","external_links_name":"\"article\""},{"Link":"https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11041-last-gasp-test-could-reveal-dark-matter/","external_links_name":"\"news article\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061207214335/http://www.physorg.com/news84633896.html","external_links_name":"\"news article\""},{"Link":"http://www.physorg.com/news84633896.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-hint-of-axions/","external_links_name":"\"A Hint of Axions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081203200502/http://physicsweb.org/articles/news/10/3/19/1","external_links_name":"\"news article\""},{"Link":"http://physicsweb.org/articles/news/10/3/19/1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310173022/http://physicsweb.org/articles/news/8/11/13/1","external_links_name":"\"news article\""},{"Link":"http://physicsweb.org/articles/news/8/11/13/1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130116024654/http://cern.ch/cast","external_links_name":"\"CAST Experiment\""},{"Link":"http://cern.ch/cast","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160415082435/http://gifna.unizar.es/cast/","external_links_name":"\"CAST\""},{"Link":"http://gifna.unizar.es/cast/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090318035648/http://astropp.physik.tu-darmstadt.de/cast/","external_links_name":"\"CAST\""},{"Link":"http://astropp.physik.tu-darmstadt.de/cast/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150214120316/http://www.phys.washington.edu/groups/admx/home.html","external_links_name":"\"ADMX\""},{"Link":"http://www.phys.washington.edu/groups/admx/home.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/axion","external_links_name":"\"Axion in nLab\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4143745-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1086050&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_submarine_Akula_(1908)
|
Russian submarine Akula (1907)
|
["1 Design and construction","2 Service history","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Russian submarine
For other ships with the same name, see Russian submarine Akula.
Russian submarine Akula with the armored cruiser Rurik in the background
History
Russian Empire
NameAkula
Ordered1906
BuilderBaltic Yard, Saint Petersburg
Launched4 September 1907
FateSunk by mine, 28 November 1915
General characteristics
TypeSubmarine
Displacement
370 long tons (380 t) surfaced
475 tons (471 m³) submerged
Length56 m (183 ft 9 in)
Beam3.7 m (12 ft 2 in)
Draft3.4 m (11 ft 2 in)
Propulsion
3 shaft Diesel electric
3 diesel engines 1,900 hp (1.4 MW)
1 electric motor 300 hp (220 kW)
Speed
10.6 knots (19.6 km/h; 12.2 mph) (surfaced)
4.6 knots (8.5 km/h; 5.3 mph) (submerged)
Range
1,900 nmi (3,500 km; 2,200 mi) (surfaced)
38 nmi (70 km; 44 mi) (submerged)
Complement34
Armament4 × 18-inch (457 mm) torpedo tubes (bow) and 4 Drzewiecki drop collars
Akula (Russian: Акула; meaning shark) was a submarine built for the Imperial Russian Navy. Akula saw service during World War I and sank in November 1915 after hitting a naval mine.
Design and construction
The boat was designed by Ivan Bubnov and was an amalgam of the previous Minoga and the Kasatka-class submarine designs. The design was presented to the Marine technical committee in late 1905 and was ordered in 1906.
Akula was built at the Baltic shipyard in Saint Petersburg. The vessel was launched on 4 September 1907.
Service history
Wreck near Hiiumaa.
Initially the boat was to use petrol engines but these were replaced by safer diesels. The boat's design was a single hull/ saddle tank type with a diving depth of 25 fathoms (45 meters (148 ft)).
Significant initial problems were experienced and the electric motor and propellers which needed to be replaced. Akula was the first Russian submarine able to cruise long distances. In 1912 Akula made the world's first multi-torpedo volley with five torpedoes.
She subsequently served in the Baltic Fleet during World War I making 16 patrols and unsuccessfully attacked the German coastal defense ship SMS Beowulf.
On 10 October 1914, Akula ran aground in the Soeloesund. She was refloated with assistance from the gunboat Brave. She struck a mine and sank near Hiiumaa in November 1915 on her 17th patrol. Akula lies about 30 meters (98 ft) below water. All 35 members of the crew died.
Notes
^ Einmann, Andres (3 December 2014). "Eesti võttis uppunud Tsaari-Venemaa allveelaeva kaitse alla" (in Estonian). Postimees. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
^ Chernyshev, Alexander Alekseevich (2012). Погибли без боя. Катастрофы русских кораблей XVIII–XX вв (in Russian). Veche. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
^ "Akula (Акула) (+1915)". wrecksite.eu.
^ "Hiiumaa lähistelt leiti sajandivanune unikaalne Vene allveelaev" (in Estonian). Delfi.ee. 25 June 2014. Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
References
Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Akula (submarine, 1909).
flot.com // page in Russian Language
deepstorm.ru // in Russian Language.
Shark Sub discovered beneath Baltic Sea
vteRussian naval ship classes of World War IDreadnought battleships
Gangut
Imperatritsa Mariya
Imperator Nikolai ISX
Pre-dreadnought battleships
Ekaterina II
Imperator Aleksandr II
Petropavlovsk
Tri SviatiteliaS
RostislavS
TsesarevichS
Borodino
Peresvet
PotemkinS
Evstafi
Andrei Pervozvanny
Battlecruisers
BorodinoX
Armored cruisers
RossiaS
GromoboiS
Bayan
RurikS
Light cruisers
SvetlanaC
Admiral NakhimovC
Protected cruisers
Pallada
AskoldS
Bogatyr
Izumrud
Destroyers
SokolS
Kit
Forel
Buinyi
Groznyi
Leitenant Pushchin
Leitenant Burakov
Kapitan Yurasovskiy
Deyatelnyi
Finn
Vsadnik
Okhotnik
Ukrayna
Leytenant Shestakov
NovikS
Derzky
Orfey
Izyaslav
Fidonisy
Torpedo boats
Shchuka
Improved Batum
Abo
AdlerS
Anakria
Bierke
Dago
Pernov
SestroretskS
Improved Sungari
Tsiklon
Submarines
DelfinS
Som
Kasatka
MinogaS
AkulaS
Karp
Kaiman
KrabS
Morzh
Bars
Narval
A (AG)
S
Single ship of class
C
Completed after the war
X
Cancelled
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in October 1914Shipwrecks
6 Oct: SMS S116
10 Oct: Alma A. E. Holmes
11 Oct: Pallada
15 Oct: HMS Hawke
17 Oct: HMS Holland 4, Takachiho, SMS S115, SMS S119
18 Oct: HMS E3
20 Oct: Glitra
27 Oct: HMS Audacious
28 Oct: Mousquet, Zhemchug
29 Oct: SMS Tiger
30 Oct: HMHS Rohilla
31 Oct: HMS Hermes
Other incidents
10 Oct: Akula, Wasgenwald
17 Oct: Noordam. Ophelia
1913 1914 1915 September 1914 November 1914
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in November 1914Shipwrecks
1 Nov: HMS Good Hope, HMS Monmouth
2 Nov: SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth
3 Nov: HMS D5
4 Nov: HMS Hood, SMS Karlsruhe, SMS Yorck
7 Nov: SMS Jaguar
9 Nov: SMS Emden
11 Nov: HMS Niger
17 Nov: SMS Friedrich Carl
22 Nov: Nilufer
23 Nov: SM U-18
25 Nov: HMS D2, Nygaard
26 Nov: HMS Bulwark
28 Nov: Akula
Unknown date: Buresk
Other incidents
12 Nov: Andrei Pervozvanny
1913 1914 1915 October 1914 December 1914
|
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Akula saw service during World War I and sank in November 1915 after hitting a naval mine.","title":"Russian submarine Akula (1907)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivan Bubnov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Grigorevich_Bubnov"},{"link_name":"Minoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_submarine_Minoga"},{"link_name":"Kasatka-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasatka-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Baltic shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Yard"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The boat was designed by Ivan Bubnov and was an amalgam of the previous Minoga and the Kasatka-class submarine designs. The design was presented to the Marine technical committee in late 1905 and was ordered in 1906.Akula was built at the Baltic shipyard in Saint Petersburg.[1] The vessel was launched on 4 September 1907.","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allveelaeva_%22Akula%22_vrakk.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hiiumaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiiumaa"},{"link_name":"fathoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathom"},{"link_name":"Baltic Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Fleet"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"coastal defense ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_defense_ship"},{"link_name":"SMS Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Beowulf"},{"link_name":"gunboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat"},{"link_name":"Brave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_gunboat_Brave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cherneyshev-2"},{"link_name":"mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"Hiiumaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiiumaa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Wreck near Hiiumaa.Initially the boat was to use petrol engines but these were replaced by safer diesels. The boat's design was a single hull/ saddle tank type with a diving depth of 25 fathoms (45 meters (148 ft)).Significant initial problems were experienced and the electric motor and propellers which needed to be replaced. Akula was the first Russian submarine able to cruise long distances. In 1912 Akula made the world's first multi-torpedo volley with five torpedoes.She subsequently served in the Baltic Fleet during World War I making 16 patrols and unsuccessfully attacked the German coastal defense ship SMS Beowulf.On 10 October 1914, Akula ran aground in the Soeloesund. She was refloated with assistance from the gunboat Brave.[2] She struck a mine and sank near Hiiumaa[3] in November 1915 on her 17th patrol. Akula lies about 30 meters (98 ft) below water. All 35 members of the crew died.[4]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Eesti võttis uppunud Tsaari-Venemaa allveelaeva kaitse alla\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.postimees.ee/3013657/eesti-vottis-uppunud-tsaari-venemaa-allveelaeva-kaitse-alla"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cherneyshev_2-0"},{"link_name":"Погибли без боя. Катастрофы русских кораблей XVIII–XX вв","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220819231457/http://www.maxima-library.org/mob/b/389880?format=read"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maxima-library.org/mob/b/389880?format=read"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Akula (Акула) (+1915)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?219957"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Hiiumaa lähistelt leiti sajandivanune unikaalne Vene allveelaev\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140628014249/http://www.delfi.ee/news/paevauudised/eesti/hiiumaa-lahistelt-leiti-sajandivanune-unikaalne-vene-allveelaev.d?id=68943563"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.delfi.ee/news/paevauudised/eesti/hiiumaa-lahistelt-leiti-sajandivanune-unikaalne-vene-allveelaev.d?id=68943563"}],"text":"^ Einmann, Andres (3 December 2014). \"Eesti võttis uppunud Tsaari-Venemaa allveelaeva kaitse alla\" (in Estonian). Postimees. Retrieved 8 July 2015.\n\n^ Chernyshev, Alexander Alekseevich (2012). Погибли без боя. Катастрофы русских кораблей XVIII–XX вв [They died without a fight. Catastrophes of Russian ships of the XVIII-XX centuries] (in Russian). Veche. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2021.\n\n^ \"Akula (Акула) (+1915)\". wrecksite.eu.\n\n^ \"Hiiumaa lähistelt leiti sajandivanune unikaalne Vene allveelaev\" (in Estonian). Delfi.ee. 25 June 2014. Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2015.","title":"Notes"}]
|
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| null |
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|
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